-------
General Introduction
This document describes recommended test procedures for the measure-
ment of exhaust sulfate (measured as sulfuric acid} emission from
light-duty vehicles and trucks. Because of possible relationships
between gaseous and sulfuric acid exhaust emissions and possible
effects., of vehicle preconditioning on sulfuric acid emission
levels, it is desireable to measure both gaseous and sulfuric
acid emission in a well defined sequence. Various different
sequences were considered and evaluated in reference (1) and one
of these was recommended as being the most appropriate. This
recommended practice is consistent with the sequence recommended
in the cited reference, ie., the sulfuric acid test is conducted
after completion of the exhaust (and evaporative) emission testing.
Because of overlapping areas in the gaseous and sulfate test
procedures, this document is structured in Federal Register format
(as published on August 23, 1976, pgs. 35632-35651) in order to be
as clear and unambiguous as possible. This format incorporates
sulfuric acid testing for the 1979 and later model years, although
this is not to be taken as an indication that a sulfuric acid
emission standard will be promulgated for the 1979 model year.
Any sections in the current Federal Emission Test Procedure (Sub-
part B) which are affected by the incorporation of sulfuric acid
testing are included in this recommended practice. All changes to
the current procedure are enclosed in brackets, [ ], as an aid to
the reader. Sections which pertain entirely to sulfuric acid
measurement are identified in the Table of Contents by braces, {}..
This document contains minor changes to the "Recommended Practice
for Measurement of Exhaust Sulfuric Acid Emission from Light-Duty
Vehicles and Trucks", dated November 1976,which is now superseded.
1 "Incorporation of a Test for Exhaust Sulfate Emissions into
the Federal Emission Testing Procedure", Michael W. Leiferman,
U.S. EPA, Ann Arbor, Michigan, December, 1975.
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Table of Contents
Section
86.101-78
86.101-79
86.102-78
>/ 86.102-79
86.103-78
86.103-79
86.104-78
86.105-78
86.105-79
86.106-78
86.106-79
86.107-78
86.108-78
86.109^-78
86.110-78
{86.110-79}
86.111-78
86.112-78
{86.112-79}
86.113-78
86.113-79
86.114-78
Applicability.
Applicability.
Definitions.
Definitions.
Abbreviations.
Abbreviations.
Section numbering, construction.
'Introduction; structure of subpart.
Introduction; structure of subpart.
Equipment required, overview.
Equipment required,, overview.
Sampling and analytical system, evaporative emissions.
Dynamometer.
Exhaust gas sampling system.
Reserved.
Sulfate sampling system.
Exhaust gas analytical system.
Reserved.
Sulfate analytical system.
Fuel specifications.
Fuel specifications.
Analytical gases.
ii
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86.115-78
.115-79
86.116-78
^86.116-79
86.117-78
86.118-78
86.119-78
86.120-78
{86.120-79}
86.121-78
86.122-78
86.123-78
86.124-78
86.125-78
{86.125-79}
86.126-78
86.127-78
86.127-79
86.128-78
V 86.128-79
86.129-78
86 ..130-78
86.130-79
86.131-78
86.132-78
86.132-79
86.133-78
EPA dynamometer driving schedules.
EPA dynamometer driving schedules.
Calibrations, frequency and overview.
Calibrations, frequency and overview.
Evaporative emission enclosure calibrations.
Dynamometer calibration.
Constant volume sampler calibration.
Reserved.
Gas meter calibration, sulfate measurement.
Hydrocabon analyzer calibration.
Carbon monoxide analyzer calibration.
Oxides of nitrogen analyzer calibration.
Carbon dioxide analyzer calibration.
Reserved.
Sulfate analysis system calibration.
Calibration of other equipment.
Test procedures, overview.
Test procedures, overview.
Transmissions.
Transmissions.
Road load power and inertia weight determination.
Test sequence, general requirements.
Test sequence, general requirements.
Vehicle preparation.
Vehicle preconditioning.
Vehicle preconditioning.
Diurnal breathing loss test.
iii
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86.134-78 Running loss test.
86.135-78 Dynamometer procedure.
v 86.135-79 Dynamometer procedure.
86.136-78 Engine starting and restarting.
86.137-78 Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.
V 86.137-79 Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.
86.138-78 Hot soak test.
V 86.138-79 Hot soak test. ,
86.139-78 Reserved.
\/{86.139-79} Dynamometer test run, sulfate test.
86.140-78 Exhaust sample analysis, gaseous emissions.
86.141-78 Reserved.
v {86.141-79} Exhaust sample analysis, sulfate emission.
86.142-78 Records required.
y 86.142-79 Records required.
86.143-78 Calculations, evaporative emissions.
86.144-78 Calculations, gaseous exhaust emissions.
86.145-78 Reserved.
* {86.145-79} Calculations, sulfate emission.
V a sections contained in this document. For other sections, see
42 FR 32906 (June 18, 1977).
iv
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§86.101-79 General applicability.
(a) The provisions of this subpart are applicable to 1977 and
later model year new light duty vehicles and light duty trucks.
[(1) Sections ending in "-79" apply for 1979 and later model
years. ]
(2) Sections §86.101-78 through §86.145-78 apply for 1978 and
later model years.
(3) Sections §86.177-5 through §86.177-23 apply for the 1977 model
year.
\
(b) Provisions of this subpart apply to tests performed by both
the Administrator and motor vehicle manufacturers.
§86.102-79 Definitions.
The definitions in §§86.077-2, 86.078-2 [and 86.079-2] apply to
this subpart.
§86.103-79 Abbreviations.
The abbreviations in §§86.078-3 [and 86.079-31] apply to this
subpart.
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§86.105-79 Introduction, structure of subpart.
(a) This subpart describes the equipment required and the
procedures to follow in order to perform [gaseous] exhaust,
[exhaust sulfuric acid] and evaporative emission tests on light
duty vehicles and light duty trucks. Subpart A sets forth the
testing requirements and test intervals necessary to comply with
EPA certification procedures. -
(b) Three topics are addressed in this subpart. Sections
86.106 through 86.115 set forth specifications and equipment
requirements; §§86.116 through 86.126 discuss calibration methods
and frequency; test procedures and data requirements are listed
(in approximately [chronological order]) in §§86.127 through
86.145.
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§86.106-79 Equipment required; overview.
(a) This subpart contains procedures for both exhaust and
evaporative emissions tests on gasoline or diesel fueled light
duty vehicles and light duty trucks. Certain items of equipment
are not necessary for a particular test, e.g., evaporative en-
closure when testing diesel vehicles. Equipment required and
specifications are as follows:
(1) Evaporative emission tests, gasoline fueled vehicles.
The evaporative emission test is closely related to and connected
with the exhaust emission test. All vehicles tested for evaporative
emissions must be tested for exhaust emissions. Further, unless
the evaporative emission test is waived by the Administrator
under §86.077-26, all gasoline fueled vehicles must undergo both
tests. (Diesel vehicles are excluded from the evaporative emis-
sion standard.) Section 86.107 specifies the necessary equipment.
(2) Exhaust emission tests. All vehicles subject to this
subpart are tested for exhaust emissions. [Generally, diesel and
gasoline fueled vehicles are tested identically. However, diesel
vehicles require a heated hydrocarbon detector and do not undergo
a diurnal heat build.] Equipment necessary and specifications
appear in section 86.108 through 86.114.
(3) Fuel, analytical gas, and driving schedule specifications.
Fuel specifications for exhaust and evaporative emissions testing
-------
and for mileage accumulation are found in §86.113. Analytical
gases are specified in §86.114. [Two driving schedules are used:
(i) The EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) for
use in gaseous exhaust emission testing is specified in §86.115
and Appendix I.
(ii) The EPA Congested Treeway Dynamometer Driving Schedule
(CFDDS) for use in sulfuric acid emission testing is specified in
§86.115 and Appendix VIII.]
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[§86.110-79 Sulfate sampling system.
(a).(l) Schematic drawings.
(i) Figure B79-1 is a schematic drawing of the FDP-CVS and
Figure B79-2 is a schematic drawing of the CFV-CVS. These are
two suggested sulfuric acid sampling systems.
(ii) Bag sampling capabilities as previously shown in
Figures B78-1 and B78-2 can be added to the systems shown in
Figures B79-1 and B79-2, respectively, to provide both gaseous
and sulfuric acid emissions sampling capabilities from a single
system.
(iii) If the background sulfuric acid level is to be measured,
a bag sample of dilute exhaust gas is necessary for determination
of the CO- level. The measurement of sulfuric acid background is
optional as explained in §86.145.
(2) Since various configurations can produce equivalent
results, exact conformance with these drawings is not required.
Additional components such as instrument, valves, solenoids,
pumps, and switches may be used to provide additional information
and coordinate the functions of the component systems.
(3) Other Systems. Other sampling systems may be used if
shown to yield equivalent results and if approved in advance by
the Administrator.
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AMBIENT
AIR INLET
r
/ BACKGROUI
DILUTION AIR FILTER
SAMPLING TRAIN
REQUIRED ONLY FOR SULFURIC ACID
BACKGROUND CORRECTION (OPTIONAL)
I
+
S/S
\/s
\/\
s/s
s/s
s/s
s/
s/vj
V .A
I
MANOMETER
DISCHARGE
EXHAUST |
SAMPLE BAG |
If
MIXING ORIFICE
DILUTION
TUNNEL
ISOKINETIC
PROBE
VEHICLE
EXHAUST
INLET
MANOMETER ^.
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT
PUMP
REVOLUTION
COUNTER
PICKUP
DISCHARGE
„ DISCHARGE
FIGURE B79-1 SULFURIC ACID SAMPLING SYSTEM (PDP-CVS)
-------
r~
DILUTION AIR
FILTER SAMPLING
TRAIN
REQUIRED ONLY FOR SULFURIC ACID
BACKGROUND CORRECTION (OPTIONAL)
l_
AMBIENT
AIR INLET
i—IB
I | DISC
F%GAS i
V /METER I
h±i j
MIXING ORIFICE
TZ
SAMPLING VENTURI
~l
DILUTION
TUNNEL
ISOKINETIC
PROBE
SNUBBER
CRITICAL FLOW
VENTURI
VEHICLE
EXHAUST INLET
MANOMETER -I i
GAS METER '
SNUBBER
CYCLONIC
SEPARATOR
PRECISION SENSOR
•FILTER HOLDER
ABSOLUTE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
CVS COMPRESSOR UNIT
*- DISCHARGE
CRITICAL
FLOW
VENTURI
FIGURE B79-2 SULFURIC ACID SAMPLING SYSTEM '(CFV-CVS)
-------
(b) Component description. PDP-CVS. The PDP-CVS, Figure
B79-1, shall conform to all of the requirements listed for the
exhaust gas PDP-CVS (§86.109(b}), except gaseous sampling equipment
is optional as explained in §86.145. It is also possible that a
flow rate of greater than 350 CFM may be necessary. In addition,
there are several components necessary for sulfuric acid sampling.
These components shall meet the following requirements:
(1) The dilution tunnel shall be:
(i) sized to permit development of turbulent flow (Reynold's
No. > 4000) and complete mixing of the exhaust and dilution air
between the mixing orifice and the isokinetic sample probe.
(ii) large enough in diameter to permit isokinetic sampling
through the probe as required in paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
(iii) constructed of a material which does not react with
the exhaust components.
(2) The probe shall be:
(i) located on approximately the tunnel centerlinfe and
facing upstream.
-------
(ii) sized to permit isokinetic sampling.
(iii) 0.95 cm (0.375 in) minimum inside diameter.
(iv) as short as practical from sampling tip to the filter
holder which shall be located outside of, but close to, the
tunnel.
(v) free from sharp bends.
(3) The sample pump shall be:
(i) located sufficiently far from the tunnel so that the
inlet gas temperature is maintained at a constant temperature 0+
3°C) which is approximately room temperature.
(ii) of sufficient capacity to maintain isokinetic flow
into the probe throughout the test.
