PRO
Task Analysis of State and
Local Air Pollution Control Agencies and
Development of Staffing Guidelines
VOLUME
Detailed Task Data,and
Staffing Guidance
AGENCY MANAGEMENT,
PROGRAM
DEVELOPMENTAND
PUBLIC INFORMATION
SUPPORT
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Manpower Development Staff Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Contract No. 68-02-0306
Applied Science
Associates, Inc.
Task Analysis of State and ,
Local Air Pollution Control Agencies and
Development of Staffing Guidelines
VOLUME
Detailed Task Data, and
Staffing Guidance
AGENCY MANAGEMENT, PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT,
AND PUBLIC INFORMATION SUPPORT
K. I. Rifkin, Senior Staff Scientist, ASA
R. L. Dueker, Staff Scientist, ASA
W. F. Diggins, Staff Scientist, ASA
F. C. Foss, Staff Scientist, ASA
and
Michael Senew, Project Officer, USEPA
Prepared for the
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Office of Air Programs
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
November 1972
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This ts not an official policy and standards
document. The opinions, findings, and conclusions
are those of the authors and not necessarily those
of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Every attempt has been made to represent the
present state of the art as well as subject areas
still under evaluation. Any mention of products,
or organizations, does not constitute endorsement
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
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INTRODUCTION
One of the pressing problems in the air pollution control effort at
Federal, state, and local levels is planning manpower requirements and
developing manpower resources. Questions are being asked such as, how
many people are needed, what kind of past experience and education should
they have, how should their jobs be structured, what do they need to know
to do their jobs, what special abilities do they need, and what kind of
training should they receive to do their jobs? These questions are
becoming increasingly meaningful as the control effort broadens with the
creation of more and more local agencies and as existing agencies in-
crease the scope and depth of their programs. Adequate answers are
required if progress is to continue toward the goal of clean air.
In order to begin to answer questions relevant to manpower planning
and development, a data base describing the tasks to be performed by
control agency personnel and the skills and knowledge they must have to
perform those tasks effectively must be available. Guidance concerning
the use of the data base in making staffing decisions must be prepared.
It is the purpose of this study to provide such a data base and the
appropriate guidance.
A. Obj ectives
The objectives of this project were the following:
1. To identify as great a proportion as possible of the
population of tasks currently being performed by air
pollution control agency personnel at the state and
local level throughout the country.
2. To describe the identified tasks in terms of component
behaviors and the skills and knowledge required to perform
those behaviors.
3. To identify and describe categories of air pollution con-
trol agency personnel who would perform the tasks mentioned
above.
continued
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4. To structure and communicate the data which resulted
from achieving the above objectives in a form which could
be used by agency management in planning and developing
manpower resources.
B. General Project Overview
The project was performed in two phases. Phase I dealt with achieving
the first two project objectives, and resulted in the development of a
detailed data base describing the major tasks performed by agency personnel
in terms of the procedural components of the tasks and the skills and
knowledge required to perform them. Phase II dealt with achieving the
last two major objectives, and resulted in production of a guidance docu-
ment which integrates and structures data developed in Phase I and presents
it in a form designed to assist agency manpower developers.
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THIS IS VOLUME G:
Additional books available are:
VOLUME A: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Introduction
and Directions for Using These Guidelines
VOLUME B: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Engineering
VOLUME C: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Field Enforcement
VOLUME D: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Mr Pollution Control Agency - Laboratory Support
VOLUME E: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Air Monitoring
and Meteorological Support
VOLUME E: Guidance and Supporting Information for Staffing and Training
Decisions in an Air Pollution Control Agency - Source Testing
AND
TECHNICAL REPORT:
Task Analysis of State and Local
Air Pollution Control Agencies, and
Development
of Staffing Guidelines
For complete sets, or individual titles, or the Technical
Report please address your request to:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower Development Staff
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 27711
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AGENCY MANAGEMENT, PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT,
AND PUBLIC INFORMATION SUPPORT
The task data and staffing information presented in this volume
cover a group of tasks which are related to agency management and
high level problem solving. The operations are performed by the
occupational categories of Air Pollution Control Director, Resources
Administrator, Program Planning and Development Specialist, and
Public Information Specialist* The following tasks are included
and are located within the volume as indicated below:
1. High Level Agency Management ' Page G-3
2. Agency Resources Management Page G-25
3. Technical Management Page G-35
4. Literature Review and Data Summary
Regarding Ambient Air Quality
Standards Page G-52
5. Development of New or Modified
Regulations Page G-63
6. Support of Development of Local
Control Programs Page G-75
7. Preparation of a Public Information
Presentation Page G-86
G-2
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High Level Agency Management
Operation Overview
The activities involved in high level management of an agency include many
tasks. These tasks are typically performed by the Director of the agency
and his staff and can include input from other agency personnel at all
levels. It is hypothesized here that, generally, the objectives and num-
ber of tasks required to manage the efforts of an agency will vary relatively
little as a function of agency size . However, the complexity of the tasks
(in terms of the scope of problems covered) may increase with an increase in
the size of an agency's jurisdiction and degree of comprehensiveness. Be-
t
cause of the time stress on agency management personnel, it was not possible
to collect the kind of data required to develop detailed descriptions of
their tasks. But the agency directors surveyed were able to characterize
their operations generally and identify many of the tasks in which they and
their staffs are involved. From this raw data a general description of the
operation of managing an agency was compiled and a list of general skill
and knowledge requirements was developed.
Occupational Category: Air Pollution Control Director
Operation Description
Generally, the operation of high level management of an agency can be
characterized as consisting of general categories of tasks (described in
further detail below) including:
i
' Collect information required for guidance and development of
agency activities.
• Make decisions concerning agency policy.
• Coordinate and direct the planning and development of agency
activities.
This assumption applies to agencies large enough to afford the luxury of
a full-time chief free to manage the agency and not required to perform
or directly supervise the routine enforcement, technical, and engineering
services of the agency.
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• Coordinate and direct agency activities.
• Represent the agency in interaction with its constituency
and governmental bodies.
These task categories are not mutually exclusive nor independent
of one another. Each category contains specific tasks which an agency
Director is likely to be responsible for in all types of agencies.
1. Collect information required for guidance and development
of agency activities. Generally, this category of tasks is
aimed at gathering the kind of information which the Director
and his staff need in order to carry out their other activities,
These tasks require the Director and his staff to actively or
passively monitor the working environment or context in which
the agency operates to determine its current limitations, op-
portunities for progress, and level of success. This is an
ongoing activity as the working context is in a constant state
of flux. The agency must maintain, constant contact if it
hopes to be responsive and relevant to contemporary needs and
to successfully satisfy them. The sectors or elements of the
agency's working context which must be monitored include:
a. The public sector (both organized and unorganized).
b. The industrial/commercial community whose activities
are controlled by the agency.
C- The governmental and quasi-governmental bodies which
interface with the agency in performance of its duties
(e.g., advisory boards, variance boards, public health
department).
d. The local, state, or federal political/economic system
and the pressures its exerts.
Some of the specific tasks included in.this task category are:
a. Identify the desires and goals of the organized citizen
groups and determine the extent to which they generally
reflect those of the public sector as a whole.
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b. Determine the attitudes of the industrial and commercial
constituency. This must be done for groups of similar
companies and for specific members of these groups.
c-. Identify the expectations and performance criteria
of governmental agencies which provide funds for agency
support.
d. Assess the degree to which the agency's constituency
(public, private, and governmental) is prepared for a
specific change in agency policy or methodology.
e. Identify the status of local political or economic
pressures which impact on a particular policy decision
or agency action. For example, assess the effect of
a local recession on a proposed vigorous effort to
control a large industrial complex.
2. Develop agency policy. This category of tasks is concerned with
developing guidelines and setting precedents which will influence
current and future decisions. The decision making may be stimu-
lated by a current problem which must be resolved or by an
anticipated set of problems to be resolved in the future. In
the former case, policy, as such, may be reflected by the specific
action taken for the question at hand. A precedent or policy
might then be implied. This type of policy setting is typically
characterized by time stress. In the latter case, on the other
hand, a more deliberate and planned approach to establishing
policy can be taken. Examples of this category of tasks include:
a. In dealing with a large local source, negotiate the
general characteristics of a compliance program which
will result in improved controls and commit the industry
to considerable expense.
b. Select an enforcement action which will result in the
most progressive action on the part of a large source.
Depending upon local regulations, alternatives may include:
1) Administrative order
2) Fines
G-5
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3) Court injunction
4) Civil charges
c. Determine a course of action the agency should pursue in
the case of a cost overrun by a contractor supplying
equipment to the agency.
d. Given the limited manpower and equipment resources,
determine the direction the agency will follow with
regard to controlling specific sources or categories
of sources. For example, at the state level, the
agency might decide to concentrate its technical,
engineering, and enforcement activities on a specific
"target" group of sources. After that group has been
sufficiently treated, then select another objective.
In this case priorities must be established, probabili-
ties of success estimated, and ensuing costs predicted.
e. Consult with attorneys and establish guidelines for
the interpretation of specific local regulations. For
example, define the conditions under which a "public
nuisance1' or "air pollution by definition" rule will
be enforced.
3. Coordinate and direct the planning and development of agency
activities. This category of tasks involves responding to
policy decisions determining the agency's specific objectives
for the near and distant future, planning the means for accom-
plishing these objectives, and developing the required methods
and instruments. The areas of planning and development include:
a. Budget and funding.
b. Grant applications.
c. Implementation plans.
d. Regulations
e. Methods for use in the technical services, engineering,
and enforcement efforts of the agency.
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f. Public information programs and products.
g. Personnel resources.
Some representative tasks in this category include:
a. Coordinate preparation of the agency's annual budget,
evaluate it with regard to agency objectives, and de-
fend it before governmental funding agency.
b. Direct efforts to revise the annual budget to meet
requirements of funding agency.
c. Coordinate and to a limited extent participate in the
personnel recruitment program.
d. Develop and implement plan for coordinating manpower,
facilities, equipment, and materials to achieve maximum
utilization.
e. Coordinate and direct the development of management tools
and techniques (e.g., application of Program Plan Bud-
geting System) for use by the agency.
f. Direct development of agency's position with regard to
new regulations or revisions to existing regulations.
This includes directing efforts in:
1) Identification of problem areas amenable to
solution through new or revised regulations.
2) Evaluation of background data pertinent to
language, standards, and methods included in
proposed regulations.
\
3) Develop strategy to get passage by rule-making
body.
g. Coordinate development of new techniques and materials
required to implement proposed or newly promulgated
regulations.
4. Coordinate and direct agency activities, Including coordination of agency
activities with those of Federal, state local, and private programs.
In addition to the responsibilities of monitoring the agency's working
context, defining policy, and coordinating development, agency high
G-7
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level management must maintain control of agency behavior.
The tasks included in this category involve routine and general
management of agency personnel via the hierarchy of supervision.
Also, this category includes tasks requiring high level manage-
ment to take more direct control of the agency's resources to
accomplish a specific objective. The duration of such direct
control varies as a function of the nature of the objective
to be achieved. Typically, the latter type tasks are performed
in close contact with the appropriate division supervisor.
Examples of tasks in this category include:
a. Routine review and evaluation of agency activities
(effectiveness and productivity) as portrayed in
monthly progress reports prepared by supervisors of
the operational division.
b. Routine review and evaluation of published materials
depicting the state-of-the-art in technical and
management areas (e.g., air pollution control tech-
nology, personnel management techniques, program
planning and budgeting methods, latest legal inter-
pretations and precedents).
c. Direction of personnel recruitment and selection effort
aimed at acquiring high level technical and management
personnel.
d. Coordinate and direct an effort involving agency
engineering and enforcement personnel to design a
compliance program for a large pollution source.
e. Coordinate and direct an effort by selected engineer-
ing personnel to survey research literature for evidence
to support the agency's position regarding proposed
legislation.
5. Represent the agency. Many of the tasks of high level management
involve "speaking" for the agency in a variety of media and to
a broad spectrum of audiences, each having their own interests
and expectations. The media include print, radio, television,
public meetings, closed meetings, and private conversations with
G-8
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individuals. The possible audiences addressed include the
public at large, interest groups, governmental bodies, quasi-
governmental bodies (e.g., variance and advisory boards),
and industrial representatives. In all of these encounters,
high level management attempts to communicate the position and
view of the agency in a manner consistent with the objectives
of the exchange and the interests and background of the
audience. The tasks in this category include:
a. Negotiate with representatives of a pollution source
to work out a suitable compliance program (including
equipment to be installed and an acceptable timetable).
b. Direct the development of a public information program
aimed at increasing the public's knowledge concerning
a given subject area.
c. Present the agency's position regarding proposed legis-
lation in public hearings before the state legislature.
d. Act as chairman of an open meeting addressing air
pollution control problems and solutions.
e. Conduct a press conference with representatives of
the news media.
f. Meet face-to-face with public sector pressure groups
to discuss differences between agency policy and the
groups' recommended approaches.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to make public presentations.
