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RISK ASSESSMENT,
MANAGEMENT, COMMUNICATION
A GUIDE TO SELECTED SOURCES
VOLUME 4, NUMBER 2
COMMUNICATION
Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics
Chemical Library
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
July 1992
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This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and
Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources has been prepared and
reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Due to the
rapidly expanding field of risk information, EPA cannot guarantee
that all relevant sources are cited. Publication does not signify
that the contents reflect the views of EPA or that EPA endorses
the coverage and scope of the subject matter as comprehensive,
complete and appropriate.
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INTRODUCTION
This issue of Risk Assessment. Management, and
Communication; A Guide to Selected Sources is the tenth update in
EPA's series of risk management bibliographies. References were
gathered from the environmental, medical, and scientific
literature included in the following databases: ABI/Inform,
Cambridge Scientific Collection (Pollution Abstracts), Conference
Papers Index, Enviroline, Legal Resource Index, Life Sciences
Collection, Magazine Index, NTIS, PAIS International, and NLM's
TOXLINE and MEDLINE. The citations cover documents added to
those collections during the period from August 1991 to June
1992. The original Guide appeared in March 1987 and was followed
by quarterly updates. These earlier updates constitute Volume 1
of the current semiannual series.
Like its predecessors, this document is subdivided into Risk
Assessment, Risk Management, and Risk Communication. The Table
of Contents lists further divisions of each of these categories.
Citations are arranged alphabetically by title, with the
exception of the chemical specific references. These citations
are grouped alphabetically by chemical name. Abstracts in this
guide have been shortened or eliminated if the content of the
article is adequately reflected in the title.
The EPA Library Network can assist EPA staff members and EPA
contractors in obtaining materials cited in the bibliography.
Reference copies of the original Guide and subsequent issues are
available through NTIS at the following address:
National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650
1-800-336-4700 (outside Washington, DC area)
*Guide: PB87-185500
1st Update: PB87-203402/AS
2nd Update: PB88-100102
3rd Update: PB88-128178
Volume 2, No. 1: PB89-210596
Volume 2, No. 2: PB89-189641
Volume 3, No. 1: PB90-237116
Volume 3, No. 2: PB90-282508
Volume 4, No. 1: PB92-114412/AS
*These five issues constitute Volume 1 of the current series.
ii
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Questions or comments concerning Risk Assessment. Management,
Communication;A Guide to Selected Sources may be sent to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics
OPPT Chemical Library TS-793
Risk Management Bibliographies
401 M Street, S.W., Room B002, NE Mall
Washington, DC 20460
iii
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
RISK ASSESSMENT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 1
ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 12
METHODS OF ESTIMATING RISK 15
HEALTH RISKS
GENERAL 37
CANCER 42
GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 53
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 60
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT 73
HAZARDOUS WASTE 93
RADIATION 105
ECOLOGICAL RISK 106
LEGAL ASPECTS 115
BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES 117
RISK MANAGEMENT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE 118
POLICY 126
LEGAL ASPECTS 129
CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT 137
HAZARDOUS WASTE 140
RADIATION 142
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 143
CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT 144
RISK COMMUNICATION
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER 150
INFORMING THE PUBLIC 152
INFORMING THE WORKER 158
TITLE INDEX 161
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RISK
ASSESSMENT
... IS THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS THAT EVALUATES THE POTENTIAL FOR
OCCURRENCES OF ADVERSE EFFECT
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE - includes cross media approach, de minimis
risk, and uncertainty in assessment
A perspective on the selection of experimental models
Irving GW
3d Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Bethesda MD
20889-5145.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev; VOL 15, ISS 1, 1991, P15-20 (REF:25)
ISSN: 0149-7634 Coden: OA7
JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
We are entering an age when advances in biotechnology, greater
communication among teams of scientists using multiple model
systems, and the power of the computer will dwarf the great
advances of the mid-20th century. Advances in medicine rest largely
on the use of models of biological systems, including animal
models. Model systems used by most biomedical scientists can be
considered in four categories: theoretical, in vitro, nonmammalian
and mammalian. Each category has advantages and limitations in
describing the dynamic milieu of events that characterize human
biologic response. Although individual models can be good
predictors, multiple models are better than single models; the most
critical drawback is lack of human information for comparison. The
scientific community must improve the methodologies necessary to
extrapolate data from the various model systems to the human,
because these model systems are the foundation of discovery in
biomedicine and the bedrock upon which to base valid risk
assessments. It is vital that we communicate the importance of
these techniques to the general public. Advances in science and
improved quality of life for the human race depend on these
principles.
TOXLINE
A Simple Rule for Judging Compliance Using Highly Censored Samples
Berthouex PM; Hau Ian
University of Wisconsin, Madison and Smith Kline Beecham
Pharmaceuticals
WPCF Research J, Sep-Oct 91, v63, n6, p880(7)
Many important decisions about water quality management must be
made using censored samples. A censored sample is one in which
numerical values are not reported for some observations because
they fall below (or above) a bound of the measurement process. The
most common kind of censoring in environmental data is when a
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portion of the sample has limits below method limits of detection
(MDL). In such cases, almost all measurements are reported as not
detected. A rule based on binomial probability distribution has
been proposed for judging compliance in these cases. Operationally,
the proposed rule depends on the values of MDL and the probability.
The rule is conservative in protecting the environment because the
warning signal is easily triggered. It also protects the discharger
from a large number of wrong decisions about being in violation. (6
graphs, 8 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
A balanced approach to risk assessment
Hoel DG
Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 7, ISS 5-6, 1991, P305-11 (REF: 11)
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
TOXLINE
Biological safety factors in toxicological risk assessment
McColl RS
Environ. Health Dir., Ottawa, Ont., Canada
Publ.Yr: 1990 NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: MIC-90-06409/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N2
Traditional approaches to toxicity testing for environmental
hazards have focused primarily on the determination of "safe"
levels of exposure to toxic agents, equated with the absence of
toxic effects of the exposed human population. This report gives
the back-ground to the development of this approach, describes the
concept of an acceptable daily intake and the safety factors
involved, presents alternative approaches to safety factor methods,
and describes safety factor approaches to carcinogens and
teratogens.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Clean Air Act environmental audit - a case study
Gunnarson DJ
IBM Corp., 9500 Godwin Dr., Manassas, VA 22110, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association,
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 188, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
This paper describes, through a case study, how an environmental
assessment for the Clean Air Act regulations is conducted at a
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large manufacturing site. The assessment process is part of a
larger program that provides a mechanism for analysis of existing,
new, and pending regulatory requirements and communication of
these requirements to management responsible for implementing and
maintaining environmental programs. This paper focuses on the
mechanics of the assessment process with the assumption that the
regulatory requirements already have been defined and communicated
to management, and that programs to meet the requirements have been
implemented. The assessment program ensures that the programs
established to meet the environmental regulations and permit
requirements are sufficient to meet the requirements.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Description of Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory: Test and
evaluation facilities
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: PB90-182486/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N2
The facilities described are: Cincinnati (Ohio area)—(test and
evaluation facility, center hill facility, full containment
facility, drinking water pilot plant (fixed and mobile), mobile
wastewater treatment units, and mobile dehalogenation
treatment units); Jefferson (Arkansas)—(combustion research
facility); Edison (New Jersey)—Synthetic Soils Matrix (SSM)
blending facility, underground storage tank test apparatus,
environmental technology and engineering (E-TEC) facility. RREL
facilities are available to industry, academia, and other
governmental agencies to pursue cooperative treatability studies
or process control, and equipment research and development
activities under the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act
as amended by the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic of China
Wenger, R.B.; Huadong, Wang; Xiaoying, Ma
Coll. Environ. Sci., Univ. Wisconsin, Green Bay, WI 54311-7001, USA
ENVIRON. MANAGE VOL. 14, NO. 4, pp. 429-439, Publ.Yr: 1990
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures have been in
existence in the People's Republic of China over the last decade.
The impetus for China's introduction of EIA was provided by the
Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China,
which was adopted by the Fifth National People's Congress
in 1979. The EIA process, which is administrative and not
statutorily mandated, has been applied primarily to construction
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projects. Four stages are typically involved in an EIA
investigation: design of the investigation, evaluation of
background environmental quality, prediction of environmental
impacts, and an assessment and analysis of the environmental
impacts. A variety of approaches is used for predicting and
analyzing environmental impacts, ranging from ad hoc methods to
fairly sophisticated mathematical models. The results of the EIA
investigation are compiled in an environmental impact statement,
which is used as the basis for decision making by personnel in
environmental protection departments. The EIA process does not
include provisions for citizen notification or involvement.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Environmental assessments versus environmental audits
Lowe, L.E.; Buss, D.F.
Sterling Drug Inc., 90 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association.
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 187, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
This paper describes the differences between an environmental
assessment and an environmental audit, how they should be used,
approaches that are commonly taken to perform these two activities,
the appropriate personnel needed, and the typical costs and time
required.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Environmental report for 1989
Sims JM; Surano KA; Lamson KC; Brown MG; Gallegos GM
Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1991
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Spon. Agency: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Contract Number: UCRL-50027-89, Contract W-7405-ENG-48
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91004938, 268p NTIS Prices: PC A12/MF A02
This report documents the results of the Environmental Monitoring
Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and
presents summary information about environmental compliance efforts
for 1989. To enable evaluation of the effect of LLNL operations
on the local environment, measurements were made at both the
Livermore site and nearby Site 300 of direct radiation and a
variety of radionuclides and chemical pollutants in ambient air,
soil, sewage effluent, surface water, groundwater, vegetation, and
foodstuff. Evaluations were made of LLNL's compliance with all
applicable guides, standards, and limits for radiological and
nonradiological emissions to the environment. The monitoring data
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demonstrate that LLNL was in compliance with environmental laws and
regulations concerning emission and discharge of materials to the
environment. In addition, the monitoring data demonstrate that the
environmental impacts of LLNL are minimal and pose no threat to the
public or the environment.
98 refs., 40 figs., 77 tabs.
Progress rept. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
NTIS
Environmental risk assessment of new chemicals under TSCA
Nabholz, J.V.; Miller, P.; Zeeman, M. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials
ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Field Strategy for Sorting volatile Organics into Source-Related
Groups
McClenny WA; Oliver KD; Pleil JD
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Lab.; NSI Technology
Services Corp., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 09, 1991
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: EPA-600-J-89-496
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-146357, 9p NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
A new monitoring strategy, referred to as temporal profile analysis
(TPA), has been developed. TPA uses fixed-site, ambient air
monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine the
number, VOC composition, and approximate trajectories of nearby
source-related emissions. The strategy involves the interpretation
of sequential ambient air gas chromatograms generated with
sufficient frequency (hourly) to reveal the pronounced temporal
variability of individual compounds. VOCs were monitored at a fixed
site in the Richmond-Hopewell area of the Commonwealth of Virginia
in September 1987 as a demonstration of TPA. The emissions from
each of 12 nearby sources or source types were identified by
comparing the prominent features in concentration time profiles.
Two compound groups contain compounds usually associated with
automotive emissions and as such constitute a VOC background that
is generally prevalent in urban areas. All other groups, including
one composed of Freon 12 and ethylene oxide, and a second composed
of Freon 11, acetone, carbon tetrachloride, and sometimes
chloroform are site specific. This monitoring strategy appears to
be a direct and practical means to identify site-specific local
sources and to improve mortality risk assessment. (Copyright (c)
1989 American Chemical Society.) Journal article. Pub. in
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Environmental Science and Technology. v23 nil p!373-1379 Nov 89.
Prepared in cooperation with NSI Technology Services Corp.,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
TOXLINE
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE .PAPERS INDEX
General introduction to risk assessment and risk management
Anderson EL
Clement Associates, Inc., Fairfax, Virginia.
Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 7, ISS 5-6, 1991, P293-6 (REF: 12)
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
TOXLINE
Industrialization and emerging environmental health issues: risk
assessment and risk management. Proceedings of the IXth UOEH
International Symposium and The First Pan Pacific Cooperative
Symposium.
Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 7, ISS 5-6, 1991, Pl-570
ISSN: 0748-2337 Coden: VWS
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: CONGRESS; OVERALL
TOXLINE
Limits of environmental risk assessment
Dwyer JP (Univ of California, Berkeley)
J Energy Engineering-ASCE, Dec 90, vl!6, n3, p23l(16)
Journal article
Risk assessment can structure regulatory decision making by
enabling agencies to set priorities and weigh alternative
decisions. However, the scientific uncertainties at each stage of
risk assessment make quantifying risks impossible without making
value-laden, simplifying assumptions. As a consequence,
environmental risk assessment often does not provide scientific
guidance for regulatory decisions. Numerical risk assessments may
be awarded undue weight at the expense of nonquantifiable
considerations. The role of risk assessment should be minimized as
long as its is judged unreliable. (66 References)
ENVIROLINE
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Measuring environmental success
Glomb S (US EPA)
EPA Journal, Nov-Dec 90, vl6, n6, p57(3)
Journal article
Assessments of water pollution levels, which have often been
measured in terms of pollutant loads, do not usually consider the
ultimate environmental impacts of these loads. Long-term ecological
goals are now being developed by the epa to address this issue and
may include increases in fishery harvests, reductions in fishing
bans, reductions in low-oxygen zones, increases in wetland
productivity, and maintenance of the biotic integrity of animal
communities. (1 Drawing, 1 photo)
ENVIROLINE
Methodology for assessing residential exposure to pesticides: the
USA EPA perspective
Lunchick D; Jaquith D; Appleton H
201st ACS National Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA, April 14-19, 1991.
Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc; 201 (1-2). 1991.
biosis copyright: biol abs.
TOXLINE
Monographs in Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Vol. 13. Research
methods in occupational epidemiology
Checkoway H; Pearce NE; Crawford-Brown DJ
Xviii+344p. Oxford University Press: New York, New York, USA;
Oxford, England, UK, 1989. Xviii+344p.
language: english
BIOSIS copyright: Biol Abs.
TOXLINE
overview of EPA's decision analytic approach to noncancer health
risk assessment
Richmond, H.M. U.S. EPA, MD-12, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association,
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991
p. 261 Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
This paper describes the decision analytic approach to noncancer
health risk assessment which is one of several approaches employed
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess
noncancer effects. The decision analytic approach is most
appropriate when the objective is to obtain a distribution of risk
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estimates for some defined health endpoint(s) associated with
given or modeled levels of human exposure. Like mathematical
dose-response modeling, this approach allows risX estimates to be
derived for different exposure or doses, as well as for different
durations of exposure, including acute, subchronic, and chronic. A
key feature of the decision analytic approach is that major
uncertainties are treated explicitly and probabilistically. This
paper summarizes proposed guidance on using the decision analytic
approach for exposure- or dose-response assessment of noncancer
health effects. More specifically, guidance on selection of
experts, on how to obtain probabilistic relationships, on how to
represent uncertainty due to sample size, and on how to present
probabilistic exposure-response relationships is reviewed.
NTIS
Predicting the uncertainties in risk assessment
McKone TE; Bogen KT
LLNL, Livermore, CA,
Env Science & Technology, Oct 91, v25, nlO, p!674(8)
Research article
Assessments of the risks posed by various environmental
contaminants are characterized by a certain degree of uncertainty.
Types of risk include actual, calculated, and perceived. A risk
assessment of the danger posed by contamination of California
groundwater by the VOC perchloroethylene (PCE) was performed;
uncertainty over PCE concentrations, carcinogenicity, exposure
pathways, and individual variations in PCE sensitivity were all
factored into the risk assessment. Risk managers should consider
uncertainty when using models to simulate reality. (4 graphs, 1
photo, 33 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Quantitative extrapolation of toxicological findings
Hertzberg, R.C.; Krewski, D.; Franklin, C. (eds.)
Methods Eval. and Dev. Staff, Environ. Criteria and Assess. Off.,
U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA
STATISTICS IN TOXICOLOGY pp. 629-652, Publ.Yr: 1991
GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, NY (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
The scientific aspect of health risk assessment are often difficult
to identify amidst the jargon and goals related to environmental
regulation. Critics must recognize, however, that in the near term,
risk assessments will always be premature. As a consequence,
nonstandard methods are required and will continue to be used. If
we can recognize which pieces of risk assessment are these
essential but nonstandard types of methods, then we are more likely
to distinguish those improvements achieved by better data from
8
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areas where refined definitions or even new and innovative methods
are required.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Quantitative risk assessment in a regulatory environment
Greenberg, H.R.; Vourakis, S.D.
Stone and Webster Engineering, New York, NY
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1991 Summer National
Meeting Pittsburgh, PA (USA) 18-21 Aug 1991
American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE, 345 E 47th St, New
York, NY 10017, USA.
Paper No. 50e
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Report from Poland: Science and Politics in the Midst of
Environmental Disaster
Fischhoff B
Carnegie-Mellon Univ, Pittsburgh, PA
Environment, Mar 91, v33, n2, p!2(7)
Journal article
Examples are presented and discussed of the desparate state of the
environment in Poland. Although the situation is extreme, few data
exist to establish a correlation between pollution and the
incidence of disease. Interviews are presented with various
environmental activists, and their struggles to bring the
environmental devastation to light are discussed. The ability of
Poland to help itself is greatly inhibited by its economic
problems. Rather than looking to the US for how to regulate the
environment, Poles would be better served by receiving basic
scientific information in such areas as energy conservation, the
effects of lead poisoning on children, the treatment of heavy
metals poisoning, the risks of pesticide use, and the use of
support groups for the mothers of infants with birth defects. (1
map, 6 photos)
ENVTROLINE
Research areas in relation to risk management and risk assessment
Koizumi A
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan.
Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 7, ISS 5-6, 1991, P407-8
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
TOXLINE
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Risk Assessment of Pesticides
Ames Bruce N. ; Gold Lois Swirsky ; Huff James E. ; Haseman Joseph
K. ; Carpenter Will D. ; Myers J. P. ; Colborn Theo
Univ of California, Berkeley
Chemical & Engineering News, Jan 7. 91, v69, nl, p27(29)
Journal article
Environmental experts representing five distinct viewpoints present
their opinions on whether the risks from pesticides have been
grossly exaggerated and what can be done to encourage a more
balanced public appreciation of their hazards and benefits.
Opinions include: regulating low levels of synthetic pesticides
using worst-case risk scenarios is not scientifically justified; in
the absence of epidemiology data, current rodent bioassays provide
valuable information on cancer-causing ability of pesticides and
other chemical agents; pesticides present only minor risk that
needs to be balanced against the benefits they provide for
agricultural production and human health; concentration on the
cancer-causing ability of pesticides has diverted attention away
from more important risks to humans and wildlife. Rebuttals to each
contribution are also
presented.
ENVIROLINE
Risk Assessment of New Chemical Substances: Dilution of Effluents
in The Netherlands
de Greef J; de Nijs ACM
Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene, Bilthoven
(Netherlands).
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: RIVM-670208001
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-157719, 53p NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
At the National Institute for Public Health and Environmental
Protection, methods are being developed to systematically predict
and assess the hazards for man and environment related to the
production and use of so-called 'new chemical substances.1 Within
the framework an investigation was carried out to systematically
estimate the extent to which effluents from waste water treatment
plants (WWTP's) in The Netherlands are mixed and diluted after
discharge in surface waters. The objective of the study was to
survey, at a national scale, the merit of the use of a common
factor that represents aqueous concentrations as results of
dilution of new chemicals from waste water discharges. In the
assessment of exposure of aquatic ecosystems to these compounds,
the dilution factor could then be related to the No Observed Effect
Concentration (NOEC).
Summary in Dutch.
NTIS
10
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SARA Title III and community hazards planning: Lessons for the US
Army's Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program
Feldman, DL
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN, USA
Publ.Yr: 1991
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: DE91009123/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
This paper provides an overview and analysis of the impact of Title
3 of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA
Title 3) on improving community participation and risk
communication and facilitating decisions leading to enhanced
emergency preparedness for timely response to accidental hazardous
chemical releases. The US Army's Chemical Stockpile Disposal
Program (CSDP) and attendant Chemical Stockpile Emergency
Preparedness Program (CSEPP) are case studies. In addition to
reviewing progress in SARA Title 3 implementation in the 10 states
directly affected by these programs, interviews were conducted with
regional Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) representatives responsible for
overseeing staffing and fiscal decisions that enable this law to
take effect. These interviews also permit derivation of a broad
federal perspective on Title 3' success (or lack thereof) in
heightening public awareness of chemical hazards and improving
local political competence in addressing chemical hazards
warning, notification, communication, and procurement and equipment
acquisition issues.
NTIS
Seventh symposium on environmental epidemiology methods for
environmental quantitative risk assessment
Pittsburgh, PA USA April 3-5 1989
Redmond CK
Environ Health Perspect; 90 (0). 1991. 155-296.
Language: English
ENVIROLINE
The future of toxic risk assessment: the abandonment of animal
testing
Kozachek, James Alan
Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal 17 n2 527-553 Winter 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
11
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ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES
A proposed framework and database for EIA auditing
Bailey J, Hobbs V Murdoch University, WA, Australia,
J Env Management, September 1990, v31, n2, p!63(10)
Journal article
Environmental impact assessment (EIA), intended to provide decision
makers with the probable consequences of a course of action,
benefits from the feedback or auditing process. A proposed audit
process focuses on the EIA process rather than separate stages, and
summarizes the EIA concepts of proposed actions, imposed
environmental conditions, and predicted and observed impacts. This
process can be applied to implementation, project impact, or
predictive techniques audits. (2 Diagrams, 9 references)
ENVIROLINE
Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the
presence of limited data: Use of structure-activity relationships
(SAR) under TSCA, Section 5
Auer CM. Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC; Nabholz JV;
Baetecke KP.
Env Health Perspectives, July 1990, v87, p!83(15)
Conference paper
The difficulty in obtaining test data for new chemicals under the
premanufacture notification rules of section 5 of the toxic
substances control act of 1976 is discussed. While identity, use,
health, and environmental information must be supplied for these
chemicals, test data are not required and, in most cases, not
supplied. The EPA evaluates chemicals for possible hazards, using
a three-part method, the structure-activity relationship (SAR).
First, any available toxicity data on the substance are evaluated.
Next, data on the toxicity of analogous substances, or probable
metabolites, are examined by EPA assessors. Finally, quantitative
structure-activity relationships (QSARs) are constructed. These are
mathematical expressions, which relate the data on the analogous
chemicals to a biological effect. Molecular weight, number of
carbon atoms, number of ethoxylate units, and cationic
charge/molecular weight units can be used to determing qsars.
Alternatively, the chemicals can be divided into three classes on
the basis of toxic activity: neutral organics, chemicals suspected
of having excess toxicity, and chemicals that cause respiratory
membrane damage. At present, many classes of chemicals do not have
qsars. Six case studies are presented that detail the procedures
followed to arrive at health hazard assessments for new chemicals.
The chemicals examinined include an azo dye, an azoheterozole, an
aliphatic ketone, a substituted melamine, a simple ester, and a
linear alkyl toluene sulfonate. (5 Diagrams, 1 graph, 51
references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
12
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NIOSH Comments to EPA on the Environmental Protection Agency's
Request for Comments; Notice on Proposed Guidelines for
Exposure-Related Measurements by R. A. Lenten, March 2, 1989
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152223, 9p NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
The testimony includes considerations which may be relevant to the
Environmental Protection Agency Guideline for exposure related
measurements. The proposed guidelines emphasize the importance
of developing well designed studies to assess current exposures so
that a prospective assessment of future exposure and risk can be
estimated. The comprehensiveness of an assessment depends on the
availability and quality of past workplace and work practice data.
Two of the more important disciplines, industrial hygienist and
epidemiologist, would be essential in a multidisciplinary approach
to exposure assessment. The testimony also considers direct
measurement of exposure, developing a sampling strategy, sampling
location and frequency, sampling duration, reporting data near the
detection limit, the relevance of measurement data for the intended
exposure assessment, measurements and modeling, and the role of
limit of detection values in measurements used to estimate
exposure.
TOXLINE
Reviewing the Quality of Environmental statements: Review Methods
and Findings
Lee N; Colley R
Univ of Manchester, UK and
Town Planning Review, April 1991, v62, n2, p239(10)
Journal article
An Environmental Statement Review Package has been developed to
assist in assessing the quality of environmental statements (ESs).
The package was designed to be used by local planning authorities
and has been used to review the quality of 12 UK ESs. Only
one-quarter of the statements were assessed to be satisfactory and
more than 40% were considered to be more than marginally
unsatisfactory. Possible reasons for the poor quality are discussed
and recommendations for improvement are proposed. (1 diagram, 27
references, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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Strategies for the development of indoor air quality standards
Moghissi AA
Environmental Health and Safety, University of Maryland, Baltimore,
MD 21201, USA
International Conference on Healthy Buildings, Stockholm (Sweden)
1988
ENVIRON. INT VOL. 17, NO. 4, pp. 365-370, Publ.Yr: 1991
Journal Announcement: V22N5
In general, indoor air pollutants can be categorized in two
distinct groups. The first group consists of pollutants that are
known to cause chronic effects such as cancer and chronic
respiratory diseases. They can be assessed on the basis of their
known or assumed dose response function. The second, and possibly
more important group, consists of those pollutants that cause acute
effects such as allergic reactions, irritation of the eyes and
respiratory system discomfort, and similar effects. Their
assessment requires the availability of a dose response function.
Such a function will almost certainly have a threshold which is,
however, not constant, and varies with the sensitivity and
perception of individuals. This paper discusses these two groups,
evaluates the assumed dose response functions, identifies those
areas requiring a decision based on risk assessment, and provides
a framework for regulations of indoor air pollutants.
NTIS
Testing and validation of the Canadian Indoor Occupant Exposure
Guidelines
Curry PB
201st ACS National Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA, April 14-19, 1991.
Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc; 201 (1-2) 1991. Agrol 91.
Language: English
biosis copyright: biol l
abs.
TOXLINE
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment
guidelines: current status and future directions
Farland WH
Source: Toxicol Ind Health; VOL 7, ISS 5-6, 1991, P313-7
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: GUIDELINE; JOURNAL ARTICLE
TOXLINE
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METHODS OF ASSESSING RISK
A framework for risk characterization of environmental pollutants
Naugle, D.F.; Pierson, T.K.
Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
J. AIR WASTE MANAGE. ASSOC VOL. 41, NO. 10, pp. 1298-1307, 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
Risk characterization is defined by both the U.S National Academy
of Sciences and the U.S. EPA as the estimation of human health risk
due to harmful (i.e., toxic or carcinogenic) substances or
organisms. Risk characterization studies are accomplished by
integrating quantitative exposure estimates and dose-response
relationships with the qualitative results of hazard
identification. A Risk Characterization Framework has been
developed to encourage a systematic approach for analysis and
presentation of risk estimates. This methodology subdivides the
four common components of the risk assessment process into ten
elements. Each of these elements is based on a term in a predictive
risk equation. The equation allows independent computations of
exposure, dose, lifetime individual risk, and risk to affected
populations.
TOXLINE
A model-free approach to low-dose extrapolation
Krewski D; Gaylor D; Szyszkowicz M
Health Protection Branch, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa,
Ontario.
Source: Environ Health Perspect; VOL 90, 1991, P279-85 ISSN:
0091-6765
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Estimates of risk associated with exposure to low levels of
carcinogenic substances present in the environment are generally
obtained by linear extrapolation from higher exposure levels at
which risks can be estimated directly. In this paper, we examine
the scientific basis for the assumption of low-dose linearity in
carcinogenic risk assessment and the different statistical methods
that have been proposed for linear extrapolation. A model-free
approach to linear extrapolation is described and illustrated using
epidemiological data on radiation carcinogenesis. The statistical
properties of this method are empirically assessed using 572
selected sets of bioassay data.
TOX
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A composite risk index approach for the assessment of multimedia
risks from MSW landfill gas contaminants
Eschenroeder, A.; von Stackelberg, K.
Alanova, Inc., 76 Todd Pond Rd., Lincoln, MA 01773, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 255, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Summary only.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
Decisions regarding municipal solid waste landfills often require
health risk assessments. Fugitive emissions of landfill gas
comprise one class of sources to be considered. This paper analyzes
previously compiled databases to develop a compact, but complete
method for quantifying the landfill gas risks. The derivation of
the method begins by averaging the landfill gas contaminant
compositions for data bases compiled by each of three public
agencies: (1) the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2) the
California Solid Waste Management Board and (3) the California Air
Resources Board. Total risk factors (TRFs) combine toxicities with
multipathway exposure factors (for inhalation, ingestion and dermal
absorption). The sum of the hazard indices forms the Composite Risk
Index (CRI) . The analyst needs only to multiply the CRI for the
data base selected by the local value of the landfill gas dilution
factor to evaluate the multimedia cancer risk at any residential
receptor point.
TOXLINE
A Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model and Geographical
Information system for the Great Lakes
Reed M; French D
Applied Sciences Assoc, Narragansett, RI
Env Canada Chemical Spills 8th Technical Sem, Vancouver, BC, Jun
10-11, 91, pl(9)
Conference paper
A coupled geographical information system (GIS) is the basis for a
model of the physical transport, biological consequences, and
economic effects of an oil or chemical spill. The model, which
accomodates various biological habitats, hydrological regimes, and
wind-driven hydrodynamics common to lakes and shorelines, has been
applied to the Great Lakes and associated rivers, but is applicable
to any freshwater or marine environment. For use on a personal
computer, the model will be incorporated into the US federal
regulatory framework. (1 diagram, 2 references)
16
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An integrated risk analysis framework for utility industry
applications
Levin, L.; Connor, K.K.
Electr. Power Res. Inst., 3412 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94303
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991
p. 148, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Summary only.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
Regulatory requirements, and technical findings, indicate the need
for a new set of models to assess human health and environmental
risks. In particular, the needs of the utility industry encompass
a broad range of settings, emissions characteristics, and potential
receptors that require a hierarchical approach to risk assessment
and risk management. A three-level hierarchy is suggested, ranging
from screening models, through detailed process models, to
comprehensive assessment and management models. Examples of the
first two models are discussed, drawn from those being developed
and tested at EPRI for utility applications. AERAM and AirTox are
air toxics risk assessment and management screening tools,
currently in use or tested at about twenty utilities.
TOXLINE
An expert systems approach to screening environmental data at
contaminated sites
Li, Wen-Whai; Kleiman, C.F.; Firth, M.J.; Baviello, M.A.; Highland,
J.H.
ENVIRON Corp., 210 Carnegie Cent., Suite 201, Princeton, NJ 08540
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 202, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
This paper describes a computerized procedure to evaluate
environmental data at contaminated sites where broad spectrum
sampling and analysis for hazardous compounds have been conducted.
The screening procedure is a multi-tiered system which, in a
sequential manner, compares the environmental data to: background
levels (specifically for metals in soil);federal or soil standards
and criteria; generic health-based levels calculated using EPA
exposure assumptions and toxicity values; and health-based levels
determined using a site-specific, multiple-pathways risk
assessment.
TOXLINE
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Application of Simulation Models to Environmental Compliance
Planning
Goodrich JM; Holstein MP
Energy Management Assoc Inc.
The New Clean Air Act: Compliance and Opportunity (Public Utilities
Reports), 1991, pl30(21)
Association Report
The goal of environmental compliance planning is not simply to
clean up affected sources but to reliably meet demand for
electricity in a least-cost fashion over time, subject to a
limitation on total sulfur dioxide emissions. It is, therefore,
integrated resource planning with an additional dimension.
Environmental compliance planning requires experts in the areas of
fuels, engineering, operations, rates, finance, regulatory affairs,
law, and resource planning. Compliance planning follows a six-step
procedure: setting corporate objectives; developing an approach to
meet those objectives; screening options on the basis of technical
feasibility, risk assessment, and cost-based assessment; developing
a portfolio of cleanup options; analyzing the risks of implementing
each option; and making the final decisions. Software available to
help decision makers in compliance planning are identified. (5
diagrams, 1 graph)
ENVIROLINE
Are you sure? Performance assessment beyond proof
Bernero R. NRC, Washington DC
OECD/NEA/et al Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Repositories
Symposium, Paris, France, October 9-13, 1989, p53(6)
Conference paper
Many nations that have generated high-level radioactive wastes have
initiated activities to develop deep geologic repositories for
their safe disposal. Such efforts are devoted to providing
protection for future generations by adequate isolation of wastes,
and to demonstrating that adequate isolation will be achieved. The
elements of performance assessment are examined; there is probable
consensus that these assessments are not proof of safe disposal.
However, performance assessment is viewed as a necessary part of
showing that the pledge to protect current and future societal
members is being honored.
ENVIROLINE
18
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Choice and standardization of test protocols in cytotoxicology:
a multicenter approach
Cingi MR; de Angelis I; Fortunati E; Reggiani D; Bianchi V; Tiozzo
R; Zucco F
Dep. Biol., Univ. Padova, via trieste 75, i-35121 Padova, Italy.
Toxicol in vitro; 5 (2). 1991. 119-126.
Language: English
A major problem that interferes with the introduction of in vitro
tests for toxicological risk assessment is that of defining
reliable standardized protocols. This issue was approached in the
present study with an interlaboratory comparison of three
cytotoxicity assays detecting chemical toxicity as impairment of
cell viability in confluent cultures, reduction of colony forming
ability, and inhibition of cell proliferation over 3 days of
treatment. The study was performed using v79 cells, which are
unable to activate indirectly-acting xenobiotics, and six chemicals
with different mechanisms of action: two antioxidants (butylated
hydroxyanisole and butylated hdyroxytoluene), an inhibitor of
protein sythesis (cycloheximide), an alkylating agent requiring
metabolic activation (cyclophosphamide), an uncoupler of oxidative
phosphorylation (dinitrophenol), and a genotoxic metal salt
(potassium dichromate). The three tests produced the same rank of
relative toxic potency for the tested chemicals, based on Ic50
values. The cell viability test appeared to be the most suited for
the screening of unknown chemicals, given its simplicity and better
reproducibility.
TOXLINE
Combining dispersion modeling and ambient monitoring for inhalation
risk assessments
Zankel, K.L.; Campbell, S.A.
Versar, Inc., 9200 Rumsey Rd., Columbia, MD 21045, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 125, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Generally, an analysis of risk due to inhalation of toxic air
pollutants relies primarily on modeling. Air dispersion models
provide an inexpensive estimate of the impact of the emission over
the region. However, air emissions models, needed to supply input
to the dispersion models for fugitive sources are highly uncertain.
Likewise, air dispersion models are known to be much less
"skillful" in predicting the air quality impacts at specified
locations than in projecting the maximum concentrations independent
of location. Short-term data is often not representative of the
long term. The shortcomings of the monitoring and modeling
approaches are addressed and methods for overcoming these are
discussed.
TOXLINE
19
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Computerized system for performing risk assessments for chemical
constituents of hazardous waste
Schaum JL; Segna JJ; Young JS; Benes CM; Muir WR
ACS Expert systems for Environmental Applications Symposium, Miami
Beach, FL, Sep 10-15, 89, p!76(17)
Conference paper
Software for hazardous waste risk assessment must address a
variety of information manipulations, including data retrieval,
categorical or rule-based decisions, and mathematical calculations.
Risk*Assistant, developed by the EPA, is a modular software system
that can be readily customized to address the specific analytical
needs of any designated group of users. The expert system, which
combines a series of tools including databases, expert exposure,
and risk values, is described. (10 References)
ENVIROLINE
Developing a statistical support system for environmental hazard
evaluation
Cairns, J.,Jr.; Smith, E.P.
Univ. Cent. Environ, and Hazardous Mater. Stud., Virginia Polytech.
Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
HYDROBIOLOGIA VOL. 184, NO. 3, pp. 143-151, Publ.Yr: 1989
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
Estimating the hazard or risk to both human health and the
environment has been based almost exclusively on single species
toxicity tests low in environmental realism and without validation
of their accuracy in more complex systems. While this may be quite
appropriate for humans in a large variety of circumstances, there
is no substantive body of direct experimental evidence indicating
that precise predictions of harm for hazardous materials can be
extrapolated from single species laboratory tests (or even
multispecies laboratory tests) to the more complex highly variable
natural systems. Now added to the hazardous chemical assessment
problem is the accidental or deliberate release of genetically
engineered microorganisms into the environment that have the
additional capability of multiplying and expanding their numbers
and also transferring genetic information to other organisms. This
paper focuses entirely on hazard evaluation for organisms other
than humans, namely predicting the potential risk or probability of
harm to natural systems based on laboratory toxicity testing using
single species. Not only will the basic risk assessment strategy
itself be examined but also the question of determining the
statistical reliability of various extrapolations from one level of
biological organization to another.
TOXLINE
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Development and utilization of physiologically based
pharmacokinetic models for toxicological applications
Leung, Hon-Wing
Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics, Danbury, CT
J toxicology & env health, roar 91, v32, n3, p247(21)
Research article
Novel approaches for evaluating toxicological problems are offered
by recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (pb-pk)
modeling. Because these models are suitable for extrapolation of
tissue dosimetry, they are being increasingly applied to chemical
risk assessment. The development of pb-pk modeling for
toxicological applications is addressed, and fundamental
differences between conventional compartmental analysis and pb-pk
models are compared. The theory and principles, data requirements,
and steps in constructing pb-pk models are covered, and a
comprehensive listing of such models for environmental chemicals
developed to date is included. (5 Diagrams, 84 references, 2
tables)
ENVIROLINE
Development of risk assessment methodology for municipal sludge
landfilling
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: PB91-100172/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
The report is one of a series of reports that present methodologies
for assessing the potential risks to humans or other organisms from
the disposal or reuse of municipal sludge. The sludge management
practices addressed by the series include land application
practices, distribution and marketing programs, landfilling,
incineration and ocean disposal. In particular, the reports provide
methods for evaluating potential health and environmental risks
from toxic chemicals that may be present in sludge. The document
addresses risks from chemicals associated with landfilling of
municipal sludge. These proposed risk assessment procedures are
designed as tools to assist in the development of regulations for
sludge management practices. The procedures are structured to allow
calculation of technical criteria for sludge disposal/reuse options
based on the potential for adverse health or environmental impacts.
The criteria may address management practices (such as site design
or process control specifications), limits on sludge disposal rates
or limits on toxic chemical concentrations in the sludge.
