CARBON MONOXIDE
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
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CONTROL NOW-
FOR CLEAN AIR!
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CARBON MONOXIDE
A BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABSTRACTS
COMPILED BY
ANNA GROSSMAN COOPER
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS WRITER
DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION
AIR POLLUTION TECHNICAL
INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Washington, D.C. 20201
1966
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Public Health Service Publication No. 1503
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE v
INTRODUCTION viii
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LISTINGS
ANALYSIS 1
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 49
Animal, s 49
effect of acute (short term and severe) concentrations 49
effect of chronic (long term and low) concentrations 59
Humans 67
effect of acute (short term and severe) concentrations 67
effect of chronic (long term and low) concentrations 84
experimental exposures 104
Biochemistry and Biophysiology 110
Cardiac Impairment 124
Cerebral Effects 128
EEC Patterns 135
EHG Patterns 138
Lung Diffusion 142
Neurological Changes 160
Postmortem Investigations 172
Smoking 176
Tissue Chemistry 185
Vision Impairment 193
BLOOD CHEMISTRY 200
Hemoglobin 200
Method of Detection 24l
CONTROL 260
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS 270
INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES 285
SAMPLING AND NETWORK OPERATIONS 308
SOURCES 316
Aircraft Cabins, Submarines and Others 316
Diesel Engines 324
Garages and Workshops 328
Gasoline Engines • 337
Tunnels 374
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 388
Books 388
Legislation • 400
Review Papers , 408
iii
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STATE REPORTS
CITY-COUNTY BEPOKTS
INTER-STATE REPORTS
MISCELLANEOUS REFERENCES
AUTHOR INDEX 427
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX 437
United States
Foreign
GK)SSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS «
iv
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PREFACE
In screening the literature for this bibliography, the compiler became aware of
an immense wealth of papers on this subject, practically from the time combustion became
known to man. According to the legend, described by many poets, Prometheus gave fire to
man, wanning not only man's body but also his mind, kindling in it a devouring faith in
knowledge and progress. Man learned fast, and it did not take him long to discover the
adverse aspects of combustion, including the toxic properties which were exploited early
in history and not always for the best of purposes. In following the history of carbon
monoxide, one finds it entwined with the history of mankind. The interesting book of
Louis Lewin on the toxicology of carbon monoxide, for example, is also a book of
history. Carbon monoxide forms a part of volcanic gases, and the mythological gods
produced it in their forges. In ancient Rome, he who felt that there was no way left
except to "cross the bridge of death" sought its aid in the fumes of charcoal. But not
only was carbon monoxide used in suicide in antiquity, it was also used for punishment at
the time of Cicero (lo6-lt-3 B.C.).
Reference to the effect of carbon monoxide on the health of man are found in the
writings on natural history by the Greek philosopher Aristoteles, who lived in the
Third Century.
Erasistratus, a Greek physician and writer, also of the Third Century, who is
known for his theory of the pneuma as a substance vital to life, expressed his ideas on
the toxic properties of carbon monoxide in a hypothesis on causes and effects, stating
that the thinness of the air caused by carbon monoxide fumes obstructed the normal
breathing of man.
In a statement by another physician of the same Century, Caeluis Aurelianus, two
most important symptoms caused by carbon monoxide are discussed, the disturbance of
motion and the senses in general. "...It is not easy to be aware of the danger which is
effected by the oppression of the senses through turpur of carbon..."
Another scientist of that time wrote on the physiological effect of carbon mon-
oxide, in particular on the effect it has on the brain. Dr. Lewin also tells us of the
therapeutic advice given at a later date by the Arabian physician and philosopher,
Avicenna (98°-1037)j concerning paralysis caused by the toxic fumes of carbon monoxide.
Despite the advance of knowledge in the natural sciences in antiquity and the
following centuries, one encounters in western European countries in the early Eighteenth
Century a certain ignorance, at least concerning carbon monoxide. Many sudden deaths or
chronic ailments, which in those days were ascribed to the work of the devil, may have
been caused by the effect of carbon monoxide. There is a true story of an incident which
took place in 1715 in Jena, Germany, and aroused great public concern as being a work of
the devil: one student promised two farmers to share a treasure with them if they would
come with him on Christmas Night to a little hut in a vineyard where the treasure was
buried. At the stroke of midnight the student was to call the spirits to reveal to him
the secret place of the treasure. It was a cold night, and to warm themselves while
waiting for the hour of the ghosts, they kindled a wood fire inside the hut. The next
day, all three were found dead. And so the story spread, and also the myth that those
who call the devil become victims of the master of darkness. And this theory was not
believed by the simple people alone, but also by members of the medical profession. The
renowned physician Fredrich Hoffman, professor at the nearby University of Halle, felt it
necessary to dispel the ignorance expressed by his worthy colleagues by publishing a
paper about the case* He remained anonymous at first, denying the intervention of the
devil, explaining the cause and effect of carbon monoxide, and demonstrating that
"polluted vapors suppress the influx of clean air, and if man or animal has breathed this
type of polluted air, he may faint and, if not helped immediately, suffocates for lack of
air. Because the sensation is that of strangulation or like drowning in water."
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The modern world has come a long way since 1715* but not far enough in regard to
the air which surrounds us. Air pollution control engineering in the United States was
developed in 1868 and organizations demanding legislation made their voices heard, but
it was not until the First International Congress of Labor, held in Washington, D. C.,
in the fall of 1919, that delegates were asked to call the attention of their respective
governments to the steady increase in industrial CO and requested to make investigations
leading to its prevention. The rapidly increasing use of the internal combustion engine
was mentioned as one source of this toxic gas.
It is recognized today that the motor vehicle is the Nation's greatest single
source of carbon monoxide pollution. Eighty-five million motor vehicles were
registered in the United States in 1965. From every gallon of fuel turned in the
motor vehicle, three pounds of carbon monoxide (plus other pollutants) are emitted into
the air.
In March 1966, the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare approved new
standards, including standards for carbon monoxide, which will be applicable to new
motor vehicles and new motor vehicle engines (domestic and imported) "beginning with 1968
models.
With the tremendous industrial and technological advances in the United States,
we have arrived at an era where the pollution of our environment has become an important
issue.
One of the programs of the Division of Air Pollution is evaluation of the current
knowledge in regard to carbon monoxide and further research on its biological and
environmental effects and to establish criteria for the overall quality of the air in
order that we may enjoy the industrial advances of our century, and at the same time
safeguard our health and well-being.
We are living in an exciting time indeed. Today, one of man's greatest
unsatisfied desires, a desire as old as man himself—the conquest of space—seems at last
to be within his reach. However, man is a terrestrial animal and sometimes we tend to
ignore this important fact. Mian directs his efforts mostly toward the near-impossible--
thereby neglecting every-day life and necessities. What our modern man has achieved
in modern technology and will still achieve before this century is over is indeed the
near-impossible; however, with all his knowhow he is still enslaved by his environment.
This he could master, were he only to be mindful of it.
In this connection one can draw an analogy between our wonderful civilization and
the golden age of ancient Rome. Then as now it was an era teeming with technology.
Roads, aqueducts, and sewers were constructed and many of them are still in use today.
The houses of the Roman patricians were fitted with a comfort equaling our Twentieth
Century homes. Yet in spite of all their knowledge and achievements, the most
elementary sanitary precautions were disregarded. The great mass of refuse and garbage
that accumulates in a big city, including the bodies of gladiators and carcasses of
animals slaughtered in the arena games, were just dumped into open pits, where they
formed what Mumford calls a "cordon malsanitaire." The archaeologist Rodolfo Lanciani
found in his excavations about 75 pits or vaults filled with a "uniform mass of black
viscid, unctous matter," and the day he discovered the third pit he had to relieve his
gang of workmen from time to time, because the "stench from that putrid mound, turned up
after a lapse of twenty centuries, was unbearable, even to men inured to every kind of
hardship, as were my excavators."
We are appalled. However, despite our ultra-hygienic environment, sterile
hospitals, white rooms, air conditioned houses and cars, and all those sanitary and
protective modern conveniences we are blessed with, we have not the slightest qualms
about pouring daily approximately 250,000 tons of carbon monoxide, in addition to other
pollutants, from motor vehicles alone, into the atmosphere. We regard it as a vast
boundless dumping place for our aerial garbage.
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More facts and figures could be stated. However, these facts and figures should
not be our only criteria; what about the esthetics? What about the beauty of nature
to enhance our life and our well-being? The beauty of our environment is now obscured by
smog; the fresh, crisp air on a clear morning is polluted by the smell of combustion.
Will our future generations be just hibernating in air conditioned dwellings and become
oblivious to the sense of outdoor beauty? Will life offer nothing but technology and to
quote Sarton produce only "technocrats"? For some time to come we will be inhabitants
of this planet, dependent for life on the air surrounding us. With all the admiration
we have for the great technological achievements, we should be mindful also of the
every-day humdrum environment in which we live, and do all we can to make it a healthful
and beautiful place in which to live.
A. G. C.
REFERENCES
Lanciani, Rodolfo Amadeo: Ancient Rome in the Light of Recent Discoveries. Eighth
Edition. Boston, 1892.
Lewin, Louis: Die Kohlenoxydvergiftung. Ein Handbuch ftir Mediziner, Techniker, und
Unfallrichter- (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A Manual for Physicians, Engineers and
Accident Investigators.) Julius Springer, Verlag, Berlin, 1920, 370 pp.
Medizinischer Monatsspiegel. Eine Zeitschrift fttr den Arzt. (Medical Monthly Mirror.
A Journal for Physicians.) Heft 12, Dec. 1957.
Mumford, Lewis: The City in History. Its Origins, Its Transformation and Its Prospects.
Harcourt Brace and World Inc., 1961, 657 pp.
Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. Report of the Environmental Pollution Panel,
President's Science Advisory Committee. The White House, Nov. 1965, 317 PP-
Sarton, George: A Guide to the History of Science.. A First Guide for the Study of the
History of Science. With Introductory Essays on Science and Tradition. Walthara, Mass.,
Chronica Botanica, Co., 1952, 3l6 Pp.
vii
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INTRODUCTION
Although this annoted bibliography on carbon monoxide includes publications from
1880 to 1966, it represents a selection from the wealth of literature on this subject.
Many sources have been used in preparing this bibliography, including other bibio-
graphies, books, journals, and reviews on the subject. Where an abstract has been
adapted from other bibliographic sources, credit is given by adding the abbreviation of
the publication, or initials of the abstractor, at the end of that particular abstract.
(See Glossary of Abbreviations.)
The bibliography proper is arranged under subjects. Within each subject the
abstracts are arranged by first author, or by first significant word in the title, if
no author is given. Since many articles contain material on several phases of the
subject, an effort has been made to place each abstract under the most pertinent subject.
An item number at the upper left of each abstract is used for identification.
In addition to the bibliographic listing of the abstracts, the State, City-County
and Inter-State Eeports are listed separately, as well as miscellaneous references.
These entries are not numbered. The State, City-County and Inter-State Reports are
listed alphabetically by geographic name. Some are briefly annotated. "Miscellaneous
References" are listed by title.
There is a complete author index, listing all United States authors, but only two
authors of foreign publications. The authors are arranged alphabetically listing the
number of the corresponding abstract and, in parentheses, the year of publication.
Dashes and commas are used to indicate whether the author is the principal, second,
third, fourth author, etc. For example:
Larsen, R.I., 851 (1966),
-, 676 (1965), -, -, 909 (1965)
This indicates that Larsen, R.I. is the principal author of item 851, the second
of 676, and the third author of item 909.
A Geographic Location Index and Glossary of Abbreviations complete this
bibliography.
viii
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BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LISTINGS
ANALYSIS
1. Air injection has high potential. Chem. & Eng. Mews k$:k6 (May 31}
1965.
Recent work on air-injection systems shows that method has potential
for nearly eliminating, not just reducing, hydrocarbons and possible
carbon monoxide from exhausts. Gore of the system is a pump that
injects air into an autofs exhaust manifold. Du Pont, according
Dr. Cantwell, is doing work on ceramics that might be strong
enough for manifolds to make air-injection system commercial
practicable. Present manifold not durable but do cut hydrocarbon
emission to 51*- p.p.m. and carbon monoxide to 0.6%. Other tests by
General Motors show higher levels but in their opinion, also, good
potential exists for the system. - CBK
2. Adams, E.G., and Simmons, H.T.: The determination of carbon monoxide
by means of iodine pentoxide. J. Appl. Chem. (London) l(Suppl. l):
S20-SiK>, 1951.
Difficulties in the application of iodine pentoxide to the determination
of carbon monoxide in mine air, Diesel exhaust gas, coal gas, etc.,
are reviewed. Re-examination of the problems has shown that they can
readily be overcome.
The preparation of pure iodic acid and fully reactive iodine
pentoxide is discussed. A trouble-free purifying and drying train,
employing solid reagents only, for the removal of interfering gases,
is described and the effect of lower paraffinic hydrocarbons is
discussed. - Authors' Abst.
Allen, T.H., and Root, W.S.: Colorimetric determination of carbon
monoxide in air by improved palladium chloride method. J. Biol.
Chem. 216:309-317 (Sept.) 1955.
Ghristmn's method of analyzing CO in air by the reduction of Pd CCU
has been extremely improved so that it is suitable for use in physiolo-
gical experiments. With samples of less than 100 ml* it is possible
to analyze CO percentages of 9^»2, 0.03X), and even less. The accuracy
and consistency of the method are shown by recovery of 99.6$, with a
standard deviation of 2.21$. The lower-most limit -of the method, which
has not been approached, has to do with the least quantity of Pd CL^
that can be accurately measured by spectrophotometry of Pdlp solutions.-
APCA 582
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Anderson, T., and Dahlstrom, H.: A clinical method for the
determination of carbon monoxide in air. Sc. Tools (Stockholm)
5:9-11 (April) 1958.
An, objective method for determining the concentration of carbon
monoxide in air in the range 1-100 ppm. using indicator tubes
according to Shepherd is described. The sample is passed at a
constant flow through the indicator tube mounted in the
optical path of a Beckman Model-B spectrophotometer and the time
required to obtain a certain extinction value is measured. This
time is a function of the CO concentration in the sample. The
sensitivity of the method is very high and corresponds to an error
of the order of 1-6$ in the range investigated. In addition, it
has several considerable advantages over earlier methods. Once
a calibration curve has been obtained, the method is absolute and
requires no standard gas mixtures. It is completely independent
of the existing lighting conditions as veil as of the investigator's
color sense. It is easily adapted to different ranges of carbon
monoxide concentrations. Finally, a relatively small quantity of
sample gas is required even at very low CO concentrations. -
APCA 2118
5. Ayer, H.E., and Saltzman, B.E.: Note on interferences by oxides
of nitrogen with estimations of carbon monoxide in air by the NBS
indicating tubes. Araer. Indust. Hyg. Ass. J. 20:337-339 (Aug.)
1959.
Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide interference with carbon
monoxide estimations by the NBS indicating tube were investigated.
Both oxides were found to interfere seriously, the nitrogen
dioxide to a great extent, nitrogen dioxide interference can be
eliminated and nitric oxide intereference considerably reduced by
using a U-tube with solid potassium permanganate in the upstream
leg and Ascarite in the downstream leg. The U-tube is flushed with
the contaminated air, using the rubber bulb, and then connected
ahead of the indicating tube. The field determination of carbon
monoxide is then made in the usual way. No interference may be
expected from concentrations of nitrogen oxides up to 15$ of that
of carbon monoxide. If an HBS tube estimation without the U-tube
does not give a color lighter than one made with the tube, thea
nitrogen dioxide can be presumed to be within its threshold limit
of 5 ppm. The degree of interference eliminated by the tentative
method reported here was sufficient for immediate needs. -
APCA 2732
6. Beatty, R.L.: Methods for Detecting and Determining Carbon
USBM B557 (Rev. of TP582), 1955, 3^ PP.