2. Ability to effectively chair public or private meetings intended
to generate questions, comments, criticisms, or recommended modi-
fication to proposed regulations or activities.
3. Ability to prepare and rehearse a presentation to be made before
a court, hearing board, or other legal or quasi-legal body.
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4. Ability to communicate effectively with agency personnel in
working on operational problems involving enforcement, engineer-
ing, or technical activities of the agency.
5. Ability to communicate effectively in written or spoken form
with representatives of industry, citizen groups, or politicians
to accomplish functions including:
a. Solicit criticisms, expectations, demands, and
supporting technical information relevant to
development of new regulations or agency policy.
b. ."Sell" the agency's position on the proposed regu-
lation.
c. Negotiate a compromise version "of the regulation
which meets the requirements of the agency and
satisfies the pressure groups.
d. Develop an episode control system..
e. Aid in development of local control programs.
6. Ability to communicate effectively with, responsible local
air pollution control officials in written and spoken form.
These communications may deal with areas including:
a. The need for local programs and their conformity
with the state's models.
b. Reduction of political influence in development
of local programs.
7. Ability to answer (in public) general and technical questions
concerning air pollution control technology and regulatory
or control functions. The level of detail required for the
response will vary as a function of the audiences addressed.
Such audiences can include:
a. Legislative bodies or hearing boards
b. Citizen groups
c. Representatives of industry
d. News media
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8. Ability to judge or learn from the comments and questions
of group members the range and consensus of their opinions
relevant to agency activities.
9. Ability to judge current local political or economic con-
ditions and react to them accordingly in developing agency
activities or policy.
10. Ability to Identify and describe existing conditions which
signal the need for revision to existing regulations or
agency activities. Such conditions may include:
a. A new Federal ambient air quality standard Is
promulgated for a specific contaminant.
b. Current emission standards are not achieving
the desired effect on ail* quality.
c. A breakthrough in air pollution control tech-
nology has occurred which makes a new generation
of emission standards achievable.
d. There has been an excessive number of single-
chamber incinerator smoke violations.
e. Scientific evidence has been published showing
significant health effects due to a contaminant
which is currently emitted without being controlled
by regulations,
f. The penalty for a specific violation does not appear
to be having a significant deterrent effect.
11.' Ability to explain the interrelationships of local regulations,
environmental conditions, and agency activities.
12. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or
make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms
of objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely Identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection
or development of a solution.
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c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions
or approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships
between these elements and the alternative solu-
tions to the problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of
confidence the probabilities of successful solution
for each alternative solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the
most effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
13. Ability to integrate knowledge of agency capability, past
experience, local regulations, and.knowledge of the state-
of-the-art in air pollution control and regulatory technology
to define and then seek to achieve agency objectives.
14. Ability to coordinate an on-going evaluation of local agency
internal training, procedure development, and external
activities (e.g., performance of control and regulatory
efforts).
15. Ability to work with attorneys to interpret the relevant
enabling legislation and local air pollution control regula-
tions to define the agency's authority, responsibility, and
jurisdiction.
16. Ability to interact with attorneys in developing acceptable
language and content for proposed regulations, modifications
to current regulations, and in developing model ordinances.
This requires skill in communicating the needs of the agency
to the attorney and in helping him to evaluate the degree to
which the legally acceptable form satisfies the original
intent of the effort.
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17. Ability to interpret existing state or federal legislation and
regulations relevant to the state's possible role in developing
local air pollution control programs.
18. Ability to direct or perform the tasks required to gather tech-
nical information required to develop a draft regulation. The
tasks to be performed may include:
a. Literature reviews
b. Empirical research
c. Survey of the opinions of experts
d. Review of the experiences of agencies who have dealt
with similar problems.
19. Ability to direct or coordinate non-routine projects which
require the type of skills and knowledge available within the
staff of a specific operational group (e.g., inspection, plan
review groups). To direct such projects the Director frequently
must:
a. Develop project objectives from brief statements of
the general purpose of the projects.
b. Make assignments.
c. Prepare schedules.
d. Supervise production.
e. Present or coordinate presentation of results.
20. In establishing working policy and objectives for an agency or
agency element, the ability to accurately identify:
I
a. What its constituency (i.e., the public and industry)
expects and is willing to accept.
b. If the technological state-of-the-art has developed
sufficiently to support proposed agency efforts.
21. Ability to direct or coordinate development and implementa-
tion of policies and procedures governing:
a. Purchasing and inventory management.
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b. Personnel management.
c. Financial management (e.g., budget planning and
implementation).
22. Ability to select enforcement actions which are appropriate
for specific types of violations and circumstances. This
skill may require the ability to interact with attorneys
and enforcement personnel in selecting the appropriate
enforcement action.
23. Ability to communicate effectively with technical personnel
of the agency concerning issues regarding selection, purchasing,
or financial planning activities.
24. Ability to evaluate criticisms and suggestions responsive to
a draft of a new regulation and to use these comments to
further develop the draft.
25. Ability to develop or assist in the development of a personnel
performance evaluation system, and the ability to administer
such a system effectively. Development of the system includes:
a. Ability to identify appropriate performance
dimensions. Such dimensions should be ob-
servable and, as much as possible, open to
objective evaluation.
b. Ability to develop a review procedure and
working materials.
c. Ability to provide constructive feedback to
staff members in a manner which will foster
continuing personnel development.
26. Ability to develop or assist in development of job specifications
and selection criteria which can be used in a personnel recruit-
ment program.
27. Ability to forecast the resources needed by a working group in
order to prepare the annual budget. This skill encompasses
component abilities including:
a. Anticipate the specific types of services to be
performed during the next period.
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b. Project the work load over the period. To do this,
the planner must identify the critical variables (e.g.,
population growth, economic conditions) and transform
them into a factor to use to derive anticipated work
load. Be careful not to base projections too heavily
on current work loads. Consider the effect of new
regulations and procedures on work load.
c. Determine if current resources will be capable of
handling the anticipated work load. Identify the
modifications required in current resource levels
to cover anticipated work load.
28. Ability to coordinate a systematic effort to determine the
requirements for a local program. This ability includes
skills required to:
a. Design an adequate study of the pollution problems
of the area.
b. Supervise collection, analysis, and presentation
of the data from the requirements study.
c. Evaluate the findings and make realistic conclu-
sions about the type of program that is required.
29.' Ability to interpret agency policy in developing and planning
agency activities. This skill involves the ability to dis-
criminate whether or not planned activities are consistent
with agency policy.
30. Ability to evaluate the quantity and quality of work produced
by the staff and discriminate acceptable from unacceptable
performance. This skill assumes the ability to develop or
use criteria of performance acceptability.
31. Ability to coordinate development of a public information policy
and program for the agency.
32. Ability to respond in private or publicly to questions and
criticisms regarding agency activities and policies. The
objective of such responses would typically be to support the.
agency position.
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33. Ability to present testimony effectively in court. Effective
testimony can be characterized as:
a. Confidently presented
b. Truthful
c. Brief
d. Responsive to the questions asked
e. Responsive only to questions asked
f. Unbiased
g. Clearly and audibly spoken
h. Courteously presented
This ability includes responding effectively under cross-
examination.
34. In interaction with industry or citizen groups, the ability
to take a position based upon accurate assessment of the
agency's capacity to perform its functions effectively.
Also, the ability to identify "pressure" points which could
be used to improve the agency's bargaining position. In the
case of industry, such points include:
a. Sensitivity to antitrust considerations.
b. Concern for the effects of public relations
(i.e., "poor press").
c. Knowledge that if an agreement is not reached
with the agency, a more technically naive body
(e.g., a state legislature) might formulate
unreasonably stringent rules.
35. Ability to counsel agency personnel with grievances and to
work with union officials in cases in which they are involved.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the technical areas of air pollution control and
industrial processes at a level of detail required for
G-16
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management activities, including:
a. Development of new regulations.
b. Response to questions and criticism regarding.agency
activity from newsmen, the public, governmental bodies,
c. Development of specific compliance programs.
d. High level supervision of the agency's activities in
technical, engineering, and enforcement areas.
e. Agency policy and program development.
2. Knowledge of the types of situations which can occur and which
signal the need for developing new regulations or amending
current regulations. Such conditions include:
a. A new federal ambient air quality standard is
promulgated for a specific contaminant.
b. Current emission standards are not achieving
the desired effect on air quality.
c. A breakthrough in air pollution control tech-
nology has occurred which makes a new generation
of emission standards achievable.
d. There has been an excessive number of single-chamber
incinerator smoke violations.
e. Scientific evidence has been published showing sig-
nificant health effects due to a contaminant which
is currently emitted without being controlled by
regulations.
f. The penalty for a specific violation does not appear
to be having a significant deterrent effect.
3. Detailed and broad knowledge of the local air pollution control
regulations to support the duties of high level management of
the agency. Such duties include:
a. Development of agency policy
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b. Coordination of non-routine studies
c. Development of new regulations
4. Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for prob-
lem solving and planning of work activities (e.g., the "systems"
approach to design).
5. Knowledge of the recommended principles for developing, main-
taining, and effectively using an interaction with interest
groups in development of new regulations or in the performance
of routine agency activities.
6. Knowledge of the methods available for gathering the background
information needed to develop new or modified regulations. Also,
knowledge of the method for selecting the appropriate information
gathering method.
7. Knowledge of the published or unpublished sources of information
available in a variety of areas relevant to air pollution con-
trol and air quality standards. Resources typically used in
this cask include:
a. The output of abstracting services (e.g., References
2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 17, 18, and 19).
b. Relevant literature reviews (References 1, 4, 12, 13,
14, 15, and 16).
c. Journal annual indices (Reference 10).
d. Proceedings of technical meetings (Reference 21).
e. Agency files and publications.
8. Knowledge of procedures for maintaining contact with the
elements of the agency's working context which affect or are
affected by its performance. These elements include:
a. The public sector
b. The industrial/commercial community
c. Local governmental and quasi-governmental bodies
which Interface with agency activities (e.g.,
advisory board, variance board, public health
department)
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d. Relevant state or federal agencies
The purpose of maintaining contact with the above is to
monitor the agency's progress, limitations, and areas
of possible extension of its activities.
9. Knowledge of the air pollution control policies and programs
of similar agencies and the effects those policies and programs
have had on local pollution conditions, industrial cooperation,
citizen support, etc.
10. Knowledge of the relative strengths and weaknesses of alterna-
tive control and regulatory activities, programs, and policies
that an agency can take under given operating conditions.
11. Knowledge of the alternate enforcement actions which the agency
can take for a given type of violation; criteria, priorities,
standards, and precedents used to select the appropriate en-
forcement activity.
12. Knowledge of Federal and state statutes relating to all areas
of environmental health engineering, public health,, and air
pollution control.
13. Knowledge of the services federal agencies offer state and
local agencies (e.g., evaluation by Control Agency Development,
and Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA). This
includes knowledge of the positions and personnel in the
federal agency who can provide information useful for problem
solving.
14. Knowledge of the functional capabilities and current activities
of all agency operating elements at a level of detail sufficient
to support development of agency policy or to generally super-
vise agency activities.
15. Background knowledge sufficient to support evaluation and
implementation of new techniques in areas including:
a. Personnel management.
b. Organizational structure.
c. Program and budgetary planning.
d. Computerized data filing and acquisition systems.
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16. Knowledge of the procedures and materials used to apply for
air pollution control program support from the federal
government. Reference 20 describes the aid available under
the Air Quality Act of 1967. Reference 5 provides instruc-
tions for grant application. Also, knowledge of the standard
operating reports or periodic statements required by funding
agencies.
17. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for planning
the use of resources (personnel, material, and financial)
to accomplish a specific work goal. This includes the ability
to modify plans in response to contingencies (e.g., delays
caused by difficulty in obtaining required information such
that the production schedule is affected).
18. Knowledge of principles and procedures used for identifying
personnel requirements and selection criteria and for using
them in a selection program. Reference 11 contains relevant
information.
19. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for developing
job specifications and job classification schemes.
20. Knowledge of principles and procedures for designing, develop-
ing, and implementing a personnel performance evaluation system.
21. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques in personnel
relations and personnel problem solving.
22. Knowledge of principles and procedures for identifying training
requirements, preparing training objectives, and developing a
program to achieve the objectives.
23. Knowledge of local procedures for presenting and defending
proposed legislation or regulations prior to formal adoption
proceedings.
24. Knowledge of principles and procedures for organizing an opera-
tional or task-oriented group.