NTIS
21
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Difficulties Related to Using Extreme Percentiles for Water Quality
Regulations
Berthouex PM; Hau I
(Univ of Wisconsin, Madison) (Smith-Kline Beecham Pharmaceuticals,
Philadelphia, PA),
WPCF Research J, Sep-Oct 91, v63, n6, p873(7)
Research article
Regulatory agencies and dischargers want regulations to be
objective and fair and to offer high odds in favor of reaching
correct decisions. Use of percentiles in environmental standards
and regulations has grown in the past few years. Specifying a 99th
percentile in a decision-making rule gives an impression of
conservatism. However, the 99th percentile is a statistic that
cannot be estimated precisely. Its estimates have high variability
under the best of conditions, which means that the government and
discharger both have high risks of being affected by wrong
decisions. If it is possible to construct an environmentally
equivalent rule based on a lower percentile (the 90th, 80th , or
50th), the statistical properties of the rule will be improved
because the fuzzy interval will be reduced. Selection of the
parameter on which decisions will be based is an important part of
writing a standard. The precision of the statistic and the
operating characteristic curve should be studied and understood
when the rule is written, and this information should be
incorporated when the target levels are met. (9 graphs, 11
references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Dose-effect approaches to risk assessment
Glowa JR
Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Source: Neurosci Biobehav Rev; VOL 15, ISS 1, 1991, P153-8 ISSN:
0149-7634 Coden: OA7
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Risk assessment is the attempt to characterize the chance of
obtaining an adverse effect after exposure to an agent.
Traditionally, high levels of an agent have been used to estimate
the likelihood a lower dose might have an effect either by using
low-dose extrapolation models or by attempting to establish a dose
with no observable effects (NOEL). Low-dose extrapolation models
yield estimates for small effects, but these estimates may vary by
orders of magnitude depending upon the function chosen to represent
the data. NOEL's are imprecise because a true no-effect level is
indeterminant and the inability to determine an observable effect
depends primarily on background variability. Newer methods use data
from portions of the dose-effect function where error is smaller to
estimate risks.
TOXLINE
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Elements of a vector control program
Challet GL
Orange County Vector Control District, Santa Ana, CA 92702.
Source: J Am Mosq Control Assoc; VOL 7, ISS 1, 1991, P103-6 ISSN:
8756-971X Coden: JAO
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Eleven elements of a vector control program are proposed. They are:
Program Administration, Facilities and Equipment, Vector
Surveillance, Disease Detection, Control Activities, Public
Education/Relations, Intergovernmental Coordination/Environmental
Planning, Records/Reporting/Evaluation, Research, Emergency
Preparedness and Training/Continuing Education.
TOXLINE
From comparative physiology to toxicological risk assessment
Koeman, J.H.
Dep. Toxicol., Agric. Univ., Bomenweg 2, 6703 HD Wageningen,
Netherlands
12th Annu. Conf. of the European Society for Comparative Physiology
and Biochemistry Utrecht (Netherlands) 27-31 Aug 1990
COMP. BIOCHEM. PHYSIOL., C VOL. 100C, NO. 1-2, pp. 7-10,
Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
Comparative physiology may help to improve the toxicologists'
ability to assess and predict toxicological risks of chemicals.
Three main lines of approach have been distinguished, A:
comparative research concerning the toxicokinetics of chemicals in
different species; B: research concerning ecophysiological
characteristics and C: studies aimed at the identification of
biological markers that can be used to signal toxic effects in both
experimental and free living populations of organisms. Some remarks
are made on limiting conditions to be fulfilled in order to make
comparative physiology valuable from a toxicological point of view.
TOXLINE
Genetic Activity Profiles Software version 3
Stack HF; Jackson MA; Waters MD
Twenty-second Annual Scientific Meeting of the Environmental
Mutagen society, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, April 6-11, 1991.
Environ Mol Mutagen Suppl; 0 (19). 1991. 70. Coden: emmse
Language: English
TOXLINE
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Hazard Analysis, Engineered Controls Prevent Chemical Process
Accidents (Part 2)
Beddows N
Occupational Health & Safety v60n7 PP: 43-46 Jul 1991
DOC TYPE: Journal article LANGUAGE: English LENGTH: 3 Pages
The diversity and complexity of the chemical industry and its
processes are so great that even the use of the most
comprehensive line-by-line checklists is not fully adequate
for safety assurance. Systematic hazard evaluations that
involve considerations of contributory and possibly interrelated
events are needed. These evaluations should be conducted by a
team comprised of specialists with experience in the
chemical processing plant. Formal analytical techniques are used
throughout the chemical and petroleum industries to prevent losses
and solve problems. Some common techniques are: 1. hazard
inventory, 2. risk analysis, 3. fault tree analysis, 4. event
tree analysis, 5. hazard and operability studies (HAZOPS), and 6.
failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). Both passive and active
principles should be employed to incorporate safety in new and
existing facilities. Design and equipment used should be in
accordance with the most recent and stringent codes and standards.
ABI INFORM
Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of contaminant
vapors into buildings
Johnson, P.C.; Ettinger, R.A.
Shell Dev., Westhollow Res. Cent., Houston, TX 77251, USA
ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL VOL. 25, NO. 8, pp. 1445-1452, Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
The intrusion into and subsequent accumulation of contaminant
vapors in buildings and family dwellings is of concern for health
and safety reasons. When preparing environmental and health risk
assessments, one must be able to quantify this exposure pathway in
order to decide if site-specific conditions correspond to
unacceptable indoor contaminant vapor concentrations. For cases in
which contaminated-site soil cleanup levels can be negotiated based
on site-specific conditions, a related problem is the determination
of residual contaminant levels below which associated adverse
health effect risks are deemed negligible. Unfortunately, there are
currently no accepted models for predicting vapor intrusion rates,
and there is considerable debate over which transport mechanisms
govern the process. This paper presents a heuristic model for
screening-level calculations. It incorporates both convective and
diffusive mechanisms, as well as contaminant soil, and building
foundation properties.
TOXLINE
24
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immunotoxicologic studies with emphasis on chemical-induced
immunomodulation
Munson AE; McCay JA; Cao W
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of
Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
Source: Ann Allergy; VOL 66, ISS 6, 1991, P505-18 (REF: 21) ISSN:
0003-4738 Coden: 4XC
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Immunotoxicology has developed into a subdiscipline of toxicology
in a tradition similar to other subdisciplines of toxicology. The
use of experimental animals to determine the potential for
chemicals to alter the structure and function of the immune system
represents a significant part of this subdiscipline. This
manuscript describes assessment of chemical-induced modification of
immune status and key issues in interpreting the data for risk
assessment.
TOXLINE
Modelling and model validation for assessment of exposure to
pesticides
Presented at: 7. International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry
(IUPAC), Hamburg (Germany), 5-10 Aug 1990
Franklin, C.A.
Environ, and Occup. Toxicol. Div., Health Prot. Branch, Dep. Natl.
Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Ont. KlA OL2, Canada
Publ by: VCH PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, NY (USA), 1991, pp. 411-422 1991
In PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY: ADVANCES IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND LEGISLATION.. Frehse, H. (ed.)
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Historically, the concentration of chemicals in the workplace air
has been measured using stationary monitors to ensure effectiveness
of control measures, to indicate trends in air quality, to provide
a historical record of the1workplace, and to evaluate needs for
site specific emission control. This type of environmental or
ambient monitoring does not provide an estimate of actual worker
exposure, but does allow modelling of exposure. The use of personal
monitors attached to the worker enables a better estimate of
exposure, and they have been used in many studies on pesticide
workers. Dermal exposure can be estimated using absorbent patches
attached to the worker's clothing, followed by analysis of the
patch and extrapolation of the concentration on the patch to the
relevant body surface. In some studies, workers wear coveralls
which are analyzed, eliminating the need to extrapolate from a
patch to the body surface area. Another promising, but technically
difficult, approach involves the use of fluorescent tracers to
estimate the total dermal exposure.
LIFE
25
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New Methodologies for Estimating the Ecological Risk of Chemicals
in the Environment
van Straalen N. M.
Free Univ, Amsterdam, Netherlands,
Intl Assn of Engineering Geology 6th Intl Congress, Amsterdam,
Netherlands (Balkema), Aug 6-10, 90, p!65(9)
Conference paper
The ecological risk of a chemical in the environment is discussed
as the probability that a random species in a large community is
exposed to a concentration greater than the chemical's
no-effect-level. The risk can be estimated if the distribution of
both environmental and no-effect concentrations are known. An
environmental concentration can also be estimated such that the
risk does not exceed a prescribed threshold. Expressions for such
computation were derived by using a 5% risk threshold and including
an uncertainty margin. To illustrate, advisory values are
determined for maximal concentrations of some heavy metals and
pesticides in a clean soil, on the basis of soil invertebrate data.
(3 graphs, 29 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Oil spill risk simulation model
Lo, J-M
Cupertino, CA, USA
J. WATERWAY PORT COAST. OCEAN ENG VOL. 117, NO. 3, pp. 285-301,
Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N5
This paper presents a simulation numerical model that can generate
an oil-risk map for a given area. The map shows monthly and yearly
probabilities of oil-slick presence for each grid area. The
probability computation procedure includes the oil-slick movement
at each time stage until it completes the given time interval. An
example was presented to generate the Kuwait oil-spill risk map by
using the simulation model. The results of the oil-spill risk map
can be used to determine the relative sensitivities of coastal
sections where oil-slick occurrences are most probable. The
decision maker can use this information for strategic planning in
environmental protection and for selecting sites for seawater
intakes, fish farms, and coastal recreation area.
TOXLINE
26
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Practical approach to environmental risk assessment in
industrialized areas
Murphy, R.; Donate, M.
EnviroBusiness, Inc., Cambridge, MA
American Institute of Chemical Engineers 1991 Summer National
Meeting Pittsburgh, PA (USA) 18-21 Aug 1991
American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE, 345 E 47th St, New
York, NY 10017, USA. Paper No. 39e
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
PSEM: a model of long-term exposures to emissions from point
sources
Price, P.S.; Sample, J.; Strieter, R.
Am. Pet. Inst., 1220 L St. NW, Washington, DC 20005, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991
p. 259, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Summary only.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
In this paper, the PSEM is described and used to determine the
amount of time an individual spends near the point source as a
function of three activities: (1) residing near a point source, (2)
working near a point source, and (3) spending time out-of-doors
nears a point source. PSEM uses statistical information on behavior
patterns, population mobility, and mortality information to
generate probability density functions for the duration of time
spent in each of the activities. These functions can be used with
environmental transport models and land use information to estimate
the distribution of doses received by populations near the point
source. The distribution of doses can be used to characterize the
risk received by the "maximally exposed individual" for the point
source and to determine the distribution of risks in the exposed
population. An application of PSEM to an actual risk assessment is
provided.
NTIS
Quantitative environment liability risk assessment: A strategic
planning tool
McNeish, J.A.; Osborn, T.G.; Longsine, D.E.
Intera Inc.
1991 Environmental Site Assessments Cage Studies and Strategies:
Columbus, OH (USA) 29-31 Jul 1991
NWWA, Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers
National Water Wells Association, 6375 Riverside Dr., Dublin, OH
43017, USA. Paper No. 307A
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
27
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Rapid in-vitro DNA damage assays for use in mechanism determination
structure-activity relationships and risk assessment
Mattes WB; Matheson DW
Twenty-second Annual Scientific Meeting of the Environmental
Mutagen Society, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, April 6-11, 1991.
Environ Mol Mutagen Suppl; 0 (19). 1991. 48-49.
Language: English
Biosis copyright: Biol Abs.
ENVIROLINE
Recent Applications of Environment Canada's Mobile Enhanced
oxidation Unit.
Keller Lisa
Env Canada, Ottawa, ON,
Env Canada Chemical Spills 8th Technical Sem, Vancouver, BC, Jun
10-11, 91, p!33(26)
Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have been investigated by Env
Canada as appropriate technologies for chemical spill cleanups.
AOPs are chemical processes, ultimately oxidizing the polluting
organic compounds. This technology is desirable because it
interacts with many contaminants simultaneously, does not transfer
contaminants to other media, and does not require additional
disposal. Feasibility studies have been conducted in landfill
leachates, which are chemically similar to spill solutions. In
addition, pilot studies using a mobile enhanced oxidation unit have
been conducted. (1 diagram, 11 graphs, 1 photo, 11 references, 4
tables)
ENVIROLINE
Remedial action priority and multimedia environmental pollutant
assessment systems
Droppo Jr. JG; Hoopes BL Pacific Northwest Lab, Richland, WA.
ACS Expert Systems for Environmental Applications Symposium, Miami
Beach, FL, Sep 10-15, 89, pl93(13)
Conference paper
The multimedia environmental pollutant asssessment system (MEPAS),
a computer-based methodology for risk assessment, takes a
physics-based approach based on characterization of exposures
resulting from source-to-receptor transport at doe sites. The
development of MEPAS for evaluations of large numbers of
environmental issues based on potential health impact is described.
Whether used to evaluate a single site with many environmental
impacts, a facility with multiple releases, or a collection of
facilities with releases, MEPAS is an appropriate tool for
screening the relative importance of environmental issues in a
scientific and objective manner. The system allows the user to
prioritize hazardous, radioactive, and mixed-waste sites based on
their potential hazard to public health. (4 Diagrams, 17
references)
ENVIROLINE
28
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Review of 6EOTOX for the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
multi-media assessment project
McKone, T.E.
Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, CA, USA
Publ.Yr: 1989
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: DE89016716/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
GEOTOX is a set of programs used to calculate time-varying chemical
concentrations in multiple environmental media (e.g., soil, ground
water, etc.) and to estimate potential human exposures. The current
version of GEOTOX performs two major tasks: (1) it predicts the
transport and transformation of chemicals in a multimedia
environment, and (2) it estimates human exposure. The chemical
transport model uses landscape data and physicochemical properties
to determine the distribution and concentration of chemicals among
compartments such as air, water, and soil. Environmental
concentrations are linked to human exposures and health effects
using an exposure model that accounts for intake through
inhalation, consumption of food and water, and dermal absorption.
GEOTOX is intended for use in public health and environmental risk
assessment and risk management - particularly for the screening and
ranking of chemicals according to the potential risks they pose.
GEOTOX was originally developed for ranking the potential health
risks associated with toxic metals and radionuclides in the global
environment.
Risk Assessment of New Chemical Substances: Applicability of EXAMS
II as an Advanced Water Quality Model.
de Nijs ACM; Burns LA
Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene, Bilthoven
(Netherlands).; Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA.
Spon. Agency: Commission of the European Communities, Brussels
(Belgium).
Contract Number: RIVM-718702001
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-157735, 64p NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
At the National Institute of Public Health and Environmental
Protection at Bilthoven, The Netherlands, methods are developed to
systematically predict and assess the hazards for man and
environment related to the production and use of new chemical
substances, carried out in the cluster project 'Evaluation system
new substances.' After the basic screening of the new chemical
substance (Roghair, 1988; Nijs et al., 1988) has been carried out,
a more extensive study can be performed using models adhered to the
problem. In the project, 'Water Quality Models', more advanced
water quality models are evaluated on their applicability for the
assessment of xenobiotic compounds. The report describes the choice
for and the applicability of the Exposure Analysis Modeling System
II (EXAMS II). EXAMS II is a general purpose water quality model.
29
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The system encompasses all major transport and transformation
processes to which organic substances are exposed in the aquatic
environment. Prepared in cooperation with Environmental Research
Lab., Athens, GA. Sponsored by Commission of the European
Communities, Brussels (Belgium).
TOX
Rules for distinguishing toxicants that cause Type I and Type II
narcosis syndromes
Veith GD; Broderius SJ.
EPA Environmental Research Lab, Duluth, MN
Env Health Perspectives, July 1990, v87, p207(5)
Conference paper
Many organic chemicals cause narcosis, the reversible arrest of
protoplasmic activity. For most organic chemicals, the
octanol/water partition coefficient is used to determine the
baseline relationship of structure and toxicity, using aquatic
organisms such as fathead minnows as test animals. These substances
are nonpolar type I narcotic agents. However, many polar narcotics
are more toxic than would be expected by this method. Joint
toxicity testing, combined with isobole diagrams, reveals that
chemicals demonstrating strict additivity with phenol are more
toxic than would be predicted by the type I model. These chemicals
include some amides, amines, heterocyclic nitrogen compounds, and
phenols. It is suggested that the type I narcosis is caused by
hydrophobia bonding of the substance to the cell membrane or
enzymes, while type ii narcosis is caused by strong hydrogen
bonding. Some strongly basic or acidic compounds are more toxic
than either model would predict, and their toxicity mechanisms are
not those of narcosis. Rules for deciding which quantitative
structure-activity relationship to use for various chemicals are
given. (4 Graphs, 24 references, 1 table)
ENV
Sensitivity analysis of risk assessment model from California Air
Resources Board and the impact on risk estimates
Henry, L.L.; Gruwell, G.
Brown and Caldwell Consult., P.O. Box 8045, Walnut Creek, CA
94596-1220, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991
p. 222, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
The Health Risk Assessment (HRS) computer program prepared by the
California Air Resources Board (CARB) for AB2588 air toxics "hot
spots" was evaluated to determine the impact of varying the
site-specific values needed for optional pathways. The CARB model
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may overestimate risk associated with optional pathways, in
particular pathways where surface water is a source to locally
raised beef and dairy animals, milk products, drinking water, and
fish. Cancer risks associated with the optional pathways range from
2 to 10 orders of magnitude greater than standard pathway risks. An
alternate model using similar input calculated significantly
reduced cancer risk for surface water pathways. The CARB model does
not recognize unrealistic cancer risk or concentration values.
Seventh symposium on environmental epidemiology: methods for
environmental quantitative risk assessment. April 3-5, 1989,
Pittsburgh, PA.
Environ Health Perspect; VOL 90, 1991, P155-320 ISSN: 0091-6765
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: OVERALL
TOX
Structural equation modeling in environmental risk assessment
Buncher CR; Succop PA; Dietrich KN
Seventh Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Methods for
Environmental Quantitative Risk Assessment, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, USA, April 3-5, 1989.
Environ Health Perspect; 90 (0). 1991. 209-214.
Language: English
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Terrestrial microcosms for evaluating the environmental fate and
risks associated with the release of chemicals or genetically
engineered microorganisms to the environment
Fredrickson, J.K.; Van Voris, P.; Bentjen, S.A.; Bolton, H.,Jr.
Pacific Northwest Lab., Richland, WA, USA
TOXIC SUBST. J.; 11(1), pp. 65-110 1991
Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts; 30 Biotechnology Abstracts
The principal application of microcosms in the past has been for
evaluating the fate and transformation of xenobiotics in the
environment. However, recent biotechnical advances have led to the
development of GEMs whose commercial use necessitates release to
the environment. Concern over the release of GEMs requires that the
ecological consequences of their release be given prior
consideration. Microcosms provide a means of making these
evaluations with the advantages of laboratory containment.
Additional advantages include the ability to replicate and include
true controls in experiments and the ability to control many
environmental factors. Microcosms are of particular use in
assessing ecological effects of chemicals or GEMs because they can
determine the effects on ecosystem processes and functions, in
contrast to effects on individual species.
LIFE
31
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The defense priority model for Department of Defense remedial site
ranking
Hushon JM. Roy F. Weston Inc, Washington, DC
ACS Expert Systems for Environmental Applications Symposium, Miami
Beach, FL, Sept 10-15, 89, p206(ll)
Conference paper
The defense priority model (DPM) is an expert system designed to
evaluate risk to humans and the environment from
hazardous-materials sites. Dpm considers the hazards associated
with source materials, pathways that may result in exposure, and
the presence of potential receptors. There are three pathways in
dpm: surface water, groundwater, and air/soil. The system considers
both human and environmental receptors, although the human
receptors are more highly weighted. The environmental receptors
include both aquatic and terrestrial populations as appropriate. A
plan is under way to convene a group of experts to validate the
model. (2 Diagrams, 7 references)
ENV
The Integrated Model Evaluation System (IMES): A database for
evaluation of exposure assessment models
Schreiner, S.P.; Gaughan, M.; Schultz, H.L.; Walentowicz, R.;
Barnwell, T.O.; Ossenbruggen, P.J.; Beck, M.B. (eds.)
Versar, Inc., ESM Oper., 9200 Rumsey Rd., Columbia, MD 21045, USA
2. Int. Conf. on Systems Analysis in Water Quality Management:
Watermatex
•91 Durham, NH (USA) 3-6 Jun 1991
WATERMATEX '91. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON SYSTEMS ANALYSIS IN WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT,
HELD IN DURHAM, NEW HAMPSHIRE, USA, 3-6 JUNE 1991 pp. 315-322
Publ.Yr: 1991
PERGAMON PRESS, OXFORD (UK)
WATER SCI. TECHNOL., VOL. 24, NO. 6, SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N5
The USEPA Office of Health and Environmental Assessment develops
methodologies for conducting exposure and risk assessments.
Protocols appropriate for specific analyses have been developed to
aid in the selection of an exposure assessment model and to assess
the validation and uncertainties associated with models used for
toxic chemical exposure assessments in surface water, groundwater,
and air. A software package has been developed to provide users
with a quick and intuitive tool to access information for selected
models and applications based on these protocols. The Integrated
Model Evaluation System (IMES) is composed of three modules: 1)
Selection, query systems for selecting a model based on technical
criteria (currently for surface water, non-point source, and
groundwater models); 2) Validation, a database containing
validation and other information on over 50 models in various
media; and 3) Uncertainty, a database demonstrating uncertainty
simulations for several surface water models applied to exposure
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assessments of several chemicals.
TOXLINE
The OECD nuclear energy agency probabilistic systems assessment
codes (psac) user group; objectives, achievements and programme of
activities
Thompson b. G. J. Uk dept of environment, london, ; goodwin b. W.;
Nies A.; Saltelli a.; Kjellbert n. A.; Galson d. A.; Sartori e. J.
Oecd/nea/et al safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories
Symposium, Paris, france, oct 9-13, 89, p620(i4)
Conference Paper
To assist with the orderly development of probabilistic systems
assessment (PSA) approaches used in radioactive waste disposal
studies, the oecd nuclear energy agency established the psa code
user group (PSAC). PSAC is charged with the exchange of codes,
information, and experiences, and with contributing to code
development and justification. The information used in psa codes
derives from expert opinion and laboratory and field research.
Progress is reported in international psa code
intercomparison exercises. (4 Diagrams, 4 graphs, 16 references, l
table)
The application and testing of chemical transport models used in
radiological risk assessment
Liew SK, Mawbey CS, Read D.
OECD/KEA/et al. Safety Assessment of Radioactive Waste Repositories
Symposium, Paris, France, Oct 9-13, 89, p954(10)
Conference paper
The capability to perform post-closure risk assessment of
radioactive waste disposal sites is being advanced in many nations.
Coupled chemical transport models are an important component of
several programs and have been deployed successfully for both near-
and far-field process simulations. The application and utility of
the chemtard coupled code devised specifically for groundwater
contamination problems in the uk are considered. The code employs
full coupling of mass action expressions to the advection-diffusion
equation, permitting detailed characterization of the interfaces
between different phase and layer boundaries. Example simulations
are present, and recent progress in verifying and validating the
approach is reported. (4 Graphs, 6 references, l table)
ENVIROLINE
The use of environmental assays for impact assessment
Munawar, M.; Dixon, G.; Mayfield, C.I.; Reynoldson, T.; Sadar, M.H.
(eds.); Malins, D.C.
Pacific Northwest Res. Found., 720 Broadway, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
International Conference on Environmental Bioassay Techniques and
Their Application Lancaster (UK) 11-14 Jul 1988
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATION pp. 87-91,
HYDROBIOLOGIA, VOL. 188-189, , Dec. 1989
Languages: ENGLISH
33
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The assessment of impacts of chemically contaminated aquatic
environments on animal systems has a number of shortcomings. These
include problems with analyses for toxic chemicals and the
relevance of bioassays for predicting risk to ecosystems. Research
is urgently needed to find better ways to solve these problems,
particularly with respect to chronic exposures.
Transport and Food Chain Modeling and Its Role in Assessing Human
Exposure to Organic Chemicals
Jones K. C. ; Keating T. ; Diage P. ; Chang A. C.
Univ of California, Riverside,
J Env Quality, Apr-Jun 91, v20, n2, p317(13)
Journal article
The available knowledge concerning environmental transport and food
chain modeling of organic chemicals is reviewed, and uncertainties
affecting model applicability to exposure assessment are
highlighted. Although simple multimedia partitioning and screening
models identify major pathways of exposure or environmental sinks,
their use is limited by a lack of accurate physicochemical data for
test chemicals. Exposure assessments for specific sources must
evaluate emission fluxes from the source to the receptor population
via air, soil, surface and groundwaters, and the food chain. Until
these transport and flux processes are better understood, the
utility of detailed simulation models for human exposure analyses
will be limited. (132 references, 2 tables)
EKVIROLINE
Use of biological markers and pharmacokinetics in human health risk
assessment
Hattis D
Seventh Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Methods for
Environmental Quantitative Risk Assessment,
Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, usa, april 3-5, 1989.
Environ health perspect; 90 (0). 1991. 229-238. Coden: evhpa
language: english
biosis copyright: biol abs.
TOX
use of the Blue Mussel, 'Mytilus edulis', in Water Quality Toxicity
Testing and In situ Marine Biological Monitoring.
Nelson WG
Environmental Research Lab., Narragansett, RI.
Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 10, 1991
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: EPA-600-J-90-333, ERLN-1022
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-149799, 12p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
An effort was undertaken at the Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett (ERL-N),
Rhode Island, to evaluate the integration of in situ biological
34
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monitoring with the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L. , into EPA's
Complex Effluent Toxicity Testing Program. The scope for growth
(SFG) index, an instantaneous measure of energy balance in an
organism, was used to assess the physiological condition of the
mussels. The initial step in the program, assessing the sensitivity
of M. edulis to several known toxicants in the laboratory,
indicated that the SFG of the mussel is comparable in sensitivity
to those of other endpoints and test species currently used for
assessing receiving waters. A second step involved using the mussel
in situ to assess the impact of a municipal sewage outfall on
receiving water quality in Greenwich Cove, East Greenwich, Rhode
Island. This was completed twice; once before the initiation of an
upgrade of the facility, and once when the upgrade was about half
complete. Mussels were deployed along a dilution gradient from the
sewage outfall to a control station for a period of one month.
Subsets of mussels were collected after a 7-day and 30-day exposure
period.
Journal article. Pub. in Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
ASTM STP 1096, Vl3 p!67-175 1990.
TOX
Use and application of SAR's in ecological hazard assessments:
Past, present and future
Clements, R.G.; Nabholz, J.V.; Lipnick, R.L.; Johnson, D.W.;
Newsome, L.D. / U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials
ASTM, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
Languages: ENGLISH
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Validation of biological markers for quantitative risk assessment.
Schulte P; Mazzuckelli LF
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Industrywide
Studies Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Environ Health Perspect; VOL 90, 1991, P239-46 (REF: 43) Language:
ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
The evaluation of biological markers is recognized as necessary to
the future of toxicology, epidemiology, and quantitative risk
assessment. For biological markers to become widely accepted, their
validity must be ascertained. This paper explores the range of
considerations that compose the concept of validity as it applies
to the evaluation of biological markers. Three broad categories of
validity (measurement, internal study, and external) are discussed
in the context of evaluating data for use in quantitative risk
assessment. Particular attention is given to the importance of
measurement validity in the consideration of whether to use
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biological markers in epidemiologic studies. The concepts developed
in this presentation are applied to examples derived from the
occupational environment. In the first example, measurement of
bromine release as a marker of ethylene dibromide toxicity is shown
to be of limited use in constructing an accurate quantitative
assessment of the risk of developing cancer as a result of
long-term, low-level exposure. This example is compared to data
obtained from studies of ethylene oxide, in which hemoglobin
alkylation is shown to be a valid marker of both exposure and
effect.
TOXLINE
Vapor flux and air sampling program to evaluate on site air pathway
exposure for input into a health risk assessment
Reyff, J.A.; Houps, L.R.; Koehler, J.L.M.; Ritts, D.; Cook, B.
Woodward-Clyde Consult., 500 12th St., Suite 100, Oakland, CA
94607-4014, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 126, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
Industrial processes during the 1930's through the mid-1970's are
suspected of causing 1,1,1-trichloroethene (TCE) and
perchloroethylene (PCE) contamination of soils and groundwater at
a site that is currently occupied by condominiums. This program
incorporated a time-integrated soil vapor survey
which utilized over 120 measurements of relative surface-soil
vapor flux. Soil-to-air flux rates were then quantified using
isolation flux chambers and SUMMA canisters. This two-phased
sampling program provided a methodology for estimation of
soil to air vapor emissions from sub-surface contamination,
yielding reasonable estimates of TCE and PCE emission rates from
the site.
NTIS
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HEALTH RISKS - GENERAL
A Nontoxic Childhood
Sherrid P
US News & World Report 110(8): 56(4), 4 Mar 1991
Childhood health risks include not only contagious diseases and
accidents but those caused by environmental pollutants. Lead
poisoning, caused primarily by the ingestion of old paints, affects
one in six American children. Electromagnetic fields generated by
appliances may cause some forms of cancer. Radon emissions,
pesticides, toxic art supplies, and passive smoking have also been
cited as causes of childhood diseases. In addition, it is suggested
that most of these effects are easily controlled and kept from
growing children. (5 photos)
ENVIROLINE
Analytical Epidemiology in Pet Populations for Environmental Risk
Assessment
Glickman LT
Purdue Univ, West Lafayette, IN
In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental
Pollutants 1st Sym, Chapel Hill, NC (Plenum), Dec 5-7, 1988,
p!33(ll)
Conference paper
Alternative animal models that closely approximate human
exposures to chemical pollutants outside the laboratory are
needed for risk assessment. The use of pet animals as
environmental sentinels of such exposure is explored. Examples
of how this resource could be used for risk assessment in the
US are cited, focusing on cancer in pet dogs as the
biological endpoint. Studies seeking links among mesothelioma
and asbestos exposure; bladder cancer, obesity, and
insecticide exposure; and breast cancer, diet, and survival
are summarized. The advantages of human epidemiologic
studies can be extended to animal populations, and results
can be obtained in less time. (1 diagram, 1 graph, 18 references,
5 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Comparative health and environmental risks for various energy
sources
Haddad, S; Dones, R
IAEA, Div. Nucl. Saf.
IAEA BULL 33(3): 14-19, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The objective of ranking the different electricity generation
systems is generally recognized as providing an insight into the
respective merits of energy systems. Interest has now turned
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towards integration of health and environmental effects into
alternative scenarios for electricity production that comprise
various energy sources, and comparison of these scenarios in
relation to specific socio-economic contexts, either at the local,
regional, or national level.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Composition and Health Hazards of Water-Based Construction Paints:
Results from a Survey in the Netherlands
van Faassen A; Borm PJA (State Univ Limburg, Maastricht, The
Netherlands)
Env Health Perspectives 92: 147(8), May 1991
The health hazards arising from the application of alternative
paints are described. Alternative, water-based construction paints
are less harmful to human beings and the environment than are
traditional paints that contain organic solvents. The composition
of selected water-based paints was obtained by a questionnaire
survey sent to major producers and importers in the Netherlands.
Physicochemical parameters and toxicity data on the ingredients
were used to estimate occupational and environmental health
hazards. Mucous membrane or skin irritation and sensitization are
predicted to be the most frequent hazards from contact with these
paints. Irritation of mucous membranes can result from indoor use,
and fish deaths could result from slow degradation of polyacrylate
binders. (1 diagram, 32 references, 10 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Environmental aspects of Campylobacter infections
Stelzer W; Jacob J; Schulze E
Forschungsinst. Hyg. und Mikrobiol., Heinrich-Heine-Str. 12, 0-9933
Bad Elster, FRG
ZENTRALBL MIKROBIOL 146(1): 3-15, 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
Epidemiological data indicate high incidence of campylobacteriosis.
Improperly prepared poultry-products, unpasteurized milk as well as
non-chlorinated drinking water were shown to be the main vehicles
of Campylobacter transmission to man. There is a lack of knowledge
concerning the role of various environments in transmission of
Campylobacter. The review summarizes the present knowledge about
occurrence and survival of Campylobacters in various environments
(sewage, sludge, surface water, drinking water). In conclusion risk
assessment for public health is discussed.
TOXLINE
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Estimates of human exposure to pesticides through drinking water:
a preliminary risk assessment
Richards RP; Baker DB
Kurtz, D. A. (ed.). Long range transport of pesticides; 195th
national meeting of the American Chemical Society held jointly with
the Third Chemical Congress of North America, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada, June 1988. Xv+462p. Lewis Publishers, Inc.: Chelsea, MI,
USA. Illus. Maps.
ISBN 0-87371-168-8.; 0 (0). 1990. 387-404. Coden: 32709
LANGUAGE: English
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Public health: Hazards of risk assessment
Anderson C
Nature 351(6323): 176, 1991
ISSN: 0028-0836 Coden: NSC
Language: ENGLISH
TOXLINE
Risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems by
legionellae
Alary M; Joly JR
Dep. Microbiol., Fac. Med., Univ. Laval, Quebec, Que. G1K 7P4,
Canada
APPL ENVIRON MICROBIOL 57(8): 2360-2367, 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
To assess risk factors associated with the contamination of the
domestic environment by legionellae, 211 houses in the Quebec City
area were randomly selected and water samples were collected from
the hot water tank, the shower heads, and the most frequently used
faucet. After centrifugation, concentrated samples were seeded in
triplicate on BCYE and GPV media. Data on the characteristics of
the hot water system and plumbing in the house and on the personal
habits of the occupants were collected for each house. Among these
211 houses, hot water was provided by either an oil or gas heater
in 33 and by an electric heater in 178. Legionellae were isolated
from none of the samples from houses with oil or gas heaters and
from 39% (69 of 178) of those with electric water heaters. This
association remained highly significant after control for water
temperature and other variables in a stratified analysis.
TOXLINE
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Risks of Consumption of Contaminated Seafood: the Quincy Bay Case
Study
Cooper CB; Doyle ME; Kipp K
Metcalf & Eddy, Wakefield, MA
Env Health Perspectives 90: 133(8), Jan 91
Concern about environmental pollution in Quincy Bay, MA, resulted
in an EPA study of the ecological and public health risks stemming
from such degradation. Analyses of seafood and sediment
contamination in 1987 revealed elevated levels of several complex
organic pollutants. The findings are comparable with those of
other seafood contamination risk assessments for areas where
consumption advisories and fishing restrictions were implemented.
Regulatory responses included consumption advisories for lobster
hepatopancreas and other types of locally caught seafood. (3
graphs, 15 references, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Selection of Reproductive Health End Points for Environmental Risk
Assessment
Savitz DA; Harlow SD
Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Env Health Perspectives 90: 159(6), Jan 1991
Researchers need to determine which end points are to be considered
to comprehensively evaluate a community's reproductive health as
part of environmental health risk assessments. The selection of end
points, the severity of outcomes, the interrelationship among
adverse outcomes, evidence from reproductive toxicology and
specificity of reproductive effects from the environmental agent
are issues to be evaluated. Other factors to weigh include the
freguency of occurrence of an event and consequent statistical
power to assess changes, time and money resource requirements for
measuring the outcome, and burden of measurement on the study
population. Reproductive risk assessment should include measures of
fecundability, fetal loss, and infant health. (34 references)
ENVIROLINE
Sentinel Animals (Dogs) as Predictors of Childhood Exposure to
Environmental Lead Contamination: Observations on Preliminary
Results
Ostrowski SR
US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA
In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental
Pollutants 1st Sym, Chapel Hill, NC (Plenum), Dec 5-7, 88, p!45(6)
Conference paper
Since domestic pets share children's homes and, frequently,
their food, sentinel animal screening programs based on these
pets can be used to augment childhood lead screening programs. To
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determine the utility of animal sentinels as predictors of
childhood exposure to Pb, human and canine blood Pb data from
recent field investigations were compared. In data from
communities in Tennessee and Jamaica, a significant difference
was seen between the mean blood Pb levels of dogs and
human beings. However, canine blood Pb levels were
representative of the Pb exposure for children in an Alaskan
community. Preliminary observations suggest that the mean blood Pb
values of dogs, like those of children, are elevated when
similar pathways of environmental exposure exist. (21 references,
1 table)
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
The role of epidemiology in risk assessment
Yoshimura T
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Occupational and
Environmental Health, Japan.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 541-548, 1991
Language: ENGLISH
TOX
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HEALTH RISKS - CANCER
Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde: Is there a cancer risk for man?
Roe FJC; Wood D
Postgrad. Stud. Pharmacol., Sch. Pharxn., Univ. Bradford, Bradford,
West Yorkshire BD7 1DP, UK
INDOOR ENVIRON 1(1): 8-15, 1992
Languages: ENGLISH
Acetaldehyde and particularly formaldehyde are genotoxic and when
chronically inhaled by laboratory rodents can produce nasolaryngeal
tumours, the distribution of which parallels the severity of
irritation to the upper respiratory tract. The carcinogenicity of
high concentrations of these compounds may result from a
combination of weak tumour-initiating genotoxicity and
tumour-promoting activity associated with mucosal cytotoxicity,
irritation and hyperplasia. Epidemiological evidence is lacking for
a cancer risk following exposure to the low concentrations of these
compounds present in ambient air, although laboratory evidence
suggests that risk may be increased following chronic exposure to
high concentrations.
TOXLINE
Aldehydes: occurrence carcinogenic potential mechanism of action
and risk assessment
Feron VJ; Til HP; de Vrijer F; Woutersen RA; Cassee FR; van
Bladeren PJ
Mutat Res 259(3-4): 363-386, 1991
Language: Eng1ish
TOXLINE
An epidemiological study of lung cancer in Xuan Wei County, China:
Current progress. Case-control study on lung cancer and cooking
fuel.
Presented at: 2. Annual Meeting of the International Society for
Environmental Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA (USA), 13-15 Aug 1990
He, X; Chen, W; Liu, Z; Chapman, RS
Dep. Environ. Health and Eng., Chin. Acad. Prev. Med., 29 Nan Wei
Rd., Beijing 100050, People's Rep. China
ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 94: 9-13, 1991
Language: English
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
In Xuan Wei County, Yunnan Province, lung cancer mortality rates
are among China's highest in males and females. Previous studies
have shown a strong association of lung cancer mortality with air
pollution from "smoky" coal combustion. In the present quantitative
risk assessment of indoor air pollution study, the result strongly
shows an obvious on-site exposure-response relationship between
benzo(a)pyrene concentration in indoor air and lung cancer
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mortality and strongly supports the hypothesis that indoor air
pollution is the main risk factor in inducing lung cancer in Xuan
Wei County. In the present case-control study, the result shows
that in females, the presence of lung cancer is statistically
significantly associated with chronic bronchitis and family history
of lung cancer. The results also suggest an association of lung
cancer with duration of cooking food, but not with passive smoking.