This publication discusses the various methods now used more or
less generally for detecting and determining carbon monoxide in air
and in other gaseous mixtures, outlining briefly the reactions or
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principles upon which the methods are based, the range of
concentrations that may "be determined, and the accuracy of
determination. Other methods that are specialized in application
or that have not received general use are discussed in less detail.
References are given to pertinent original publications that
describe the methods in greater detail. Methods for detecting and
determining carbon monoxide that have been developed since this
publication first was issued by the Bureau of Mines SMTP 582:
Methods for the Detection and Determination of Carbon Monoxide,
by Berger, L.B., and Schrenk, H.H. - Author's Abst.
7. Berger, L.B., and Sehrenk, H.H.: Methods for the Detection and
Determination of Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical
Paper #582, 1938, 30 pp.
Carbon monoxide may be formed in any process involving the oxidation
or combustion of carbon-containing material, hence it occurs as a
product of many industrial and domestic processes. It may be
considered a normal product of combustion) as in automobile exhaust
gas, or an abnormal product, as in the gases from space heaters.
Contamination of the atmosphere with carbon monoxide is hazardous
to the health and safety of persons exposed to such atmospheres.
The numerous accidents caused by carbon monoxide have led to
a more general appreciation of the hazards created by this gas and
have aroused increasing interest in methods for its detection and
determination in the atmosphere. Knowledge of these methods should
promote health and safety, and they should be applicable to many
processes that are studied or controlled by gas analysis.
This publication discusses the various methods now used more
or less generally for the detection and determination of carbon
monoxide, the range of concentrations that may be determined, and
the accuracy of the determination. The reactions or principles upon
which the methods are based and the technique of operation are
described briefly. References are given to publications that describe
the methods in greater detail, but no attempt has been made to compile
a complete bibliography. - Authors' Introduction
8. Berger, L.B.: Determination of Carbon Monoxide by Absorption in
the Haldane Type of Gas-Analysis Apparatus. Bureau of Mines Kept.
Investigations Wo. 4l37, 19^7, 6 pp.
A method is described for determining small concentrations (0.2
to 0.5 percent) of carbon monoxide by absorption in a cuprous
sulfatebeta naphthol-sulfuric acid reagent, known commercially as
"cosorbent." The modifications necessary to adapt a Haldane gas-
analysis apparatus for this purpose are illustrated. Experiments
with synthetic gaseous mixtures demonstrated an accuracy and
precision of better than +0.5 percent for CO in concentrations
of 0.10 percent or more. Unsaturated hydrocarbons and hydrogen
interfere with the results to the same extent that they are soluble
in the reagent employed. A comparison of the analyses of several
samples by this absorption method and two other methods yielded
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agreement within + 0.05 percent between the various methods used.
The absorption method is quite rapid and only requires 20 ml. of
sample. - BMB 1520
Broering, L.C., Jr.: An evaluation of techniques for measuring air-
fuel ratio. Presented at the SAE Annual Meeting, Detroit, Jan. 10-
14, 1966.
Pour methods for determining air-fuel ratio by exhaust analysis are
compared. The methods selected for study are all potentially useful
with analyses of integrated samples obtained in road tests or
exhaust samples generated in the laboratory. A V-8 engine mounted
on an engine dynamometer was used to generate exhaust, from which
the air-fuel ratios were determined simultaneously by the various
methods. The air-fuel ratio of the mixture delivered to the engine
was determined by measuring directly the quantities of air and fuel
supplied. This value was compared to those obtained by the four
exhaust analysis techniques. Comparisons were made during normal
operation and during conditions of deliberate cylinder misfire to
simulate the most adverse combustion condition encountered on the
road. - Author's Abst.
10. Chass, B.L., Luche, R.G., Tow, P.S., and Shaffer, N.H.: Total air
pollution emissions in Los Angeles County. J. APCA 10:351-3^6
(Oct.) I960.
The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District conducts
extensive studies of the emissions of air contaminants into the
Los Angeles atmosphere. Results of these studies show 1500 tons
of hydrocarbons, 60 tons of aldehydes and ketones, 150 tons of
other organic gases, 100 tons of aerosols, 700 tons of oxides of
nitrogen, 550 tons of sulfur dioxide and 5^50 tons of carbon
monoxide emitted daily. These emissions are catalogued by source
and, where possible, emission factors have also been included.
Procedures used by the APCD In obtaining basic data and utilizing
these data for preparing estimates are explained. Examples are
given of survey letters and questionnaire forms. The value of
total air pollution data to an air pollution program is discussed
briefly and the APCD scheme of graphically displaying the emission
estimates is illustrated. - APCA 2822
11. Choiak, J.g Maturecf atmospheric pollution in a number of
Indust. Communities. Proceedings of the Second National Air
Pollution Symposium, May 5-6, 1952, Pasadena, Calif., pp. 6-15,
This report deals with following atmospheric contaminants
present in atmosphere of certain American communities!
suspended matter, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, the
halogens, sulfur compounds, ammonia, the oxides of nitregen,
and a group of aldehydes. Since determinations of CO, which
exists at an approximately uniform level of 0.03% (300 ppm)
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in the normal atmosphere, are not commonly made, few compara-
tive data are available. Findings are given in a table.
The gradual increase in the averages and the ranges of
concentration are shown proceeding from rural toward the more
industrialized urban areas. Seasonal variations in the
concentrations were not pronounced and are not shown. The
data for Chicago and Salt Lake City, are in good agreement
with those for Cincinnati , -AGC.
12. Cholak, J., Schafer, L*J., and Hoffer, R»F. : Besults of a five-
year investigation of air pollution in Cincinnati. AMA Arch.
Indust. tyg. & Occupat. Med. 6:31^-325 (Oct.) 1952.
Carbon monoxide was determined at selected points in Cincinnati
over 2k months during the years 19^7-1950. The method of
determination is not given in this paper. The ranges of mean
concentrations in rural areas was 0-15 ppm, mean less than 5
in residential areas 0.25 PPm* mean k ppm; in industrial and
commercial areas 0-55 PP% mean 9-5 Ppm. The mean of all sections
was 7*5 Ppm. In two downtown locations on December 19 and 20,
19^9 ji the range was 5-50 ppm and the mean 20.2 ppm. One test
result of 200 ppm was not included in the foregoing data as it
occurred "briefly when a bus stopped near the sampling site. -
PHS-BG 5676
13. Cholak, J: Measurement of air pollution. A.M. A. Arch. Indust.
Hyg. & Occupat. Med. 10:203-209 (Sept.)
Attempts to detect and measure the constituents of the atmosphere on a
comprehensive scale are of rather recent origin. Although many data are
available on certain air pollutants, procedures and equipment are lacking
for collecting and analyzing these and many other pollutants during
adverse weather conditions. Hot even a tentative appraisal of the impact
of air pollution upon community health can be obtained solely through
the determination of the qualitative and quantitative'Qoaiposition of the
atmosphere of communities, but it is evident that no satisfactory under-
standing of the matter can be achieved without fairly comprehensive
information of this type. It seems necessary threfore that this, probably
the simplest aspect of the general problem, should be investigated widely
and intensively. -Author's Sum.
Ik. Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., and Yeager, D.W.: The concentration of
ozone in the atmosphere of certain American cities. J. APCA 5:227-
248 (Feb. ) 1956.
The determination of oxldant in the atmosphere of 10 Eastern and
Midwestern American cities by the method used in the Los Angeles
area demonstrates that the concentration of oxidant, as so
determined and recorded, varies Inversely with the concentration
of sulfur dioxide present in the atmosphere. The levels of
concentration of oxidant were generally so low as not to lend
5
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themselves, through quantitatively adequate fluctuations, to
correlation with meteorologic variables.
The levels of concentration of carbon monoxide in the
atmosphere, so far as this was investigated, appeared to vary
with the density of motor traffic. The concentration during the
day generally reached its peak during the period of maximum
traffic, but on other days it remained at a uniform level (whether
high or low) throughout the entire day. The latter fact would
seem to indicate that there are highly significant sources of
carbon monoxide in the atmosphere which do not depend upon
vehicular traffic, or—what is more llkely-rthat the concentration
varies with the turbulence of the air at the site. - Authors'
Abst. Modified.
Cholak, J., Schafer, L.J., Yeager, D.W., .and Younker, W.J.: Gaseous
contaminants in the atmosphere. Arch. Indust. Health 15:198-206
(March) 1957.
The concentration of sulfur dioxide in Cincinnati varied with the
season. It was lowest during the summer when the combustion of solid
fuel was at a minimum. The level of concentration of oxidant as
recorded by the potassium iodide recorder varied inversely with the
concentration of sulfur dioxide; it was highest in the summer. The
oxidant was usually highest during the afternoon and lowest during the
night. The pattern was different from that observed in downtown
Los Angeles where the maximum concentration was generally reached near
the middle of the day. The concentration of the oxidant in Cincinnati
ranged between 0,2 and 6 pphm. The concentration of nitrogen dioxide
ranged -between 0.2 and 9.5 pphm, and was generally highest at night.
The lowest concentrations were found when the oxidant was highest.
The concentration of carbon monoxide at all periods was very near the
limit of detection of the method employed, generally below 1 ppm. The
effects of meteorological factors on the fluctuation in the four
contaminants should be determined by an extended program of monitor-
ing with continuous recording equipment* More information is needed
to establish the relationship between the fluctuations in the con-
centrations of oxidant and nitrogen dioxide in the air« Continuous
records for total nitrate and nitric oxide would be of value in
establishing the fate of the nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. -
Authors' Abst.
15. Chovin, P.: Studies of Atmospheric Pollution in the Department of
the Seine, in 1963* Municipal Laboratory Police Headquarters, Paris,
France, l$6k.
1963 test results for continuing studies in Paris, France, titled
"Carbon Monoxide," "Policemen 1963," "Seine Loop," and "Smokeless
Zones," are reported. Previous years' results are confirmed.
Surface and underground tunnel measurements of CO in air are
compared. The CO pollution level in the air vent from "considerable"
in 1962 to "serious" in 1963* 'bu'b in the first 9 months of 196*4.,
the situation reversed to that of 1962. The increase in 1963 is
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ascribed to the number of new roads and concurrent traffic increase.
CO levels in blood were examined in a CO-exposed population consisting
of industrial employees, auto drivers involved in accidents, and
individuals suffering from CO exposure. Tests for "average real
risk" of carbon monoxide absorption by individuals indicated that
the auto drivers as a group had a much higher level of carbon
monoxide in the blood than that of the rest of the population
studied, including workers exposed professionally. - CBK (from
French)
16. Christman, A.A., Block, W.D., and Schultz, J.: Determination of
carbon monoxide in air. Indust. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Edition) 9:153-156
(April 15) 1937-
A comparatively siinple procedure requiring very little special apparatus
is described for the determination of carbon monoxide in air. The
method is based primarily on the fact that palladium chloride is
reduced by carbon monoxide and the excess of palladium chloride which
is present is determined colorimetrically after addition of potassium
iodide. - Authors' Sum.
17. Cier: Detection and measurement of carbon monoxide. Rev. Corps
Santi Militaire (Paris) 14:338-352 (Sept.) 1958.
The author reviews and briefly discusses some of the various
methods for the detection and measurement of carbon monoxide.
These are grouped under the 2 headings of chemical methods and
physical methods. The chemical methods are those based on the
oxidation of CO (in the presence of metallic oxides; by anhydrous
iodine liberating iodine gas; by metallic salts), or the
formation of complexes. Physical methods involve either an
indirect (by first absorbing the gas) or a direct approach*
Several of the latter methods, such as refractometry,
interferometry, polarography, or those based on conductibility,
are not readily available in small laboratories. A practical
method based on infrared spectrography is discussed in soao detadl.
There is appended a. bibliography of 5.2 items. - APCA 2737
18. Ciuhandu, G; Photometric determination of carbon monoxide in the air.
fresenius Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 155:321-327, 1957.
A photometric process of CO determination based on gas absorption in an
alkaline silver compound solution of the p-sulfonamide-benzoate is
discussed in this paper. The silver compound is being reduced to metallic
silver which remains in colloidal distribution. The extinction of the
silversol is being measured and is proportional, according to working
prescriptions, in the area of 0.001-0.5$ CO. By wavelenghts below 500 mu
there is a considerable increase in the extinction. For this reason
incasurements are made during short periods of light. With a ZEISS -
filter £&2 the incasurement sensitivity is about doubled. The method
of CO determination is described in detail. -Author's abst. translated AGC
-------
19. Clayton, G.D., Cook, W.A., and Frederick, W.G.: A study of the
relationship of street level carbon monoxide concentrations to
traffic accidents. Amer. Indust. Hyg. Ass. 21:46-54 (Feb.) I960.
Three locations representative of different traffic situations, and
one residential, non-traffic location in Detroit were monitored for
CO level using 2 MSA Lira Infra-red Gas Analyzers and one Perkin-
ELmer Tri-non Infra-red Gas Analyzer, Model 105. Sampling sites:
1) Central Business ^strict—triangular traffic island, 50 feet to
a side, in the middle of busy intersection; 2) neighborhood Shopping
Area—inlet k feet above street at curb line; 3) Depressed Highway--
inlet k feet above street, at curb line; 4) Residential Area--back
yard of home. Results: 1) Central Business restrict--21 weeks
sampling. Range, 0-100 ppm; median, 9 ppm. 2) Neighborhood Shopping
Area—-58 weeks sampling. Range, 0-100 ppm; median, 10 ppm. 3)
Depressed Highway--27 weeks sampling. Range, 0-100 ppm; median,
8 ppm. k) Residentail Area—18 weeks. Range, 0-29 £Pm> median,
2 ppm.
CO levels in the driver's breathing zone of passenger
automobiles were also measured, using an MSA Type 45^11 carbon
monoxide indicator. Levels in the automobiles were higher than at
curb side, but were judged not physiologically significant. Range,
0-120 ppm; median, 17 ppm. Blood samples were analyzed from 237
persons involved in traffic accidents, (drivers, passengers, and
pedestrians). Only 3 had CO-hemoglobin saturation exceeding 10$,
the generally accepted threshhold for impairment of driving ability.
The conclusion is that ambient CO levels in Detroit are not
sufficient to impair driving ability.
19a. Clayton, G.D., Cook, W.A., and Fredrick, W.G.: Carbon Monoxide and
Its Relation to Traffic Accidents. Report of Research - U.S. PHS
Grant RG 5676 National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor, Michigan
(Received Feb. 1964).
Carbon monoxide is a common air pollutant in urban areas. To what
extent this gas contributed to traffic accidents was the basis for
an extensive study in Detroit, Michigan* Variations in carbon
monoxide gas concentration in the atmosphere near streets can be
partially explained by changes in meteorological and traffic
conditions. A statistical analysis has demonstrated that hourly
carbon monoxide concentration can be predicted with sufficient
accuracy using as explanatory variables traffic density, temperature
inversion, wind speed, and temperature. Variations in the effect of
traffic density were found for the several regressions fitted. The
smaller positive coefficient at the depressed highway station
suggested that because of a more rapid flow of traffic, a larger
input of traffic is needed at the margin per unit output of gas.