25. Knowledge of ethical and effective methods for lobbying or
negotiating with legislators to speed up adoption of a
desired regulation.
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26. Knowledge of the procedures for structuring a literature
search and review effort to accomplish given objectives.
This includes:
a. Use of key word systems
b. Information filing systems
c. Development of review objectives
27. Sufficient knowledge of the law to work with attorneys in
drafting or evaluating model regulations and ordinances.
The regulations and ordinances should support an adequate
control program, should be enforceable, and should be free
of loopholes.
28. Knowledge of the procedure for preparing a presentation to be
given before a court, hearing board, or other legal or quasi-
legal body.
29. Knowledge of the appropriate dress and decorum for presentation
before a court, hearing board, or other legal or quasi-legal
body.
30. Knowledge of the accepted techniques for planning and present-
ing written or spoken communications, such as technical reports,
public presentations, and formal correspondence.
31. Knowledge of the procedure for developing draft regulations
which are responsive to identified needs.
References
1. California Air Resources Board. Ambient air quality standards.
January 1970. (
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources; Municipal incineration-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-92.
3. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources; Nitric acid manu-
facturing-a bibliography with, abstracts. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-93.
G-21
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4. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Washington, D. C.:
Author, January 1971. No. AP-84.
5. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Application for air pollution control program grant. Instruc-
tions. February 1971.
6. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants and air pollution; An annotated bibli-
ography. Part I. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
7. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants and air pollution; An annotated bibli-
ography. Part II. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
8. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs. • Air
pollution aspects of emission sources; Cement manufacturing-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May.1971. No. AP-95.
9. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs. Air
pollution aspects of emission sources: Electric power production-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-96.
10. Journal of the Mr Pollution Control Association. Vol. 20,
No. 1, January 1970, p. i-vi. Author and title index for
Volume 19 (January through December 1969).
11. McMurry, R. Tested techniques of personnel selection. Chicago:
Dartnell Corporation.
12. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for carbon monoxide. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Environmental Health Service, March 1970. No. AP-62.
13. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for hydrocarbons. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, March 1970. No. AP-64.
G-22
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14. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for particulate matter. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service,
January 1969. No. AP-49.
15. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for photochemical oxidants. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Environmental Health Service, March 1970. No. AP-63.
16. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria forsulfur oxides. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service,
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, January
1969. No. AP-50.
17. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution; An annotated bibliography. Part I.
Raleigh, North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental
Health Service, October 1970. No. AP-75.
18. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution* An annotated bibliography. Part II.
Raleigh, North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Educa-
tion, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Environmental Health
Service, October 1970. No. AP-75.
19. National Air Pollution Control Administration. NAPCA abstract
bulletin. Vol. 1, No. 9, Supplement 4. Research Triangle Park,
I
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service.
20. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
Health Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health
Service, National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air
pollution control program support under the air quality act
of 1967. Public Law 90-148. December 1968.
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21. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
Health Service, National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Proceedings: The third national conference on air pollution,
Washington. D. C., December 12-14. 1^66. PHSP #1649.
G-24
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Agency Resources Management
Operation Overview
The resources of an air pollution control agency fall into three separable
but interrelated categories: personnel, materials and equipment, and funds.
Although these resources are managed at various levels by many agency
personnel, there is invariably the need for centralized coordination and
supervision of these activities. Such centralized control is usually the
responsibility of an administrative assistant to the director and his
staff. Regardless of what position accomplishes the objective, tasks
related to resources management are common to all agencies.
The activities involved in resources management involve a minimum of skills
t
and knowledge specific to the area of air pollution control. The following
descriptive material provides a breakdown of the tasks in this area and a
list of general skill and knowledge requirements.
Occupational Category; Resources Administrator or
Program Planning and Development Specialist (Senior)
Operation Description
The tasks involved in resources management generally depend upon the
type of resource to be managed. Therefore, the tasks roughly group into
the following (described in more detail below):
• Management of personnel resources.
• Management of materials and equipment resources.
• Management of financial resources.
One possible exception would be in the case of a special administrative
unit of local government which handled such matters for several agencies
without being a part of any of them. Even in such a case, someone in the
agency would have to interact with the administrative unit.
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The task categories are not mutually exclusive nor independent of
one another. Each category contains specific tasks which an agency
administrator is likely to be responsible for in all types of
agencies.
1. Management of personnel resources. The tasks involved in
managing the personnel resources of the agency include:
a. Assist in the development and continuing refinement
of the agency's personnel policy and procedures.
b. Work with technical and clerical supervisors to
identify current and anticipated manpower require-
ments.
c. Determine whether current job specifications (in-
cluding job description, required skills and knowledge,
required experience, etc.) are appropriate to existing
and anticipated positions.
d. Direct preparation of all new or revised job speci-
fication.
e. Maintain all employee records.
f. Assist in the solution of personnel relations problems
(e.g., act as an arbitrator or counselor in problems
involving individuals and their supervisors, work with
shop steward in unionized agencies).
g. Supervise administration of employee benefits program
(e.g., vacation leave, retirement plans, life insurance
plans, sick leave, etc.).
h. Assist director in contract negotiations with unions or
other employee organizations.
i. Supervise administration of the personnel performance
review/evaluation system.
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j. Assist in design of agency organization and paperwork
processing system.
k. Coordinate personnel selection activities and supervise
application of the appropriate procedures.
2. Management of materials and equipment resources. The tasks
in this area of resources management include:
a. Assist in the development and continuing refinement
of the agency's purchasing policy
b. Direct the development of purchasing procedures,
materials, and paper flow.
c. Supervise the procurement of equipment and supplies.
Evaluate the justification for all major purchases.
d. Supervise the operation of an equipment accountability
system.
e. Supervise the equipment inventory system and related
records.
3. Management of agency financial resources. The tasks involved
in financial management include:
a. Coordinate development of the agency's annual budget.
This requires close interaction with supervisors of
the agency's various operational divisions.
b. Manage actual expenditures to maintain the budget.
This effort may result in a working budget which
reflects the estimated expenditures of the various
divisions and groups within the agency.
c. Coordinate preparation of grant application forms.
d. Maintain records and prepare reports describing ex-
penditure of grant funds.
e. Supervise administration of accounting procedures.
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Skill Requirements
1. Ability to communicate effectively with technical personnel
of the agency concerning issues regarding selection, purchasing,
or financial planning activities.
2. Ability to counsel agency personnel with grievances and to
work with union officials in cases in which they are involved.
3. Ability to develop or administer a personnel evaluation system.
4. Ability to develop or assist in the development of a personnel
performance evaluation system, and the ability to administer
such a system effectively. Development of the system includes:
a. Ability to identify appropriate performance dimensions.
Such dimensions should be observable and, as much as
possible, open to objective evaluation.
b. Ability to develop a review procedure and working
materials.
c. Ability to provide constructive feedback to staff
members in a manner which will foster continuing
personnel development.
5. Ability to develop or assist in development of job specifi-
cations and selection criteria which can be used in a personnel
recruitment program.
6. Ability to use agency files, source process data, and other
methods to develop the appropriate background data to initiate
an inspection of a stationary source.
7. Ability to identify and describe training requirements for
information and skill in order to determine content areas to
be covered in a program. This requires:
a. Identification and description of the tasks to be per-
formed by the trainee on the job which are to be covered
by the course.
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b. Identification of the skills and knowledge required
to effectively perform those tasks.
c- Identification of those required skills and knowledge
not currently held by the trainees and, therefore,
reasonable content areas for the course to attack.
The extent to which this skill is required depends
upon the degree of freedom available to the school
operator in designing the course.
Ability to systematically and effectively solve problem or
make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable Outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection or
development of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions or
approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the
problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of confidence
the probabilities of successful solution for each alternative
solution.
I
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the most
effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
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9. Ability to design "paper flow" systems to handle and
store necessary documentation. The system should be re-
sponsive to the quantity of materials to be handled and
the agency's ability to utilize state-of-the-art techniques
and equipment (e.g., microform, computers).
10. Ability to interpret agency policy in developing and planning
agency activities. This skill involves the ability to dis-
criminate whether or not planned activities are consistent
with agency policy.
11. Ability to direct or coordinate development and implementation
of policies and procedures governing:
a. Purchasing and inventory management.
b. Personnel management.
c. Financial management (e.g., budget planning and imple-
mentation) .
12. Ability to predict unplanned-for events or events which exceed
budgetary expectations (for personnel, financial, or equipment
resources) and then to modify plans appropriately to respond
to such contingencies.
13. Ability to assist in development of agency functional organi-
zation.
14. Ability to assist and coordinate agency technical staff in
forecasting resource needs in order to prepare the annual
budget. This skill includes:
a. Anticipating the specific types of services to be
performed during the next period.
b. Projecting the work load over the period using
critical, related variables such as population
growth, economic conditions.
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c. Determining if current resources will be capable
of handling the anticipated work load and identifying
modifications required to current resource levels to
cover the anticipated work load.
15. Ability to develop and coordinate implementation of equipment
accountability and inventory control systems.
16. Ability to coordinate systems to monitor and control agency
expenditures within the budgetary constraints.
17. Ability to prepare or coordinate preparation of grant appli-
cation materials.
Knowledge Requirements '
1. Knowledge of principles and procedures for identifying train-
ing requirements, preparing training objectives, and develop-
ing a program to achieve the objectives.
2. Knowledge of the methods used in designing jobs and determining
the types of individuals to fill the jobs.
3. Knowledge of principles and procedures used for identifying
personnel requirements and selection criteria and for using
them in a selection program. Reference 2 contains relevant
information.
4. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for developing
job specifications and job classification schemes.
5. Knowledge of principles and procedures for designing, develop-
ing, and implementing a personnel performance evaluation
system.
6. Knowledge of principles and procedures for organizing an
operational or task oriented group.
7. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques in personnel
relations and personnel problem solving.
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8. Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for
problem solving and planning of work activities (e.g., the
"systems" approach to design).
9. Background knowledge sufficient to support evaluation and
implementation of new techniques in areas including:
a. Personnel management.
b. Organizational structure.
c. Program and budgetary planning.
d. Computerized data filing and acquisition systems.
10. Knowledge of the services federal agencies offer state and
local agencies (e.g., evaluation by Control Agency Develop-
ment, and Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA).
This includes knowledge of the positions and personnel in
the federal agency who can provide information useful for
problem solving.
11. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for planning
the use of resources (personnel, material, and financial)
to accomplish a specific work goal. This includes the
ability to modify plans in response to contingencies (e.g.,
delays caused by difficulty in obtaining required information
such that the production schedule is affected).
12. Knowledge of the procedures and materials used to apply for
air pollution control program support from the federal govern-
ment. Reference 3 describes the aid available under the Air
Quality Act of 1967. Reference 1 provides instructions for
grant application. Also, knowledge of the standard operating
reports or periodic statements required by funding agencies.
13. Knowledge of the general area of air pollution technology
and control agency activities at a level of detail sufficient
to support interaction with agency personnel in:
a. Budget development and program planning.
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b. Purchasing (e.g., for value analysis of alternative
items).
c. Development of job specifications.
14. Knowledge of the state-of-the-art methods in program planning
and budgeting (for example, Program Evaluation and Review
Technique, Plan Programming Budgeting System).
15. Knowledge of basic accounting methods such as preparation
of trial balance and financial statements (using general
journal and general ledger methods).
16. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for develop-
ing job specifications and job classification schemes.
f
17. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques in personnel
relations and personnel problem solving.
18. Knowledge of "systems design" methods to be used in develop-
ment of "paper flow" systems.
19. Knowledge of procedures for developing and administering
employee benefit programs including vacation leave, insurance
plans, sick leave, etc.
20. Knowledge of equipment accountability and inventory control
procedures.
References
1. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Application.for air pollution control program grant. Instruc-
tions. February 1971.
2. McMurry, R. Tested techniques of personnel selection. Chicago:
Dartnell Corporation.
3. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service,
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air pollution
control program support under the air quality, act of 1967.
Public Law 90-148. December 1968.
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Special Staffing Guidance
In a large agency which can justify the cost, a full time Resources
Administrator would probably be hired to handle the tasks described
above. However, in a smaller agency a senior Program Planning and
Development Specialist could be assigned to one or more of the above
tasks on a continuing or temporary basis.
If a Program Planning and Development Specialist is assigned to per-
form the tasks involved in resources management the individual ought
to have a broad background in business administration or management
with experience or training in accounting and personnel administration.
A Bachelor's Degree in Business is suggested although an appropriate
Liberal Arts background may be acceptable. The assignee's background
ought to also include experience in an industrial setting and the
capability to communicate with technical personnel (e.g., Engineers,
Chemists, Meteorologists).