In males, the presence of lung cancer is associated with smoking,
bronchitis, family history of lung cancer, and personal history of
cooking food.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Association of Selected cancers with service in the U.S. Military
in Vietnam
Anon
Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA. Center for Environmental
Health and Injury Control.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-154120, 241p NTIS Prices: PC All/MF A02
The study addressed the issue of associated cancers developing as
a result of military service in Vietnam. The findings suggest that:
Vietnam veterans have a roughly 50% increased risk of developing
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 15 to 25 years after military service in
Vietnam; Veterans who served in locations other than Vietnam do not
have a similar increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; The
increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among Vietnam veterans is
not explained by exposure to Agent Orange. Because most of the
Vietnam veterans in the study were probably not (or only minimally)
exposed to Agent Orange, the results do not constitute an adequate
test of the hypothesis that exposure to Agent Orange or dioxin is
associated with the development of NHL. A sufficient test would
require the study of persons with, and others without, known
exposure; and Vietnam veterans are not at increased risk for soft
tissue or other sarcomas, Hodgkin's disease, nasal cancer,
nasopharyngeal cancer, or primary liver cancer. Final rept.
TOXLINE
Binary effects of carcinogens and tumor promoters—a preliminary
chemical structural analysis of BCIDB and PCIDB.
Rao VR
Science Applications International Corporation, McLean, VA
J Toxicol Environ Health 33(2): 237-248, 1991
ISSN: 0098-4108 Coden: KAA
Language: ENGLISH
Identification of potential interactions in exposures, either to
simultaneous or sequential combinations of carcinogenic chemicals
and mixtures of carcinogen and carcinogenesis-modifying chemical
agents, pose formidable difficulties in human health risk
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assessments. Studies over the past four decades have revealed
synergistic interactions among various classes of carcinogenic
chemicals. An earlier effort to identify a possible chemical
structural basis of interaction of binary combinations of
carcinogens led to the development of Binary Carcinogen Interaction
Data Base (BCIDB). A recent endeavor to identify a structural basis
of interactions of carcinogens and carcinogenesis modifying
chemical agents resulted in Promoter-Carcinogen Interaction Data
Base (PCIDB) . An attempt will be made in this report to briefly
discuss chemical class-class interaction and initiator-target organ
orientation as recorded in BCIDB and PCIDB.
TOX
Biologic markers in risk assessment for environmental carcinogens
Perera F; Mayer J; Santella RM; Brenner D; Jeffrey A; Latriano L;
Smith S; Warburton D; Young TL; Tsai WY; et al
Columbia University School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032.
Environ Health Perspect 90: 247-254, 1991
ISSN: 0091-6765 Coden: EIO
Language: ENGLISH
The potential of biologic markers to provide more timely and
precise risk assessments for environmental carcinogens is viewed
against the current state-of-the-art in biological monitoring/
molecular epidemiology. Biologic markers such as carcinogen-DNA
adducts and oncogene activation are currently considered valid
qualitative indicators of potential risk, but for most chemical
exposures research is needed to establish their validity as
quantitative predictors of cancer risk. Biologic markers have,
however, already provided valuable insights into the magnitude of
interindividual variation in response to carcinogenic exposures,
with major implications for risk assessment.
TOXLINE
Cancer risk assessment of food additives and food contaminants
Hayashi Y
Hayatsu, H. (ed.). Mutagens in food: detection and prevention.
X+286p. CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Illus.
ISBN 0-8493-5877-9.; 0 (0). 1991. 243-258. Coden: 33344
TOXLINE
Carcinogen risk assessment: a rational approach requires the
incorporation of biological information
Goodman JI
201st ACS National Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
Atlanta, GA, USA, April 14-19, 1991.
Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc; 201 (1-2). 1991. Chas 10.
TOXLINE
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Carcinogen risk assessment
Hayashi Y; Maekawa A; Takahashi M; Imaida K
Division of Pathology, National Institute of Hygienic Sciences,
japan.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 297-304, 1991 (REF:14)
Language: ENGLISH
TOXLINE
Carcinogen adducts as an indicator for the public health risks of
consuming carcinogen-exposed fish and shellfish
Dunn BP
British Columbia Cancer Res. Cent., Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada
Symp. on Chemically Contaminated Aquatic Food Resources and Human
Cancer Risk, Research Triangle Park, NC (USA) 29-30 Sep 1988
ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 90: 111-116, 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
A large variety of environmental carcinogens are metabolically
activated to electrophilic metabolites that can bind to nucleic
acids and protein, forming covalent adducts. The formation of
DNA-carcinogen adducts is thought to be a necessary step in the
action of most carcinogens. Recently, a variety of new
fluorescence, immunochemical, and radioactive-postlabeling
procedures have been developed that allow the sensitive measurement
of DNA-carcinogen adducts in organisms exposed to environmental
carcinogens. In some cases, similar procedures have been developed
for protein-carcinogen adducts. In an organism with active
metabolic systems for a given carcinogen, adducts are generally
much longer lived than the carcinogens that formed them. Thus, the
detection of DNA- or protein-carcinogen adducts in aquatic
foodstuffs can act as an indicator of prior carcinogen exposure.
The presence of DNA adducts would, in addition, suggest a
mutagenic/carcinogenic risk to the aquatic organism itself. The
consumption of carcinogen adducts in aquatic foodstuffs is unlikely
to represent a human health hazard. There are no metabolic pathways
by which protein-carcinogen or DNA-carcinogen adducts could reform
carcinogens.
ENVIROLINE
Carcinogenesis studies in Rodents for Evaluating Risks Associated
with Chemical Carcinogens in Aquatic Food Animals
Huff J; Bucher J; Yang R
NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
Env Health Perspectives 90: 127(6), Jan 1991
Fish and shellfish from polluted waters can contain potentially
hazardous amounts of carcinogens. Long-term chemical carcinogenesis
studies could easily be designed, using laboratory rodents fed
diets containing fish caught in these waters. Induced cancers in
rodents would corroborate field observations in fish, and positive
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results would provide further evidence of potential human health
hazards stemming from the ingestion of substantial amounts of
contaminated fish. However, fish and shellfish should still be
viewed as environmental bioindicators of pollution or of potential
human health hazards. (101 references)
ENVIROLINE
Carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated biphenyls: PCBs and PBBs
Silberhorn EM (Univ of Kentucky, Lexington); Glauert HP;
Robertson LW
Critical Reviews in Toxicology 20(6): 439(58), 1990
The stability of PCBs was exploited in their use as hydraulic
system cooling agents and as transformer and capacitor dielectrics.
This stability has caused persistence and widespread distribution
of the compounds in the environment, even after manufacturing bans
in the 1970s. PBBs were used in fire retardants. Although
manufactured in smaller amounts, the addition of the product to
animal feed in michigan during 1973 and 1974 caused widespread
exposure in the food chain. Both compounds are mixtures of many
isomers. PCBs cause hepatic cancers in animals, with the more
highly chlorinated versions more carcinogenic. Females are more
susceptible, and metastasis is uncommon. PBBs are also
hepatocarcinogenic, with females possibly more susceptible, and
metastases more likely. PCBs exhibit antitumor effects when
administered before or after tumor transplants. Mechanisms of
carcinogenesis at the cellular level are reviewed. Both PCBs and
PBBs are considered to be probable human carcinogens, although data
on humans is sparse. (2 Diagrams, 289 references, 35 tables)
ENVIROLINE
cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s: A new age of molecular
toxicology and human risk assessment
Gonzalez FJ; Crespi CL; Gelboin HV
Build. 37, Rm. 3E-24, Lab. Mol. Carcinog., Natl. Cancer Inst.,
Natl. Inst. Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
MUTAT RES 247(1): 113-127, 1991
It has long been recognized that a large degree of species
differences exists among drug and carcinogen metabolizing enzymes.
In particular, differences in cytochrome P450s, the principal
enzymes of metabolic activation of pr©carcinogens, are widespread
and may determine species and individual susceptibility to cancer
causing chemicals. Although species differences in both the
regulation and catalytic activities of P450s are quite large,
rodent-based systems are mainly used as the means to determine the
degree of hazard of environmental pollutants, pesticides, drugs and
other environmental chemicals to humans. During recent years, a
large effort has been expended on analyzing directly the structure,
properties and catalytic activities of P450s from human tissues.
TOXLINE
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Dose Paradigms for Inhaled Vapors of Primary Carcinogens and Their
impact on Risk Assessment
Bellies RP; Parker JC
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health
and Environmental Assessment.
Contract Number: EPA-600-J-89-494, OHEA-C-339
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-149815, lip NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
In the assessment of risk, several factors affect predictions:
selection of reactive agent, selection of tumor incidence data,
modeling of dose, scaling across species, adjustment for
differences in duration and frequency of exposure, and selection of
the most suitable risk extrapolation model. If the end points,
exposure regimen, and the model for risk extrapolation are
constant, then the review of dose paradigms will illustrate the
effect of dose modeling on risk, since by definition the reactive
agent is the primary carcinogen. The response incidence in lifetime
inhalation bioassays of two primary carcinogens, ethylene oxide and
formaldehyde, was used with different dose paradigms to estimate
risk from maximum lifetime occupational exposures. The dose
paradigms that will be considered include: concentration,
concentration time product, retained dose, integrated blood
concentration, and tissue exposure. (Copyright (c) 1989 Health
Physics Society.)
Journal article. Pub. in Jnl. of the Health Physics Society, v57
Supl p333-340 Jan 90.
TOXLINE
Lung dosimetry of thorotrast patients
Hofmann W; Johnson JR; Freedman N
Cent. Extrapolation Modeling, Duke Univ. Med. Cent., Durham, NC
27710, USA
HEALTH PHYS 59(6): 777-790, 1990
Language: Eng1ish
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Deposits of intravascularly injected Thorotrast in the
reticulo-endothelial system of Thorotrast patients are a continuous
source of 220 Rn. In this study, we modeled the transport of 220 Rn
from these deposits through the body into the lungs, exhalation of
220 Rn from the lungs, production of 220 Rn progeny in the lungs
and their exhalation, and mucociliary clearance of 220 Rn progeny
deposited on airway surfaces. The injection of 1 mL Thorotrast
produces annual doses of 0.48 mGy/y to the bronchial epithelium and
0.95 mGy/y to pulmonary tissue. Based on a mean injected volume of
about 25 mL and an average exposure time of 30 y, German Thorotrast
patients received a mean bronchial lifetime dose of 357 mGy.
Despite these relatively high doses, comparable to exposure in
uranium miners, no excess lung cancers could be observed in the
epidemiologic follow-up study.
LIFE SCIENCES COLECTION
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Perspectives on the risk assessment for nongenotoxic carcinogens
and tumor promoters
Presented at: 2. Annual Meeting of the International Society for
Environmental Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA (USA), 13-15 Aug 1990
Perera, FP
Columbia Univ. Sch. Public Health, Div. Environ. Sci., 60 Haven
Ave., B-109, New York, NY 10032, USA
ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 94: 231-235, 1991
Language: English
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
The issue of risk assessment for carcinogens that appear to act via
nongenotoxic mechanisms or at the tumor promotion stage,
respectively, is discussed in light of current information on
biological mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis as well as
interindividual variability in human response. Proposals to treat
"nongenotoxic" carcinogens and tumor promoters as posing lower
risks to humans are described and evaluated. It is concluded that,
for purposes of risk assessment and regulation, there is currently
no convincing scientific rationale for constructing categories of
carcinogens according to their presumed mechanism or stage of
action.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Quantitative risk assessment of carcinogenicity of urethane (ethyl
carbamate) on the basis of long-term oral administration to b6c3fl
mice
Inai K; Arihiro K; Takeshima Y; Yonehara S; Tachiyama Y; Khatun N;
Nishisaka T
Second Dep. Pathol., Hiroshima univ. Sch. Med., 1-2-3 Kasumi,
Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734, Jpn.
Jpn J Cancer Res 82(4): 380-385, 1991
A carcinogenicity study of urethane was performed for quantitative
for quantitative assessment of its risk in humans. Three hundred
6-week-old male b6c3fl mice were divided into 6 groups, each
consisting of 50 mice, and urethane was given ad libitum in
drinking water at levels of 0 (control), 0.6, 3, 6, 60 and 500 ppm
for 70 weeks. The tumors with a clear dose-response relationship
were lung tumor (alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma) and
liver tumor (hemangioma or angiosarcoma). The incidences of these
two types of tumor were applied to estimation of the virutally safe
dose (VSD) at the level of 10-6 by using four mathematical models
(logit, probit, weibull and multistage models). The VSD based on
the incidences of lung tumor by using the logit model was estimated
to be l.Sed on those of liver tumor using the Weibull model was
7.2-5 mg/kg body weight/day. Thus, the VSDs based on the incidences
of the two different types of tumor using the most compatible
mathematical model in each case, as judged from the p-values, were
similar.
TOXLINE
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Quantitative cancer risk assessment of heterocyclic amines in
cooked foods
Gaylor DW; Kadlubar FW
Hayatsu, H. (ed.) Mutagens in food: detection and prevention.
X+286p. CRC Press, Inc.: Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Illus.
ISBN 0-8493-5877-9.; 0 (0). 1991. 229-236. Coden: 33344
TOXLINE
Recent developments in the multistage modeling of cohort data for
carcinogenic risk assessment
Mazumdar S; Redmond CK; Costantino JP; Patwardhan RN; Zhou SY
Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health,
University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
Environ Health Perspect 90: 271-277, 1991 (REF: 20)
Language: ENGLISH
The modeling of cohort data based on the Armitage-Doll multistage
model of the carcinogenic process has gained popular acceptance as
a methodology for quantitative risk assessment for estimating the
dose-related relationships between different occupational and
environmental carcinogenic exposures and cancer mortality. The
multistage model can be used for extrapolation to low doses
relevant for setting environmental standards and also provides
information regarding whether more than one stage is dose-related,
which assists in determining whether different carcinogens affect
different stages of the cancer process. This paper summarizes
recent developments in the multistage modeling of cohort data and
emphasizes practical issues such as handling data arising from
large epidemiologic follow-up studies, the time-dependent nature of
exposures and statistical issues such as multicollinearity in
time-related variables, robustness of parameter estimates,
validating of the fitted models, and routine inferential
procedures. Problems related to uncertainties of risk estimates are
discussed also. Computer programs for fitting multistage models
with one or two dose-related stages to cohort data incorporating
time-dependent exposure patterns; constructing confidence regions
for model parameters; and predicting lifetime risks of dying from
cancer adjusting for competing causes of death are detailed.
Illustrations are provided using lung cancer mortality in a cohort
of nonwhite male coke oven workers exposed to coal tar pitch
volatiles.
TOXLINE
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Risk assessment for carcinogens: a comparison of approaches of the
AC6IH and the EPA
Alavanja MC (National cancer Inst, Bethesda, MD); Brown C;
Spirtas R; Gomez M
Applied Occupational & Env Hygiene 5(8): 510(8), Aug 1990
The relative carcinogenic potency of 16 chemicals evaluated by both
EPA and the chemical substances TLVs (CS-TLVs) Committee of the
American Conference on Government Industrial Hygienists were
contrasted. The estimated cancer risk resulting from occupational
exposure to TLVs was also determined using dose-response curves
developed as part of EPA quantitative risk assessments.
Considerable agreement was noted between EPA and CS-TLV in
comparing relative carcinogen potency. Use of EPA's risk model to
estimate lifetime cancer risk from occupational exposure at the TLV
levels often resulted in high cancer risk estimates. (1 Diagram, 1
graph, 18 references, 3 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Statistical issues in carcinogenic risk assessment
Rockette HE
Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health,
University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261.
Environ Health Perspect 90: 223-227, 1991
ISSN: 0091-6765 Coden: EIO
Language: ENGLISH
Considerable progress has been made on the development of a variety
of analytical methods to aid in the carcinogenic risk associated
with exposure to both occupational and environmental agents.
Although the development of these methods has been accompanied by
consideration of many statistical issues, there are many areas
where additional effort could be directed if these analytical
methods are to provide the most appropriate interpretation of risk.
These issues include methods of combining multiple studies to
obtain an overall risk estimate, the robustness of the statistical
model, methods of selection among competing models, an assessment
of the effect of different measures of exposure on the estimated
dose-response relationship, and development of surveillance
methodology. These issues are discussed, and productive areas of
future research are indicated.
TOXLINE
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The real role of risk assessment in cancer risk management
Lutz WK; Poetzsch J; Schlatter J; Schlatter C
institute of Toxicology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
Trends Pharmacol Sci 12(6): 214-217, 1991
ISSN: 0165-6147 Coden: WFT
Language: ENGLISH
Regulatory actions taken to reduce the risk of harmful effects of
exposure to chemicals often are not commensurate with the
toxicological risk assessment. A number of factors relating to
psychology, sociology, economics and politics rather than science
and medicine affect the final decision. Werner Lutz and colleagues
illustrate the situation using the leukemia-indueing chemical
benzene as an example.
TOXLINE
Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate-a new renal
carcinogen
Kurokawa Y (Natl Inst of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan); Maekawa
A; Takahashi M; Hayashi Y
Env Health Perspectives 87: 309(27), Jul 1990
Potassium bromate is used to treat bread flour, as a dough
conditioner, and as an oxidizing agent in permanent wave solutions.
In bread baking, it is converted to potassium bromide and causes no
adverse effects. Carcinogenicity of oral potassium bromate is known
in rats, and the compound both initiates and promotes tumor
formation in the kidney. Nephrotoxicity occurs in other lab animals
and in man, as well as peritoneal mesotheliomas, and thyroid
tumors. Microbial assay of the potassium bromate shows little
mutagenicity, but chromosomal anomalies occur in tests with lab
animals. The compound inhibits lipid peroxidation and produces
8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in the rat kidney. Active oxygen radicals
produced are the probable causes of the toxic and carcinogenic
effects. Regulatory status, risk assessment information, and future
prospects for the compound are discussed. (14 Graphs, 10 photos,
111 references, 23 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Trends in quantitative cancer risk assessment
Morris SC
Biomedical and Environmental Assessment Division, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973.
Environ Health Perspect 90: 297-298, 1991
Language: ENGLISH
Quantitative cancer risk assessment is a dynamic field, more
closely coupled to rapidly advancing biomedical research than ever
before. Six areas of change and growth are identified: expansion
from models of cancer initiation to a more complete picture of the
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total carcinogenic process; trend from curve-fitting to
biologically based models; movement from upperbound estimates to
best estimates, with a more complete treatment of uncertainty;
increased consideration of the role of susceptibility; growing
development of expert systems and decision support systems; and
emerging importance of risk communication.
TOXLINE
Use of short-term test systems for the prediction of the hazard
represented by potential chemical carcinogens
Glass LR; Jones TD; Easterly CE; Walsh PJ
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Spon. Agency: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Contract Number: ORNL-TM-11413, Contract AC05-840R21400
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91005643, 139p NTIS Prices: PC A07/MF A01
It has been hypothesized that results from short-term bioassays
will ultimately provide information that will be useful for human
health hazard assessment. Historically, the validity of the
short-term tests has been assessed using the framework of the
epidemiologic/medical screens. In this context, the results of the
carcinogen (long-term) bioassay is generally used as the standard.
However, this approach is widely recognized as being biased and,
because it employs qualitative data, cannot be used to assist in
isolating those compounds which may represent a more significant
toxicologic hazard than others. In contrast, the goal of this
research is to address the problem of evaluating the utility of the
short-term tests for hazard assessment using an alternative method
of investigation. Chemicals were selected mostly from the list of
carcinogens published by the International Agency for Research on
Carcinogens (IARC); a few other chemicals commonly recognized as
hazardous were included. Tumorigenicity and mutagenicity data on 52
chemicals were obtained from the Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances (RTECS) and were analyzed using a relative
potency approach. The data were evaluated in a format which allowed
for a comparison of the ranking of the mutagenic relative potencies
of the compounds (as estimated using short-term data) vs. the
ranking of the tumorigenic relative potencies (as estimated from
the chronic bioassays). Although this was a preliminary
investigation, it offers evidence that the short-term tests systems
may be of utility in ranking the hazards represented by chemicals
which may contribute to increased carcinogenesis in humans as a
result of occupational or environmental exposures. 177 refs., 8
tabs. Sponsored by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
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HEALTH RISKS - GENOTOXICITY AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
Advances in Early Fetal Loss Research: Importance for Risk
Assessment
Sweeney Anne M. and ; LaPorte Ronald E.
Univ of Pittsburgh, PA,
Env Health Perspectives, Jan 91, v90, p!65(5)
journal article
Analysis of the relationship between environmental agent exposure
and early fetal losses (EFLs) offers unique advantages over other
end points for hazard assessment. There is a high incidence of
EFLs, and the interval between exposure and end points is the short
duration between conception and event. Cancer, the primary end
point evaluated in risk assessment models, occurs with much lower
frequency, and the latency period is measured in years or decades.
Advances in methodologies demonstrate the feasibility and utility
of performing population-based studies of EFLs. A scheme for
assessing EFLs in risk assessment studies is illustrated, using
lead exposure in utero as an example. (1 diagram, 3 graphs, 19
references)
ENVIROLINE
Assessing, accommodating, and interpreting the influences of
heterogeneity
Louis TA
Division of Biostatics, University of Minnesota, School of Public
Health, Minneapolis 55455.
Source: Environ Health Perspect; VOL 90, 1991, P215-22 (REF: 55)
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Heterogeneity, ranging from measurement error to variation among
individuals or regions, influences all levels of data collected for
risk assessment. In its role as a nemesis, heterogeneity can reduce
the precision of estimates, change the shape of a population model,
or reduce the generalizability of study results. In many contexts,
however, heterogeneity is the primary object of inference. This
report outlines the causes and influences of heterogeneity,
develops statistical methods used to estimate and account for it,
discusses interpretations of heterogeneity, and shows how it should
influence study design. Examples from dose-response modeling,
identification of sensitive individuals, assessment of small area
variations and meta analysis provide applied contexts.
TOXLINE
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Consideration of both genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms in
predicting carcinogenic potential.
Butterworth, B.E.
CUT, P.O. Box 12137, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
MUTAT. RES.; 239(2), pp. 117-132 1990
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 07 Genetics Abstracts; 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Bacterial and cell culture genotoxicity assays have proven to be
valuable in the identification of DMA reactive carcinogens because
mutational events that alter the activity or expression of growth
control genes are a key step in carcinogenesis. The addition of
metabolizing enzymes to these assays have expanded the ability to
identify agents that require metabolic activation. However,
chemical carcinogenesis is a complex process dependent on
toxicokinetics and involving at least steps of initiation,
promotion and progression. Identification of those carcinogens that
are activated in a manner unique to the whole animal, such as
2,6-dinitrotoluene, require in vivo genotoxicity assays. Predictive
assays and risk assessments for the numerous types of nongenotoxic
carcinogens will require understanding of their mechanism of
action, reasons for target organ and species specificity, and the
quantitative dose-response relationships between endpoints such as
induced cell proliferation and carcinogenic potential.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Critical effective methods to detect genotoxic carcinogens and
neoplasm-promoting agents
Weisburger, J.H.; Williams, G.M.
Am. Health Found., Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
Symp. on Chemically Contaminated Aquatic Food Resources and Human
Cancer Risk, Research Triangle Park, NC (USA) 29-30 Sep 1988
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT VOL. 90, pp. 121-126, Publ.Yr: 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
Neoplasia in fish can result from contamination of waters with
carcinogens and promoters. Cancer in fish, therefore, is a possible
indicator of cancer risk to man and serves as a guide to the need
for preventative approaches involving improved means of waste
disposal and environmental hygiene. Moreover, cancer in fish
indicates that this important food source may be contaminated.
Detection of genotoxic carcinogens to which fish are exposed can be
achieved quickly and efficiently by carefully selected batteries of
complementary in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Determination of
DNA-carcinogen adducts by varied techniques, including
super(32)P-postlabeling, as well as DNA breakage, mammalian cell
mutagenicity, chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, or
cell transformation represent additional approaches, each with its
own advantages and disadvantages.
TOXLINE
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DNA adducts as biomarkers in genotoxic risk assessment in the
aquatic environment
Presented at: 5. Symp. on Responses of Marine Organisms to
Pollutants, Plymouth (UK), 1989
Kurelec, B.; Garg, A.; Krca, S.; Gupta, R.C.
Cent. Mar. Res., Ruder Boskovic Inst., 41000 Zagreb, Croatia
MAR. ENVIRON. RES.; 28(1-4) 1989, pp. 317-321 1989
In RESPONSES OF MARINE ORGANISMS TO POLLUTANTS..
Document Type: Book-chapter article
The presence of "natural" ("pre-existing") DNA adducts in indicator
organisms may complicate the use of pollution-related DNA-adduct
measurements as a biomarker in the assessment of both the
biologically relevant exposure to carcinogens and the
pathobiological consequences of that exposure. Here, we present
data demonstrating that detection and identification of
exposure-related DNA adducts in marine and freshwater organisms
(sponge, mussel and fish) is possible despite the presence,
sometimes, of great numbers and significant levels of natural DNA
adducts.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Initial evaluation of developmental malformation as an end point in
mixture toxicity hazard assessment for aquatic vertebrates
Dawson DA; Wilke TS
Dep. Anim. Sci., Coll. Vet. Med., Univ. TN, Knoxville, TN
37901-1071.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf; 21 (2). 1991. 215-226.
Language: English
The joint toxic action of three binary mixtures was determined for
the embryo malformation endpoint of the aquatic fetax (fog embryo
teratogenesis assay: xenopus) test system. Osteolathyrogenic
compounds and short-chain carboxylic acids, representing separate,
distinct modes of action for induction of malformation, were
selected for testing in 96-hr, static-renewal tests. Three mixtures
were tested for each combination, with each combination being
tested on three separate occasions. Using toxic unit analysis, the
combination of osteolathyrogens and the combination of carboxylic
acids produced strictly additive (concentration addition) rates of
malformation, while the combination of an osteolathyrogen and a
carboxylic acid was less-than-additive (response addition) for
induction of malformation. Therefore, developmental malformation
may have value as an endpoint in mixture toxicity hazard
assessment.
TOXLINE
55
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Introduction to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's genetic
risk assessment on ethylene oxide
Dellarco, V.L.; Farland, W.H.
Off. Health Environ. Assess., US Environ. Prot. Agency, 401 M St.
S.W.,Washington, DC 20460, USA
ENVIRON. MOL. MUTAG.; 16(2), pp. 83-84 1990
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 07 Genetics Abstracts
Many human diseases are inherited. It is generally recognized that
most newly appearing mutations that are phenotypically expressed
are in some ways deleterious. A large number of synthetic chemicals
have been shown to be mutagenic in short-term tests, and several
have been shown to induce mutations that are transmitted to the
offspring of laboratory mammals. Thus, there is justification for
the concern that chemical mutagens may contribute to the genetic
disease burden in humans.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Nitrate contamination of drinking water: Evaluation of genotoxic
risk in human populations
Presented at: 2. Annual Meeting of the International Society for
Environmental Epidemiology, Berkeley, CA (USA), 13-15 Aug 1990
Kleinjans, J.C.S.; Albering, H.J.; Marx, A.; van Maanen, J.M.S.;
van Agen, B.; ten Hoor, F.; Swaen, G.M.H.; Mertens, P.L.J.M.
Dep. Biol. Health Sci., Univ. Limburg, Maastricht Netherlands
ENVIRON. HEALTH PERSPECT.; 94, pp. 189-193 1991
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Nitrate contamination of drinking water implies a genotoxic risk to
man due to the endogenous formation of carcinogenic n-nitroso
compounds from nitrate-derived nitrite. Thus far, epidemiological
studies have presented conflicting results on the relation of
drinking water nitrate levels with gastric cancer incidence. This
uncertainty becomes of relevance in view of the steadily increasing
nitrate levels in regulator drinking water supplies. In an attempt
to apply genetic biomarker analysis to improve the basis for risk
assessment with respect to drinking water nitrate contamination,
this study evaluates peripheral lymphocyte chromosomal damage in
human populations exposed to low, medium, and high drinking water
nitrate levels, the latter being present in private water wells. It
is shown that nitrate contamination of drinking water causes
dose-dependent increases in nitrate body load as monitored by 24-hr
urinary nitrate excretion in female volunteers, but this appears
not to be associated with peripheral lymphocyte sister chromatid
exchange frequencies.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
56
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Quantitative estimation of the genetic risk associated with the
induction of heritable translocations at low-dose exposure:
Ethylene oxide as an example.
Rhomberg, L.; Dellarco, V.L.; Siegel-Scott, C.; Dearfield, K.L.;
Jacobson-Kram, D.
Off. Health and Environ. Assess. (RD-689), US Environ. Prot.
Agency, 401 M St. S.W., Washington, DC 20460, USA
ENVIRON. MOL. MUTAG.; 16(2), pp. 104-125 1990
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 07 Genetics Abstracts
This paper explores how quantitative risk assessment methods might
be extended to analysis of risks to the human germ line. High
inhalation exposures to ethylene oxide are reported to cause
heritable translocations in male mice with a steep and nonlinear
dose-response curve. We explore quantitative estimation of risk to
humans from low exposures based on these animal data, addressing
questions of tissue dosimetry for this alkylating agent, expected
equivalency of doses across species, germ-cell sensitivity, and
extrapolation of dose-response relationship to low exposure levels.
Various dose-response models are discussed in terms of their
applicability to genetic and points and their ability to reflect
the underlying basis of induced heritable translocations.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Risk assessment for developmental toxicity: airborne occupational
exposure to ethanol and iodine
Mattison, Donald R.
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 2 n3 227-260 Summer, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Statistical issues in risk assessment of reproductive outcomes with
chemical mixtures
Hertzberg VS; Lemasters GK; Hansen K; Zenick HM
Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, OH
45267.
Source: Environ Health Perspect; VOL 90, 1991, P171-5 (REF: 39)
ISSN: 0091-6765 Coden: EIO
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Establishing the relationship between a given chemical exposure and
human reproductive health risk is complicated by exposures or other
concomitant factors that may vary from pregnancy to pregnancy.
Moreover, when exposures are to complex mixtures of chemicals,
varying with time in number of components, doses of individual
components, and constancy of exposure, the picture becomes even
more complicated. A pilot study of risk of adverse reproductive
outcomes among male wastewater treatment workers and their wives is
57
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described here. The wives of 231 workers were interviewed to
evaluate retrospectively the outcomes of spontaneous early fetal
loss and infertility. In addition, 87 workers participated in a
cross-sectional evaluation of sperm/semen parameters. Due to the
ever-changing nature of the exposure and the lack of quantification
of specific exposures, six dichotomous variables were used for each
specific job description to give a surrogate measure of exposure.
Hence, no quantitative exposure-response relationships could be
modeled. These six variables were independently assigned by two
environmental hygienists, and their interrater reliability was
assessed. Results are presented and further innovations in
statistical methodology are proposed for further applications.
TOXLINE
Structure-activity relationships for osteolathyrism: IV.
Para-substituted benzoic acid hydrazides and alkyl carbazates
Dawson DA; Schultz TW; Baker LL
Coll. Vet. Med., The univ. Tenn., P.O. Box 1071, knoxville, tenn.
37901-1071.
Source: Environ Toxicol Chem; 10 (4). 1991. 455-462.
Language: English
Nine benzoic acid hydrazides and carbazates were assayed for
toxicity and teratogenicity by using early embryos of the frog
xenopus laevis. The results of the 96-h static tests were used for
quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) analyses. Each
compound induced the connective tissue defect osteolathyrism.
Regression analyses indicated toxicity (Ic50) and teratogenicity
(ec50) were best correlated with the sterimol width parameter bl,
but due to redundancy in bl values for the test chemicals and the
relatively low r2 for the models, those equations should be used
with caution. The mortality/malformation index (mmi) was negatively
correlated with molar refractivity (mr) . The relationships indicate
that steric interactions may be important in explaining the
variation in biological activity due to changes in chemical
structure. Frog embryo teratogenesis assay: xenopus (fetax) may be
useful in aquatic toxicology hazard assessment, evaluating
deve1opmenta1 ma1formation.
TOXLINE
The dependence of risk assessment on mechanism of mutagenesis as
determined by dose-response and molecular analysis
Lee WR; Fossett NG; Mahmoud J; Byrne BJ; McDaniel M; Arbour-Reily
P; Chang S; Tucker A
Twenty-second Annual Scientific Meeting of the Environmental
Mutagen Society, Kissimmee, Florida, USA, April 6-11, 1991.
Environ Mol Mutagen Suppl; 0 (19). 1991. 41-42.
Language: Eng1ish
TOXLINE
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lexicological Mechanisms of Implantation Failure
Cummings AM
Health Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: EPA-600-J-90-330
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-149765, 12p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Implantation in mammals requires the successful completion of a
series of integrated phenomena, including uterine preparation,
synchronized embryo transport, embryonic attachment, uterine
transformation, placental development, and the requisite hormonal
milieu to support each step. Potential for toxic interference with
early pregnancy exists at several points in the course of events
via a variety of anatomical and physiological sites. An improved
understanding of the mechanisms of implantation failure due to
toxic insult is necessary in order to assess risks of reproductive
toxicants to the human female population. As an approach to
providing such information, a panel of tests has been assembled and
developed to probe the mechanisms by which chemicals affect
fertility in rodents. These assessments are performed only if
adverse effects on litter size or pregnancy are evident from
previous reproductive studies. The evaluation of methoxychlor, a
weakly estrogenic pesticide, has served to partially validate the
panel. The early pregnancy protocol provides does-response
information on the effects of short-term exposure of animals to
compounds during early pregnancy. (Copyright (c) 1990 by the
Society of Toxicology.)
TOXLINE
Waters and Wastewaters
Stahl Jr. Ralph G.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co, Newark, DE,
Ecotoxicology & Env Safety, Aug 91, v22, nl, p94(32)
Journal article
Literature on the presence of genotoxic compounds in natural water
and wastewaters is reviewed. At present, aquatic toxicity testing
of wastewaters is common. Carcinogenic and genotoxic compounds seem
to have similar effects on aquatic organisms and humans, so that
genotoxicity testing may assume more importance in the future. Most
genotoxicity monitoring is done, using Salmonella mutagenicity
testing, which requires concentration of the compound being tested.
Since the ambient concentrations to which aquatic organisms respond
are below these levels, the concentration step could be eliminated
if these organisms were used, However, generally accepted
procedures for sample preparations would have to be uniformly
accepted before such tests could be used for wastewater discharge
permit compliance. Construction of a data base of environmental
risk assessment and extrapolation of the data to the human
population might then be possible. (197 references, 5 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
A Model of Additive Effects of Mixtures of Narcotic Chemicals
Shirazi Mostafa A. ; Linder G (EPA, Corvallis, OR) (MAN TECH Corp,
Corvallis, OR)
Archives Env Contain & Tox, Aug 91, v21, n2, p!83(7)
Research article
Environmental exposure to chemical mixtures are very common, and
using test data from single chemicals to approximate effects of
mixtures can prove useful in environmental risk assessment. To
facilitate such linkage, the Weibull function was used as a common
model to correlate responses of single chemicals with the response
of their mixtures. The response of fish to mixtures of narcotic
chemicals was studied, using the Weibull function with an additive
concentration variable. The model results agreed well with data
over a range of chemicals and mixture ratios and provide a useful
initial assessment of environmental effects of narcotic chemical
mixtures. (3 graphs, 12 references, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
An integrated laboratory and field study of nonpoint source
agricultural insecticide runoff and its effects on the grass
shrimp/ Palaemonetes pugio (Holthius)
Moore, D.W.
DISS. ABST. INT. PT. B - SCI. & ENG VOL. 50, NO. 2, Publ.Yr: 1989
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Diss. Ph.D.: Order No. DA8910270.
Languages: ENGLISH
Environmental risk assessment of insecticides are generally based
on laboratory-derived toxicity data and often fail to consider
exogenous factors associated with actual field impacts. This study
was designed to address agricultural-related fish kills in
estuarine systems and to assess current test designs for
determining the environmental hazard of insecticides. The approach
was to integrate laboratory and field toxicity data for a single
animal model, the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio . The field
study was conducted at two sites on Leadenwah Creek, south of
Charleston, SC, USA. A series of in-situ toxicity tests were
conducted at each of these sites. Additionally, water and sediment
samples were collected and analyzed for pesticides residues, and a
number of other physico-chemical parameters were measured.
Laboratory studies included acute toxicity tests with each of
three compounds (azinphosmethyl, endosulfan, and fenvalerate) and
two mixtures (azinphosmethy1/fenvalerate and
endosulfan/fenvalerate) found in water samples from the field
study. In laboratory tests each of the compounds tested were
supertoxic to adult P. pugio. Estimates from laboratory toxicity
tests were generally in close agreement with results from field
exposures.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
60
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Analysis of the impact of exposure assumption on risk assessment
Whitmyre, G.K.; Ginevan, M.E.; Driver, J.H.; Tardiff, R.G.;
Baker, S.R.
RiskFocus/VERSAR Inc., 6800 Versar Cent., Springfield, VA 22115,
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association,
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 255, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Summary only.
Languages: ENGLISH
This paper presents the results of an effort to improve exposure
assessment methodologies for chemicals, as a means of increasing
the confidence in risk estimates. The first phase involved
tabulating exposure assumptions and methodologies used
preferentially by State and Federal regulatory agencies.
The second phase involved a sensitivity analysis of these existing
method to determine which exposure parameters are associated with
the highest and lowest degrees of variability, and
which of these exposure parameters drive the
resulting doses and dose rates. A third phase examining how the
use of alternative exposure parameters and methods might
impact the resulting dose and risk estimates is underway.
The exposure characteristics encompassed all routes of human
contact (inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact) and all
media (air, water, food, consumer products, and soil).
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards
Natl Research Council/et al Report (Natl Academy Press) , 1991 (172)
Assn report
The Committee on Animals as Monitors of Env Hazards was convened by
the Natl Research Council to review and evaluate the usefulness of
animal epidemiologic studies for human risk assessment and to
recommend types of data that should be collected to perform risk
assessments. Several attributes of an animal contribute to its
suitability as a sentinel. These attributes include a measurable
response to an agent or class of agents, a territory or home range
that overlaps the area to be monitored, ability to be easily
enumerated and captured, and sufficient population size and density
to allow for enumeration. Various aspects in the use of animals as
environemntal sentinels are discussed, including the use of food
animals, companion animals, and fish and other wildlife.
Recommendations to promote the use and synthesis of data of animal
sentinel systems are proposed. (2 diagrams, 1 graph, 294
references, 8 tables)
ENVIROLINE
61
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Carbon monoxide exposure patterns in Los Angeles among a high risk
population
Lambert, W.E.; Colome, S.D.; Kleinman, M.
IBS, 4199 Campus Dr., Suite 1090, Irvine, CA 92715, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 230, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH Languages: ENGLISH
Personal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) was measured in 36
nonsmoking men with clinically defined ischemic heart disease (IHD)
living in Los Angeles, CA. Subjects wore a continuously recording
electrochemical monitor for up to five 24-hour periods (142
person-days) during the winter of 1985. The exposure patterns of
men with IHD were found to the similar to those previously observed
in the U.S. EPA studies of the general adult population living in
Denver, CO and Washington, D.C. A relatively large portion of total
exposure was associated with transportation by automobile. Other
important elevated exposures occurred during the operation of of
gasoline-powered gardening equipment and chain saws. Personal
exposures were generally low in the indoor residential environment.