The larger coefficient at the neighborhood shopping and downtown
Detroit locations indicated a less significant role for the ground
turbulence variable. Large traffic density coefficient were
established at the neighborhood shopping area. The significance of
the meteorological variables on carbon monoxide concentration levels
also varied by sampling location. Although only tentative conclusions
8
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may be drawn from the downtown Detroit data, the meteorological impact
appears strongest at this station. Whatever dispersive or retentive
effect these variables may have at the other two locations, there they
appear to be of secondary importance when compared with the ground
turbulence created "by the more rapid flow of traffic. Investigators
state that downtown Detroit, with its congested traffic, taH
buildings, and slow traffic movement, has the necessary input to make
it a potential air pollution danger area. Investigators further state
that it is precisely in this part of the city additional research may
well be directed. For the present and immediately succeeding years
the current study has demonstrated that ambient carbon monoxide as an
air pollutant is not a factor in causation of motor vehicle accidents
under urban conditions comparable to those existing during the course
of this study. There are 29 tables and 26 figures. - Authors' Sum.
Jfodified-AGC
20. Colucci, J.M., and Begeioan, C.R.: The automotive contribution to
air-borne polynuclear arozaatic hydrocarbons in Detroit. J. APCA
15:113-122 (March) 1965.
The General Motors Research Laboratories and the Sloan-Kettering
Institute for Cancer Research are collaborating to determine the
contribution by automotive vehicles to the polynuclear aroiaatic
hydrocarbons in city air. San^ling of particulate zaatter at the
rate of 140 I-P/min (5000 cfm) was carried out at two heavily-
trafficked sites in Detroit and one suburban site in Warren, Michigan.
Carbon monoxide was determined continuously, and particulate Hatter
was analyzed for "tar,'1 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, lead,
vanadium, and sulfates. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in
automobile exhaust gas are assumed to be dispersed in air along with
carbon monoxide or lead from automobiles. It is further assumed that
automobiles are the sole source of carbon monoxide and lead in the
atmosphere. Concentrations of carbon monoxide and lead in exhaust
gas and in the air are utilized to estimate the percentage of
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the air attributable to
automobiles. The aean automobile contributions to benso(a)pyrene
in the air, based on lead concentrations, were 18$ at a Freeway
Interchange, 5$ in a, downtown coianercial area, and k2% in suburban
Warren. The~average concentrations of benzoCaJpyrene at the sites
were 6 ug/Kr M , 7 ug/10 M5 and 1 ug/Kr M5, respectively. Mean
contributions based on carbon monoxide concentrations were approximately
twice the levels based on lead concentrations. Benzo(a)pyrene and
benz(a)anthracene in air were not statistically related to carbon
monoxide or lead in air, but were higher in winter than in sunmer,
probably because of the higher levels of these materials emitted in
space heating combustion in winter. - Authors' Abst.
21. Connolly, J.I., Martinek, M.J., and Aeberly, J.J.: The carbon monoxide
hazard in city streets. Amer. J. Pub. Health 18:1375-1383, 1928.
An investigation was carried on in Chicago wherein 690 street-air
samples were collected and tested for carbon monoxide content. The
-------
distribution of samples by concentration brought out three type of
streets: Residential and industrial; traffic and carline; 3"ft motorcar
boulevards. The boulevards had approximately twice the air pollution
of the traffic streets, and four times that of the residential and
industrial streets. A definite correlation was found between the number
of motorcars passing at the time the sample vere collected and the
amounts of carbon monoxide found to be present. When no car was passing
for 5 minutes the carbon monoxide was as low as 0.1 part per 10,000.
Two peaks occurred daily, coinciding with the morning and evening rush
hours. The concentration for such times is enough to menace the health
of anyone exposed for several hours to such an atmosphere, particularly
if his 'activities call for deep and rapid breathing. Further studies
are required to determine the concentration of carbon monoxide in the
blood of such persons, and the presences of any injury to health. It is
recommended that idling of motors on street should be restricted to a
minimum, and it is pointed out that the whole question is one of
increasing importance.- BMB 398
22. Del Vecchio, V., D'Arca, B.} and Talenti, M.: Carbon monoxide
intoxication and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere in Rome. Nuovi
Ann. d'Igiene e Microbiol. 7:81-102, 1956.
The 1st part of this article discusses the origin of CO contamination
of the atmosphere of towns, the pathogenesis of CO poisoning, the
relation between syniptoms and concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb) and the atmospheric concentrations estimated by investigators
in various cities of the world. The chief source of CO in urban
surroundings is the presence of escape gases from motor vehicles,
estimated in proportions varying from 3-lk$, depending on the
nature of the fuel, the cylinder performance, traffic congestion,
confined spaces, etc. The affinity of CO for hemoglobin is 210
times greater than that of Og, so that only .small amounts of CO
are necessary to immobilize significant amounts of hemogolbin with
resulting decrease of Og transport by red blood corpuscles, leading
to anoxemia and asphyxia. CO also binds respiratory ferments,
interfering seriously with the oxidation-reduction mechanism, thus
adding to its asphyxiant action the inhibition of respiratory
tissue activation. Its toxic action is related essentially to the
concentration of COHb. A table is given showing the correlation
between the concentration of CO and Og in inspired air, the
duration of exposure and the condition of pulmonary ventilation.
Thus, for example, if a man with pulmonary ventilation of 9.51./
min. is exposed for 2 hours to 0.03$ CO, the $ of COHb in the
blood reaches 15,6; in 3 hours it reaches 20. The coefficient of
COHb/Hb indicates the % of Hb effectively transformed into COHb.
In man, the lethal index is 0.66, i.e., death takes place when 2/3
of Hb is fixed. In a normal person at rest, 10$ of COHb causes no
symptoms, 20$ slight headache, 32$ headache, irritability and
vertigo, 50$ mental confusion and syncope, 66$ unconsciousness and
death, if prolonged. In the 2nd part of the article, the authors
describe their own investigation of the CO concentration in the
air of Rome from tfov. l9J&-Oct. 1955; in various zones, at
different times and in varying weather conditions, using Drager's
10
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apparatus with l^Oe as the colorimetric agent. The maximum
concentration (0.015$) occurred in the Traforo del Quirinale in
cloudy veather during intense traffic. While this is not likely
to cause appreciable intoxication in the adult pursuring his ordinary
avocations, individuals doing heavy work for 1-1/2 hours may
experience initial symptoms, and in those spending a great part of
their life in places where CO is constantly present may undergo
some disturbance which may be aggravated by atmospheric contaminants.
- Kett.
23. Eel Vccchio, V.: Determination of carbon monoxide in the air.
Minerva med. (Turin) 49:1028-1048 (March 21) 1958.
Carbon monoxide is discussed as to nomenclature, physiochemical
properties, toxicity, tolerable concentrations, and methods of
measuring its concentration in the air. Some of the semi-
analytical methods of measurement in the air are listed and
discussed in detail. They fall into the 3 main groupings of:
titrlmetric, using lentose oxide; photometric, using palladium
chloride; and a method measuring the level of carboxyhemoglobin,
or COHb, in the blood. Some of the continuously or send-
continuously measuring methods are also discussed. Many
schematic drawings and photographs of the testing equipment are
included in the text, together with graphs showing the toxicity
of CO as a function of concentration and of the period of time
of exposure; the rate of saturation of hemoglobin with various
concentrations of CO in the air; and the percentage of
carboxyhemoglobin in the blood correlated with percentage of CO in „
the air, the period of exposure, and the activity of the subject.
- APCA 2823
24. Demidov, A.V., and Mokhov, L.A.: Rapid Methods for the Determination
of Harmful Gases and Vapors in the Air. Medgiz, Moscow, 1962. In:
Levine, B.S. (translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 10, 1964, 10$ pp.,
CFSTI-TT-64-11767, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Following a short discussion of the bases of the rapid methods and
of suggestions on the collecting of samples, information is given
in considerable detail on various inorganic substances and on various
organic substances in the air. The inorganic substances are: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, hydrogen peroxide (HpOp), ozone (0,),
chlorine (Clo)* hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen sulflde (llpS),
carbon bisulfide (CSQ), ammonia and aliphatic amines, arsenic hydride
or arsine (AsHg), antimonous hydride (SbHo), fluorine (Fg), sulfur
dioxide (sulfurous anhydride, or sulfur dioxide, S0o)> mercury vapor
(Hg), hydrocyanic acid (HCN), nickel tetracarbonyl [(HiCCOjg^,
carbon dioxide (C02). The organic substances are: formaldehyde
(HCOH), ethyl alcohol vapor ^HjjOH), liquid fuel vapor, phosgene
(COC12) acetylene (C^SQ}, benzene vapor, ethylene oxide (C2H40),
aniline (CgHjUH^), acetone (CHg—CO—CEj). f&ere are six appendices
11
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which give such information as volume, percent, and weight conversion
formulas and tables; tables of ready calculated factors; and specific
gravity equivalent concentrations for some acids. - APCA 7082
25. Development of a Mathematical Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide
In an Urban Area. Report of research on carbon monoxide and its
relation to traffic accidents. National Sanitation Foundation,
Ann Arbor, Mich, (received Feb. 17, 1964), U.S. PHS R.G. 5678.
Carbon monoxide is a common air pollutant in urban areas* A major
objective of this study was the statistical estimation of the,
parameters of those variables which influence atmospheric carbon
monoxide concentration.
It is known that variations in carbon monoxide gas
concentration in the atmosphere near streets can be partially
explained by changes in meteorological and traffic conditions.
Although traffic density is the major contribution variable,
meteorological factors such as wind speed, tenrperature, temperature
inversion, and wind direction must be. considered because of their
relentive and dispersive effect on gases. However, no one, to the
knowledge of the investigators, has attempted statistically to
assess the quantitative importance of these variables, or to test
the efficacy of a postulated mathematical model in .explaining carbon
monoxide variability in the atmosphere.
A statistical experiment was designed and executed in the
city of Detroit. Statistical analysis has demonstrated that
hourly carbon monoxide concentration can be predicted with
sufficient accuracy using as explanatory variables traffic density,
temperature inversion, wind speed, and temperature. There is
evidence to Indicate that the impact of these variables differs
by sampling location* The significance of the meteorological
variables on carbon monoxide concentration levels also varies
by sampling location.
This study illustrates idle complementarity and importance
of careful experimental design and proper statistical analysis.
There are 29 tables, 26 figures and an annotated bibliography.
AGC
26. Dubois, L., and Monkman, J.L.: The analysis of carbon monoxide in
urban air at the PPM level and the normal carbon monoxide value.
J. APCA 16:135-139 (March) 1966.
Present methods for the determination of carbon monoxide are discussed
including indicator tubes, the iodine pentoxide reaction and
measurement by gas chromatography. In the gas chromatographic
method an air sample is separated on a gas-solid chromatographic
column and the separated CO is converted to methane by hydrogenation
at elevated temperature. The separated CO, in the form of methane,
is passed into a hydrogen flame detector and measured. The
conversion from CO to methane allows the use of a sensitive ionization
detector in place of the thermal conductivity cell which is
12
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insufficiently sensitive for the measurement of trace amounts of CO.
The optimum operating conditions are discussed. It is possible to
determine 1 ppm. CO in air. The iodine pentoxide reaction with CO
has been combined with electrometric measurement. The iodine liberated
is passed into a Ditte cell and the current generated is measured by
an electrometer-recorder combination. This method is continuously
direct reading with a permanent record. It is suitable for the
continuous routine analysis of 1 ppm. CO. - Authors' Abst.
27. Brawin, H.W.: Mass spectrometric analysis of auto exhaust and air
pollutants. Autoiaobiltechnische Zeitung 62:104-109, 1960.
With an electric or magnetic field arrangement mass spectrometry
permits the separation of ions in space and time, according to
their ratio of mass to electric charge. The substance to be investigated
has to be put into the ion sources in the form of gas or vapor. The
ion streams, in proportion with the concentrations of the components,
are measured by oscillagraphy* When investigating auto exhaust it
can be directed through a pipe line to the mass spectrometer. It is to
be observed that the condensating components (approximately 15$) are
not lost to the analysis because this would falsify the results. The
usual instruments are to be equipped with reheat devices up to l80°C,
auxiliary attachments even up to 350°C. By other methods of sampling
an evacuated glass flask can be used. Mass spectrometry is also suitable
for the analysis of other air pollutants. - AGC
28, Dunlap, R.: Carbon monoxide the silent killer. Today's Health (Wov.)
1961, pp. 26-27, 67-68, and 71-72.
Every year motor vehicles pour out 169,600,000,000 pounds of CO into
the air of American cities. The share of each urban dweller amounts to
some 30 pounds of the deadly gas every 2k hrs. By 1970 an expected 100
million vehicles will be traveling some trillion miles a year and the
possible environmental danger from CO will have to be controlled. CO
has a remarkable affinity for red blood cells. It is absorbed by them
250 times as fast as oxygen. The gas unites with the hemoglobin and
keeps it from carrying oxygen to the tissues. This means that even a
seemingly inconsequential .02 percent CO can be lethal. Tobacco
smoking also increases the level of CO in the blood. Police files show
that every year 600 lives are lost due to carbon monoxide in the United
States. It is also assumed that this colorless, tasteless, nonirritating,
and odorless poison gas is a contributing factor to a high percentage of
approximately 180,000 highway accidents caused annually by drivers who
black out or fall asleep at the wheel. Concern is expressed about the
level of CO poisoning that may be encountered by a motorist smoking a
cigarette. Studies conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service's
Division of Air Pollution and such by other authorities are discussed
to alert the public to the danger of carbon monoxide. -AGC
13
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29 • Edell, G.M.: Determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in
air. (Abstract of Thesis, Syracuse Univ.) Indust. Eng. Chem. 20:
275 (March) 1928.
It seemed desirable to test air for smaller concentrations of carbon
monoxide than had previously been reported. Oxidation by means of
iodine pentoxide was selected as the most accurate method in use.
Several test analyses were made from each of four different
concentrations of carbon monoxide in air, using an apparatus modeled
after Graham's portable type with the bromine tube omitted. One-
liter samples of the two more concentrated mixtures and 3-liter
samples of the dilute mixtures were used. :
It was found that only the purest iodine pentoxide should be
used. Even then there was a constant, though small, liberation of
iodine when pure air was drawn through the tubej the rate of
decomposition, however, was nearly uniform. It had to be determined
and corrections made in computing the results of the analyses. One
tube filled with an inferior grade of iodine pentoxide gave untrust-
worthy results due to a high and uneven rate of decomposition.
Water displacement of the gas sample from the reservoir and sampling
bulb gave results fully as accurate as vacuum displacement.
No. of
Deter-
mina-
tions
6
4
5
7
Analytical Results
Carbon Monoxide
Computed Determined
Per Cent Per Cent
Deviation of Determined Per-
centages from Computed
Average Maximum Minimum
Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent
0.0575
0.0094
0.0018
0.0008
0.0599
0.0109
0.0027
0.0011
+0.0024
+0.0015
+0.0009
+0.0003
+0.0031
+0.0023
+0.0020
+0.0008
+0.0010
+0.000?
+0.0001
+0.0001
The excellent checks obtained on the work of other investigators
and the accuracy of determinations on still more dilute concentrations
mark the method as one having greater refinement than is generally
known, and one whose limit of usefulness has not yet been determined.
- Author's Abst.
30.
Effenberger, 1.: Carbon monoxide and its importance in hygiene*
Med. Meteorolog. Hefte No. 12, 1957? PP- 128.
Author discusses in this reference work, besides general data, the
problem of carbon monoxide with special consideration of the
quantitative method of analysis of atmospheric and industrial air
and in the blood. Small, amounts of CO in the air are being generally
analysed by the J/,0 5-method. According to the method by Hschingen,
with minor changes by the author, which is described, it is possible
to determine 0.001 Vol.-$ of CO. Exact determination of CO
quantities below 0.001 Vol.-# are still very difficult to obtain.