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Technical Management
Operation Overview
Technical Management is defined here as all of the tasks concerned with
general supervision, planning, and development of the technical (or
operational) capabilities of the agency. These tasks are generally per-
formed by middle management personnel or directors of the agency's larger
working groups or its operational divisions (e.g., the Engineering or
Enforcement Division). The tasks of first level supervisors are treated
elsewhere. As in the other management areas, it is hypothesized that
generally the tasks in Technical Management are common to all agencies
regardless of agency size. However, the complexity of the tasks (in
t
terms of the scope of problems covered) may increase as a function of
the extent of agency Jurisdiction and comprehensiveness. The following
description of the tasks involved in technical management provides a
useful basis for identifying general skill and knowledge requirements.
Occupational Category
The occupational category of an individual in the role of a Technical
Manager should have a background generally commensurate with the work
and personnel to be managed. Therefore the occupational categories which
could be assigned to this area include:
• Engineer (Senior)
• Chemist (Senior)
• Meteorologist (Senior)
i
• Field Enforcement Officer (Senior)
Operation Description
Generally, the operation of Technical Management of agency activi-
ties consists of categories of tasks (described in detail below)
including:
• Plan and direct use of resources.
• Coordinate development of procedures and personnel capabilities.
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• Manage operations.
• Provide technical assistance.
• Provide technical consultation.
Each of the above categories contain tasks which are typically per-
formed by the directors of the operational or line divisions within
the agency.
1. Plan and direct use of the operational group's resources.
These tasks are directed toward detailed planning of resource
requirements and allocation in order to aid high level manage-
ment or staff plan overall agency development and operation.
The tasks in the category include:
a. Plan the anticipated activities of the group and
identify its budgetary requirements.
b. Prepare the sections of grant applications and imple-
mentation plans which relate to the activities of the
operational group or division.
c. Organize the group into smaller operational units as
work load and resources permit. For example, establish
or coordinate establishment of separate groups within a
plan review section, each of which handles permit
applications from a specific industrial category.
d. Periodically review work load and relative progress and
make adjustments in the allocation of personnel resources.
For example, alter work assignments to correct for delays
resulting from contingencies.
2. Develop operational procedures and personnel capabilities. The
tasks in this category are concerned with developing the methods
and personnel capabilities required to perform the activities of
the operational group. These tasks include:
a. Develop or direct development of all formal procedures
and materials used by the operational group (e.g., steps
in processing a permit application, steps in handling a
complaint, data collection forms, form letters).
G-36
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b. Recruit and select new employees. This task includes
identification of personnel requirements and selection
criteria, preparation of advertisements, evaluation of
candidates, and the selection decision.
c. Develop and administer training. This task includes
identification of training requirements and objectives,
preparation of required materials, program administration,
and evaluation.
d. Develop and administer the personnel performance evaluation
system. This task involves identification of relevant
performance dimensions, design of the review procedure,
implementation, and evaluation of the system.
3. Manage operations. The task^s in this category are directly con-
cerned with maintenance of acceptable quality and productivity
by the operational group. These tasks could also be characterized
as "technical supervision." Such supervisory tasks are performed
at several levels of agency activity and include:
a. Review all or a sample of the products or processes of the
operational group for quality and timeliness. This task
includes:
1) Development of performance or product acceptance
criteria.
2) Critical feedback to individuals indicating the
strengths and weaknesses of their performance.
3) Modification of procedures as a result of a check
of their usefulness.
4) Disciplinary action as required.
b. Make work assignments. Depending on the assignment
policy of the agency, tasks to be done, and the
possibility of alternate assignees, this activity
can include:
1) Identifying the types of skills and knowledge
required to perform the assignment.
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2) Knowledge of the capabilities of the group staff.
3) Determining which staff members are available
for the assignment.
A) Identifying the most capable individual of those
who are available for the assignment. If the
assignment policy is aimed at producing general
capability rather than specialists, identify who
needs the assignment as a learning experience.
c. Set schedules, priorities, and other guidelines which
define productivity and quality requirements.
d. Produce periodic reports of group productivity and
accomplishments.
e. Determine the need for recordkeeping and assure that
the appropriate information is collected and filed.
f. Direct completion of special or non-routine projects.
This may require an initial detailing or extrapolation
of specific objectives from the relatively brief and
general request from higher level management which
precipitated the work.
4. Provide technical assistance to the staff. Frequently, a
Technical Manager or supervisor must help solve an operational
problem with which his staff is having difficulty. The lower
the level of the supervisor in the agency management hierarchy
the more likely it is he will have to work on the more difficult
routine operational problems.
5. Provide technical consultation. The Technical Manager or
supervisor can be called upon to provide technical information
about his specialty or his staff's activities to audiences
within and outside of the agency. It should be noted that
anyone In the agency who performs his job well may be asked
to provide technical information or opinion. However, super-
visors are more likely to perform such tasks than individual
staff members.
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a. Assist high level management in convincing pollution
sources of the need and feasibility of proposed
regulations.
b. Provide information necessary to respond to a com-
plaint or answer a question from the public.
c. Provide pollution sources with alternative means of
correcting or controlling their emissions.
d. Provide testimony as an expert witness in court or
at a quasi-legal hearing.
e. Consult with representatives of other governmental
agencies (state, national, or international) to
*
assist them or to secure needed information or
support.
f. Work with non-governmental organizations to solve
problems which relate to air pollution control (e.g.,
provide design information to an organization of
architects and engineers).
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to identify and describe training requirements for
information and skill in order to determine content areas
to be covered in a program. This requires:
a. Identification and description of the tasks to be
performed by the trainee on the job which are to be
covetfed by the course.
b. Identification of the skills and knowledge required
to effectively perform those tasks.
c. Identification of those required skills and knowledge
not currently held by the trainees and, therefore,
reasonable content areas for the course to attack.
G-39
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The extent to which this skill is required depends
upon the degree of freedom available to the school
operator in designing the course.
2. Ability to present testimony effectively in court. Effective
testimony can be characterized as:
a. Confidently presented
b. Truthful
c. Brief
d. Responsive to the questions asked
e. Responsive only to questions asked
f. Unbiased
g. Clearly and audibly spoken
h. Courteously presented.
This ability includes responding effectively under cross-
examination.
3. Ability to communicate effectively in written or spoken form
with representatives of industry, citizen groups, or politicians
to accomplish functions including:
a. Solicit criticisms, expectations, demands, and supporting
technical information relevant to development of new
regulations or agency policy.
b. "Sell" the agency's position on the proposed regulation.
c. Negotiate a compromise version of the regulation which
meets the requirements of the agency and satisfies the
pressure groups.
d. Develop an-episode control system.
e. Aid in development of local control program.
G-40
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4. Ability to effectively chair public or private meetings
intended to generate questions, comments, criticisms, or
recommended modification to proposed regulations or activities.
5. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems
or make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection
or development of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions
or approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the
problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of con-
fidence the probabilities of successful solution for
each alternative solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the
most effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
I
6. In interactions with industry or citizen groups, the ability
to take a position based upon accurate assessment of the
agency's capacity to perform its functions effectively. Also,
the ability to identify "pressure" points which could be used
to improve the agency's bargaining position. In the case of
industry, such points include:
a. Sensitivity to antitrust considerations.
G-41
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b. Concern for the effects of public relations (i.e.,
"poor press").
c. Knowledge that if an agreement is not reached with
the agency, a more technically naive body (e.g., a
state legislature) might formulate unreasonably
stringent rules.
7. Ability to communicate effectively with agency personnel
in working on operational problems involving enforcement,
engineering, or technical activities of the agency.
8. Ability to forecast the resources needed by a working group
in order to prepare the annual budget. This skill encompasses
component abilities including:
a. Anticipate the specific types of services to be per-
formed during the next period.
b. Project the work load over the period. To do this,
the planner must identify the critical variables (e.g.,
population growth, economic conditions) and transform
them into a factor to use to derive anticipated work
load. Be careful not to base projections too heavily
on current work loads. Consider the effect of new
regulations and procedures on work load.
c. Determine if current resources will be capable of
handling the anticipated work load. Identify the
modifications required in current resource levels
to cover anticipated work load.
9. Ability to develop or assist in the development of a personnel
performance evaluation system, and the ability to administer
such a system effectively. Development of the system includes:
a. Ability to identify appropriate performance dimensions.
Such dimensions should be observable and, as much as
possible, open to objective evaluation.
G-42
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b. Ability to develop a review procedure and working
materials.
c. Ability to provide constructive feedback to staff
members in a manner which will foster continuing
personnel development.
10. Ability to evaluate the quantity and quality of work produced
by the staff and discriminate acceptable from unacceptable
performance. This skill assumes the ability to develop or
use criteria of performance acceptability.
11. Ability to establish and maintain schedules of productivity
such that work deadlines are met consistently.
12. Ability to -direct or coordinate non-routine projects which
require the type of skills and knowledge available within
the staff of a specific operational group (e.g., inspection,
plan review groups). To direct such projects the director
frequently must:
a. Develop project objectives from brief statements of
the general purpose of the projects.
b. Make assignments.
c. Prepare schedules.
d. Supervise production.
e. Present or coordinate presentation of results.
13. Ability to communicate effectively with technical personnel
of the agency concerning issues regarding selection, pur-
chasing, or financial planning activities.
14. Ability to predict unplanned-for events or events which
exceed budgetary expectations (for personnel, financial, or
equipment resources) and then to modify plans appropriately
to respond to such contingencies.
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15. Ability to develop or assist in development of job specifi-
cations, and selection criteria which can be used in a
personnel recruitment program.
16. Ability to counsel agency personnel with grievances and
to work with union officials in cases in which they are
involved.
17. Ability to develop or administer a personnel evaluation
system.
18. Ability to use agency files, source process data, and other
methods to develop the appropriate background data to support
review of a stationary source.
19. Ability to make public presentations.
20. Ability to respond in private or publicly to questions and
criticisms regarding agency activities and policies. The
objective of such responses would typically be to support
the agency position.
21. Ability to answer (in public) general and technical questions
concerning air pollution control technology and regulatory
or control functions. The level of detail required for the
response will vary as a function of the audiences addressed.
Such audiences can include:
a. Legislative bodies or hearing boards.
b. Citizen groups.
c. Representatives of industry.
d. News media.
22. Ability to explain the interrelationships of local regulations,
environmental conditions, and agency activities.
23. Ability to interpret agency policy in developing and planning
agency activities. This skill involves the ability to dis-
criminate whether or not planned activities are consistent
with agency policy.
G-44
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Kn owle d ge Req ui remen t s
1. Knowledge of the published or unpublished sources of information
available in a variety of areas relevant to air pollution con-
trol and air quality standards. Resources typically used in
this task include:
a. The output of abstracting services (e.g., References 2,
3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 17, and 18).
b. Relevant literature reviews (References 1, 4, 11, 12,
13, 14, and 15).
c. Journal annual indices (Reference 9).
t
d. Proceedings of technical meetings (Reference 19).
e. Agency files and publications.
2. Knowledge of the technical areas of air pollution control and
industrial processes at a level of detail required for manage-
ment activities, including:
a. Development of new regulations.
b. Response to questions and criticism regarding agency
activity from newsmen, the public, governmental bodies.
c. Development of specific compliance programs.
d. High level supervision of the agency's activities in
technical, engineering, and enforcement areas.
e. Agency policy and program development.
3. Knowledge of the services federal agencies offer state and
local agencies (e.g., evaluation by Control Agency Development,
and Air Pollution Technical Information Center, EPA). This
includes knowledge of the positions and personnel in the
federal agency who can provide information useful for problem
solving.
G-45
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4. Knowledge of the accepted techniques for planning and present-
ing written or spoken communications such as technical reports,
public presentations and formal correspondence.
5. Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for prob-
lem solving and planning of work activities (e.g., the "systems"
approach to design).
6. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for planning
the use of resources (personnel, material, and financial) to
accomplish a specific work goal. This includes the ability
to modify plans in response to contingencies (e.g., delays
caused by difficulty in obtaining required information such
that the production schedule is affected).
7. Knowledge of principles and procedures for organizing an
operational or task oriented group.
8. Knowledge of principles and procedures used for identifying
personnel requirements and selection criteria and for using
them in a selection program. Reference 10 contains relevant
information.
9. Knowledge of principles and procedures for identifying
training requirements, preparing training objectives, and
developing a program to achieve the objectives.
10. Knowledge of principles and procedures for designing,
developing, and implementing a personnel performance
evaluation system.
11. Detailed knowledge of the technical area underlying the work
performed by the staff being supervised. This knowledge
should be detailed enough to support activities including:
a. Development of working procedures.
b. Evaluation of performance quality and productivity.
G-46
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c. Solution of relatively routine problems which are giving
the staff difficulty.
d. Consultation in the area covered by the supervised
operations.
e. Maintenance of a high level of productivity and quality
in the staff's output.
