Task Analysis of State and
Local Air Pollution Control Agencies and
Development of Staffing Guidelines
VOLUME
Detailed Task Data,
and Staffing Guidance
AIR MONITORING AND
METEOROLOGICAL
SUPPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Manpower Development Staff Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Contract No. 68-02-0306
Applied Science
Associates, Inc.
Task Analysis of State and
Local Air Pollution Control Agencies and
Development of Staffing Guidelines
VOLUME
Detailed Task Data, and
Staffing Guidance
AIR MONITORING 'AND
METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT
K. I. Rifkin, Senior Staff Scientist, ASA
R. L. Dueker, Sta«ff Scientist, ASA
W. F. Diggins, Staff Scientist, ASA
F. C. Foss, Staff Scientist, ASA
and
Michael Senew, Project Officer, USEPA
Prepared for the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
November 1972
-------
THIS IS VOLUME E
Additional books available are:
VOLUME A: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Introduction
and Directions for Using These Guidelines
VOLUME B: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Engineering
t
VOLUME C: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Field Enforcement
VOLUME D: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Laboratory Support
VOLUME F: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Source Testing
VOLUME G: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Agency Management,
Program Development, and Public Information Support
AND
TECHNICAL REPORT;
Task Analysis of State and Local
Air Pollution Control Agencies, and
Development
of Staffing Guidelines
For complete sets, or individual titles, or the Technical
Report please address your request to:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
E-l
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AIR MONITORING AND
METEOROLOGICAL SUPPORT
The task data and staffing guidance presented in this volume cover a
group of tasks relevant to the monitoring of ambient air quality conditions
and the effects of meteorological conditions on air quality. The tasks
described here are performed by Equipment Technicians, Chemists, Meteorol-
ogists, and Meteorological Technicians. The tasks included in this volume
are listed below:
t
1. Operation and Maintenance of the Flame
lonization Hydrocarbon Analyzer Page E-4
2. Operation and Maintenance of the Infrared
Analyzer Page E-10
3. Operation and Maintenance of the Coulo-
metric Titration Analyzers for SO-, NO,
N02, or Oxidants Page E-15
4. Operation and Maintenance of the Gas
Chromatograph Analyzer Programmer Page E-24
5. Operation and Maintenance of the Gas
Chromatograph Analyzer Page E-29
6. Operation and Maintenance of the
Colorimetric Air Monitoring System Page E-37
i
7. Operation and Maintenance of the Sequential
Sampler Page E-42
8. Operation and Maintenance of the High
Volume Air Sampler Page E-46
9. Operation and Maintenance of the A.I.S.I.
Automatic Sampler Page E-49
E-2
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10. Operation and Maintenance of the Wind
Speed Transmitter Page E-53
11. Operation and Maintenance of the Wind
Direction Transmitter Page E-58
12. Supervision of Air Monitoring Equipment
Operation and Maintenance Tasks Page E-64
13. Use of the Smog Chamber as a Tool in
Photochemical Smog Research Page E-70
14. Design of an Air Monitoring Facility Page E-78
15. Routine Forecast of Meteorological Condi-
tions and Pollution Levels or Effects Page E-90
16. Assemble Meteorological Data and Describe
Climatological Conditions Page E-96
17. Problem Solving Using Mathematical Models Page E-100
E-3
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Operation and Maintenance of the
Flame lonization Hydrocarbon Analyzer
Task Overview
The hydrocarbon analyzer described herein utilizes the flame ionization
method of detection. The sensor is a burner where a regulated flow of
sample gas passes through a flame sustained by regulated flows of fuel
gas and air. Within the flame, the hydrocarbon components of the sample
stream undergo an ionization that produces electrons and positive ions.
Polarized electrodes collect these ions, causing current to flow through
an electronic measuring circuit. The ionization current is proportional
to the rate at which carbon atoms enter the burner and is, therefore,
t
a measure of the concentration of hydrocarbons in the original sample.
The analyzer provides direct readout on a front-panel meter and a selec-
table output for an accessory recorder. Briefly, the steps required for
operation and maintenance of the flame ionization hydrocarbon analyzer
include:
1. Installation of the instrument.
2. Prestart-up and start-up of the instrument.
3. Routine operation of the device.
4. Servicing of the instrument.
5. Instrument calibration.
6. Troubleshooting for sources of malfunctions.
7. Interpretation of instrument outputs.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician (Senior)
)
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of a hydrocarbon analyzer (the Beckman Model 400). The
following skill and knowledge requirements are representative of this
category of tasks.
E-4
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Skill Requirements
1. Ability to install the instrument, including:
a. Connecting flowmeter to BY-PASS outlet and measure gas
flow rate.
b. Cleaning fuel, air, and sample lines and regulators
using nitrogen or helium along with a torch to heat
the tubing to at least 300°C.
c. Purging external fuel, air, and sample lines.
d. Inserting circuit board into its socket without
damage to socket or board.
2. Ability to start up and operate the instrument, including:
a. Checking for contamination in air and fuel systems.
b. Reading table of ranges for various combinations of
settings on RANGE MULTIPLIER switch and SPAN control.
3. Ability to service the instrument, including:
a. Disconnecting amplifier input cable from burner
without damage to the field-effect transistor.
b. Comparing obtained curve to standard curve to make
drift check.
c. Removing flow system from the unit.
d. Checking battery voltage.
4. Ability to troubleshoot the instrument, including:
a. Purging gas lines,
b. Cleaning fuel and air supply lines and regulators
using nitrogen or helium and heat.
c. Cleaning burner with appropriate solvents.
d. Identifying malfunctioning check valve in sample pump.
5. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
E-5
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6. Ability to read and interpret data from a table, psychometric
chart, or a nomograph.
7. Ability to handle pressurized gas without endangering person-
nel or equipment.
8. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
9. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
10. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping con-
nectors carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple
leak detection aids as appropriate.
11. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
12. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical con-
nectors. This includes identifying leads to facilitate
correct connection and achieving tight connections without
damage to the leads or terminals.
13. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring
and tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and
troubleshooting charts.
14. Ability to interpret engineering drawings and piping diagrams.
15. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instruments.
E-6
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16. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
17. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of procedures for installing the instrument,
including:
a. How to protect instrument from vibration and temperature
extremes.
b. Criteria for correct sample gas supply pressure.
c. Procedure for making gas connections.
d. Knowledge that exhaust line must slant down at .least
10° from horizontal to allow moisture to drain.
e. Appropriate gas pressures.
f. Precautionary measures necessary when working with
the fuel gas (hydrogen).
2. Knowledge of procedures for starting up and operating the
instrument including:
a. Appropriate external gas pressure requirements.
b. Procedure for checking fuel and air systems for
contaminants.
c. Techniques to minimize meter drift caused by hydro-
carbon contaminants in the fuel and air systems or
supplies.
d. Procedure for calibrating of instrument.
e. Proper standard gases to use for instrument cali-
bration.
f. Proper environmental conditions for operation
(e.g., air temperature and humidity-}.
E-7
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g. Exact hydrocarbon content of the standard gases
used for calibration.
h. Procedure for routine operation.
i. Differential instrument response to different hydro-
carbons .
3. Knowledge of the procedures for servicing and troubleshooting
the instrument, including:
a. Procedure for checkout of the system.
b. Procedure for servicing flow system and burner.
c. Malfunction symptom patterns.
d. Safe handling techniques for acetone and methyl
ethyl ketone.
4. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation
and adjustment control on the instrument.
5. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
6. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection.
b. Sampling duration.
c. Flow rate.
7. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining the
instrument.
8. Knowledge of set-up training and spare parts supply programs.
References
1. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Beckman Model 400 hydrocarbon
analyzer. Fullerton, California: Author, April 1970.
E-8
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Special Staffing Guidance
Because of the relatively extensive skills and knowledge require-
ments, this task should be assigned to a senior level Equipment
Technician.
E-9
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Operation and Maintenance of the Infrared Analyzer
Task Overview
The infrared analyzer continuously monitors a selected component in a
gas stream so that small changes in the component concentration can be
detected before their cumulative effect would be revealed by laboratory
tests. The gas to be monitored is continuously drawn through a sample
cell in the device, while a known gas is held in a comparison cell.
Identical infrared beams are alternately directed through the two cells
allowing the comparison of the absorption of infrared energy by the two
gases. As long as the energy at a detector located at the end of the
gas sample cells is equal in both beams, a properly aligned instrument
will read zero. Briefly, the steps required for operation and mainte-
nance of the infrared analyzer include:
1. Installation and initial adjustment of the instrument.
2. Routine maintenance and periodic adjustment.
3. Alignment and calibration of the analyzer.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician (Senior)
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of .an infrared analyzer (the MSA Model 300). The following
skill and knowledge requirements are representative of this category of
tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to install, align, and maintain the instrument, including:
a. Introducing zero and span gas into the ins-trument at
equal flow rate and pressure.
E-10
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b. Adjusting motor position using motor position adjust-
ment to obtain meter reading as close to zero as
possible.
c. Tightening motor mounting screws without changing
motor adjustment.
d. Cleaning gold-plated surface of cell with lint-free
cloth and soft wooden rod without damaging cell and
window located at the end of the cell (using isopropyl
alcohol or acetone).
2. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
3. Ability to handle pressurized gas without endangering personnel
or equipment.
4. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
5. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping, in-
cluding dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
6=. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
7. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hoae tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
8. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical connectors.
This includes identifying leads to facilitate correct connection
and achieving tight connections without damage to the leads or
terminals.
E-ll
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9. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instrument.
10. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
11. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the installation and initial adjustment procedures
for the instrument including:
a. How to protect instrument from vibration, sun, rain,
heat, and cold when installed.
b. The procedure to follow for connecting analyzer to
flow system.
c. The proper calibration procedure.
d. Span and zero gas characteristics and the procedure
for introducing them to the sampling flow of the
instrument.,
2. Knowledge of routine maintenance and periodic adjustment
procedures for the instrument including:
a. The procedure for making zero adjustment.
b. The span and zero gas characteristic and the procedure
for introducing them to the sampling flow of the
instrument.
E-12
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c. Procedure for checking and adjusting oscillator
voltage.
d. Procedure for measuring and adjusting temperature
control.
e. Procedure for replacing amplifier.
f. Procedure for removing detector and cleaning sample
cell.
g. Procedure for zeroing the instrument.
h. Knowledge of safe handling techniques for isopropyl
alcohol and acetone.
3. Knowledge of the procedure for alignment and calibration of
the instrument, including:
a. Procedure for adjustment of the oscillator.
b. Procedure for zeroing amplifier.
c. Procedure for balancing optical signal.
d. Procedure for rough calibration of the instrument.
e. Procedure for amplifier balance adjustment.
f. Span and zero gas characteristics and the procedure
for introducing them to the sampling flow of the
instrument.
g. Procedure for making final zero and span adjustments.
h. Procedure for making zero meter adjustment.
4. Knowledge of the preventative maintenance procedure and the
malfunction symptom patterns of the instrument and their causes.
5. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation and
adjustment control on the instrument.
6. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
E-13
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7. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection.
b. Sampling duration.
c. Flow rate.
8. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Mine Safety Appliances Company. Lira infrared analyzer,
model 300. Theory, operation, service. Pittsburgh:
Author.
Special Staffing Guidance
Because of the relatively large number of skills and knowledge which
must be acquired in order to maintain this instrument, it is suggested
that a senior level Equipment Technician be assigned to the task.
E-14
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Operation and Maintenance of the Coulometric
Titration Analyzers for SO-, NO, NO , or Oxidants
Task Overview
The coulometric titration type analyzer basically performs a dynamic
iodimetric titration to continuously measure the concentration of
pollutant in the air sample aspirated through the analyzer. For NO,
N0?, and oxidants, the incoming sample is passed into a detector cell
containing a carbon anode and a platinum cathode, both immersed in
a buffered-halide/potassium-iodide electrolyte. As ambient air is
aspirated through the electrolyte, the pollutant reacts chemically
with the iodide present in the electrolyte to form molecular iodine.
This iodine is transported to the cathode where, acting as a depolarizer
by undergoing reduction, it allows an electrical current to flow between
the anode and cathode. The NO analyzer is basically the same as the
NO- analyzer except that the incoming sample first passes through a
selective scrubber for removal of interferents. Sample NO is then
quantitatively converted into NO. by gas-phase oxidation with molecular
ozone produced within the analyzer.
The SO- analyzer physically differs from the others due only to the
presence of a third, or reference, electrode. The sulfur dioxide
component of an atmospheric sample introduced to the detector cell
undergoes hydrolysis in the electrolyte. The hydrolysis product acts
as a chemical reductant to the steady-state concentration of iodine
existing in the cell, and a decrease in the steady-state iodine concen-
tration ensues. This effect causes an electrochemical unbalance in the
cell. A fraction of the applied current, related to the electrochemical
unbalance, is forced to flow through the reference electrode as an
alternate current path.
In all cases current flow is related quantitatively to the concen-
tration of the pollutant in the sample and is amplified to drive meter
and an accessory potentiometric recorder if desired.