The most sensitive methods at this time, the iodine and the COHb
methods, are also only 7 to 10$ accurate. The method for the
determination of CO in the blood by Wolff is described and considered
14
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by the author to "be the most simple and a more reliable procedure
than the standard salt solution method. It also has the advantage
that the color comparison can be performed independently of wave
length of light and also of the color of serum. The accuracy of
measurement increased to 3-5$. An extensive bibliography completes
this volume. - AGC
31. Evans, R.H., and Davenport, J.E.: Analysis of combustibles in flue
gas. Indust. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.) 7:17^-178 (May 15) 1935-
A laboratory procedure for flue-gas analysis, designed to estimate
the loss due to incomplete combustion, is described, including a
comparison of the results of field and laboratory procedures of flue-
gas analysis from a recent efficiency test on a modern steam-generating
unit. A laboratory apparatus which, employing a synthetic flue gas,
is capable of measuring this loss directly is also described. -
Authors1 Abst.
32. Evreux, R.: Green spaces in Rouen. Current status and prospects.
Rev. ^rg. Med. Soc. (Paris) 11:243-2^8 (April-May) 1963.
A study was made of the green spaces of Rouen and its suburbs. In
this area the demographic growth is very high, the economic activity
intense, and the atmospheric pollution sometimes reaches an alarming
rate. The levels of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere of the arterial
streets in the center of the city are similar to those of Paris. The
levels of dust, strong acids, and fumes are, also high, with conditions
being much more severe during the winter. In 1939 the green spaces
represented only 1/lVf of the total area of Rouen and its suburbs. Big
improvements have been made during recent years but the area of the
planted space should be doubled if the needs of the town are to be
completely satisfied. Different plans have been proposed to accom-
plish this. - APCA 5732
33. Farre-Rius, F., and Guiochon, G.: Rapid analysis by gas phase
chromatography. Separation of a mixture of oxygen, nitrogen, methane,
and carbon monoxide. J. Chromatog, (Amsterdam) 13:382-390 (Feb.) 196^.
By careful preparation of molecular sieve 5 A powder, it is possible
to obtain much more efficient and permeable columns than were
previously available. With such columns a mixture of Op, Mg, CHlj.,
and CO can be resolved in less than 15 seconds. - APCA 6366
3^. Fassina, L: Fighting the toxic gases of the atmosphere. China, et
lad. (Part*) 84:529-531 (0£t.) I960.
An attempt was made to perfect a chemical catalytic system for the
oxidation of toxic carbon monoxide with the resulting formation of the
more-or-less harmless compound, carbon dioxide. This was done during
15
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tne combustion of petrol or gas-oil and air vapors in the cylinders of
the engines of operating vehicles. The device employed the use of
Mn02, to form, in the presence of moisture, the compound Mn(OH)?0.
This latter form combines with the CO to produce C02 and the unstable
compound Mh(OH)2, which spontaneously absorbs oxygen from the air
and again forms Mn(OH)20. - APCA 3958
35. Field, P., and McGuire, J.K.: The need for more meaningful
meteorological and air quality observations for mortality and
morbidity studies. In: Air Over Cities. Symposium, SEC TR
A62-5, USPHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1962, CFSTI PB-167 552, pp. 277-290.
Author expresses in this paper the need for more knowledge on the
interaction between pollutants in the atmosphere and between
pollutants and weather elements. Observational and experimental
evidence indicates that the toxic effect of CO, a pollutant, is
enhanced by higher temperature, a meteorological element. In order -
to study more specific forms of illness, further investigation is
needed to ascertain the role played "by weather in transforming or
altering pollutants in the photochemical reactions, in the absorption
of gases and vapors on particulate material, and in catalytic
oxidation and other chemical and physical changes. - AGC
36. Florentin, D.: On the composition of the air in the streets of Paris.
Compt. rend., Acad. Sc. 185:1538-1541,^1928.
The observations by Florentin relate to the presence of CO and CO,,. The
former was estimated by the "blood method" described by himself and
Vandenberghe. The air in those streets where there is much motor traffic
shows slight increases in C0» content and notable increases of CO content;
the amount depends upon atmospheric conditions, an increase from less
than 0.01 liter per cubic meter up to as much as 0,045 liter in still
weather being observed at times. The increase is greatest at ground
level and does not extend to the third floor (troisieme etage). Air for
ventilation systems should be drawn from this level. The air in the
suburbs is much less polluted than that in the center of Paris. A table
shows the result of 27 analyses. - BMB 395
37. Flynn, N.E., and Grouse, W.R.: Carbon monoxide emissions in the
Bay Area - 1963. Bay Area APCD, San Francisco, Calif., 18 pp.
Total emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) in the Bay Area Air Pollution
Control District for 1963 are estimated at 6500 tons per day.
Table 1 contains a summation of emissions of carbon monoxide by
general source categories.
Transportation is the major category of carbon monoxide
emissions at ty?60 tons per day and accounts for 76% of all carbon
monoxide emissions. Incineration comprises the largest stationary
sources of carbon monoxide emissions at 660 tons per day or kyfr of
stationary sources. Petroleum refinery operations contribute
16
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tons per day, mainly from one fluid catalytic cracker. Agricultural
burning is estimated at 470 tons per day.
Average concentration levels of carbon monoxide in the Bay
Area range from 2 to 15 ppm (1963) with peaks as high as 49 ppm
recorded (1958). The trend in carbon monoxide emissions has been
increasing in Los Angeles at the rate of approximately 1 ppm per
year. - Authors' Sum.
38. Georgii, H. W., and Weber, E.: Investigation of carbon monoxide
emission in a large city. Internat. J. Air & Water Poll. 6:179-195
(May-Aug.) 1962.
This paper discusses continuous records of the carbon monoxide con-
centration of the air gained at different sampling stations with
different traffic intensity in the city of Frankfurt, Ger. The
method applied for these measurements was nondispersive ultrared-
spectroscopy. The diurnal trend of the CO concentration is mainly
influenced by the fluctuation of the traffic during the day. The
absolute CO values found are primarily determined by wind velocity,
wind direction, and traffic density. The results show that a wind
velocity of 3 m./s. or more lead to an efficient dispersion of the
automobile exhaust gases within the streets. The investigations
show that the automobiles are the only important source of CO in
the city, and they are supplemented by measurements in 1 of the
recently constructed parking garages and finally deal with pre-
liminary results of the vertical distribution of CO above the streets.
- APCA 4893.
39, Giuliani. V., and Belli, R.: Carbon monoxide. Presence in the air of
cities and the possibility of poisoning. Folia Med. (Naples) 38:238-248,
1955.
The carbon monoxide in the air of streets, squares, tunnels, and places
with heavy traffic, in industrial zones, and in the periphery of Naples
was studied. Toxic concentrations vere not observed. Persons exposed
occupationally for many hours to the highest concentrations showed a
carbon monoxide content in the blood within physiological limits
and no case of poisoning is on record, - APCA 701
40. Goldsmith, J.R.: Recurrent carbon monoxide exposure. Presented
at the Western Indust. Ifcrg. Conf., San Francisco, Calif., Oct. 7»
I960.
Field investigations, methods applied, and some preliminary results
are presented in this paper. Means to introduce a very rapid,
simple, and sensitive way of studying CO exposures were established.
Using this method, values in equilibrated expired air greater than
ten parts per million more than ambient should be considered as
evidence of some carbon monoxide, source, either occupational, from
inhalation of cigarette smoke, from community air pollution, or
17
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from hemoglobin breakdown. The use of this test procedure for
screening purposes should facilitate the study of recurrent carbon
monoxide exposure. - Author's ana.
Goldsmith, J.R. : Some epidemiologies! problems of community carbon
monoxide exposures. Presented at the Air Pollution Research
Conference, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. k-J, 1961.
The agent, carbon monoxide, was shown to fluctuate over time and
place. This is a major factor in effects of exposures of human
populations.
The patterns of population exposure must include the exposure
of cigarette smokers, of those subjected to community air pollution,
those with exposures to motor vehicle exhaust during commuting,
and those with occupational exposure, to carbon monoxide. A'
reasonable division of the population in a community was shown to
consist of six different categories. Another important population
variable consists of those usually sensitive to impaired oxygen
transport because of age or medical status.
The mechanism of action is predominantly the impairment of
the oxygen transport function of the blood. Other possible
mechanisms were discussed.
A mathematical approach for predicting the time course of
carboxyhemoglobin, given the temporal fluctuation of carbon monoxide,
was derived. These mathematical expressions required some simpli-
fying assumptions. The expressions were used to develop a computer
program, and with a simulated set of sinusoidal exposure data* the
expected carboxyhemoglobin was calculated, using, a method of
interative integration.
The possible synergistic effect of other pollutants was
reviewed. - Author's Sum.
Goldsmith, J.R.: Effects of air pollution on man. Connecticut Med.
27:455-464 (Aug.) 1963.
Community air pollution has been lethal in the disasters of Dpnora and
London and possibly in the New York metropolitan area. Community air
pollution is capable of causing acute illness and interference with
important bodily function. In addition to its obvious irritating effects,
some pollutants such as carbon monoxide produce a subtle impairment of the
body's reserve for the transmission of oxygen to the living cell. Com-
munity air pollution is suspected as one of the causes of chronic lung
disease and lung cancer. So far in the United States it has not been
proven to produce these chronic conditions, but it has been shown to do
so in England. Community air pollution can be very irritating, can
interfere with visibility and produce property damage.
Medical judgment has much to do with the control of air pollution
and the prevention of further pollution. - Author's Sum.
18
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43. Goldsmith, J.R., Terzaghi, J., and Hackney, J.D.: Evaluation of
fluctuating carbon monoxide exposures. Arch of Environ. Health
7:647-663 (Dec.) 1963.
The patterns of population exposure must include exposure of
cigarette smokers, of those subjected to community air pollution,
those with exposures to motor vehicle exhaust during commuting, and
those with occupational exposure to carbon monoxide. Combinations
of these exposures were reduced to 6 typical daily routines which
approximated the exposures usually encountered by the population.
Estimated exposure of automobile commuter is about 35 PPm* twice
normal downtown peak, for duration of trip. Estimated exposure of
cigarette smoker is 475 ppm for 6 minutes smoking time per
cigarette. - LEPS
44. Goldsmith, J.R.: Uses of medical and epideirdological research ii_
the control and prevention of air pollution. Proc. Royal Soc. Med.
57(Part 2):1034-1040 (Oct.) 1964.
Control by local agencies of visible smoke, odor, and soiling is
usually carried out without specific reference to medical or
epidemiological research. Systematic atmospheric monitoring usually
raises questions about the effects on health of exposure to specific
pollutants. While medical and epidemiological data from exposures
to sources other than community air pollution may provide specific
answers, quantitative relationships cannot usually be derived.
Medical and epidemiological research is needed to assess the effects
of air pollution on health. While the questions may originally be
asked in terms of mortality and morbidity rates, the most valid
OEjavars are likely to be in terms of sensory irritation, interference
with function, or impairment of visibility. With such information,
valid air quality criteria and standards may be defined and used as
a basis for regulating the emission of existing pollutants and for
planning. In. California., air quality standards for oxidant and for
carbon monoxide have been used as a basis for control of motor vehicle
emissions. Air conservation is a recent concept which is partly
dependent on medical and epidemiological research. It emphasizes
the need to apply existing knowledge to planning for urban land use,
transportation, industrial development and use of fuel and power so
that air pollution may be prevented. Epidemiological studies of
the chronic effects of air pollution in the United States have been
more complicated than in the United Kingdom because of population
mobility and changing patterns of e:rposure to pollution. Estimations
of individual exposure to carbon monoxide are now practical and
investigations on other pollutants are being undertaken. Many of
these problems are reflected in the differing points of view concerning
use of sulphur-containing fuels for thermal power generating stations
in Los Angeles. Recent pollution in Los Angeles has not been shown
to have long-term effects; if such effects were seen they would
represent a sericus failure to use available medical and epidemiological
information to protect the public health. - APCA 64-290
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^5* Baldane, J. : A method of detecting and estimating carbonic oxide in
air. J. Physiol. 18:^63-^69, 1895-
In view of the very poisonous nature of carbonic oxide, and the
comparative frequency with which cases of poisoning "by this gas occur,
much attention has "oeen given to its detection and estimation. No
satisfactory method has hitherto been described, however, for determin-
ing very small, "but still more or less poisonous, percentages of
carbonic oxide in air. There is special difficulty when, as almost
always happens, marsh-gas or other hydrocarbons are present along with
the carbonic oxide.
The method described in this paper is very simple, and depends
on the fact that when a haemoglobin solution is well shaken with air
containing carbonic oxide the proportion of the haemoglobin, which
finally combines with the carbonic oxide, varies with the percentages
of carbonic oxide present in the air. By determining colorimetricaHy
the proportion of the haemoglobin which has combined with the carbonic
oxide it is thus possible to infer the percentage of carbonic oxide
present in the air.
k6. Hamming, W.J., MacPhee, PUD. , and Taylor, J.R. : Contaminant
concentrations in the atmosphere of Los Angeles County. J. APCA
10:7-16 (Feb.) I960.
The carbon monoxide concentrations are recorded by means of
nondispersing infrared analyzers. Monthly average values plotted
for the years 1955 through 1958 showed 3 to 12 ppm as the Basin
averages and k to 13 ppm for downtown sampling stations. The
trend was from an average of 5 Ppm in 1955 to 8 ppm for the first
half of 1958 for the Basin averages and 6 ppm to 9 ppm for this
time range of downtown stations. A graph of diurnal variations in
the Basin average for December 1957 showed a range of 6 ppm to
Ik ppm. - PHS-B& 5676 (APCA
Hechter, H.H. » and Goldsmith, J»R. : Air pollution and daily
mortality. Amer, J. Med, Sci. 241:581-588 (May) 1961.
Analysis has been made of the relationship between various environmental
factors and daily cardiac and respiratory deaths in Los Angeles County
from 1956 to 1958. It was found that the variables, when studied over
time, exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern plus some irregular oscilla-
tions. The seasonal component from each series was isolated and removed
by the techniques of harmonic analysis. A correlation analysis,
adjusting for the autocorrelation remaining in the residuals ,- indicated
that changes in the daily air pollution level, as measured by the
oxidant and carbon monoxide concentration, exerted no detectable
influence upon the day-to-day mortality pattern. Carbon monoxide levels
were found to range from about 7 to 22 ppm. and oxidant from 4 to 21
pphm. It is emphasized that these findings, which deal only with the
acute terminal response of man to variations in the daily air pollution
level, do not mitigate the importance of air pollution as a possible
menace to the health and well-being of man. - APCA 3847
20
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48. Heller, A.M., and Walters, D.F.: Intact of changing patterns of
energy use on community air quality. J. APCA 15:423-428 (Sept.)
1965.
The air quality of an urban area depends to a great extent upon the
quantity and type of fuel consumed. Thus, a marked change in energy
demand from I960 to 2000 A.t>. will affect the air quality of all
of our urban centers. Interwoven with this potential effect is the
anticipated influence of the change in type and quality of fuels,
e.g., nuclear fuels, high sulfur coals, and a major modification
in energy derived motive power, i.e., fuel cells, and the subsequent
depletion -of natural gas as an energy raw material. The current
trend is to greater urban population densities, and it is estimated
that by the year 2000 A.D,, 85 percent of America's population will
live on 'only 10 percent of the land mass. To assess the potential
impact of the energy demands for the next half century on air quality,
particularly of America's urban centers, a review of current practices
of combustion of coal, petroleum, and natural gas, and the potential
effect on community air quality will be developed. To meet the
impact of the interrelated changing patterns of population growth,
urban developments, energy requirements and available sources, research
needs on both a short and long term basis will be explored. -
Authors' Abst.