(A) The flow rate through the probe shall be:
(i) within 10% of isokinetic at all times throughout the
test as determined by assuming uniform flow radially across the
dilution tunnel; and
(ii) at least .24 I/sec (0.50 CFM)
-------
(5) The temperature of the vehicle exhaust gas from the
point where it leaves the vehicle tailpipe(s) to the point where
it enters the dilution tunnel airstream, shall be high enough to
prevent water and sulfuric acid condensation. To accomplish this,
a short length (e.g., not more than 2.5 meters) of 6.4 cm (2.5 in)
I.D. insulated flexible stainless steel tubing from the tailpipe
to the tunnel has been found to work satisfactorily. With ade-
quate insulation, longer lengths may also be satisfactory. The
section of ducting which carries the exhaust gas through the wall
of the tunnel may also require insulation.
(6) The temperature inside the dilution tunnel shall be
sufficient to prevent water condensation and prevent more than 3%
sulfuric acid loss in each the dilution tunnel and the sample
probe. This is determined by thoroughly rinsing the inside of the
dilution tunnel and the sample probe with distilled water or IPA
solution (which is defined in §86.110A) prior to a sulfuric acid
test. After the test this equipment is again rinsed with the IFA
solution and this rinse solution then analyzed for sulfuric acid
content. A sampling zone dilute exhaust temperature range of
between 40°C and 80°C has been found to work satisfactorily. At
temperatures outside this range, excessive loss of sulfuric acid
has been encountered.
(c) Component description, CFV-CVS. The CFV-CVS, Figure
B79-2, shall conform to all of the requirements listed for the
10
-------
exhaust gas CFV-CVS (§86.109(c)) and requirements in (b)(1)
through (6) of this section, except gaseous sampling equipment is
optional as explained in §86.145.
In general, the following requirements in addition to those
for a PDP-CVS shall be met:
(1) The probe shall incorporate a critical flow venturi to
ensure a sampling rate propotional to the main CFV flow rate.
(2) The flow capacity of the sample pump shall be sufficient
to maintain critical flow through the sampling venturi throughout
the test.
NOTE: Loss of sulfuric acid on the probe may show different
characteristics when the probe is preceeded by a critical flow
section than when the flow is unrestricted. Data from probe loss
experiments using an unrestricted probe may not be applicable to
CFV probes.
(d) Filters, sulfuric acid sampling.
(1) 1.0 micron nominal pore size filter shall be used.
(2) 47 mm nominal diameter is sufficiently large for most
gasoline powered vehicles. Larger diameter filters are also
11
-------
acceptable; and for vehicles with large amounts of exhaust parti-
culates (e.g., diesels), larger diameter filters may be desirable
in order to reduce the pressure drop across the filter.
(3) Fluorocarbon filter material or other materials which
are sulfate free and do not react to cause spurious sulfate
values shall be used with the analytical procedure specified in
this part.]
12
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[§86.112-79 Sulfate analytical system.
The function of this system is to determine the mass of
sulfate (SO*) on the filter.
(a) Schematic Drawings. Figures B79-3 and B79-4 are sche-
matic drawings of an automated barium chloranilate filter analy-
tical system. Figure B79-3 shows the system in the sample loading
position and B79-4 shows the system in the sample injection
position. The analytical system should require a minimum amount
of sample for purging and loading the loop; preferably 5 ml or
less. Since various configurations, including manually loaded and
operated systems, can produce accurate results, exact conformance
with these drawings is not required.
(b) Major component description. The analytical system,
Figures B79-3 and B79-4, consists of a reservoir containing a
solution of 60% isopropyl alcohol and 40% de-ionized distilled
water (IFA solution), high pressure (HP) pump, 6 port-2 way valve,
automatic sampler, peristaltic pump, cation exchange column con-
taining a silver form cation exchange resin, cation exchange
column containing a hydrogen form cation exchange resin, barium
chloranilate column, ultraviolet (UV) chloranilic acid detector,
and an integrator.
13
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IPA SOLUTION
HPLC PUMP
AT
3 ML/MIN
6-PORT
2-WAY
VALVE
AUTOMATIC
SAMPLER
TO
WASTE
BARIUM
CHLORANILATE
COLUMN
CATION
EXCHANGE
COLUMN
UV DETECTOR
(AT 310 nm)
TO WASTE
INTEGRATOR
CHART
RECORDER
SILVER NITRATE
TREATED CATION
EXCHANGE RESIN
COLUMN
FIGURE B79-3:
SULFURIC ACID ANALYTICAL
SYSTEM (LOADING MODE)
-------
IPA SOLUTION
HPLC PUMP
AT
3 ML/MIN
6-PORT
2-WAY
VALVE
PERISTALTIC
PUMP
SAMPLER NEEDLE
RINSE BASIN
(IPA SOLUTION)
AUTOMATIC
SAMPLER
TO
WASTE
BARIUM
CHLORANILATE
COLUMN
CATION
EXCHANGE
COLUMN
UV DETECTOR
(AT 310 nm)
TO WASTE
INTEGRATOR
CHART
RECORDER
SILVER NITRATE
TREATED CATION
EXCHANGE RESIN
COLUMN
FIGURE B79-4
SULFURIC ACID ANALYTICAL
SYSTEM (INJECTION MODE)
-------
(c) Other analytical methods. A method utilizing titration
with photometric end point determination has been shown to yield
results which are equivalent to the barium chloranilate system.
This method, as well as others, may be used if shown to yield
equivalent results and if approved by the Administrator. ]
16
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§86.113-79 Fuel Specifications.
(a) Gasoline.
(1) Gasoline having the following specifications will be
used by the Administrator in exhaust and evaporative emission
testing. Gasoline having the following specifications or substan-
tially equivalent specifications approved by the Administrator,
shall be used by the manufacturer in exhaust and evaporative
testing, except that the lead and octane specifications do not
apply.
Item ASTM Leaded Unleaded
Designation
Octane, research, minimum ---- D2699
Sensitivity , minimum
Pb. (organic), grams/U.S. gallon
Distillation range:
IBP^ , °F ----------------- D86 ---------- 75-95 ------ 75-95
10 percent point, °F ------- D86 --------- 120-135 ------- 120-135
50 percent point, °F ------- D86 ----------- 200-230 -------- 200-230
90 percent point, °F ------- D86 ---------- 300-325 ----- 300-325
EP, °F (maximum) --------- D86— s -------- 415-T -------- 415 ,
[Sulphur, wt. percent, maximum-D2622 ---- 0.10 ----- 0.10 ]
Phosphorus, grams/U.S. gallon, maximum ----- .01 — - ------ .005
RVP , pounds ----------- D323 -------- 8 . 7-9 . 2 ---- 8 .7-9.2
Hydrocarbon composition
Olefins, percent, maximum -- D1319 -------- 10 --------- 10
Aeromatics, percent,
maximum ------------- D1319 --------- 35 ----------- 35
Saturates --------------- D1319 ---------- Remainder ----- Remainder
f
2
For testing at altitudes above 1,219 meters (4,000 feet) the
specified range is 75-105.
Or other method of similar (or higher) sensitivity.
A
[ For sulfuric acid testing, the specified range is 0.028-0.032.]
5 For testing at altitudes above 1,219 meters (4,000 feet)
the specified range is 7.9-9.2.
17
-------
(2) Gasoline representative of commercial gasoline which
will be generally available through retail outlets shall be used
in service accumulation [of non-catalyst vehicles.] For leaded
gasoline the minimum lead content shall be 1.4 grams per U.S.
gallon, except that where the Administrator determines that
vehicles represented by a test vehicle will be operated using
gasoline of different lead content than that prescribed in this
paragraph, he may consent in writing to use of a gasoline with a
different lead content. The octane rating of the gasoline used
shall be no higher than 1.0 research octane numbers above the
minimum recommended by the manufacturer. The Reid Vapor Pressure
of the gasoline used shall be characteristic of the motor fuel
used during the season in which the service accumulation takes
place.
[ (3) For service accumulation of catalyst equipped vehicles
the specifications in paragraph (a)(2) of this section apply. In
addition the sulfur content of the fuel used in vehicles to be
tested for sulfuric acid emissions shall be 0.028 weight percent,
minimum.
(4) The sulfur level of the gasoline shall be increased,
when required to be consistent with (a)(1) or (3) of this section,
by addition of an organic, sulfur containing compound such as
thiophene (C,H,S).]
18
-------
(5) The specification range of the gasoline to be used
under paragraphs (a)(2) [and (3)] of this section shall be
reported in accordance with 86.077-21(b)(3).
(6) The actual sulfur level of the gasoline used during
testing shall be reported in accordance with the calculation pro-
cedure in §86.145.
19
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(b) Diesel Fuel.
(1) The diesel fuels employed for testing shall be clean
and bright, with pour and cloud points adequate for operability.
The diesel fuel may contain nonmetallic additives as follows:
Centane improver, metal deactivator, antioxidant, dehazer, antirust,
pour depressant, dye and dispersant.
[ (2) Diesel fuel meeting the following specifications, or
substantially equivalent specifications approved by the Adminis-
trator, shall be used in exhaust emissions testing. "Type 2-D"
grade diesel fuel shall be used.
Item ASTM Type 2-D
Cetane D613 42-52
Distillation range D 86
IBP, °F 340-400
10 percent point, °F 400-460
50 percent point, °F 470-540
EP, °F 580-660
Gravity, °API D287-y 33-37,
Total Sulfur, wt percent-D2622 0.2-0.5
Hydrocarbon composition—D1319 =—
Aromatics, percent— 27
Paraffins, Naphtenes, Olefins (4)
Flashpoint, °F (minimum)-D93 130
Viscosity, Centistokes D445 2.0-3.2
Or method of similar (or higher) sensitivity.
2
For sulfate testing, the specified range is 0.200-0.250.
Minimum.
4
Remainder. 1
20
-------
[ (3) Diesel fuel meeting the following specifications, or
substantially equivalent specifications approved by the Adminis-
trator, shall be used in service accumulation. "Type 2-D" grade
diesel fuel shall be used.
ITEM ASTM test method No. Type 2-D
Cat-an a—___________________________—Dfil "\ — ,-, ^ ^fl 5ft
^c wains —^^—— lywAj ^^^^^^ ™—™™ vw J o
90 percent point, °F 430-630
Gravity, "API •• D287-y 30-42
Total Sulfur, wt. percent (minimum) D2622 0.20
Flashpoint, °F (minimum) D93 130
Viscosity, Centistokes D445 1.5-4.5
Or method of similar (or higher) sensitivity
(4) Other petroleum distillation fuel specifications:
(i) Other petroleum distillate fuels may be used for testing and
service accumulation provided they are commercially available,
and
(ii) Information, acceptable to the Administrator, is provided
to show that only the designated fuel would be used in customer
service, and
(iii) Use of a fuel listed under paragraphs (b)(2) and
(b) (3) of this section would have a detrimental effect on emissions
or durability and
(iv) Written approval from the Administrator of the fuel
specifications was provided prior to the start of testing.
21
-------
(5) The specification range of the fuels to be used under
paragraphs (b)(2), (b)(3), and (b)(4) of this section shall be
reported in accordance with §86.077-21(b)(3).
[(6) The actual sulfur level of the fuel used during testing
f
shall be reported in accordance with the calculation procedure in
§86.145.]
22
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§86.115-79 EPA Dynamometer Driving Schedules:
[(a) The two EFA dynamometer driving schedules are:
ffAME
Urban
Congested Freeway
DISTANCE
mi (Km)
7.5 (12.1)
13.5 (21.7)
TIME
S
1372
1398
AVG SPEED
mph (Kph)
19.7 (31.7)
34. 8 (55.9)
(b) The dynamometer driving schedules are listed in [Appen-
dices I and VIII.] A driving schedule is defined by a smooth
trace drawn through the specified speed vs. time relationships.
It consists of a non-repetitive series of idle, acceleration,
cruise, and deceleration modes of various time sequences and
rates.