E-15
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Briefly the steps required for operation and maintenance of the coulometric
titration analyzers include:
1. Installation and preoperational check.
2. Preparation of instrument.
3. Operation of instrument.
4. Checkout of instrument.
5. Troubleshooting for sources of malfunctions.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician
Task Description
Examples of the procedures for operation and maintenance of the SCL
analyzer are presented in References 1 and 2 (Beckman Model 906), the NO
analyzer in Reference 3 (Beckman Model 909), the NO- analyzer in Reference
4 (Beckman Model 910), and the oxidants analyzer in Reference 5 (Beckman
Model 908). The following skill and knowledge requirements are representa-
tive of these categories of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to install the instrument including:
a. Detecting instrument damage caused by shipping,
including hairline cracks in glass parts.
b. Making tubing connections with teflon or polypropylene
tubing.
c. Connecting standard electrical connectors.
d. Making zero meter adjustments with zero adjust screw.
e. Setting automatic water addition timer (SO analyzer
only).
f. Matching the potentiometric output of the instrument
to the recorders.
E-16
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2. Ability to prepare and operate the instrument including:
a. Removing bubbles from cathode, anode, and glass tubing
by tapping the glass tubing where bubble is evident.
b. Replacing cathode assembly to a snug, airtight fit.
c. Flushing inlet capillary tubing with distilled water
using instrument suction to draw water through tubing
after it is disconnected.
3. Ability to perform routine maintenance and servicing of the
instrument including:
a. Cleaning parts with distilled water, acid-duchromate
solution, alcohol, and'aqua regia.
b. Recharging the selective scrubber with the correct
material given the pollutant being analyzed.
c. Positioning capillary tube so that tip is 1/8 inch
from wall of S0_ reaction tube. (SO- analyzer)-
d. Rolling glass wool into loose balls of appropriate
size to fit into charcoal column. (SO analyzer).
e. Adjusting rotameter to correction factor printed on
sticker located above Inlet Selector Switch. (S0_
analyzer).
f. Determining stable baseline with no drift obtained.
g. Preparing replacement capillary tubes to maintain
specified flow characteristics.
4. Ability to troubleshoot the instrument including:
a. Disconnecting and connecting standard electrical
connectors.
b. Detecting:
1) Crystallization at bottom end of teflon capillary
inlet tube, i.e., gas-liquid interface, plugging
of cell exhaust system and lines leading to
water trap.
E-17
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2) Dirt in capillary tubing or circulating in the cell.
3) Yellow electrolyte due to platinum cathode wire
broken, reduced flow in cell, or depleted anode.
c. Connecting external flowmeter to the cell inlet.
d. Detecting:
1) Electrically open meter.
2) Defective amplifier.
3) Cathode lead shorted to anode lead.
4) Seized meter needle.
5) Depleted 0_ scrubber. (NO analyzer only)
6) Contaminated electrolyte.
7) Solid particles in teflon capillary tubing.
8) Loose electrodes.
9) Faulty electrodes.
10) Damaged thermistor.
5. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
6. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
7. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
8. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
E-18
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9. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
10. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical connectors.
This includes identifying leads to facilitate correct connection
and achieving tight connections without damage to the leads or
terminals.
11. Ability to install measured amounts of reagents and distilled
water in the analyzers without losing any and without contaminating
them or the analyzer. ,
12. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring and
tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics and trouble-
shooting charts.
13. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC Voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage
to the test instruments.
14. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
15. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
16. Ability to read the recorder chart interpreting the position
ai»d slope of the tracing in terms of the variables represented
on the ordinate and abscissa (i.e., the pollutant concentration
over time or the strength of X-ray defraction as a function
of beam angle).
E-19
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17. Ability to service and operate a chart recorder, including
replacing chart roll, resupplying ink (if required), and adjusting
the baseline (zero) point, line density, chart speed, and
sensitivity range.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedure for installing the instrument
including:
a. Setting up the analyzer such that it will be protected
from vibration and temperature extremes.
b. Setting the automatic water addition timer.
c. Attaching a chart recorder (if used).
2. Knowledge of the procedure for preparation and operation of
the instrument including:
a. The procedure for charging detector with electrolyte
and filling reservoir with distilled water.
b. Knowledge that extreme care must be utilized to avoid
contamination of the water reservoir, water, and
electrolyte.
c. The procedure for starting and operating instrument.
d. Procedure for checking instrument drift and change in
rotameter settings. (SO. Analyzer).
3. Knowledge of the routine maintenance procedures for the
instrument including:
a. Procedure for cleaning rotameter. (S0_ Analyzer)
b. Knowledge of safe handling techniques for acid-dichromate
and aqua regia.
c. Procedure for cleaning inlet selector switch.
E-20
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d. Procedure for cleaning sample regulator.
e. Procedure for replacing capillary inlet tubing.
f. Procedure for replacing scrubber.
4. Knowledge of the service procedures for the instrument including:
a. Replacing electrolyte.
b. Filling water reservoir.
c. Adding water to cell.
d. Flushing exhaust outlet of detector cell.
e. Adjusting operational parameters.
f. Cleaning detector cell assembly.
g. Removing instrument from operation.
5. Knowledge of the procedure for troubleshooting the instrument
including:
a. Procedure for checkout of electronics.
b. Procedure for checkout of detector cell.
c. Procedure for checkout of gas-phase flow system.
d. Knowledge of electronic, detector cell and gas flow
system malfunction patterns.
6. Knowledge of the procedures for installing appropriate
reagents and reference solutions of the required concentrations
and distilled water in the analyzer.
7. Knowledge of the function and location of each operating and
adjustment control on the instrument.
8. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
E-21
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9. Knowledge of the following procedures for the chart recorder
used in conjunction with the instrument:
a. Installation (including impedance matching)
b. Servicing
c. Troubleshooting
d. Maintenance
e. Calibration (including zeroing the recorder)
f. Operation
10. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection.
b. Sampling duration
c. Flow rate
11. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Brittain, D. T., and Burmann, F. J. Operating instructions
for Beckman Model 906 sulfur dioxide analyzer. U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfarej Public Health Service,
Environmental Health Service, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, August 1970.
2. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Model 906 sulfur dioxide analyzer.
Fullerton, California: Author, April 1967.
3. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Beckman Model 909 NO Analyzer.
Fullerton, California: Author, May 1971.
4. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Beckman Model 910 N02 Analyzer.
Fullerton, California: Author, November 1970.
E-22
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5. Beckman Instruments, Inc. Beckman Model 908 Oxidants Analyzer,
Fullerton, California: Author, September 1970,
Special Staffing Guidance
1. This task involves the handling of reagents and could be assigned
in some combination with the following analyzer operation and
maintenance tasks, also involving the use of reagents:
a. Operation and Maintenance of the Colorimetric Air Monitor-
ing System (e.g., the Technicon system).
b. Operation and Maintenance of the Sequential Sampler.
t
2. It is highly possible that an agency could employ several
coulometric titration analyzers in order to monitor each of
the various pollutants for which the instrument can be used.
The same Equipment Technician should be responsible for maintenance
of all these instruments and for their operation also, except
where they are located in widely scattered places.
E-23
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Operation and Maintenance of
the Gas Chromatograph Analyzer Programmer
Task Overview
The programmer chosen as- the example for this discussion, the MSA Program-
mer, Model 525, has ten independently programmable functions with a common
time cycle base. The programming is done photoelectrically by means of a
light source and ten photo-resistive cells that monitor markings on a
mylar disc. An output is obtained when an opaque program mark intercepts
the light normally passing through the transparent disc to its associated
photocell. Programming is done with a film marking pencil and can be pre-
determined with a great degree of precision; changes are made with an
e
ordinary eraser. Briefly, the operation and maintenance of the programmer
consists of the following activities:
1. Programming of the device.
2. Calibration of the programmer output.
3. Routine maintenance.
4. Servicing and checking of programmer components.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician (Senior)
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of the gas chromatograph analyzer programmer (the MSA
Model 525). The following skill and knowledge requirements are repre-
i
sentative of this category of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to program the instrument including:
a. Inserting and locking disc in programmer.
b. Zeroing recorder base line.
c. Drawing marking pencil line the full width of appropriate
valve channels for dwell time on the "ON" valve function.
E-24
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2. Ability to calibrate and perform routine maintenance on
the instrument including:
a. Detecting that components are slowly drifing out
of the gate.
b. Detecting out-of-balance columns through study of
the flow scheme.
3. Ability to service the instrument including:
a. Assuring that:
1) Photoelectric parts are free of dust.
2) Disc and cover disc are free of undesirable
markings.
3) Program markings are uniformly darkened.
4) Programmer turntable is protected from sunlit
ambients.
b. Detecting dark spots, on fluorescent lamp.
c. Determining if recorder has sufficient time to return
to its base line before auto-zeroing begins. Also,
there must be sufficient program time for zeroing
to complete its action.
d. Checking recorder gain.
e. Insuring the auto-zero gate is functioning properly
to include actuation.
f. Identifying:
1) Loose coupling between potentiometer and motor.
2) Defective zero potentiometer.
3) Loose COURSE-ZERO lock.
g. Inspecting relay to assure it is in good operational
condition.
E-25
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4. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
5. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
6. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping, in-
cluding dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
7. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical
connectors. This includes identifying leads to facilitate
correct connection and achieving tight connections without
damage to the leads or terminals.
8. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring
and tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and
troubleshooting charts.
9. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instruments.
10. Ability to solder and unsolder electrical terminals making
a good electrical and mechanical connection without shorting
or grounding the connection or damaging circuit components.
11. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
E-26
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Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedure for programming, calibrating,
and operating the instrument including:
a. Knowledge of the column functions, valving functions,
and stream composition.
b. Procedure for programming unit.
c. Knowledge of valve function channels on programmer
disc.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for performing routine maintenance
on the instrument including:
a. Procedure for auto-zero centering.
b. Procedure for attenuator grate checks.
c. Procedure for column flow balancing.
d. Procedure for replacing fluorescent lamp.
3. Knowledge of the procedure for servicing the instrument
components including:
a. Knowledge of the photocell wiring color code.
b. Procedure for servicing silicon control rectifiers.
c. Procedure for checking photocells.
d. Procedure for checking light source.
e. Symptoms of a defective lamp ballast:
1) Short lamp life.
2) Premature darkening of lamp ends.
3) Overheating of ballast.
f. Symptoms of a defective starter, i.e., prolonged or
erratic lamp starting.
g. Procedure for checking auto-zero.
E-27
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h. Procedure for checking chart drive and chart drive
time delay.
i. Procedure for checking two-stream selector.
j. Procedure for checking attentuator calibration
and peak reversal.
4. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation
and adjustment control on the instrument.
5. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
6. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
e
a. Time for initiating sample collection.
b. Sampling duration.
c. Flow rate.
7. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Mine Safety Appliances Company. MSA programmer, Model 525.
Installation, operation, maintenance, service. Pittsburgh:
Author.
Special Staffing Guidance
The aenior level Equipment Technician assigned to operate and maintain
this instrument should also operate and maintain the Gas Chromatograph
Analyzer (see Page E-29) since these devices function as a unit.
E-28
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Operation and Maintenance of
the Gas Chrom'atograph Analyzer
Task Overview
The Gas Chromatograph Analyzer is designed to carry out vapor phase
chromatographic analysis of a variety of process samples.
Analysis of the sample mixture is accomplished by passing it through
one or more columns with a carrier gas such as helium. The columns
contain materials which have different affinities for the various
sample components, and thus cause them to separate as they pass through
the columns. The sample and carrier gas mixture emerging from the
columns passes through a detector which measures the concentration
of the sample components which are present. In order for the measure-
ments to be reproducible, it is necessary to maintain a constant
temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the gases in the columns;
it is also necessary to introduce a precisely metered volume of
sample into the system; and, finally, it is necessary to maintain
the sensitivity and zero adjustment of the detector constant. Briefly,
the steps required for operation and maintenance of the gas chromato-
graph include:
1. Unpacking and installation.
2. Start-up of the instrument.
3. General maintenance.
4. Troubleshooting
Occupational Category; ' Equipment Technician (Senior)
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of the gas chromatographic analyzer (MSA Model 650). The
following skill and knowledge requirements are representative of the
category of tasks.
E-29
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Skill Requirements
1. Ability to install and start-up the instrument including:
a. Coordinating adjustment screw movement with delayed
temperature readings given on a thermometer and
voltmeter readings.
b. Adjusting needle valves.
c. Balancing T.C. Cell.
2. Ability to maintain the instrument including:
a. Dismantling sliding plate valve.
b. Replacing actuation cylinder seals (in sliding plate
valve).
c. Detecting damaged moving parts and mating surfaces
(sliding plate valve).
d. Lapping teflon gaskets and sliders and metal surfaces.
e. Drilling out clogged ports in teflon slider.
f. Cleaning sliding valve parts with methylene chloride,
water, and acetone.
g. Using torque wrench to evenly tighten sliding plate
valve nuts.
h. Checking cell block for leaks using helium at 30 to
60 psig. and helium leak detector.
i. Replacing printed circuit card.
j. Changing the total resistance value in the set point
arm of the bridge circuit for temperature controller
repair.