12. Knowledge of principles and procedures for making work assign-
ments. The procedures used will vary depending upon the
assignment policy of the agency.
13. Knowledge of the state-of-the-art methods in program planning
t
and budgeting (for example, Program Evaluation and Review
Technique, Plan Programming Budgeting System).
14. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for developing
job specifications and job classification schemes.
15. Knowledge of accepted procedures And techniques in personnel
relations and personnel problem solving.
16. Knowledge of "systems design" methods to be used in development
of "paper flow" systems.
17. Knowledge of the alternative control and regulatory functions
which may be performed by local agencies.
18. Knowledge of state and federal regulations and standards which
suggest or prescribe the characteristics of local control
programs.
19. Knowledge of the air pollution control policies and programs
of similar agencies and the effects those policies and
programs have had on local pollution conditions, industrial
cooperation, citizen support, etc.
20. Knowledge of the relative strengths and weaknesses of
alternative control and regulatory activities, programs,
and policies that an agency can take under given operating
conditions.
G-47
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References
California Air Resources Board. Ambient air quality standards.
January 1970.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources: municipal incineration-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-92.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources: nitric acid man-
ufacturing - a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-93.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Washington, D. C.:
Author, January 1971. No. AP-84.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants and air pollution; an annotated bibli-
ography. Part I. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants and air pollution; an annotated bibli-
ography. Part II. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs. Air
pollution aspects of emission sources; cement manufacturing -
a^bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-95.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs. Air
pollution aspects of emission sources; electric power production -
I
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-96.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association. Vol. 20, No. 1,
January 1970, p. i-vi. Author and title index for volume 19
(January through December 1969).
G-48
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10. McMurry, R. Tested techniques of personnel selection. Chicago:
Dartnell Corporation.
11. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for carbon monoxide. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Environmental Health Service, March 1970. No. AP-62.
12. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for hydrocarbons. Washington, D. C,: U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service,
March 1970. No. AP-64.
13. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for particulate matter. Washington, D. C.: U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service,
January 1969. No. AP-49.
14. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for photochemical oxidants. Washington, D. C.:
U, S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
Health Service, Environmental Health Service, March 1970.
No. AP-63.
15. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for sulfur oxides. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service,
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, January
1969. No. AP-50.
16. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution; an annotated bibliography. Part I.
Raleigh, North Carolina: U. S, Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service
October 1970. No. AP-75.
G-49
-------
17. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution; an annotated bibliography. Part II. Raleigh,
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service,
October 1970. No. AP-75.
18. National Air Pollution Control Administration. NAPCA abstract
bulletin. Vol. 1, No. 9. Supplement 4. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service.
19. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
Health Service, National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Proceedings; the third national conference on air pollution.
Washington. D. C.. December 12-14. 1966. PHSP #1649.
Special Staffing Guidance
The individual assigned to perform Technical Management tasks should
be a senior member of an occupational category commensurate with the
technical area to be managed. For example, a middle manager within
the Engineering Division of the agency or the head of that division
should be a senior- level Engineer. Such an individual should have
broad based experience and a high degree of skill in the tasks
typically performed in that area. Also, the assignee should have
capabilities or the ability to acquire the skills and knowledge
associated with the management tasks outlined above.
Also, because of some of the tasks requiring concepts, etc., Technical
Management tasks are characterized by high credibility requirements
and conceptual level tasks. Therefore, in addition to substantial
experience and skill in the specific tasks to be managed it would be
advantageous to require Technical Managers to have publicly and
professionally acceptable credentials commensurate with their responsibility,
for example:
a. Technical Managers within engineering areas could be required
to be registered or licensed as professionals. Technical managers
in non-engineering areas could have an applicable advanced degree
and where appropriate they could be a licensed professional.
G-50
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b. Enforcement Managers could be required to have a Bachelor's Degree
in a relevant technical area (e.g., Engineering).
c. Division Directors could be required to have advanced degrees
(e.g., Master's in Public Administration, Public Health, Air
Pollution Control, etc.).
G-51
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Literature Review and Data Summary
Regarding Ambient Air Quality Standards
Task Overview
It is necessary for agency management to keep contact with the research
literature relevant to air quality and the adverse effects of contaminants.
This information is used to document and justify current ambient air quality
standards and to support development of new standards.
The following task description (with related skills and knowledge) is repre-
sentative of the type of task performed to acquire structure and summarize
relevant data concerning ambient air quality.
Occupational Category: Program Planning and Development Specialist (Senior)
Task Description
1. Identify the objectives of the literature search task in a manner
which will serve as a cue for identifying the categories of in-
formation to be located and how to present them. For example,
identify the concentration levels for the contaminant at which
human health effects occur, indicate the current ambient con-
centrations and conditions in the area covered by the agency,
and relate these findings to current emissions and available
control or regulatory techniques.
2. Initially identify the categories of information required to
accomplish the objectives. Also, suggest some possible inter-
relationships between the categories which may be useful in
evaluating current air quality standards or developing new ones.
3. Initially identify the interpretive areas or possible confusion
points in the data which will have to be resolved. For example,
standard definitions will have to be adopted for terms such as
"health effects." Standard units and averaging times will have
to be adopted in order to compare findings to one another and
G-52
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to local standards. Problems such as these will intensify
as the investigation evolves.
4. Identify the sources of the required data, search them, and
identify reports and books which seem responsive to the in-
dicated data requirements. The primary sources of such leads
include:
a. Published abstracts (both general and by specific
topic areas).
b. Available on request from literature search or
abstracting services.
c. Published literature reviews, surveys, and sum-
maries .
d. Annual indices for relevant journals.
It is necessary to be selective in choosing sources for closer
review. There will always be more data to survey than there is
time available. Therefore, establish a list of relevant "key"
words for search purposes and priorities for selecting materials
for review. Also, establish criteria for determining when a
piece of literature is worthy of close scrutiny.
After an initial, close review of the materials, define more
specifically the information to be extracted from the literature.
These descriptors may very well undergo refinement as the litera-
ture review progresses and the reader becomes more sophisticated
in the relevant content areas.
5. Read the selected materials and identify the desired elements
of information. Set up a filing system to aid in retrieving
these elements for use and for relating them to their sources.
6. In reviewing the selected materials, discriminate the findings
!
and opinions which are valid and reliable. Some of the problem
areas which must be carefully scrutinized and evaluated include:
a. In experimental research., is the experimental design
adequate? For example, are the controls appropriate?
Are the proper statistical methods applied?
G-53
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b. Are assumptions reasonable, given what is known about
the topic?
c. Are the data presented appropriately? For example,
do the graphs agree with the findings given elsewhere
in the report?
d. Do the findings agree with other related findings
in other studies?
e. Are the conclusions well founded in the reported
results and the findings and conclusions of other
authors?
7. Identify relevant, locally gathered data; contact the appro-
priate "in-house" sources; and secure the needed materials.
It may be necessary to reduce this data or analyze it further,
and then present it in a manner directly relevant to the study
in progress. For example, with air quality data for a given
contaminant, it may be useful to develop cumulative frequency
distributions of daily or hourly concentrations for local
monitoring stations. It may also be desirable to express air
quality data in terms of geometric means and standard deviations.
Additional, categories of "in-house" data which may be useful
include:
a. Emission inventory results.
b. Engineering data on the sources of specific contaminants.
c. Summaries of the findings of permit system and source
testing activities concerning the effectiveness of
particular control methods.
8. Summarize all of the relevant information elements and present
them in a form which is responsive to the objectives of the
study.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or make
G-54
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decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the
elements of the situation which affect selection
or development of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions
or.approaches for developing solutions,
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the
problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of confidence
the probabilities of successful solution for each alterna-
tive solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the most
effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
2. Ability to interpret the general objectives of a literature
survey in terms of the specific types of data to be reviewed
and summarized. For example, what type of data should be
reviewed to support developments of new air quality standards?
3. Ability to communicate effectively with agency technical and
scientific personnel to gather and interpret data relevant to
literature search objectives.
4. Ability to progressively refine literature search information
requirements to accurately reflect data and insights acquired
as the review progresses toward its objectives.
5. Ability to identify elements of the literature in a survey '
which should be standardized, and the ability to develop useful,
standardized concepts. One frequently occurring requirement is
G-55
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to adopt a definition for a term or concept which allows for
the greatest degree of generalization and application of
findings across studies employing the term or concept. Other
examples where standardization will be needed for comparison
across studies include:
a. Measurement techniques
b. Units of measurement
c. Averaging times
d. Criteria for judgments such as the definition of
the occurrence of a "health effect1'
6. Ability to transform (e.g., using statistical or logical
— *
methods) reported findings into a form which is more directly
relevant to the objectives of a literature review.
7. Ability to recognize data trends, insights, and information
found in the literature review which are directly relevant to
achieving the objectives of the survey.
8. Ability to quickly and accurately search literature resources
for materials relevant to the literature search objectives.
This is a process of successive approximations which should
rapidly and accurately discard inappropriate materials and
identify materials worthy of close scrutiny. Ultimately,
this ability permits identification of the most useful
materials.
9. Ability to discriminate the most useful and relevant literature
sources to read and integrate into a literature survey. This
involves skill in setting up a "key" word system for searching
resources and in setting priorities for selecting materials for
review.
10. Ability to integrate the findings of several related published
studies to identify trends or identify a consensus as required
by literature search requirements.
11. Ability to evaluate the validity, reliability, and relevance
of the findings and opinions reported in technical and scien-
tific literature. Some of the problem areas which must be
G-56
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carefully scrutinized and evaluated include:
a. In experimental research, was the experimental
design adequate? For example, were the controls
appropriate? Were the proper statistical methods
applied?
b. Were assumptions reasonable, given what was known
about the topic?
c. Were the data presented appropriately? For example,
do the graphs agree with the findings given elsewhere
in the report?
d. Do the findings agree with related findings in other
studies?
e. Were the general conclusions well supported by the
reported results and the findings and conclusions
of other authors?
12. Ability to design "paper flow" systems to handle and store
necessary documentation. The system should be responsive
to the quantity of materials to be handled and the agency's
ability to utilize state-of-the-art techniques and equipment
(e.g., microform, computers).
13. Ability to set up a filing system which will facilitate
storage and retrieval of information, references, etc.,
identified in a literature review.
14. Ability to summarize and report the findings of a literature
review in a manner which is responsive to the objectives of
the review. For example, if the objective of the review is
to identify the health effects of a particular contaminant,
one means of presenting the findings is to describe each
relevant study in terms of:
a. Effect reported or investigated
b. Exposure concentration
c. Exposure duration
G-57
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d. Measurement methods and conditions
e. Reference
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedures for structuring a literature search
and review effort to accomplish given objectives. This includes:
a. Use of key word systems
b. Information filing systems
c. Development of review objectives
2. Background knowledge in areas of air pollution control technology
t
and regulatory methods sufficient to support design and implementa-
tion of a literature search and review. The specific knowledge areas
required depend upon the objectives of the review and the material to
be surveyed. Some general areas typically required include:
a. Chemical composition and probable reactions of the
concentration.
b. The characteristics of standard measurement tech-
niques (e.g., principles of operation, reliability,
sensitivity, interference phenomena).
c. Industrial processes which are pollution sources.
d. Air pollution control device technology.
e. The methods and output of specific agency activities
(monitoring, emission inventory, source testing).
3. Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for problem
solving and planning of work activities (e.g., the "systems" ap-
proach to design).
4. Knowledge of the published or unpublished sources of information
available in a variety of areas relevant to air pollution control
and air quality standards. Resources typically used in this task
include:
a. The output of abstracting services (e.g., References
2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 16, and 17).
G-58
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b. Relevant literature reviews (References 1, 4, 10,
11, 12, 13, and 14).
c. Journal annual indices (Reference 9).
d. Proceedings of technical meetings (Reference 18).
e. Agency files and publications.
5. Sufficient background knowledge in the traditional academic
disciplines which form the bases for the scientific and tech-
nical work reported and are necessary to interpret the usefulness
of published materials relevant to air pollution control. These
areas include:
a. Chemistry (e.g., organic, analytical, physical).
b. Psychology (e.g., perceptual processes, skill perfor-
mance) .
c. Physiology (e.g., sensory processes, respiratory
function).
d. Statistics (e.g., experimental design, probability
theory, the underlying assumptions and uses of
parametric and nonparametric statistics).
e. Engineering (e.g., chemical, mechanical)
6. Knowledge of specific procedures for evaluating the reliability,
validity, and relevance of published findings and conclusions
found in a literature search effort.
7. Knowledge of the accepted techniques for planning and present-
ing written or spoken communications, such as technical reports,
public presentations, and formal correspondence.
References
1. California Air Resources Board. Ambient air quality standards.
January 1970.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources; Municipal incineration-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-92.