(c) The speed tolerance at any given time on a dynamometer
driving schedule prescribed in [Appendices I and VIII] or as
printed on a driver's aid chart approved by the Administrator,
when conducted to meet the requirements of §86.133 is defined by
upper and lower limits. The upper limit is 2 mph (3.2 kph)
higher than the highest point on the trace within 1 second of the
given time. The lower limit is 2 mph (3.2 kph) lower than the
lowest point on the trace within 1 second of the given time.
Speed variations greater than the tolerances (such as may occur
during gear changes) are acceptable provided they occur for less
than 2 seconds on any occasion. Speeds lower than those prescribed
are acceptable provided the vehicle is operated at maximum available
23
-------
power during such occurrences. When conducted to meet the
requirements of 86.128 the speed tolerance shall be as specified
above, except that the upper and lower limits shall be 4 mph (6.4
kph).
(d) Figure B78-4 shows the range of acceptable speed toler-
ances for typical points. Figure B78-4(a) is typical of portions
of the speed curve which are increasing or decreasing throughout
the two second time interval. Figure B78-4(b) is typical of
portions of the speed curve which include a maximum or minimum
value.
24
-------
I
CN
1-L
"r1
/<
^ \
A
s
r
Is-*-
p
-
ALLOWA
RANGI
1
t
TIME
FIGURE B78-4o—ORJVERS TRACE. ALLOWABLE RANGE
Is
Is
ALLOWABLE
RANGE
t
TIME
FIGURE B78-4b—DRIVERS TRACE. ALLOWABLE RANGE
25
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§86.116-79 Calibrations, frequency and overview.
(a) Calibrations shall be performed as specified in §§86.117
through 86.126.
(b) At least yearly or after any maintenance, enclosure
background emission measurements shall be performed.
(c) At least monthly or after any maintenance which could
alter calibration, the following calibrations and checks shall be
performed:
(1) Calibrate the hydrocarbon analyzers (both evaporative
and exhaust instruments), carbon dioxide analyzer, carbon monoxide
analyzer, oxides of nitrogen analyzer.
(2) Calibrate the dynamometer. If the dynamometer receives
a weekly performance check (and remains within calibration) the
monthly calibration need not be performed.
(3) Perform a hydrocarbon retention check and calibration on
the evaporative emission enclosure.
[ (4) Calibrate the gas meter(s) used for providing total flow
measurement for sulfuric acid sampling.]
26
-------
(d) At least within the preceding week of any testing, or
after any maintenance which could alter calibration, the following
calibrations and checks shall be performed:
(1) Check the oxides of nitrogen converter efficiency.
(2) Perform a CVS system verification.
(3) Run a performance check on the dynamometer. This check
may be omitted if the dynamometer has been calibrated within the
preceding month.
(e) The CVS positive displacement pump or Critical Flow
Venturi shall be calibrated following initial installation, major
maintenance or as necessary when indicated by the CVS system
verification (described in §86.119).
(f) Sample conditioning columns, if used in the CO analyzer
train, should be checked at a frequency consistent with observed
column life or when the indicator of the column packing begins to
show deterioration.
27
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[§86.120-79 Gas meter calibration, sulfate measurement.
Sampling for sulfuric acid exhaust emissions.requires the use
of a gas meter in the dilute exhaust sample line. This meter
shall receive initial and periodic calibration as follows:
(a) Install a standard, air flow measurement instrument
upsteam of the gas meter. This standard instrument shall measure
SCFM air flow with an accuracy of + 1%. Standard conditions are
defined as 273°K (32°F) and 101.3KPa (29.92 in. Hg.). A critical
flow orifice or a laminar flow element is recommended as the
standard instrument.
(b) Flow air through the calibration system at the iso-
kinetic sampling flowrate of the system and at the back pressure
which occur during the sampling procedure.
(c) When the temperature and pressure in the system have
stabilized, measure the gas meter indicated volume over a time
period of at least 5 minutes and until a flow volume of at least
+ 1% accuracy can be determined by the standard instrument.
Record the stabilized air temperature and pressure upstream of the
gas meter and as required for the standard instrument.
(d) Calculate SCFM as measured by both the standard instru-
ment and the gas meter.
28
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(e) Repeat the procedure of paragraph (b) through (d) above
using flow rates which are 10% above the isokinetic flowrate and
10% below the isokinetic flowrate.
(f) If the SCFM measured by the gas meter differs by more
than + 1% from the standard measurement at any of the three
measured flow rates, then a correction shall be made by either of
the following two methods: „
(1) Mechanically adjust the gas meter so that it agrees
within 1% of the standard measurement, or
(2) Develop a calibration curve for the gas meter from the
three calibration points. A correction factor for the gas meter,
at any flow rate which differs by more than 1% from the standard
instrument is defined as:
_ = SCFM as measured by standard instrument
m = SCFM as measured by gas meter .]
29
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[§86.125-79 Sulfate analysis system calibration.
Calibration of an automated barium chloranilate system is
described below. Other methods of using the barium chloranilate
system and other methods of analysis are acceptable provided they
give equivalent results and are approved in advance by the Admini-
strator.
(a) Composition of Solvent.
(1) The Solvent (60/40 IPA) used in the high pressure pump
and for the standards and samples is 60% (by volume) spectral
grade isopropyl alcohol and 40% de-ionized, distilled water. The
water used should have a specific resistance of at least 0.5
megohmn, to prevent rapid depletion of the cation exchange column
and possible inaccurate results.
(2) Batch to batch variations in the solvent composition
can cause erroneous responses during analysis. Several gallons
should be made at one time and stored in a closed polypropylene
container. Polypropylene containers are recommended because some
glass and polyethylene containers have been found to give erroneous
results.
(3) In subsequent use, the solvent should be kept in an
air-tight polypropylene container to prevent evaporation. Samples
30
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and standards should be prepared from the same batch of solvent
and must also be kept in air-tight polypropylene containers
whenever possible. Evaporation of the solvent will cause a
change in the 60/40 ratio which will result in an erroneous
response.
(b) Determination of the linear range of the analyzing
system.
NOTE: Volumetric flasks and pipettes used in the preparation
of standards shall meet the NBS Class A accuracy specification.
(1) A gravimetric standard of approximately 50 micrograms
sulfate ion (SO,) per milliliter (ml) of solvent shall be prepared
as follows:
(i) Heat ammonium sulfate crystals (reagent grade) to
approximately 104°C (220°F) and allow to cool in a desiccator.
(ii) Weigh approximately 70 mg of the dry ammonium sulfate
crystals from step (i) using a balance which has a precision of at
least 0.01 mg, and record the weight.
(iii) Place the crystals into a clean one liter volumetric
flask. Prior to use, this flask should be cleaned with nitric
acid and copiously rinsed with distilled water and then rinsed
31
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twice with 60/40 IPA solution. A portion of the final rinse IPA
solution shall be analyzed for sulfuric acid by the analysis
procedure of this section. If a response greater than a normal
blank response is observed the cleaning procedure shall be repeated
until .no response is obtained.
(iv) Fill the flask to the "1 liter" mark with 60/40 IPA
solvent.
(v) MX the solvent until the crystals are dissolved.
(2) The concentration of the gravimetric standard in terms
of sulfate ion (SO.) concentration shall be calculated as follows:
mass of (NH4)2 S04(mg/l) x 1000(yg/mg) x MW S0°
-
1000 ml/1 MW
Example: mass of (NH,)2 SO, = 70.00 mg
MW S04 - 96.06
MW (NH4)2 S04 = 132.14
70.00 x 1000 x 96.06 _
1000 13TI4 ~ 50'89 US S°4
(3) A set of at least 10 working standards in the range of
5 to 50 pg/ml SO. shall be prepared by dilution of the gravimetric
32
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standard. (Dilutions of a working standard to give another working
standard are not acceptable.) Each working standard should be
about 100 ml volume. Glassware shall be cleaned in accordance
with paragraph (b)(1)(iii) of this section prior to use in prepar-
ing these standards.
(A) The integrator response (ie., area under the chart
recorder curve) of the analyzing system shall be determined for
each of these standards. If these standards are retained for
future linearity determinations, they shall be stored in polypro-
pylene bottles which have been cleaned with dilute nitric acid,
then rinsed and checked in accordance with (b)(l)(iii) of this
section.
(5) The upper limit of the linear range of the analyzer
shall be determined by graphical or mathematical techniques. This
upper limit is, to a great extent, affected by sample loop size
(0.5 ml is currently used) and spectrophocometer design.
(6) Determination of the linear range shall be performed
each time the system is changed in any way that could affect the
linear range. For example, changing column volume or sample loop
size would affect the linear range.
(c) Preparation of calibration standards.
33
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(1) At least 3 calibration standards shall be used in
routine analysis.
(2) Each standard shall be prepared gravimetrically by using
the method of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section.
(3) The calibration standards shall have nominal concentra-
tions of 10, 50 and 90% of the upper limit of the linear range
determined in (b) of this section.
(4) The calibration standards shall be stored in tightly
capped polypropylene containers.
(5) New calibration standards shall be prepared whenever a
new batch of 60/40 IPA is prepared.
(6)(i) New calibration standards shall be prepared at
least weekly, or
(ii) at least weekly a new gravimetric standard (between 50%
and 90% of the linear range) shall be prepared and analyzed. If
this standard checks within 4% of the calibration curve, prepara-
tion of a new set of standards is not required.
NOTE: After completing the construction and calibration of
the sampling and analytical components, it is desirable to test
34
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the entire system for proper operation. An appropriate test
consists of injecting a known amount of sulfuric acid into the
system and then performing a sulfur balance from the analysis
results. In this procedure, the use of a representative injection
technique is critical. EPA is currently working to develop an
adequate sulfuric acid injection test, but a procedure has not
been sufficiently defined at the present time.]
35
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§86.127-79 Test procedures, overview.
The procedures described in this and subsequent sections are
used to determine the conformity of vehicles with the standards
set forth in Subpart A for light duty vehicles and light duty
trucks.
(a) The overall test consists of prescribed sequences of
fueling, parking and operating conditions. [Vehicles are tested
for any or all of the following emissions:
(i) gaseous exhaust HC, CO, NOx, CO..
(ii) exhaust sulfuric acid.
(iii) evaporative HC.]
(b) The [gaseous] exhaust emission test is designed to
determine hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen
mass emissions while simulating an average trip in an urban area
of 7.5 miles (12.1 km). The test consists of engine startups and
vehicle operation on a chassis dynamometer, through a specified
[urban] driving schedule. A proportional part of the diluted
exhaust is collected continuously for subsequent analysis, using
a constant volume (variable dilution) sampler. (Diesel dilute
exhaust is continuously analyzed for hydrocarbons using a heated
sample line and analyzer).
36
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[ (c) The sulfuric acid exhaust emission test is designed to
determine sulfuric acid mass emission while simulating a 13.5
mile (21.7 km) trip on a congested freeway. The engine is warm
and idling when the test begins. The vehicle is operated on a
chassis dynamometer through a specified congested freeway driving
schedule. A proportional part of the diluted exhaust is collected
continuously on a filter using a dilution tunnel and constant
volume (variable dilution) sampler. The filter is analyzed
afterwards by a wet chemistry technique.]
(d) The evaporative emission test (gasoline fueled vehicles
only) is designed to determine hydrocarbon evaporative emissions
as a consequence of diurnal temperature fluctuation, urban
driving, and hot soaks during parking. It is associated with a
series of events representative of a motor vehicle's operation,
which result in hydrocarbon vapor losses. The test procedure is
designed to measure:
(1) Diurnal breathing losses resulting from daily tempera-
ture changes, measured by the enclosure technique;
(2) Running losses from suspected sources (if indicated by
engineering analysis or vehicle inspection) resulting from a
simulated trip on a chassis dynamometer, measured by carbon
traps; and
37
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(3) Hot soak losses which result when the vehicle is parked
and the hot engine is turned off, measured by the enclosure
technique.