3. Ability to troubleshoot the instrument including:
a. Identifying spiking on the recorder.
b. Replacing detector elements with appropriate resistors
from terminal strip of the programmer.
E-30
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c. Detecting base line drift and wandering with manual
attenuator at high gain position.
d. Back-flushing filters with clean air.
e. Checking sampling system for dirt or polymer buildup
in sampling valve, inadequate back-flush of heavies,
loss of power supply regulation, inadequate sample
inject or charging time, or poor back pressure
regulation.
f. Identifying cycling of peak height.
g. Monitoring AC power line frequency.
4. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
5. Ability to read and interpret data from a table, psychometric
chart, or a nomograph.
6. Ability to handle pressurized gas without endangering personnel
or equipment.
7. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
8. Ability to read the recorder chart interpreting the position
and slope of the tracing in terms of the variables represented
on the ordinate and abscissa (i.e., the pollutant concentration
over time or'the strength of X-ray detraction as a function of
beam angle).
9. Ability to level instrument or analyzer during installation
using a level, plumb, screw adjusters, and/or shims.
10. Ability to service and operate a chart recorder, including
replacing chart roll, resupplying ink (if required), and
adjusting the baseline (zero) point, line density, chart
speed, and sensitivity range.
E-31
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11. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
12. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
13. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
14. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical con-
nectors. This includes identifying leads to facilitate
correct connection and achieving tight connections without
damage to the leads of terminals.
15. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring
and tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and
troubleshooting charts.
16. Ability to interpret engineering drawings and piping diagrams.
17. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instruments.
18. Ability to solder and unsolder electrical terminals making a
good electrical and mechanical connection without shooting
or grounding the connection or damaging circuit components.
19. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
E-32
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20. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or other-
wise defective component part by visual, tactile, or
auditory examination and comparison with a properly function-
ing part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of procedure for installing the instrument including:
a. How to protect instrument from excessive vibration,
sun, and precipitation.
b. How to run cabling using separate conduits.
c. National Electrical Code, Class I, Group D, Division 1,
requirements for making electrical connections in
hazardous areas.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for starting up the instrument
including:
a. How to close and seal all electrical boxes before
turning on power if analyzer is located in hazardous
area.
b. Start-up procedure.
c. Air and carrier regulator adjustment specifications.
d. Procedure for adjusting air and carrier regulators.
e. All correct temperature set-point.and flow rate
.specifications.
f. Carrier flow modes.
3. Knowledge of the procedures for maintaining the instrument
including:
a. Sliding plate valve configuration.
b. Procedure for determining the appropriate port size
in teflon slider (sliding plate valve).
E-33
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c. Proper handling techniques for acetone, methylene
chloride, descalin, Freon type solvents.
d. Procedure for sliding plate valve disassembly and
assembly.
e. "Run-in" technique required to obtain best operation
from the newly assembled sliding plate valve.
f. Procedure for replacing Solenoid Pilot valve.
g. Procedure for replacing filaments in hot wire cell.
h. Procedure for removing detector block from analyzer.
i. Procedure for temperature controller repair.
j. Procedure for air heater replacement.
k. Procedure for maintaining micro-volume valves.
4. Knowledge of the procedure for troubleshooting the instrument
including:
a. Procedure for troubleshooting for electrical dis-
turbances.
b. Appropriate resistors with which to replace detector
elements.
c. Procedure for troubleshooting temperature disturbances
(i.e., scalloping).
d. Procedure for troubleshooting pressure and flow dis-
turbances .
e. Procedure for troubleshooting base line drift.
f. Proper handling techniques for acetone and methylene
chloride.
g. Procedure for troubleshooting non-reproducibility.
h. Procedure for troubleshooting inability to zero
recorder.
E-34
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i. Procedure for troubleshooting valving malfunctions.
j. Procedure for troubleshooting temperature control
system.
5. Knowledge of the procedures for operating, maintaining, and
troubleshooting Hydrogen Flame lonization Detector (if used
on the instrument).
6. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation
and adjustment control on the instrument.
7. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
8. Knowledge of the following procedures for the chart recorder
used in conjunction with the instrument:
a. Installation (including impedance matching)
b. Servicing
c. Troubleshooting
d. Maintenance
e. Calibration (including zeroing the recorder)
f. Operation
9. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection
b. Sampling duration
c. Flow rate
10. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
E-35
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References
1. Mine Safety Appliances Company. MSA process gas chromato-
graphic analyzer, Model 650. Installation, operation,
maintenance. Pittsburgh: Author.
Special Staffing Guidance
1. Because of the complexity of this task it should be assigned only
to a senior level Equipment Technician.
2. The Equipment Technician assigned to operate and maintain this instru-
ment should also operate and maintain the Gas Chromatograph
Analyzer Programmer (see page E-24) since these devices function
as a unit.
E-36
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Operation and Maintenance of a
Colorimetric Air Monitoring System
Task Overview
A colorimetric air monitoring system (such as the Technicon) provides
continuous automated wet-chemical analysis of ambient air for various
parameters. The concentration level of the parameter being monitored is
presented by a recorder on a moving strip of chart paper. The monitor-
ing system is made up of four major parts: gas absorption system,
proportioning pump, colorimeter, and recorder. The gas absorption system
combines a continuous air sample with a liquid absorbing reagent at a
precise rate, while the proportioning pump moves the fluids through the
tubes in the monitoring system. The absorption level of a specific optical
wavelength is determined electronically in the colorimeter whose electrical
output causes variations in recorder pen movement (or provides a signal
to a digital printer). The final readout gives the concentration level of
the parameter being monitored. Briefly, the steps required for operation
and maintenance of the colorimetric air monitoring system include:
1. Unpacking and installation of the instrument.
2. Preparation of the instrument prior to start-up.
3. Standardization of the liquid.
4. Start-up and shutdown (normal and emergency).
5. Routine maintenance of the components.
6. Troubleshooting the instrument.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of a colorimetric air monitoring system (the Technicon).
The following skill and knowledge requirements are representative of
that category of tasks.
E-37
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Skill Requirements
1. Ability to prepare a colorimetric system for start-up
and perform routine maintenance on it including:
a. Determining if bubble patterns to colorimeter are
evenly spaced.
b. Using a stopwatch to determine the time required
for a bubble to travel full length of flow rate
pipette.
c. Using appropriate solvent (e.g., Technicon Glidewire
Solvent), general purpose oil, and Ribbon Dope Sealant.
d. Correctly inserting reagent lines in distilled
water to flush the system after shutdown.
e. Cleaning proportioning pump rollers and platen with
lint-free cloth and alcohol.
2. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
3. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical con-
nectors. This includes identifying leads to facilitate
correct connection and achieving tight connections without
damage to the leads or terminals.
4. Ability to service and operate a chart recorder, including
replacing chart roll, resupplying ink (if required), and
adjusting the baseline (zero) point, line density, chart
speed, and sensitivity range.
5. Ability to install measured amounts of reagents and distilled
water in the analyzers without losing any and without con-
taminating them or the analyzer.
E-38
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6. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring
and tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and
troubleshooting charts.
7. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping con-
nectors carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak
detection aids as appropriate.
8. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
9. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob move-
e
ments with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve
and maintain the desired reading.
10. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
11. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
12. Ability to read the recorder chart interpreting the position
and slope of the tracing in terms of the variables represented
on the ordinate and abscissa (i.e., the pollutant concentration
over time or the strength of X-ray defraction as a function of
a beam angle).
13. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedures for installing appropriate reagents
and reference solutions of the required concentrations and distilled
water in the analyzer.
E-39
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2. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation
and adjustment control on the instrument.
3. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
4. Knowledge of the following procedures for the chart recorder
used in conjunction with the instrument:
a. Installation (including impedance matching)
b. Servicing
c. Troubleshooting
d. Maintenance
e. Calibration (including zeroing the recorder)
f. Operation
5. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection
b. Sampling duration
c. Flow rate
6. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
7. Knowledge of the procedure for installation and preparation
of the instrument, including:
a. Preliminary start-up procedure.
b. Procedure for setting reagent baseline.
c. Procedure for calibrating absorbing reagent flow rate.
d. Procedure for liquid standardization.
8. Knowledge of the start-up and shutdown procedures for the
instrument and the method for determining the time intervals
desired for checking the reagent baseline.
E-40
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9. Knowledge of the routine maintenance and troubleshooting
procedures, including:
a. Preventive maintenance schedule.
b. Procedure for cleaning sample flow metering valve.
c. Procedure for cleaning vacuum relief.
d. Procedure for replacing defective fuse.
e. Procedure for replacing air filter.
f. Malfunction symptom patterns.
References
1. Technicon Instruments Corporation. Operation manual for the
Technicon air monitor IV system, Part No. 181-A001-03.
Technical Publication No. TA1-0264-00. Tarrytown, New York:
Author, 1971.
Special Staffing Guidance
This task involves the handling of reagents and could be assigned in
some combination with operation and maintenance of the following analyzers
which also involve the use of reagents:
a. The Sequential Sampler.
b. The Coulometric Titration Analyzer.
E-41
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Operation and Maintenance of the Sequential Sampler
Task Overview
The sequential sampler automatically gathers air samples for a given
period of time and at given intervals. A diaphragm-type vacuum pump
draws air through a set of impingers by way of a rotating precision
plug valve. The samples gathered in the impingers can be removed
from the device and transported to a laboratory for analysis. Briefly,
the steps required for operation and maintenance of the sequential
sampler include:
1. Installation of the instrument.
2. Continuous sampling operation.
3. Lapse sampling operation.
4. Changing Impingers to collect samples.
5. Maintenance of the device.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of the sequential sampler (RAG Model PV). The following
skill and knowledge requirements are representative of this category
of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to install and operate the instrument, including:
a. Setting timer to the correct clock time.
b. Identifying which sample is functioning by squeezing
shut hose and seeing if hose collapses toward the
vacuum pump.
c. Setting the correct timer trippers,
2. Ability to remove sample and service impingers in the instrument
including properly cleaning impinger jets using a beaker of
water.
E-42
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3. Ability to maintain the instrument, including:
a. Applying correct amount of oil to rear motor bearing
without over oiling.
b. Properly placing rubber shoulder washers to insure
minimum pump vibration and noise.
c. Cleaning caked material from plastic foam vapor
barriers.
d. Detecting leaks in vapor traps.
4. Ability to assemble sampling apparatus with each component
in proper sequence using butt-to-butt connections, tygon
tubing, and silicone or florocarbon grease as appropriate
to create a leak-proof assembly.
5. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
6. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob move-
ments with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve
and maintain the desired reading.
7. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping, in-
cluding dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
8. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
9. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
10. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing, and incorrect tubing connection.
E-43
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11. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedure for installing and operating
instrument, including:
a. Procedure for set-up of instrument for continuous
sampling operation.
b. Procedure for set-up of instrument for lapse sampling
operation.
c. Procedure for setting brass trippers on timer.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for removing and installing
instrument and transporting It for analysis without
sample loss or contamination.
3. Knowledge of the procedure for maintaining the instrument
including:
a. Knowledge of maintenance schedule.
b. Procedure to obtain access to vacuum pump rear motor
bearing oil cup.
c. Procedure for removing pump from chassis.
d. Procedure for dismantling pump to replace diaphragm
and valve.
e. Procedure for servicing vapor traps.
4. Knowledge of the function and location of each operation
and adjustment control on the instrument.
5. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
E-44
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6. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection.
b. Sampling duration.
c. Flow rate.
7. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Research Appliance Company, Operating and maintenance in-
structions, Model PV sequential sampler. Allison Park,
Pennsylvania: Author, 1968.
Special Staffing Guidance
1. This task involves the handling of reagents and could be assigned
in some combination with the following analyzer operation and
maintenance tasks, also involving the use of reagents.
a. Operation and Maintenance of a Colorimetric Air
Monitoring System.
b. Operation and Maintenance of the Coulometric Titration
Analyzer.
2. It is assumed that the impingers used in the sequential sampler
will be prepared (i.e., the reagents placed in the impingers)
prior to sample, collection and their contents analyzed in the
laboratory.
3. This task is relatively uncomplicated and can be effectively per-
formed by inexperienced personnel (provided with appropriate
training).
E-45
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Operation and Maintenance
of the High Volume Air Sampler
Task Overview
The high volume sampler is designer for sampling large volumes of air
for suspended particulate matter. This sampler consists of a specially
housed vacuum sweeper motor to which a filter holder or adapter is at-
tached. Air, drawn through the filter, is measured with a "visa-float"
flowmeter calibrated in cubic feet per minute. Samples are usually col-
lected for about 24 hours, with a flowmeter reading at the beginning and
end of each sampling period. The average rate of flow is then determined
from a calibration chart for each, instrument. Briefly, the steps required
for operation and maintenance of the high, volume air sampler include:
t
1. Installation and normal operation of the device.
2. Calibration of the sampler.
Occupational Categoryi Equipment Technician
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of the high, volume air sampler CRAG Model GMWL). The
following akill and knowledge requirements are representative of this
category of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to calibrate a high volume sampler visa-float flowmeter
using a calibrating orifice assembly and manometer.