49. Hettche, H,0.: Comparing views on the burden of soot and carbon
compounds in the air of the Federal Republic and other countries.
Staub 23:136-140 (March) 1963.
Hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide at present hardly represent a
hazard if small groups, such as for example, the neighbours of
treatment plants or motor drivers working continuously in large
towns, are Ignored. The situation is different with respect to the
burden placed on large sections of the population by soot and its
two adsorbates - sulphuric acid and benzpyrene. In larger towns,
therefore, an attempt must be made to employ only low-soot
combustion of low-sulphur fuel. (English Summary)
50. Hi slop, H.J.: The air we breathe. J. Amer, Physical Therapy Ass.
1*4:970 (Nov.) 1964.
The air we breathe is being constantly polluted by automobile exhaust,
wastes from Industrial plants, smoke, and more recently by
contaminants from modern weaponry. Air pollution Is affecting not
only human health but animal and plant existence as well. At a
recent forum of the Ifetional Health Council it was clearly pointed
out that, the rapid pollution growth and the increase of urban
living has created much of the problem. Two-thirds of the
population of the U.S.A. will live in 185 metropolitan areas by
1975. It has been pointed out that the rise in mortality from
chronic obstructive ventilatory disease has come much more rapidly
than the mortality from carcinoma of the lung. Correlation of
21
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this fact with air pollution will probably be forthcoming, Other
facts that have emerged from numerous investigations raise many
questions, The increase in air pollution presents a real as well
as a potential hazard to life and property. As in other areas of
public health, this problem calls for awareness of the individual
citizen and guidance by responsible and informed leaders. The
physical therapist can serve his community by becoming informed of
the local problem, assisting the local health authorities to
enforce local remedies, and by demanding action from lethargic
governments. Jfost important, perhaps, is to ensure that adequate
public policies on the problem of air pollution are developed. -
APCA 6V187
51. Hottel, E.G., Williams, G.C.,Nerheim, N.M., and Schneider, G.R. :
Kinetic studies in stirred reactors: Combustion of carbon
monoxide and propane. Tenth Internat. Symposium on Combustion
at Cambridge, England, Aug. 1964. The Combustion Inst., Pitts-
burgh, Pa., i486 pp., 1965, pp. 111-121.
The burning rates of carbon monoxide and of propane premixed
with oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor in various proportions
were measured over ranges of equivalence ratios and pressures.
Burning rates were determined from metered flow rates and
analysis of reactor products. The "burning rate of carbon
monoxide g moles/ml (sec) can be expressed as
= 12 X 1010 exp (-l6,000/RT}/o20'3!:CO/^2o0*5(P/RT)1*8
(T in °K, P in atm, / = mole fraction in reactor ); that of
propane'..as
Nco2 = 2.9 X 1010 exp (-1
A kinetic mechanism is proposed which fits the data for CO with
rate constants consistent with literature values. It calls for
the rate -limiting step
CO + OH ~> COg + H,
equilibrium for the following reactions:
OH H- H2 = H20 + H
H + 02 = OH + 0
0 4- H2 = OH + H
and a three-body chain terminating step.
The mechanism proposed for propane combustion involves in
addition the very fast reaction of propane to CO and HgO at the
expense of OH, 0, and H. - Authors' Abst.
52. The investigation of atmospheric pollution. Depart, of Scientific
and Industrial Res. Fuel Res. London, 1957-
This publication has been prepared at the Juel Research Station to
assist those who are interested in the measurement of atmospheric
22
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pollution. It describes the investigation of atmospheric pollution,
a scheme in which local authorities, Government Departments, industrial
organizations, and others, co-operate for the study of pollution
and its prevention. It also contains an account of the methods
recommended for making systematic measurements of pollution,
consistent with a scientific interpretation of the results. -
Authors' Sum.
53- Jacobs, M.B., and Greenburg, L.: Air pollution sources. Air Condit. Heat.
8s Vent. 52:lto-ll|£ (Nov.) 1955.
The results of a 2-year study on air pollution in New York City was
given in MLnneopolis, at the National Meeting of the American Chemi-
cal Society. Although soot has decreased, more domestic incinerators
are being used. An increase in consumption of fuel oil and wider "use
of vehicles powered by gasoline and diesel fuel indicated that more
pollutants were being put into the atmosphere as exhaust gases. - APCA
5^- Jacobs, M*B*, Braverman, M.M,, and Hochheiser, S.: Continuous
determination of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in air by a modified
infrared analyzer. J. APCA 9:110-11^ (Aug.) 1959•
By increase of length of the sample tube and by increase of the
pressure o-sampling of the Lira-type infrared analyzer, the
sensitivity of this instrument was increased sufficiently so that
it could be used for the direct measurement of carbon monoxide in
the ranges of 0 to 20 ppm and 0 to 50 PPm and of hydrocarbons such
as hexane in the ranges of 0 to 5 PP& and 0 to 10 ppm. The
elimination of the interference of water vapor attributable to its
absorption in the infrared by saturating the air stream with water
vapor adjusting the controls has made the instrument suitable for
continuous determination of air contaminants in the ppm range. -
Authors' Sum.
55. Jeney, E., Szendrey, S., and David, E.: Examination of air
pollution with microbiological methods, the accelerative effect
of CO on fermentation. Its influence on Pasteur's reaction.
Ifeeszsegtudomany (Budapest) 3:Wi~58, 1959-
The effects of S02, KDH, and CO on the alcoholic fermentation
caused by bakers' yeast (S. cerevisiae) in a glucose medium were
studied. The effects were mainly compared by measurement of the
COo production. Sulfur dioxide and KCN reduced the production of
gas in direct relation to their respective amounts. Carbon
monoxide caused an acceleration of the fermentation; therefore,
this method for the demonstration of CO can be used only when
no other impurities are present in the air. The method may be
used for demonstrating SOg, KEB, and other impurities in the air
if the CO is removed from the rinsing fluid in the impurities in
the icpinger "by physical m««ns. Ihe method can be of value for
23
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the demonstration of impurities in the air, especially those of
unknown origin. The results of the examinations were supported by
measurement of the "fermentation energy" by Meissel's method,
using fermentation experiments with greater amounts of glucose in
test tubes. The amount of gas generated was measured with eudio-
meters; the amount of heat developed was measured with micro-
calorimetrtc methods. After recognizing the accelerative effect of
CO, the authors consider the question of "endogenous" or "essential"
carboxaemia on the basis of studies in the literature. - APCA 33^2
56. Jones, G.W., Yant, W.P., and Berger, L.B.: Carbon-Monoxide Hazards
from Tobacco Smoke. USBM, No. 2539 (Oct.) 1923, 6 pp.
The Bureau of Mines is interested in the general question of carbon-
monoxide hazards from tobacco smoke, mainly with regard to mine
ventilation. In non-gaseous mines, especially metal mines, the question
arises, whether, if groups of miners are permitted to smoke while
working at unventilated faces or entries, would the accumulation of
tobacco smoke in these places create any additional hazards due to
carbon-monoxide poisoning. The results should, in addition, be of
general interest in connection with ventilation of building and
inclosed places where people may be assembled and smoking is permitted.
The investigation described in this report was made with the above
idea in view. - Brom Text-AGC
57• Kanter, C.V., and Lunche, R.G.: Emissions and pollutant, levels.
Trends in Los Angeles. Arch. Environ. Health 8:5-1^ (Jan.) 1964.
The concentration of a contaminant in the atmosphere at a given time
and place is the result of factors which include the rate of injection
into the atmosphere, formation or destruction by chemical interaction,
and dilution and transport by air movement. Averages of the trend of
particulate matter observed at 4 locations, and sulfur dioxide at 5
locations in the Los Angeles Basin are shown. In L. A. total air
pollution surveys and air monitoring activities have provided for under-
standing of the basic causes of the smog problem, and guiding actions
which have slowed the advance of smog. Of the major contaminants
discussed, only sulfur dioxide, which is not significantly affected
by motor vehicle emissions, has regressed. APCA 579^.
58. Kaskan, W.E.: The source of the continuum in carbon monoxide-
hydrogen-air flames. Combustion and Hame (London) 3:39-60
(March) 1959.
The source of the continuum from flames containing carbon monoxide
and oxygen has been investigated by measuring both the emission
intensity and OH in the flame gases from rich carbon monoxide-
hydrogen-air flames. The concentrations of carbon monoxide are
calculated from the water gas equilibrium and those of oxygen
atoms are calculated from the measured OH. It is shown that the
2k
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light-producing step involves a reaction "between a carbon monoxide
mol. and an oxygen atom with a rate constant of 2,7 x 10"^ cnu
sec. In the range of conditions employed tus continuum amounts to
about 95$ of the radiation. The rate of decay of radicals is not
much affected by the presence of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
- APCA 2^06
59• Katz, M., Riberdy, R., and Grant, G.A.: The oxidation of carbon monoxide
by solid silver permanganate reagents. Canadian J. Chem. 3^:1719-1729*
The temperature dependence of the rate constant, k, in the heterogeneous
oxidation of carbon monoxide on the surface of silver permanganate--zinc
oxide, indicates that in the temperature range of about 11° to 4o°C.,
the process is subject to diffusion or transport control and the experi-
mental activation energy is lA to 1.9 kcal. per mole. In the range of
11° to -3°C. the rate of the surface chemical reaction decreases with a
corresponding increase in activation energy to 15 kcal. in this transition
stage. At lower temperatures the system is subject to chemical control
and E rises to about 27 kcal.
Four adsorption isotherms for water vapor on this reagent have been
obtained in the range of -10° to 20°C. The isotherms are sigmoid and
indicative of Type II adsorption.
The mechanism of this heterogeneous reaction is discussed on the
basis of several possibilities for providing oxygen ions in the electron-
ion exchange step of the over-all reaction. -Authors' abst.
59a» Kerr, J.A., and Calvert, J.G,: The formation and decomposition
reactions of the acetyl radical and the heat of formation of the
acetyl radical. Fhys. CJhem. 69:1022-1029 (ilarch) 1965.
The 3660-A. photolyses of azomethane in the presence of either
carbon monoxide or acetaldehyde have been investigated, and the
formation and decomposition reactions of the acetyl radical have
been shown to be dependent on the over-all pressure in the system.
The activation energies obtained for the decoiqposition and formation
reactions of the acetyl radical are consistent with recent results
of O'Beal and Benson. A combination of the present results and
recent independent estimates gives AHf°(CHoCO) = -k- + 2 kcal./mole.
Results on the reaction (8) CH^ + CH^CHO —> City. + CHqCO have been
obtained from the azomethane-acetalclehyde system and together with
three other .determinations yield the Arrhenius equation: kg =
cc./mole-sec. The approximate rate constant for the
reaction (10) CS-, + (CHo^^ —^ (CHa^NNCHo was derived from the
data: kin = 10-1-*-*7e"'7-l/KI? cc./uole-sec. - Authors' Abst.
60. KLrsberg, V.A., and Belozovskii, A. B.: A method for purifying a
g-as-air oixture of carbon monoxide. Biul Izobret. (Moscow)
22:27-28; 1961.
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A method is discussed for purifying a gas-air mixture of carbon
monoxide "by oxidizing the latter on a hopcalite calalyst. The
distinctive feature is that, for the purpose of increasing the
degree of oxidation and accelerating the process involved* the
gas-air mixture is subjected to the action of ultraviolet rays prior
to being fed to the catalyst. - APCA 4600.
61. Korth, W.; Dynamic irradiatioa chamber t*sts of automotive exhaust.
PHS No. 999-AP-5 U.S.D.H.E.W., PHS, Div. of Air Pollution, Cincinnati,
Ohio. (HOV.) 1963 - 54 page*.
As part of an intensive study by government and private agencies the
U. S. PHS has built an irradiation chamber facility for investigation
of irradiated auto exhaust tinder mixing conditions similar to those
in the atmosphere. The facility consists of a. programed continuous-
cycling chassis dynamometer, an exhaust Ailution-air purification system,
2 irradiation chambers, arnJ exposure facilities for evaluation of
bacteria kill, plant damage, and various effects aa small animals*
Of the 3 variables studied during the 1st test series, the exhaust
concentration at the start ojf irradiatios appeared to produce the
most significant effects. Fuel composition had a lesser influence.
Very little difference vas noted in the effects produced at 2 different
average irradiation times. - AFCA 6065
62. Korth, M.W., and Sigsby, J.E., Jr.: Composition of blowby
emissions. Presented at the 57th APCA Annual Meeting, June 21-25,
1964, Houston, Texas
The composition of blowby emissions were evaluated from ten different
cars with displacements ranging from 52 in. " to 365 in. at four dif-
ferent operating modes. Detailed chromatographic analyses were
made of the blowby hydrocarbon composition covering a range of ap-
proximately 75 components. Nondispersive infrared and flame ioniza-
tion equipment were also used to determine CO, CO^ and hydrocarbon
concentrations. - Authors' abstract.
63. Kraft, D.: Afterburning of the exhaust gases of motor vehicles.
Tech. Uberwach. (Essen) 4:326-328 (Sept.) 1963.
Three methods for the elimination of the components of motor exhaust
gases which are injurious to health have been tested. Filtering did
not prove successful, but after-burner devices based either on ignition
or catalysis methods have shown some positive results. The latter 2
methods are described in some detail. Work on various after-burner
devices is being speeded up in the U.S. - APCA 6674
26
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°^« Kuley, C. J.; Gas chromatographic analysis of GI to Clj. in the parts per
million range in air and in vaporized liquid oxygen. Anal. Chem.
35:1^72-1475 (Sept.) 1963.
A column has been developed for use with a B-ray ionization detector for
the determination of Cj> to Clj. hydrocarbons and for use with a flame
ionization detector for GI to Clj. hydrocarbons in air and vaporised liquid
oxygen. Detectable limits for the B-ray ionization detector are of
0.2 to 0.08 ppm. for G£ to Clf hydrocarbons using a 1-cc. or 10-cc. gas
sample. Concentrations as low as 0.00% to 0.07 PP»» f°r GI to Cif. hydro-
carbons can be detected with a flame ionization detector using a 10-cc.
gas sample. Preparation of a modified activated alumina column for
the analysis is described. - APCA 5^68
65. Lamport, P. P.: Experiments in studying the hygienic effect of garages
and gasoline pumps located in the proximity of dwellings. Gigiena i
Sanitaria 24:74-76 (March) 1959.
Inspection was made of the hygienic conditions in some residential
districts of Moscow. The author found unfavorable atmospheric conditions
prevailing in many places where garages and gasoline pumps were located
in close proximity to residential dwellings. An analysis of air samples
in such areas showed carbon monoxide and lead to be present in inadmis-
sible concentrations* In 1 of the 2 tables in the text the carbon
monoxide content in mg./l. is given for several locations. Near the
gas pump, the min. concentration was 0.018; the max», 0.036; and the
average 0.025* In a dwelling area within 18 m. of the pump, the min.
concentration was 0.004; the max., 0.042; and the average 0*023. In
a control area, these concentrations were 0.003; 0.021; and 0.012. -
APCA 3031
65. Lawther, P.J., Comfflins, B.T., and Henderson, M. : Carbon Monoxide
in Town Air. An Interim Report. Ann. Occupat. 5yg. 5:2Ul-2^6
(Oct. -Dec.) 1962*
When the Suez crisis resulted in the rationing of petrol it was
realized that an opportunity was at hand to measure air pollution
in the city of London in the presence of minimal petrol traffic.