(e) Except in cases of component malfunction or failure,
all emission control systems installed on or incorporated in a
new motor vehicle shall be functioning during all procedures in
this subpart. Maintenance to correct component malfunction or
failure shall be authorized in accordance with §86.077.
38
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§86.128-79 Transmissions.
(a) All test conditions shall be run with automatic and
automatic stick shift transmissions in "Drive" (highest gear);
manual transmissions shall be run in highest gear, except as
noted. Automatic stick-shift transmissions may be shifted as
manual transmissions if requested by the manufacturer.
(b) Cars equipped with free-wheeling or overdrive
units shall be tested with these units locked out of operation.
(c) Idle modes shall be run with automatic transmissions in
"Drive" and the wheels braked, manual transmissions shall be in
gear with the clutch disengaged; except first idle, see §§86.136
and 86.137.
(d) The vehicle shall be driven with minimum accelerator
pedal movement to maintain the desired speed.
(e) Acceleration modes shall be driven smoothly. Automatic
transmissions shall shift automatically through the normal sequence
of gears; manual transmissions shall be shifted as recommended
by the manufacturer with the operator releasing the accelerator
pedal during each shift and accomplishing the shift with minimum
time. If the vehicle cannot accelerate at the specified rate, the
vehicle shall be operated with the accelerator pedal fully depressed
39
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until the vehicle speed reaches the value prescribed for that
time in the driving schedule.
(£) The deceleration modes shall be run in gear using
brakes or accelerator pedal as necessary to maintain the desired
speed.
[ (1) On the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule,] manual
transmission vehicles shall have the clutch engaged and shall not
change gears from the previous mode. For those modes which
decelerate to zero, manual transmission clutches shall be depressed
when the speed drops below 15 mph (24.14 kph), when engine rough-
ness is evident, or when engine stalling is imminent.
[ (2) On the Congested Freeway Dynamometer Driving Schedule, .
manual transmission vehicles shall have the clutch engaged and
shall not change gears from the previous mode except as noted on
the speed time listing in Appendix IA, when engine roughness is
evident, or when engine stalling is imminent.]
(g) Manual transmissions [shall] be down shifted at the
beginning of or during a power mode if recommended by the manufac-
turer or if the engine obviously is lugging.
(h) If shift speeds are not recommended by the manufacturer,
manual transmission vehicles shall be shifted [as follows]:
40
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[(1) Urban driving schedule - Shift] from first to second
gear at 15 mph (24.14 kph), from second to third gear at 25 mph
(40.23 kph), and, if so equipped, from third to fourth gear at 40
mph (64.37 kph).
[(2) Congested freeway driving schedule - Shift speeds are
noted on the speed time listing in Appendix VIII.]
(3) Fifth gear, if so equipped, may be used at the manufac-
turers option.
(i) If a four - or five - speed manual transmission has a
first gear ratio in excess of 5:1, follow the procedure for
three - or four - speed vehicles as if the first gear did not
exist.
41
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§86.130-79 Test sequence, general requirements.
The test sequence shown in Figure [B79-5] shows the steps
encountered as the test vehicle undergoes the procedures subse-
quently described to determine conformity with the standards set
forth. Ambient temperature levels encountered by the test vehicle
throughout the test sequence shall not be less than 20°C (68°F)
nor more than 30°C (86°F). The vehicle shall be approximately
level during all phases of the test sequence to prevent abnormal
fuel distribution.
42
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FUEL DRAIN & FILL
DYNO PRECONDITIONING
r
COLD SOAK PARKING
\ 1 HOUR MAX.
\ 5 MIN. MAX.
i
DIESEL
ONLY
DIURNAL HEAT BUILD
•HEAT FUEL.- 1 HOUR
•60-84°F
EVAP. TEST
NOT REQ
DIURNAL
ENCLOSURE
TEST
L_
12-36 HOURS
> (no max. for
diesels)
COLD START EXHAUST TEST
EVAP TEST
NOT PER-
FORMED
HC RUNNING
LOSSES- AS
REQ
)-l HOUR
HOT START EXHAUST TEST
2 MIN.
MAX
•\
HOURS <
MAX.
HOT SOAK
ENCLOSURE
TEST
10-MIN.
7 MIN. MAX.
DYNO PRECONDITIONING
(505 SECONDS OF UDDS)
1 HOUR MAX.
2 MIN. MAX. (IDLE)
SULFURIC ACID TEST
FIGURE B79-5 TEST SEQUENCE
43
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§86.132-79 Vehicle preconditioning.
Ca) The vehicle shall be moved to the test area and the
following operations performed:
(1) The fuel tank(s) shall be drained through the provided
fuel tank drain(s) and filled to the prescribed "tank fuel volume"
with the specified test fuel, §86.113. For the above operations
the evaporative emission control system shall neither be abnor-
mally purged nor abnormally loaded.
C2) Within one hour of being fueled the vehicle shall be
placed, either by being driven or pushed, on a dynamometer and
operated through one Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule test
procedure, see §86.115 and Appendix I. A gasoline fueled test
vehicle may not be used to set dynamometer horsepower.
(3) For those unusual circumstances where additional precon-
ditioning is desired by the manufacturer, such preconditioning may
be allowed with the advance approval of the Administrator. The
Administrator may also choose to conduct or require the conduct of
additional preconditioning to insure that the evaporative emission
control system is stabilized. The additional preconditioning
shall consist of an initial one hour minimum soak, and, one, two or
three driving cycles of the UDDS, as described in (a)(2), each
followed by a soak of at least one hour with engine off, engine
44
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compartment cover closed and cooling fan off. The vehicle may be
driven off the dynamometer following each UDDS for the soak period.
(b) Within five minutes of completion of preconditioning the
vehicle shall be driven off the dynamometer and parked. The
vehicle shall be stored for not less than 12 hours nor for more
than 36 hours (except diesel fueled vehicles which, have no maximum
time limitation) prior to the cold start exhaust test. (Gasoline
fueled vehicles undergo a one hour diurnal heat build prior to the
cold start exhaust test. A wait of up to one hour is permitted
between the end of the diurnal heat build and the beginning of the
cold start exhaust test. See §86.130 and Figure B79-5.)
(c) Vehicles to be tested for evaporative [and sulfuric acid
emissions shall be processed in accordance with procedures in
§§86.133 through 86.139. Vehicles to be tested for evaporative
but not sulfuric acid emissions shall be processed according to
§§86.133 through 86.138. Vehicles to be tested for sulfuric acid
but not evaporative emissions shall be processed in accordance to
§§86.133 through 86.137 and §86.139. Vehicles to be tested for
exhaust emissions only shall be processed according to §§86.133
through 86.137.]
45
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§86.135-79 Dynamometer procedure.
[(a) Dynamometer runs.]
(1) The [urban] dynamometer run consists of two tests, a
"cold" start test after a minimum 12-hour and a maximum 36 hour
soak according to the provisions of §86.132 and §86.133 and a
"hot" start test following the "cold" start by 10 minutes.
Engine startup (with all accessories turned off), operation over
the driving schedule, and engine shutdown make a complete cold
start test. Engine startup and operation over the first 505
seconds of the driving schedule complete the hot start test. The
exhaust emissions are diluted with ambient air and a continuously
proportional sample is collected for analysis during each phase.
The composite samples collected in bags are analyzed for hydro-
carbons (except diesel hydrocarbons which are analyzed continuously),
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. A
parallel sample of the dilution air is similarly analyzed for
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.
[(2) The congested freeway dynamometer run consists of a
single test which follows the hot-soak evaporative test, or when
no evaporative test is conducted follows Che exhaust test.
Between vehicle preconditioning and start of the sulfate test,
the vehicle engine is not shut down, but remains idling. The
vehicle exhaust is diluted with ambient air and a proportional
part of the diluted exhaust is collected on a filter. The CVS-
46
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dilution tunnel sampling equipment shown in figure B79-1 or B79-2
is used. The material trapped on the filter is analyzed for
sulfuric acid. (A parallel sample of the dilution air may also
be analyzed for sulfuric acid for the purpose of providing back-
ground sulfate correction; in which case CO. in the dilute
exhaust must also be.measured.)]
(b) During dynamometer-operation, a fixed speed cooling fan
shall be positioned so as to direct cooling air to the vehicle in
an appropriate manner with the engine compartment cover open. In
the case of vehicles with front engine compartments, the fan
shall be squarely positioned within 12 inches of the vehicle. In
the case of vehicles with rear engine compartments (or if special
designs make the above impractical), the cooling fan shall be
placed in a position to provide sufficient air to maintain vehicle
cooling. [The linear velocity of the air at the front of the
vehicle shall not exceed the following velocities:
Driving Schedule
Urban
Congested freeway
Maximum Air Volume
m3/s (CFM)
2.5 (5300)
11.8 (25,000)
Maximum Air Velocity
m/s (ft/s)
9.4 (31)
15.8 (52)
If, however, the manufacturer can show that during field operation the
vehicle receives additional cooling, and that such additional
cooling is needed to provide a representative test, the fan
capacity may be increased, additional fans used, or a different
fan configuration may be used if approved in advance by the
Administrator.
47
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(c) The vehicle speed as measured from the dynamometer
rolls shall be used. A speed vs. time recording, as evidence of
dynamometer test validity, shall be supplied on request of the
Administrator.
(d) Practice runs over the prescribed driving schedule may
be performed at test points, provided an emission sample is not
taken, for the purpose of finding the minimum throttle action to
maintain the proper speed-time relationship, or to permit sampling
system adjustments.
NOTE: When using two-roll dynamometers a truer speed-time
trace may be obtained by minimizing the rocking of the vehicle in
the rolls. The rocking of the vehicle changes the tire rolling
radius on each roll. This rocking may be minimized by restraining
the vehicle horizontally (or nearly so) by using a cable and
winch.
(e) The drive wheel tires may be inflated up to a gauge
pressure of 45 psi (310 kPa) in order to prevent tire damage.
The drive wheel tire pressure shall be reported with the test
results.
(f) If the dynamometer has not been operated during the 2
hour period immediately preceding the test it shall be warmed up
for 15 minutes by operating at 30 mph (48 km/hr) using a non-test
vehicle or as recommended by the dynamometer manufacturer.
48
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(g) If the dynamometer horsepower must be adjusted manually,
it shall be set within 1 hour prior to the exhaust emissions test
phase. The test vehicle shall not be used to make this adjust-
ment. Dynamometers using automatic control of preselectable
power settings may be set anytime prior to the beginning of the
emissions test.
49
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§86.137-79 Dynamometer test run, gaseous emissions.
(a) The vehicle shall be allowed to stand with the engine
turned off for a period of not less than 12 hours or more than
36 hours before the cold start exhaust emission test. The cold
start exhaust test shall follow the diurnal breathing loss test
by not more than 1 hour. The vehicle shall be stored prior to
the emission test in such a manner that precipitation (e.g. rain
or dew) does not occur on the vehicle. The complete dynamometer
test consists of a cold start drive of 7.5 miles (12.1 km) and
simulates a hot start drive of 7.5 miles (12.1 km). The vehicle
is allowed to stand on the dynamometer during the 10 minute' time
period between the cold and hot start tests. The cold start test
is divided into two periods. The first period, representing the
cold start "transient" phase, terminates at the end of the
deceleration which is scheduled to occur at 505 seconds of the
driving schedule. The second period, representing the "stabi-
lized" phase, consists of the remainder of the driving schedule
including engine shutdown. The hot start test similarly consists
of two periods. The period, representing the hot start "transient"
phase, terminates at the same point in the driving schedule as
the first period of the cold start test. The second period of
the hot start test, "stabilized" phase, is assumed to be identical
to the second period of the cold start test. Therefore, the hot
start test terminates after the first period (505 seconds) is
run.
50
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(b) The following steps shall be taken for each test:
(1) Place drive wheels of vehicle on dynamometer without
starting engine.
(2) Open the vehicle engine compartment cover and position
the cooling fan.