TOXLINE
Chemicals That Harm the Immune System
Thomas PT / IIT Research Inst, Chicago IL
CHEMTECH, May 91, v21, n5, p282(4)
Journal article
Data on the harm of pesticides to the immune system gleaned from
the literature are presented. The effects can range from
immunosuppression and the associated increased risk of infection
and tumor growth, to immunoenhancement and the associated risk of
developing allergic reactions. Because pesticides are stable and
can persist in the environment for a long time, toxicology studies
based on acute or relatively short-term exposures can be
misleading. A review of current data concerning nonoccupational or
environmental exposure to pesticides suggests that serious concern
for potential human health risks may not be justified.
Uncertainties, however, associated with pesticide-induced immune
modulation in human beings do exist, especially in the areas of
risk perception, the status of epidemiological studies, and the
testing methodologies employed. As these uncertainties are
minimized, the actual immunological threat to human beings can be
better assessed. (1 diagram, 1 drawing, 29 references, 1 table)
ENVIROLINE
62
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Children in California: Activity patterns and presence of pollutant
sources
Phillips, T.J.; Jenkins, P.L.; Mulberg, E.J.
California Air Resour. Board, Res. Div., Box 2815, Sacramento, CA
95812, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 259, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; Summary only.
Languages: ENGLISH
The California Air Resources Board funded a statewide survey of
activity patterns of Californians 11 years or less of age in order
to improve the accuracy of total exposure assessment for air
pollutants. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1200
children and/or their primary careprovider from Spring 1989
through Winter 1990. In addition to completing a 24-hour recall
diary of activities and locations, participants also responded to
questions about the presence of potential pollutant sources.
Initial results are presented regarding time spent by children in
different locations and activities relevant to pollutant
exposure. Additional results are presented regarding the presence
of air pollutant sources including environmental tobacco smoke,
consumer products such as paints and deodorizers, combustion
appliances, and motor vehicles, and the characteristics of indoor
and outdoor play surfaces. Data from this study should be
integrated with exposure data to reduce the uncertainty associated
with risk assessments for many pollutants, and to expedite the
development of effective risk reduction measures.
TOXLINE
Competing risks bias arising from an omitted risk factor
Schatzkin, A.; Slud, E.
Natl. Cancer Inst., Blair Build., Rm. 6A-01, 9000 Rockville Pike,
Bethesda, MD 20892-4200, USA
AM. J. EPIDEMIOL.; 129(4), pp. 850-856 1989
Language: English Summary Language: English
Document Type: Journal article-original research
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
The authors describe a form of selection bias that may arise when
a second disease selectively removes from the population persons
susceptible to the primary disease of interest. Two examples of
this bias are given: 1) a lack of association between an exposure
and the primary disease may appear as an inverse association, and
2) a direct association between exposure and primary disease may be
greatly attenuated. These examples of bias require the presence of
an unknown risk factor in addition to the exposure of interest.
TOXLINE
63
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Determination of activity patterns in asthmatics for air pollution
risk assessment purposes
Shamoo DA; Linn WS; Trim SC; Peng RC; Little DE; Webb TL; Hackney
JD
1991 International Conference of the American Lung Association and
the American Thoracic Society, Anaheim, California, USA, May 12-15,
1991.
Am Rev Respir pis; 143 (4 part 2). 1991. A272.
Language: Eng1ish
TOXLINE
Environmental Contamination: Deliberate and Accidental
Murphy G
Queensland Dept Health, Australia,
Macedon Digest, Mar 91, v6, nl, p!5(3)
Journal article
The problems of environmental chemical contamination in Australia
are assessed by focusing on three global disasters: Love Canal,
NY; the methylisocyanate disaster in Bhopal, India; and
contamination of the Rhine River from a chemical fire in
Basel, Switzerland. In each instance, pollution effects on
humans and the environment are briefly discussed. Comparable
disasters have not occurred in Australia to date. However, when
these incidents do occur, even on a limited scale, proper
professional judgments must be made about potential or
actual risks to human and environmental health.
ENVIROLINE
Environmental hazard assessment of anthropogenic chemicals
Kloepffer, W.; Zirm, K.L.; Mayer, J. (eds.)
Battelle-Inst. e.V., Abt. Chem. Anal., Am Roemerhof 35, D-6000
Frankfurt am Main 90, FRG
ENVIROTECH Vienna 1989, 1. International ISEP Congress Vienna
(Austria)
20-22 Feb 1989
THE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
pp. 35-49, Publ.Yr: 1990
ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE, LONDON (UK)
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N5
The purpose of environmental assessment of chemicals is to
recognize the potential hazard posed by chemicals before actual
damage occurs. It is thus possible to take decisions and
preventative actions.
TOXLINE
64
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Exposure Study of Volatile Organic Compounds, Southeast Rockford,
Illinois (Final report)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
Report No.: ATSDR/HS-92/15 Oct 91 92p
Languages: English
See also PB90-225657.
After elevated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were
found in the groundwater, an exposure study was conducted on
selected residences in which water, air levels, and blood levels of
the occupants were measured. The purpose of the study was to
determine if (1) the southeast Rockford residents had mean blood
levels of VOCs higher than those reported in a subset of the
National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES III) and
(2) a correlation could be established between blood levels and
environmental exposures (water and air) in the home. Study power
was greatly reduced since many residents were ineligible for
study participation because they voluntarily used bottled water.
Four of the ten individuals tested had blood levels of one VOC
greater than two standard deviations above the NHANES III mean.
While no statistically significant correlations were found between
blood and water levels in the study population, several
correlations between blood and air levels were statistically
significant. For only one compound was a statistically significant
association found between air and water measurements.
NTIS
Health risk assessments of emissions from two resource recovery
facilities.; Abschaetzung der Gesundheitsrisiken durch Emissionen
aus zwei Muellkraftwerken
Hahn, J.L.; Sofaer, D.S.
Ogden Martin Systems Inc. 700 Devon Way Berkeley CA 94705/1723, USA
STAUB REINHALT. LUFT VOL. 51, NO. 4, pp. 133-138, Publ.Yr: 1991
Health Risk Assessments (HRAs) for two U.S. resource recovery
facilities have been based either on emissions estimated from
data-bases available, in the permitting phase of the project, or on
actual emissions determined from compliance testing performed
during and after start up of the facility. When estimated emissions
were used for the initial HRA, the HRA was then required to be
re-evaluated based on actual emissions providing direct comparison.
In the case of the other facility, the permit required that the HRA
be performed only after the facility was operating. The results of
using estimated (permitted) and actual emission levels in these
HRAs are presented.
TOXLINE
65
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Human epidemiology: a review of fiber type and characteristics in
the development of malignant and nonmalignant disease
Merchant JA, Univ of Iowa, Iowa City IA
Env Health Perspectives, August 90, v88, p287(7)
Conference paper
The health effects of occupational and environmental exposure to
naturally occurring and man-made fibers are reviewed. Natural
fibers include asbestos, talc, vermiculite, wollastonite,
sepiolite, erionite and attapulgite. Of these, the health effects
for asbestos are well known; diseases such as lung cancer and
asbestosis, mesotheliomas, and other cancers. Studies of the other
natural silicates indicate increased risk of lung disease and lung
cancer among those exposed. For man-made fibers, mesothelioma risk
does not seem to be increased, but risk of lung cancer is
increased, particularly for those working in the early phases of
production. Future research should concentrate on standardizing
pleural thickening assessments and relate this information to the
type of fiber exposure. Mesothelioma rates should be tracked
nationally. Silicate exposure, particularly for products used as
asbestos substitutes, tremolite, small diameter glass fibers, and
ceramic fibers should be monitored. Sampling of ambient air for
fibers is needed before general population risk assessments are
made. (49 References, 3 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Human Inter individual Variability in Susceptibility to FEV1 Decline
from Smoking
Silver K; Hattis D
Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge. Center for Technology,
Policy and Industrial Development.; Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, MA.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Spon. Agency: National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health,
Cincinnati, OH.
Contract Number: CTPID-90-8, Contract NIOSH-U60-CCU100929
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152751, 33p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The report is part of an extended series of studies seeking new
methods for quantitative risk assessment for noncancer health
effects from smoking. The data sets from two studies of the effects
of smoking on forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) are
reviewed. In each case the data could be adequately described with
a mixture of two normal distributions in which 31 to 34% of the
population was contained in a subgroup with lower average FEVl's
and greater variability in observed FEVl's in comparison to
standard regression model predictions. Some interindividual
variability in the response to cigarette smoke appeared in both
populations studied here. For the Six Cities data set, the initial
estimate of interindividual variability was described by a
geometric standard deviation of 1.9, expressed as the antilog.
66
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Intel-individual variability in the other data set, the Tucson data
set, was best described by a geometric standard deviation of 4.2.
As more is learned about the human interindividual variability at
various mechanistic steps on the causal pathway from cigarette
smoke and/or other lung damaging agents to decline in FEV1, the
extent of human interindividual variability in each
individual pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameter should be
less than the overall variability tentatively assessed in the
study. Prepared in cooperation with Harvard School of Public
Health, Boston, MA.
Sponsored by National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health
TOXLINE
Indoor Air '90: The Fifth International Conference on Indoor Air
Quality and Climate. Volume 1: Final report
5. International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate
Toronto (Canada) 29 Jul-3 Aug 1990 Publ.Yr: 1990
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH; NTIS Order No.: DE90017786/GAR.
Languages: ENGLISH
This volume contains papers on indoor air presented at the Fifth
International Conference on Indoor Quality and Climate. Topics
include: Allergic and other sensitivity reactions, health effects
of unvented indoor fuel burning, health effects of
building-associated microorganisms and diseases, human performance
and productivity, controlled human exposure studies,
epidemiological studies and risk assessment, perceived air quality
and comfort, and climate and comfort: thermal lighting, acoustics,
spatial, and psychological. Individual papers are indexed
separately and entered on the energy database.
TOXLINE
Indoor Air Quality: Inorganic Fibers
Env Technology, Sep 91, v!2, n9, p833(3)
Journal article
Findings of a WHO working group evaluating the state of knowledge
concerning inorganic fibers in indoor air and their potential
adverse health effects are synthesized. Airborne contamination
with asbestos is widespread, and, as a result, asbestos fibers can
be found in most human lungs. All commonly used forms of asbestos
have produced excess incidence of asbestosis, lung cancer, and
mesothelioma. Current airborne man-made mineral fiber levels in
indoor environments are considered to represent an insignificant
risk. Exposed, loose, or friable thermal and acoustic insulation
materials are the major sources of indoor exposure to mineral
fibers. Methods for reducing such hazards, controlling exposures,
and initiating additional research are summarized.
ENVIROLINE
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Integrated Criteria Document Arsenicum Effects
Hesse JM; Janus JA; Krajnc El; Kroese ED
Rijksinstituut voor de Volksgezondheid en Milieuhygiene, Bilthoven
(Netherlands).
Source: Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I), Issue 09, 1991
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: RIVM-758701002
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-146746, llOp NTIS Prices: PC A06/MF A01
The Criteria Document, prepared by the National Institute of Public
Health and Environmental Protection in The Netherlands, comprises
a systematical survey and a critical evaluation of the most
important data on the 'priority substance1 arsenicum, as much as
possible with regard to the specific situation in The Netherlands.
The information in the Criteria Document will serve as a scientific
basis for an 'effect oriented policy1 in The Netherlands,
especially with regard to the general population and aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems. The data which are considered to be
necessary for a risk assessment for the general population, are
described in chapter l. Data on the impact of arsenic on aquatic
and terrestrial organisms are described in chapter 2 and chapter 3,
respectively. In chapter 4 data on agricultural crops and livestock
are described. Chapter 5 contains the risk assessment for man and
the environment.
TOXLINE
Integration of site-specific health information: Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry health assessments
Lesperance AM; Siegel MR
Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Spon. Agency: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Contract Number: PNL-7547, Contract AC06-76RL01830
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91004917, 23p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry is required to
conduct a health assessment of any site that is listed on or
proposed for the US Environmental Protection Agency's National
Priorities List. Sixteen US Department of Energy (DOE) sites
currently fall into this category. Health assessments contain a
qualitative description of impacts to public health and the
environment from hazardous waste sites, as well as recommendations
for actions to mitigate or eliminate risk. Because these
recommendations may have major impacts on compliance activities at
DOE facilities, the health assessments are an important source of
information for the monitoring activities of DOE's Office of
Environmental Compliance (OEC) . This report provides an overview of
the activities involved in preparing the health assessment, its
role in environmental management, and its key elements. Sponsored
by Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
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New focus on air toxics
Boutacoff D
EPRI Journal, March 1991, vl6, n2, p4(10)
journal article
The 1990 Clean Air Act amendments include provisions to reduce
emissions of airborne toxic substances posing a risk to human
health and the environment. The statute authorizes EPA to conduct
a three-year study of the potential health risks specific to
utility sources, after which the agency administrator will decide
whether appropriate controls are needed for power plants. Epri is
also developing methods to predict how fuel type and plant design
affects levels of air toxic emissions and is assessing the risk
they pose to public health and the environment. Epri's power plant
integrated systems: chemical emissions study is developing a
comprehensive assessment of the source and fate of chemicals in
fossil fuel-fired plant process streams. (1 Diagram, 2 graphs, 7
photos)
ENVIROLINE
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Proposed Rule; Limited Reopening of the Rulemaking
Record on Occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde by R. A. Lemen/
February 9, 1987.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152207, lip NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The testimony concerns the position of NIOSH regarding occupational
exposures to formaldehyde (50000). The testimony contains a letter
sent from NIOSH regarding the NCI epidemiologic and industrial
hygiene studies of workers exposed to formaldehyde. While
statistically significant findings were not observed in some of the
studies, both the report of the occupational epidemiologic study
and the companion residential epidemiologic study indicate that
the analyses demonstrated elevated risk estimates for cancer sites
of the upper respiratory system associated with exposure potential
to formaldehyde. This was strongest for individuals with long
residence times in mobile homes. NIOSH indicates additional
research should be conducted to assess the cancer risk associated
with a combined exposure to formaldehyde on particulates. NIQSH is
not aware of data that describe a safe exposure concentration to a
carcinogen and thereby urges that the exposure limits to
formaldehyde be for as low a level as possible.
See also PB91-152695.
TOXLINE
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Particulate source apportionment in greater Cincinnati - risk
apportionment as applied to an iron-steel foundry airshed
Biswas P; Mukerjee S.
Dep. Civ. and Environ. Eng., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
45221-0071, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 129, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
Receptor modeling techniques are extended to develop a health risk
apportionment methodology whereby the main sources of risk are
identifiable. This concept of risk apportionment is demonstrated
using air quality data from a mid-sized industrial complex located
in a rural/residential area. The total risk at any location in the
air shed was expressed as a sum of risks from the source categories
in the airshed. Potential risk reduction measures are targeted at
main risk sources without arbitrarily reducing risk for all sources
in the airshed.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Predicting personal exposures to NO sub(2) for population-based
exposure and risk evaluations
Billick, I.H.; Ozkaynak, H.; Butler, D.A.; Spengler, J.D.
Gas Res. Inst., 8600 W. Bryn Mawr Ave., Chicago, IL 60631, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 260, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Language s: ENGLISH
Population NO sub(2) exposure profiles are developed using a model
characterizing time-weighted average NO sub(2) exposure as a
function of ambient levels and micro-environment attributes.
Results, using the Los Angeles area as an example, indicate that
outdoor sources dominate exposures in both the summer and winter.
Furthermore, predicted individual exposure to NO sub(2) may range
from approximately one-half and two and one half times the
population mean exposure levels. In general, the results highlight
the need to characterize exposures as distributions rather than
point estimates and the need to emply time-activity data when
evaluating personal exposures.
TOXLINE
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Role of Short-Term Tests in Evaluating Health Effects Associated
with Drinking Water
Meier JR; Daniel FB
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC.
Contract Number: EPA-600-J-90-326
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-149724, 12p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Short-term bioassays such as the Ames test are used to assess
genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity of specific drinking
water contaminants as well as concentrated samples of drinking
water. The authors discuss the development, limitations, and
interpretation of short-term tests; qualitative and quantitative
aspects of the utility of the tests for predicting carcinogenicity;
and general approaches to using the tests in analyzing potential
health effects of drinking water. They conclude that although
uncertainties regarding interpretation limit the application of
such tests for risk assessment, short-term tests provide public
health officials with a useful tool for obtaining timely and
cost-efficient information about potential health risks associated
with drinking water. Journal article. Pub. in Jnl. of the American
Water Works Association, v82 nlO p48 Oct 90.
TOXLINE
The environment and the lung: changing perspectives.
Samet, Jonathan M.; Utell, Mark J.
JAMA, The Journal of the American Medical Association v266,
p670 (6), August 7, 1991
ISSN: 0098-7484
illustration; table; graph
The four steps of risk assessment, (table); Selected agents
causing lung disease of current concern, (table); Examples of
theoretic exposure-response relationships. (graph); Principal
mechanisms associated with environmental lung disease, (table)
DESCRIPTORS: Lung diseases—Demographic aspects; Environmental
health—Demographic aspects; Pollution—Health aspects
MAGAZINE INDEX
Total human exposure in Poland: Emphasis on air pollution
Jedrychowski, W.; Flak, E.; Wesolowski, J.J.
Inst. Soc. Med., Univ. Med. Sch., Krakow, Poland
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 pp. 197-198,
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
The paper will attempt to demonstrate that environmental management
policies and risk reduction strategies will be most effective if
the Total Human Exposure Concept is used as the guiding scientific
principle in risk assessment and management programs.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Trends in environmental hazard and risk assessment of chemicals
Bro-Rasmussen, F.; zirm, K.L.; Mayer, J. (eds.)
Lab. Environ. Sci. and Ecol., Tech. Univ. Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby,
Denmark
ENVIROTECH Vienna 1989, 1. International ISEP Congress Vienna
(Austria) 20-22 Feb 1989
THE MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN THE ENVIRONMENT pp.
51-62, Publ.Yr: 1990
ELSEVIER APPLIED SCIENCE, LONDON (UK)
Languages: ENGLISH
TOXLINE
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENT
1-PROPANOL
l-propanol
WHO Environmental Health Criteria 102, 1990 (98)
l-propanol is a colorless, highly flammable liquid that is volatile
at room temperature and normal atmospheric pressure. Toxicological
studies of l-propanol are presented: identity, physical and
chemical properties, and analytical methods; sources of human and
environmental exposure; environmental transport, distribution,
and transformation; environmental levels and human exposures;
kinetics and metabolism; effects on organisms in the environment;
effects on experimental animals and in vitro test systems; and
health effects on humans. In view of the physical properties of
l-propanol, bioaccumulation is unlikely and, except in the case of
accident or inappropriate disposal, l-propanol does not present a
risk for aquatic organisms, insects, and plants at concentrations
that usually occur in the environment. (1 Diagram, 216 references,
7 tables)
ENVIROLINE
1,3-BUTADIENE
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on
Occupational Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene by J. D. Millar,
December 1986.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152850, lOp NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
The testimony contains the comments of NIOSH regarding the Advanced
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking issues by OSHA in regard to
occupational exposures to 1,3-butadiene (106990) (BD). NIOSH
continues to recommend that BD be regarded as a potential
occupational carcinogen, teratogen, and possible reproductive
hazard. NIOSH recommends six studies which should be consulted
along these lines. NIOSH is unaware of any studies that have
explores the ability of BD to penetrate the skin or that have
explored the combined effects of inhalation and dermal exposure.
Other aspects considered in the testimony included the methods to
be used in estimating the significance of risk at the current
exposure level of 1,000 parts per million, particularly
mathematical models; the identification of specific quantitative
risk assessments of BD; and which tumor incidences in which animal
species and by what routes of administration and dose levels should
be selected. Concern was also expressed about a possible
noncarcinogenic effect of BD on the endocrine system.
TOX
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2-PROPANOL
2-propane1
WHO Environmental Health Criteria 103, 1990 (132)
Association report
The physical and chemical properties, and environmental effects of
2-propanol are described. The areas of study include: sources of
human and environmental exposure; environmental transport,
distribution, and transformation; environmental levels and human
exposure; kinetics and metabolism; effects on organisms in the
environment; effects on experimental animals and in vitro test
systems; and health effects in humans. In view of the physical
properties of 2-propanol, its potential for bioaccumulation is low.
It does not present a risk to naturally occurring organisms at
concentrations that usually occur in the environment. (1 Diagram,
292 references, 10 tables)
ENVIROLINE
2,5-DICHLORO-3,6-DIHYDROXYBENZO-l,4-QUINONE
2,5-Dichloro-3,6-Dihydroxybenzo-l,4-Quinone: Identification of a
Mew organochlorine Compound in Kraft Mill Bleachery Effluents
Remberger Mikael ; Hynning Per-Ake ; Neilson Alasdair H.
Swedish Env Research Inst, Stockholm.
Env Science & Technology, Nov 91, v25, nil, p!903(5)
Research article
2,5-Dichloro-3,6-dihydroxybenzo-l,4-quinone has been detected in
bleachery effluents from kraft pulp production from both soft- and
hardwoods. The concentration was stable for at least 20 hr in
solutions of organic solvents in the light without evidence for
dehydrogenation of the solvent and formation of the hydroquinone.
The stability of the compound was in contrast to the extreme
instability of chlorinated benzo-l,2-quinones under comparable
conditions. This new quinone does not appear likely to present a
major environmental hazard. However, the persistence of the quinone
and its susceptibility to microbial attack in the aquatic
environment is unknown, even though its recovery from biologically
treated effluents suggests that it is not readily degraded under
such conditions. (4 graphs, 17 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
ALAR
A is for apple. Alar, and ... alarmist? Two years ago
environmentalists branded Alar the most dangerous chemical residue
in children's food; since then, the official risk estimates have
fallen
Marshall, Eliot
Science v254 p20(3) Oct 4, 1991
MAGAZINE INDEX
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ARSENIC
Arsenic: opportunity for risk assessment.
Stohrer G
Washington Institute, Washington, DC 20036.
Source: Arch Toxicol; VOL 65, ISS 7, 1991, P525-31 (REF: 62)
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE; REVIEW; REVIEW, TUTORIAL
Arsenic is a human carcinogen that in small amounts is widely
distributed in food and water. It has been regulated for almost 100
years worldwide and in the United States, on the judgment of the
Royal Commission on Arsenic that a classical threshold of toxicity
exists and that a daily intake of 400 micrograms/day is safe.
Modern regulatory thinking in the United States has not accepted
safe levels for carcinogens and is thus in conflict with the
arsenic standard. Recent epidemics of arsenicism have
quantitatively confirmed that threshold not only for the
non-cancerous arsenical skin lesions but also for arsenical skin
and internal cancers. Research shows that arsenic is a general gene
inducer. Genes induced are involved in proliferation,
recombination, amplification and the activation of viruses. This
characterizes arsenic as an indirect carcinogen and provides a
molecular basis for risk assessment and the observed threshold dose
response. In the United States at present, about 300 cases of
occupational arsenical cancer, declining in numbers, are known.
Background arsenic below the drinking water standard is not known
to have produced disease. The conspicuous nature of arsenical
skin disease presents an unusual opportunity for a simplified
survey of arsenical skin disease to support regulatory standards
for arsenic.
TOXLINE
ASBESTOS
Asbestos: major health threat or exaggerated issue?
Dodson RF; Univ of Texas, Tyler, ; Levin JL; Kronenberg RS
Forum for Applied Research & Public Policy, Winter 90, v5, n4,
P67(9)
Journal article
Authorities at many US regulatory agencies consider all types of
airborne asbestos fibers to pose a risk to human health. However,
scientists differ on whether each type of asbestos carries an equal
risk for producing disease, especially at low exposure levels. The
health effects of asbestos include asbestosis, cancer, and pleural
changes. The issue of environmental exposure is fraught with many
variables and unknowns, and the lack of adequate data renders the
regulation of environmental asbestos largely a matter for public
policy rather than for science. (31 References, 1 table)
ENVIROLINE
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ASBESTOS
Monitoring the Presence of Asbestos in a Residential Apartment
Building
Curtis Fred
Univ of Regina, SK, Canada,
Env Pollution, 1991, v71, nl, p69(13)
Research article
The health effects of asbestos and the application of this material
in US and Canadian buildings are briefly reviewed. The detection,
measurement, and control of airborne asbestos requires careful
monitoring. A case study of an apartment building in Regina, SK,
Canada, demonstrates protocols for assessing potential health
hazards. Because airborne asbestos fibers were undetectable in the
building, the potential health risks to residents are low as long
as the asbestos material remains undamaged and other fiber-release
mechanisms have low incidence, duration, and frequency. The study
resulted in 13 recommendations for controlling asbestos fiber
release to the indoor environment and for limiting human exposure.
(19 references)
ENVIROLINE
BARIUM
Barium
WHO Environmental health criteria 107, 1990 (148)
Association report
The physical and chemical properties, and environmental effects of
barium are presented. Areas detailed include: identity, natural
occurrence, and analytical methods; production, uses, and sources
of exposure; kinetics and biological monitoring; effects on
experimental animals; effects on humans; and effects on organisms
in the environment. At concentrations normally found in our
environment, ba does not pose any significant risk to the general
population. Based on the available information on the toxic effects
of ba in daphnids, it appears that ba may represent a risk to
populations in some aquatic organisms. More data on exposure in the
workplace and the use of biomarkers are necessary. (291 References,
14 tables)
ENVIROLINE
CADMIUM
Cadmium Contamination of Deer Livers in New Jersey; Human Health
Risk Assessment
Stansley W; Roscoe DE; Hazen RE New Jersey Div of Fish, Game &
Wildlife, Lebanon NJ
Science of the Total Env, Sep 91, v!07, p71(12)
Cd concentrations in the livers of 86 whitetail deer from several
areas of New Jersey were measured; concentrations ranged from
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0.07-23.2 (gr)mg Cd/g dry weight. Liver Cd levels were particularly
high for deer taken from a site known to be contaminated with Cd.
While liver Cd concentrations appeared to vary with the location
from which the deer were taken and with the animals1 ages, no
variation was found between the sexes. A health advisory concerning
the possible adverse health effects of deer liver consumption was
based on these findings. (1 map, 32 references, 3 tables)
ENVIROLINE
CADMIUM
interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Se with the
accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats
Groten JP; Sinkeldam EJ; Muys T; Luten JB; van Bladeren PJ
Department of Biological Toxicology, TNO-CIVO Toxicology and
Nutrition Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands.
Source: Food Chem Toxicol; VOL 29, ISS 4, 1991, P249-58
ISSN: 0278-6915 Coden: F3U
Language: ENGLISH
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE
The toxicity of Cd was examined in rats fed diets containing 30 mg
Cd/kg as CdC12 for 8 wk. The Cd-containing diets were supplemented
with various combinations of the minerals Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn
and Se in order to investigate the protective effect of these
mineral combinations on Cd accumulation and toxicity. The mineral
combinations were chosen such that the effect of the individual
components could be analysed. At the end of the 8-wk feeding
period, the Cd concentrations in the liver and renal cortex were
13.9 and 19.5 rag/kg body weight, respectively. The feeding of 30 mg
Cd/kg diet alone resulted in well known Cd effects, such as growth
retardation, slight anaemia, increased plasma transaminase
activities and alteration of Fe accumulation. Only supplements that
contained extra Fe resulted in a significant protection against Cd
accumulation and toxicity. The most pronounced effect was obtained
using a supplement of Ca/P, Fe and Zn, which resulted in a 70-80%
reduction in Cd accumulation in the liver and kidneys, as well as
a reduction in Cd toxicity. The protective effect of the mineral
combinations was mainly due to the presence of Fe2+, but in
combinations with Ca/P and Zn the effect of Fe was most pronounced.
Compared with Fe2+ the protective effect of Fe3+ was significantly
lower. Addition of ascorbic acid to Fe in both forms improved the
Fe uptake, but consequently did not decrease Cd accumulation. Thus,
the mineral status of the diet may have a considerable impact on
the accumulation and toxicity of Cd, fed as CdCl2 in laboratory
animals. For the risk assessment of Cd intake, special
consideration should be given to an adequate intake of Fe.
TOXLINE
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CHROMIUM
A Research Agenda for Environmental Health Aspects of Chromium
Gochfeld Michael ; Witmer Charlotte
Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ and
Env Health Perspectives, May 91, v92, p!41(4)
Journal article
A brief digest of a conference, "The Chromium Problem: Research
Needs and Risk Assessment," held on February 1991, is presented. A
research agenda is proposed, spanning basic mechanistic
biomedical investigations, descriptive studies, and experimental
approaches in an applied setting. Included are suggestions for
research in analytical chemistry, environmental fate, Cr
exposure and toxicokinetics, biomonitoring, toxicity,
epidemiology, risk assessment, and waste site cleanup. The problems
of Cr contamination are important in their own right, but
approaching them also serves to identify research needs for many
other chemical hazards. (5 references)
ENVIROLINE
CHROMIUM
Setting the Research Agenda for Chromium Risk Assessment,
Gochfeld Michael Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
Env Health Perspectives, May 91, v92, p3(3)
Journal article
The problems of assessing the risks posed by chromium in the
environment are unusually complex. An overview of a conference on
Cr contamination held February 1990 in Piscataway, NJ, is
presented, in which some of the tasks ahead in the field of Cr risk
assessment is illustrated. The goal of the conference was to
identify the components of the Cr problem that require further
research attention. During the first half of the 20th Century,
northern New Jersey was the chromite-chromate industrial capital of
the world. The legacy of this industry is millions of tons of
Cr-containing slag left at many locations and communities in Hudson
County. The greatest challenge for the risk assessor lies in the
difference in toxicity and carcinogenicity between the trivalent
and hexavalent forms of Cr. (The latter are potent carcinogens,
while the former are essential trace elements.) Chromium residues
can alternate between these oxidation states in environmental media
and in living cells, posing a major challenge to the analytical
laboratory. (11 references)
ENVIROLINE
78
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CHROMIUM
Assessment of the Human Health Risks Posed by Exposure to
Chromium-Contaminated Soils
Sheehan PJ; Meyer DM; Sauer MM; Paustenbach DJ ChemRisk, Alameda CA
J Toxicology & Env Health, Feb 91, v32, n2, p!61(41)
Research article
Residues from chromite ore processing have been used for fill at
many US sites, including several in northern New Jersey. Human
exposure to trivalent (Cr(III)) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is
possible at these sites. Trivalent chromium has low chronic and
acute toxicity, but high concentrations of inhaled Cr(VI) are
carcinogenic. Dermal exposure to Cr(IV) leads to contact
dermatitis. Carcinogenicity, toxic effects, environmental fate,
environmental transport, and dose-response assessment for
chromium are reviewed. A contaminated residential site was
evaluated, for absorbed doses of Cr(III), by ingestion of soil,
dust, or vegetables grown in the soil. Inhalation and dermal uptake
from soil contact or contact with wall surfaces were assessed for
Cr(VI). Risk of allergic dermatitis was found to be negligible.
Soil ingestion was the main route of Cr(III) exposure in this
study; although vegetable consumption was not a factor, it has the
potential for becoming the main route for exposure. The average
daily dose for both types of chromium, for ingestion and dermal
absorption for maximally exposed individuals, was far below the EPA
reference values. The cancer risk from inhalation of dust
containing Cr(VI) is estimated at less than one chance in a million
for soil containing less than 180 mg/kg. The site examined for this
study is not hazardous for either acute or chronic exposure. (1
diagram, 1 graph, 163 references, 14 tables)
ENVIROLINE
CHROMIUM
Biological markers in chromium exposure assessment: Confounding
variables
Bukowski, J.A.; Goldstein, M.D.; Korn, L.R.; Johnson, B.B.
Div. Sci. and Res., New Jersey Dep. Environ. Prot., Trenton, NJ
08625, USA
ARCH. ENVIRON. HEALTH VOL. 46, NO. 4, pp. 230-236, Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N1
An estimated two million tons of chromate production waste
pollution has caused a major environmental and public health
concern in Hudson County, New Jersey. As part of an occupational
exposure assessment, urinary and red blood cell (RBC) chromium
measurements were performed on 52 state employees who worked either
near a contaminated site or elsewhere. Samples were
collected so as to minimize contamination, and they were analyzed
using sensitive techniques. These workers also completed a
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questionnaire that addressed potentially important third
variables. Individual analyses suggested that exercise, drinking
beer, past employment in chromium-related occupations, and diabetic
status had an important effect on urinary
chromium levels. These variables were entered into a regression
model and were all found to be significant predictors of urinary
chromium level. Some variables were also examined for their
influence on RBC chromium level, but none had a measurable effect.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
COBALT
Cobalt exposure and cancer risk
Jensen AA (Danish inst of technology, Tastrup); Tuchsen F (Danish
Natl inst of Occupational Health, Copenhagen),
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1990, v20, n6, p427(ll)
Journal article
Cobalt has several uses as a coloring agent, binder for hard
metals, alloy component, catalyst, drying agent, plating additive,
fertilizer additive, and feed additive, and in medicine. It is also
found as a contaminant in other products, including foods. Soluble
salts of the compound have been shown to be somewhat mutagenic in
tests with plants, animal cells, yeast, and bacteria. Implantation
of cobalt in rabbit muscle caused fibrosarcoma. Injected cobalt
compounds have been shown to be tumorigenic in rats, independent of
compound solubility, and under conditions that would not have
produced tumors using other metals. In mice, intravenous injection
of cobalt naphthenate caused tumors. Humans who are exposed to
cobalt often have exposure to arsenic and nickel as well, making
carcinogenicity studies difficult. In addition, only small
populations have been studied, but the potential for human
carcinogenicity is recognized. It is suggested that cobalt and some
of its compounds be considered as probable cancer causing agents.
(92 References, 3 tables)
ENVIROLINE
DIBENZODIOXINS, DIBENZOFURANS
Tolerable daily intake of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Foreign
trip report, December 1, 1990-December 8, 1990
Travis CC
Oak Ridge National Lab., TN.
Spon. Agency: Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
Contract Number: ORNL-FTR-3837, Contract AC05-84OR21400
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91005983, 19p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The traveler was asked by the World Health Organization (WHO) to
participate as a temporary advisor in a Consultation on Tolerable
Daily Intake from Food of 2,3,7,8,-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD)
in Bilthoven, Netherlands, December 4—7, 1990. The goal of the
Consultation was to review the scientific literature and,
based on a comprehensive toxicological evaluation, develop
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guidelines for Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of dibenzodioxins
(PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) that could be used on an
international basis. The Consultation was also to develop
guidelines for risk management of TCDD with emphasis on dairy
products and other food sources. Sponsored by Department of Energy,
Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
DIOXIN
Human Exposure to Dioxin
Travis CC; Hattemer-Frey HA
(ORNL, Oak Ridge, TN); (Lee Wan & Assoc, Oak Ridge, TN)
Science of the Total Env, May l, 91, v!04, nl-2, p97(22)
Journal article
The analysis of the risks posed by
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is reviewed. TCDD is a
chemical carcinogen and its evaluation by the EPA led to public
fear that evenexposure to small amounts could cause cancer.
Measurements confirm that environmental TCDD contamination is
widespread due largely to municipalincinerators, pulp and paper
mills, and contaminated soil. Among the issues discussed are the
extent of background contamination, accumulation in the food chain,
the magnitude of TCDD emissions in the United States, and
environmental standards for TCDD. (2 graphs, 113 references, 8
tables)
ENVIROLINE
DIOXIN
Dioxin bioaccumulation: Key to a sound risk assessment methodology
Rifkin, E.; LaKind, J.
Rifkin and Associates, Inc., Parkview Build., Suite 990, 10480
Little Patuxent Parkway, Columbia, MD 21044, USA
J. TOXICOL. ENVIRON. HEALTH VOL. 33, NO. 1, pp. 103-112, Publ.Yr:
1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N5
Human exposure to many pollutants occurs primarily through the
ingestion of contaminated fish. In order to protect human health,
regulatory agencies set limits on the levels of pollutants entering
water bodies from point sources, thereby limiting the amount of
pollutants that may be accumulated by fish. The limits, in the form
of water quality criteria, are designed to correlate the
concentration of a pollutant in a water body (and therefore the
concentration accumulated by a fish) to the risks to humans. The
risk assessment formula currently used for developing water quality
criteria only considers those pollutants in the water column
available to fish through bioconcentration across the gills (freely
dissolved pollutants). For strongly hydrophobic pollutants like
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dioxin, an extremely small fraction of the total amount is freely
dissolved. A new model for developing criteria is presented here
that takes into account the environmental fate of dioxin
(predominantly in the sorbed state in the environment) and that
fish accumulate dioxin by ingestion, rather than bioconcentration.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
DIOXIN
On toxic risks ... no shame in retreat on dioxin. (from The New
York Times) (editorial)
Los Angeles Daily Journal v!04 n!88 p6 Sept 20, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
DIOXIN
Assessing potential risks to wildlife and sportsmen from exposure
to dioxin in pulp and paper mill sludge spread on managed woodlands
Keenan RE; ChemRisk, Portland, ME; Knight JW; Rand Elizabeth R. ;
Sauer MM; Found BW; Lawrence FH
Chemosphere, 1990, v20, nlO-12, p!763(7)
Research article
A human health and ecological risk assessment methodology was used
to evaluate potential human and wildlife exposures to TCDD in
land-spread pulp-mill sludge in maine. The highest concentrations
of tcdd reported for these sludges do not pose a risk to american
woodcock, which serves as an indicator species in the analysis.
Tcdd levels as high as 50 ppt in soil are not likely to generate
adverse effects in the embryonic/hatchling stage of this game
species. This soil concentration of tcdd does not present a major
risk to sportsmen and their families, who may consume birds
inhabiting such sites. (51 References)
ENVTROLINE
DIOXIN
Better safe than sorry. (On Toxic Risks)
From The Register-Guard, Eugene, Oregon - editorial
Los Angeles Daily Journal v!04 nl88 p6 Sept 20, 1991
EDITION: Fri 3 col in
ISSN: 0362-5575
ARTICLE TYPE: editorial
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
DIOXIN
A perspective on biologically-based approaches to dioxin risk
assessment
Greenlee, W.F.; Andersen, M.E.; Lucier, G.W.