G-59^
-------
3. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Polution Control Office.
Air pollution aspects of emission sources; nitric acid
manufacturing-a bibliography with abstracts. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-93.
4. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Air quality criteria for nitrogen oxides. Washington, D. C.:
Author, January 1971. No. AP-84.
5. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants andair pollution; An annotated bibli-
ography. Part I. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
f
6. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Photochemical oxidants and air pollution: An annotated bibli-
ography. Part II. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina:
Author, March 1971. No. AP-88.
7. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs. Air
pollution aspects of emission sources; Cement manufactaring-
a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina: Author, May 1971. No. AP-95.
8. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mr Programs. Air
pollution aspects of emission sources; Electric power produc-
tion-a bibliography with abstracts. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina: Author, May 1971. No..AP-96.
9. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association^ Vol. 20, No. 1,
January 1970, p. i-vi. Author and title index for Volume 19
(January through December 1969).
10. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for carbon monoxide. Washington, D. C.: U. S. De-
partment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Environmental Health Service, March 1970. No. AP-62.
11. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality
criteria for hydrocarbons. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service,
March 1970. No. AP-64.
G-60
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12. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality criteria
for particulate matter. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service, Con-
sumer Protection and Environmental Health Service, January 1969.
No. AP-49.
13. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality criteria
for photochemical oxidants. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service, Environ-
mental Health Service, March 1970. No. AP-63.
14. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air quality criteria
for sulfur oxides. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service, Consumer Protection
and Environmental Health Service, January 1969. No. AP-50.
15. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution; An annotated bibliography. Part I. Raleigh,
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service,
October 1970. No. AP-75.
16. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Hydrocarbons
and air pollution; An annotated bibliography. Part II. Raleigh,
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service,
October 1970. .No. AP-75.
17. National Air Pollution Control Administration. NAPCA abstract
bulletin. Vol. 1, No. 9. Supplement 4. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service.
18. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public
Health Service, National Center for Air Pollution Control.
Proceedings; The third national conference on air pollution.
Washington. D. C.. December 12-14. 1966. PHSP #1649.
G-61
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Special Staffing Guidance
The assignee responsible for this task should be a senior Program
Planning and Development Specialist. He should have a Bachelor's
Degree in either Engineering or Chemistry and have had at least
three years' experience working in agency activities including:
/
1. Air monitoring
2. Source testing
3. Laboratory analysis for either air monitoring or source
testing
4. Emission inventory
5. Episode control
In addition to these requirements, it is advisable that the assignee
have completed graduate work in a scientific area in which he has
conducted and evaluated individual research.
6-62
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Development of New or Modified Regulations
Task Overview
There is a continuing need for the generation of new and modified regula-
tions as the state-of-the-art in air pollution control and the political
environment evolves. The task of developing the needed regulations is
a complex one which requires inputs from members of the technical, legal
and management staffs within the agency. The following general task des-
cription provides a context for identification of representative skill and
knowledge requirements for this activity. "
Occupational Category; Program Planning and Development Specialist (Senior)
Task Description
1. Describe the need for the new or amended regulations in terms
of the characteristics of the current situation which demand
attention. For example, the type of situational factors may
include:
a. A new federal ambient air quality standard is promulga-
ted for a specific contaminant.
b. Current emission standards are not achieving the desired
effect on air quality.
c. A breakthrough in air pollution control technology has
occurred which makes a new generation of emission standards
achievable.
d. There has been an excessive number of single-chamber inciner-
ator smoke violations.
e. Scientific evidence has been published showing significant
health effects due to a contaminant which is currently
emitted without being controlled by regulations.
f. The penalty for a specific violation does not appear to be
having a significant deterrent effect.
G-63
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The situational factors which suggest a need for new or modi-
fied regulations must be described at a level of detail which
will support development of the required legislation.
2. Identify the general features of required new or modified regu-
lations. The features should, if enacted, provide some means
of correcting conditions which signal the need for new or modi-
fied regulations (identified earlier). Such general features
could include:
a. New or modified emission standards.
b. Modification in an existing agency procedure (e.g., a
change in the permit system fee schedule).
c. Inclusion in regulations of nomographs and data tables
to enable potential sources to, in part, evaluate their
own emission levels.
d. Revision of a regulation which is apparently vague and,
therefore, difficult to interpret and enforce.
e. Changes in the penalties for specific types of violations.
f. Revisions of or additions to the definitions in the regu-
lations .
g. Additions, deletions, or modifications to exemptions
fe.g., to basic equipment covered under the plan review/
permit regulations).
h. Modification of the legally defined role of quasi-
legislative or quasi-judicial bodies such as variance
boards, rule-making bodies, and hearing boards).
i. Additions, deletions, or modifications of specific prohi-
bitions (e.g., open burning regulations, prohibition of
single-chamber incinerators, etc.).
3. Identify the specific background information which must be
gathered before the required regulation can be drafted. The
types of required data may include:
a. What emission standard is needed to produce a specific
ambient air quality level for a specific contaminant?
G-64
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Consideration will have to be given to diffusion model-
ing, emission inventory, successful applications at
other agencies, local background levels, and special
cases such as extra-tall stacks.
b. What are other agencies doing to enforce their open
burning regulations?
c. What design characteristics can be standardized in a
large capacity incinerator to assure reduced emissions?
d. What advantages would accrue for handling emergencies
as a result of extending the boundaries of agency coverage
to new areas or air basins.
^
e. What is the current state-of-the-art in control of emis-
sions from coke quenching? What emission standards are
feasible and enforceable?
4. Gather the information necessary to prepare the required regu-
lation. This might include activities such as:
a. Review of federal requirements.
b. Review, critique, and summarization of relevant technical
and scientific literature.
c. Experimental research.
d. Discussions or correspondence with information sources
such as other agencies, researchers, polluters, and con-
trol equipment manufacturers.
5. Initiate a continuing interaction between the agency and repre-
sentatives of the constituency directly affected or interested
in the proposed regulation. The purposes of such an interaction
can include:
a. Soliciting technical assistance in developing the regu-
lation.
b. Assuring that the developing regulation is fair, feasible,
responsive to the needs of the public, and feasible to
implement.
G-65
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c. Developing the type of rapport with industry and the
public needed to adopt the regulation, enforce it, and
implement it effectively.
As a result of these interactions, modifications to the initial
draft may have to be developed in response to pressures, needs,
or requests of the groups surveyed.
6. Assist the attorneys in drafting the proposed regulation. The
wording of the draft should adequately reflect the technical
requirements identified earlier and the legal refinements needed
to make the rule constitutional and enforceable. Care should be
taken to assure that the legally acceptable draft does not compro-
mise the initial control intentions of the agency.
7. Solicit comments and criticism from selected members of the agency
staff. Evaluate the ensuing comments and modify the draft accord-
ingly. Consult with attorneys to make language changes and to
verify that the second draft is legally acceptable.
8. Follow the local procedure for presenting, justifying, and answer-
ing questions concerning the proposed regulation prior to formal
adoption proceedings. The presentation may be to groups including:
a. The general public.
b. Representatives of affected industries, businesses, and
institutions.
c. Advisory board.
d. Rule-making bodies (e.g., board of health, state or local
legislature, or county commissioners).
At such a presentation, points may be raised which will have to
be settled through negotiation or revision to the proposed regu-
lation.
9. If necessary, possible, or ethical, lobby for formal adoption of
the final draft of the proposed regulation. This may require
activities including:
a. A public information program (in print, television, radio).
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b. Personal contact and discussions with rule makers,
industrialists, representatives of citizen groups, or
influential politicians.
c. Further negotiation and revision to the proposed regu-
lation. For example, significant revision might be
required such that the resulting measure merely "sets
the stage" for later adoption of the originally desired
regulation.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to identify and describe existing conditions which
signal the need for revision to existing regulations or agency
activities. Such conditions may include:
a. A new federal ambient air quality standard is promulgated
for a specific contaminant.
b. Current emission standards are not achieving the desired
effect on air quality.
c. A breakthrough in air pollution control technology has
occurred which makes a new generation of emission
standards achievable.
d. There has been an excessive number of single-chamber
incinerator smoke violations.
e. Scientific evidence has been published showing signifi-
cant health effects due to a contaminant which is
currently emitted without being controlled by regulations.
f. The penalty for a specific violation does not appear to
be having a significant deterrent effect.
2. Ability to effectively chair public or private meetings intended
to generate questions, comments, criticisms, or recommended modi-
fication to proposed regulations or activities.
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Ability to communicate effectively in written or spoken form
with representatives of industry, citizen groups, or politicians
to accomplish functions including:
a. Solicit criticisms, expectations, demands, and supporting
technical information relevant to development of new
regulations or agency policy.
b. "Sell" the agency's position on the proposed regulation.
c. Negotiate a compromise version of the regulation which
meets the requirements of the agency and satisfies the
pressure groups.
d. Develop an episode control system.
e. Aid in development of local control program.
Ability to interact with attorneys in developing acceptable
language and content for proposed regulations, modifications to
current regulations, and in developing model ordinances. This
requires skill in communicating the needs of the agency to the
attorney and in helping him to evaluate the degree to which the
legally acceptable form satisfies the original intent of the
effort.
Ability to identify the general characteristics of a new or
revised regulation which provide a means for correcting current
conditions which signal the need for new or modified regu-
lations. Such general types of additions or modifications could
include:
a. New or modified emission standards.
b. Modification in an existing agency procedure (e.g., a
change in the permit system fee schedule).
c. Inclusion in regulations of nomographs and data tables
to enable potential sources to, in part, evaluate their
own emission levels.
d. Revision of a regulation which is apparently vague and,
therefore, difficult to interpret and enforce.
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e. Changes in the penalties for specific types of violations.
f. Revisions of or additions to the definitions in the
regulations.
g. Additions, deletions, or modifications to exemptions (e.g.,
to basic equipment covered under the plan review/permit
regulations).
h. Modification of the legally defined role of quasi-
legislative or quasi-judicial bodies such as variance
boards, rule-making bodies, and hearing boards).
i. Additions, deletions, or modifications of specific prohi-
bitions (e.g., open burning regulations, prohibitions of
it
single-chamber incinerators, etc.).
6. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or make
decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the elements
of the situation which affect selection or development of
a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions or
approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the problem.
This includes "trade-offs."
l
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of confidence
the probabilities of successful solution for each alterna-
tive solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the most
effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
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7. Ability to interpret existing state or federal legislation and
regulations relevant to the state's possible role in developing
local air pollution control programs.
8. Ability to communicate effectively with agency personnel in
working on operational problems involving enforcement, engi-
neering, or technical activities of the agency.
9. Ability to identify the specific background information which
must be gathered before a new or modified regulation can be
drafted. The types of required data may include:
a. What emission standard is needed to produce a specific
ambient air quality level for a specific contaminant?
Consideration will have to be given to diffusion model-
ing, emission inventory, successful applications at
other agencies, local background levels, and special
cases such as extra-tall stacks.
b. What are other agencies doing to enforce their open
burning regulations?
c. What design characteristics can be standardized in a
large capacity incinerator to assure reduced emissions?
d. What advantages would accrue for handling emergencies as
a result of extending the boundaries of agency coverage
to new areas or air basins?
e. What is the current state-of-the-art in control of emissions
from coke quenching? What emission standards are feasible
and enforceable?
10. Ability to direct or perform the tasks required to gather technical
information required to develop a draft regulation. The tasks to
be performed may include:
i
a. Literature reviews
b. Empirical research
c. Survey of the opinions of experts
d. Review of the experiences of agencies who have dealt with
similar problems.
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11. In establishing working policy and objectives for an agency or
agency element, the ability to accurately identify:
a. What its constituency (i.e., the public and industry)
expects and is willing to accept.
b. If the technological state-of-the-art has developed
sufficiently to support proposed agency efforts.
12. Ability to judge current, local political or economic conditions
and react to them accordingly in developing agency activities
or policy.
13. In interactions with industry or citizen groups, the ability to
take a position based upon accurate assessment of the agency's
•' t
capacity to perform its functions effectively. Also, the ability
to identify "pressure" points which could be used to improve the
agency's bargaining position. In the case of industry, such
points include:
a. Sensitivity to antitrust considerations.
b. Concern for the effects of public relations (i.e., "poor
press").
c. Knowledge that if an agreement is not reached with the
agency, a more technically naive body (e.g., a state
legislature) might formulate unreasonably stringent rules.
14. Ability to evaluate criticisms and suggestions responsive to a
draft of a new regulation and to use these comments to further
develop the draft
15. Ability to prepare and rehearse a presentation to be made before
a court, hearing board, or other legal or quasi-legal body.