(3) With the sample selector valves in the "standby" position
connect evacuated sample collection bags to the two dilute exhaust
and two dilution air sample collection systems.
(4) Start the Constant Volume Sampler (if not already on),
the sample pumps, the temperature recorder, the vehicle cooling
fan and the heated hydrocarbon analysis recorder (diesel only).
(The heat exchanger of the constant volume sampler, if used,
diesel hydrocarbon analyzer continuous sample line and filter (if
applicable) should be preheated to their respective operating
temperatures before the test begins.)
(5) Adjust the sample flow rates to the desired flow rate
(minimum of 10 cfh, 0.28 m /hr) and set the gas flow measuring
devices to zero.
NOTE: CFV-CVS sample flowrate is fixed by the venturi design.
51
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(6) Attach the flexible exhaust tube to the vehicle tail-
pipe (s).
(7) Start the gas flow measuring device, position the
sample selector valves to direct the sample flow into the "tran-
sient" exhaust sample bag, and the "transient" dilution air sample
bag, (turn on the diesel hydrocarbon analyzer system integrator
and mark the recorder chart,-if applicable) and start cranking
the engine.
(8) Fifteen seconds after the engine starts, place the
transmission in gear.
(9) Twenty seconds after the engine starts, begin the
initial vehicle acceleration of the driving schedule.
(10) Operate the vehicle according to the Urban Dynamometer
Driving Schedule (§86.115).
(11) At the end of the deceleration which is scheduled to
occur at 505 seconds, simultaneously switch the sample flows from
the "transient" bags to the "stabilized" bags, switch off gas
flow measuring device No. 1 (and the diesel hydrocarbon integrator
No. 1, mark the diesel hydrocarbon recorder chart) and start gas
flow measuring device No. 2 (and diesel hydrocarbon integrator
No. 2). As soon as possible, and in no case longer than 20
52
-------
minutes after the end of this portion of the test, transfer the
"transient" exhaust and dilution air sample bags, to the analyti-
cal system and process the samples according to §86.140.
(12) Turn the engine off 2 seconds after the end of the
last deceleration (at 1,369 seconds).
(13) Five seconds after the engine stops running, simultane-
ously turn off gas flow measuring device No. 2 (and the diesel
hydrocarbon integrator No. 2, mark the hydrocarbon recorder
chart, if applicable) and position the sample selector valves to
the "standby" position. As soon as possible, transfer the "stabi-
lized" exhaust and dilution air samples to the analytical system
and process the samples according to §86.140 obtaining a stablized
reading of the exhaust sample on all analyzers within 20 minutes
of the end of the sample collection phase of the test.
(14) Immediately after the end of the sample period turn
off the cooling fan and close the engine compartment cover.
(15) Turn off the CVS or disconnect the exhaust tube from
the tailpipe of the vehicle.
(16) Repeat the steps in paragraph (b)(2) through (10) of
this section for the hot start test, except only one evacuated
53
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sample bag is required for sampling exhaust gas and one for
dilution air. The step in paragraph (b)(7) of this section shall
begin between 9 and 11 minutes after the end of the sample period
for the cold start test.
(17) At the end of the deceleration which is scheduled to
occur at 505 seconds, simultaneously turn off gas flow measuring
device No. 1 (and diesel hydrocarbon integrator No. 1, mark the
diesel hydrocarbon recorder chart, if applicable) and position
the sample selector valve to the "standby" position. (Engine
shutdown is not part of the hot start test sample period.)
(18) As soon as possible, and in no case longer than 20
minutes after the end of this portion of the test transfer the
hot start "transient" exhaust and dilution air sample bags, to
the analytical system and process the samples according to §86.140.
[(19) Vehicles to be tested for sulfuric acid emission but
not evaporative emissions, will proceed according to §86.139.
All other vehicles will proceed as follows:
(i) Disconnect the exhaust tube from the vehicle tail-
pipe(s) and drive vehicle from dynamometer.
(ii) The constant volume sampler may be turned off, if
desired.
-------
(20) Vehicles to be tested for evaporative emissions will
proceed according to §86.138. For vehicles not to be tested for
either evaporative or sulfuric acid emissions, this completes the
test sequence.]
55
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§86.138-79 Hot soak test.
The hot soak evaporative emission test shall be conducted
immediately following the hot transient exhaust emission test.
(a) Prior to the completion of the hot start transient
exhaust emission sampling period, the evaporative emission enclo-
sure shall be purged for several minutes.
(b) The FID hydrocarbon analyzer shall be zeroed and spanned
immediately prior to the test.
(c) If not already on, the evaporative enclosure mixing fan
shall be turned on at this time.
(d) Upon completion of the hot transient exhaust emission
sampling period, the vehicle engine compartment cover shall be
closed, the cooling fan shall be moved, the vehicle shall be
disconnected from the dynamometer and exhaust sampling system,
and then driven at minimum throttle to the vehicle entrance of
the enclosure.
»
(e) The vehicle's engine must be stopped before any part of
the vehicle enters the enclosure. The vehicle may be pushed or
coasted into the enclosure.
56
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(£) The test vehicle windows and luggage compartments shall
be opened, if not already open.
(g) The temperature recording system shall be started and
the time of engine shut off shall be noted on the evaporative
emission hydrocarbon data recording system.
(h) The enclosure doors shall be closed and sealed within
two minutes of engine shutdown and within seven minutes after the
end of the exhaust test.
(i) The 60+0.5 minute hot soak begins when the enclosure
doors are sealed. The enclosure atmosphere shall be analyzed and
recorded. This is the initial (time = 0 minutes) hydrocarbon
concentration, CnCi» f°r use *-n calculating evaporative losses,
see §86.143.
(j) The test vehicle shall be permitted to soak for a
period of one hour in the enclosure.
(k) The FID hydrocarbon analyzer shall be zeroed and spanned
immediately prior to the end of the test.
(1) At the end of the 60+0.5 minute test period, again
analyze the enclosure atmosphere and record time. This is the
final (time = 60 minutes) hydrocarbon concentration, C-jC£» for
use in calculating evaporative losses, see §86.143. This operation
completes the evaporative emission measurement procedure.
57
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[§86.139-79 Dynamometer test run, sulfate emission.
(a) The following steps shall be taken for vehicle immediate
preconditioning:
(1) If the vehicle has been tested for hot soak evaporative
emissions, the vehicle may be driven from the SHED onto the
dynamometer. The correct inertia weight is set and then the
correct dynamometer power is set while operating the vehicle at a
constant speed of 50 mph for no longer than 1 minute. The vehicle
shall then be preconditioned on the dynamometer. This precondi-
tioning shall begin within 1 hour after the end of the hot soak
test and shall consist of the first 505 seconds of the UDDS.
(2) If the vehicle is not to be tested for hot soak evapora-
tive emissions, if the same dynamometer is to be used for sulfuric
acid testing as gaseous exhaust testing, and if the sulfuric acid
test is to immediately follow the gaseous exhaust testing, then
vehicle operation during the gaseous emission test can serve as
preconditioning for the sulfuric acid test. In this case the
sulfuric acid test shall begin within 2 minutes after the end of
the gaseous exhaust test, while the vehicle is at idle (Fig. B79-
5). If the sulfuric acid test is not to begin within 2 minutes
of the gaseous exhaust test, then dynamometer setting and vehicle
preconditioning shall be conducted as specified in (a)(3) which
follows.
58
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(3) If the vehicle is not to be tested for hot soak evapora-
tive emissions and if a different dynamometer is to be used for
sulfuric acid testing than for gaseous exhaust testing, then the
vehicle may be driven to the new location provided engine operat-
ing time is not greater than 2 minutes and the new location is not
farther than 1 mile. The correct inertia weight is set and then
the dynamometer power is set while operating the vehicle at a
constant speed of 50 mph for no longer than one minute. The
vehicle shall then be preconditioned on the dynamometer. This
preconditioning shall begin within 2 hours after the end of the
gaseous emission sampling period and shall consist of the first
505 seconds of the UDDS.
l
;
(b) The following steps shall be taken for the test:
(1) Before the start of the idle period:
(i) Weigh the sulfuric acid collection filter on a balance
which has a precision of at least 0.01 mg, and record this weight.
Place the filter in a covered petri dish or in a filter holder
which is capped on both ends. (This may be done several hours
prior to the test). Filter weighing is not required for non-
catalyst vehicles. The purpose of filter weighing is to estimate
the SO, content of the used fillers. For some vehicles (such as
non-catalyst equipped, diesels and stratified charge) filter
=
weight cannot be used to estimate SO, content.
59
-------
CAUTION: The filter must be handled carefully and touched
only with forceps. Also, static charges on the filter may cause
an error in the filter weight. Techniques, such as exposure of
the filter to a radioactive source, are available to eliminate
this interference.
(ii) Start the CVS (if not already on) and the temperature
recorder.
(iii) Carefully place the sulfuric acid collection filter
into the filter holder if this has not been done in paragraph
(b)(1)(i) of this section. The sample pump may be operated
momentarily (providing vehicle exhaust is not sampled) to assist
in filter positioning and to preset the flow rate. Operation of
the sample pump should not exceed 1 minute and the flow through
the filter shall not be included in the total flow during the
test.
(2) During the two minute idle period:
(i) Place the uncapped filter holder into the sample train.
(ii) Read or reset the gas meter to zero.
(iii) Connect the vehicle tailpipe to the dilution tunnel
(if not already connected).
60
-------
(iv) Reset and enable the roll revolution counter.
(v) Start the vehicle cooling fan(s).
(3) At the start of the test:
(i) Simultaneously start the CVS counter and the exhaust
sample train. Also start the dilution air sampling train if
background sulfuric acid is to be measured.
(ii) Place the transmission in gear.
(iii) Ten seconds after the sample train is started begin
the initial vehicle acceleration of the Congested Freeway Dynamo-
meter Driving Schedule.
(4) During the test:
(i) Adjust the flow rate through the dilute exhaust sampling
filter to maintain a constant value within + 10% of isokinetic
flow. Flow through the dilution air sample line (if used) should
be approximately the same as through the dilute exhaust sample
line.
(ii) Record the average temperature(s) and pressure(s) at
the gas meter inlet(s).
61
-------
(ill) If sample flow can not be maintained because of high
particulate loading on the filter the test shall be terminated.
The test shall be re-run using a smaller diameter probe, 0.95 cm
(0.375 in) minimum, or larger diameter filter, or both, and
appropriate flow rate to maintain isokinetic sampling.
(iv) Eight seconds after the end of deceleration scheduled
to occur at 1390 seconds, simultaneously stop the CVS counter and
the sample flows. The vehicle engine may then be stopped.
(5) Immediately after the test:
(i) Carefully remove each filter from its filter holder and
place it into a petri dish for subsequent analysis. Cover the
petri dish. The top surface of the filter should not be permitted
to touch the petri dish during this or subsequent handling.
NOTE: Should the top surface of the filter contact the petri
dish the petri dish shall be amnoniated, then rinsed with 10 ml of
60/40 IPA solvent. The resultant solution shall be analyzed for
sulfate using the procedure of §86.141. The mass of sulfate
determined by this analysis shall be added to the mass of sulfate
found on the filter giving total sulfate mass found during the
test, Se (defined in §86.145-79(a)(7)).
(ii) Record the CVS counter reading and the gas meter reading(s)
62
-------
(iii) Record the roll or shaft revolutions or measured
distance.
(6) This completes the test sequence.
63
-------
§86.141-79 Exhaust sample analysis, sulfuric acid emission.
Use of the automated barium chloranilate system, the calibra-
tion procedure for which is given in §86.125, is summarized
below.
(a) Filters shall be prepared as follows:
(1) The filter is received for analysis in a petri dish, or
it is removed from the filter holder and placed into a petri dish
when it is received for analysis.