2. Ability to calibrate the calibrating orifice assembly water
manometer using a positive displacement rotary-type meter.
3. Ability to read Indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
4. Ability to transport and handle filtering media using forceps
if required so as not to contaminate it or lose material
from it prior to weighing and analysis.
E-46
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5. Ability to level instrument or analyzer during installation
using a level, plumb, screw adjusters, and/or shims.
6. Ability to operate the High Volume Sampler including installing
filter with an airtight seal around outer edge and removing
it without loss of filter material or sample.
7. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
8. Ability to make accurate air flow measurement by maintaining
the proper vertical orientation of the visa-float flowmeter.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedures for installing, servicing,
troubleshooting, maintaining and operating the High Volume
Sampler.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for calibrating the High Volume
Sampler (including the proper correction factor to compensate
for the reduction of pressure at the meter inlet caused by
placing the calibration orifice before the inlet) and when
the calibration procedure should be performed.
3. Knowledge of procedure for calibration of a calibrating
orifice assembly and water manometer.
4. Knowledge of the procedure for installation, removal, and
transportation of the High Volume Sampler filter.
5. Knowledge of the procedure for operation and care of the
visa-float flowmeter to maintain its accuracy and prevent
clogging.
6. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
E-47
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7. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection
b. Sampling duration
c. Flow rate
8. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Research Appliance Company. High volume air sampler. Model
GMWL 2000. Model GMWL 2000fl. Allison Park, Pennsylvania
Author.
Special Staffing Guidance
The two-stage calibration process complicates what is otherwise a very
simple instrument to operate and maintain. Since the high volume air
sampler provides the samples used in various analyses, it is likely that
many persons will need to know how to operate it (including filter
installation, removal and transfer). Therefore, it may be advisable to
assign calibration to a more experienced Equipment Technician and the
service and repair tasks can be performed effectively by a relatively
inexperienced employee. Operation of the device can then be assigned
to as many persons as required.
E-48
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Operation and Maintenance of the
A.I.S.I. Automatic Sampler
Task Overview
The A.I.S.I. Automatic Sampler records particulate or gas concentration
over an extended period of time. The record obtained can be used to
determine if concentrations are increasing or decreasing, and at what
rate. Filter paper tape is fed through the sampling nozzle of the device
where a known volume of air is drawn through the tape by an oil-less
pump. The particulate matter contained in the air sample is deposited on
the filter paper, while the clean exhaust air is used to produce a slight
positive pressure in the sampler'*s front area to prevent contamination of
the tape around sampling spots. Farticulate concentration is determined
by assessing the percent of light transmittance through the sample spot.
This is done by comparing the light which reaches a photo cell after
passing through a sample spot with the amount of light passing through
clean filter paper. Briefly, the steps required for operation and main-
tenance of the A.I.S.I. Automatic Sampler include:
1. Preoperational check of the instrument.
2. Insertion of filter paper tape.
3. Setting the timer to obtain desired sample.
4. Adjusting flow rate to obtain desired sample.
5. Routine maintenance of the device.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician
Task Description
Reference 1 provides an example of the procedures for operation and
maintenance of the A.I.S.I. Automatic Sampler (ŁAC Model G-2). The
following skill and knowledge requirements are representative of this
category of tasks.
E-49
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Skill Requirements
I. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
2. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
3. Ability to set the timer using the1 index knob to achieve desired
sampling period through coordination with index switch
indicator.
4. Ability to perform the routine maintenance procedure including
washing the filter jars and filter felts and oiling the spool
motor armature bearings.
5. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
6. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
7. Ability to transport and handle filtering media using forceps
if required so as not to contaminate it or lose material from
it prior to weighing and analysis.
8. Ability to calibrate a sampling train or analyzer rotameter
or flowmeter by making use of a wet test meter.
9. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread
compound and teflon tape as appropriate.
10. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
E-50
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11. Ability to operate sampling apparatus or analyzer making quick
and accurate adjustments in flow control devices in order to
maintain a predetermined sample flow rate and terminating the
sampling process precisely at a predetermined time.
12. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the following procedures for the A.I.S.I. sampler:
t
a. Preoperational checkout.
b. Filter paper tape insertion.
c. Setting timer.
d. Adjusting flow rate.
e. Routine maintenance.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for determining relative humidity.
3. Knowledge of the function and location of each operating
and adjustment control on the instrument.
4. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.
5. Knowledge of the operating parameters for the instrument,
including:
a. Time for initiating sample collection
b. Sampling duration
c. Flow rate
6. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
E-51
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References
1. Research Appliance Company. Operating instructions for G-l.
G1-H2S, G-2, G2-H2S, A.I.S.I. Samplers, Allison Park,
Pennsylvania: Author.
Special Staffing Guidance
The A.I.S.I. Automatic Sampler is a relatively straightforward device
to operate and maintain and could be effectively assigned to a new
or inexperienced employee (provided with the appropriate training).
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Operation and Maintenance of the
Wind Speed Transmitter
Task Overview
The wind speed transmitter consists of three major sections: anemometer
cup assembly, transmitter housing assembly, and, depending on model, a
magnet-reed switch or a light chopper-amplifier assembly. The anemometer
cup assembly consists of three arms with conical cups attached to, or
molded directly on, the arm. This assembly drives a shaft which enters
the transmitter housing assembly and is securely sealed against extreme
environmental conditions. If the magnet-reed switch transmitter is used,
the anemometer cup assembly is mechanically linked to a miniature magnet
by the driveshaft. Rotation of the magnet alternately opens and closes
the contacts of the reed switch, producing two contact closures with each
revolution of the cups. The second type of transmitter used, the light
beam chopper-amplifier, has the driveshaft connected to the beam chopper.
A small lamp is mounted directly above the slot chopper disc so that its
light passes through the slots onto the photo-diode mounted beneath the
disc. Rotation of the chopper alternately masks and exposes the diode to
the lamp, producing electrical pulses at a frequency proportional to the
rate of rotation of the cups. The diode output is applied to the amplifier
circuit contained within the transmitter, amplifying the pulses to a uni-
form 10 volt peak-to-peak value. Briefly, the steps required for operation
and maintenance of the wind speed transmitter include:
1. Unpacking and installation of the transmitter.
!
2. Routine maintenance.
3. Periodic check of the transmitter.
4. Replacement of the transmitter bearing.
5. Replacement of the reed switch transmitter (magnetic-reed switch
type).
6. Replacement of the transmitter lamp (light-chopper-amplifier type).
7. Troubleshooting of the device.
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Occupational Category: Equipment Technician
Task Description
References 1 and 2 provide examples of the procedures for operation
and maintenance of the wind speed transmitter (Climet Models 011-2B and
011-1). The following skills and knowledge requirements are representa-
tive of this category of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to unpack and install the instrument including:
a. Mounting anemometer cup assembly onto transmitter shaft
without marring shaft through excessive tightening of
set screw.
b. Determining that shaft bearings are not damaged through
hand rotation of the cup assembly.
2. Ability to perform routine maintenance and periodic checks
on the instrument including:
a. Replacing transmitter bearings.
b. Removing anemometer cup assembly from rotating hub
without damage to the equipment.
c. Detecting crack and breaks in cups.
d. Pulling base away from top housing assembly without
damaging either part.
e. Detecting loose magnet or corrosion in interior of the
transmitter, especially soldered contacts of reed switch
(e.g., in Model 011-1).
f. Detecting dust particles and fungus on light chopper
without bending chopper (e.g., in Model 011-1).
g. Detecting cracks and corrosion on amplifier circuit;
board and repair cracks in protective finish with sealant
such as Humi Seal 1A27 (e.g., in Model 011-1).
E-54
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h. Determining out-of-tolerance roughness in shaft rotation,
or excessive end play,
i. Properly greasing transmitter "0" rings,
3. Ability to repair and troubleshoot the instrument including:
a. Removing anemometer cup assembly from rotating hub
without damage to the equipment.
b. Removing shaft from top housing assembly without losing
spacers.
c. Removing shield and slinger without bending chopper disc
(e.g., in Model 011-1).
d. Installing bearings without introducing dirt particles.
e. Disassembling and assembling transmitter.
f. Positioning new reed switch so that top of envelope is
the proper distance from the bottom of rotating magnet.
(e.g., in Model 011-1).
g. Operating a DC voltage supply (e.g., in Model 011-1).
h. Operating an oscilloscope (e.g., in Model 011-1).
1, Moving lamp in socket until wave shape displayed on
oscilloscope matches given standard (e.g., in Model 011-1).
j. Securing lamp and light assembly and protecting it with
sealant such as Humi Seal 1A27 (e.g., in Model 011-1).
k. Detecting faulty circuit boards (e.g., in Model 011-1).
1. Detecting faulty photo-diode (e.g., in Model 011-1).
m. Detecting faulty reed switch (e.g., in Model 011-2B).
4. Ability to detect Instrument damage caused by shipping, including
dents, breakage, components knocked out of position, loose
electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline cracks in
glass parts.
E-55
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5. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical connectors.
This includes identifying leads to facilitate correct connection
and achieving tight connections without damage to the leads or
terminals.
6, Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring and
tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics and troubleshooting
charts.
7. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instruments.
8. Ability to solder and unsolder electrical terminals making a
good electrical and mechanical connection without shorting
or grounding the connection or damaging circuit components.
9. Ability to detect a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedure for unpacking and installing the
instrument including:
a. Procedure for preparing wind speed transmitter for
operation.
b. Knowledge of the type of environment in which trans-
mitter is to be used. Vent hold at bottom of housing
must be plugged if used in dry, dusty conditions.
2. Knowledge of the procedures for performing routine maintenance
and periodic checks on the instrument.
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3. Knowledge of the procedures for repairing and troubleshooting
the instrument including:
a. The procedure for bearing replacement.
b. The procedure for switch replacement (e.g., in Model 011-2B),
c. The procedure for lamp replacement (e.g., in Model 011-1).
d. Knowledge of malfunction symptom patterns.
4. Knowledge of the function and location of each operating
and adjustment control on the instrument.
5. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument.«•
6. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
References
1. Climet Instruments Company. Instruction manual. Model 011-2B.
wind speed transmitter. Sunnyvale, California: Author,
April 1970.
2. Climet Instruments Company. Instruction manual, Model 011-1,
wind speed transmitter. Sunnyvale, California: Author,
April 1970.
Special Staffing Guidance
1. Because of the,relative simplicity of this task it can be effectively
performed by a relatively inexperienced Equipment Technician (with
the appropriate training).
2. This task and the operation and maintenance of the wind direction
transmitter should be performed by the same person since the7 normally
will be installed and operated together and their functions are related.
3. The operation and maintenance of this Instrument may also fall within
the responsibility of the meteorology section of the agency.
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Operation and Maintenance of the
Wind Direction Transmitter
Task Overview
The wind direction transmitter consists of four parts: the wind vane,
a potentiometer drive, a logic circuit, and the housing. The wind vane
is a light-weight airfoil attached or molded to one end of a rod. A
counterweight is attached to the other end of the rod and the vane hub
is located at the vane's center of gravity. The hub is attached to the
potentiometer drive which consists of a drive shaft mounted on precision
ball bearings, and is attached to a pair of potentiometers (the trans-
mitter analyzed has a 540° horizontal wind direction system). In the
540° system described here, two identical potentiometers are mounted on
the same shaft. A pulse, generated when the wiper passes the gap of one
potentiometer, drives a flip-flop contained within the logic circuit which
switches to the output of the other potentiometer. A constant voltage is
supplied to the potentiometers; the output voltage from the potentiometers
is dependent upon the azimuth position of the vane. The logic circuit
contains the flip-flop and a regulated power supply which provides the
potentiometers with operating voltage. The potentiometer drive coupler,
potentiometers, and the logic circuit are contained in a weatherproofed
housing. The housing also mounts the electrical receptacle which mates
with the connecting cable. Briefly, the steps required for operation and
maintenance of the wind direction transmitter include:
1. Unpacking and installation of the transmitter.
2. Routine maintenance.
3. Periodic check of the transmitter.
4. Replacement of the transmitter bearing.
5. Calibration of the transmitter.
6, Replacement of the electronic module.
E-58
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7. Replacement of the potentiometer.
8« Troubleshooting of the device.
Occupational Category: Equipment Technician
Task Description
References 1 and 2 provide examples of the procedures for
operation and maintenance of the wind direction transmitter (Climet
Models 012-6C and 012-10). The following skill and knowledge require-
ments are representative of this category of tasks.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to unpack and install the instrument including:
a. Balancing the vane assembly in the vane mount.
b. Mounting vane assembly without marring shaft through
excessive tightening of set screw.
c. Aligning wind direction transmitter using special
compass designed to align bushing prior to inserting
transmitter.
d. Determining that shaft bearings are not damaged through
hand rotation of the vane assembly.