Dep. Pharmacol. and Toxicol., Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN
47906, USA
RISK ANAL VOL. 11, NO. 4, pp. 565-568, Publ.Yr: 1991
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2,3,7,8-Tetrachloro-dibenzo(p)dioxin (TCDD or dioxin) has been the
focus of extensive research and intense debate over its potential
threat to the public health for over two decades. Dioxin enters the
environment through a variety of sources including its presence as
an unwanted contaminant in certain commercial products and the
incineration of wastes containing dioxin precursors. In addition,
there have been several industrial accidents resulting in
significant occupational and environmental exposure, such as the
one in Seveso, Italy in 1976. Clinical abnormalities reported in
individuals exposed to dioxin include weight loss, impaired liver
function, hepatic porphyria, general malaise, and peripheral
neuropathies.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
ETHYL CARBAMATE
Ethylcarbamate analytical methodology occurrence formation
biological activity and risk assessment
Zimmerli B; Schlatter J
Mutat Res; 259 (3-4). 1991. 325-350.
Language: Eng1i sh
TOXLINE
FORMALDEHYDE
Formaldehyde toxicity-new understanding
Heck HD'a. Chemical Industry Inst of Toxicology, Research Triangle
Park, NC; Casanova M; Starr TB
Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 1990, v20, n6, p397(30)
Journal article
Formaldehyde ranks 23rd in production volume for chemicals in the
US. It has many uses in the manufacture of household products, and
the chance for human exposure is high. In the body, an endogenous
pool of formaldehyde acts as a cellular reaction intermediate, and
is needed to produce some amino acids, purines and thymidine.
Uptake and covalent binding of exogenous formaldehyde in dna and
rna are well known, and it is this binding with large molecules
which causes toxicity. Formaldehyde is a nasal irritant and can be
mutagenic, cytotoxic, and carcinogenic in laboratory animals. In
rats, squamous cell carcinomas are produced in the nasal cavity.
Sites remote from the nasal cavities, including the lungs, liver,
lymphocytes, bone marrow, spleen, and immune systems are unaffected
in lab animals and in humans. The mechanisms of formaldehyde
reactions with macromolecules, particularly dna, are reviewed and
interpreted with regard to risk assessment. Areas for future
research are outlined. (3 Diagrams, 2 drawings, 7 graphs, 235
references, 1 table)
ENVIROLINE
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LEAD
Lead/ Blood Pressure/ and cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women
Schwartz J / EPA, Washington, DC
Env Health Perspectives, Feb 91, v91, p71(5)
Research article
A study of the relationship of lead exposure to heart disease and
high blood pressure-in both women and men-is presented. Previous
studies have focused mostly on males and on restricted age ranges.
Direct cardiovascular outcome studies have been hampered by the low
relative risks implied by the blood pressure relationships that
have been found. To overcome these difficulties, data from the
Second Natl Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II)
were examined for males and females aged 20 years and older. Pb is
shown to correlate with elevated blood pressure in males aged 20 to
74 and in females, although the association is weaker.
Electrocardiogram data from NHANES II confirms the association of
Pb with left ventricular hypertrophy. The results suggest that
halving the population mean blood level would reduce incidence of
myorcardial infarction by about 24,000 per year. (35 references, 3
tables)
ENVIROLINE
LEAD
Lead Contamination in Street Soils of Nairobi City and Mombasa
Island/ Kenya
Onyari John Mmari ; Wandiga S. O. ; Njenga G. K. ; Nyatebe J. 0.
Univ of Nairobi, Kenya,
B Env Contam & Tox, May 91, v46, n5, p782(8)
Research article
Roadside soils in inland and coastal urban environments of Kenya
were analyzed for indications of lead contamination linked with
automotive emissions. More than 170 soil samples were collected
between Nairobi and Mombasa Island during August-December 1989. The
mean Pb concentrations in Mombasa Island and Nairobi roadside soils
were in the respective ranges of 23-950 and 137-4088 mg/kg. Pb
distribution profiles show that contamination levels of surface
soil decline rapidly with distance from roads. Health hazard
implications of elevated urban soil Pb levels in Kenya are
discussed. (2 graphs, 3 maps, 17 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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LEAD
Lead in Residential Soils: Background and Preliminary Results of
New Orleans
Mielke HW / Xavier Univ of Louisiana, New Orleans,
Water Air & Soil Pollution, Aug 91, V57-58, pill(9)
Conference paper
An empirically derived and tested approach for identifying
high-risk lead contaminated environments is described. The approach
is based on the empirical work from mapping efforts in Baltimore,
MD, and several cities in Minnesota, and is applied to New Orleans,
LA, urban soils. The results of samples collected within the
highest, middle, lowest census tracts are graphed according to
percentage of soil samples that occur within each of six
categories. The probability of Pb exposure of childhood populations
is probably a function of the Pb that has accumulated in the
landscape of the urban environment. The New Orleans study was a
combination of maps for Pb contamination as a function of inner
city accumulation, city size, and robustness of community Pb
levels. (1 diagram, 2 graphs, 1 map, 25 references)
ENVIROLINE
MERCURY
Technical Assistance to the Tennessee Department of Health and
Environment. Mercury Exposure study, Charleston, Tennessee.
Anon
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA. Div.
of Health Studies.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: ATSDR-HS-91-11
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-151142, 56p NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF AOl
Workers at a chlor-alkali chemical plant were exposed to high
levels of elemental mercury during a scheduled maintenance
operation and transported mercury into their homes. Concerns about
mercury exposure of the families of these workers prompted a health
study to assess the extent of mercury exposure and to determine any
association between levels of urine mercury and potential risk
factors for exposure, such as household air and housekeeping
activities, and recent dental fillings. The levels of urine mercury
among household members of the exposed workers were within the
reference range for the general population and were not indicative
of mercury toxicity. The mean value of urinary mercury was 5.1
ng/ml. Individuals who lived in households that were vacuumed were
more likely to have had higher levels of urine mercury than were
those who did not. Floor washing was also associated with higher
levels of urine mercury. The mean air level of mercury determined
by 12-hour sampling in the homes of these families was 0.92 + or
- 0.85 ug/m. Mercury decontamination was subsequently conducted in
houses where air concentrations of mercury exceeded 0.5 ug/m.
TOX
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MERCURY
Amalgam Fillings: Do Dental Patients Have a Right to Informed
Consent?,
Royal Michael A.
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety, Spring 91, v2, n2, p!41(42)
Journal article
Although mercury amalgam fillings are common to the practice of
dentistry, patients are generally not consulted about the potential
health risks of this material. Although experimental evidence
proving or disproving the risks of Hg fillings has not been widely
generated, Hg is known to be a highly poisonous element,
particularly for Hg-sensitive individuals. The right of informed
consent is supported by a review of available research on health
risks of Hg. In addition, the potential environmental consequences
of Hg use reinforce the benefits of using alternative materials.
(219 references)
ENVIROLINE
PCB'S AND RELATED CHEMICALS
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs),
dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and
mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic
equivalency factors (TEFs).
Safe S / Texas ASM Univ, College Station TX
Critical reviews in toxicology, 1990, v21, nl, p51(38)
Journal article
Polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, including PCBs,
polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
have industrial uses or are by-products of production of industrial
chemicals. In general, they are highly toxic, with their toxicity
related to their structure. A cellular receptor site for these
compounds has been identified. The most highly toxic compound
in this class is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-diozin (TCDD), which
shows very high affinity for the binding site. A toxicity equvalent
factor, useful for risk assessment, can be derived for other
compounds in this class based on information from tcdd, and the
binding capacity of the compound is being investigated. The
development of tefs for the various types of halogenated aromatic
hydrocarbons is outlined, along with a description of their use in
predicting toxicity of mixtures of these compounds. (7 Diagrams, 14
graphs, 387 references, 25 tables)
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PENTACHLOROPHENOL
The pH dependent accumulation of PCP in aquatic microcosms with
sediment
Fisher SW / Ohio State Univ, Columbus OH
Aquatic toxicology, Dec 24 1990, v!8, n4, p!99(18)
Research article
Widespread use of the pesticide pentachlorophenol (pep) and its
acute and chronic effects are causes of considerable concern. A
study is presented of the fate of pep in aquatic microcosms of
three trophic levels and with varying ph and sediment types. The
distribution of pep in the microcosm media and organisms varied
markedly as environmental conditions changed. Higher levels of pep
were found in water at ph 8 than at lower phs within both organic
and inorganic systems. Accumulation of pep in most of the microcosm
organisms was greatest at ph 4. The data suggest that hazard
assessments not be based on aqueous levels of pep, unless ph is
also considered. (2 Graphs, 31 references, 10 tables)
ENVIROLINE
PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS
Evaluation of environmental and human risk from crude-oil
contamination
Sullivan, M.J.
Envirologic Data Inc.
J. PET. TECHNOL VOL. 43, NO. 1, pp. 14-17. Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N5
The presence of petroleum compounds in soils, water, or air does
not necessarily result in a risk to populations. This paper
presents a method of quantitative risk assessment (QRA) used
successfully to assess, describe, and understand the environmental
and human health risks found in the oilfield environment.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
RADON
Potential lung cancer risk from indoor radon exposure
Harley, N.H.; Harley, J.H.
Inst. Environ. Med., New York Univ. Med. Cent., New York, NY, USA
CA, A CANCER J. CLIN VOL. 40, NO. 5, pp. 265-275. Publ.Yr: 1990
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V23N2
The contribution of radon daughter exposure to excess lung cancer
in underground miners is universally accepted. The miners received
exposures from tens to thousands of WLM in a relatively few years.
Although the miners were also exposed to other noxious agents in
mines, the appearance of the excess lung cancer mortality in
several types of mines and the increase with increasing exposure
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provide convincing evidence of the role of radon as the carcinogen.
It is conceivable that exposures to radon at an average
concentration of one to two pCi/liter, the levels for a majority of
homes, might not produce excess lung cancers.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
RADON
Proceedings: The 1991 International Symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology. Volume l. Symposium Oral Papers Opening
Session and Technical Sessions 1 through 5
(Symposium paper Apr-Jul 91)
Dyess, T. D. ; Conrath, S. M. ; Hardin, C. M. ; Cohen, S. Cohen
(S.) and Associates, Inc., McLean, VA.
Corp. Source Codes: 084327000
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/9-91/037A NOV 91 417p
Languages: English
Document Type: Conference proceeding
See also Volume 2, PB92-115369.
Proceedings of a symposium held in Philadelphia, PA. on April 2-5,
1991. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99/MF E99, PB92-115344.
NTIS Prices: PC A18/MF A04
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-DO-0097
The proceedings, in four volumes, document the 1991 International
Symposium on Radon and Radon Reduction Technology, held in
Philadelphia, PA, April 2-5, 1991. In all, 65 oral papers
(including the welcome address, the lead address, and the keynote
address), 14 panel session papers, and 40 poster papers were
presented. The papers addressed a wide range of radon-related
topics. This volume contains government programs and policies,
health studies, health risk communication, measurement methods,
radon reduction methods in existing houses, radon transport, and
entry dynamics. The symposium speakers included EPA personnel,
representatives from federal and state environmental/health
agencies, research and development groups, academic and medical
personnel, manufacturers of testing equipment, and those in the
construction and real estate industries. Attendees represented 14
countries other than the U.S. The international papers provided
updates on government policies, results of surveys, and
technological developments in radon and radon reduction technology.
NTIS
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RADON
Methodology Issues in Risk Assessment for Radon
Barley NH
New York Univ, New York City,
Env Health Perspectives, Jan 91, v90, p!77(4)
Journal article
Inherent difficulties in assessing the true lung cancer risk from
environmental exposure are addressed. Several models, currently
used for risk projection to estimate lung cancer in the US from
indoor radon exposure, are critiqued. Recent miner epidemiology
confirms that excess lung cancer risk decreases with time
subsequent to cessation of exposure. The most rigorous ecological
study conducted to date shows a persistent negative relationship
between average measured indoor Rn in US counties and lung cancer
mortality. A proposed model for lung cancer risk that includes
smoking, urbanization, and Rn exposure factors helps explain the
difficulties in observing the direct effects of indoor Rn in the
environment. (2 graphs, 16 references, 3 tables)
ENVIROLINE
RADON
Proceedings: The 1991 International symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology. Volume 3. Symposium Panel and Poster Papers
Technical Sessions 1 through 5
(Symposium papers Apr-Jul 91)
Dyess, T. M. ; Conrath, S. M. ; Hardin, C. M. ; Cohen, s.
Cohen (S.) and Associates, Inc., McLean, VA.
Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park,
NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Report No.: EPA/600/9-91/037C Nov 91 462p
Languages: English Document Type: Conference proceeding
See also Volume 2, PB92-115369 and Volume 4, PB92-115385.
Proceedings of a symposium held in Philadelphia, PA. on April 2-5,
1991. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. Air and Energy Engineering Research Lab.
Also available in set of 4 reports PC E99/MF E99, PB92-115344.
NTIS Prices: PC A20/MF A04
Country of Publication: United States
Contract No.: EPA-68-DO-0097
The proceedings, in four volumes, document the 1991 International
Symposium on Radon and Radon Reduction Technology, held in
Philadelphia, PA, April 2-5, 1991. In all, 65 oral papers
(including the welcome address, the lead address, and the keynote
address), 14 panel session papers, and 40 poster papers were
presented. The papers addressed a wide range of radon-related
topics. This volume contains risk communication, detection of radon
measurement tampering, short-term/long-term measurement, and poster
papers for Sessions I, II, III, IV, and V.
NTIS
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SELENIUM
Sewage sludge as a source of environmental selenium
Cappon Chris J. Univ of Rochester NY
Science of the total env, mar 91, vlOO, p!77(29)
Journal article
Data culled from the literature demonstrate the impact of municipal
sewage sludge land application on selenium content and speciation
in soil, groundwater, and food crops. Results of greenhouse and
field studies are summarized, and a comparison is made with crop se
uptake from fly ash application. The effect of sludge disposal on
animal and human dietary se intake is also quantitatively
evaluated. Future widespread use of sludge on agricultural land
will result in increased se uptake by edible crops and human
dietary intake. Long-term localized risks to susceptible
populations and options for minimizing such health risks are
identified. (97 References, 21 tables)
ENVIROLINE
SULFUR
Environmental aspects of the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels
Manowitz B; Lipfert FW
ACS Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels Symposium, Dallas TX,
April 9-14, 1989, p53(15)
Conference paper
The origins of sulfur in fossil fuels and the consequences of its
release into the environment after combustion are addressed.
Sources of s in coal and oil are explained, as are the fate and
effects of s emissions. Atmospheric transformations, atmospheric
removal mechanisms and transport processes, and ambient
concentration levels are covered. Effects are considered in terms
of human health, materials degradation, visibility, and
acidification. The use of risk assessment is recommended to assess
the need for regulations which may require the removal of s from
fuels or their combustion products. (2 Maps, 39 references, 3
tables)
ENVIROLINE
UGILEC 141
The Toxicity of Tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes (Ugilec 141) and
Polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1254 and PCB-77) Compared in
Ah-Responsive and Ah-Nonresponsive Mice
Murk A. J. ; van den Berg J. H. J. ; Koeman J. H. ; Brouwer A.
gricultural Univ, Wageningen, Netherlands,
Env Pollution, 1991, v72, nl, p57(ll)
Research article
Ugilec 141, a PCB substitute, caused physiological changes in mice
similar to changes brought about by Aroclor 1254, indicating that
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this and similar preparations may be just as harmful to the
environment as the PCBs they are intended to
replace. The case of Ugilec 141 demonstrates that preliminary
approval tests of various substances should place greater emphasis
on bioaccumulation rates. (1 diagram, 5 graphs, 12 references, 3
tables)
ENVIROLINE
URANIUM HEXAFLUORIDE
Estimates of Health Risks Associated with Uranium Hexafluoride
Transport by Air
Elert M; Skagius K
KEMAKTA Konsult, Stockholm, Sweden,
Intl J Radioactive Materials Transport, 1990, vl, n3, p!51(ll)
Research article
Shipments of uranium hexafluoride in Sweden are made by air
transport. The radiological consequences of an airplane accident
involving transport of this material were estimated and are
reported as the dose from acute exposure and the dose from
long-term exposure caused by ground contamination. The expected
accident environment and the physicochemical behavior of uranium
hexafluoride were used to derive a source term for the release to
air. The radiation dose from short-term exposure was found to be
higher than the long-term exposure from U deposited on the ground.
(4 graphs, 25 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS (VOC's)
Health risk assessment of biodegradable volatile organic chemicals:
A case study of PCE, TCE, DCE and vc
Yeh, H.C.; Kastenberg, W.E.
Mech., Aerosp. and Nucl. Eng. Dep., Univ. California, Los Angeles,
CA 90024-1597, USA
J. HAZARDOUS MATER VOL. 27, NO. 2, pp. 111-126, Publ.Yr: 1991
SUMMARY LANGUAGE - ENGLISH
Languages: ENGLISH
Journal Announcement: V22N6
A long-term health risk assessment based on a multi-media,
multi-pathway approach for bio-degradable volatile organic
compounds is presented in this paper. In particular, health risk
assessment of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE),
1,1-, cis-1,2-, trans-1,2 dichloroethylene (DCE)
and vinyl chloride (VC) in Los Angeles county is considered. The
chemicals PCE, TCE, DCE and VC are commonly used and have been
known to undergo anaerobic and/or aerobic transformation in the
sub-surface environment. Vinyl chloride has been identified as a
carcinogenic agent and PCE, TCE, and DCE have been identified as
possible carcinogenic agents. In order to simulate the fate of
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these chemicals in the Environment, subsequent human exposure
through various pathways, and finally public health risk,
multi-component, multi-media transport and multi-pathway exposure
models are employed. The health risk assessments are estimated
using various dose-response models with and without biodegradation
effects.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
A model standardized risk assessment protocol for use with
hazardous waste sites
Marsh GM; Day R
Seventh Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Methods for
environmental quantitative risk assessment, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,
Apr 3-5, 1989
Environ health perspect 90(0): 199-208, 1991
TOXLINE
A technologist's views on municipal solid waste landfill risks
Haire MJ
Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., P.O. Box 2008, Build. 7601, M/S 6305, Oak
Ridge, TN 37831-6305, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 2, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
This paper develops a presentation suitable for giving to
non-technical audiences (Students, civic clubs, etc.). Risks are
expressed in terms of loss of life expectancy. The risks from
municipal solid waste landfills are placed in perspective by
comparing them to the risks we face daily. The risks from the
disposal of wastes are small compared to other risks we face daily.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Addressing data heterogeneity: Lessons learned from a multimedia
risk assessment
Ozkaynak H; Xue J; Butler DA; Haroun LA; MacDonell MM; Fingleton DJ
Harvard Univ., John F. Kennedy Sch. Gov., 79 JFK St., Belfer 312,
Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991, p. 201, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
This paper addresses the lessons learned in managing an extensive
data base in order to prepare a health risk assessment for a
Superfund site. Issues examined include (1) verifying and
validating data, (2) combining results from biased and random
sampling, (3) focusing the use of summary/statistics, (4)
addressing the issue of background comparisons, (5) considering
various approaches for representing non-detects, (6) developing
strategies for outliers and hot-spot analyses, (7) addressing
surface versus subsurface contamination, and (8) conducting
borehole-by-borehole and well-by-well analyses.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Air Emissions from Municipal Waste Combustion and Their
Environmental Effects
Roffroan A; Roffman HK (AWD Technologies Inc, Pittsburgh, PA)
Science of the Total Env 104(1-2): 87(10), 1 May 1991
Aspects of assessing the risks of air emissions from municipal
waste incinerators are reviewed. Calculations are performed for
selected chemical constituents with high potential for adverse
health effects. The calculated carcinogenic risks are small and are
several orders of magnitude below the EPA acceptable risk of 10-4.
The calculated noncarcinogenic risks are well below the acceptable
reference dose values. Emission data were obtained from an EPA
study on municipal waste combustion. Pollutants considered include
arsenic, cadmium, lead, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin. (5
references, 6 tables)
ENVIROLINE
An Overview of the Environmental Response Team's Air Surveillance
Procedures at Emergency Response Activities Involving Highly
Reactive and Toxic Materials
Turpin RD; Campagna PR EPA, Edison, NJ
Env Canada Chemical Spills 8th Technical Sem, Vancouver, BC, Jun
10-11,91, p!59(7)
Conference paper
The EPA Emergency Response Team has conducted air sampling in its
monitoring of environmental emergencies, such as chemical spills or
toxic fires. The response plan of the Safety and Air Surveillance
Section is developed according to several emergency types, such as
a general emergency, occupational and human health air responses,
and remedial air responses. Air monitoring procedures are
illustrated by case studies of dioxane drum detonations in the town
of Cotton Plant, AR, the burning oil wells in Kuwait, the burning
of debris from Hurricane Hugo in the Virgin Islands, and the
detonation of high-pressure cylinders in American Samoa. (3
references, l table)
ENVIROLINE
An overview of biosphere modelling for the assessment of solid
waste disposal
Smith GM Intera-ECL, Henley-on-Thames, UK
OECD/NEA/et al safety assessment of radioactive waste repositories
Symposium, Paris, France, Oct 9-13, 1989, p595(12)
The role of biosphere modeling is discussed in relation to the
overall assessment of solid radioactive waste disposal. Potential
end-points for biosphere assessment models are identified,
including: maximum annual individual doses to man, estimates of
where and when such doses are expected to arise, and doses and dose
rates to biota. Issues critical to analyzing the
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biosphere-geosphere interface are addressed, as are requirements
for and state of development of biosphere models. Difficulties
inherent in predicting long-term conditions in the biosphere
suggest that the transport modeling in the biosphere following
release from waste repositories ranks last in scope for model
validation. (37 References)
ENVIROLINE
Application of a Plant Test System in the Identification of
potential Genetic Hazards at Chemical Waste Sites
Gill BS; Sandhu SS; Backer LC; Casto BC
Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. Genetic
Toxicology Div.
Corp. Source Codes: 048097011;
Sponsor: Environmental Health Research and Testing, Inc., Research
Triangle Park, NC.
Report No.: EPA/600/D-91/275 1991 lip
LANGUAGE: English
Pub. in American Society for Testing and Materials - Plants for
Toxicity Assessment: Philadelphia, PA., pp309-317 1991. Prepared in
cooperation with Environmental Health Research and Testing, Inc.,
Research Triangle Park, NC.
NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The authors utilized the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay
for evaluating genetic hazards at a chemical waste site
contaminated with agricultural insecticides scheduled for clean-up
under the Superfund program. The chemical analysis of soil samples
from the site indicates presence of lindane (17 mg/kg), beta BHC
(13 mg/kg), and heptachlor (0.4 mg/kg) in the subsurface sample.
Tradescantia plants were planted at five locations to evaluate the
mutagenic effects of the total environment, i.e., soil, water, and
air. In addition, stem cuttings were also placed at these locations
to sample the genetic impact of vapor phase organics in the
atmosphere. The surface and subsurface samples were obtained from
these locations for their chemical and biological analysis in the
laboratory. The results of the Tradescantia planted on the site, as
well as the stem cuttings exposed on the test site, showed
significantly higher frequencies of micronuclei from contaminated
plots before remediation; but no genetic activity was detected
after the remedial action. The plants exposed to the soil samples
in the laboratory yielded nonsignificant results except for one
subsurface sample before remediation and two surface samples after
remediation.
NTIS
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Assessment of radiation exposure due to liquid effluents from
Hinkley Point power stations
Camplin WC; Austin LS; Eaton TE
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Lowestoft (England).
Directorate of Fisheries Research.
Contract Number: MAFF-FRDR-15
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91605847, U.S. Sales Only., 58p
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
An assessment is made of the radiological impact of radionuclides
discharged from the Hinkley Point site from liquid effluents
generated by the existing A and B nuclear stations and the proposed
C station. Computer models are used in the assessment. Doses to
individual members of the public, who are representative of the
most exposed in the population, are predicted to be about 0.04 mSv
year(sup -1) for the 'best estimate1 of discharges from the A, B
and C stations. In the worst case, with A and B stations
discharging at their authorised limits, and with pessimistic
estimates of C station discharges, the individual doses could rise
to 0.17 mSv year(sup -1). The predicted doses, from the combined
effects of liquid and airborne discharges from the Hinkley site and
other radionuclide inputs into the Severn Estuary, are considerably
less than the ICRP-recommended limit of 1 mSv year (sup -1) and
target of 0.5 mSv year(sup -1) accepted as government policy.
Collective doses from liquid effluents are predicted to be less
than, or approximately equal to, 12 man-Sv per year of operation of
all three stations and are small compared with doses from natural
radiation. The radiation effects of the discharges from the Hinkley
Point site on marine fauna and seabirds are estimated and shown to
be insignificant, (author). (Atomindex citation 21:086795)
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Baseline risk evaluation for exposure to bulk wastes at the Weldon
Spring Quarry, Weldon Spring, Missouri
Publ.Yr: 1990
NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA (USA)
NTIS order No.: DE90008103/GAR.
LANGUAGE: English
The US Department of Energy (DOE), under its Surplus Facilities
Management Program (SFMP), is responsible for cleanup activities at
the Weldon Spring site, Weldon Spring, MO. The site consists of a
raffinate pits and chemical plant area and a quarry. This baseline
risk evaluation has been prepared to support a proposed response
action for management of contaminated bulk wastes in the quarry.
The quarry became chemically and radioactively contaminated as a
result of various wastes that were disposed of there between 1942
and 1969. This risk evaluation assesses potential impacts on human
health and the environment that may result from exposure to
releases of contaminants from the quarry under current site
conditions. Risk assessment is a key component of the remedial
investigation feasibility study (RI/FS) process, as identified in
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guidance from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA); this
process addresses sites subject to the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980, as
amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of
1986. Response actions at the Weldon Spring quarry are subject to
CERCLA requirements because the quarry is listed on the EPA's
National Priorities List.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Chemicals and Allied Products
Reich RA; O'Hagan KA
E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co, Newark, DE,
WPCF Research J 63(4):494(7), Jun 1991
Case studies culled from the literature highlight progress in the
treatment of chemical-laden wastewaters. The efficacy of anaerobic,
aerobic, and biological hybrid wastewater treatment systems is
reported. Physicochemical treatment systems covered include
membrane separation, oxidation, thermal processes, adsorption, and
stripping. Research addressing the environmental fate and effects
of chemical wastes is also summarized; volatile emissions from
treatment systems, pollutant transport and transformation, and
toxicity and hazard assessments are noted. (137 references)
ENVIROLINE
Health Assessment for Janesville Ash Beds, Janesville, Wisconsin,
Region 5. CERCLIS No. WID000712950.
Anon
Wisconsin Dept. of Health and Social Services, Madison.
Spon. Agency: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
Atlanta, GA.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-153361, 18p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The Janesville Ash Beds (JAB) site is listed on the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Priorities List
(NPL) . The JAB operated from 1974 to 1985, accepting industrial
liquids and sludges. Subsurface soils (at 13 feet) are contaminated
with chloroform, benzene, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, bis
(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and butylbenzylphthalate. The JAB
probably contributed 1,2-dichloroethene, trichloroethene, and
tetrachloroethene to the ground-water contamination problem. The
clay cap over the JAB is expected to retard any additional leaching
of contaminants into the ground water. People are unlikely to be
exposed to the contaminants in the soil because of the clay cover.
Because all residents downgradient of the JAB are on municipal
water, ingestion of contaminated ground water is unlikely. It is
recommended, however, that basement air in a random sample of these
buildings be sampled. POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Health Assessment for FCX-Statesville (FCX) Proposed National
Priorities List Site, Statesville, Iredell County, North Carolina,
Region 4. CERCLIS No. NCD095458527.
Anon
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
The FCX-Statesville site—located in Statesville, Iredell County,
North Carolina—was proposed by Update VII for inclusion to the
National Priorities List. In 1969, the pesticides
1,1,l-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT),
l,l-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (ODD), and possibly
chlordane were disposed of in a pit now covered by a warehouse
floor. The pesticide pit has not been precisely located. Potential
human exposure pathways associated with the site are: inhalation of
contaminated ambient air or airborne soil particles and volatilized
contaminants from ground water during activities such as showering,
laundering, and bathing); ingestion and inadvertent ingestion of
contaminated ground water, soils, consumable plants and animals;
and dermal absorption through contact with ground water and soils.
The site is of potential health concern because human exposure may
occur via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption of
contaminants from various environmental media. Preliminary rept.
TOXLINE
Health Assessment for Space ordnance Systems Gorman Canyon Plant,
Canyon Country, Los Angeles County, California, Region 9. CERCLIS
No. CAD06777684.
Anon
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-153387, 44p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The Space Ordnance Systems (SOS) Gorman Canyon facility is located
at the head of Gorman Canyon near the town of Canyon Country in Los
Angeles County, CA. The facility operated from 1967 to 1989.
Residents in Sand Canyon, located about one-half mile north of the
SOS facility, expressed concerns regarding hazardous waste
management activities at the facility and the impact of those
activities on public health. A health assessment is a preliminary
assessment of the risk to human health posed by the release of
hazardous substances from a site. It is based on the nature and
extent of contamination, potential exposure pathways, comparisons
of expected exposure levels with recommended levels, and the
susceptibility of the population within likely exposure pathways.
If the results of the Health Assessment indicate that humans may
have been exposed to hazardous substances, further public health
activities such as a Health Study may be recommended in order to
evaluate associations between exposure and reported adverse health
effects. Final rept.
TOXLINE
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infectious Waste Disposal: an Examination of current Practices and
Risks Posed
Turnberg WL
Washington Dept of Ecology, Olympia, WA
J Env Health 53(6): 21(5), May-Jun 1991
A review of analyses of the risks posed by infectious wastes is
presented, along with the results of a survey infectious-waste
disposal practices conducted in 1987-88 in the Seattle, WA, area.
Medical-waste surveys and facility inspections were conducted at 26
hospitals and 22 medical offices to determine how infections wastes
were defined, treated, and disposed of. The solid waste stream was
monitored f.rom waste-storage areas at medical facilities to final
landfill disposal to identify common pathways for human exposure.
Potential for disease transmission was found to be low.
Waste-industry workers face an elevated risk of exposure from
regular contact with the wastes, but risks were not quantified in
this survey. A list of recommendations are given for directions of
further study. (2 photos, 65 references)
ENVIROLINE
Inhalation health risk assessment for a hazardous waste treatment,
storage, and disposal facility: A case history
Koehler JLM
Woodward-Clyde Consult., 500 12th St., Suite 100, Oakland, CA
94607, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 136, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
This paper describes an inhalation health risk assessment that was
conducted for the proposed expansion of a hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) located in the San
Francisco Bay Area. The proposed expanded facility will contain a
variety of operations, including tank and drum storage,
evaporation, distillation, biotreatment of low-level organic
wastewater, liquid waste stabilization, and steam-stripping of
organic sludges. This health risk assessment addressed air toxics
provisions in Bay Area Quality Management District (BAAQMD) air
permitting regulations. Emission rate estimates were required for
38 compounds. Point and fugitive emissions were assessed using
AP-42 equations, CHEMDAT6 relationships, SOCMI emission factors,
and engineering mass balance calculations. Weight fractions of each
compound in the vapor phase were estimated from Raoult's Law.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Multimedia risk assessment of power plant emissions
Seigneur C; Constantinou E; Levin L
ENSR, 1320 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991, p. 148, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
Power plant operation leads to the release of a variety of toxic
chemicals in the environment and it is essential for the electric
industry to characterize toxic emissions from power plants and
assess the ecological and health risks associated with them. Under
sponsorship of the Electric Power Research Institute, ENSR has
developed a multimedia risk assessment model for the prediction of
the fate and transport of toxic pollutants in the different
environmental media and the quantitative estimation of the
associated health risks. The transport, dose, and health risk
models are combined in a single computer model, that uses ISCLT for
air dispersion, WTRISK for overland and surface water, SESOIL for
the vadose zone and AT123D for groundwater. Five pathways are
included for the food chain.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Natural radiation/ nuclear wastes and chemical pollutants
Christensen T; Ehdwall H; Stranden E
Nordisk Kontaktorgan for Atomenergispoergsmaal, Risoe (Denmark).
Contract Number: NEI-DK-366, ISBN 87-7303-421-5
Order Info.: NTIS/DE90639745, 61p NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
Doses from natural radiation to the population in the Nordic
Countries are summarized and man made modifications of the natural
radiation environment are discussed. An account is given of the
radiological consequences of energy conservation by reduced
ventilation. Risks from possible future releases of radioactivity
from final repositories of spent nuclear fuel are compared to the
risks from present natural radioactivity in the environment. The
possibilities for comparison between chemical and radiological
risks are discussed, (author) 13 refs.
TOX
Risk assessment for biodegradation in pollution control and cleanup
Omenn GS; Bourquin AW
Kamely, D., A. Chakrabarty and G. S. Omenn (ed.). Advances in
applied biotechnology series, vol. 4. Biotechnology and
biodegradation; international workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, June
1989. Xxiii+504p. Gulf Publishing Co.: Houston, TX, USA; London,
England, UK. Illus. ISBN 0-943255-06-6.; 0 (0). 1990. 443-466.
LANGUAGE: English
TOXLINE
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Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume l. Human Health
Evaluation Manual (Part B, Development of Risk-Based Preliminary
Remediation Goals) Interim report.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287614
Report NO.: OSWER-9285.7-01B
Dec 91 66p
LANGUAGE: Eng1ish
See also PB92-963334.
Single copies also available in paper copy or microfiche.
NTIS Prices: PC A04/MF A01
The document is one of a three-part series. Part B provides
guidance on using USEPA toxicity values and exposure information to
derive risk-based preliminary remedial goals (PRG) for a CERCLA
site. Initially developed at the scoping phase using readily
available information, risk-based PRGs generally are modified based
on site-specific data gathered during the remedial
investigation/feasibility study. The guidance does not discuss the
risk management decisions that are necessary at a CERCLA site. The
potential users of Part B are those involved in the remedy
selection and implementation process, including risk assessors,
risk assessment reviewers, remedial project managers, and other
decision-makers.
NTIS
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume l. Human Health
Evaluation Manual (Part C, Risk Evaluation of Remedial
Alternatives)
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response.
Corp. Source Codes: 031287614
Report No.: OSWER-9285.7-01C Dec 91 77p
LANGUAGE: English
See also PB92-963333.
Single copies also available in paper copy or microfiche.
NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
The document is one of a three-part series. Part C provides
guidance on the human health risk evaluations of remedial
alternatives that are conducted during the feasibility study,
during selection and documentations of a remedy, and during and
after remedy implementation. Part C provides general guidance to
assist in site-specific risk evaluations and to maintain
flexibility in the analysis and decision-making process. The
potential users of Part C are persons involved in the remedy
selection and implementation process, including risk assessors,
risk assessment reviewers, remedial project managers, and other
decision-makers.
NTIS
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Synthesis of conference on "Minimizing environmental damage:
Strategies for managing hazardous waste"
Clay DR
Off. Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA, 401 M
St. SW, Washington, DC 20460, USA
RISK ANAL 11(1): 107-109, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Hazardous Materials. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
Report 11(2): 118(69), Mar-Apr 1991
Toxicology data are compiled for bentazone, bromine cyanide,
chlorodibromomethane, maleic hydrazide, molinate, warfarin and
salts, and zinc phosphide. The review covers common uses of these
chemicals, chemical properties, and results of genetic assay,
aquatic toxicity, phytotoxicity, and carcinogenicity studies.
Chronic health hazard information, health hazard assessments for
varied exposure durations, environmental impact data, chemical
hazard response information, and federal register citation data are
also included.
ENVIROLINE
The comparison of health risks between different environmental
media at Superfund hazardous waste sites
Crume RV
Midwest Res. Inst., 401 Harrison Oaks Blvd./ Gary, NC 27513, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991, p. 183, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
The cleanup of Superfund hazardous waste sites sometimes involves
the transfer of contamination from one environmental medium to
another. For example, when air stripping is used to cleanup
contaminated groundwater, the groundwater contaminants are
transferred directly to the ambient air. Health risk assessment
tells us that the inhalation health hazard created by air stripping
is usually insignificant and is almost always less than the health
hazard associated with ingestion of the contaminated groundwater
prior to cleanup. Consequently, the use of air stripping as a means
for reducing overall health risk is seldom challenged, and the
application of air emission controls to air strippers is often
considered unnecessary. However, the question of whether risk
estimates between differing environmental media (e.g., groundwater
and air) are truly comparable remains.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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The current U.S. industry and regulatory concerns regarding the
health and environmental impacts of hazardous waste incineration
Bailiff MD
Combustion Res. Inst., 600 Stewart St., Suite 700, Seattle, WA
98101, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 222, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
The intent of this paper is to provide a discussion of current U.S.
industry and regulatory concerns regarding the health and
environmental impacts of hazardous waste incineration as reflected
in CRI's research priorities list, with particular emphasis on the
three major areas of concern: 1) Metals Emissions: concern about
their impact on the overall risk posed by HWI facilities, 2) Risk
Communication: the necessity of skillful and honest communication
of potential risks to the public, and 3) Risk Assessment: the need
for more scientifically defensible risk assessment methodologies.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Theology, ecology and radiation standards: the new mother nature
(Citizens for Total Energy Technical Director L.R. Wallis speech)
Vital Speeches v58 p48(5) Nov 1, 1991
ARTICLE TYPE: Transcript
MAGAZINE INDEX
Use of Wildlife for On-Site Evaluation of Bioavailability and
Ecotoxicity of Toxic substances Found in Hazardous Waste sites
Kendall RJ; Funsch JM; Bens CM / Clemson Univ, SC
In Situ Evaluation of Biological Hazards of Environmental
Pollutants, 1st Symposium: Chapel Hill, NC (Plenum), Dec 5-7, 88,
p241(15)
Conference paper
The use of wildlife for in situ evaluation of hazardous waste
site contaminants is advocated. Such evaluations obviate the need
for expensive short-term laboratory tests that do not reflect
real-life situations. The successful use of wildlife in such
assessment depends on analyzing the contaminants present, selecting
the proper species to be monitored and endpoints to be measured,
and choosing the appropriate methods of collection and observation.
Each of these factors is discussed, and examples from the
literature are cited to demonstrate the utility of specific mammals
and birds as environmental sentinels. Hazard assessment can be
based on various endpoints, including mortality, reproduction,
mutagenic and carcinogenic outcomes, and physiological and
biochemical changes. (1 diagram, 114 references)
ENVIROLINE
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Very debatable units
Economist 316(7670): 73(3), 1 Sept 1990
Electromagnetic radiation emitted by video display terminals (VDTs)
has been considered an occupational health risk in some circles.
VDTs produce weak magnetic fields that scan the streams of
electrons used to produce a picture. Epidemiological studies of the
effects of these weak magnetic fields suggest that cancer risks are
increased through exposure to such fields. Biological studies have
produced suggestive results, although no results are consistent.
Other observed complications from VDT use are repetitive strain
injuries and upper limb disorders. (7 Drawings)
ENVIROLINE
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RADIATION
Analysis of risk indicators and issues associated with applications
of screening model for hazardous and radioactive waste sites
Buck JW; Strenge DL; Droppo JG Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs.,
Richland, WA, USA
NTIS Order No.: DE91008258/GAR.