(2) Within one hour following the end of the sulfate test,
place the opened petri dish containing the filter into a bell 'jar
or desiccator and expose it to concentrated ammonium hydroxide
(NH.OH) vapors for at least 30 minutes. The sulfuric acid (H.SO.)
is thus converted to ammonium sulfate ((NH.KSO,) and water. The
water quickly evaporates from the filter.
(i) A vacuum system is recommended for drawing ambient air
through a bubbler containing concentrated NH.OH and into the
desiccator. A flow rate of approximately 1 1/min is sufficient.
The concentration of the NH.OH solution should be checked fre-
quently because it looses strength with use. A strip of litmus
paper inside the desiccator and visible to the outside has been
found to be a satisfactory indicator of the strength of the NH.OH
vapor.
64
-------
(ii) A column of sodium acid phosphate (NaH^PO.) or an
equivalent compound is recommended between the desiccator and the
•vacuum pump to remove the NH.OH and protect the pump.
WARNING: Avoid human exposure to the concentrated NH.OH
vapor.
(3) Weigh the ammoniated filter on a balance which has a
precision of at least 0.01 mg, and record the weight. The tare
weight was obtained earlier (§86.139-79(b)(1)(i). For catalyst
equipped vehicles the net weight gained can be assumed to be
ammonium sulfate. Approximately 73% of the net weight can be
assumed to be SO, for estimating the dilution required. Filter
weighing is not required for non-catalyst vehicles.
(4) Carefully place each filter into a 20 to 50 ml polypro-
pylene bottle. The filters can be stored this way for several
days if required.
(b) Integrity of the 60/40 IFA solvent shall be checked as
follows:
(1) Load the sampler (Fig. B79-3) with a high concentration
standard and at least two blanks. Sample vials must be kept
covered.
65
-------
(2) Observe the integrator responses.
(3) The response of the last blank should be less than 0.5%
of the response of the standard. If the blank response is greater
than 0.5%, a water imbalance in the 60/40 IPA solvent or a handling
problem exists. The cause of the high blank response shall be
eliminated and the blanks re-run before beginning sample prepara-
tion and analysis.
(c) Samples shall be prepared as follows:
CAUTION: When preparing samples care must be taken to avoid
evaporation of alcohol from the 60/40 IPA solvent. All containers
of this solvent should be kept tightly capped whenever possible.
Also, measurement and transfer of solvent to the filter shall be
done with a pipette which meets NBS Class A accuracy designation
or equivalent.
(1) (i) To prepare samples for which the sulfate content can
be estimated (paragraph (b)(3) of this section), add sufficient
60/40 IPA (but no less than 10 ml) to result in a concentration
which will give a high midscale response on the analyzer.
Example: If the net weight gain is 500 ug, then 73% or
approximately 365 yg is SO^. If the upper limit of the linear
range as determined in the calibration procedure (§86.125) is 30
66
-------
Ug/ml, then dilute the sample to obtain approximately 20 ug/ml
response.
365 ue . o .
18 ml
Add 20 ml of 60/40 IPA using a 20 ml MBS Class A pipette.
(ii) To prepare samples for which the sulfate content cannot
be estimated, use 10 ml of 60/40 IPA or twice the minimum volume
required by the analytical system for a single analysis, which-
ever is greater.
(2) Cap bottles tightly and shake vigorously. Use of a
wrist action shaker for 30 minutes or use of a vortex mixer three
times at 10 minute intervals for one minute each time are satis-
factory mixing methods.
(3) Samples are now ready for analysis and shall be analyzed
/
within 2 hours of preparation.
(d) Samples shall be analyzed as follows:
(1) Load the sampler (Fig. B79-3) with several blank solvent
solutions followed by 2 high concentration (90%) standards.
Sample vials must be kept covered.
67
-------
(2) Observe the integrator responses.
(3) The response of the blanks should be less than 0.5% of
the response of the 90% standard. If the blank response is greater
than 0.5%, a water imbalance in the 60/40 IFA solvent or a handling
problem exists. The cause of the high blank response shall be
eliminated and the blanks re-run before proceeding with sample
analysis.
(4) Load the sampler with several vials of the 90% standard.
Observe the response of those repetitive standards. The first one
or two responses tend to be low since they are "conditioning" the
columns. Once two consecutive responses are the same (within
2%), the columns are conditioned and the last two responses can
be used as the 90% standard calibration points.
(5) Load the sampler with two vials of the middle concentra-
tion (50%) standard and two vials of the lowest concentration (10%)
standard, and record the integrator responses. The difference
between the two responses of either standard should be less than
2% or less than 1% of the response of the high concentration
standard, whichever is larger.
(6) If repetitive responses of the same standard do not
agree within the above tolerances, then eliminate the cause for
the discrepancy. Two common problems are:
68
-------
(i) Insufficient purging of the sample loop between standards,
in which case a blank should be used between standards.
(ii) Improper handling of standards (e.g., not keeping vials
tightly covered).
(7) Using the concentration and area response data from each
of the gravimetric standards, perform a linear least squares
regression of the form:
concentration = (area count) x A. + A.
NOTE: Other curve forms are also acceptable if approved by
the Administrator.
(8) Determine the percent deviation of each standard from
the calculated value.
(9) Run standards more than once if desired; however, give
each standard determination equal weight in the linear regression.
(10) If the deviation of any standard is more than 4% from
the calculated linear regression value, determine and eliminate
the cause of the discrepancy.
(11) Since at concentrations below the lowest standard the
69
-------
shape of the true calibration curve is non-linear, and since it is
desirable that the calibration curve pass through the origin, the
calibration curve between zero and the lowest calibration standard
is defined as a straight line between the origin and the point-on
the previously determined least squares line which, is the gravime-
trically determined concentration of the lowest standard.
(12) Load the sampler with samples, saving enough sample in
each bottle for later dilution and re-running should it be needed.
Place blanks between samples, if desired.
(13) Proceed with analysis.
(14) Bun two vials of the 50% standard as specified in
(d)(5) of this section at least once during each two hour period
of operation. If these two determinations do not meet the require-
ments of paragraphs (d)(5) and (d)(11) of this section, run all
three standards as specified in paragraphs (d)(1) through (d)(11)
of this section. Also run the three standards after the last
sample of a series has been run and whenever the system is re-
started after a one hour or longer shutdown. Update the response
curve each time the three standards are run. If the response
curve when the standards are run has changed by more than 4% from
the previous run, possible saturation of a cation exchange resin
column is indicated. Determine and eliminate the cause for such
a change in response, if possible. If the cause of the change
70
-------
cannot be eliminated, re-run the three calibration standards and
update the response curve. In addition, re-run samples run since
the last calibration check; therefore, do not discard the portion
of each sample remaining in the polypropylene bottles until the
standard(s) have been re-run.
(15) If the response of any sample is greater than the
response of the highest concentration standard used, dilute and
re-run that sample.
(i) The dilution shall result in a sample which will give a
midrange response.
(ii) The dilution shall be accomplished by transferring at
least 2 ml of sample from the original sample bottle into a clean
sample bottle. A measured amount of 60/40 IFA solvent is then
immediately added to complete the dilution, and the bottle is
capped and shaken.
(iii) Fixed volume pipettes which meet the National Bureau
of Standards Class A designation shall be used.
(iv) The sulfate dilution factor, SDF, which is the ratio of
amount of total dilute sample to amount of original sample trans-
ferred, shall be calculated.
71
-------
(16) If the response of a dilute sample is greater than the
response of the highest concentration standard used, then further
dilute the sample for the purpose of obtaining an estimate of the
dilution required to obtain a midrange response. Once the required
dilution is known, dilute the original sample one time to obtain
the sample for analysis.
(17) If the response o'f any sample is less than 5% of the
highest standard used, the sample analysis is valid only if one of
the following conditions were met:
(i) The original sample was prepared in 10 ml or less of
60/40 IP A solvent and not subsequently diluted; or
(ii) The volume of the original sample was no more than
twice the minimum volume required for a single analysis, as
determined by analytical system parameters.
If the response of any sample is less than 5% of the highest
standard and neither of the above two conditions were met, the
analysis is invalid. The vehicle must be rerun to obtain another
sample.
•
NOTE: Because of the time and cost of re-running vehicles,
it is acceptable for duplicate samples- to be taken. It is not
necessary to analyze both filters, if a valid analysis is made on
72
-------
one. However, if both filters are analyzed, and if both analyses
are valid, then the reported mass of sulfate on the filter must be
the average of the two values.
(18) Determine the concentration of sulfate ion (SO.) in
the sample by using the area response of the integrator in the
linear least squares regression equation determined in (7) above.
(19) Calculate the mass of sulfate on the filter (S ) by
multiplying this concentration by the sulfate dilution factor
(SDF) calculated in (14) (iv) of this section, and by the original
volume of solvent, ie.,
S = concentration x SDF x original volume
(20) Example;
The original sample was leached in 20 ml of 60/40 IFA and
gave a response greater than the highest standard. The sample was
diluted by pipetting 2.0 ml sample into a polypropylene bottle and
then pipetting 4.0 ml of 60/40 IFA into the bottle. This solution
was then run, and the concentration was found to be 25 pg/ml.
The sulfate dilution factor is:
SDF . *_*i • 3
73
-------
The mass of sulfate on the filter is:
25 yg/ml x 3 x 20 ml • 1500 yg]
74
-------
§86.142-79 Records required.
The following information shall be recorded with respect to
each test:
(a) Test number.
(b) System or device tested (brief description).
(c) Date and time of day for each part of the test schedule.
(d) Instrument operator.
(e) Driver or operator.
(f) Vehicle: Make - Vehicle identification number - Model
year - Transmission type - Odometer reading - Engine displacement
Engine family - Evap. family - Idle rpm - Fuel system (fuel
injection, nominal fuel tank(s) capacity, fuel tank(s) location,
number of carburetors, number of carburetor barrels) - Inertia
loading - Actual curb weight recorded at 0 miles - Actual road
load at 50 mph (80 kph) and drive wheel tire pressure, as appli-
cable.
75
-------
(g) Indicated road load power absorption at 50 mph (80 kph)
and dynamometer serial number. As an alternative to recording
the dynamometer serial number, a reference to a vehicle test cell
number may be used, with the advance approval of the Administrator,
provided the test cell records show the pertinent information.
(h) All pertinent instrument information such as tuning -
gain - serial number - detector number - range. As an alternative,
a reference to a vehicle test cell number may be used, with the
advance approval of the Administrator, provided test cell calibra-
tion records show the pertinent instrument information.
(i) Recorder charts: Identify zero, span, exhaust gas, and
dilution air sample traces.
(j) Test cell barometric pressure, ambient temperature and
humidity.
NOTE: A central laboratory barometer may be used, provided
that individual test cell barometric pressures are shown to be
within +0.1 percent of the barometric pressure at the central
barometer location.
(k) Fuel temperatures, as prescribed.
76
-------
(1) Pressure of the mixture of exhaust and dilution air
entering the CVS metering device, the pressure increase across
the device, and the temperature at the inlet. The temperature
may be recorded continuously or digitally to determine temperature
variations.
[(m) Pressure and temperature of the dilute exhaust mixture
(and of the dilution air if -sampled) at the inlet to the gas
meter(s) used for sulfuric acid sampling.]
(n) The number of revolutions of the positive displacement
pump accumulated during each test phase while exhaust samples are
being collected. The number of standard cubic feet metered by a
critical flow venturi during each test phase would be the equiva-
lent record for a CFV-CVS.
(o) The humidity of the dilution air.
NOTE: If conditioning columns are not used (see 86.122 and
86.144) this measurement can be deleted. If the conditioning
mlnmng are used and the dilution air is taken from the test
cell, the ambient humidity can be used for this measurement.
(p) Temperature set point of the heated sample line and
heated hydrocarbon detector temperature control system (for
diesel vehicles only).
77
-------
[§86.145-79 Calculations; sulfate emission.