2. Ability to perform routine maintenance and periodic checks
on the instrument including:
a. Properly greasing transmitter "0" rings.
b. Replacing transmitter bearings.
c. Removing vane assembly without disturbing the orientation
of the vane (do not loosen lower set screw in vane mount).
d. Fulling base away from top housing assembly without
damaging either part.
e. Detecting loose connection between drive shaft and
potentiometers.
E-59
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f. Detecting loose solder connections on potentiometers.
g. Detecting cracks and corrosion on amplifier circuit
board, and repair cracks in protection finish with
sealant such as Humi Seal 1A27.
h. Determining out-of-tolerance roughness in shaft
rotation, or excessive end play.
3. Ability to repair and troubleshoot the instrument including:
a. Removing anemometer cup assembly from rotating hub
without damage to the equipment.
b. Removing shaft from'top housing assembly without losing
spacers.
c. Removing shield and slinger without damage to the
instrument.
d. Installing bearings without introducing dirt particles.
e. Checking power supply in recording equipment.
f. Detecting faulty logic module.
g. Detecting failure to change from "A" channel to "B"
channel.
h. Differentiating between faulty bearings and frozen
potentiometer shaft.
4. Ability to calibrate the instrument including:
a. Removing and replacing transmitter on mast.
b. Removing and replacing cover and vane assembly.
c. Operating a variable voltage supply and connecting it
to the transmitter.
d. Connecting calibrator to transmitter.
e. Aligning reference marks on top of housing.
E-60
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f. Rotating transmitter hub until lowest reading is
obtained on voltmeter.
g. Loosening set screws and rotating calibrator pointer
to 0° while holding pot stationary.
h. Coordinating voltage adjustments on circuit board
with voltage reading on voltmeter.
5. Ability to detect instrument damage caused by shipping,
including dents, breakage, components knocked out of position,
loose electrical and mechanical connections, and hairline
cracks in glass parts.
6. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical connectors.
This includes identifying leads to facilitate correct connection
and achieving tight connections without damage to the leads or
terminals.
7. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring and
tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and trouble-
shooting charts.
8. Ability to use electrical test instruments such as:
a. AC/DC voltmeter
b. Ammeter
c. Ohmmeter
to achieve accurate circuit measurements without damage to
the test instruments.
9. Ability to solder and unsolder electrical terminals making a
good electrical and mechanical connection without shorting
or grounding the connection or damaging circuit components.
10. Ability to detest a worn, corroded, dirty, broken or otherwise
defective component part by visual, tactile, or auditory
examination and comparison with a properly functioning part.
E-61
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Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedure for unpacking and installing the
instrument including:
a. Procedure for preparing wind direction transmitter
for operation,
b. Knowledge of use of special Compass Orientation Device,
c. Knowledge of the type of environment in which transmitter
is to be used and the extra protective procedures
necessary in extreme environments.
2. Knowledge of the procedure for performing routine maintenance
and periodic checks on the instrument,
3. Knowledge of the procedures for repair and troubleshooting
of the. instrument including:
a. Procedure for bearing replacement.
b. Procedure for replacing electronic module.
c. Procedure for potentiometer replacement.
d. Knowledge of malfunction symptom patterns.
4. Knowledge of the procedure for calibrating the instrument
including:
a. Procedure for calibration of the transmitter.
b. Procedure for use of a calibrator (as required).
c. Procedure for orienting the transmitter Cas required).
5. Knowledge of the function and location of each operating and
adjustment control on the instrument.
6. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the instrument,
7. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the instrument.
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References
1. Climet Instruments Company. Instruction manual for Climet
instructions, Model 012-6C, wind direction transmitter.
Sunnyvale, California: Author, April 1970.
2. Climet Instruments Company. Instruction manual, Model 012-10,
wind direction transmitter. Sunnyvale, California: Author,
March 1971.
Special Staffing Guidance
1. Because of the relative simplicity of this task it can be effectively
performed by a relatively inexperienced Equipment Technician (with
the appropriate training).
2. This task and the operation and maintenance of the wind speed trans-
mitter should be performed by the same person since they normally
will be installed and operated together and their functions are
related.
3. The operation and maintenance of this instrument may also fall
within the responsibility of the meteorology section of the agency.
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Supervision of Air Monitoring Equipment
Operation and Maintenance Tasks
Task Overview
This task involves the supervision of operation and maintenance
of the analyzers and samplers used to monitor pollutant levels in air
samples. The task also involves scheduling and coordinating the use of
the equipment in routine and special operation (e.g., in conjunction
with the smog chamber).
Occupational Category; Chemist *
Task Description
The procedure for supervising air monitoring equipment operation and
maintenance cannot be set down in a step-by-step sequence but involves
various steps which are performed as often as the supervisor deems
necessary in achieving timely and high quality results. These steps
include:
1. Initiate the performance of the operation and maintenance
activities or assure that the activities are performed as
scheduled. This includes making work assignments.
2. Supervise the conduct of the activities, providing assistance
as required.
3. Advise of special problems or contingencies which might
affect when and how the activities are performed in a given
instance (e.g., the need for non-scheduled sampling or the
temporary presence of an interferent the effect of which must
be overcome or allowed for by special procedures).
4. Review the written report of the analyses for inconsistencies,
mistakes, variations from the procedure, etc.
5. Assure that records of all analysis are in proper form,
complete, and correctly filed.
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6. Provide on-the-job training for all tasks in support of
or in lieu of formal training provided elsewhere.
7. Assist professional staff personnel from other parts of
the agency in planning and scheduling non-routine analysis
(e.g., special remote site testing or smog chamber research).
Ski11 Req uiremen t s
1. Ability to evaluate the quantity and quality of -work produced
by the staff and discriminate acceptable from unacceptable
performance. This skill assumes the ability to use criteria
of performance acceptability for all tasks supervised.
2. Ability to make work assignments and establish and maintain
work schedules such that deadlines are met consistently.
3. Ability to develop work procedures which provide detailed
step-by-step guidance in the performance of the equipment
operation and maintenance tasks
4. Ability to document all procedures, findings, ideas, and
decisions in writing which communicates clearly and completely
to the intended audience (e.g., the Equipment Technicians).
5. Ability to effectively communicate verbally with Equipment
Technicians concerning details of task performance.
6. Ability to cooperate with other agency personnel in planning
tests so as to assure proper coordination of routine and
special sample collection and analysis activities.
7. Ability to express technical theory and data in a concise,
intelligent manner.
8. Ability to choose a sampling time length and flow rate in
i
accordance with requirements for sample reliability and.
representativeness and to avoid overloading the capacity
of the various reagents, filters, traps, etc., in the
equipment.
E-65
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9. Ability to determine the extent to which equipment and instrument
installation, troubleshooting, maintenance, and calibration
should be performed by agency personnel given:
a. The frequency with which these functions must be
performed.
b. The availability of the required skills and knowledge
in-house or the cost of providing them through training
or selection.
c. The availability of the required test instruments,
t
tools, and materials or the cost of providing them.
d. The cost and delay associated with having some part
of these functions performed outside the agency.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the capabilities and work loads of the personnel
under his direction sufficient to permit the making of work
assignments.
2. Knowledge of the theoretical principles of operation for
the equipment of concern.
3. Knowledge of the factory recommended installation, service,
troubleshooting, repair, and calibration procedures for all
laboratory equipment of concern.
\
4. Knowledge of the limitations associated with the analyzers
being employed including:
a. Range of ambient concentration of the pollutant for
which the analyzer can be employed and means of
modifying its sensitivity.
b. Other constituents which interfere with the accuracy
of the analyzer and methods for controlling their effect.
E-66
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c. Critical aspects of analyzer operation (e.g., the need
for stable operating voltage or precise operating
temperature) and means of assuring that these aspects
are adequately provided for.
5. Knowledge of the effects of typical reagent impurities on
the outcome of the analysis of concern.
6. Knowledge of factors surrounding the choice of appropriate
analysis technique, e.g., the use of automated (i.e., analyzers)
versus standard manually performed analyses.
7. Knowledge of each source which is pertinent to identifying
new analytical methodology, its use and location.
8. Knowledge of the meaning of the following terms which are used
in the evaluation of a method:
a. Validity
b. Reliability
c. Accuracy
d. Precision
9. Knowledge of hazards involved with performing specific types
of analytical tasks, such as:
a. Presence of volatile or explosive chemicals
b. Poisonous substances
c. High temperatures or pressures
10. Knowledge of relevant factors sufficient to permit the develop-
ment and periodic revision of a sampling schedule giving the
times, durations, and locations of sampling for each ambient
air sampling and analysis procedure to be employed. Relevant
factors affecting the schedule include:
a. Agency policy.
b. Current pollution levels.
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c. Expected pollution levels.
d. Changes in the set of pollutants for which analyses
are routinely performed.
e. Changes in sampling or analysis procedures.
f. Initiation of experimental monitoring programs.
11. Knowledge of the relevant factors sufficient to permit the
establishment and periodic revision of the sample flow rate
to be maintained in the various sampling procedures. Relevant
factors affecting flow rate include:
a. Instrument manufacturers' recommendations
b. Expected pollutant concentrations
c. Efficiency of the sample and analyses processes
12. Knowledge of the operation of each analyzer sufficient to:
a. Identify errors possible in each step of the analysis
process and their effect on the final outcome of the
analysis.
b. Identify critical steps in the process. A critical step
is one in which:
1) Out-of-tolerance operation of the analyzer is
known to frequently occur.
2) Little margin for out-of-tolerance operation
exists.
3) Out-of-tolerance operation is likely to go
undetected,
c. Revise procedures so as to reduce the likelihood of
out-of-tolerance operation.
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13. Knowledge of the chemical, electrical, and mechanical principles
of operation of the various analysis instruments sufficient to:
a. Identify instrument malfunctions which could go
undetected and result in inaccurate read-out (to
the extent not already documented in existing service
manuals).
b. Develop procedures for the timely discovery of such
malfunctions.
c. Identify the effects of incorrect instrument operation
on instrument read-out.
Special Staffing Guidance
Because of the skill and knowledge requirements, level of responsibility,
and credibility characteristics of this task, it is suggested that it
be assigned to a Chemiat- The assignee should be able to perform
all the operation and maintenance tasks performed by the Equipment
Technicians under his supervision. But he needs, in addition, familiarity
with general laboratory equipment maintenance, general theoretical
background relevant to the analyses to be performed, and the specific
principles of operation of the laboratory instruments used for the
analyses.
It is suggested that the supervisor of moritpring equipment operation
and maintenance also supervise the tasks covered in the Laboratory
Support function (see Volume D, pages D-4 through D-55). Both involve
the performance of analytical chemistry procedures to determine pollutant
concentrations in air samples, the former by manual analyses and the
latter by automated techniques.
E-69
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Use of the Smog Chamber as a
Tool in Photochemical Smoe Research
Task Overview
The smog chamber is used to facilitate research into factors contributing
to the production of smog, effects of smog on organic and inorganic
materials, and techniques for controlling smog. The smog chamber con-
sists of four major component groups, the chamber box, air supply system,
light source, and monitoring equipment. The chamber is a sealed box; the
larger the box, the more valid are.^the results from the smog research.
Clean, uncontaminated air is supplied to the chamber through an air puri-
fication system consisting of a series of filters of various kinds, a
heater, and a humidifying unit. The chamber operator controls the pressure
within the chamber with inlet and outlet valves, the temperature of incoming
air is controlled, as is the relative humidity within the chamber. Con-
taminants are introduced to the chamber through the air system, either in
the gaseous state or as liquids. The chamber operator has control over
the volume of the contaminants added and thereby the concentration within
the chamber. The light source is commonly a series of lights and filters
which provide light in the UV range of 2900 A and above. The number of
lights and distance of the light panel from the chamber is under the con-
trol of the operator. Finally, the concentration of reaction products
within the chamber is monitored by various instruments. The parameters
which are often monitored include CO or Freon, hydrocarbon, NO, N0_, total
oxidant, ozone, SO-, aerosols, aldehydes, and PAN. In addition, subjective
observations are often made of eye irritation. Briefly, the steps com-
monly required for use of the smog chamber in research include:
1. Pre-experiment preparation.
2. Conduct of the experiment.
3. Subjective measurement of eye irritation.
This task will be performed only in those agencies with access to a
smog chamber or similar experimental facility.
E-70
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NOTE: It is assumed that the experimental design and a step-by-step
experimental scenario has been created by a trained scientist (i.e.,
a chemist). This scenario describes: ''
a. Task steps for the specific experiment.
b. Time for each step to be performed.
c. Volume and concentration of each contaminant which must be
added to the chamber.
d. Measurement techniques to be employed.
This analysis is restricted to the implementation of the smog chamber
as a tool in air quality research.
Occupational Category; Equipment Technician (Senior)
Task Description
Pre-experiment Preparation:
1. Read experimental scenario carefully. Be certain to under-
stand all terminology and procedures.
2. Identify all parameters which must be duplicated in the
smog chamber as given in the experimental design and
assemble necessary contaminants.