16. Ability to assist in the development and implementation of a
program to lobby for adoption of a proposed regulation. Such
programs can include:
a. Public information presentations.
b. Personal contacts and discussions with rule makers,
industrial representatives, citizen groups, etc.
c. Negotiation and compromise.
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Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of state and federal regulations and standards which
suggest or prescribe the characteristics of local control pro-
grams.
2. Knowledge of the alternative control and regulatory functions
which may be performed by local agencies.
3. Knowledge of the types of situations which can occur and which
signal the need for developing new regulations or amending cur-
rent regulations. Such conditions include:
a. A new federal ambient air quality standard is promulgated
for a specific contaminant.
b. Current emission standards are not achieving the desired
effect on air quality.
c. A breakthrough in air pollution control technology has
occurred which makes a new generation of emission stan-
dards achievable.
d. There has been an excessive number of single-chamber
incinerator smoke violations.
e. Scientific evidence has been published showing signifi-
cant health effects due to a contaminant which is
currently emitted without being controlled by regulations.
f. The penalty for a specific violation does not appear to
be having a significant deterrent effect.
4. Knowledge of the recommended principles for developing, main-
taining, and effectively using an interaction with interest
groups in development of new regulations or in the performance
of routine agency activities.
5. Knowledge of the technical areas of air pollution control and
regulatory technology to support development of new or modi-
fied regulations.
6. Knowledge of the procedure for developing draft regulations which
are responsive to identified needs.
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7, Knowledge of the methods available for gathering the background
Information needed to develop new or modified regulations. Also,
knowledge of the method for selecting the appropriate information
gathering method.
8. Knowledge of the procedure for preparing a presentation to be
given before a court, hearing board, or other legal or quasi-
legal body.
9. Knowledge of legally acceptable language and the methods used
by attorneys to "translate" lay versions of a regulation into
a form appropriate for adoption.
10. Knowledge of local procedures for presenting and defending
proposed legislation of regulations prior to formal adoption
proceedings.
11. Knowledge of the accepted techniques for planning and presenting
written or spoken communications, such as technical reports,
public presentations, and formal correspondence.
12. Knowledge of ethical and effective methods for lobbying or
negotiating with legislators to speed up adoption of a desired
regulation.
13. Knowledge1of systematic approaches which are useful for problem
solving and planning of work activities Ce.g., the ''systems"
approach to design).
14. Detailed and broad knowledge of the local air pollution control
regulations to support development of new regulations.
Special Staffing Guidance
The individual assigned to this task should be a senior Program Planning
and Development Specialist. The assignee should have broad experience in
agency enforcement, regulatory, and control activities. It is suggested
that the assignee have a Bachelor's Degree in Engineering and have had
at least five years' experience in a line position working in either
Engineering or Enforcement functions of agency activity.
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While in Program Development work, the assignee should have had experience
dealing with the following areas of the agency's constituency:
1. Local legislators and other government officials
2. Attorneys
c. Representatives of industry affected by agency regulations
d. Citizen groups
e. News media
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Support of Development of Local Control Programs
Task Overview
Many state air pollution control agencies support the development of
locally administered control programs designed to augment the state's
efforts. The nature of these local programs generally varies along
dimensions including:
1. Size of the geographic area covered. In New Jersey local programs
are designed for small municipalities. In California large multi-
county air basin-type subdivisions are covered.
2. Scope of control activities. Since the local programs are designed
to augment the state program, the scope of local programs is a
function of the comprehensiveness of the state's effort. For
example, in California the state agency's primary responsibility
is mobile sources, with responsibility for stationary sources
delegated to local programs. Therefore, local programs are quite
comprehensive and can include a wide variety of agency services.
On the other hand, in New Jersey the state's program is sufficiently
comprehensive that local programs have greatly limited responsi-
bilities.
3. Procedure for development of local programs. In New Jersey a model
ordinance has been developed for local air pollution control pro-
grams. In developing their codes, local programs are encouraged to
copy the model program. This type of conformity works because of
the limited activities performed at the local level. However, in
California, where each local program (or district) is responsible
for comprehensive coverage of all the stationary sources, the pro-
grams are designed specifically to suit the problems of the area.
Thus, there is a relatively high degree of variability across the
local programs.
The following task description provides a representative work context for
the skills and knowledge typically required to support development of
local air pollution control programs.
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Occupational Category: Program Planning and Development Specialist (Senior)
Task Description
1. Identify the desired role for local programs in air pollution
control. The role may be fixed by law or may be a policy deci-
sion for high level management of the state agency. The decision
will be based on characteristics of the state's control program,
including:
a. Its current and projected resources as compared to the
size and complexity of its jurisdiction.
b. The overall objectives or philosophy of the state agency
with regard to controls for the state. For example, the
state will work toward control of mobile sources with
stationary sources controlled by local programs.
c. The effectiveness of the state's program. Specific ele-
ments in the state's existing program may be substantially
strengthened by work done on those elements at the local
level.
2. In cases where local program design requirements can be flexible,
assist the responsible local authorities in determining which
control and regulatory activities they should seek to implement.
One method for making this determination is to coordinate an
emission inventory of the area covered and identify the current
and potential pollution problems. Such a study may be conducted
by state or local personnel and may include:
a. Description of the area in terms of factors which contrib-
ute to air pollution; for example, geographical, topo-
graphical, and meteorological characteristics.
b. Description of the types and number of pollution sources
in the area (industrial, commercial, residential, public).
c. Air quality data.
d. Emission inventory results.
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By reviewing the findings of the study and comparing them with
state and federal regulations and suggested standards, it will
be possible to identify the type of local program required cur-
rently and in the reasonably foreseeable future.
3. Identify and prepare the materials and technical assistance
local authorities will require to identify the control functions
they must perform and the type of regulations they will have to
adopt. These types of materials will include:
a. Model ordinances and regulations.
b. Materials describing the operational requirements for
control techniques, including:
1) Permit systems
2) Enforcement techniques (e.g., periodic inspections,
patrolling)
3) Sample emission standards
4) Monitoring system requirements
5) Complaint investigation
6) Variance and hearing board procedures
4. Determine whether the proposed local program is appropriate for
controlling the current and predicted air pollution problems in
the area.
5. Assist the local authorities in identifying the level of personnel,
equipment, materials, and other facilities required for the desired
program. Trade-offs and reductions in plans may be required to
bring costs into an acceptable range.
6. Assist local authorities in preparing their regulations and rules
and evaluate their draft materials. If model regulations are used,
the evaluation is limited to examination of the differences between
the proposed and the model materials. In cases where no model is
provided, detailed legal assistance is required.
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7. Coordinate or provide technical assistance to the local agency
on a continuing basis until it has reached a desirable level
of self-sufficiency. Providing assistance can take several
forms, including:
a. Training programs (e.g., in smoke reading, inspection
techniques, equipment maintenance, administrative or
management procedures).
b. Aid in selection of personnel to staff the program.
c. Periodic formal evaluation and feedback concerning the
local program's performance.
d. Field trips by state or local personnel to the counter-
part 's agency for direct observation of procedures or
instructive discussions.
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to effectively chair public or private meetings intended
to generate questions, comments, criticisms, or recommended
modification to proposed regulations or activities.
2. Ability to communicate with high level agency management in
working to develop a statewide control strategy which incorpo-
rates local programs to augment the state's efforts.
3. Ability to communicate effectively with responsible local air
pollution control officials in written and spoken form. These
communications may deal with areas including:
a. The need for local programs and their conformity with
the state's models.
b. Reduction of political influence in development of local
programs.
4. Ability to interpret existing state or federal legislation and
regulations relevant to the state's possible role in developing
local air pollution control programs.
5. Ability to identify the contaminants that a proposed episode
control system should attempt to limit.
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6. Ability to coordinate a systematic effort to determine the
requirements for a local program. This ability includes skills
required to:
a. Design an adequate study of the pollution problems of the
area.
b. Supervise collection, analysis, and presentation of the
data from the requirements study.
c. Evaluate the findings and make realistic conclusions about
the type of program that is required.
7. Ability to select from alternative control and regulatory activi-
ties those functions appropriate to the needs of and restrictions
on local programs.
8. Ability to 'communicate effectively in written or spoken form with
representatives of industry, citizen groups, or politicians to
accomplish functions including:
a. Solicit criticisms, expectations, demands, and supporting
technical information relevant to development of new regu-
lations or agency policy.
b. "Sell" the agency's position on the proposed regulation.
c. Negotiate a compromise version of the regulation which
meets the requirements of the agency and satisfies the
pressure groups.
d. Develop an episode control system.
e. Aid in development of local control program.
9. Ability to communicate effectively, orally and in writing, with
technical personnel (e.g., computer operators, graphic artists,
engineering assistants) and respondents contributing to emission
inventory data collection.
10. Ability to judge current, local political or economic conditions
and react to them accordingly in developing agency activities
or policy.
G-79
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11. Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or
make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in terms of
objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify the ele-
ments of the situation which affect selection or develop-
ment of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential solutions or
approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships between
these elements and the alternative solutions to the prob-
lem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of confidence
the probabilities of successful solution for each alter-
native solution.
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the most
effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
12. Ability to communicate effectively with agency personnel in
working on operational problems involving enforcement, engineer-
ing, or technical activities of the agency.
13. Ability to interact with attorneys in developing acceptable
language and content for proposed regulations, modifications
to current regulations, and in developing model ordinances.
This requires skill in communicating the needs of the agency
to the attorney and in helping him to evaluate the degree to
which the legally acceptable form satisfies the original intent
of the effort.
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14. Ability to define the requirements for, and coordinate prepa-
ration of the technical assistance needed to support personnel
administering the local program. This assistance can take the
form of:
a. Training (formal and on-the-job).
b. Manuals, procedures, handbooks, and other performance aids.
c. Field trips.
d. Site trips by state personnel to provide on-the-spot eval-
uation and feedback.
15. Ability to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the proposed
local programs. This skill includes ability to identify and
correct loopholes in the law or regulations.
16. Ability to recognize areas where a proposed local program can be
cut to an acceptable level of cost while minizing the resultant
reduction in capability to achieve its objectives.
17. Ability to gather appropriate background data and then estimate
the resources needed to administer a proposed local program.
18. Ability to coordinate an on-going evaluation of local agency
internal training, procedure development, and external activities
(e.g., performance of control and regulatory efforts).
19. Ability to develop or assist in development of job specifications
and selection criteria which can be used in a personnel recruit-
ment program.
20. Ability to use agency files, source process data, and other
methods to develop the appropriate background data to initiate
an inspection of a stationary source.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Sufficient knowledge of the activities, resources, and degree
of success of the state agency to work with, high level management
G-81
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to develop a control strategy which utilizes local programs.
This decision also includes knowledge of:
a. The enabling legislation which established the
state agency.
b. The local agency program strategies used in other
states and their relative success.
c. The scope of control and regulatory activities used
by air pollution control organizations, and the
conditions under which they are or are not effective
(e.g., permits, periodic inspections, air monitoring,
episode control).
d. The types of air pollution problems in each of the.
areas of the state, and the types of control efforts
these problems require.
2. Sufficient knowledge of the law to work with attorneys in
drafting or evaluating model regulations and ordinances. The
regulations and ordinances should support an adequate control
program, should be enforceable, and should be relatively free
of loopholes.
3. Sufficient knowledge of the basic parameters of the problem of
local air pollution to coordinate design, implementation, and
evaluation of a study to Identify requirements for a local
program. The stady can include elements such as:
a. Analysis of geographic, topographic, meteorological,
and demographic features of the area which are rele-
vant to air pollution.
b. The current and anticipated population of air pollution
sources of all types.
c. Ambient air quality.
d. Emission inventory findings.
4. Knowledge of the alternative control and regulatory functions
which may be performed by local agencies.
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5. Knowledge of state and federal regulations and standards which
suggest or prescribe the characteristics of local control pro-
grams .
6. Knowledge of the resource documentation available which recom-
mends or illustrates the format and content of an emission
inventory (e.g., References 1, 3, 5, and 6).
7. Knowledge of the criteria for an effective and complete emission
inventory.
8. Knowledge of representative data collection, verification, and
processing systems that have been used or are currently being
used in emission inventory projects. Also, knowledge of each
system's relative merits, weaknesses, and the reasons for these
conditions.
9. Knowledge of the types of materials and assistance local program
personnel may require to identify the control functions they
can perform and the regulations they might adopt.
10. Knowledge of basic air pollution control agency functions at
a level of detail sufficient to guide local authorities in
designing their programs. The functions include:
a. Permit systems
b. Inspections
c. Emission standards
d. Monitoring system requirements
e. Complaint investigation
f. Variance and hearing board procedures
11. Knowledge of criteria and techniques for judging the design
or performance adequacy of proposed local programs.