(a) The final reported test results for the mass of sulfate,
measured as sulfuric acid, (M_ __ ) in g/mile shall be computed by use
fijkdO j
of the following formula:
For gasoline powered vehicles:
1.021 V
.
mix
D x 10
0.030
W
"S
V
- e
S. (1-1/DF )-|
D a
V,
b _
or
-SO. - 3.063 x 10~5 V .
2 4 mix
D x W
For diesel powered vehicles:
1.021 V
D x 10
0.
W
s
U-1/DF)
Ve Vb
•']
or
M.,
H
2.297 x 10"A V
.
mix
D x W
Ve Vb
where:
78
-------
(1) V . = total dilute exhaust volume in liters per test,
mix
corrected to standard conditions (273°K (528°R) and 101.3 kFa
(760 mm Hg)). V is further defined in §86.144.
(2) 1.021 = MWH SQ /MWSQ=i = 98.08/96.06
24 4
(3) D =» measured number of miles per test.
(4) 10 =• conversion from micrograms to milligrams.
(5) W = weight percent of sulfur in the test fuel.
s
(6) 0.030 = weight percent of sulfur in "standard" test
gasoline.
(7) 0.225 = weight percent of sulfur in "standard" test
diesel fuel.
(8) S = mass of SO. in the exhaust sample, micrograms.
(9) S. • mass of SO, in the background sample, micrograms.
NOTE: (i) The background sulfate level at the EPA certification
laboratory in Ann Arbor, Michigan is very low and the fluorocarbon
filters do not contain sulfate. S, will be assumed = 0 and
b
background samples will not be taken with each exhaust sample.
79
-------
(ii) Any manufacturer may make the same assumption without
prior EPA approval.
(iii) If S, is assumed = 0, then no background correction
is made and CO, analysis is not required since DF no longer has
•i £1
an effect in determining M_ __ . The equation for gasoline
H2S04
powered vehicles then reduces to:
3.063 x 10 5 V
so
24 V
D x W ve
S
and for diesel powered vehicles is:
2.297 x 10"4 V S
on
24
L *
D x W e
(10) V = total volume of the dilute exhaust sample, liters
C
at standard conditions.
V
K x V x (P. + P.) x 273
= m a b i
x 101.3
where:
(i) K = dilute exhaust gas meter correction factor deter
in
mined in §85.120.
80
-------
(ii) V « actual dilute exhaust sample volume, liters.
(iii) P. » barometric pressure, kPa.
D
(iv) P = pressure elevation above ambient measured at the
inlet to the dilute exhaust sample gas meter, kPA. For most gas
meters with unrestricted discharge P is negligible and can be
assumed = 0.
(v) T, • average temperature of the dilute exhaust sample
at the inlet to the gas meter, °K.
(11) V, »» total volume of the background sample, liters at
standard conditions. (V, is not required if S, is assumed = 0).
It is calculated using the following formula:
Kmb * Vab * (Pb * Pib> X 273
T x 101.30
where:
(i) K , = background gas meter correction factor determined
in §85.120.
(ii) V , = actual background sample volume, liters.
81
-------
(ill) P. = barometric pressure, kPa.
• (iv) P., « pressure elevation above ambient measured at the
inlet to the background gas meter, kPa. For most gas meters with
unrestricted discharge P. is negligible and can be assumed = 0.
(v) T., = average temperature of the background sample at
the inlet to the gas meter, -°K.
(12) DF =» approximate dilution factor. (DF is not required
if Sb is assumed = 0).
13.4/C02e
where:
CO. is the concentration of C02 in the dilute exhaust
sample, percent.
(b) The method of calculation to be used with other approved
analytical procedures shall be approved in advance by the adminis-
trator. Glass fiber filters, often used with titration analytical
procedures, usually contain a significant amount of sulfate. The
amount contained can vary between filters in a batch and between
batches. This means that simply subtracting the apparent sulfate
found in a blank from the sample filter would probably result in
a significant error. The method of solving this problem shall be
82
-------
submitted to the Administrator, if glass fiber filters are used.]
83
-------
APPENHTX VITI. EPA CONGESTED FRFI WAY OYNAMOMETEW bRIVJNd SCHF.ni»Lf-:
PAGE 1 "F 7
CYCLE DIST = 13.5 M
AVG SPEEO = 14. fl Ml H
PARENTHESIZED MUMPERS ARE SHIFT POINTS FOR MANUAL TRANSMISSIONS
SEC ^PH GEAR SEC MPH GF.AP SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPh GEA«
0 0.0 • (N)
1 0.0 51 23.1 101 29.1 151 20.0
2 0.0 52 24.5 (3) 102 28.7 152 20.0
3 0.0 53 26.0 103 29..* 153 20.0
4 0.0 54 27.6 104 . 10.3 154 19. ft
5 0.0 (1) 55 28.8 ' . 105 30.7 155 18.1
6 0.0 56 29.6 -106 30.0 156 15.7
7 0.0 57 31.5 107 29.4 157 12. ft
8 0.0 58 32.5 - 108 27.3 15H 10. l
9 n.O 59 32.5 • 109 25.6 15<» 10.0
10 0.0 60 31.2 ' 110 25.0 160 9.^
11 1.6 61 29.5 111 ?5.0 161 9.7
12 4.5 62 29.1 112 24.8 162 10.0
13 7.2 63 29.4 113 23.5 163 10.0'
14 9.7 64 30.8 114 23.0 164 10.0
15 11.7 65 30.8 115 23.0 165 10.0
1ft 13.3 66 30. fl 116 23.6 166 10.5
17 14.3 67 30.7 117 24.0 167 11. «
18 14.9 (2) 68 30.7 118 25.0 168 13. ft
19 15.0 69 30.7 119 ?ft.3 169 15. «f
?0 15.7 7Q 29.7 120 27.3 170 16. H
21 16.2 71 28. fl 121 28.3 171 18.4
22 15.4 72 -27.2 122 29.3 172 19. ft
23 14.7 73 25.0 123 ?9.9 173 20.0
24 14.7 74 22.5 124 30.4 174 20.0
25 15.0 75 20.5 125 31.9 175 20.0
26 15.0 76 19.3 126 32.4 176 20.0
27 14.9 77 19.3 127 32.4 177 20.0
2« 13.9 78 19.5 128 32.0 178 19.^
29 11.6 79 20.7 129 31.6 179 18.2
30 10.0 80 21.3 130 31.0 180 16.2
31 10.0 81 20.6 131 29.6 Ifll 13.5
32 10.0 82 20.1 132 28.9 182 10.9
33 10.0 83 20.0 133 27.8 183 10.0
34 10.7 84 20.0 134 26.3 184 10.0
35 12.2 85 20.0 135 ?4.4 185 10. 0
3ft 13.5 8ft. 20.0 136 22.1 186 10.0
37 14.5 87 20.4 137 19.7 187 10.0
38 14.8 88- 21.1 138 17.4 188 10.0
39 15.0 89 22.2 139 15.8 189 10.0
40 15.2 90 23.4 140 15.0 (2) 190 10.1
41 15.5 91 24.5 141 15.0 191 10. ft
42 15.0 92 25.5 142 15.0 19? 11. ft
43 14.6 93 2ft. 6 143 15.1 191 12. -J
44 14.6 94 27.7 144 16.1 194 14.0
45 15.1 95 28.7 145 17.4 195 15.1
46 15.8 9ft 29.5 146 18.6 196 16.^
47 17.0.- 97 30.8 147 19.7 197 17.3
4fl 18.V 98 30.6 148 20.0 19* 18. u
49 20.2 99 30.4 149 ?0.5 19Q 19.1
50 21.6 100 29.9 150 ?0.0 200 19. Q
-------
APPENDIX VIII. EPA CONGESTFU FREFWAY DYNAMOMETER DRIVING SCHEPULfi
CONTINUED
PAGE 2 OF 7
SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH ' GEAR SEC MPJ- GEAR
t
201 20.0 251 56.0 301 46.0 351 51.1
20-2 20.0 252 '56.5 302 46.9 352 50.2
203 20.0 253 56.5 303 48.0 353 49.8
204 20.4 254 56.3 304 . 49.0 354 49.5
205 21.4 255 56.0 305 49.9 355 49.5
?06 2?.7 256 55.5 306 50.9 356 49.4
207 ?4.6 257 55.2 307 51.9 357 49.*
208 26.5 258 55.0 * 308 52.9 358 49.«
209 2P.2 259 54.8 309 53.8 359' 50.0
210 29.8 (3) 260 54.5 ' 310 54.5 360 50. 0
211 31.5 261. 54.2 311 54.9 361 50.2
212 33.2 262 53.9 312 55.2 362 50.4
213 34.9 263 54.0 313 55.0 363 50..1
214 3ft.7 264 54.5 314 ?4.7 364 50.0
215 3«.2 265 54.5 315 54.3 365 49.7
216 3^.3 266 52.8 316 53.5 366 49.0
217 40.0 267 50.4 317 53.0 367 47.H
218 40.7 (4) 268 50.0 318 52.7 369 46.?
219 41.0 269 49.6 319 53.3 369 44.:j
220 41.0 270 49.7 320 53.7 370 41.n
221 41.0 271 50.0 321 53.7 371 33.0
222 41.0 272 50.5 322 53.7 372 34.7
223 40.0 273 50.3 323 54.5 373 31.4
224 39.5 274 50.0 324 55.0 374 28.1
225 39.3 275 49.3 325 55.0 375 24. * (3)
226 39.6 276 47.8 326 55.2 376 21.H
227 39.9 277 45.3 327 ^5.4 377 20.5
228 40.0 278 42.3 328 55.5 378 20.0
229 40.4 279 40.? 329 55.6 379 20.0
230 41.2 280 40.0 330 55.6 380 20.0
231 42.2 281 39.8 331 55.5 381 19.7
232 43.6 282 39.7 332 55.4 382 18.5
233 44.9 2«3 40.0 333 55.3 383 16.3
234 46.2 284 40.2 334 55.3 384 13.2
235 47.4 285 40.5 335 55.3 385 10.6
236 48.6 286 42.4 336 55.6 386 10.0 (2)
237 49.8 2*7 44.2 337 55.9 387 10.n
238 51.0 288- 45.0 338 56.1 388 9.^
239 5?-.3 289 45.5 339 56.1 389 9.S
240 53.4 290 45.3 340 56.1 390 8.9
241 54.3 291 45.0 341 56.1 391 7.9
242 54.9 292 44.8 342 55.9 39? 6.7
243 55.3 293 44.5 343 55.6 393 5.A
24* 55.5 294 44.2 344 55.3 394 5.n
245 55.5 295 44.0 345 55.1 395 4.3
246 55.0 296 43.7 346 54.9 396 4.3
247 55.0-- ?97 43.5 347 ^4.7 397 4.0 (1)
24P 55.0 298 44.1 348 54.1 39M 4.5
249 55.0 2^9 44.6 349 53.3 I** 5.0
250 55.0 300 45.3 350 52.2 4QO 5.0
-------
APPENDIX VIII.
EPA CONGESTED FP6FWAY DYNAMOMETER DRIVING
CONTINUFD
PAGE 3 OF 7
SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPh GEAK
401
402
403
4Q4
405
406
*07
408
409
410
411
412
411
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
4?1
424
425
426
427
4?a
429
430
431
432
433.
434
435
436
437
438
*39
44Q
44]
442
4*3
444
445
**6
447
448
449
450
5.0
5.0
5.4
7.2
Q.O
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.2
9.3
9.5
9.9
10.2
10.4
10.7
12.1
13.5
14.7
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.1
15.1
15.1
16.2
17. ft
18.9
19.9
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
1Q.8
18.8
1ft. 8
13.8
10.. 5
7.2
4.5
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0.
0.2
?.2
5.0
(2)
(1)
*51
452
453
*54
455
456
457
458
459
*60
461
462
463
464
465
4*6
467
468
469
*70
471
472
473
*7*
475
476
477
*78
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488-
489
*90
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
7.8
10.2
12.1
13.5
14.5
15.2
15.0
14.8
14.8
14.8
14.8
15.0
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.3
16.7
18.8
20.7
22.6
24.3
24.5
24.8
25.0
25.4
26.0
26.2
26.1
25.5
25.2
25.0
24.3
22.6
19.6
16.4
13.1
10.2
9.7
9.4
9.0
8.8
3.5
8.1
8.4
8.8
9.1
9.0
9.9
8.9
9.5
(2)
(3)
(1)
501
502
503
504 .