3. Identify and list each subjective measurement technique
to be used in the experiment, such as eye irritation,
visibility reduction, etc.
a. Identify type of sensory capabilities required by
the observers, e.g., visual acuity, olfactory, etc.
b. Identify the number of observers required.
c. Obtain the required subject.
4. Identify each mechanical or chemical measurement technique'
to be used in the experiment, such as required to measure
aerosol formation, N0_ formation, aldehyde formation, etc.
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a. Identify measurement instrument to be used by make
and model.
b. Review operational procedures for the measurement
devices.
c. Assemble and prepare instrumentation.
Conduct of the Experiment:
1. Start up all instrumentation and assure that each has
reached a stable operating condition.
2. Adjust pressure control to achieve desired chamber pressure.
3. Adjust temperature control to achieve desired temperature.
4. Set desired"relative humidity using the control panel.
Be sure to take into account the steady-state temperature
inside the chamber and set the humidity control to
correspond with the temperature.
5. Check relative humidity by reading hydrometer located
inside the smog chamber.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to perform pre-experiment preparation for use of the
smog chamber including:
a. Identifying in the scenario each parameter to be duplicated
in smog chamber and the methods to be used in duplicating
them.
b. Identifying subject measurement procedures to be used.
c. Describing necessary sensory characteristics of the
observers.
d. Identifying and describing mechanical and chemical
measurement procedures to be used.
e. Setting up the required monitoring equipment.
E-72
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2. Ability to conduct an experiment using the smog chamber including:
a. Adjusting controls to achieve desired pressure, temperature,
and humidity.
b. Determining necessary moisture requirements given steady-
state temperature within chamber.
c. Reading hydrometer and interpreting reading in terms of
relative humidity.
d. Adjusting gas flow using regulator control to achieve
desired concentrations of gaseous contaminants in
chamber.
e. Adding liquid contaminants through system using syringe.
f. Operating and reading measuring equipment being used
in the experiment.
g. Adjusting light bank concentration, wave lengths, and
distance from chamber.
\
3. Ability to achieve accurate measurement of eye irritation in
the smog chamber through instruction to subjects regarding
how to detect earliest indication of eye irritation.
4. Ability to accurately obtain definite volumes of solutions
using apparatus such as a pipette, syringe, volumetric flask,
or burette.
5. Ability to operate sampling apparatus or anal/^er, making
quick and accurate adjustments in flow control devices in
order to maintain a predetermined sample flow rate and
terminating the sampling process precisely at a predetermined
time.
6. Ability to read indicating devices, such as a thermometer,
manometer, dry gas meter, and flowmeter, and to interpret
meter readings against a calibration plot as required.
E-73
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7. Ability to handle pressurized gas without endangering personnel
or equipment.
8. Ability to coordinate adjustment screw or hand knob movements
with meter or chart recorder reading to quickly achieve and
maintain the desired reading.
9. Ability to read the recorder chart interpreting the position
and slope of the tracing in terms of the variables represented
on the ordinate and abscissa (i.e., the pollutant concentration
over time or the strength of X-ray defraction as a function
of beam angle).
10. Ability to service and operate a chart recorder, including
replacing chart roll, resupplying ink (if required), and
adjusting the baseline (zero) point, line density, chart
speed, and sensitivity range.
11. Ability to detect leaks in hose, tubing, and piping connectors
carrying liquids, gases, or vacuum using simple leak detection
aids as appropriate.
12. Ability to disconnect and connect standard hose tubing and
piping.connectors without injury to threads and achieving
leakproof connections. This includes the use of thread com-
pound and teflon tape as appropriate.
13. Ability to disconnect and connect standard electrical connectors.
This includes identifying leads to facilitate correct connection
and achieving tight connections without damage to the leads or
terminals.
14. Ability to correctly interpret function diagrams, wiring and
tubing diagrams, simple electrical schematics, and trouble-
shooting charts.
15. Ability to detect pinched, ruptured or otherwise defective
tubing and incorrect tubing connection.
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Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedures for pre-experiment preparation
of the smog chamber including:
a. Knowledge of experimental scenario for research to
be conducted in smog chamber.
b. Meaning of scientific terminology used in the scenario.
c. Procedure to be followed during experiment as described
in scenario.
d. Procedure for duplicating atmospheric parameters
identified for the experiment.
e. Procedure for obtaining the given subjective measure.
f. Procedures for mechanical and chemical measurement.
g. Availibility of required measurement and monitoring
equipment and the procedures for obtaining it.
h. Necessary time relationships between various steps
of the experiment.
i. Procedure for obtaining the required contaminants.
2. Knowledge of procedures for conducting an experiment in the
smog chamber including:
a. Desired chamber pressure, temperature, and humidity.
b. Procedure for introducing air and contaminants into
chamber.
c. Desired contaminant concentrations.
d. Knowledge that reactive hydrocarbon should be added
last.
e. Proper light combination as prescribed in experimental
scenario.
E-75
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f. Procedures for operating monitoring equipment.
g. Instrument monitoring schedule.
3. Knowledge of the procedure for obtaining eye irritation
measurements using the smog chamber.
4. Knowledge of the procedure for determining relative humidity.
5. Knowledge of the function and location of each operating and
adjustment control on the smog chamber.
6. Knowledge of the name and location of the various component
parts of the smog chamber*.
7. Knowledge of the following procedures for the chart recorder
used in conjunction with the smog chamber:
a. Installation (including impedance matching)
b. Servicing
c. Troubleshooting
d. Maintenance
e. Calibration (including zeroing the recorder)
f. Operation
8. Knowledge of the tools and materials required for maintaining
the smog chamber.
9. Knowledge of the procedure for maintaining the smog chamber.
t
References
1. Levy, A., Miller, S., & Himes, R. The smog chamber - a tool
for the study and control of photochemcial smog. Columbus,
Ohio: Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus Laboratories, 1967,
E-76
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Special Staffing Guidance
This task requires, in addition to the ability to operate and maintain
the smog chamber, the ability to correctly set up and operate associated
instrumentation. It also requires administrative abilities in the
sense that the assignee must coordinate procurement of required equip-
ment, materials, and subjects with the actual conduct of the experi-
mental procedure. Further, to effectively aid the scientist in the
conduct of experiments using the smog chamber the Equipment Technician
should be able to understand something of the theory behind the step-by-
step procedure he is performing. For these reasons, the Equipment
Technician assigned to this task should:
1. Be highly experienced in the instrumentation available for use
with the smog chamber.
2. Be familiar with the policies of the agency concerning procure-
ment of equipment, materials and subjects.
3. Have background sufficient to work with abstract theoretical
principles as provided by the scientific staff.
For the above reasons it is suggested that the assignee be a senior
level Equipment Technician.
E-77
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Design of an Air Monitoring Facility
Task Overview
The design of an air monitoring facility (AMF) involves three major
activities including, the establishment of design goals, the selection
of instrumentation and other equipment which will allow the goals to
be met, and the design of the physical layout of the facility (References
1 and 2). The first activity category is the establishment of design
goals. The goals must be clearly stated in such a manner as to allow
f
the designer to know when he has achieved the goal. In setting design
goals, the first question which must be answered concerns the purpose
for which the facility is being created, i.e., will its main function be
to collect data for pollution control, or will its main function be the
collection of data for research? Once the primary reason for existence
has been identified, the next question is where to locate the facility.
If control is the major concern, the designer may choose to locate the
facility near the source of pollution, or he may choose to locate near
the area to be protected. This decision is of course, based upon the
purpose for the creation of the AMF. There are times when the optimum
location for the AMF is in a rural setting to allow research into the
effects of pollution on the rural environment, e.g., plant ecology, etc.
Regardless of where the facility is located, it will be necessary to
specify the type of pollutants which will be monitored as well as their
likely concentrations. The type of pollutants will affect decisions
/
concerning the kind of equipment necessary, while the expected concen-
trations will dictate equipment sensitivity or threshold requirements.
A number of external constraints must be considered aside from the
purpose of the facility, location, and type of pollutants monitored.
Some of these constraints include the natural environment, e.g., the
presence of unusual air currents, temperature problems, etc.; economic
factors, e.g., how large is the budget; legal implications, which are
particularly relevant if the data from the facility is to be used to
enforce pollution laws; and social, political, and manpower factors.
E-78
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Finally, the designer must identify the degree of flexibility required
for the AMF. A number of alternatives are available including a fixed
location facility, a mobile van installation, or multiple telemetered
sites. The degree of flexibility required is based upon the purpose
for the facility. If control is the primary reason for establishment
of the AMF, a fixed location may be all that is needed. For research
however, data from more than one location is usually required and
therefore the designer will have to consider either multiple sites
or a mobile van.
Once the designer has specified the goals for the AMF, he must choose
the equipment to be included in the facility, and equipment selection
is contingent upon the analytical techniques chosen for inclusion in
the AMF.
After identifying the general analysis techniques and types of equipment
needed, the designer must specify make and model for procurement. Often
the designer will have formal evaluation reports at his disposal. If
this is the case he can study the reports to identify the least expensive
equipment which will fulfill his requirements for accuracy, specificity
(limited interference with the measurement of a given pollutant by other
substances), and reliability. If the evaluation data is not available,
the designer may have to judge between several similar devices concerning
their applicability for his particular installation.
Facility layout should adhere to good architectural and engineering
practices. In addition, a number of special considerations must be
made should a mobile van installation be planned.
Briefly, the steps required for designing an air monitoring facility
include:
1. Establishment of design goals.
2. Selection of instruments and analytical methods to be included
in the facility.
3. Layout of the air monitoring facility.
4. Design of a mobile van used for air monitoring.
E-79
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Occupational Category: Chemist (Senior)
Task Description
Establishment of design goals:
1. Determine the degree to which the data from the AMF will be
used for pollution control purposes.
2. Determine the degree to which the data from the AMF will be
used for research purposes.
3. Specify all other data usages.
4. Identify format in which data must be presented to facilitate
each of the users.
5. Specify the location for the facility based on the purposes
for its creation.
6. Identify the type of pollutants likely to be found in the
area in which the AMF is to be located.
7. Specify the likely concentrations of pollutants which will
be found in the area in which the AMF is to be located.
8. Determine the minimum concentration levels which must be
detected.
9. Identify unusual environmental problems which may be present
in the proposed location, e.g., unusual air currents, temperatures,
etc.
10. Determine the budget range available for the proposed AMF.
11. Check legal restrictions in the area in which the facility is
to be located. These restrictions include zoning JLaws, con-
struction codes, pollution laws, etc.
12. Assess social and political environment Ło determine if unfore-
seen problems will arise over the placement of an AMF in the
locale selected.
13. Assess manpower availability required to staff the AMF.
E-80
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14. Specify if fixed, mobile, or multiple site monitoring is
needed.
15. Document all findings and decisions.
Selection of instruments and analytical methods to be included in
the facility:
1. List each of the measurements which are to be made.
2. List all measurement techniques available for each measure-
ment which is desired.
NOTE: Farticulate monitoring is accomplished by
some form of air filtering process. Commonly used
techniques include use of high volume air samplers
(see Page E-46) and use of tape samplers (see Page
E-49). Sulfur dioxide is measured by secondary
coulometry and dynamic iodimetric titration (see
Page E-15), the West-Gaeke method (see Page D-9),
or flame photometry. The NO, NO., and oxidant
analyzers also use the coulometric principle based
on the oxidation of potassium iodide (see Page E-15).
Oxidants are measured with a number of different
devices and the oxides of nitrogen can be measured
through the use of wet chemical Saltzman method (see
Page D-4). Carbon monoxide is usually measured with
a non-dispersive infrared instrument (see Page E-10).
Hydrocarbons are measured by the flame ionization
technique (see Page E-4). A single instrument which
has a wide range of applications in the analysis of
gases is the gas chromatograph analyzer which carries
out vapor phase chromatographic analysis of a variety
of samples (see Page E-29). An essential part of any
AMF is several types of meteorological instruments,
including wet- and dry-bulb temperature indicator,
barometer, rain and snow gauges, wind speed and/wind
direction indicators (see Pages E-53 and E-58).
E-81
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3. List all hardware which is readily available on the market
for each of the measurement techniques listed in step 2,
and which meets sensitivity requirements.
4. List all support materials needed for each of the commercially
available measurement devices and techniques, e.g., hydrogen,
220 VAC, reagents, etc.
5. Gather information about each candidate instrument in each
of the following categories:
a. Sensitivity of the instrument including the validity
te
and reliability of obtained measurements.
b. The response time required to note change in environ-
mental conditions after the change has occurred.
c. The readability of the meters or recorders associated
with the instrument.
d. The compactness and portability of the instrument.
e. The ease of operation and maintenance, e.g., if rack-
mounted, it should use drawers, rollers, or hinges,
such that complete access will be available to all
components.
6. Rank equipment within each category of measurement in terms of
its overall acceptability to meet the measurement requirements
based on the parameters identified in step 5.
7. List cost of each measuring device with the device description
as ranked in step 6.