LANGUAGE: Eng1ish
Risk indicators, such as population risk, maximum individual risk,
time of arrival of contamination, and maximum water concentrations,
were analyzed to determine their effect on results from a screening
model for hazardous and radioactive waste sites. The analysis of
risk indicators is based on calculations resulting from exposure to
air and waterborne contamination predicted with Multimedia
Environmental Pollutant Assessment System (MEPAS) model. The
different risk indicators were analyzed, based on constituent type
and transport and exposure pathways. Three of the specific
comparisons that were made are (1) population-based versus maximum
individual-based risk indicators, (2) time of arrival of
contamination, and (3) comparison of different threshold
assumptions for noncarcinogenic impacts. Comparison of indicators
for population- and maximum individual-based human health risk
suggests that these two parameters are highly correlated, but for
a given problem, one may be more important than the other.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Inhalation cancer risk assessment for a proposed 1,600-MW GC/CC
power plant
Meling JL Environ. Consult, and Technol., Inc. (ECT), P.O. Box
8188, Gainesville, FL 32605-8188, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991, p. 254, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
Environmental Consulting and Technology, Inc. (ECT), under contract
to EPA, has recently completed an EIS for a proposed power plant in
Florida. The proposed plant will integrate onsite coal gasification
capabilities with combined cycle power generation technology
(CG/CC) and will be capable of producing 1,600 MW of electricity.
The plant is the first of its type and size to require a federal
EIS. As part of the EIS, an analysis of potential cancer risk due
to the inhalation of plant air emissions was conducted. This paper
discusses the methods and approach used to conduct the analysis, as
well as the results obtained.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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ECOLOGICAL RISK
Advances in experimental approaches to estimate the exposure of
ecosystems and ground water
Presented at: 7. International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry
(IUPAC), Hamburg (Germany), 5-10 Aug 1990
Taub FB; Burns LA
Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Published by: VCH PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, NY (USA), 1991, pp. 423-432
In PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY: ADVANCES IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND LEGISLATION.. Frehse, H. (ed.)
LANGUAGE: English
Document Type: Book-chapter article
Pesticide use is often restricted because of inadvertent effects on
non-target organisms, often in non-target areas. Mathematical
models and experimental ecosystems provide tools to estimate the
exposure and effects of pesticides. For example, the potential for
ground water contamination now limits the registration and use of
pesticide; models have been developed to predict which pesticides
will migrate through specific soil types. Knowledge of the biota
and chemistry of subsurface environments suggests the potential for
in situ remediation. Knowing that a pesticide is present is
necessary, but not sufficient, to estimate biological effects on
ecological communities. Microcosms and mesocosms are being used to
investigate biological effects or pesticides, and to develop new
methods of risk assessment. These test systems show both direct and
indirect effects of pesticides, often long after the disappearance
of the pesticide.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Canadian Environmental Protection Act Priority Substances List
Assessment Report No. 2: Effluents from Pulp Mills Using Bleaching
Env Canada Priority Substances List Assessment Report 2, 1991 (70)
Non US govt report
Effluents from pulp mills using bleach are entering the environment
in such quantities as to cause long-term harmful effects. The
production of these effluents from Canadian mills is quantified,
with nearly 250 compounds identified. Many of these chlorinated
organic compounds have been found in water, sediment, and biota as
far as 1400 km from mill outfalls. Chronic effects such as
reproductive problems, biochemical changes, and behavioral
alterations in aquatic organisms have been noted in Canadian field
studies. The environmental fate of these effluents and their
effects in the aquatic environment are assessed. (2 diagrams, 1
map, 240 references, 6 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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Chronic and sublethal toxicities of surfactants to aquatic animals:
a review and risk assessment
Lewis MA / Battelle, Environ. Biol. and Assess., 505 King Ave.,
Columbus, OH 43201, USA
WATER RES 25(1): 101-113, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Surfactants are one of the major components (10-18%) of detergent
and household cleaning products and are used in high volumes. The
chronic and sublethal toxicities of commercially important
surfactants to aquatic animal life have not been summarized in the
available scientific literature. Based on the summary provided here
scientific understanding of the chronic and sublethal toxicities of
cationic surfactants is less than that for the other surfactant
groups. Chronic toxicity of anionic and nonionic surfactants occurs
at concentrations usually greater than 0.1 mg/1. Effects of these
same surfactants on several behavioral and physiological parameters
range from 0.002 to 40.0 mg/1. The available toxicity data base is
largely comprised of laboratory-derived toxicity data for a few
surfactants, predominantly LAS, and single freshwater planktonic
species such as Daphnia magna and the fathead minnow and a benthic
midge.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Developing a risk assessment strategy for the Chesapeake Bay
Orvos DR; Cairns J Jr
Univ. Cent. Environ, and Hazardous Mater. Stud., Virginia Polytech.
Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061-0415, USA
HYDROBIOLOGIA 215(3): 189-203, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Increased use of the world's natural resources, including water
bodies such as the Chesapeake Bay, has resulted in additional
burdens being placed on them. If continued, unrestricted use of
such resources continues, degradation will occur to such an extent
that some areas will be unsuitable for economic, social, and
environmental uses. Regional risk assessment strategies must be
developed so that actual or perceived risks can be evaluated and
predicted on a regional scale. This article presents an
initial strategy for the Chesapeake Bay that may be useful to
scientists, managers, and elected officials responsible for other
bodies of water as well. This article reviews risk assessment
practices and proposes a strategy that utilizes appropriate
endpoints to ascertain and predict risk.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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ECO Update: The Role of BTAGs in Ecological Assessment. Volume 1,
Number l, September 1991 (Intermittent bulletin)
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of
Emergency and Remedial Response.
Report No.: OSWER-9345.0-05I-VOL-1-NO-1 Sep 91 6p
Most EPA Regions have established groups of scientists to advise
and assist site managers with ecological studies produced in
conjunction with Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies
and Removal Actions at Superfund sites. In general, these groups
are known as Biological Technical Assistance Groups or BTAGs,
although some regions use different names. The bulletin summarizes
the BTAG structure and function in the Superfund process. Its
purpose is to help site managers understand how BTAGs can assist
with the collection and evaluation of site information and ensure
that ecological effects are properly considered. ECO Updates are a
series of Intermittent Bulletins intended to facilitate ecological
assessment of Superfund sites. These bulletins serve as supplements
to Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume 2: Environmental
Evaluation Manual (9285.7-01).
NTIS
Ecological risk assessment and TSCA
Gilford J; Zeeman M
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
LANGUAGE: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Electrophiles and acute toxicity to fish
Hermens JLM Univ of Utrecht, The Netherlands
Env Health Perspectives 87: 219(7), Jul 1990
Electrophilic chemicals are toxic to fish at lower concentrations
than related, unreactive, narcotic, organic compounds because of
direct reactions with nucleophiles. Six classes of substructures or
types of reactions known to be electrophilic are: acylation
reactions, reactions with isocyanates, reactions with carbonyl
compounds, alkylation and arylation of sulfhydryl groups, reactions
with other metallic compounds, and miscellaneous reactions with
sulfhydryl groups. Equations for predicting the quantitative
structure-activity relationship should include electrophilic
descriptors as well as the octanol water partition coefficient. The
effects of bioactivation are not addressed, even though reactive
compounds are produced, because of the small amount of information
available in studies of fish. (32 References, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
108
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Environmental Risks and Pate of Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms in Soil.
van Elsas JD; Trevors JT (Inst for Soil Fertility Research,
Wageningen, Netherlands) & (Univ of Guelph, ON, Canada)
J Env Science & Health-Env Science & Engineering A26(6): 981(21),
1991
The uncertainty associated with the environmental release of
genetically engineered soil microorganisms (GEMs) poses unique
challenges. Potential risks to the environment following release of
GEMs are identified, as are methods useful in assessing their fate.
Topics covered include organism survival, growth and dispersal, and
genetic interactions in the soil environment. Recovery, detection,
and enumeration of the organisms and their DNA are also discussed.
A thorough understanding of the ecology, physiology, and genetics
of organisms considered for release must be achieved in order to
minimize risks. (51 references, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Extrapolation through hierarchical levels
Presented at: 12. Annu. Conf. of the European Society for
Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry, Utrecht (Netherlands),
27-31 Aug 1990
de Krujif HAM
Natl. Inst. Public Health and Environ. Prot., P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA
Bilthoven, Netherlands
COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL C, 100C(l-2): 291-299, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Translating results from low hierarchical levels to higher orders
meets with difficulties with respect to temporal, spatial and
organizational scales. Translating stress effects through
hierarchical levels has not yet been possible, thus hampering
ecological risk assessment. Three approaches to link the various
levels are described; the energetics, the endpoint and the minimal
structure approach. A concept to integrate these approaches to
enable extrapolation of stress effects across hierarchical levels
is described.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
109
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Global implications of great lakes wildlife research
Colborn TWWF
Intl Env Affairs 3(1): 3(23), 1991
Populations of birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles in the great
lakes ecosystems have shown developmental pathologies, particularly
those affecting embryos and fetuses. These pathologies have been
linked to chemical pollution through maternal transfer, and all
these chlorinated chemicals have demonstrated toxic effects in
laboratory studies. Because most toxicity studies do not examine
multigenerational effects, it is important to include developmental
toxicity as well as cancer risk assessment in toxicology studies.
Releases of these chemicals, which are easily transported in the
atmosphere, must be controlled at all levels. (131 References, 1
table)
ENVIROLINE
Health Assessment for Petro-Processors of Louisiana Incorporated,
Scotlandville, East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, Region 6.
CERCLIS No. LAD057482713.
Anon
Louisiana Dept. of Health and Hospitals, Baton Rouge.
Spon. Agency: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry,
Atlanta, GA.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-153346, 23p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01 TD3:
The Petro-Processors of Louisiana, Inc. (PPI) Site, located in
Scotlandville, East Baton Rouge Parish, LA, is on the National
Priorities List (NPL) . The PPI Site consists of two separate
locations: the Brooklawn Site and the Scenic Site. A Consent
Agreement, negotiated with the generators, includes a tentative
framework for developing a remedial plan. Release of contaminants
into the air during remedial activities has halted remediation on
the site. Until remedial action is taken at the site, concern for
public health stems from: (1) the volatilization of contaminants
during remedial activities, which could be a source of toxicant
exposure for residents and workers; (2) ingestion of fish and
wildlife contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and
hexachlorobutadiene; (3) the potential of groundwater contamination
from agents present on-site; and (4) dermal contact with
contaminated sediments off-site. Sponsored by Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Health Assessment for the 29th and Mead Groundwater Site, Wichita,
Kansas, Region 7. CERCLIS No. KSD007241656
Anon
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-153429, I6p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The 29th and Mead Ground-water site, Sedgewick County, Wichita, KS,
has been proposed by the US EPA for inclusion on the National
Priorities List. The 29th and Mead Ground-water site encompasses a
number of past and present industrial operations (oil refining and
metal founding) within the city limits of Wichita. Ground water,
surface soil, and sediment have been found to be contaminated with
heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Based upon information reviewed,
ATSDR has concluded that the site is of potential public health
concern because of the risk to human health resulting from
potential ingestion of ground water contaminated with hazardous
substances at concentrations that may result in adverse human
health effects. Preliminary rept.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Predicting chemical concentration effects on transformation rates
of dissolved organics by complex microbial assemblages
Lewis DL; Gattie DK
Environ. Res. Lab., U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency, Athens, GA 30613,
ECOL MODEL 55(1-2): 27-46, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Microbial transformation rate data and theoretical considerations
were analyzed for selected organic chemicals with respect to the
general utility of mathematical models for predicting microbial
transformation rates for risk assessment and regulatory purposes.
By recognizing the unique problems associated with predicting
microbial transformation rates within specific substrate
concentration ranges, (S), the research, development, and testing
of predictive mathematical models for environmental exposure
assessment can be better focused. Lacking site-specific data, such
an approach may yield useful interim models to meet our current
needs as our understanding of environmental processes continues
towards developing models more capable of accurately predicting
microbial transformation rates over broader ranges of conditions.
One range of (S) considered for separate treatment was a
sub-maintenance range ( less than or equal to 0.05 mu M) , where
microbial transformation rates may depart from pseudo-first-order
kinetics (first-order in (S) with constant biomass) as a result of
an insufficient substrate concentration for cell biomass
maintenance.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
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Predictive toxicology in ecological risk assessment: approaches in
predictive mechanism of toxic action from chemical structure
Bradbury SP
201st ACS National Meeting of the American Chemical
Society, Atlanta, GA, USA, April 14-19, 1991.
Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc 201 (1-2).
1991. Agro 84. Coden: acsra
LANGUAGE: English
TOXLINE
Preliminary Assessment of the Current Impact and Potential Risk of
Acidic Deposition on Walleye Populations in Ontario
Wales DL; Liimatainen VA
Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. Fisheries Branch.
Contract Number: ISBN-0-7729-3255-7, ONTARIO FISHERIES
ACIDIFICATION SER-87-11
Order Info.: NTIS/MIC-89-06239, 55p NTIS Prices: PC$25.00/MF$25.00
The chemical sensitivity of lake trout and brook trout populations
to acidic deposition was described for Ontario lakes, but no
similarly rigorous examination was completed for Ontario's walleye
populations. The study examines the characteristics of the lakes
the species inhabit, the characteristics of the species' life
history, published and unpublished toxicity data, and water
chemistry data for walleye lakes and stream spawning sites to
determine the risk to Ontario's walleye resource from acidic
deposition. Data sets used were the Walleye Atlas; the
Comprehensive Data Set containing lake water chemistry, lake
morphometry and fish species presence information; and a data set
that contains stream chemical information collect at walleye
spawning sites in 1981.
TOXLINE
Quotient method and modeling for ecological risk assessment under
TSCA
Rodier D; Mauriello D
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC, USA
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
LANGUAGE: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
112
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Risks of toxic compounds in aquatic systems: Science and practice
van der Gaag MA; Stortelder PBM; Bruggeman WA; van der Kouij LA
Inst. Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, P.O. Box
17, NL 8200 AA Lelystad, Netherlands
12th Annu. Conf. of the European Society for Comparative Physiology
and Biochemistry, Utrecht (Netherlands) 27-31 Aug 1990
COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL C 100C(l-2): 279-281, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Extrapolation of risks from laboratory to ecosystem not only deals
with the problem of interspecies variability, but is also related
to the translation of the single substance exposure to "real-life"
mixtures of compounds, the problems of biological availability and
the identification of specific groups "at risk". Water quality
standards are increasingly based on ecotoxicological data from
laboratory tests. The uncertainties are most often bridged by
applying "safety", "uncertainty" or extrapolation factors.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Routes of uptake and their relative contribution to the toxicologic
response of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ) to an
organophosphate pesticide
Driver CJ; Ligotke MW; Van Voris P; McVeety BD; Greenspan BJ;
Drown DB
Pacific Northwest Lab., P.O. Box 999, K4-12, Richland, WA 99352
ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM 10(1): 21-33, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Ingestion of contaminated food is considered the primary route of
exposure in birds to agricultural chemicals. Routes of exposure
other than ingestion are not often considered in risk assessments
of agricultural chemicals to avian wildlife. However, recent
studies demonstrated anorexic or avoidance behaviors in birds
exposed to organophosphate (OP) insecticides. These behaviors would
tend to limit exposure if ingestion alone were considered. The
contribution, if any, of dermal, preening, and respiratory pathways
to the exposure of birds to pesticides under field conditions is
unknown. In addition, oral exposures are currently assessed in
artificial environments that do not reflect real-life exposure
scenarios. To determine the relative contribution of these pathways
and to assess exposures under ecological conditions, 270 northern
bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were exposed to simulated aerial
crop applications of methyl parathion in an environmentally
controlled wind tunnel.
TOXLINE
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Terrestrial ecological risk assessment: An epidemiologic approach
Ludwig D; Stribling JB
EA Eng. and Technol, Sparks, MD, USA
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment,
Atlantic City, NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991
American Society of Testing and Materials ASTM, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA
LANGUAGE: English
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Too Close for Comfort
Millar F
Friends of the Earth 21(1):10(4), Winter 1991
According to a 1990 EPA study, 15 chemical spills since 1980 have
been identified as greater in volume and toxicity than the 1984
Union Carbide methyl isocyanate spill in Bhopal, India. EPA
currently logs reports of 15,000 spills each year. Many companies
are conducting hazard assessment research, but the results are
seldom publicly available. A disastrous 1987 hydrofluoric acid
spill at an oil refinery in Texas illustrates the importance of
providing hazard data to public officials for emergency planning.
Although federal regulations on information availability have been
weak, state and local pressure can affect the responses of
corporations to demands for public knowledge. (4 photos)
ENVIROLINE
What price nature? Future ecological assessments may chart the
values, and the odds.
Nash S
BioScience 41: 677(4), Nov 1991
MAGAZINE INDEX
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LEGAL ASPECTS
Environmental Risk Evaluations
Gunther C; Haight GT
Real Estate Accounting & Taxation 7(1): 66-70 Spring 1992
LANGUAGE: English
In addition to traditional real estate appraisals, many real estate
transactions now require an environmental risk evaluation (ERE). An
ERE will determine whether there are any environmental risks that
may affect the property's value. The potential environmental risks
associated with a piece of property could result in losses far in
excess of the amount invested (buyer) or the amount lent (lender).
Certain federal statutes, such as the Comprehensive Environmental
Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), mandate
cleanups of hazardous waste sites and establish cost-recovery
procedures from potentially responsible parties (PRP). Together,
CERCLA and the Superfund Amendments Reauthorization Act of 1986
(SARA) define strict, joint, several and retroactive liability for
hazardous waste cleanups. A list of industries associated with
high-risk properties include cement manufacturing, chemical
manufacturing, farms, textile mills and detergent manufacturing.
The ERE is conducted in a 4-phase process, but in most cases, phase
1 will suffice.
ABI INFORM
Risk assessment of hazardous air pollutants under the EPA's final
benzene rules and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
McQuaid JL
Texas Law Review 70(2): 427-464, Dec 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
The EPA goes "wild11
Patterson LA; Carr FH
RESOURCES 13(5): 13-14, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
If you don't know the value of the natural resources at your site,
the regulator's perception may surprise you.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Today's Criminal Environmental Enforcement Program: Why You Nay
Be Vulnerable and Why You Should Guard Against Prosecution
Through an Environmental Audit
Kris ME; Vannelli GL (Jones Day Reavis & Pogue, New York, NY) &
(Jones Day Reavis & Pogue, Cleveland, OH)
Columbia J Env Law 16(2): 227(25), 1991
The expanding criminal environmental enforcement program is being
used not only to prosecute flagrant misconduct, but also to force
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corporate officers and boards of directors to redirect their
policies and resources concerning environmental management. The
best way to minimize the risk associated with environmentally
damaging business practices is to establish and fund an effective
preventative approach to environmental management. The
criminalization of environmental enforcement is discussed,
including increased enforcement resources, techniques, and legal
bases like statutory expansion of criminal liability and the
government's increased reliance on the responsible corporate
officer doctrine for prosecuting upper management officials who
fail to inform themselves of environmental considerations. The use
of environmental audits to reduce risks of criminal exposure is
advocated. The costs and benefits of these audits are discussed,
and the types of records and documents that should be created, who
should be responsible for creating them, and what measures should
be taken to establish and protect the audit process are
highlighted. (92 references)
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND OTHER SOURCES
Biotechnology: risk assessment, January 1986-Pebruary 1991.
Warmbrodt RD
US Natl. Agri. Lib.
Apr 1991, 18p, bibl
LANGUAGE: English
Citations from the AGRICOLA database.
ENVIROLINE
Understanding ground-water contamination: an orientation manual
Bailey PE; Ward WD ICF Inc., Fairfax VA
Executive Enterprises, 1990
Groundwater quality, a key issue in public policy and legislation,
is the subject of this orientation manual for agencies, businesses,
and other concerns for whom groundwater contamination is an
important issue. Specific aspects addressed include groundwater
users, ground water science, sources of contamination, federal,
state and local regulations addressing contamination, quality
monitoring, risk assessment, clean-up strategies, corporate
programs, contingency planning, federal groundwater law, and
economics of cleanup. (13 Diagrams, 1 graph, 4 maps, 10 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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RISK
MANAGEMENT
DESCRIBES THE REGULATORY DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES
TO CONTROL AND MANAGE RISK
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE
1-Santa Clara Valley Integrated Environmental Management Project:
Revised stage One Report.
Hinman K; Schwartz D; Soffer E
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy,
Planning and Evaluation.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-160739, 393p NTIS Prices: PC A17/MF A03
The report presents the results of the first phase of the Santa
Clara Valley Integrated Environmental Management Project (IEMP) , an
innovative project designed to address the environmental and public
health problems posed by toxic chemicals in California's Santa
Clara Valley. Integrated environmental management is intended to be
a practical tool for controlling pollution that threatens public
health. EPA, in partnership with state and local leaders, can use
estimates of the public health impacts of a wide range of
environmental problems to compare those problems and set priorities
for risk management. Setting priorities provides a way of working
through an environmental agenda by targeting the worst problems
first in order to get the most risk reduction (and thus public
health benefit) for any given level of resources. Final rept. See
also PB91-160747.
TOXLINE
2-Santa Clara Valley integrated Environmental Management Project:
Stage Two Report.
Hinman K; Risler P; Ruffolo J; Soffer E; Steckel A
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Policy,
Planning and Evaluation.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-160747, 245p NTIS Prices: PC All/MF A02
The report presents the results of the second phase of the Santa
Clara Valley Integrated Environmental Management Project (IEMP) , an
innovative project designed to address environmental and public
health problems posed by toxic chemicals in California's Santa
Clara Valley. The project's goals are: to evaluate and compare the
health risks - of cancer and other chronic, toxic effects - from
toxic pollutants in the environment; to use the evaluation to set
informed priorities for further analysis and possible control; to
work closely with government agencies and the community to manage
environmental public health problems effectively.
See also PB91-160739.
TOXLINE
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A Formalized Risk Analysis Procedure for oil and Chemical spills in
Coastal and Inland Waters,
Hodgins DO; Hogdins SLM; LeBlond PH
Seaconsult Marine Research, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Env Canada Arctic & Marine Oil Spill Program 14th Technical Sem,
Vancouver, BC, Jun 12-14, 91, p377(l4)
A risk analysis procedure for assessing oil and chemical spills in
coastal and inland waters is based on the construction of diverse
accident scenarios. Each scenario specifies the type anjJ volume of
commodity spilled, the spill location and duration, the time of
spill in terms of tidal phases, and the probability of a spill of
a certain size occurring. Conditional risk curves and simulation
impact distributions are determined for a case study of the port of
Vancouver, BC, Canada. The results can be used to compare different
methods for transporting liquid commodities or to provide insight
into the environmental conditions leading to large impacts, (l
diagram, 3 graphs, 2 maps, 3 references)
ENVIROLINE
Chairman's introduction to session on bioassay, risk assessment and
epidemiology
Ozonoff D
Boston Univ. Sch. Public Health, Boston Univ., Boston, MA 02118
Symp. on Chemically Contaminated Aquatic Food Resources and Human
Cancer Risk Research Triangle Park, NC (USA) 29-30 Sep 1988
ENVIRON HEALTH PERSPECT 90: 119, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The descriptive epidemiology of feral fish populations strongly
suggests that enzootics of neoplasms are associated with
contamination of their environment with carcinogens,
procarcinogens, and cancer promoters. Detailed biochemical studies
on fish and shellfish from contaminated and clean localities
further implicate xenobiotics in these enzootics. Furthermore, the
edible portions of fish and shellfish have been shown to contain
residues of some xenobiotics and their metabolites. To what extent,
then, do these enzootics represent a public health warning to human
populations that might consume fish or shellfish from these
contaminated habitats? This third session begins to examine this
question.
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Conflict and attitudes toward risk
Skaperdas S
American Economic Review 81: 116(5), May 1991
DESCRIPTORS: Risk management—Analysis; Conflict management
Research; War—Models
MAGAZINE INDEX
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Environmental risk management in The Netherlands
van Kuijen CJ
Derectorate for Chemical Substances and Risk Management, Ministry
of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, The Netherlands.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6):351-65, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
TOXLINE
Environmental Impact Assessment as a tool for risk management
Ratanachai C
Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 379-91, 1991
Language: ENGLISH
Environmental Impact Assessment is essentially a process comprising
four elements: identification, prediction, evaluation, and
monitoring. Properly conducted EIA studies can identify linkages
between injurious events and/or activities and their damaging
consequences. This aids in making the risk management decision.
This paper discusses how EIA can be used as a tool for risk
management. Each element of EIA, as well as available risk
management options, is discussed. As a case example, the paper
reviews EIA guidelines/procedures in Thailand and identify weakness
and strength in capabilities to identify the sensitive areas where
risk should be effectively controlled.
TOXLINE
Environmental protection: theory and practice
Kimbrough RD EPA, Washington, DC
Env Science & Technology 24(10): 1442(4), Oct 1990
An assessment of risk in chemical contamination is discussed,
consisting of analyzing the levels of a specific pollutant and the
degree of exposure, coupled with an evaluation of the health and
environmental effects of contamination. Although a certain degree
of uncertainty exists in making evaluations, those factors that
affect risk assessment are highlighted, including chemical
analysis, dosage, sampling, and insufficiency of information on
environmental effects. Arguments made suggest that, too often,
specific chemical contamination problems are addressed on a
piecemeal and haphazard basis, creating more problems than they
solve. (14 References)
ENVIROLINE
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Environmental engineering aspects on hazardous cargo regulations
Torstensson HO
Swed. Natl. Test, and Res. Inst. (SP), Box 857, Boraas, Sweden
37. Annual Technical Meeting on Technical Solutions through
Technical Cooperation San Diego, CA (USA) 6-10 May 1991
pp. 422-424, Publ.Yr: 1991
INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES, 940 E. NORTHWEST HWY., MT.
PROSPECT, IL 60056 (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
The transport of hazardous substances involves a potential safety
risk which is reduced by imposing various kinds of restrictions and
requirements on packagings, packing methods, marking, stowage, and
documentation. In particular a strong and durable packaging is
essential, and therefore much of the hazardous cargo regulations
focus on packagings. Two kinds of requirements are usually applied:
design requirements and performance requirements. The current
philosophy is to concentrate on performance requirements, which do
not in the same way as requirements on design and construction
restrict technical development.
TOXLINE
Evaluating environmental management: Insights gained from
compliance reviews
Hanson TG
Dames and Moore, 2025 1st Ave., Seattle, WA 98121, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 185, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
Many industries have come to recognize that an environmental audit
program is important to managing environmental compliance. However,
in order to ensure day-to-day compliance, industries must employ
other systems for environmental management as well. Furthermore, as
environmental regulations become more complex and demanding, the
systems used to ensure compliance must become more sophisticated.
This paper presents examples of facility audits and environmental
reviews that have produced findings related to environmental
management systems. An audit of a brass casting plant is reviewed.
At this facility, audit findings were used to draw conclusions
related to regulatory awareness and management of environmental
risks. Additionally, a review of a military base is discussed. At
this facility, findings and observations were due to draw
conclusions related to the assignment of environmental roles and
responsibilities, and the management of environmental records.
TOXLINE
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Going for the green
Truax H; Collaton L; Gemery L
Env action 22(3): 19(6), Nov-Dec 1990
The green consumer movement is helping people to make links between
their day-to-day buying habits and ecological health. Product
manufacturers are rushing to take advantage of this new attitude by
changing both products and packaging. Shopping for the least
environment-damaging options is described, and the problems of
monitoring supposedly "environmentally benign" packaging claims are
assessed. National labeling programs in Canada, Japan, and Europe
are detailed. In the US, several state initiatives are setting
standards for the use of certain terms or logos on packages. Two
private sector labeling initiatives—green cross and green
seal—are attempting to review products and award an independent
seal of approval to deserving products. (1 Diagram, 1 graph, 3
photos)
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
How an environmental scientist's business grew from contaminated
soil. (Kathryn Kelly owns a health risk assessment business)
Beales J
Nation's Business 79: 13(1), July 1991
Illustration; portrait
CAPTIONS: Kathryn Kelly, (portrait)
NAMED PEOPLE: Kelly, Kathryn—Management
COMPANY NAME(S): Environmental Toxicology International Inc.
DESCRIPTORS: Environmental services industry—Management; Health
risk assessment—Services; Small business—Management
MAGAZINE INDEX
Is this job worth it? Conscientious environmental managers are
beginning to wonder, and that means that the cause of protection
could suffer.
Friedman FB
Environmental Forum 8(3): 20(5) May-June, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Managing risk...In Japan
Cheney David (Council on Competitiveness, Washington, DC)
Chemtech 20(9): 529(4), Sept 1990
The Japanese have achieved an envious economic performance while
maintaining pollution levels in the air and rivers around Japanese
cities that are the same, or less, than comparable us cities.
Japan's life expectancy is now the highest in the world, and cancer
rates are generally lower than in the US. Various studies using
different models to determine macroeconomic effect of Japanese
environmental policies have indicated that Japan's extensive
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investments in pollution control during the early 1970s did not
hurt its economy. Rather than using economic decision-making
methods, risk management is made in a more political fashion.
Therefore, it is possible to have good risk reduction and good
economic growth simultaneously. (1 Photo, l reference)
ENVIROLINE
Multimedia risk assessment for environmental risk management
Lee SD
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 329-333, 1991
ISSN: 0748-2337 Coden: VWS
LANGUAGE: English
TOXLINE
On Integrated Pollution Control
Krier JE; Brownstein M
Univ of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Env Law 22(1): 119(20), 1992
Integrated pollution control (IPC) seeks to link air, water, and
waste programs so that total risk to the environment from
pollutants is reduced. The theory behind IPC is detailed, and its
early political history is described. IPC is currently enjoying a
renewed celebrity within EPA, especially in terms of risk
assessment. While on paper this sounds good, in practice there are
problems. Existing risk data are incomplete, uncertain, and
ill-adapted to comparative exercises and public perceptions of risk
are highly subjective. Until the issues of technical-based and
subjective-based rationalities are resolved, the case for
risk-based IPC cannot be made effectively. (81 references)
ENVIROLINE
Pesticide chemistry: Advances in international research,
development and legislation.
Presented at: 7. International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry
(IUPAC), Hamburg (Germany), 5-10 Aug 1990; Price $146.00 (US).
Frehse, H. (ed)
Publ by VCH PUBLISHERS, NEW YORK, NY (USA), 1991, 666 pp 1991
ISBN 0-89573-975-5
LANGUAGE: English
Document Type: Book-conference proceedings (complete)
Subfile: 24 Toxicology Abstracts
Invited speakers presented their views on the current status of
pesticide chemistry in the hope of easing the minds of those who
are skeptical of chemicals and pesticides. This new proceedings
presents the rigorous restrictions imposed on the registration and
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use of pesticides by the pertinent authorities in many countries
together with the involvement of international organizations. Main
topics which are discussed include "Risk and Benefit", "Exposure
and Risk Estimation" and "Registration and Legislation". Pertinent
German ministries of agriculture and environment also attended to
present their political views on pesticides.
LIFE SCIENCES COLLECTION
Pilot Study on indoor Air Quality: Managing Indoor Air Quality
Risks. Report on a Meeting Held in St. Michaels, Maryland on
October 25-27, 1989.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.; NATO Committee on
the Challenges of Modern Society, Brussels (Belgium).
Contract Number: EPA-400-7-90-005
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-145896, 214p NTIS Prices: PC A10/MF A02
Contents: Quantifying Future Trends Of Indoor Air Quality As A
Basis For Government Policy Plans; Assessing Indoor Air Quality
Risks of Pesticides; Formaldehyde Emission Standards In The Federal
Republic of Germany; Orientations and Actions of the European
Community in the Assessment and Prevention of Indoor Air Pollution;
EPA and Indoor Air Quality; The Non-Regulatory Approach to Reducing
Risks from Radon Exposure; U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission;
A Builders Guide to Healthy Homes; WHO Air Quality Guidelines for
Europe; The Approach to Control Indoor Air Quality in Italy;
Guidelines - Ventilation Classes; Energy Consequences of Upgrading
Indoor Air Quality; Canada's Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air
Quality: Rationale and Scope; Canadian Ventilation and Venting
Standards; Indoor Air Quality Building Surveys Case Studies; Design
of Indoor Air Quality Studies; Summary Findings of
Inter-Ministerial Committee On Indoor Air Quality (Ontario); The
Quebec Approach; Employee Survey EPA Headquarters; Pollution in
Closed Spaces and Its Consequences in Conservation of Works of Art;
How Norwegian Health Authorities Will Handle Indoor Air Quality
Problems. Also available from Supt. of Docs. Prepared in
cooperation with NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern
Society, Brussels (Belgium).
TOXLINE
Risk assessment and risk management in Japan
Kagawa J
Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women's Medical
College, Japan.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 347-350, 1991
TOXLINE
Risk assessment and risk management in Japan
Yokoyama E
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Institute of Public Health, Tokyo.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 409-410, 1991
TOXLINE
The art and science of quantitative risk analysis—managing
contaminated utility property in two New England states
Johnson GW Northeast Util. Serv. Co., 100 Corporate Place, Rocky
Hill, CT 06067, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association,
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 210, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Case Studies are used to explore the application and acceptance of
quantitative risk analyses in dealing with contaminated utility
property in Connecticut (CT) and Massachusetts (MA) , USA. Important
technical and ethical considerations in all phases of risk analyses
are discussed. The CT and MA Departments of Environmental
Protection (DER) have taken divergent paths in utilizing
quantitative risk analyses to evaluate risks to public health and
the environment. The SITES model developed by the Electric Power
Research Institute is discussed as an option for structuring a
quantitative risk analysis in CT.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
The EPA at "thirtysomething"
Portney PR (Resources for the Future, Washington, DC); Probst KN;
Finkel AM
Resources for the Future Discussion Paper crm 91-03, Apr 91, pi(20)
Assn report
As EPA nears its 30th birthday (in the year 2000), a critical issue
in environmental management continues to be the cost of
environmental regulations. The costs of environmental compliance,
which are expected to reach $171 billion by the year 2000, are
drawn from the economy and could be reduced through flexible
regulatory structures such as incentive-based approaches. The
success of these approaches often depends on the public perception
of risk; therefore, scientific evidence and public education are
key elements in successful environmental management. (15
References)
ENVIROLINE
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POLICY
Chasing Rainbows: Is an Integrated Statute the Pot of Gold for
Environmental Policy?
Clarke D
Inside EPA Weekly Report
Env Law 22(1): 281(20), 1992
EPA is now devising a new combination of environmental protection
techniques that includes pollution prevention, multimedia permits,
risk-based strategic planning, geographic targeting, market-based
incentives, and regulatory clusters. Through these efforts, EPA is
striving to focus its resources on the most important environmental
problems. Several of these multimedia efforts are identified and
evaluated, and the political environment surrounding the dawn of
this pollution-prevention strategy is discussed. These initiatives
demonstrate that environmental policy is moving in the direction of
integrated approaches. The next logical step is the enactment of an
integrated statute that would produce risk-based priority setting
and promote pollution prevention. (87 references)
ENVIROLINE
International Chamber of Commerce position paper on environmental
auditing
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990,
p99(4)
The international chamber of commerce supports environmental
management through self-regulation within industries and
particularly recommends the implementation of environmental
auditing programs. These programs should aid management of
environmental practices and assess compliance with regulations and
corporate policies. The elements of an environmental audit are full
management commitment, audit team objectivity, professional
competence, systematic procedures, written reports, quality
assurance, and follow-up. (1 Diagram)
ENVIROLINE
NIOSH Comments to DOL on MSHA's Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (ANPR) Metal and Nonmetal Mine Safety and Health,
Radiation standards by J. D. Millar, March 18, 1985.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152066, lip NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The testimony presents the views of NIOSH with regard to specific
issues raised by MSHA in a proposed rulemaking affecting metal and
nonmetal mine safety and health, radiation standards. Results are
included from epidemiological studies in which the relationship
between lung cancer and exposure to radon daughters was examined.
A quantitative risk assessment is also noted which will be
considered in the development of a NIOSH recommended exposure limit
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for radon daughters. Specific issues addressed include risk
assessment, particularly the relationship and the associated
uncertainty between cumulative lifetime radon daughters exposure at
or below 120 working level months and the lifetime risk of lung
cancer or other biological response, and the methodology used to
arrive at the risk relationship. The use of a nonthreshold model
extrapolating from elevated exposure levels is considered along
with modification of the risk relationship to account for cell
repair or other factors. .
TOXLINE
The EPA science Advisory Board's Report on "Reducing Risk": some
Overarching Observations Regarding the Public Interest
Blomquist RF, Valparaiso Univ, IN
Env Law 22(1): 149(40), 1992
In 1990, the EPA Science Advisory Board issued a report entitled
"Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental
Protection." The theory of risk in environmental decision making
and the general reasons the Science Advisory Board chose
environmental risk reduction as good public policy are discussed.
A detailed analysis of the report is provided, and important policy
issues raised are considered. The report contributes to the policy
debate concerning environmental decision making by providing an
analytical approach to environmental problems. Only by making the
report's conclusions available to an informed nonscientific public
can the theoretical conclusions be put into practice. (176
references)
ENVIROLINE
The determinants of pesticide regulation: a statistical analysis of
EPA decisionmaking
Cropper ML; Evans WN; Berardi SJ; Ducla-Soares MM; Portney PR
Resources for the future discussion paper crm 90-04, 1990 (41)
Assn report
The EPA decision to cancel or continue registrations of
carcinogenic pesticides that went through the special review
process during 1975-89 is examined. The risks and benefits of
pesticide use, as reported by the agency in official documents,
were assessed for the 242 registered food uses of the pesticides
considered; public comments on the proposed regulations were also
recorded. EPA is argued to have balanced risks against benefits in
regulating these pesticides. Risks to human health or the
environment increased the chance that a pesticide use was cancelled
by epa, while the larger the benefits associated with a particular
use, the lower the likelihood of cancellation. (18 References, 4
tables)
ENVIROLINE
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US Environmental Protection Agency environmental auditing policy
statement
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990,
p!07(13)
Fed govt report
The EPA policy on environmental auditing encourages the
implementation of such programs, identifies when audit reports may
be required by the EPA, explains the overlap with agency inspection
activities, recommends auditing at all federal facilities, and
outlines the elements of successful audit programs. Suggestions are
presented for adapting EPA audit procedures to state and local
regulatory agencies.
ENVIROLINE
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LEGAL ASPECTS
A Washington Innovation: Environment 2010
Gregoire C; Washington State Dept Ecology.
Env Law 22(1):301(9), 1992
Environment 2010 is a project in Washington State to tackle the
ecological challenges the state faces entering the 21st century.