12. Knowledge of the types and extent of resources required to
implement programs at the local level. Resources of the
following kinds should be evaluated in terms of quantity
and costs:
a. Equipment (operational, maintenance, back-up)
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b. Working materials
c. Personnel
d. Working facilities (office space, garages, etc.)
13. Knowledge of principles and procedures for identifying training
requirements, preparing training objectives, and developing
a program to achieve the objectives.
14. Knowledge of the procedures and materials used to apply
for air pollution control program support from the federal
govenment. Reference 7 describes the aid available under the
Air Quality Act of 1967. Reference 2 provides Instructions for
grant application. Also, knowledge of the standard operating
reports or periodic statements required by funding agencies.
15. Knowledge of principles and procedures used for identifying
personnel requirements and selection criteria and for using
them In a selection program. See Reference 4 for relevant
information.
16. Knowledge of accepted procedures and techniques for developing
job specification* and job classification scheme*.
References
1. Air Pollution Control District. Profile of air pollution
control* Los Angeles: County of Los Angeles* 1971.
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Air Pollution Control Office.
Application for air pollution control program grant. Instruc-
tions. February 1971.
3. Environmental Protection Agency. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of implementation plane. Appendices
D, E, and F. Federal Register. Vol. 36, Ho. 158, Saturday,
August 14, 1971.
4. HcMurry, R. Tested techniques of personnel selection. Chicago:
Dartnell Corporation.
5. National Air Pollution Control Administration. Nationwide
Inventory of air pollutant emlsslona. 1968. Raleigh,
G-84
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North Carolina: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare; Public Health Service, Environmental Health Service,
August 1970.
6. Ozolins, Guntis, & Smith, Raymond. A rapid survey technique
for estimating community air pollution emissions. PHSP #999-
AP-29, October 1966.
7. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health
Service, Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service,
National Air Pollution Control Administration. Air pollution
control program support under the air quality act of 1967.
Public Law 90-148. December 1968.
'" t
Special Staffing Guidance
The individual assigned to assisting in development of local programs
(within a coordinated state system) should be a senior Program Planning
and Development Specialist. The individual selected should have broad
experience in control agency functions, planning, personnel development
systems,and strong communications skills across a variety of audiences.
Senior status is also important from a credibility point of view. In
order to secure the required cooperation from local officials, citizen
groups, and industry, it will be helpful if the representative of the
state agency has accepted technical and academic credentials.
It is suggested that the assignee have a Bachelor's Degree in Engineering
and have had a minimum of five years' experience working in agency engineer-
ing or enforcement efforts. Also, the assignee should have had several
years' experience in Program Planning and Development tasks, working in
areas including:
1. Agency personnel development programs (e.g., training, per-
formance review systems)
2. Regulation development
3. Resources administration
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Preparation of a Public Information Presentation
Task Overview
The Public Information Specialist has a variety of responsibilities, including
arranging for agency members to speak at meetings, scheduling and making
arrangements for visitors to the agency, maintaining the agency library,
and answering complaints. However, the primary responsibility of the
public information officer within an agency is to prepare information con-
cerning agency activities and make it available to the public and other
concerned groups. The information is typically presented in printed form,
but it can take the form of a film, lecture, or television appearance.
Regardless of the medium*used, the same general procedure must be followed
in preparing the material. Similarly, the underlying skills and knowledge
required to develop a presentation do not vary a great deal as a function
of media. The task described below is a general version of the task of
preparing materials for consumption by the public.
Occupational Category! Public Information Specialist
Task Description
1. Identify the general topic or content area to be covered in the
presentation and the audience to be addressed. Describe the
audience's information requirements or the basic message or facts
the agency seeks to communicate. These factors make up the basic
information content requirements for the presentation.
2. Identify and describe the characteristics of the situation which
might constrain the choice of media. Consider factors including:
a. Is the medium optional?
b. What are the cost limitations?
c. What are the time limitations or deadlines?
d. Are other personnel required to develop the presentation?
When will they be available?
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e. Is the required content information readily available,
or are there delays involved with securing it in a
usable form?
3. Identify and describe the characteristics of the audience and
content which will influence the choice of media. Consider
characteristics including:
a. Is the audience more likely to attend to one medium
than another? For example, the audience generally
does not voluntarily pick up and read pamphlets.
The one printed item the majority reads regularly
is the newspaper.
b. Are there aspects of the content which are best
communicated using methods such as:
1) Visual presentation
2) Graphics
3) Color
4) Movement
4. Select the medium for the presentation.
5. Identify the technical information required for the presentation
and identify the source of such material. Sources will include:
a. Reference materials (e.g., texts, data records, agency
files)
b. Experts (e.g., agency personnel, legislators, attorneys)
c. Previous presentations
6. Determine the appropriate level of detail required for the
presentation. The level of detail selected will depend on
factors including:
a. Audience reading level, interest, and relevant
previous experience.
b. Detail required to communicate the desired message
or fact without confusing the issue.
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c. Availability of data. Information beyond a
particular level of detail just may not be
available.
7. Identify the need for graphic arts support, define the
requirements for the materials, and have them prepared.
This may require evaluating techniques and draft products.
8. Prepare draft copy. Use style, format, and content appropria-
ate to the objectives of the presentation.
9. Submit draft to criticism, evaluate responses, and prepare
final copy. This may go through several iterations before
the material is finalized.
10. Identify final product characteristics in terms which are
at a level of detail sufficient to support production to
meet those requirements. Interact with, production personnel:
a. Establish production schedule.
b. Define production quantities.
c. Define quality criteria.
d. Settle on the technical characteristics of final
product (e.g., type face, paper weight and color,
size, format, etc.).
11. Evaluate final product.
12. Make preparation for distribution or presentation of information.
This may .require interaction with individuals such as:
a. Newspaper personnel
b. Radio/TV personnel
c. Meeting coordinators
d. Film distributors
Skill Requirements
1. Ability to quickly and accurately search literature resources
for materials relevant to the literature search objectives.
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This is a process of successive approximations which should
rapidly and accurately discard inappropriate materials and
identify materials worthy of close scrutiny. Ultimately, this
ability permits identification of the most useful materials.
Ability to summarize and report the findings of a literature
review in a manner which is responsive to the objectives of
the review. For example, if the objective of the review is
to identify the health effects of a particular contaminant,
one means of presenting the findings is to describe each
relevant study in terms of:
a. Effect reported or investigated.
' t
b. Exposure concentration.
c. Exposure duration.
d. Measurement methods and conditions.
e. Reference.
Ability to systematically and effectively solve problems or
make decisions. This general skill includes:
a. Ability to accurately define the problem in
terms of objective, desirable outcome.
b. Ability to accurately and completely identify
the elements of the situation which affect
selection or development of a solution.
c. Ability to identify and describe potential
solutions or approaches for developing solutions.
d. Ability to accurately define the relationships
between these elements and the alternative solu-
tions to the problem. This includes "trade-offs."
e. Ability to set realistic priorities.
f. Ability to estimate with a reasonable level of
confidence the probabilities of successful solution
for each alternative solution.
-------
g. Ability to maximize positive payoff by selecting the
most effective and least costly solution.
Tasks requiring this ability often may have to be accomplished
under a high degree of time stress and under public scrutiny.
4. Ability to make public presentations.
5. Ability to identify the information the public should have
or requires to satisfy a particular need. This includes
the ability to determine the appropriate level of detail for
factual material. The level of detail selected will depend
on factors including:
a. Audience reading level, interest, and relevant
previous experience.
b. Detail required to communicate the desired message
or fact without confusing the issue.
c. Availability of data. Information beyond a particular
level of detail just may not be available.
6. Ability to accurately transform and then clearly present tech-
nical content in a manner which effectively communicates to
the public the appropriate concepts, facts, and images. For
example, in describing a daily air pollution index generated
by the agency, technical material concerning air monitoring
equipment, pollutant characteristics, and criterion levels
must be made understandable and interesting to the audience.
In this example, and in most public information presentations,
arousing and maintaining the audience's interest and concern
for the technical material goes hand-in-hand with explaining
the concepts clearly.
7. Ability to maintain working contacts with individuals and
groups who can provide information or support for a public
information program. Such groups or individuals include:
a. Citizen groups
b. News media personnel
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c. Government officials (e.g., legislators, public
policy makers)
d. Business and industrial groups
e. Air pollution control technical information
sources (e.g., local experts)
8. Ability to assist in development of a public information
policy.
9. Ability to discuss technical and policy issues with relevant
agency personnel and other professionals for the purpose of
securing needed facts and explanations to use in a public
information presentation. For example, in developing a pre-
sentation on health effects of various pollutants, detailed
discussions with agency chemists and public health scientists
might be required to secure the appropriate information.
It is necessary that the writer be able to get the required
information accurately and quickly.
10. Ability to prepare required public information copy and
graphics to meet established deadlines. Because of the
number of interrelated activities (each having its own
deadline) required to produce a public information presenta-
tion, it is necessary that a minimum of delay be imposed by
the writer.
11. Ability to select the media and format best suited to the
characteristics of the material, audience, and objectives
of a public information presentation. Constraints such as
costs, time, etc., must be factored into this judgment.
12. Ability to work with production specialists in generating a
public information presentation. In these interactions,
it is generally necessary to define desired product charac-
teristics, evaluate suggestions, and supervise development
of the product. Typically, interactions are required with:
a. Graphic arts personnel
b. Printers
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c. Film producers
d. Media specialists (e.g., display designers)
13. Ability to secure data required for a public information
presentation using agency files, technical reports, and other
relevant documentation.
14. Ability to evaluate criticisms and suggestions responsive to
a draft public information presentation and to use these
comments to further develop the draft.
15. Ability to utilize agency records (e.g., complaint files,
plan review files, variance board meeting transcripts) in
developing a public information presentation.
Knowledge Requirements
1. Knowledge of the procedures for structuring a literature
search and review effort to accomplish given objectives.
This includes:
a. Use of key word systems
b. Information filing systems
c. Development of review objectives
2. Knowledge of the accepted techniques for planning and
presenting written or spoken communications, such as
technical reports, public presentations, and formal
correspondence.
3. Knowledge of systematic approaches which are useful for
problem solving and planning of work activities (e.g.,
the "systems" approach to design).
4. Knowledge of the principles and procedures for selecting
the media and format for presentation of information to the
public. This involves knowledge of the types of media and
format available and the relative advantages of each
(including cost and production time factors).
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5. Basic knowledge of the activities of the air pollution control
effort to support development of public information presenta-
tions. This knowledge includes:
a. Types of pollutants and their effects
b. Control devices
c. Processes and equipment which emit pollutants
d. Enforcement efforts and their effects
e. Future plans
f. Agency codes and regulations
g. The enabling legislation
h. Specific agency activities (e.g., episode control,
plan review, emission inventory, complaint handling,
inspection)
6. Knowledge of the sources for reference data and other basic
materials required for preparation of a public information
presentation (e.g., film libraries and periodicals).
7. General knowledge of the methods used by production personnel
who will be involved in developing a public information pre-
sentation. This knowledge should be detailed enough that it
is possible to define appropriate production criteria and to
evaluate the efforts of production personnel. The production
areas include:
a. Graphic arts (see Reference 3)
b. Printing
c. Film making
d. Publication design
e. Sound product (e.g., mixing)
8. Knowledge of the means by which public information can be
distributed on a large scale and the methods by which materials
can be incorporated in these media. Reference 1 is used in
this regard.
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9. Knowledge of the journalistic techniques and styles (see
Reference 2) commonly used in preparation of public infor-
mation.
10. Knowledge of procedures for maintaining contact with the
elements of the agency's working context which affect or
are affected by its performance. These elements Include:
a. The public sector.
b. The Industrial/commercial community.
c. Local governmental and quasi-governmental
bodies which interface with agency activities
(e.g., advisory board, variance board, public
health department).
d. Relevant state or federal agencies.
The purpose of maintaining contact with the above is to
monitor the agency's progress, limitations, and areas
of possible extension of its activities.
11. Knowledge of local regulations relevant to the. objectives
of the public information function. The Public Information
Specialist should have a background knowledge of areas of
regulations including:
a. Smoke density and opacity standards.
b. Objectives and requirements of the plan review/permit
system.
c. Objectives, requirements, and operation of the episode
control system.
d. Function and operation of the variance board or
appeals board.
e. Local controls on emissions and open burning.
References
1. Ayer, N. W., & Sons. Directory of newspapers and periodicals.
Philadelphia: Author, West Washington.Square, 1970.
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2. Ayer, N. W., & Sons. Public relations and publicity style
book.(?) Philadelphia: Author, West Washington Square.
3. Biegeleisen, J. I. Art directors' workbook of type faces,
for artists, typographers, letterers, teachers, and students.
New York: Arco Publishing Co., 219 Park Avenue South, 10003.
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