8. Reexamine ranking to assure that the benefits of the most
desirable equipment are compatible with the cost of the equip-
ment (i.e., examine value received for dollar spent)*
9. Make up procurement list of the equipment items to be purchased.
E-82
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10. Indicate in the procurement request that the manufacturer will
supply or comply with requirements including the following:
a. Detailed principles of operation and analysis.
b. Possible interferences.
c. Instrument characteristics including accuracy,
sensitivity, linearity, resolution, drift, response
time, lag time, output signal, output impedance,
and output noise.
d. Power requirements.
e. Temperature and pressure range within which the
instrument can be operated.
f. Spare parts necessary for one-year normal operation.
g. A one-year guarantee and specified turn-around time.
h. At least five copies of instruction maintenance
and repair manuals.
i. Electronic circuit diagrams (solid state preferred).
j. Each instrument should have characteristics including:
1) Have its own double-pole power switch with
indicating light and fuse.
2) fie equipped with an indicator dial and chart
recorder plug-in terminals on the front of
the module.
3) Have "power-on" and "in-service" lamps for
visual display of the sensor status.
Layout of air monitoring facility:
1. Obtain list of all equipment to be included in the 'facility
given in terms of make and model descriptions with instal-
lation instructions and dimensions.
E-83
-------
2. List all support materials needed for the equipment to be
used. Give special attention to utility requirements and
storage of spare parts.
3. Estimate amount of workspace required in the facility.
4. Determine minimum space required for the conduct of all activities
which are to be conducted within the facility.
5. Draw facility outline.
6. Layout instruments and analysis areas taking into account
needs for water, access to air intake manifold, electrical
current, exhaust requirements, etc.
7. Draw activity patterns on the initial layout.
8. Check to be certain that simultaneous activities do not
interfere.
9. Check to be certain that easy access has been provided to
all equipment and workspaces.
10. Finalize layout plan and submit to proper authority for approval.
Layout of a mobile van used for air monitoring:
1. Follow the procedure given for layout of air monitoring
facility.
2. In addition, check the weight distribution on the wheels of
the van to see that about 60 percent is to front of the wheels
and about 40 percent to the rear.
3. Hook sanitary facilities in the van to local sewer system
since holding tanks cannot be used due to the problems involved
in venting.
4. Use local power sources to avoid the necessity of operating
power generation equipment in the vicinity of the van.
5. Provide adequate environmental control to assure the necessary
conditions for the instruments.
•E-84
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6. Locate the analyzers down the center of the van to allow easy
access and to keep them away from the walls where temperature
fluctuations are the greatest.
7. Provide adequate storage space.
8. Assure that the trailer meets local codes for the area in
which it is to be used.
9. Provide facility for securing the instrumentation and other
equipment during travel.
10. Provide good lighting and adequate workspace with phone conduits,
11. Assure stable power.
Skill Requirements
Establishment of design goals:
1. Ability to identify and describe uses for the AMF other than
.control and research.
2. Ability to suggest best location for facility given the
stated purpose for creation of the AMF.
3. Ability to identify type and likely concentration range
of pollutants which will be found at AMF site.
4. Ability to identify unusual environmental characteristics
of the proposed AMF site.
5. Ability to identify social and political characteristics
of the community which may impact the AMF design.
.i&'.~
6. Ability to make design compensation in response to social
political factors affecting AMF design.
7. Ability to determine if fixed, mobile, or multiple location
monitoring is required, based on objectives and site
characteristics.
8. Ability to document and communicate all findings and
decisions in writing.
E-85
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Selection of instruments and analytical methods to be included in
facility:
1. Ability to specify all support materials, including utilities
needed for the suggested hardware and measuring techniques.
2. Ability to weigh characteristics of the various instruments
and rank order them in terms of their applicability for use
in the specified AMF.
3. Ability to make trade-offs between desirability of instrument
and cost. <•
4. Ability to write procurement specifications.
Layout of air monitoring facility:
1. Ability to specify all support materials, including utilities
needed for the suggested hardware and measuring techniques.
2. Ability to estimate workspace requirements.
3. Ability to make engineering drawings.
4. Ability to draw facility outline.
5. Ability to layout equipment and analysis areas taking into
account needs for water, access to an air intake manifold,
electrical current, exhaust requirements, etc.
6. Ability to identify activity patterns.
7. Ability to assess access to equipment from engineering drawings.
Layout of mobile van used for air monitoring facility:
1. Ability to accurately estimate environmental control require-
ments for the van and to design a system which will fulfill
the requirements.
2. Ability to estimate storage space requirements.
3. Ability to design techniques for securing instruments and
other equipment during transport.
E-86
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4. Ability to determine adequate lighting to meet standards
of illumination which meet human engineering standards.
Knowledge Requirements
Establishment of design goals:
1. Knowledge of degree to which facility will be used to collect
data for control purposes.
2. Knowledge of degree to which facility will be used to collect
data for research purposes.
3. Knowledge of data storage and presentation format requirements.
4. Knowledge of minimum concentration levels of pollutants which
must be detected.
5. Knowledge of amount of money available for the construction
Of the AMF.
6. Knowledge of legal restrictions affecting the selected site.
7. Knowledge of manpower availability near the proposed site.
Selection of instruments and analytical methods to be included in
the facility:
1. Knowledge of each type of measurement to be made in the AMF.
2. Knowledge of all techniques which can be used to achieve the
required measurements.
3. Knowledge of all commercially available hardware and materials
which will support the desired measurements.
4. Knowledge of sensitivity requirement for the measurements.
5. Knowledge of sensitivity of the instrument including the
validity and reliability of the obtained measurements.
6. Knowledge of the response time required to note change in
environmental conditions after they have changed for each
instrument.
E-87
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7. Knowledge of the readability of the meters or recorders
associated with each instrument.
8. Knowledge of the compactness and portability of each
instrument.
9. Knowledge of the installation, operation procedures, and
ease of maintenance for each instrument.
10. Knowledge of jcost of procurement and operation of each device.
Layout of air monitoring facility:
~" *
1. Knowledge of all equipment to be used in facility.
2. Knowledge of appropriate channels for submission of
final plans.
Layout of a mobile van used for air monitoring facility:
1. Knowledge of procedure for layout of air monitoring facility.
2. Knowledge of approximate weight of all equipment to be placed
in van.
3. Knowledge that sanitary facilities in van must be hooked to
local sewer system.
4. Knowledge that local power sources should be used, not self-
generated power due to the production of contaminants in the
area of the van.
i
5. Knowledge that analyzers should be located in the center of
the van to keep them away from extreme temperature fluctuations
along walls and to provide easy access.
References
1. Golden, J. & Mongan, T. R. Designing and air monitoring facility.
Mechanical Engineering, August 1971.
2. Hamburg, F. C. Some basic considerations in the design of an
air pollution monitoring system. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association, October 1971.
E-88
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3. Hickey, H. R., Rove, W. D., & Skinner, F. A cost model for
air quality monitoring systems. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association, November 1971.
Special Staffing Guidance
The highly complex nature of this task requires not only a thorough and
up-to-date knowledge of analytical chemistry analysis procedures and
instrumentation but a solid understanding of the requirements that must
be fulfilled by the AMF and the availability of agency resources. It
would appear that the final responsibility for AMF planning must rest
with a senior level Chemist although in practice many of the planning
activities can be carried out by less senior Chemists under his
direction.
E-89
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Routine Forecast of Meteorological
Conditions and Pollution Levels or Effects
Task Overview
The objectives of this type of task are to use descriptions of current
or recent meteorological conditions (e.g., current inversion strength
and height) and other parameters (e.g., time of the year, location of
monitoring equipment) to forecast pollution-related meteorological con-
ditions (e.g., inversion break time) and associated pollution characteristics
(e.g., expected contaminant levels, anticipated effects, or acceptable/
unacceptable activities during the forecast period).
The forecasting operation requires a broad knowledge background in the
areas of meteorology and the dynamics of air pollutants in the atmosphere.
Judgments and decisions may be required, although objective forecasting
systems are becoming effective and widely used. Also, there is a very
real credibility requirement that demands a trained meteorologist for
the task. This is particularly true when various activities (commercial,
industrial, or private) can be legally curtailed as a result of the
meteorologist's decision (e.g., "No Burn Days" in California).
The following task description is representative of the manner in which
the task would be performed within a comprehensive State or local agency.
Occupational Category; Meteorologist
Task Description
The Meteorological Technician is responsible for collecting or assem-
bling meteorological raw data and formatting it so that the Meteorologist
can use it for forecasting. A representative version of the data as-
sembly and format task is covered on Page E-96 of this volume.
The following description assumes that the Meteorological Technician has
provided data describing an inversion, and the Meteorologist must fore-
cast associated pollution conditions using this descriptive data.
E-90
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1. Forecast time during coming period that inversion break
temperature will be reached. Use historical data of daily
temperature fluctuations, NWS forecasts, and facsimile maps.
2. Estimate strength of inversion which might occur 24 hours
hence. Use NWS 850 mb charts and forecasted minimum surface
temperature for period (i.e., NWS Max/Min Temperature forecast)
Identify onset time of predicted inversion.
3. Forecast break time of predicted inversion using graphic tech-
niques and knowledge of local wind and temperature variation.
Use 500, 850 mb charts and surface map. Consider effects of
fronts.
4. Predict average surface wind speed and direction (today and
tomorrow). Accuracy should be to 0.5 m/sec. Use NWS Wind
Facsimile, Wind Forecasts, and Projected Surface maps. Con-
sider local wind speed/direction historical data, diurnal
variations, and effects of predicted fronts, pressure systems.
Use historical data from meteorological monitoring system.
5. Determine current and 24-hour-hence ventilation:
a. Use forecasted high temperature for period and
graphic methods to determine "mixing height."
b. Predict average winds through mixing height
(using radiosonde data) and calculate ventilation.
Predicted ventilation (24 hour) is based on pre-
dicted inversion height.
6. Determine current vorticity advection into area.
7. Forecast air pollution levels from meteorological data using
objective or subjective (predictive) relationships. For
example, prediction of COHS from inversion strength and
average morning and afternoon maximum wind velocity. Refer-
ences 1, 2, 3, and 4 provide descriptions of forecasting
methods currently in use or under development.
E-91
-------
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to use (identify, discriminate, interpret) appropri-
ate information in the following formal data sources to forecast
meteorological conditions. Forecasts are usually for morning
and afternoon of the day for which the data is available and
for the following morning. The types of meteorological con-
ditions typically forecasted include:
a. Inversion break temperature and time
b. Inversion strength, base height, and type
c. Mixing heights
""" iff
d. Maximum and minimum temperatures
e. Surface wind velocity and direction
f. Ventilation
g. Visibility (mileage, restrictions)
h. Precipitation
i. Cloudiness (thickness, areal extent, duration)
The formal data sources used in making the above forecasts
include:
a. Upper air charts (e.g., 500 mb, 850 mb)
b. Surface charts
c. High Air Pollution Potential Advisories (HAPPA)
d. Hourly weather bureau reports
e. Weather bureau, wind, max/min temperature forecasts
and facsimiles
f. Air Stagnation Narratives or Advisories
g. Boundary Level Forecasts
h. Historical records of local meteorological charac-
teristics (e.g., diurnal cycles, seasonal variations)
i. Upper air soundings for stations considered.
E-92
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2. Ability to identify local topographical features which affect
weather conditions and forecast their specific effects on
meteorological conditions. Topographical features such as the
following should be considered:
a. Terrain (e.g., roughness, profile, valley width, proximity
to large bodies of water)
b. Vegetation (e.g., physical and dimensional characteristics)
c. Urbanization (channeling effects, heat island effects,
nighttime radiation)
d. Hydrology (e.e., shape, size, dynamic properties of nearby
water bodies)
3. Ability to interpret known stochastic relationships of
meteorological conditions and pollution levels (e.g., re-
gression equations, measures of central tendency and variance).
4. Ability to integrate information relevant to contaminant
properties, source characteristics, and meteorological con-
ditions to forecast contaminant levels for up to 24 hours
from forecast point.
5. Ability to use graphic methods to determine inversion strength,
height, and break temperature.
6. Ability to determine current ventilation rates using the ap-
propriate NWS charts and teletype data.
7. Ability to forecast ventilation for a 24-hour period.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of graphic procedures used to identify, describe,
and forecast inversion characteristics (e.g., strength, height,
break temperature).
2. Knowledge of the procedures for forecasting meteorological
conditions relevant to air pollution control using appropriate
data sources.
3. Knowledge of local historical and topographical effects (e.g.,
wind speed/direction records, diurnal temperature variations)
which influence meteorological conditions and the associated
effects on pollution levels.
E-93
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4. Knowledge of the relevant properties of the pollutants (e.g.,
interaction with sunlight) and emission sources (e.g., location;
emission output; emission patterns as a function of time, season,
etc.) which interact with meteorological conditions to produce
contamination levels.
5. Knowledge of the procedures for using objective (i.e., relatively
mechanical) systems for predicting contamination levels from
meteorological data.
6. Knowledge of the guidelines, criteria, rules of thumb, con-
tingency plans, etc., used in subjective systems for predicting
pollution levels from meteorological conditions.