The project is based on a long-range planning tool called
comparative risk. A 34-member citizen advisory group representing
diverse interests and economies in the state set priorities for
each environmental threat based on relative human risk, risk to
ecological systems, potential for causing economic damages,
apparent upward or downward trends, and manageability based on
existing laws and technology. The threats identified involved both
local and global issues. An Environment 2010 Action Agenda has been
drafted that identifies 12 major challenges and makes 73
recommendations for each action. Collectively, these actions
represent a major commitment by the state to alter the basic
approach to environmental management. (18 references)
ENVIROLINE
A response to COSHH
Kirby CE (Hepworth Minerals & Chemicals Ltd., Sandbach, Cheshire,
UK); Morris W (Hepworth Minerals & Chemicals Ltd., Oakamoor,
Staffordshire, UK)
Inst Mining & Metallurgy Trans A, Sept-Dec 1990, v99, p!38(9)
The control of substances hazardous to health regulations (COSHH)
address risks from exposure to toxic substances in the work
environment. The regulations focus on risk assessment, risk
control, the use and maintenance of control measures, environmental
monitoring, health surveillance, and training. In response to
COSHH, Hepworth Minerals & Chemicals, UK, implemented a central
compliance control organization, which introduced record keeping
and is supported by extensive training. Benefits realized include
increased awareness of hazardous substances, instigation of
engineered solutions to risks, and improved policies and
procedures. Problems include increased paperwork and increased
inquiries from customers. (10 Diagrams, 6 references)
ENVIROLINE
Air Toxics Provisions of the Amendments to the Clean Air Act
Egan BA
ENSR Consulting & Engineering, Acton, MA
TAPPI 1991 Env Conference (Book 1), San Antonio, TX, Apr 7-10, 91
pl65(ll)
Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments designates 189
hazardous air pollutants to be regulated under revisions to the
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Natl Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants. Both new and
existing sources will be required to comply with control technology
standards and, in some cases, with further controls to meet health
and environmental risk standards aimed at reducing the risk of
chronic exposure to these pollutants. The amendments also introduce
new requirements for the prevention and control of accidental
releases of Extremely Hazardous Substances. Near-term compliance
issues and proactive steps that the pulp and paper industry should
consider are detailed. (4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
Air toxics regulation in California
Hazelwood RN
IT Corp., 17461 Derian Ave., Irvine, CA 92714, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, BC (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 128, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
LANGUAGE: English
California began regulating air toxics in the early 1980s. Both
state and local air pollution control agencies have enacted
regulations. There are seven different state programs. In addition,
several local districts have enacted rules. The scope varies from
simple identification of air toxics, through risk assessment, to
warning/notification requirements and application of emission
controls. Individual parts of the regulatory program were developed
to deal with specific issues. Over time, however, a number of
overlaps and redundancies have developed. There are, for example,
12 federal and state programs that regulate approximately 1100
different chemicals.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Allowance trading and acid rain compliance
Palmisano J; Brooks TV; Aer*x Inc.
Electric Perspectives 15(1): 26(7), Jan-Feb 1991
The amendments to the 1977 clean air act require the electric
utility industry to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions by more than
50% and to achieve significant reductions in nitrogen oxides
emissions. The acid rain provisions are based on the issuance of
marketable permits to emit SO2; operators will be required to turn
allowances over to epa in equivalent number to the tons of S02
emitted each year. Utility operators must recognize that
market-based regulatory approaches create a wider array of
compliance strategies and that acid rain compliance may be much
more a financial issue than an environmental engineering one. Key
steps in defining an allowance strategy, an essential element of
the compliance plan, are identified. (1 Diagram, 1 graph, 3 photos)
ENVIROLINE
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Enforcement in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Balancing
the Carrots and the Sticks
Rasmussen DA, EPA
Env Law 22(1): 333(16), 1992
Changes in the law, science, congressional and public expectations,
and society's understanding of pollution are examined. Enforcement
of environmental laws has improved through better databases,
multimedia efforts, and criminal prosecutions. While enforcement
deals with the end result, pollution prevention asks industry to
voluntarily redesign production processes, substitute production
materials, or conserve energy, so that less pollution in generated
in the first place. New approaches based on comparative risk so
that the most hazardous problems will be addressed first, improved
environmental public education, economic incentives, public-private
partnerships, and regulatory negotiations all combine to aid in
reducing pollution at the source so that society will not be forced
to clean up the environment once the pollution is in place. (58
references)
ENVIROLINE
Environmental crisis Management: Attorneys and communications
Professionals Working Together
Corrado FM
Communications for Management Intl, Chicago, IL,
Env Law Reporter 21(3): 10114(4), Mar 91
The legal management of an environmental crisis can greatly
affect the ultimate outcome in public perceptions, liabilities,
and ultimate cleanup. To ensure organizational stability
during a crisis, formal crisis planning should be done,
including the development of internal support, the
development of a crisis planning process, plan preparation,
crisis center organization, and simulation or educational
activities. Legal counsel can support this process through
insisting on early planning, record-keeping, ground-rule
establishment, assessing potential negative publicity, and
determining the roles of regulatory agencies. (11 references)
ENVIROLINE
Ethics and Risk Management
Moore RH
Risk Management 39(3): 85-92 Mar 1992
LANGUAGE: English
Ethical dilemmas are arising across a spectrum of industries, and
business and personal ethics are being further complicated by
difficult economic conditions. In effect, there exists a dual
nature of ethical dilemmas. External pressures, such as cyclical
business conditions, help create or complicate ethical problems.
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However, despite such pressures, it is ultimately the internal,
dynamic individual choice that dictates the response. Although the
resolution of ethical problems depends on the individual's
judgment, ethical conduct can be encouraged and refined. One
suggestion is to encourage public dialog within the business
community. This type of dialog is most useful when it focuses
candidly on the specific situations that give rise to ethical
dilemmas. In the 1990s, various factors could complicate risk
management professionals' ability to deal with professional ethics.
ABI INFORM
Implementation of Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Health Authority by the
Agency for Toxic substances and Disease Registry
Siegel MR
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Labs, Richland, WA
DOE/Battelle Environmental Monitoring Restoration & Assessment:
What Have We Learned?
28th Hanford Sym, Richland, WA, Oct 16-19, 89, p!01(7)
The 1986 Superfund Amendments & Reauthorization Act greatly
expanded the health authority of the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, & Liability Act of 1980. Under the 1986
statute, the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry (ATSDR)
was charged with conducting health assessments within strict time
frames for each site on the Natl Priority List. The efforts of
ATSDR to address the new statutory mandate are reviewed, with
emphasis on health assessment activities at federal facilities and
various conceptual frameworks for implementing the assessments.
ENVIROLINE
Influence of Regulations on the Nature of Newer Agricultural
Chemicals
Kobzina JW
ICI Agricultural Products, Richmond, CA
ACS Regulation of Agrochemicals: a Driving Force in Their
Evolution, 1991, p!21(9)
Agricultural chemical development is influenced by the nature of
the selection criteria, the availability of the chemical to be
structurally modified, and the nature of the market when the new
chemical is introduced. Over time, there has been a growing concern
for the environmental fate and effects of agricultural chemicals.
This has led to the passage of the Federal Env Pesticide Control
Act to reduce the risk of pesticides to human beings and the
environment. The ensuing chemical, environmental, and toxicological
database that has been built up serves as a guide for new chemical
synthesis.
ENVIROLINE
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Legislating inaction: asking the wrong questions in protective
environmental decisionmaking
Flournoy AC
Harvard Environmental Law Review 15(2): 327-391
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Minimizing Risk of Loss from Environmental Laws
Nation GA, III
Banking Law Journal 108(4): 346-385 Jul/Aug 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The impact of environmental law has grown in recent years. The
most important environmental law is the federal Superfund law -
technically known as the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA). There have been
amendments to the original Superfund statute. The number of persons
potentially liable for cleanup costs under superfund-type statutes
is very large, and the defenses to liability are narrow. In the
current legal environment, lending institutions face a substantial
risk of environmentally related losses and liability. A lender's
best strategy for avoiding environmental losses and liability is to
investigate all property and facilities owned or operated by
potential borrowers, to avoid borrowers that handle hazardous
substances or that own or operate contaminated property or
facilities, and to insure against future contamination of clean
property.
ABI INFORM
NIOSH Comments to DOL on Health Standards: Methods of Compliance by
R. A. Lemen, June 1983.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152843, 25p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The testimony outlines NIOSH strategy for effective worker
protection and discusses the three elements of the effectiveness
hierarchy of control solutions: prevent or contain hazardous
workplace emissions at their source; remove the emissions from the
pathway between the source and the worker; and control the exposure
of the worker with barriers between the worker and the hazardous
work environment. Responses are made to specific OSHA questions in
the advanced notice including requiring the use of feasible
engineering controls in preference to the use of respirators and
describing which factors indicate that engineering controls in the
workplace better protect employee health.
Portions of this document are not fully legible.
TOXLINE
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NIOSH Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety/
Committee on Education and Labor on Diesel Exhaust by R. A. Lemen,
July 12, 1989.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
order Info.: NTIS/PB91-151993, 15p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Richard A. Lemen, Assistant Director of the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of the Centers for Disease
Control, report on the health effects of workers exposed to diesel
exhaust. NIOSH first made recommendations regarding exposure to
diesel exhaust in 1976. NIOSH notified the Mine Enforcement Safety
Administration (the forerunner of the Mine Safety and Health
Administration) about the health effects of long-term exposure to
a combination of coal dust, an agent known to cause the chronic
lung disease - coal workers' pneumoconiosis, and the gases and
vapors of diesel exhaust known to be pulmonary irritants. The
authors recommended informing all concerned in the coal mining
industry that, pending completion of adequate animal and human
studies, further introduction of diesel equipment into underground
coal mines might result in future economic disruption if their use
was found to pose a health risk.
TOXLINE
NIOSH Testimony to DOL on the occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Occupational
Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite by
R. A. Lemen, May 9, 1990.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152439, 19p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The testimony summarized information pertinent to the proposed
rulemaking to remove nonasbestiform tremolite (14567738),
anthophyllite (17068789), and actinolite (77536664) from the
asbestos standard. NIOSH concludes that on the basis of current
data that cleavage fragments of the appropriate aspect ratio and
length from the nonasbestiform minerals should be considered as
hazardous as fibers from the asbestiform minerals. No
scientifically valid health evidence was found for removing from
the asbestos standard cleavage fragments that become airborne when
nonasbestiform tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite are mined,
milled and used, and that meet the microscopic definition of a
fiber. The risk of cancer from such exposures warrants limiting
exposures to these minerals to the lowest feasible concentration.
A glossary of terms is provided in an appendix. See also
PB91-152413. Presented at the OSHA Informal Public Hearing,
Washington, DC., May 9, 1990.
TOX
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Scientific uncertainty and Political Regulation: European
Legislation on the Contained Use and Deliberate Release of
Genetically Modified (Micro) Organisms, Lake Gordon
European Parliament Secretariat, Luxembourg
Project Appraisal 6(1): 7(9), Mar 1991
The historical development of protocols established by the EEC
regarding the disposition of genetically modified microorganisms
and their release into the general ecosystem is discussed.
Examination of these directives by responsible governmental and
scientific oversight organizations has been burdened by a dearth of
authoritative scientific expertise in government and parliamentary
legalese and procedure. Concerns raised by the possibility of
biological dangers from new and unknown vectors has prompted, at
least, an increase in funds for study in examining the
repercussions of releasing genetically augmented biological agents
into the environment. (2 diagrams, 20 references)
ENVIROLINE
The Effects of the Right to Know More Act
Kurland OM
Risk Management 39(3): 24-28 Mar 1992
LANGUAGE: English
Recently proposed federal legislation poses greater responsibility
and liability upon the risk manager and will force most risk
managers that rarely had to consider environmental issues to think
more along these lines. The legislation in question is the Right to
Know More Act of 1991. It presently waits discussion in the
Committee on Environment and Public Works. As written, the Right to
Know More Act of 1991 would require Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
reports for calendar year 1993 to be filed by July 1, 1994. The
group of 320 toxic chemicals that presently necessitate TRI
reporting will be markedly increased. For the risk manager, the
potential ramifications of this bill and similar legislation will
embrace such added burdens as new or expanded monitoring,
enforcement, information gathering, and reporting duties. One can
soon expect future governmental mandates, complete with
non-compliance penalties, on specific reductions of those toxic
chemicals that companies are now only required to report.
ABI INFORM
135
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Toxic substances: Effectiveness of unreasonable risk standards
unclear
Anon (vp), Publ.Yr: 1990
U.S. GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON, DC (USA)
GAO/RCED-90-189.
Languages: ENGLISH
The 101st Congress considered legislation that would have
controlled the health risks from toxic air pollutants by using an
unreasonable risk standard similar to that found in the Toxic
Substances Control Act. The proposed amendment to the Clean Air Act
would have required the installation and emission control devices
to reduce toxic air pollution and would have mandated additional
controls when the remaining emissions were found to pose an
unreasonable risk to public health and the environment. Because the
Clean Air Act that ultimately passed the House deleted the
unreasonable risk standard in favor of a different approach to
controlling air toxics, GAO discontinued its work in this area.
This report summarizes the information GAO obtained for Congress1
use during conference on the Clean Air Act reauthorization. GAO
specifically looked at (1) the number of substances that have been
controlled or proposed for control under the Toxic Substances
Control Act unreasonable risk standard and (2) the effectiveness of
this standard in controlling toxic air pollutants.
TOXLINE
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CHEMICAL SPECIFIC RISK MANAGEMENT
ASBESTOS
Asbestos in buildings: Some lessons
Corn M
Div. Environ. Health Eng., Sen. Hyg. and Public Health, Johns
Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD, USA
HEALTH ENVIRON DIG 5(9): 1-3, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
ASBESTOS
When managing asbestos means leaving it alone
Uhlig H; Whitaker DR
Entek Environ, and Tech. Serv., Troy, NY, USA
RISK MANAGE 38(8): 33-38, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
DIOXIN
Risk Management Recommendations for Dioxin Contamination at
Midland/ Michigan.
Anon
Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, IL. Region V.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: EPA-905-4-88-008
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-148429, 81p NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
The report sets out risk management recommendations for
contamination with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2378-TCDD)
and other polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (CDDS) and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans (CDFs) in and around Midland,
Michigan. Included are: (1) a summary of the results of
environmental studies undertaken by the U.S. EPA, the State of
Michigan, and the Dow Chemical Company, including monitoring of
air, soil, surface water, waste water, fish tissue, and garden
vegetables for CDDs/CDFs; (2) a summary of possible health risks to
Midland area residents resulting from exposures to CDDs/CDFs; (3)
actions for minimizing emissions and discharges to the environment
from Dow Chemical; (4) recommendations for residents of the Midland
area on how to minimize exposures to CDDs/CDFs, and thus the
possible health risks associated with these exposures; and (5)
additional monitoring programs to delineate long-term trends in
emissions and discharges of CDDs/CDFs, and to document changes in
environmental contamination for the more significant human exposure
routes. A summary of public comments on the Risk Assessment and on
the Risk Management Recommendations is presented in an appendix.
Final rept. See also PB88-249818.
TOXLINE
LEAD
137
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Child Lead Exposure Study, Leeds, Alabama (Final rept)
Woernle C; Rao R; White J; Amler R
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA.
Corp. Source Codes: 092477000
Report No.: ATSDR/HS-92/13
Sep 91 92p
LANGUAGE: English
See also PB89-100184. NTIS Prices: PC A05/MF A01
In August 1989, a human exposure study was undertaken near a
secondary battery lead reclamation factory in Leeds, AL. A
door-to-door census survey was conducted in two targeted
residential areas near the factory. Venous blood samples were
analyzed for lead, erthrocyte protoporphyrin, hemoglobin, and
hematocrit. Among 81 children (9-71 months) studied the mean blood
lead value was 6.96 micrograms per deciliter (mcg/dl), with a range
of 3 to 16 mcg/dl; 85% of the values were below 10 mcg/dl. A
multivariate linear regression model and a logistic regression
model identified several following factors as being associated with
an increased blood lead value or, having a blood lead concentration
in the upper 15th percentile (>10 mcg/dl).
NTIS
LEAD
Lead-Based Paint: Interim Guidelines for Hazard Identification and
Abatement in Public and Indian Housing.
Anon
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC. Office
of Public and Indian Housing.; Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-144311, 528p NTIS Prices: PC A23/MF A03
The interim Guidelines provide information on the need for and
appropriate methods of identifying and abating lead-based paint
(LBP) in the Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD's)
Public and Indian Housing program. It should be noted that these
are interim Guidelines and are subject to change as new information
becomes available. All requirements for Public Housing Authorities
(PHAs) are considered to apply to Indian Housing Authorities
(IHAs), except where specifically excluded by statute. Thus, these
Guidelines apply to PHAs and IHAs inclusively. These Guidelines
should be used in conjunction with the requirements of any State or
local codes and regulations which may apply to the specific project
under consideration. Prepared in cooperation with Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Toxic Substances.
TOX
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LEAD
Strategic plan for the elimination of childhood lead poisoning.
United States. Centers for Disease Control.
F 1991, 53p+v.p., bibls tables charts
LANGUAGE: English
prepared for the Risk Management Subcommittee, Committee to
Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs.
PAIS
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Eliminate PCBs and Take the Worry Out of Owning a Transformer
Derks R
Professional Safety 36(7): 21-23 Jul 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Although the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has imposed
a deadline on transformers containing polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) in commercial or public access buildings, thousands of
noncommercial transformers are without a regulatory deadline for
PCB elimination. By October 1, 1990, PCB transformers within 30
meters of commercial or public access buildings were to be
retrofilled, replaced, or provided with enhanced electrical
protection. Noncommercial transformers are excluded. Without the
EPA deadline, the main incentive to eliminate PCBs in noncommercial
transformers is risk management. For the transformer owner, there
are 3 options: 1. Do nothing. 2. Replace or retrofit the PCB
transformers. 3. Retrofill, or replace the PCB fluid with a non-PCB
alternative. Retrofill eliminates PCB risks and is often the most
cost-effective choice. A qualified PCB services firm can help
owners of transformers make an informed decision.
ABI INFORM
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HAZARDOUS WASTE
Managing the Risks of Hazardous Waste
Kunreuther H; Patrick R (Univ of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia) &
(Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA)
Environment 33(3): 12(10), Apr 91
Although the scientific community has proposed relatively safe
alternatives for the disposal of hazardous waste, public opposition
to these proposals is great. The gap between the scientific and
public perception of risk must be bridged for each disposal or
treatment program proposed. The public perception of risk arises
from the inability to resolve controversies within the scientific
community, distrust of the institutions responsible for risk
assessment, differences in values and social goals, and media
coverage of potential risks. The technological basis for risk
assessment, although limited by lack of experimental data, is
improving. (1 diagram, 4 photos, 27 references, 1 table)
ENVIROLINE
Risk reduction management for hazardous waste in Japan.
Tanaka M; Ueda K
Institute of Public Health, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan.
Toxicol Ind Health 7(5-6): 267-281, 1991
Language: ENGLISH
TOX
United States General Accounting Office Testimony Before the
Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation, Committee on Merchant
Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives on the Adequacy of
Preparation and Response Related to *Exxon Valdez1 oil Spill by
Victor 8. Rezendes, August 10, 1989.
Anon
General Accounting Office, Washington, DC. Resources, Community and
Economic Development Div.
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: GAO-T-RCED-89-59
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-154104, 21p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
Victor S. Rezendes testifies about how well industry and the
government were prepared to respond to the Exxon Valdez oil spill
and on the measures that can be taken to help prevent similar
situations from occurring in the future. He summarize the lessons
be learned from this spill and applied to coastal oil spills in
other parts of the nation.
TOXLINE
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Twenty years of land application research.
Chaney RL; USDA Research Service, Beltsville MD
Biocycle 31(9): 54(6), September 1990
The benefits and risks of the disposal of municipal sewage sludge
on croplands have been under review since 1970. This research
has encompassed reviews of heavy metals as well as organic
pollutants. Benefits include soil conditioning properties, zinc
and copper applications, and a lowered net cost to society achieved
by reduced landfilling of wastes. Regulations of land applications
are based on results from applications of low-metal sludges over
many years. (1 Graph, 1 photo, 14 references, 2 tables)
ENVIROLINE
141
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RADIATION
NRPB Annual Report 1989-1990.
Anon
National Radiological Protection Board, Harwell (England).
Language: UNSPECIFIED
Contract Number: INIS-GB-261
Order Info.: NTIS/DE91607832, U.S. Sales Only., 26p NTIS Prices: PC
A03/MF A01
This annual report outlines technical services available (advisory
services, personal monitoring, training) environmental research,
including radon in homes studies, release consequences to the
environment, accidents and emergency plans. In the biomedical
sciences work is in progress to prepare the National Registry for
Radiation Workers, studies are being made on patient protection in
diagnostic radiology, age-dependent dosimetry, gut absorption,
fetal dosimetry, inhalation studies, particularly of plutonium,
biological dosimetry based on chromosomal aberrations, cancer
risks. The Physical Sciences section has been looking at
non-ionizing radiation risks, development of an electronic personal
dosemeter, the safety review of Oldbury power station, and
occupational exposure to radon, (author). (Atomindex citation
21:090780)
NTIS
142
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ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Potential environmental liabilities associated with a steel forging
plant
Ranney CA; Glover DS Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc, Edison, NJ 08818
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 207, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
A Phase II environmental assessment was performed at a steel
forging plant in the Midwest at the request of a prospective
international buyer. The purpose of the assessment was to estimate
the environmental risks and liabilities posed by the property and
its past and current operations. The major waste streams at the
facility consist of process waste waters (coolant water with
hydraulic or synthetic lubricant/coolant oils) which pass through
two oil/water separators before being discharged to the sanitary
line and the sludges from the oil/water separators and the pits
beneath each forge and press.
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
Recognizing risks and paying for risk reduction.
Johnson GW
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 2(3): 189-195 Summer, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
Uncertainty/ irreversibility and decision making about the
socio-economic consequences of climatic change
Barbier EB; Pearce DW
London Env Economics Centre, UK
Landscape-ecological impact of climatic change European conference,
Lunteren, Netherlands (IOS Press), Dec 3-7, 1989, p347(14)
Predictions concerning the global effects of climatic change are
fraught with uncertainty over both the regional effects and their
timing. The irreversibility of such effects as sea level rise and
shifts in climatic zone add to the risks of any investment
decisions made now. In terms of economics, the essential trade-off
is between doing nothing now and investing in adaptive or
preventative measures. Standard economic techniques, including
option and quasi-option values, will play a major role in such
analyses, and others such as expected welfare maximization should
be modified accordingly. (28 References, 1 table)
ENVTROLINE
Working environment funds - resources for rights. (Great Britain)
Jackson J
Health and Safety Information Bulletin n!91 8(4) Nov 1, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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CORPORATE RISK MANAGEMENT
Allied-Signal inc. Health, safety and environmental surveillance
program.
Plaut J; Allied-Signal Inc.
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990, p6(8)
The board of directors of Allied-Signal recommended that an
environmental auditing program be developed in 1978. The subsequent
program, developed by the health, safety, and environmental affairs
staffs, now addresses pollution control, product safety,
occupational health, loss prevention, and environmental
surveillance. The program objectives are to ensure operations are
fully compliant with all laws as well as corporate policies and
procedures, and to establish the systems to maintain that
compliance. Audit methodology includes preparation, on-site review,
reporting, company action, and follow-up. (1 Diagram)
ENVIROLINE
Broadening Horizons for Environmental Management
Keyworth CJ
ENSR, Frankfurt, Germany,
ENSR Newsletter, 1991, nl, pi(5)
Industrial-plant environmental managers are charged with
understanding current and future developments in the regulatory
arena, dealing with the public, pollution prevention, process
safety management, and overall risk assessment and reduction.
Each of these areas is assessed. Typical sources of environmental
risk are underground storage tanks, PCB transformers, chemical
materials containers, off-site waste-disposal sites, and process
emissions. The increasingly complex issues involving an
environmental manager call for a framework for managing these
challenges.
(5 photos)
ENVIROLINE
Centralized auditing in a decentralized corporation
Wolley LA; ITT Corp.
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990,
p58(5)
Environmental auditing has occurred in some form at ITT Corp.
since the 1960s. The goals of the audit program are to verify
compliance with all regulations, to identify environmental and
health hazards, and to ensure that appropriate prevention and
reporting systems are in place. The audit process includes
planning, on-site activities, and post-audit follow-up.
ENV
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Corporate disclosure of environmental risks: U.S. and European law.
Baram MS; Partan DG
1990, x+359p, bibl charts index
LANGUAGE: English
Discusses questions about the intersection of risk communication
law and private liability law. Based on papers presented at a
symposium held at Boston University School of Law, Mar. 24-25,
1988.
PAIS
Environmental auditing in the BP group
Cowell EB; British Petroleum Intl Ltd
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990,
P32(6)
The British Petroleum (BP) group, a major international oil and
national resources group, has been conducting environmental
auditing since 1972 in order to ensure the existence of
cost-effective systems at all sites, to meet compliance with all
regulations, to promote good relations with local communities, to
minimize potential liabilities, to promote environmental awareness,
and to give management direction on environmental issues. The
audits can address issues, corporate structure, activities,
compliance, internal business, and site audits.
ENVIROLINE
Industry perspective on pesticide issues related to ground water
gilding
201st ACS National Meeting of the American Chemical Society,
Atlanta, GA, USA, April 14-19, 1991.
Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc; 201 (1-2).
1991. Agro 37. Coden: acsra
LANGUAGE: English
TOXLINE
Measuring the Risk Manager's Performance
Shields EJ
Risk Management 39(3): 46-50 Mar 1992
LANGUAGE: English
In the past, the risk management process was a reactive one. Today,
the risk manager must manage risk on a proactive rather than
reactive basis. Performance should be based on how well the risk
manager planned for a well-grounded, cost-effective program to
address and handle the company's risks and liabilities. Thus, one
quantifiable measure of the risk manager's performance would be the
efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the risk management program.
The following checklist provides the tools for senior management to
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evaluate the performance of the risk manager: 1. knowledge, 2.
program efficiency and cost-effectiveness, 3. interaction with
other departments, 4. communication skills, 5. proactive planning
and goal attainment, 6. problem solving, 7. ability to manage and
motivate people, 8. establishment of a workable risk management
information system, and 9. integrity and commitment.
ABI INFORM
Multi-national corporate strategy for environmental assessments
Wunderli EM
Environmental Affairs, IBM Corp., 208 Harbor Dr., P.O. Box
10501, Stamford, CT 06904-2501, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 188, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
The IBM Corporation has developed a multi-faceted approach in its
worldwide strategy for environmental assessments. IBM believes an
assessment strategy is important for at least 3 key reasons: i) to
assure top management that the company is operating as it should;
ii) to assure the public of IBM's performance and progress; and
iii) to ensure compliance with the law. The four key components to
this strategy—self-assessment, peer review/ corporate audit, and
independent third party risk assessment—are intended to complement
one another. Each components adds value to the entire assessment
program by having a different focus. Corporations must be
prepared to accept the consequences of an assessment, such as
the obligation to correct deficiencies, the possible inability
to keep a resulting report privileged, or the potential
obligation to report violation.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Noranda Inc.'s environmental auditing program
Veldhuizen H; Noranda Inc.,
UNEP technical report series 2: environmental auditing, 1990,
p80(10)
Noranda Inc., An international company with interests in forest
products, energy, minerals, and manufacturing, has operated under
a specific directive on environmental responsibility since 1985.
Under this policy, risks of all new projects to the public,
employees, and the environment must be assessed; site-specific
audits are implemented and reiterated to ensure risks are
minimized; and results are presented annually to the board of
directors. The audit process addresses all operations every four
years. (1 Diagram, 4 tables)
ENVIROLINE
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OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program: A Safety Management Approach
for the 90s
Burg F
Professional Safety 36(7): 45-47 Jul 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Safety management approaches toward employee safety and health
are regaining prominence in the 1990s. The Occupational Safety and
Health Act anticipated the need for more than just inspections. In
Section (2)(b)(1), employers and employees are encouraged to reduce
workplace occupational safety and health hazards. The components of
an effective management program can be divided into 4 categories:
1. management commitment and employee participation, 2. workplace
analysis, 3. hazard awareness and control, and 4. training. The
Occupational Safety & Health Administration's (OSHA) Voluntary
Protection Program (VPP) emphasizes the partnership aspects of
effective safety and health management. Contractors must adhere to
companies' safety and health programs. OSHA's VPP program,as well
as accident experience, has demonstrated that a dynamic feedback
approach to safety management is the only way to reduce injuries
and illnesses.
ABI INFORM
Responsible Care - Distribution: Assuring Safe Handling over Land,
sea, and Air
Morris, GDL
Chemical Week 148(26): 18-24 Jul 17, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The Distribution Code of Management Practice, the 4th Responsible
Care protocol issued, is one of the most difficult to implement
because it involves so many outside companies. As originally
envisioned, the Distribution Code would set the trend for Chemical
Manufacturers Association (CMA) member companies, which would then
be on their own to bring particular carriers and distributors
aboard. Most parties agree that the best way to account for all
interests is to develop an objective independent evaluation
process, similar to the European ISO 9000 program or the
Underwriters Laboratories for consumer goods. Outside CMA, the
National Association of Chemical Distributors is developing a
Responsible Distribution code, due to be completed at the end of
1991. Most firms are more than willing to devote considerable
effort and money to Responsible Care, but not blindly.
ABI INFORM
147
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Responsible Care - Stewardship: Vital but Elusive
Begley R
Chemical Week 148(26): 28, 30 Jul 17, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The crafters of Responsible Care have agreed that one final Code
of Management Practice is needed to tie all the others together and
to fill in the gaps still remaining, primarily in downstream use
and research and development. The Product Stewardship code, still
being drafted, is designed to satisfy those needs. The philosophy
of product stewardship is to focus on the health, safety, and
environmental implications of a product - as opposed to a
process - from inception through final disposition. This
includes: 1. designing lower risk products, 2. educating
customers about proper use, and 3. gathering feedback about the
way customers actually use products and revising health and
safety recommendations accordingly. Dow Chemical's Doug Rausch
views product stewardship as product differentiation and considers
it to be a very positive selling point.
ABI INFORM
Risk Management in the Public Sector
Esenberg RW
Risk Management 39(3): 72-78 Mar 1992
LANGUAGE: English
Public sector risk management is among the fastest growing segments
of the risk management profession. Given the dramatic increases in
exposures and the costs of risk financing, it is logical that
public sector risk management will continue its rapid growth. The
public sector faces an array of major risks related to law
enforcement, street and highway maintenance, environmental
management, and professional liability. Furthermore, the need for
risk management is reinforced by the fact that there is limited
liability insurance available to protect most large cities from
these risks. Risk managers have not only been forced to be more
sophisticated and imaginative in developing new modes of risk
financing as alternatives to traditional insurance, but they have
placed greater emphasis on prevention. Even with creative and
proactive means of managing risk, all risk managers face a
bedeviling dilemma: functioning in an environment in which the
parameters of risk are expanding, while resources for financing
risk are shrinking.
ABI INFORM
148
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The Never-Ending Quest for safety
D'Amico E
Chemical Week 149(1): 16-17 Jul 31, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Based on figures from the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), the chemical industry has been at or close
to the top in safety, says Vin Boyen of Monsanto Chemical. However,
critics say, OSHA statistics do not deal with the effects of
chemical exposure that are not apparent, such as developing
cancer from long-term exposure. OSHA's proposed chemical process
safety management standard is a set of rules designed to protect
workers from the hazards of chemical plants. OSHA estimates that
the standard would prevent 200 deaths per year and cost the
industry $233 million per year. However, industry officials
disagree with worker training and hazard analysis requirements, and
the standard is being rewritten. Enforcement is scheduled to begin
at the end of 1991. Industry has also taken its own initiatives;
the Chemical Manufacturers Association and the American Petroleum
Institute have proposals to develop process incident tracking
systems.
ABI INFORM
The blues ahead for pigments producers
Randel S
Chemical Business 12(9): 47(3), Sept 1990
Heavy metals used in some inorganic pigments have caused increasing
concerns about human and environmental health risks. The pigments
business, which consists of organics, nonorganics, and titanium
dioxides, sells to producers of coatings, paints, plastics, and
inks. Heavy metals such as chromium and cadmium that produce
strong, bright colors widely used in many industries are expected
to be banned. Alternatives include mixed metal oxides, encapsulated
lead chromates, and solvent dyes. (1 Photo)
ENVIROLINE
149
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RISK
COMMUNICATION
THE PROCESS OF EDUCATING AND INFORMING AN AUDIENCE TO
MAKE BETTER PERSONAL AND SOCIETAL DECISIONS REGARDING RISK
INFORMING THE DECISION-MAKER
From Data Warehouse to Information Craft Shop: the Changing Shape
of Information Support for Environmental Protection
Sparrow MK
Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA,
Env Intl 18(1): 3(7), 1992
Because of notoriously inferior data management, the Georgia Env
Protection Div of the Dept of Natural Resources established a
comprehensive data management program in 1985 with on-line state
access to EPA data bases. EPA offered assistance in the form of
minicomputer that could act as a front-end interface to the
national data bases. The methods of data integration within the
Georgia system are described. EPA then established the State/EPA
Data Management Program as a nationwide umbrella for the further
development of information management, on the basis of Georgia's
experiences. The implications for environmental protection through
improved data management will include cross-media risk analysis and
problem solving, a focus on environmental impact rather than on
output performance measures, and an emphasis on drawing the public
into the decision-making process through public access to data. (22
references)
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
Providing environmental information to risk takers
Valenti JM; Ferguson MA
Univ. Florida, Coll. J. and Commun., 2040 Weimer Hall, Gainesville,
FL 32611, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991 p. 199, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
Languages: ENGLISH
This poster paper presents data gathered from surveys and field
experiments in a research program partially funded by the EPA,
measure risk-taking predispositions and test effects of different
message strategies varying risk targets, media formats, and
information sources. Results indicate different levels of concern
and information seeking for subjects who are high or low in
different types of risk, taking labeled Adventurousness,
Impulsiveness, and Rebelliousness. These factors vary
systematically with risky behavior, involvement, health locus of
control, conviction, need for cognition, media use, source
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confidence, and demographics. Successful strategies for one type of
risk taker may backfire with another type of risk taker.
TOXLINE
The fail-safe society: community defiance and the end of American
technological optimism.
Filler C
1991, xii+240p, table index
LANGUAGE: English
Growing power of US citizen protests affecting land use and
development decision making; includes issues of biotechnology and
atomic power. Environmental concerns and not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY)
protests, and risk assessment issues.
PAIS
Public participation in hazard management: the use of citizen
panels in the U.S.
Renn O; Webler T; Johnson BB
Risk: Issues in Health & Safety 2(3): 198-226 Summer, 1991
LEGAL RESOURCE INDEX
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INFORMING THE PUBLIC
Convincing the Public That Drinking Water Is Safe,
Glicker JL
Portland Water Bureau, OR
AWWA J, Jan 92, 84(1): 46(6)
Heightened environmental awareness, concern about possible
pollution, and campaigns for home water filters and bottled water
have all contributed to the public's concern about drinking water
quality. Dealing with these new public expectations requires water
utilites to be concerned not only with technical and financial
aspects, but subjective and emotional factors as well. The public's
perception of risk is discussed, and allaying fears through the
news media is examined. The key to dealing effectively with the
public is to acknowledge and accept emotional responses and
emotional content as valid components of water quality issues.
Communication with the public must be an ongoing dialogue, and
targeted to specific audience needs and levels of knowledge. The
Portland, OR, Water Bureau's program to assure the public that its
drinking water is safe is described. The program incorporates
brochures, a monthly newsletter, public speakers, and extensive
public attitude research. (1 diagram, 2 photos, 18 references, 2
tables)
ENVIROLINE
Predicting public concern regarding toxic substances in the
environment
Howe HL; IL Dept of Public Health, Springfield, IL
Env Health Perspectives, Jul 1990, v87, p275(7)
More than 2,000 New York state residents answered a questionnaire
designed to assess their levels of concern about hazardous
substances in the environment. Regression models of concern were
developed for each of seven areas of concern that were identified:
personal exposure, spouse exposure, offspring exposure, pollution,
personal health consequences, family health consequences, and
economic consequences with regard to toxic substances in the
environment. The strongest predictive variable was the number of
sources of information, where a greater number was associated with
higher levels of concern. Other predictive variables were:
education, where fewer years was associated with higher levels of
concern; scientific knowledge, where greater knowledge was
associated with higher levels of concern; the conviction that
government should monitor industry; and distance from hazardous
waste sites. The model was unaffected by the responses of women,
including those with children who were ill, which was not found in
other studies. (14 References, 8 tables)
ENV
152
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Public Perceptions of Risk
Slovic P
Risk Management 39(3): 54-58 Mar 1992
LANGUAGE: English
Although people in industrialized nations have, on average, become
healthier and safer, they have become more concerned about the
risks of modern life. Research indicates that a complex mixture of
scientific, social, political, legal, institutional, and
psychological factors are contributing to perceptions of increased
risk. One factor is that people have an increasing reliance on new
powerful technologies that can have serious consequences if
something goes wrong. Psychological studies indicate that, when
people are wealthier and have more to lose, they become more
cautious when making decisions. The same may happen as people get
healthier. Whereas experts define risk in a narrow, quantitative
way, the public has a wider, qualitative and complex view,
incorporating legitimate, value-laden considerations such as
uncertainty, dread, catastrophic potential, and controllability
into the risk-benefit equation.
ABI INFORM
Responsible care - Public Outreach: The stakes Are High
Heller K
Chemical Week 148(26): 81-84, Jul 17, 1991
LANGUAGE: Eng1ish
Showing how a firm is run, rather than merely advertising its
products, is becoming a prerequisite for all chemical companies.
Through the industry's largest trade group, the Chemical
Manufacturers Association (CMA), chemical company executives have
begun addressing the performance, management, and attitude
problems contributing to accidents and pollution. In 1991, CMA
set aside $4 million to develop outreach materials on how
Responsible Care is implemented and $6 million for an advertising
campaign. The outreach task force is developing materials that
will provide a range of approaches for implementing Responsible
Care at companies of differing sizes and resources. There will be
6 different advertisements, designed to address each of the 6 codes
of management practice under Responsible Care.