A series of tests was carried on then and until 6 months after
the termination of rationing. When petrol was rationed, CO
virtually disappeared from the street; when car-traffic reappeared,
the CO concentrations rose markedly and on 1 day reached a figure
of 235 ppm. On this calm day, a concentration of 360 ppm. was
also found in samplings taken on the pavement at Oxford Circus.
Carbon monoxide analyses at Oxford on Sept. 1, 1958, had shown a
mean concentration for an 8-hour daytime period of 36 ppm,, with
concentration of 155 PPn»« during the evening rush hour.
In the autumn of 1961, a series of analyses was begun of the air
of Eieet Street compared with that of nearly Mitre Court
(relatively uninfluenced by traffic). A figure in the text shows
the mean hourly concentration, on Jan. 29, 1962, to vary from 0
2?
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to nearly 60 ppm. and the maximum concentration at ttat same hour
(l8th) to be 100 ppm. Carbon monoxide concentrations in the
Blackwell tunnel have been found to reach a mean hourly
concentration of 295 Ppm» in the morning rush hour. At the
Rotherhithe tunnel, a transient peak value of 500 ppm. was
found. In the discussion of this paper the authors state that
they have been lead to conclude that detailed comparison of
carbon monoxide concentration in the air of different cities is
of limited value since they will all depend on the density of
traffic in the streets and the weather. And that it is reasonable
to believe that in congested streets in almost any modern city
concentrations of carbon monoxide exceeding 300 ppm. may be
reached in calm weather and that concentrations exceeding 100 ppm.
may be found not uncommonly. Also that the significance of these
figures is not clear-cut since in this study they have not been
related to concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood of
people working in the streets. It is stated that the figure of
30 ppm., which has been adopted by the State of California
Department of Public Health as the maximum allowable concentration
in ambient air, and the arguments on which this decision was based,
appear to the authors to be sound. - APCA
67. Lawther, P. J.: Air Polhition. Bull. New York Acad. Med. 41:214-216
(Feb.) 1965 >
Following the Beaver report and the pollution control activities which
came about following the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1956, smoke
is slowly disappearing from the air of Britain but other pollutants are
left, notably SC^. Pollution in Britain is due overwhelmingly to the
combustion--both complete and incomplete--of coal and oil, much of
which contains compounds of sulfur as impurities. The commonest
pollutant, CO^, is accepted as innocuous; smoke (from incomplete
combustion) and SC^ are measured routinely and are used as indices of
pollution. These 2 pollutants vary widely in concentration and are
present in roughly the same amounts in New York and London. It is
well that in neither city does the topography and climate favor the for-
mation to any significant extent of the photochemical haze which plagues
the citizens of Los Angeles, especially since CO from motor vehicle
exhausts has been found at levels as high as 360 ppm. on the pavement
at Oxford Circus in London. After much hard work it can be said with
a degree of certainty that high concentrations of urban pollution, meas-
ured in terms of SO2 and smoke, aggravate existing chronic nonspecific
pulmonary disease and may prove to be an intolerable stress to those
in a community who are aged or suffering from severe illness. The
implementation of the Clean Air Act has radically altered the smoke/
SCn ratio and it is hoped that it may now be possible to distinguish be-
tween the effects of these 2 main pollutants. Studies of daily varia-
tions in morbidity and mortality undertaken in London and New York
28
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City (which is Low in smoke content of the air) may add much to the
knowledge of these 2 pollutants. Laboratory findings of sensitivity to
SO £ and the response of the individual to varying pollution levels, often
do not correlate well. Air pollution is, of course, still suspect as an
etiological factor in the production of chronic bronchitis but it will be
hard to indict it with certainty since it is but 1 of many noxious factors
in urban life. Current work would lead to the belief that "classic" car-
cinogens, such as 3,4-benzpyrene, may have claimed too much atten-
tion in recent yrs, to the detriment of the search for more sophisticated
mechanisms by which lung cancer may develop. The manner in which
asbestos produces neoplasms may have much to teach us with respect
to the wider problems of carcinogenesis. - APCA 6773
68. Levaggi, D.A., and Feldsteinj M.: The colorimetric determination of
low concentration of carbon, monoxide. Amer* Indust. Hyg. Ass. J. 25:64-66
(Jan. - Feb.) 1964.
A series of incinerator effluents were analyzed by the procedure des-
cribed and compared with analysis for carbon monoxide by infrared
spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. Carbon monoxide in combustion
effluents or in the ambient atmosphere is reacted with an alkaline
solution of the silver salt of para-sulfaminobenzoic acid. The ab-
sorbance of the resulting colloidal solution of silver is measured
spectrophotometrically, and is proportional to the concentration of GO
present in the sample. Concentrations of 5 to 1800 ppm. can be measured
with an accuracy of 95^5$. - APCA 5906
69. Liesegang, W.: The present position of the hygiene of the atmosphere.
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1:463, 1928.
"The use of tar is advocated for keeping dust down on the street.
There is no definite proof that smoke has any influence on health.
Carbon monoxide in amounts present in Berlin has a pronounced effect
on the health of city dwellers." - BAAP 128
70» likhachev, A.D,: Chromatographic determination of carbon monoxide
and oxygen in fuel combustion products. Zavod. lab. (Moscow) 29:1302-
1304, 1963.
The chromatographic analysis of fuel combustion products was conducted
on an installation utilizing the separate loops of the KhT-2M chroma-
tograph. Activated carbon served as sorbent and atmospheric air as
carrier. The objective of the present investigation consisted in
obtaining on the chromatogram a separate and distinct peak for carbon
monoxide, which was achieved by rising a chromatographic column 480
cm. long, with a 3-4 mm. inside diameter, and with a flow rate of the
carrier gas of 50-80 cc./min., the temperature of the gas being 18-20°C.
The determination of oxygen was conducted on apparatus GKbP-3M, which
registers zero when the ratio MJ2/02 is equal to 3.76 (as found in
29
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un-contaminated air) and shows a peak of maximum height when the gas
sample is free of oxygen. The oxygen content is determined as a function
of the height of this socalled "excess nitrogen peak." - APCA 6171
71. McCabe, L.C.: Atmospheric pollution. Indust. Eng. Chem. 47:101A-
102A (June) 1955-
The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control Board recently asked
a medical and scientific group to set maximum limits at which
pollution levels might be dangerous to public health. Limits
were established for oxides of nitrogen, ozone, sulfur dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, based on judgment and experience.
Instruments are now installed at several stations for continuous
measurement of these 4 pollutants and also total oxidant, total
hydrocarbons, and wind speed and direction. Standard plant boxes,
each containing a variety of smog-sensitive plants, are kept at
12 stations for the detection of crop damaging gases; continuous
high-volume filters are used to collect ether-soluble aerosols
and radioactive materials. It is estimated that some 14,000 tons
of combustible rubbish are disposed of daily by burning, two
thirds of it in single chamber incinerators. The incineration of
this material releases to the air aerosols, aldehydes, oxides of
nitrogen, and organic acids which contribute to reduced
visibility, eye irritation, plant damage, and general discomfort.
There are more than 1,500,000 single chamber incinerators in use
in homes and commercial *»«+.**"11 sbments in the county, and they
can not be controlled by practicable engineering refinements.
Hence, they will be prohibited in unincorporated areas after
June 30, when weekly collection of combustible rubbish is
established. Incorporated areas (lt-5 in Los Angeles County) have
been asked to expand private or public collection service to
peimit the prohibition of this type of incinerator by July 1.
After j^rae 3®* new regulations will apply to open burning.
APCA 390
72. McCulloughj J.D., Crane, R.A., and Bec'kman,- A.O.: Determination
of carbon monoxide in air by use of red mercuric oxide. Anal. Chem.
19:999-1002 (Dec.)
A new laboratory method for the determination of carbon monoxide
in air makes use of the reaction: CO (gas) + HgO (solid, red) =
Eg (gas) + C02 (gas). The gaseous sample is passed through a
reaction tube containing granular red mercuric oxide held at a
temperature of 175° to 200° C. The loss in weight of the reaction
tube during passage of the sample is an exact measure of the
quantity of carbon monoxide present and involves a highly
advantageous gravimetric factor. The accuracy of the method has
been demonstrated through the analysis of three unknown submitted
by the National Bureau of Standards. - Authors' Abst.
30
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73. Jfersh, A. : Analysis of the air pollution factor, anokeless Air
1958.
This paper reviews the principal ways in which the pollution of
the atmosphere impairs the natural environment, and the amount of
pollution discharged into the atmosphere of Great Britain. The
estimated quantities of the pollutants, from the burning of coal
and its derivatives, and from oil/year, are discussed. There are
also large quantities of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and other
compounds. There are local forms of pollution encountered only
in the vicinity of certain industrial works, such as cement,
limestone "burning, and certain types of chemical plants. Nearly
1/2 the smoke comes from domestic coal-burning fires. This is
particularly obnoxious because of its high content of tarry matter
and low level of discharge. The ways in which this pollution may
affect the health of those living in large towns and industrial
areas are: (1) Deprivation of natural light. (2) The respiration
of suspended impurity. (3) The deposition of irpurity. The new
Clean Air Act gives hope for more rapid progress towards the
reduction, and ultimate abolition, of atmospheric pollution. -
APCA 2227
Mehrstens, J.H. :„ Solution of the problem of the smoke nuisance.
Glaser Annalen fur Gewerbe and Bauwesen Vol. 60, 190?.
A general resume of the effects of various constituents of smoke upon
health:
"It is not the dust only that is injurious, but it is the invisible
products of combustion escaping from the chimney in the form of gases,
of which we need to take into consideration only carbonic acid, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and
sulfurous acid and other heavy gases* Carbonic acid and nitrogen can
probably be regarded as injurious only when they are driven directly
into dwellings, and this cannot happen unless the chimneys are not high
enough. The carbonic add, which is extremely poisonous, is usually
present in such slight quantities that it becomes greatly diffused as
soon as it escapes from the chimney. On account of its lightness, it
also arises rapidly and is lost in the higher strata of air; but, on
the other hand, the gaseous sulfuric acid (sulfur dioxide) which is
considerably heavier than air, is such an injurious gas that first of
all our efforts must be directed toward preventing it from doing harm,
^n the more as it is not only the human organism that is injured but
also, in a positively destructive manner, the vegetation, soil, and
buildings. Those facts show that any smokeless furnace with a direct
combustion has little value for the public as far as the purification
of the air is concerned unless the dust and the sulfurous acid are
retained at the same time." - BAAP 150
31
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75. Meigs, J,W.: Carbon aumoxide poisoning. Bu.il. U.S. Army Dept.
8:542-546, 1948.
The danger of carbon monoxide poisoning among nen working on gasoline-
driven vehicles is emphasized. A concentration of several thousand
parts per million may occur in the air near the exhaust outlet, even
outdoors, unless exhaust gases are discharged so that the carbon
monoxide is diluted before it can return to any area where it may be
inhaled. Symptoms, which usually occur when the carboxy-haemoglobin
content of the blood reaches 20 percent, include headache, dizziness,
faintness, nausea, and vomiting. Samples of oxalated blood should be
analyzed for the presence of carbon monoxic^ as soon as possible after
exposure, to minimize reoxygenation of carboxy-haemoglobin, but they
can be frozen and sent to a laboratory. The presence of a significant
amount of carbon monoxide in the blood will differentiate symptoms due
to carbon monoxide poisoning from those due to other causes, especially
alcohol. Heavy cigarette smoking may produce carboxy-haemoglobin
levels up to 10 percent.- BMB 402
76. Mddleton, JNT., and Middleton, B.C.: Air pollution and California's
State Control Program. Proc. Amer. Petrol. Inst. 3:636-6^2, 1962.
Our limited resource is unwittingly being destroyed by man's activities,
The destruction of air appears to be correlated with the extent and
nature of fuel utilization to meet the energy demands of contemporary
society. An increasing knowledge of the causes and nature of air
pollution has resulted in changing concepts of control. The state of
California, which in 19^7 authorized the regulation of stationary
sources of atmospheric contamination "by local government bodies, is
now directly engaged in a program to control mobile sources of con-
tamination through the creation in 1960 of the State Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board. Air-quality standards developed by the
state define both the acceptable air quality and the needed reduction
in motor vehicular emissions. While the present program will ensure
an improved air quality and thereby reduce damage to health and
property, long-range conservation of air will be dependent upon a
continuing evaluation of society's fuel utilization, means of
transportation, and metropolitan area planning and development.
-Authors' AT>st«
77. Mbureu, H., Chovin, P., Truffert, T., and Lebbe, J.: Some lessons
drawn from determinations of carbon monoxide poisoning of city
inhabitants. Compt. Rend. (Paris) 2^7:552-555 (July 28) 1958.
The use of a simple but exact infrared absorption technique to
determine the amount of CO in the blood and in the ambient
atmosphere is reported. Two experiments were made to study the
effects of automobile exhaust gases on 36 volunteer subjects
stationed on selected streets and intersections in Paris, The
amount of CO in the blood of the subjects was determined
immediately before and after a 3-hour period at a test station,
32
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and simultaneously 2 or 3 air samples were made to determine per-
centages of oxygen and CO. The atmospheric conditions and
intensity of auto traffic were noted at each station. The first
test was made on January 15, 1957* "between 9 A9M, and 12 noon; a
relatively strong NE wind (20-30 km./hour) prevailed to disperse
exhaust gases. The average amount of CO in the air was 8 ppm.
The average amount in the blood before exposure (0.35 ml./lOO ml.
"blood), increased about 25$ to O.W- ml. A second test was made
7 days later "between k and 7 P.M.; wind had "been nearly absent for
several days and a slight tendency to fog was present. A rise
in the initial CO content of the blood was noted, averaging
0.5^ ml./lOO ml, "blood, i.e., slightly exceeding the normal limit
for city dwellers of Q,k ml. The average CO content of 100 samples
of air was 26 ppm. The increase in the CO content of the blood at
the end of the test period was marked: 0.11 ml., i.e., a 31$
increase. Similar tests were made of 136 samples of blood of
automobile drivers held on charge of intoxication after an auto
accident or traffic offense. Results were statistically analyzed
in comparison to 1*507 cases suspected of CO poisoning. CO levels
in the blood of the intoxicated drivers were found to be much
greater than among the controls* - APCA 2023
78. Mulay, A.G.: Catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide at low
concentrations. Dissertation Abst. 22:828 (Sept.) 1961.
A reaction model for the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide in
air at low concentrations has been established. A commercial
catalyst, hopcalite, consisting of Mn02, CuO, ^sPzr and ^Sg0 was
used in this investigation. This catalyst (20 UT S. Standard mesh
size) exhibited constant catalytic activity even after 50 hours of
use. The experimental data were taken art atmospheric pressure and
temperatures of 60, 72, and 82°C. At each temperature the rates of
catalytic oxidation were measured at initial carbon monoxide
concentrations of 1, 1.5* a^d 2$. Rates of reaction were found to
increase with the extent conversion of carbon monoxide, apparently
the reaction was catalyzed by the formation and adsorption of
carbon dioxide. The rate constants were determined by means of an
ZBM-70^ digital computer. The data were correlated with less than
10$ average error. It was found that the adsorption equilibrium
constants for both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide decreased
with increase in temperature. This investigation is pertinent to
the design of afterburners for removing carbon monoxide from
exhaust gases of internal combustion engines. - APCA Ml-09
79, Murphy. E.J.: Comparison of methods for detecting and analyzing fumes
from explosives. IBM KC 5883, 19&-, 13 PP.