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
b32
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
543
5*9
550
0.4
9.0
7.1
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.4
3.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
3.3
ft. 3
9.4
12.7
16.0
19.3
??.6
25.9
29.0
32.0
34.5
35.5
3S.3
15.3
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.1
35.0
35.0
34.8
33.9
(2)
(3)
551
552
553
55*
555
556
557
558
559-
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
57h
577
57H
579
580
581
582
581
58*
585
586
587
588
58<»
590
591
592
593
594 .
595
596
597
59H
599
600
32.0
29.8
26.8
23.5
20.?
17.0
14.0
11.0
9.8
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.0
10.4
11.4
12. 5
13.5
14.5
15.2
15.*
15.8
15.9
15.6
IS.*
15.?
15.0
14.3
11.3
8.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
6.1
7.u
8.6
9.7
10.0
10.2
10. I
9.9
9.8
9.M
9.9
9.9
(2)
(1)
-------
APPENDIX VITI. EPA CONGESTFO FPF.F .-/AY DYNAMOMETER DRIVING SCHF.OULF
CONTINUED
•. •
PAGE 4 OF 7
SEC MPH r,£AR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR
601 9.3 651 20.0 701 41.0 751 56.0.
602 8.0 653 19.8 702 *2.4 752 56.0
601 6.3 653 19.7 703 43.8 753 56.0
604 5.0 654 19.7 704 44.9 754 55.5
60S 5.0 655 19.9 705 .45.1 755' 55.0
606 5.2 656 19.9 706 45.4 756 55.0
607 5.4 657 19.9 7Q7 46.1 757 55.0
608 5.1 658 20.0 708 46.7 • 75« 55.0
609 5.0 659 2Q.O » 709 47.1 759 55.n
610 5.9 660 20.8 71o *7.1 760 55.0
611 8.1 661 22.1 - 711 47.0 761 55.0
612 10.2 662 24.0 712 46.3 762 55.0
M3 12.3 663 26.4 713 45.6 761 54. 9
61* 14.3 664 28.7 714 45.2 764 54.5
615 15.3 (2) 665 30.8 715 44.9 765 53.7
616 16.0 666 32.9 716 45.0 766 52.6
617 16.6 667 35.0 (3) 717 45.1 767 SI. \
618 16.5 668 37.1 718 45.4 768 50.1
619 16.3 669 39.3 719 45.8 769 49.7
620 16.1 670 41.5 720 46.8 770 49.5
621 15.8 671 43.2 721 48.1 771 49.?
62? 15.2 672 44.4 (4) 722 49.2 77;? 48.^
623 14.9 673 45.0 723 50.3 771 48.7
624 15.1 674 45.3 724 51,5 774 48.5
625 15.1 675 45.6 725 52.6 775 48.7
ft?6 14.9 676 45.8 726 53.7 776 48.8
627 14.5 677 45.7 727 54.6 777 48.9
628 13.6 678 45.1 728 55.0 778 50.o
(S29 12.3 679 44.5 729 55.4 779- 50.0
630 10.8 680 44.0 730 55.8 780 50.0
631 10.0 681 43.9 731 55.9 781 50.0
632 10.1 682 4<».l 732 56.5 782 50.0
631 10.6 h83 44.6 733 57.0 783 50.0
63<* 10.9 684 45.0 734 *7.0 784 50.0
635 10.8 685 45.1 735 57.0 785 50.1
636 9.9 686 45.0 736 56.7 786 50.2
637 9.2 687 44.9 737 55.8 787 50.ft
638 9.7 688 44.3 738 54.9 78H 51.?
639 10.0 689. 43.3 739 54.2 789 51.Q
640 10.4 690 41.9 740 53.8 790 52.5
641 11.3 6"l 40.5 741 53.3 791 53.1
642 12.7 ft92 40.0 742 52.« 792 53.R
643 14.0 693 40.0 743 52.7 793 54.4
644 15.2 694 4Q.O 744 53.0 794 54.«
645 16.5 695 40.0 745 54.0 795 55.0
646 17.fl 696 *0.0 746 55.0 79ft 55.5
647 19.0 697 4Q.O 747 R5.8 797 55.7
648 19.8.- 698 40.0 748 55.9 798 56.0
649 20.2" 699 40.1 7a9 55.9 799 56.3
650 20.1 700 4Q.3 750 5ft.0 800 56.5
-------
APPENDIX VIII.
EPA CONGESTED FRfFWAY DYNAMOMETER DRIVING SCHEniJLf
CONTINUED
PAGE 5 OF 7
SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC
I I GEA«
801 56.2
402 56.0
303 55.5
804 55.0
805 55.0
806 55.0
807 54.5
808 54.7
809 55.0
310 55.5
811 56.0
812 56.5
813 56.0
914 55.5
815 5^.0
816 55.0
«U7 55*0
818 55.0
819 5^.0
820 55.0
821 55.0
822 55.0
823. 55.0
824 54.7
825 54.0
826 52.9
827 51.5
828 50.3
829 Sn.O
fc»30 49.7
831 50.0
832 51.3
833 51.7
834 52.0
835 52.0
836 51.7
337 51.4
838 51.2
339 51.0
840 50.7
841 50.3
342 50.0
843 50.2
844 50.5
345 50.3
84* 50.1
847 50.0
848 49.7
849 49.2-..-"
850 47.3
851 45.2
852 45.0
853 45.0
854 45.0
855 45.0
856 45.0
857 45.0
858 45.0
859 45.0
860 45.0
861 44.9
862 44.5
863 43.6
864 42.3
865 40.9
866 40.0
867 40.0
868 39.7
869 39.5
870 39.2 .
871 39.0
«72 39.4
873 39.7
fl74 40.0
875 39.5
876 37.7
877 35.3
878 35.0
H79 35.0
880 35.0
881 35.0
882 35.0
883 35.0
884 35.0
385 35.0
886 34.8
887 34.ft
888- 33.0
889 30.0
890 * 27.5
891 25.0 (3)
892 25.0
893 25.3
894 25.5
895 25.2
896 24.9
897 24.4
398 23.1
899 21.3
900 20.0
901 19.7
902 1^.4
903 19.7
904 19.9
90S ?0.0
9Q6 ' 20.1
907 20.9
9Q8 ?1.9
909 22.9
910 23.9
*11 ?4.8
912 ?5.3
913 25.6
914 25.4
915 P5.3
916 25.2
917 25.0.
918 25.0
919 25.0
920 24.8
921 23.9
922 22.3
923 20.5
924 20.0
925 20.0
926 ?0.0
927 20.0
928 20.0
929 19.7
930 19.5
931 19.3
932 19.1
933 19.3
934 19.5
93b 19.7
936 19.9
•937 19.1
938 17.5
939 15.6
940 15.0 (2)
941 15.0
942 14.7
943 14.3
944 14.0
945 14.2
946 14.5
947 14.7
948 15.0
949 15.6
950 16.9
951 18.
952 20.t-
953 22.3
954 24.0
95S 25.7
95S 27.6
«»57 29.n (3)
95H 29.9
959 30.?
960- 30.5
961 30.8
962 30.8
963 30.8
964 30.6
965 30.4
966 30.2
967 30.1
968 30.?
969 30.1
970 31.?
971 32.1
972 33.2
973 34.1
974 34.S)
975 35.?
97*, 35.S
977 35.2
978 35.1
979 35.0
980 35.0
981 34.*
982 34.2
983 33.0
9H4 31.5
985 30.?
98h 30.0
987 29.9
988 29.P
989 29.7
990 2^.6
991 29.S
99?. 29.4
993 29.4
994 29.a
995 30.1
096 30.9
997 31.«
993 32.9
999 33.9
1000 34.9
-------
APPENDIX VITI. EPA
CONGESTED
CONTINUED
PAGE 6 OF 7
DYNAMOMETER DRIVING SCHEOULF
SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAR SEC
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1U12
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1P18
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1-041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
35.9
36.9
37.9
38.8
39.5
40.5
41.0
41 .4
41.6 (4)
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
41.9
43.7
45.0
45.5
46.0
46.4
46.3
46.1
45.9
45.7
45.5
45.3
45.1
45.0
44.9
4/t..4
43.6
42.4
40.8
38.8
36.9
35.5
35.0
35.0
35.0
3S.O
35.0
35.0
35. 1
36.3
37.7
39.1 .
40.0'"
40.5
1051
105?
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
105H
1059
1060
1061
1062.
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
loflo
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
10»7
1088
1089.
1090
1091
1 092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.9
4Q.8
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.9
42.5
44.0
45.0
45.0
45.5
46.0
46.3
46.6
46-3
46.0
45.7
45.4
45.1
44.9
44.7
44.5
44.3
44.5
44.6
44.8
45.0
45.0
45.1
45.8
47.0
48.4
49.6
50.9
52.1
53.4
54.4
55.0
55.5
56.0
56.3
56.5
56.3
56.0
55.8
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105 .
1106
1107
110H
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1150
55.5
55.3
55.1
54.9
54.7
54.5
54.3
5«*. 1
53.9
53.7
53.5
53.4
-------
APPENDIX VIII.
SEC
EPA CONGESTED FRFFWAY
CONTINUED
PAGE 7 OF 7
MPH GEAR SEC MPH GEAH SEC MPH GEAR
DYNAMOMETER DRIVING SCHEDULE
SEC
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1?09
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
122?
1223
1224
1225
12?6
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
50.4
49.8
49.0
48.3
48.0
47.9
4«.0
48.3
48.3
48.3
4«.3
48.7
50.1
50.3
50.4
50.4
50.1
49.9
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.2
50.5
50.9
51.0
50.7
50.9
50.8
51 .6
52.3
53.0
53.7
54.4
54.9
55.1
55.4
56.1
5*. 3
5*. 3
56.3
56.3
56.3
5ft. 3
5ft. 0
55.7
55.2
55.0
55.0
. 55. a
55.2
1251
1252
1253
125*
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
12*8
1289
1290.'
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
l?qg
1300
55.0
54.8
54.5
54.0
53.7
53.8
53.7
53.9
54.3
54.7
55.0
55.0
54.7
54.5
54.8
54.9
55.0
55.1
55.1
55.7
56.3
56.6
56.8
56.5
5*.l
55.7
55.6
55.6
55.6
55.3
55.0
54.9
54.6
54.1
53.3
52.3
51.2
50.4
so.o
49.7
49.5
49.0
48.3
47.8
48.0
48.2
48.2
48.3
48.7
49.4
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1346
1349
1350
49.2
*9.0
49.2
49.1
49.1
49.1
<*9.6
49.9
50.3
51.1
51.9
5?. 7
53.6
54.4
54.9
55.1
55.3
55.7
56.0
56.2
S6.0
55.5
55.7
?5.7
^5.7
55.7
55.5
55.7
55.9
F6.2
56.6
56.7
56.3
56.0
56.0
55.3
55.7
?5.5
55.3
55.3
55.3
55. 3
55.2
S5.2
55.0
S4.8
54.7
54.5
54. 0
53.6
1351
13b?
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
136?
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1364
136Q
1370
1371
137?
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
138S
1386
1387
1388
1389
1190
1391
1392
1391
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
53.'
54.
54. b
54.4
54.4
54.4
54.2
54.0
53.*
53.1
53.5
53.4
53.4
53.4
53.0
51.0
48.0
45.0
42.0
39.0
36.0
32.8
29.5
26.?
22.^
19. ft
16.6
14.0
12.0
ll.o
10.0
10.0
10.0
P.H
6.7
4. ft
2.S
1.5
0.9
0.0
O.n
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
(2)
------- |