ABI INFORM
153
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Responsible care: Hoechst Celanese-Monsanto-Du Pont-GE Plastics-
Amoco
Hunter D; Rotman D; Morris GDL
Chemical Week 148(26): 64-74, Jul 17, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
A wide spectrum of initiatives marks the chemical industry's
approach to Responsible Care, now adopted by the Chemical
Manufacturers Association. For Hoechst-Celanese, Responsible
Care ties in with its corporation-wide move to get ahead of
the regulatory wave. The company's Vision of Excellence program
includes renewed commitments to such issues as waste reduction
and process safety. For some at Monsanto, the bulk of the
Responsible care import is its industrywide approach and
emphasis on working with the public. Evaluating and changing
manufacturing processes has become a key part of Du Font's
improvement strategy. The Responsible Care self-evaluation
process is playing a major role at General Electric Plastics (GE
Plastics), where some type of self-assessment has been in place
for years. Amoco personnel in charge of Responsible Care stress
its safety and environmental benefits.
ABI INFORM
Responsible Care: The ABCs of CMA's Codes of Management Practice
Young I
Chemical Week 148(26): 16, 18 Jul 17, 1991
LANGUAGE: English
The Community Awareness and Emergency Response (CAER) code was
the first code the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA)
adopted, voluntarily and then compulsorily under Responsible Care,
and is now partly contained in Title III of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. The CAER code requires
facilities to: 1. initiate and maintain a community outreach
program to openly communicate relevant, useful information
responsive to the public's questions and concerns about safety,
health, and the environment, 2. provide information about such
activities as waste minimization, emission reduction, health
effects of chemicals, and the safe transport of chemicals, 3. help
protect employees and communities by developing emergency response
programs, 4. test and modify those plans, and 5. include
communications and recovery needs of the community in plant
emergency response plans.
ABI INFORM
154
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Risk Communication as a Regulatory Alternative for Protecting
Health, Safety and Environment.
Anon
Boston Univ., MA. School of Law.
Spon. Agency: Administrative Conference of the United States,
Washington, DC.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-146092, 164p NTIS Prices: PC A08/MF A01
The purpose of the study is to evaluate these recent federal
Programs which rely on industrial risk communication as an
enforceable policy instrument to protect workers, community
residents, and product users from specified hazards; and to develop
findings and recommendations for improving the design and
administration of federal risk communication programs. To achieve
these goals, three major federal programs have been evaluated:
OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) or xWorker Right to
Know1 Rule, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act
(EPCRA) implemented by EPA; and FDA's Patient Package Insert
Program (PPI), which was terminated after a brief experiment. The
resultant findings and recommendations are divided into two
categories: Those which apply to existing risk communication
programs, and others which are of generic applicability to future
federal use of risk communication as a regulatory alternative.
Sponsored by Administrative Conference of the United States,
Washington, DC.
TOXLINE
Risky business. Communicating risk for the government
Cardinal EA
ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL 25(12): 1982-1985, 1991
Languages: ENGLISH
Many people see risk assessment and the management of risk, along
with risk communication, as intrinsic roles of government agencies.
However, the public has its own interpretation of how their
government should assess, manage, and communicate risk. The
research literature on the subject indicates that the public and
government scientists differ in the interpretation of "risk,"
especially environmental risk. A current example of this difference
is how radon and asbestos are perceived.
POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
155
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Task force approach to community air toxics concerns and permitting
issues—a case study
Henderson EL
Minnesota Pollut. Control Agency, Div. Air Qual., 520 Lafayette
Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
84th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association
Vancouver, B.C. (Canada) 16-21 Jun 1991, p. 265, Publ.Yr: 1991
AIR AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION, PITTSBURGH, PA (USA)
SUMMARY
Languages: ENGLISH
Citizens are increasingly concerned about the potential effects of
emissions from industrial facilities. These concerns can result in
significant citizen involvement in a permitting process.
Environmental professionals need to develop successful mechanisms
for addressing these local concerns—in this case, concern about
emissions of air toxics. This paper presents a case study of an
actual task force process including an air toxics study and risk
assessment. The task force included academics from the School of
Public Health from a local university, as well as representatives
of the industry, regulatory agency, local officials, and residents.
The process successfully focused community involvement, increased
credibility of studies done, promoted communication amongst
parties, and educated all parties.
CONFERENCE PAPERS INDEX
The food industry's role in advancing public confidence: strategies
for regaining public confidence (transcript)
Cady J
Vital Speeches v57 p567(5) July 1, 1991
CODEN: VISPA ISSN: 0042-742X
NAMED PEOPLE: Cady, John—Addresses, essays, lectures
DESCRIPTORS: Food industry—Public relations; Pesticide residues in
food—Public opinion; Food—Packaging; Environmentally safe
products—Standards; Health risk assessment—Evaluation
MAGAZINE INDEX
The impact of knowledge and values on perceptions of environmental
risk to the Great Lakes.
Steel BS; Soden DL; Warner RL
Dep. Polit. Sci., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
SOC NAT RESOUR 3(4): 331-348 1990
Language: English Summary
Language: English
Citizen attitudes concerning the potential hazards of environmental
pollution are believed to be influenced by various factors. Some
observers focus on the level of education and policy-relevant
knowledge obtaining among the public as predictors of environmental
risk perceptions. Others have argued that level of education and
knowledge are largely unrelated to risk perceptions. These scholars
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focus on the symbolic nature of environmental issues and highlight
the importance of the underlying influence of political and social
value orientations on the perception of environmental risk. This
study explores how public perceptions of risk associated with
industrial pollution in the Great Lakes are affected by
policy-relevant knowledge and political value orientations.
Findings suggest that value orientations are stronger predictors of
environmental risk perceptions than knowledge.
LIFE
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INFORMING THE WORKER
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Proposed Rule on Hazard Communication
by R. A. Lemen October 27, 1988.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152611, 7p NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
The testimony contains comments by NIOSH on the proposed rule of
OSHA concerning hazard communication standards. The concept of
hazard communication in the workplace is supported by NIOSH. The
transmittal of hazard information through labels, material safety
data sheets and training are considered to be essential for
information transfer. NIOSH comments are provided on the following
areas: scope and industries covered; consumer products covered;
nuisance dust; grain dust; hazard determination methods; written
hazard communication program; multiemployer worksite provision;
labels and other forms of warnings; and material safety data
sheets. NIOSH strongly supports the inclusion of all workers under
the Hazard Communication Standard.
See also PB91-152512 and PB91-152629.
TOXLINE
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Mine Safety and Health Administration
Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Hazard Communication by R.
A. Lemen, July 30, 1988.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152512, 12p NTIS Prices: PC A03/MF A01
The testimony concerns the proposed hazard communication standard
of the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the views
of NIOSH toward such a standard. NIOSH suggests that the ruling
extend to all underground mining operations and incorporate all
current enforceable MSHA regulations that are more stringent than
the requirements in the OSHA proposed rules, including regulations
concerning protective footwear, eye protection, personal protective
clothing, material storage, warning signs, labeling of toxic
materials, consumption of food or beverages in toxic materials
areas, annual refresher training, and warning labels. Further areas
of interest addressed in the testimony include duplication in
standards, labeling and material safety data sheets, independent
contractor regulation, the special needs of small mine operators,
MSHA assistance in hazard determinations, evaluation of materials
produced in a mine or imported, the likelihood of exposure, the
written hazard communication program, labeling and other forms of
warning, trade secrets, and economic impacts.
See also PB91-152611.
TOXLINE
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NIOSH Comments to DDL on the Hazard Communication Standard by R. W.
Niemeier, February 10, 1989.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152819, 4p NTIS Prices: PC A01/MF A01
The testimony provides material requested by OSHA regarding the
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS). The material contained in this
testimony includes a report of the World Health Organization's
International Programme on Chemical Safety which presents
information on preventing accidents involving chemicals, health
effects from exposure, protective equipment, first aid, emergency
response, and disposal. Also included in this testimony are the ten
strategies contained in the NIOSH Proposed National Strategies for
the Prevention of Leading Work Related Diseases and Injuries, a
data base on compact disc which is a compilation of up to 250,000
pages of occupational safety and health information developed by
the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, and
information from silver Platter, a private company which produces
compact discs containing data bases including NIOSHTIC from NIOSH,
HSLINE from the Health and Safety Executive of the United Kingdom,
and CISDOC from the International Occupational Safety and Health
Information Center of the International Labour Organization.
See also PB91-152827.
TOXLINE
NIOSH Testimony to DOL on the Proposed Hazard Communication
Standard by J. D. Millar, June 15, 1982.
Anon
National Inst. for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH.
Order Info.: NTIS/PB91-152827, 6p NTIS Prices: PC A02/MF A01
The testimony contains information which demonstrates the support
of NIOSH for a Hazard Communications regulation. NIOSH does,
however, addresses several serious questions concerning the
adequacy of the current proposed standard. Two major areas are
considered in this testimony: scope of coverage and hazard
definition. NIOSH opposes the exemption of importers from coverage
by this rule as this exemption will place an increased burden on
covered employers who will find it difficult to determine the
contents and degree of hazard of imported chemicals. NIOSH also
suggests that the rule be expanded to include other classes of
industry beyond SIC Codes 20 to 39. A related problem with coverage
concerns the common use of contract employees for construction and
maintenance in the covered industries. NIOSH is also concerned
about the exemption of piping systems from the proposed rule and
suggests that laboratories in the covered industries should be
included in the rule. The second major area of concern is the lack
of detailed guidelines or scientific criteria for making the
determination of whether a substance is hazardous. NIOSH believes
that clear definitions for the various hazard determination terms
159
-------
used in the proposed standard are needed. NIOSH is also concerned
about the lack of uniformity in the design of and information
contained on labels generated by various industries.
See also PB91-152819.
TOXLINE
Labor-Supported Committees Advocate Workers' Right to understand an
MSDS
Tompkins NC
Occupational Health & Safety 60(7): 23-25, Jul 1991
LANGUAGE: English
Labor-supported committees on occupational safety and health
(COSH) are concerned that not all companies have done a
good job in training employees in the requirements of the Hazard
Communication Standard, more popularly known as employees' right to
know the hazards of the chemicals and materials with which they
work. In the last 2 years, hazard communication, or the lack of it,
has led the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)
citation list. The nonprofit, self-help COSH groups have been of
particular help to employees of companies without a
safety-designated person. Employers can learn some constructive
safety-training approaches from the COSH groups to improve employee
understanding of material safety data sheets (MSDS) as a part of
right-to-know training. COSH groups say that MSDSs in the present
unstandardized format are a problem, and some groups are rewriting
or shortening them, developing fact sheets, or printing them in
English and Spanish. OSHA says that revisions are under way.
ABI INFORM
160
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TITLE INDEX
161
-------
162
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1-propanol (who env health criteria 102) 73
2-propanol (who env health criteria 103) 74
2,5-Dichloro-3,6-Dihydroxybenzo-i,4-Quinone: Identification
of a New Organochlorine Compound in Kraft Mill Bleachery
Effluents 74
A balanced approach to risk assessment 2
A composite risk index approach for the assessment of
multimedia risks from MSW landfill gas contaminants 16
A framework for risk characterization of environmental
pollutants 15
A is for apple, Alar, and ... alarmist? Two years ago
environmentalists branded Alar the most dangerous chemical
residue in children's food; since then, the official risk
estimates have fallen 74
A model-free approach to low-dose extrapolation 15
A model standardized risk assessment protocol for use with
hazardous waste sites 93
A Model of Additive Effects of Mixtures of Narcotic Chemicals.. 60
A Natural Resource Damage Assessment Model and Geographical
Information System for the Great Lakes 16
A Nontoxic Childhood 37
A perspective on biologically-based approaches to dioxin risk
assessment 82
A perspective on the selection of experimental models l
A proposed framework and database for EIA auditing 12
A Research Agenda for Environmental Health Aspects of
Chromium 78
A response to COSHH 129
A Simple Rule for Judging Compliance Using Highly Censored
Samples 3
A technologist's views on municipal solid waste landfill risks..93
A Washington Innovation: Environment 2010 129
163
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Acetaldehyde and formaldehyde: Is there a cancer risk
f orman? 42
Addressing data heterogeneity: Lessons learned from a multimedia
risk assessment 93
Advances in Early Fetal Loss Research: Importance for Risk
Assessment 53
Advances in experimental approaches to estimate the exposure of
ecosystems and ground water 106
Air emissions from municipal waste combustion and their
environmental effects 93
Air Toxics Provisions of the Amendments to the Clean Air Act.. 129
Air toxics regulation in California 130
Aldehydes: occurrence carcinogenic potential mechanism of action
and risk assessment 42
Allied-Signal Inc. Health, safety and environmental surveillance
program 144
Allowance trading and acid rain compliance 130
Amalgam Fillings: Do Dental Patients Have a Right to Informed
Consent? 86
An epidemiological study of lung cancer in Xuan Wei County,
China: Current progress. Case-control study on lung cancer and
cooking fuel 42
An expert systems approach to screening environmental data at
contaminated sites 17
An integrated laboratory and field study of nonpoint source
agricultural insecticide runoff and its effects on the grass
shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio (Holthius) 60
An integrated risk analysis framework for utility industry
applications 17
An overview of biosphere modelling for the assessment of solid
waste disposal 94
An Overview of the Environmental Response Team's Air
Surveillance Procedures at Emergency Response Activities
Involving Highly Reactive and Toxic Materials 94
164
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Analysis of risk indicators and issues associated with
applications of screening model for hazardous and radioactive
waste sites 105
Analysis of the impact of exposure assumption on risk
assessment 51
Analytical Epidemiology in Pet Populations for Environmental
Risk Assessment 37
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards 61
Application of a Plant Test System in the Identification of
Potential Genetic Hazards at Chemical Waste Sites 95
Application of Simulation Models to Environmental Compliance
Planning 18
Approaches to immunotoxicologic studies with emphasis on
chemical-induced immunomodulation 25
Are you sure? Performance assessment beyond proof 18
Arsenic: opportunity for risk assessment 75
Asbestos in buildings: Some lessons 137
Asbestos: major health threat or exaggerated issue? 75
Assessing, accommodating, and interpreting the influences of
heterogeneity 53
Assessing potential risks to wildlife and sportsmen from
exposure to dioxin in pulp and paper mill sludge spread
on managed woodlands 82
Assessment of radiation exposure due to liquid effluents from
Hinkley Point power stations 96
Assessment of the Human Health Risks Posed by Exposure to
Chromium-Contaminated Soils 79
Association of Selected Cancers with Service in the U.S.
Military in Vietnam 43
Barium (WHO Environmental health criteria 107) 76
Baseline risk evaluation for exposure to bulk wastes at the
Weldon Spring Quarry, Weldon Spring, Missouri 96
Better safe than sorry 82
165
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Binary effects of carcinogens and tumor promoters—
a preliminary chemical structural analysis of BCIDB
and PCIDB 42
Biologic markers in risk assessment for environmental
carcinogens 44
Biological markers in chromium exposure assessment: Confounding
variables 79
Biological safety factors in toxicological risk assessment 2
Biotechnology: risk assessment, January 1986-February 1991.... 117
Broadening Horizons for Environmental Management 144
Cadmium contamination of deer livers in New Jersey; human
health risk assessment 76
Canadian Environmental Protection Act Priority Substances
List Assessment Report No. 2: Effluents from Pulp Mills Using
Bleaching, Env Canada Priority Substances List Assessment
Report 2, 1991 (70) 106
Cancer risk assessment of food additives and food contaminants. 44
Carbon monoxide exposure patterns in Los Angeles among a high
risk population 62
Carcinogen Adducts as an Indicator for the Public Health Risks
of Consuming Carcinogen-Exposed Fish and Shellfish 46
Carcinogen risk assessment 45
Carcinogen risk assessment: a rational approach requires the
incorporation of biological information 44
Carcinogenesis Studies in Rodents for Evaluating Risks
Associated with Chemical Carcinogens in Aquatic Food
Animals 45
Carcinogenicity of polyhalogenated biphenyls: PCBs and PBBs.... 46
cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s: A new age of molecular
toxicology and human risk assessment 46
Centralized auditing in a decentralized corporation 144
Chairman's introduction to session on bioassay, risk
assessment and epidemiology 119
166
-------
Chasing Rainbows: Is an Integrated Statute the Pot of Gold for
Environmental Policy? 126
Chemicals and Allied Products 97
Chemicals That Harm the Immune System 62
Child Lead Exposure Study, Leeds, Alabama (Final rept) 138
Children in California: Activity patterns and presence of
pollutant sources 63
Choice and .standardization of test protocols in
cytotoxicology: a multicenter approach 19
Chronic and sublethal toxicities of surfactants to aquatic
animals: A review and risk assessment 107
Clean Air Act environmental audit - a case study 2
Cobalt exposure and cancer risk 80
Combining dispersion modeling and ambient monitoring for
inhalation risk assessments 19
Comparative health and environmental risks for various
energy sources 37
Competing risks bias arising from an omitted risk factor 63
Composition and Health Hazards of Water-Based Construction
Paints: Results from a Survey in the Netherlands 38
Computerized system for performing risk assessments for
chemical constituents of hazardous waste 19
Conflict and attitudes toward risk 119
Consideration of both genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms in
predicting carcinogenic potential 53
Convincing the Public That Drinking Water Is Safe 152
Corporate disclosure of environmental risks: U.S. and
European law 145
Critical effective methods to detect genotoxic carcinogens and
neoplasm-promoting agents 54
Description of risk reduction engineering laboratory: Test and
evaluation facilities 3
167
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Determination of activity patterns in asthmatics for air
pollution risk assessment purposes 64
Developing a risk assessment strategy for the Chesapeake Bay.. 107
Developing a statistical support system for environmental
hazard evaluation 20
Development and utilization of physiologically based
pharmacokinetic models for toxicological applications 21
Development of risk assessment methodology for municipal sludge
landfilling 21
Difficulties Related to Using Extreme Percentiles for Water
Quality Regulations 22
Dioxin bioaccumulation: Key to a sound risk assessment
methodology 81
DNA adducts as biomarkers in genotoxic risk assessment in the
aquatic environment 55
Dose-effect approaches to risk assessment 22
Dose Paradigms for Inhaled Vapors of Primary Carcinogens and
their Impact on Risk Assessment 47
ECO Update: The Role of BTAGs in Ecological Assessment 108
Ecological risk assessment and TSCA 108
Electrophiles and acute toxicity to fish 108
Elements of a vector control program 23
Eliminate PCBs and Take the Worry Out of Owning a Transformer. .139
Enforcement in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency:
Balancing the Carrots and the Sticks 131
Environmental aspects of Campylobacter infections 38
Environmental aspects of the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels 90
Environmental assessments versus environmental audits 3
Environmental auditing in the BP group 145
Environmental Contamination: Deliberate and Accidental 64
168
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Environmental Crisis Management: Attorneys and Communications
Professionals Working Together 131
Environmental engineering aspects on hazardous cargo
regulations i2i
Environmental hazard assessment of anthropogenic chemicals 64
Environmental impact assessment in the People's Republic
of China 3
Environmental Impact Assessment as a tool for
risk management 120
Environmental protection: theory and practice 120
Environmental report for 1989 4
Environmental risk assessment of new chemicals under TSCA 5
Environmental risk management in The Netherlands 120
Environmental Risk Evaluations. 115
Environmental Risks and Fate of Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms in Soil 109
Estimates of Health Risks Associated with Uranium Hexafluoride
Transport by Air 91
Estimates of human exposure to pesticides through drinking water:
a preliminary risk assessment 39
Ethics and Risk Management 132
Ethylcarbamate analytical methodology occurrence formation
biological activity and risk assessment 83
Evaluating environmental management: Insights gained from
compliance reviews 121
Evaluation of environmental and human risk from crude-oil
contamination 87
Exposure Study of Volatile Organic Compounds, Southeast
Rockford, Illinois (Final rept) 65
Extrapolation through hierarchical levels 109
Field Strategy for Sorting Volatile Organics into
Source-Related Groups 5
169
-------
First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
Atlantic City. NJ (USA) 14-16 Apr 1991 6
Formaldehyde toxicity-new understanding 83
From comparative physiology to toxicological risk assessment... 23
From Data Warehouse to Information Craft Shop: the Changing
Shape of Information Support for Environmental Protection 150
General introduction to risk assessment and risk management 6
Genetic activity profiles software version 3 23
Global implications of great lakes wildlife research 110
Going for the green 122
Hazard Analysis, Engineered Controls Prevent Chemical Process
Accidents (Part 2) 24
Health Assessment for FCX-Statesville (FCX) Proposed National
Priorities List Site, Statesville, Iredell County,
North Carolina, Region 4. CERCLIS No. NCD095458527 98
Health Assessment for Janesville Ash Beds, Janesville,
Wisconsin, Region 5. CERCLIS No. WID000712950 97
Health Assessment for Petro-Processors of Louisiana
Incorporated, Scotlandville, East Baton Rouge Parish,
Louisiana, Region 6. CERCLIS No. LAD057482713 110
The Never-Ending Quest for Safety 149
Health Assessment for Space Ordnance Systems Gorman Canyon
Plant, Canyon Country, Los Angeles County, California,
Region 9. CERCLIS No. CAD06777684 98
Health Assessment for the 29th and Mead Groundwater Site,
Wichita, Kansas, Region 7. CERCLIS No. KSD007241656 Ill
Health risk assessment of biodegradable volatile organic
chemicals: A case study of PCE, TCE, DCE and VC 91
Health risk assessments of emissions from two resource
recovery facilities 65
Heuristic model for predicting the intrusion rate of
contaminant vapors into buildings 24
170
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How an environmental scientist's business grew from
contaminated soil. (Kathryn Kelly owns a health risk
assessment business) 122
Human epidemiology: a review of fiber type and characteristics
in the development of malignant and nonmalignant disease 66
Human Exposure to Dioxin 81
Human Interindividual Variability in Susceptibility to FEV1
Decline from Smoking 66
Immunotoxicologic studies with emphasis on chemical-induced
immunomodulation 25
Implementation of Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Health Authority
by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 132
Indoor Air »90: The Fifth International Conference on Indoor
Air Quality and Climate. Volume 1: Final report 67
Indoor Air Quality: Inorganic Fibers 67
Industrialization and emerging environmental health issues:
risk assessment and risk management. Proceedings of the IXth
UOEH International Symposium and The First Pan Pacific
Cooperative Symposium 6
Industry perspective on pesticide issues related to ground
water 145
Infectious Waste Disposal: an Examination of Current Practices
and Risks Posed 99
Influence of Regulations on the Nature of Newer Agricultural
Chemicals 132
Inhalation cancer risk assessment for a proposed 1,600-MW
GC/CC power plant 105
Inhalation health risk assessment for a hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facility: A case history 99
Initial evaluation of developmental malformation as an end
point in mixture toxicity hazard assessment for aquatic
vertebrates 55
Integrated Criteria Document Arsenicum Effects 68
Integration of site-specific health information: Agency
for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry health assessments... 68
171
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Interaction of dietary Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn and Se with
the accumulation and oral toxicity of cadmium in rats 77
International chamber of commerce position paper on
environmental auditing 126
Introduction to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
genetic risk assessment on ethylene oxide 56
Is this job worth it? Conscientious environmental managers
are beginning to wonder, and that means that the cause of
protection could suffer 122
Labor-Supported Committees Advocate Workers' Right to
Understand an MSDS 160
Lead-Based Paint: Interim Guidelines for Hazard Identification
and Abatement in Public and Indian Housing 138
Lead, Blood Pressure, and Cardiovascular Disease in Men and
Women 84
Lead Contamination in Street Soils of Nairobi City and
Mombasa Island, Kenya 84
Lead in Residential Soils: Background and Preliminary Results
of New Orleans 85
Legislating inaction: asking the wrong questions in protective
environmental decisionmaking 133
Limits of environmental risk assessment 6
Lung dosimetry of thorotrast patients 47
Managing risk...In Japan 122
Managing the Risks of Hazardous Waste 140
Measuring environmental success 7
Measuring the Risk Manager' s Performance 145
Methodology for assessing residential exposure to pesticides:
the USA EPA perspective 7
Methodology issues in risk assessment for radon 89
Minimizing Risk of Loss from Environmental Laws 133
172
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Mode of action and the assessment of chemical hazards in the
presence of limited data: use of structure-activity
relationships (SAR) under TSCA, section 5 12
Modelling and model validation for assessment of exposure to
pesticides 25
Monitoring the Presence of Asbestos in a Residential Apartment
Building 76
Monographs in epidemiology and biostatistics vol. 13. Research
methods in occupational epidemiology 7
Multi-national corporate strategy for environmental
assessments 146
Multimedia risk assessment for environmental risk management.. 123
Multimedia risk assessment of power plant emissions 100
Natural radiation, nuclear wastes and chemical pollutants 100
New focus on air toxics 69
New Methodologies for Estimating the Ecological Risk of
Chemicals in the Environment 26
NIOSH Comments to DOL on Health Standards: Methods of
Compliance by R. A. Lemen, June 1983 133
NIOSH Comments to DOL on MSHA's Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (ANPR) Metal and Nonmetal Mine Safety and Health,
Radiation Standards by J. D. Millar, March 18, 1985 127
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Mine Safety and Health
Administration Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Hazard
Communication by R. A. Lemen, July 30, 1988 158
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Proposed Rule; Limited Reopening of the
Rulemaking Record on occupational Exposure to Formaldehyde by
R. A. Lemen, February 9, 1987 69
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Hazard Communication Standard by
R. W. Niemeier, February 10, 1989 159
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Proposed Rule on Hazard Communication by
R. A. Leraen, October 27, 1988 158
NIOSH Comments to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
173
-------
Administration Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on
Occupational Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene by J. D. Millar,
December 1986 73
NIOSH Comments to EPA on the Environmental Protection Agency's
Request for Comments; Notice on Proposed Guidelines for
Exposure-Related Measurements by R. A. Lemen, March 2, 1989.... 13
NIOSH Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health and Safety,
Committee on Education and Labor on Diesel Exhaust by R. A.
Lemen, July 12, 1989 134
NIOSH Testimony to DOL on the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration's Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Occupational
Exposure to Asbestos, Tremolite, Anthophyllite, and Actinolite
by R. A. Lemen, May 9, 1990 134
NIOSH Testimony to DOL on the Proposed Hazard Communication
Standard by J. D. Millar, June 15, 1982 159
Nitrate contamination of, drinking water: Evaluation of
genotoxic risk in human populations 56
Noranda Incrporated's environmental auditing program 146
NRPB annual report 1989-1990 142
Oil spill risk simulation model 26
On Integrated Pollution Control 123
On toxic risks ... no shame in retreat on dioxin 82
OSHA's Voluntary Protection Program: A Safety Management
Approach for the 90s 147
Overview of EPA's decision analytic approach to noncancer
health risk assessment 7
Particulate source apportionment in greater Cincinnati -
risk apportionment as applied to an iron-steel foundry
airshed 70
Perspectives on the risk assessment for nongenotoxic
carcinogens and tumor promoters 48
Pesticide chemistry: advances in international research,
development and legislation 123
Pilot Study on Indoor Air Quality: Managing Indoor Air Quality
Risks. Report on a Meeting Held in St. Michaels, Maryland on
October 25-27, 1989 124
174
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs),
dibenzofurans (PCDFs) , and related compounds: environmental
and mechanistic considerations which support the development
of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) 86
Potential environmental liabilities associated with a steel
forging plant 143
Potential lung cancer risk from indoor radon exposure 87
Practical approach to environmental risk assessment in
industrialized areas 27
Predicting chemical concentration effects on transformation
rates of dissolved organics by complex microbial assemblages.. Ill
Predicting personal exposures to NO sub(2) for
population-based exposure and risk evaluations 70
Predicting public concern regarding toxic substances in the
environment 152
Predicting the Uncertainties in Risk Assessment 8
Predictive toxicology in ecological risk assessment approaches
in predictive mechanism of toxic action from chemical
structure 112
Preliminary Assessment of the Current Impact and Potential
Risk of Acidic Deposition on Walleye Populations in Ontario... 112
Tolerable daily intake of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans 80
Proceedings: The 1991 International Symposium on Radon and Radon
Reduction Technology. Volume l. Symposium Oral Papers Opening
Session and Technical sessions l through 5 88
Proceedings: The 1991 International Symposium on Radon and
Radon Reduction Technology. Volume 3. Symposium Panel and
Poster Papers Technical Sessions 1 through 5 89
Providing environmental information to risk takers 150
PSEM: a model of long-term exposures to emissions from point
sources 27
Public health. Hazards of risk assessment [news] 39
Public participation in hazard management: the use of citizen
panels in the US 151
Public Perceptions of Risk 153
175
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Quantitative cancer risk assessment of heterocyclic amines in
cooked foods [[[ 49
Quantitative environment liability risk assessment: A strategic
planning tool .................................................. 27
Quantitative estimation of the genetic risk associated with the
induction of heritable translocations at low-dose exposure:
Ethylene oxide as an example ................................... 57
Quantitative extrapolation of toxicological findings ............ 8
Quantitative risk assessment in a regulatory environment ........ 9
Quantitative risk assessment of carcinogenicity of urethane
(ethyl carbamate) on the basis of long-term oral administration
to b6c3f 1 mice .................................................. 48
Quotient method and modeling for ecological risk assessment
under TSCA [[[ 112
Rapid in-vitro DNA damage assays for use in mechanism
determination structure-activity relationships and risk
assessment [[[ 28
Recent Applications of Environment Canada's Mobile Enhanced
Oxidation Unit ................................................. 28
Recent developments in the multistage modeling of cohort data
for carcinogenic risk assessment ................................ 49
Recognizing risks and paying for risk reduction ............... 143
Remedial action priority and multimedia environmental
pollutant assessment systems ..... '. ............................. 28
Report from Poland: Science and Politics in the Midst of
Environmental Disaster .......................................... 9
Research areas in relation to risk management and risk
assessment [[[ 9
Responsible Care - Distribution: Assuring Safe Handling over
Land, Sea, and Air ............................................ 147
Responsible Care - Public Outreach: The Stakes Are High ....... 153
-------
Responsible Care: The ABCs of CMA's Codes of Management
Practice 154
Review of GEOTOX for the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
multi-media assessment project 29
Reviewing the Quality of Environmental Statements: Review
Methods and Findings 13
Risk assessment and risk management in Japan 124
Risk assessment and risk management in Japan 124
Risk assessment for biodegradation in pollution control
and cleanup 100
Risk assessment for carcinogens: a comparison of approaches of
the ACGIH and the EPA 50
Risk assessment for developmental toxicity: airborne
occupational exposure to ethanol and iodine 57
Risk assessment of hazardous air pollutants under the EPA's
final benzene rules and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.. 115
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human
Health Evaluation Manual (Part B, Development of
Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals) Interim report 101
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund. Volume 1. Human Health
Evaluation Manual (Part C, Risk Evaluation of Remedial
Alternatives) 101
Risk Assessment of New Chemical Substances. Dilution of
Effluents in The Netherlands 10
Risk Assessment of New Chemical Substances: Applicability of
EXAMS II as an Advanced Water Quality Model 29
Risk Assessment of Pesticides 10
Risk communication as a Regulatory Alternative for Protecting
Health, safety and Environment 155
Risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems
by legionellae 39
Risk Management in the Public Sector 148
Risk Management Recommendations for Dioxin Contamination at
Midland, Michigan 137
177
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Risk reduction management for hazardous waste in Japan 140
Risks of Consumption of Contaminated Seafood: the Quincy Bay
Case Study 40
Risks of toxic compounds in aquatic systems: Science and
practice 113
Risky business: Communicating risk for the government 155
Role of Short-Term Tests in Evaluating Health Effects
Associated with Drinking Water 71
Routes of uptake and their relative contribution to the
toxicologic response of northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)
to an organophosphate pesticide 113
Rules for distinguishing toxicants that cause type I and
type II narcosis syndromes 30
Santa Clara Valley Integrated Environmental Management Project:
Revised Stage One Report 118
Santa Clara Valley Integrated Environmental Management Project:
Stage Two Report 118
SARA Title III and community hazards planning: Lessons for
the US Army's Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness
Program 11
Scientific Uncertainty and Political Regulation: European
Legislation on the Contained Use and Deliberate Release of
Genetically Modified (Micro) Organisms, Lake Gordon 135
Selection of reproductive health end points for environmental
risk assessment 40
Sensitivity analysis of risk assessment model from California
Air Resources Board and the impact on risk estimates 30
Sentinel Animals (Dogs) as Predictors of Childhood Exposure to
Environmental Lead Contamination: Observations on Preliminary
Results 40
Setting the Research Agenda for Chromium Risk Assessment 78
Seventh Symposium on Environmental Epidemiology: Methods for
environmental quantitative risk assessment 11
Sewage sludge as a source of environmental selenium 90
Statistical issues in carcinogenic risk assessment 50
178
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Statistical issues in risk assessment of reproductive outcomes
with chemical mixtures 57
Strategic plan for the elimination of childhood lead poisoning 139
Strategies for the development of indoor air quality standards..14
Structural equation modeling in environmental risk assessment.. 31
Structure-activity relationships for osteolathyrism: iv.
Para-substituted benzoic acid hydrazides and alkyl carbazates.. 58
Synthesis of conference on "Minimizing Environmental Damage:
Strategies for managing hazardous waste" 102
Task force approach to community air toxics concerns and
permitting issues—a case study 156
Technical Assistance to the Tennessee Department of Health and
Environment. Mercury Exposure Study, Charleston, Tennessee 85
Terrestrial ecological risk assessment: An epidemiologic
approach 114
Terrestrial microcosms for evaluating the environmental fate
and risks associated with the release of chemicals or
genetically engineered microorganisms to the environment 31
Testing and validation of the Canadian Indoor Occupant Exposure
Guidelines 14
The application and testing of chemical transport models used
in radiological risk assessment 33
The art and science of quantitative risk analysis—managing
contaminated utility property in two New England states 125
The blues ahead for pigments producers 149
The comparison of health risks between different environmental
media at Superfund hazardous waste sites 102
The current U.S. industry and regulatory concerns regarding
the health and environmental impacts of hazardous waste
incineration 103
The defense priority model for Department of Defense
remedial site ranking 32
The dependence of risk assessment on mechanism of mutagenesis
as determined by dose-response and molecular analysis 58
179
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The determinants of pesticide regulation: a statistical analysis
of EPA decisionmaking 127
The Effects of the Right to Know More Act 135
The environment and the lung: changing perspectives 71
The EPA at "thirtysomething" 125
The EPA goes "wild" 115
The EPA Science Advisory Board's Report on "Reducing Risk":
Some Overarching Observations Regarding the Public Interest... 127
The fail-safe society: community defiance and the end of
American technological optimism 151
The food industry's role in advancing public confidence:
strategies for regaining public confidence 156
The future of toxic risk assessment: the abandonment of
animal testing 11
The impact of knowledge and values on perceptions of
environmental risk to the Great Lakes 156
The Integrated Model Evaluation System (IMES): A database
for evaluation of exposure assessment models 32
The OECD nuclear energy agency probabilistic systems assessment
codes (PSAC) user group; objectives, achievements and programme
of activities 33
The pH dependent accumulation of pep in aquatic microcosms with
sediment 87
The real role of risk assessment in cancer risk management 51
The role of epidemiology in risk assessment 41
The Toxicity of Tetrachlorobenzyltoluenes (Ugilec 141) and
Polychlorobiphenyls (Aroclor 1254 and PCB-77) Compared in
Ah-Responsive and Ah-Nonresponsive Mice 90
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment
guidelines: current status and future directions 14
The use of environmental assays for impact assessment 33
Theology, ecology and radiation standards: the new mother
nature 103
180
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Today's Criminal Environmental Enforcement Program: Why You May
Be Vulnerable and Why You Should Guard Against Prosecution
Through an Environmental Audit 115
Tolerable daily intake of dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans.
Foreign trip report, December 1, 1990-December 8, 1990 80
Too Close for Comfort 114
Total human exposure in Poland: Emphasis on air pollution 71
Toxic substances: Effectiveness of unreasonable risk standards
unclear 136
Toxicity and carcinogenicity of potassium bromate-a new renal
carcinogen 51
Toxicological Mechanisms of Implantation Failure 59
Transport and Food Chain Modeling and Its Role in Assessing
Human Exposure to Organic Chemicals 34
Trends in environmental hazard and risk assessment of
chemicals 72
Trends in quantitative cancer risk assessment 51
Twenty years of land application research 141
Uncertainty, irreversibility and decision making about the
socio-economic consequences of climatic change 143
Understanding ground-water contamination: an orientation
manual 117
United States General Accounting Office Testimony Before the
Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Navigation, Committee on
Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives on
the Adequacy of Preparation and Response Related to 'Exxon
Valdez' Oil Spill by Victor S. Rezendes, August 10, 1989 140
US Environmental Protection Agency environmental auditing
policy statement - • • 128
Use and application of SAR's in ecological hazard assessments:
Past, present and future 35
Use of biological markers and pharmacokinetics in human health
risk assessment 34
Use of short-term test systems for the prediction of the hazard
represented by potential chemical carcinogens 52
181
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Use of the Blue Mussel, 'Mytilus edulis1, in Water Quality
Toxicity Testing and In situ Marine Biological Monitoring 34
Use of Wildlife for On-Site Evaluation of Bioavailability
and Ecotoxicity of Toxic Substances Found in Hazardous
Waste Sites 103
Validation of biological markers for quantitative risk
assessment 35
Vapor flux and air sampling program to evaluate on site air
pathway exposure for input into a health risk assessment 36
Very debatable units 104
Waters and Wastewaters 59
What price nature? Future ecological assessments may chart the
values, and the odds 114
When managing asbestos means leaving it alone 136
Working environment funds - resources for rights 144
182
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50277 -IQI
REPORT DOCUMENTATION I > REPORT no. T7
PAGE I-PA "4<>-\-p2-OlM
4. Title and Subtitle
Risk Assessment.Management.Communication
A Guide to Selected Sources Vol. 4 No. 2
7. Author(s)
King, G.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pollution Prevention f, Toxics
OPPT Chemical Library (TS-"95)
Washington, DC 20460'
12. Sponsoring Organiiation Name and Address
same as above
3. Recipient's Accession No
5. Report Date
07-20-92
6.
8. Performing Organisation Rept No
10. Proieet/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contracl(C) or Grant(G) No
(C)
(G)
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
Bibliography
"'08-91 to 06-92
IS. Supplementary Notes
1C. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
._.. ..
This issue of Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication: A
Guide to selected Sources is the tenth update in EPA's series
of risk management bibliographies. References were gathered from
the environmental, medical, and scientific literature included in
the following databases: ABI/Inform, Pollution Abstracts, Conference
Papers Index, Enviroline, Legal Resource Index, Life Sciences
Collection, Magazine Index, NTIS, PAIS International, and NLM's
TOXLINE and MEDLINE.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
o. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
c. COSATI Field/Group
18. Availability Statement
19. Security Class (This Report)
20. Security Class (This Page)
Zl. No. of Pages
iv+182 pp.
22. Price
ANSI-Z39.18)
See Instructions on Reverse
OPTIONAL FORM 272 f.4-7
(Formerly NTIS-3S)
Department of Commerce
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