A comparative study has been made by the Bureau of Mines of several
analytical methods for determining carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides
in toxic gases produced by the detonation of explosives. laboratory and
field methods and detector-tube-devices are described, Analystical
results are compared, and reliability of the various methods is discussed.
Author's Sum.
33
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80. Nagarjunan, T.S., and Calvert, J.G.: The photooxidatlon of carbon
monoxide on zinc oxide. J. Phys. Chem. 68:17-26 (Jan.) 1964,
The photooxidation of carbon monoxide on zinc oxide solid has
been studied in experiments at 0°. Zinc oxide with presorbed
oxygen was irradiated with 3660-A. light in the presence of
carbon monoxide gas. Carbon dioxide was formed in the irradiated
system, while its rate of formation in the dark was negligible.
The reaction was studied under varied conditions: the temperature
at which the oxygen was presorbed on the zinc oxide, the pressure
of oxygen during the presorption, the pressure of carbon monoxide
gas, the time of irradiation, and the intensity and the wave length
of the absorbed light. The results confirm that oxygen is adsorbed
in at least three different forms on zinc oxide in an amount which
depends on the temperature of the treatment. Two of these * types
of adsorbed species of oxygen react with carbon monoxide to form
carbon dioxide on irradiation, while the third type is inactive.
The three types may be 02-, 0-, and 0- , with the first two the
active forms. Carbon monoxide appears to react either from the
gas phase or from a weakly adsorbed state. The reaction may
occur through two different reaction paths, one much faster than
the other. The quantum efficiency of the carbon dioxide formation
varies from 0.001 at high intensities to greater than 0.1 at low
intensities at 3660-A. Some aspects of the detailed mechanism are
considered. From these and other results some speculation is given
concerning the contribution of photooxidations sensitized on
suspended solid particulates to the chemistry of the polluted
atmosphere. There is a high probability that such reactions are
of little importance in the usual polluted atmosphere. - Authors'
Sum.
81. Nelson, K.H., Grimes, M.D., Smith, D.E., Heinrieh, B. J.: Determination
of trace amounts of carbon monoxide in gaseous hydrocarbons.
Anal. Chem. 29:160-183 (Feb.) 1957.
Methane is added to sample of gaseous hydrocarbons to aid in the
separation of trace amounts of carbon monoxide from the hydro-
carbons by low temperature fractional distillation. Methane which
boils between carbon monoxide and the hydrocarbons, does not inter-
fere in the subsequent determination of carbon monoxide by combus-
tion over hot iodine pentoxide. The liberated iodine is determined
spectrophotometrically. - APCA 1519
82. Oppenheim, U.P.: Experimental Verification of Theoretical Relations
Between Total Gas Absorptivities and Total Gas Buissivities for CO.
Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center, Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena,
Oct. 1958, 14 pp., k Fig. DISC AD 204287.
An experimental study was carried out for the purpose of verifying
theoretical predictions concerning the relations between total
absorptivities and total emissivities for transparent gases. The
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experimental conditions were designed in such a way as to permit a
direct check of theoretical relations derived for (a) non-overlapping
dispersion lines and ("b) spectral lines with sufficient pressure
"broadening to permit neglect of the rotational fine structure. A
comparison "between the emissivities derived from absorptivity
measurements and emissivities calculated from the spectroscopic
constants of CO shows good agreement (within 20$ for most of the
temperature range).
The apparatus for the measurement of total gas absorptivities
is described.- Results for total absorptivities of carbon monoxide
measured at temperatures between 300 and 500°K are given and total
emissivities were calculated in the temperature range of 300 to
1600°K. The range of total gas pressure is 0 to 515 psia. -
Author's Abst.
83. Paulin, P. : Sensitive Method of Deletion and Determination of
Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere. Bull. Soc. Chim. France (Paris)
11-12: 181*5 -181*9 (Hov.-Dec.) 1959.
The reduction of Aucl^ (on an impregnated filter paper) by a drop
of AS^)3 is accelerated in the presenc.e of CO. It has been shown
that the time of appearance of reduced Au, as a black ring on the
paper, is inversely proportional to the cube root of CO concentration.
Interference by other gases which darken the paper (HgS, AsHo, acetylene,
aniline, SOg, acetone, and Hg vapor) or by acid vapors which delay
the appearance of the ring is discussed. Some interference can be
reduced by Chaignon's method, in which the paper is held between
2 plates of glass to exclude less rapidly diffusing gases. Quantities
of CO of the order of 1 in 10-? can be detected with a time appearance
of the black ring of 115 seconds at 20° and 275 seconds at 5*«
APCA
84. Perrelli, G., and Rosettani, E. : Criteria of evaluation of the
environmental risk from carbon monoxide. Folia Med. 47:1062-1067
(Nov.)
The authors give a brief survey of environmental msans of detection
of carbon monoxide and then underline that it is difficult to obtain
an adequate determination of industrial hazards by these methods.
It is therefore believed that carboxyhernoglobin determination might
offer a greater accuracy. - APCA 64-279
85. Petri, H. : Evaluation of the effects of gaseous air pollutants on
health. Staub 25:^16-423 (Oct.) 1965.
Many gases and vapours in molecular dispersion have pathophysiologic
effects, that is, effects dangerous to health. Various substances
can be detected by smell even if present in air in small quantities,
and at a certain concentration they may become a nuisance; these
substances are, for instance, mercaptans, butyric acid, acrolein and
35
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amines, such as trimethylamine; hydrogen sulphide, carbon di&ulpbide,
pyridine, etc. cause nuisance at slightly higher concentrations.
Sulphur oxides, hydrogen fluoride and other acid aerosols, further,
ozone, chlorine, "bromine and nitrous gases are dangerous to health,
because they irritate body tissue. As a result of the increase in
road traffic the odorless carbon monoxide has become very important.
The biological assessment of gas or vapour emission with regard to
their effect on men, and special effects of these substances are
discussed in detail. - Author's Sura.
86. Porter, K., and Volman, D. H. : Flame ionization detection of carbon
monoxide for gas chromatographic analysis. Anal. Chem. 3^:7^8-7^9
(June) 1962.
Carbon monoxide may be detected by a flame ionization detector after
catalytic conversion to methane. A high percentage conversion is
obtained, mainly independent of catalyst temperature over the operating
range. This method is more sensitive that katharometer detection.
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen may be detected by use of the same
nickel catalyst. - W&A S&T
87, Portheine, F. : Medical problems of air pollution. In: Fachtagung
des Stadtetages Nordrhein-Westfalen uber Massnahmen zur Reinhaltung
der Luft in Stadten, Jan. 8, 1958, Wuppertal. Stadtehyg. (Uelzen)
10:59 (Mirch) 1959.
Man in the course of a life of 68 years, in securing his oxygen
requirements, breathes 1/3 to 1/2 million m.3 of air. Each
living person has a right to pure air. Because of the great
increase in industrial production in the last 10 years, there
exists the danger of increased pollution of the air. An additional
source of danger comes from atomic research. The number of power-
driven vehicles in the world has reached a billion. The most
dangerous sources of pollution emit a dust which is becoming finer
and thereby more capable of entry into the lungs. Many injuries
are not currently known since the living organism is capable of
adapting itself. The latter is physiologically possible and is
especially noted in industrial plants. Even an adaption of the
mucous membranes to high concentrations of S02 has beer, observed.
The dust cloud covering a city, filters out the solar radiation.
Inhabitants of a city are apt to become aware of this only on
Sundays and on vacations. Remedial measures are the planting of
trees and other vegetation, decentralization of the cities,
provision for free-flowing traffic, and improvement of car engines.
According to the author, the effects of coarse dust are over-
estimated. The nature of the pollutants is important, whether
the particles are sand or quartz, ashes, or soot. Russian methods
control pollution effectively. Soot combined with S02, or soot
combined with vanadium compounds, are very noxious. In driving
cars in long lines through narrow streets, the CO concentrations
in the blood of drivers and passengers may be markedly increased.
- APCA 2985
36
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Procedures and Analytical Methods for Determining Toxic Gases Produced
by Synthetic Materials. Procedures for Hash-Ignition and Self-
Ignition Temperature Determinations. United States Testing Company,
Inc., Hoboken, N.J., Dec. 1963, 1*9 pp. DDC AD 297^57.
Equipment, procedures and analytical methods for determining the
nature and concentration of toxic gases produced when synthetic
materials are subjected to flammability tests are described. A
method for flash-ignition temperature determination is given. The
necessary equipment and a procedure for determining the self-
ignition temperature of heat resistant material is described. -
Authors' Abst.
89• Rice, E.W.: Improved photometric determination of carbon monoxide
by means of palladious chloride. Arch. Indust. Hyg.& Occupat.
Med. 6:1(87.490 (Dec.) 1952.
Details are given for a method for detection and determination of
carbon monoxide involving reduction of palladious chloride in which
the palladium can be estimated spectrophotometrically, instead of
colorimetrically, as palladious iodide. This method was devised
as a test for the toxicological determination of carbon monoxide.
- LC
90. Rihm, A., Jr.: New York State's classifications-ambient air quality
objectives system. J. APCA 15:519-522 (Nov.) 1965.
The air pollution potential of any area is directly related to its
population and economic development. In New York State, this pollution
potential ranges from that existing in the sparsely inhabited recreational
zones to that prevailing in the densely populated and/or heavily
industrialized areas. Wo one set of air quality standards or objectives
can be developed which can reasonably be applied on a statewide basis.
A classifications-air quality objectives system has been adopted by
the State Air Pollution Control Board for application in New York State.
In accordance with this system, specific areas can be classified in
one of l6 categories. Air quality objectives, in keeping with each
classification, are designed to protect health and to promote the
maximum comfort and enjoyment and use of property consistent with the
needs of the area concerned. The system was developed by the staff
with the assistance of a council of technical advisors. Units of
measurement related to the most important effect of specific contaminants
are utilized. Methods of sampling and analysis are specified. The
details of the classifications-objectives system, the place of the
system in the state's air resource management plan, the manner in which
each segment of the state after study will be classified, and how
attainment will be evaluated are described. - Author's Abst.
37
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91. Sakabe, H., Soda, R., Matsumura, Y., Hbnma, K., and Nbzaki, K.:
Air pollution study at heavy traffic road. Bun. Nat. Inst.
Indust. Health (Japan) 1*: 72-76, 1960.
Carbon monoxide determinations were made "by means of Kitigawa
colorimetric tubes at the center of a heavy traffic Y
intersection in Tokyo on March 3 and k, 1960. Samples were
collected every hour from 8 through 11 A.M., 2 P.M. and every
hour from 3 to 7 P.M. on both days omitting the 11 o'clock
sample on March 4. Concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 10.0 ppm
on March 3 with a mean of 5.0 ppm. On March 4, the range was
from 4.8 to 20.2 ppm with a mean of 12.2 ppm. - PHS-EG 5676
92. Salsbury, J.M., Cole, J.W., and Yoe, J.H. : Determination of carbon
monoxide: Microgravimetric method. Anal. Chem. 19:66-68,
A microgravimetric method, accurate to about 2 percent, is described
for low concentrations (0.002 to 0.1 percent) of carbon monoxide
in air. The gas is drawn over Hopcalite at 195° C., and the carbon
dioxide thus formed is absorbed in microabsorption tubes containing
Ascarite, the volume being measured with a flowmeter and stop watch.
Frcji the weight of carbon dioxide absorbed in the tubes, the
percentage of carbon monoxide is calculated. - Authors' Abst.
93. Sayers, R.R., Yant, W.P., and Jones, G.W.: The pyro-tannic acid
method for the quantitative determination of carbon monoxide in blood
and air. Pub. Health Rep. 38:2311-2320 (Oct. 5) 1923-
A durable and compact laboratory or field apparatus for the quantitative
determination of carbon monoxide in blood and air has been described.
On account of the compactness, durability, and ease with which
accurate and dependable results can be obtained, it should be of
great use in investigations pertaining to the cause, diagnosis, and
treatment of carbon-monoxide poisoning.
The percentage saturation of CO in blood can easily be deter-
mined to a degree of accuracy involving only 5 per cent error.
The actual error of the method for determination of CO in air,
even when used by inexperienced men, was found to be 0.005 in regions
of 0.000 to 0.05 per cent CO; 0.01 in regions of 0.05 to 0.08 per
cent; 0.02 in regions of 0.08 to 0.12 per cent; and 0.03 in regions
of 0.12 to 0.18 per cent carbon monoxide. - Authors' Sum.
94. Schrenk, H.H. : The chemistry of smog. Indust, Syg. Newsletter 10:
7-9, 1950.
The word "smog" has come to refer to the sum of air contaminants,
not the particulate matter alone. The chemistry of smog is an
essential factor in its evaluation and control. The sources,
formation, and interrelationship of the contaminants are discussed,
using combustion of coal and production of zinc as examples and
38
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showing that the reactions and interrelationships may be quite
complex. A number of questions calling for increased study are
raised. The Donora (Pa.) investigation furnished some experience
in developing methods for answering these questions. The weather
is an important factor in smog production* The five Bubstances
contributing most to the atmospheric load are: Total particulate
matter, sulfur dioxide, total sulfur, carbon monoxide, and carbon
dioxide. A number of others in smaller quantities contribute to
the total effect. The toxicology of the single substances is fairly
well known, but the physiological action of mixed gases and the
influence of aerosols is an almost une;cplored field. - BMB 664
95. Sendroy, J., Jr.: Manometric analysis of gas mixtures. VI. Carbon
monoxide by absorption with blood. J. Biolog. Chem. 95:599-611,
1932.
A method is described, whereby air containing carbon monoxide
in concentrations from 0.05 to 0.3 per cent may conveniently be
analyzed In the Van Slyke-Neill apparatus. The CO is first
combined, in the chamber of the apparatus, with the hemoglobin
of completely reduced blood, and the CO content of the blood is
then determined by the method of Sendroy and Ilu, - Author's
Sum*
96. Shapritskii, V.W.: Characteristics of emissions into the
atmosphere from iron- and steelworks. Stal in English (London)
1002-1004 (Dec.) 1964.
To develop a complete series of technologically sound measures to
protect the atmosphere, it is necessary to consider the emissions
from each shop of an iron* and steelworks. Such calculations have
been carried out at "Gipromez" (the State planning institute for
iron- and steelworks). In Table I in the text the quantity of
emissions per ton of basic shop production, or of steel melted at
the works, is compared with their value after the introduction of
measures that are technically possible at the present time for
protecting the air supply (scrubbing of gases, rational distribution
of gas fuel throughout the works, etc.). Table H presents the
emissions from the shops of a works with a complete metallurgical
cycle with the following basic types of production (in millions of
ton's per annum): Steel (1.0); pig iron (0.85); rolled products
(0.8); sinter (1.5); coke (0.5); and refractories (0*03).
Table HI presents the approximate consumption of fuel in the
separate shops, from which it is possible to calculate a
preliminary rational distribution of various types of fuel over
the works area, depending on fuel consumption, flue height, local
relief, and the make-up of sources. The data presented make it
possible to determine the total quantity of dust, sulphur dioxide,
and carbon monoxide in the Hue gases, and to distinguish the
sources to which attention should be paid in the first instance in
deciding upon measures to protect the atmosphere. The data show
39
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that by carrying out a series of protective measures, the emission
of harmful substances into the atmosphere can "be reduced, in the
case of dust by a factor of 14, in the case of sulphur dioxide
by a factor of 3 (in residential areas the content of either in the
atmosphere should not exceed 0.5 mg./m.^), and in the case of
carbon monoxide by a factor of 1.2 (its upper permissible
concentration is 6 mg./m.3 ). - APCA 6
97. Shaw, J.H., and Howard, J.N. : Carbon Monoxide in the Earth's
Atmosphere. Ohio State Univ. Res. Foundation, Columbus, July 17,
1953, 79 PP. DDC AD aicft.