7. Knowledge of the method for reading the vorticity chart.
References
1. Kauper, E. K. Problems associated with forecasting over an
urban area. Air Quality Report No. 44. Los Angeles:
Technical Services Division, Los Angeles County Air Pollu-
tion Control District, November 6, 1961.
2. Kauper, E. K., Hartman, D. F., and Hopper, C. J. Smog fore-
casting in the Los Angeles basin. Air Quality Report No. 37.
Los Angeles: Technical Services Division, Los Angeles County
Air Pollution Control District, September 1, 1961.
3. McFarland, D. G., Barry, E. V., & DeNardo, J. W. The develop-
ment of a quantitative objective air pollution forecast system
for Allegheny County. Pennsylvania. Paper presented at the
62nd Annual Meeting, Air Pollution Control Association,
New York, June 22-26, 1969.
4. Wachtenheim, A., & Keith, R. W. Forecasting ozone maxima
for Los Angeles County. Paper presented at the 62nd Annual
Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association, New York,
Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District, July
24, 1969.
E-94
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Special Staffing Guidance
1. In a small (one or two person) meteorology unit, the individual
responsible for forecasting pollution conditions should be a senior
level person. The greater the extent of public exposure given to
the Meteorologist's function, the more important is the need for
a senior level individual. However, if public exposure can be
reduced, a moderately experienced Meteorologist can be used for
this operation.
In larger meteorology units the individual doing the actual fore-
casting operation typically does not have to announce or defend his
judgments. If a defense is required, his supervisor (a senior level
Meteorologist) can handle that responsibility.
2. Another factor which governs the level of Meteorologist assigned to
the forecasting task is the degree to which the forecasting system
has been structured or standardized. In some agencies relatively
objective forecasting systems are in use. These systems are not fully
proceduralized, but do greatly reduce the number or difficulty of
judgments required of the Meteorologist. Senior level individuals
are required for subjective systems and to cope with contingencies
which are not effectively treated by a structured forecasting system.
E-95
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Assemble Meteorological Data and
Describe Climatological Conditions
Task Overview
Many comprehensive agencies routinely collect meteorological data either
through their monitoring system or from meteorological data services (e.g.,
National Weather Service, private consultants). This data is organized,
analyzed, and then used to describe current or past conditions (e.g., in-
versions, wind patterns) as a basis for more complex activities such as
forecasting pollution conditions. The 'task of assembling, manipulating,
and then using the data for descriptive purposes is usually a proceduralized
operation requiring a minimum of decision making and skill-demanding judg-
ments .
The output of this task (a description of climatological conditions) may
be used by agency personnel for tasks such as:
1. Prediction of pollution levels based upon current conditions.
2. Correlation with concurrent pollution conditions in order to
develop predictive relationships.
3. Use in research projects.
The task description presented below is representative of the type of data
assembly/analysis task observed in several agencies studied.
Occupational Category; Meteorological Technician
Task Description
1. Decode teletype record of NWS Radiosonde output (temperature,
dew point, wind direction, and wind speed as a function of
altitude).
2. Plot decoded data on appropriate chart paper (e.g., ATA chart
20 Skew T Diagram, ESSA Pseudo-Adiabatic Chart, or area surface
map). Additional data such as aircraft s.oundings should be
used when available.
E-96
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3. Identify errors in printout (e.g., temperature less than dew
point, unusually high or low values compared to other data).
Estimate proper data points as a function of meteorological
principles and evolving data patterns.
4. Recognize inversions aloft and at surface (including frontal
and subsidence inversions).
5. Using graphic methods, determine inversion strength and height
(i.e., from temperature by altitude plot of radiosonde data).
6. Using graphic methods and temperature records for previous
period, determine inversion onset time.
7. Determine inversion break temperature using graphic methods
(including dry adiabat lines and plotted data).
8. Plot, contour, or record descriptive data in appropriate format
and submit to the Meteorologist for further analysis. In some
instances, however, the data prepared by the Meteorological
Technician can be submitted to the news media for public con-
sumption if strictly descriptive Information is required.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to decode teletype transmissions rapidly and accurately
(e.g., NWS, military circuit).
2. Ability to plot meteorological data in a format appropriate to
the charting medium employed. Meteorological data such as the
following are typically recorded:
a. Temperature
b. Dew point
c. Wind velocity and direction
d. Visibility (mileage and restrictions)
e. Cloud conditions
f. Pressure systems
E-97
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Examples of the type of charting media typically employed
are:
a. ATA Chart 20 Skew T Diagrams
b. ESSA (Dept. of Commerce) Pseudo-Adiabatic Chart
c. Area surface map
3. Ability to recognize errors in teletype printout (e.g.,
unreasonably high or low wind speed) and identify a "ball park"
data point which is probable within the evolving data context
and meteorologically plausible.
4. Ability to accurately extrapolate from temperature records to
forecast inversion onset time. This behavior should only be
considered as a skill if temperature records are incomplete
enough to require extrapolation.
5. Ability to use graphic methods to determine inversion strength,
height, and break temperature.
6. Ability to plot and contour meteorological data (e.g., isotherms,
isobars).
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of procedure for decoding meteorological data trans-
missions (e.g., National Weather Service code for reporting
daily radiosonde results).
2. Knowledge of the procedure for plotting meteorological data
on a given recording medium (e.g., ATA Chart 20 Skew T Diagram).
Also, knowledge of the methods used in contouring meteorological
data (e.g., plotting isotherms or isobars).
3. Knowledge of the types of errors which can occur in meteorologi-
cal data reported by NWS Radiosonde, the relative likelihood of
their occurrence, and methods for estimating the proper data
points as a function of meteorological principles and the
evolving data patterns.
4. Knowledge of the data plot pattern for each of the types of
inversions the meteorologist is required to recognize (e.g.,
frontal and subsidence inversions).
E-98
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5. Knowledge of graphic procedures used to identify, describe,
and forecast inversion characteristics (e.g., strength,
height, break temperature).
Special Staffing Guidance
Tasks of this type should be supervised by a Meteorologist. The Meteorolo-
gist should train the Meteorological Technician to perform the task, provide
quality control guidance as required, assist in handling contingencies
(e.g., unusual printout errors), or demonstrate specialized techniques
that might be needed.
-------
Problem Solving Using Mathematical Models
Task Overview
One of the primary work areas for the Meteorologist is the estimation
of ambient air conditions at surface points as a function of source
emission characteristics and meteorological conditions. Several mathe-
matical models are available which describe the interrelationship of
these three phenomena. The types of problems meteorologists assist in
solving with mathematical modeling include:
'_ <•
1. Determine the appropriate stack height for a new plant such
that its emissions will produce a minimum effect on ambient
air quality.
2. Identify source of an oŁor. Determine its path.
3. In the permit review process determine the downwind concentrations
due to a particular source.
4. Evaluate the relative advantages of a "roll-back" type of control
program as compared to a selective source-by-source control effort.
5. Determine whether implementation of a proposed source emission
standard will result in ambient air quality which is in compliance
with a specific standard.
The latter task will be described here in general terms as it is repre-
sentative of the group and contains many of the underlying skills and
knowledge required for the remainder of the list.
Occupational Category; Meteorologist
Task Description
For the purposes of this description it has been assumed that the
required calculations are performed Using a computer, and that pro-
gramming and computer operations are not the responsibility of the
Meteorologist.
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Identify and secure all input data requirements from the model
description and assumptions. Include data related to emission
sources and their effluents, background concentration levels,
wind and stability information, and the location of receptor
sites on a grid system (e.g., the Universal Transverse Merca-
tor System).
Review assumptions of the model and assure that input data to
be used is appropriate. For example, point sources with tall
stacks may have an effective stack height above a shallow mixing
depth. Since it is assumed that the plume will not diffuse down-
ward through the stable layer, these cases should be identified
and eliminated from consideration.
Secure the required input data. Maximize data validity, reli-
ability, and appropriateness for the model. For example, use
a sounding to determine meteorological data required for stability
judgments rather than subjective judgments made from surface
observations.
Make auxiliary data manipulations such as the following (these
may be made automatically by the computer):
a. Develop stability-wind roses for areas covered by the
model.
b. Calculate effective stack heights.
c. Modify receptor to source distances as required when
area sources are treated as "effective point sources."
Process initial input data using the model. In most cases these
calculations will be performed by a computer. However, if the
scope of the problem is small enough a desk, calculator could
be used. Tables and graphs are available which aid "desk-top"
data processing.
The output of the model will be the annual arithmetic average
ground-level pollutant concentrations resulting from specified
point and area sources under specific meteorological conditions.
Calibrate the output of the model. This is accomplished by
correlating the calculated concentration values for specific
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receptor sites with the actual observed (i.e., measured) levels
for those sites. A least-square regression line is plotted.
If the correlation coefficient is statistically significant
(e.g., at the .05 level) then the regression equation is used
to "fine tune" the concentrations produced by the model for
all sites.
If the correlation coefficient is not significant the input
data (e.g., emission inventory, meteorological data, and
observed concentration) should be revised. If the correlation
cannot be improved, the model's assumptions should be reviewed
'. e
to determine how the data should be improved.
7. Process complete input data using the model.
8. Convert output data as required for any specialized uses. For
example, the Meteorologist might desire to describe the distri-
bution of concentrations in terms of the geometric mean and
geometric standard deviation, rather than the arithmetic mean.
He might also want to determine the expected maximum concentra-
tion for each receptor in the analysis. Procedures are available
for these types of conversions.
9. Prepare output data as required to interpret findings. For
example, calculated concentrations can be plotted on a surface
map (i.e., using isopleths) and compared with the required
ambient standard.
10. Report findings in written form as a technical report, or pos-
sibly make an oral report.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to use nomographs, tables of data, special slide rules,
desk calculators, and other aids in performing required calcu-
lations or data determinations.
w
2. Ability to select a mathematical modeling method which is ap-
propriate to a specific problem for which the required raw data
is accessible, and for which the appropriate data processing
resources (men and machines) are available.
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3. Ability to carry out all of the steps in a mathematical model-
ing procedure accurately and completely. This skill is primarily
one of integrating and effectively using all of the information
available and in the manner prescribed by the model.
4. Ability to communicate effectively, orally and in writing,
with technical personnel whose knowledge and abilities are
required for solution of problems using mathematical modeling.
For example:
a. Computer programmers and operators.
b. Engineers with knowledge of the emission inventory
and emission source characteriatica.
c. Pollution control strategists or engineers who have
submitted the problem to the Meteorologist for solu-
tion and who have a need to know the results.
d. Air monitoring staff who provide the data required
to calibrate the model.
e. Statisticians or operations researchers who may be
required to answer questions or otherwise provide
support in the problem-solving effort.
5. Ability to accurately recognize and interpret the effects of
factors such as the following on the usefulness of the results
of mathematical modeling effort:
a. The model's theoretical and practical limitations
(such as the adequacy of the assumptions, tacit and
explicit, imposed by use of the model).
b. The adequacy of the raw data (e.g., the range of values
used for calibration).
i
6. Ability to translate general descriptions of mathematical modell-
ing methods into specific techniques useful for solving specific
problems.
7. Ability to recognize problems for which mathematical models
are appropriate and cost-effective means of solution.
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8. Ability to use the results of the modeling effort to solve
the problem for which the model was employed.
9. Ability to determine how and when the output of the model
should be modified to suit the current use of the data.
10. Ability to prepare an accurate and complete report of the
modeling effort in terms of methods, assumptions, outcomes,
and need for further investigation in order to solve the
problem of concern.
11. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or
make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms
of objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection
or development of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions
or approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the
problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of con-
fidence the probabilities of successful solution for
each alternative solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the
most effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
tinder a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
12. Ability to accurately evaluate the validity, reliability, and
usefulness of input data used in mathematical modeling.
This skill includes making modifications to the model or data
to correct for or accommodate weaknesses in the data input.
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13. Ability to make auxiliary data manipulations in mathematical
modeling. Such data manipulations include:
a. Stability-wind roses. •
b. Effective stack height calculations.
c. Receptor to source distance modifications when
area sources are treated as "effective point sources."
14. Ability to accurately carry out and interpret statistical
calibration procedures on mathematical model output.
15. Ability to accurately complete and interpret required modi-
fications to mathematical model output (e.g., transformation
of concentrations to geometric means and geometric standard
deviations).
16. Ability to determine manner in which output of mathematical
modeling procedure should be presented to best answer the
original problem (e.g., plotting resultant concentrations
on an appropriate surface map).
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the uses, assumptions, and procedures of
mathematical models of pollution diffusion. For examples of
resource materials in this area see References 1, 2, 7, 8,
9, 11, and 12.
2. Knowledge of the inadequacies of a selected mathematical model
such that interpretation of its output can be made as validly
as possible. The following are representative limitations in
the frequently used model which the meteorologist should be
aware of in interpreting his findings:
a. Climatological data used in model calculations should
be secured from receptors in the area to which the
model is to be applied. Frequently, this data is
obtained from airport observing stations located in
areas with significantly different climatological
conditions than an urban central area.
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