The abundance of CO in the earth's atmosphere above Columbus, Ohio,
has been determined from measurements of the curves of growth of
the rotational lines P(6) in the 2-0 overtone vibration band near
2.3n and R(2) of the 1-0 fundamental band near 4.7u. Abundances of
approximately 0.1 atmo-cm in a column through the zenith were obtained.
A discussion is given of the theoretical assumptions made in calculat-
ing the abundance and a detailed account of the experimental procedure
is presented. - Authors' Abst.
98, Shaw, J.H.: A determination of the abundance of nitrous
carbon monoxide, and methane in ground level air at several
locations near Columbus, Ohio. Geophysics Research Direc. Cont.
No. AF 19(604)2259. Sci. Rept. No. 1. Ohio State University
Res, Foundation. Columbus, Ohio. June 1959. 33 PP.
Studies of the infrared spectra of long path lengths of air (70U au)
permitted determination of the abundance of nitrous oxide (N20),
methane (CH^) and carbon monoxide (CO) in ground level air* There
would appear to be two possible sources of the nitrous oxide in
the atmosphere. The gas may be produced by an aerobic bacterial
decomposition of nitrogen compounds, or it may be formed from
nitrogen and the various forms of molecular oxygen in the
atmosphere. In this study the NgQ abundance was estimated as
0.28 + 0.04 ppm. with no seasonal variation detected. Air samples
from greenhouses and barns showed an NgO abundance of 0.33 +
O.C4 ppm. The estimated abundance of CHjj. and CO in ground level
air were 2.k and 1.1 ppm., respectively. It was noted that the
results for ground level air were uniformly lower than the results
from solar spectra, indicating the possibility that NgO may not
have a uniform vertical distribution, assuming that both methods
have about the same accuracy. Results of spectrometer studies
indicated that a better method for compensating for B^O absorption
in the 4.5 Ji and the 3.3 V- region of the band would improve the
data; work is now being done on methods for removal of HpO. Air
samples are being collected from various other locations such as
silos, sewers, congested traffic areas, farms, etc., in the hope
that this data will give more information on the origin of NoO.
- APCA 3671
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99* Shepherd, M. : Sapid determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide.
Preliminary report on the KSB colorimetric indicating gel. Anal.
Chem. 19:77-81 (Feb.)
This condensed report furnishes the ffl-i^n^yn preliminary information
necessary to make and use the UBS indicating gel for the rapid
colorimetric determination of small or physiologically significant
amounts of carbon monoxide in air in the field or laboratory. The
gel will detect and estljnate less than 1 part of carbon monoxide
in 500,000,000 parts of air. It will detect 0.001$ by volume in
less than 1 minute, and determine physiologically significant
amounts in approximately 1 minute. Field use requires a small,
inexpensive apparatus without maintenance problems, and involves
procedures so simple that untrain personnel will be able to
obtain reliable results. - Author's Abst.
100. Shepherd, M., Schuhmann, S», and Kilday, M»V,: Determination of
carbon monoxide in air pollution studies. Anal, Chem. 27:380-383*
1955-
Field and laboratory methods of determining carbon monoxide in
air by colorimetric indicating gels have been developed. The
field method compares commercially prepared tubes with fixed
color standards painted or printed on paper. Air is drawn
through the indicating tube and the presence of carbon monoxide
is indicated when the yellow gel turns green. The field method
is widely used where physiological considerations are important,
but it is not sufficiently accurate for careful studies in air
pollution. Refinements of this method permit estimation of 1 to
0.1 ppm. The laboratory method can detect and estimate extremely
small amounts, such as 1 part in 500,000,000. - APCA 267
101. Silverman, L., and Gardner, G.R.: Potassium pallado sulfite method
for carbon monoxide detection. Amer. Indust. Hyg. Ass. J. 26:97-105
(March-April) 19&5-
This paper describes an ^proved method for directly measuring low
concentrations of carbon monoxide in air. Carbon monoxide reacts
with potassium pallado sulfite impregnated on a chemically inert gel
contained in sealed glass tubes. Length of discoloration caused by
conversion of yellow sulfite to dark brown palladium or its oxide
is an exponential function of CO concentration. Data are presented
on the measurement of carbon monoxide in air as veil as in oxygen-
deficient or oxygen-free atmospheres. Applications are given relative
to interfering and non-interfering gases and vapors as well as
temperature correction data covering range of -50°F to 120 °F and
ambient pressure correction. - Authors' Abst.
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102. Skvortzova, N.N.: Pollution of atmospheric air with carbon monoxide in the
vicinity of ferrometallurgical plants. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and
translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Mr Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 2, 1960, pp. 204-212, CFSTI-TT-60-21188, U.S. Dept.
of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Author describes a Study made of the atmospheric air surrounding
ferro-metallurgical plants. Concentration of CO ranged between
5.6 - 190 mg/nP, and in 78.8 - 93.5$ of the samples CO
concentrations exceeded the allowable limit for maximal, single
concentrations for the atmospheric air. Results of simultaneous
studies of the atmospheric air and the air in dwellings showed
a similarity between the CO concentrations. Children, observed
during this study, showed a high content of carboxyhemoglobin,
and a large percentage of the children developed erythrocytosis,
accompanied by subjective complaints, characteristic of CO
poisoning.
Author points to the urgent need for abatement of air
pollution in particular of CO, because of its deterimental
health effects, especially of its effect on young children.
-AGC.
103. Smith, R.N., Swinehart, J., and Lesnini, D.G.: Chromatographlc
analysis of gas mixtures containing nitrogen, nitrous oxide, nitric
oxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Anal. Chem. 30:1217-
1218 (July) 1958.
A gas chromatography column using 2 layers of silica gel separated
by iodine pentoxide makes possible the separation and determination
of nitrogen, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and carbon monoxide or
nitrogen, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in
10 minutes. Simple gas sampling and gas transfer units made from
standard equipment are described. - APCA 1869
104. Sobolev, G.K.: High-terqperature oxidation and burning of carbon
monoxide. Seventh International Symposium, on Combustion at London
and Oxford, 28 Aug.-3 Sept., 1958. Butterworths Scientific
Publications, London, 959 PP... 1959, PP. 386-391.
The purpose of this study wap to measure the rate of burning of CO
in the flame front, using the results of normal flame velocity
measurements for this purpose, and simultaneously to make direct
measurements of the rate of oxidation of CO in the after-burning
zones of the same flames. A comparison of the data obtained by
these two independent methods will evidently be not only of
theoretical but of practical value as well. - Author's Abst.
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105. Soraklna, S.F.: A study of carbon monoxide concentrations in the air of
living dwellings and its effect on organism. In: Levine, B.S. (editor
and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 8, 1963, pp. 207-213,
CFSTI-TT-63-11570, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
This paper deals with investigations of the carbon monoxide content of the
air in apartments with gas facilities for heating and cooking purposes.
The CO concentrations of the 895 samples collected were determined by
conductometric methods. Sixty-five of the eighty persons interviewed com-
plained of head-ache, pain around the heart, vertigo, nausea, vomiting,
general debility, etc. Housewives examined showed an average hemoglobin
content of 77-807., against the normal 70-71%, with elevated erythrocjcte
counts. Blood carboxyhemoglobin was above 9% in 627. of the investigated
persons, the average was 9*5-107.. About 33.5% of the housewives which
were investigated showed symptoms of hypotonia and hypothermy,. General
chronaxy in the persons investigated was delayed as compared with the
controls. Author states that subjective complaints, blood changes, arterial
blood pressure and increase in chronaxy in chronic exposure to the inhala-
tion of carbon monoxide cannot be accounted for by anoxy alone; the direct
action of carbon monoxide on tissues and cells of organisms must also be
taken into account. * A.G.C.
106. Spector, N.A., and Dodge, B.F.: Colorimetric method for determination
of traces of carbon dioxide in air. Anal. Chem. 19:55-58 (Jan.)
A colorimetric method for determining traces of carbon dioxide,
using a Luzaetron photoelectric colorimeter, depends on the decrease
in color intensity of a solution of sodium hydroxide colored with
phenolphthalein indicator. The alkalinity of the solution decreases
as it absorbs carbon dioxide from the gas sample to be analyzed
and consequently the depth of color decreases. The change in the
amount of light which the solution transmits is made a measure of
carbon dioxide concentration. The precision and sensitivity of
the method are functions of the carbon dioxide concentration as
well as the volumes of the gas sample and absorbing solution. In
general the precision increases with increase in carbon dioxide
concentration being measured, with the use of larger gas samples
and, within limits, with the use of smaller volumes of absorbing
solution. The accuracy of the results is considered to be of the
same order as the precision. A 1-liter gas sample is sufficient
to determine a carbon dioxide concentration in air of 0.0010$ (10
p.p.m. ) with a precision of 10%-- i.e., + 0.0001$. - Authors'
Abst.
107, stepanovich, A.: Determination of carbon monoxide in air. Glasnik
Higienskog Institute 4:77-85, 1955. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and
translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Mr Pollution and Related
-------
Occupational Mseases. A Survey. Vol. 1, I960, pp. 151-160,
CFSTI-TT-60-21049, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
The palladium chloride method for the determination of CO in the
air can be used conveniently in the field. It is easy to perform,
can "be used for CO concentrations ranging between 0.001-05$,
and is well adopted for the determination of concentrations
usually found in industrial establishments. A field worker can
be trained to collect and analyze 10 air samples a day. Range of
error is £*$•
Commercially produced materials and apparatus used in the
detection of CO in the air should be checked and used in strict
conformity with the instructions supplied. "'
Indicator paper strips can be used reliably for the Detection
of CO concentrations exceeding the allowable limits.
At no time should a single CO determination be regarded
as reliable or indicative. Air of industrial work rooms should
be examined over long periods of time in order to obtain reliable
average maximal concentrations of CO in the air of industrial
shops and workrooms. - Author's Conclusion
108. sturrock, P.E., and KLtzes, G.: An Estimation of Exposure to Carbon
Monoxide by Breath Analysis. ¥ADC Technical Report 57-291* March
1958, DDC AD 118274, pp. 11.
A semiquantitative screening method for determination of carbon
monoxide poisoning in human subjects is presented. The method
is based upon measurement of the carbon monoxide concentration of
the breath with the national Bureau of Standards1 colorimetric
carbon monoxide-indicating gel. The results of a "smoker-
nonsmoker" survey of 5^ Aero Medical Laboratory personnel are
included to show the significance of the method in measuring
incipient carbon monoxide-exposure levels. The method has an
accuracy of +2$ blood-carbon monoxide saturation. It is rapid,
easy to use,"and supplements the use of blood specimens. -
Authors1 Abst.
109. Swartz, D.J., Wilson, K.¥., and King, W.J.: Merits of liquified
petroleum gas fuel for automotive air pollution abatement. J. APCA
13:15^-159 (April) 1963.
A major result of this investigation is to provide new data emphasizing
the striking differences in the composition of exhaust gas from
similar engines operating on liquified petroleum gas (LPG) fuel as
contrasted with their operation on gasoline. Our tests show that in
the case of LPG exhaust there are essentially no heavy hydrocarbons
(04 or greater) present. Since the olefins are the worst offenders
as regards smog formation from gasoline exhaust, the absence of heavy
olefins in LPG exhaust suggests the possibility of a significant
reduction in automotive smog if enough vehicles in a given area use
LPG fuel. The sealed fuel system offers an additional advantage by
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eliminating the evaporation of fuel to the atmosphere, which is
currently a source of added expense to the motorist as well as adding
to the total amount of air pollution from cars. - Authors' Conclusion
110. Taylor, G.J.: Trends in air pollution outside Los Angeles County.
Arch. Environ. Health (see 6th APM Conference) 8:15-18 (Jan.)
196U.
The basic air pollution problems as prevailing in Los Angeles
County are discussed. The State Department organized a l6-station
statewide network in cooperation with local air pollution agencies
permitting the collection for the first time of statewide data on
carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. In the fall, 1961, during a
period of very light winds, the carbon monoxide recorder set up in
downtown Sacramento recorded seven days of carbon monoxide pollution
which exceeded the "serious" level set by the Department's Air
Quality Standards, i.e., 30 ppm. average over 8 hours. Extension
of monitoring activities into new areas are contributing to new
findings. - AGC
1H. Tebbett, R.W.: The detection and estimation of carbon monoxide. Ann.
Occupat. Eyg. (London) 5:201-210 (Oct.-Dec.) 1962.
A brief outline of the various methods which are available for the
detection and estimation of CO is given. Colorimetric detection methods,
based on the reduction of palladous salts are described with partic-
ular reference to the use of the P. S. detector and the M. S. A.
tubes. For more precise estimation, the use of Sleigh or Haldane
apparatus is recommended when dealing with high ranges of CO (above
0.02$) while the Wbsthoff apparatus should be used for quantities in
the ppm. region. For process control both the infrared gas analysis
method and the oxidation method, based on hopcallte, are satisfactory.
A description is given of a portable monoxiclo detector and alarm
designed by the N. Western Div. of the Matl. Coal Board which should
find applications in many industries where carbon monoxide constitutes
a hazard. - APCA 5259
112. Truhaut, R., and Lemoan, G.: On the quantitative determination
of carbon monoxide in the air and in biological environments.
Programed. (Paris) 87:427-^35 (Dec- 10) 1959-
Recognized methods for the quantitative determination of carbon
monoxide, in either the blood or the atmosphere, are nunerous
but those methods being currently used in laboratories
for toxicologies! and biological analysis are limited. For
quantitative determination of the gas in the atmosphere, analysis
of the blood has been used both to act as a method of reference
and independently. But it is not as much used currently as the
method of Infrared absorption, the latter being more sensitive and
easily executed. A method, although less specific and less exact,
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which permits a continuing evaluation of the atmospheric content
is that of an indicator method which is based on the reduction of
the aelts of palladium. Determination of CO in blood by the
method of Ilcloux Bull. Soc. Chem. Biol. 75:57-60 (1913) gives
excellent precision but involves a delicate and lengthy technique.
The employment of infrared absorption has the disadvantage of
needing to be done in certain specialized laboratories where the
equipment is available. In the clinical laboratories a diffusion
method utilizing the reduction of palladium salts has proved to
be a simple, sufficiently sensitive method which can be used to
determine both the acute and the subacute levels of CO. The
latter level is becoming increasingly important in current
industrial hygiene practices. - APCA 3213
113. Turkel'taub, N.: Determination of carbon monoxide with the aid of a
gas analyzer. Zhur. Ana1.it. Khimii, Vol. 5, K>. 4, 1950. In: Levine,
B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 1, 19&),; pp. 161-
162, CFSTI-TT-60-21Q49, U.S. Kept, of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Carbon monoxide is oxidized with the aid of a red-hot platinum wire
spiral in a special apparatus. The resulting carbon dioxide is
absorbed by a given volume of 0.005 or 0.01 N barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2 + C02 = BaCOo + H20.
The quantity of carbon dioxide is determined by the difference in
titrations against HC1 before and after the air sample is passed
through the oxidizing (combustion) chamber. The sensitivity and
accuracy of the method was found to be 0.0014 mg. - Author's
Introduction
114. Ulrich, S.S.: Carbon Monoxide Contamination Tests on Various Vehicles.
Lab. Division Develop, and Eng., Detroit Arsenal, Mich., Dec. 18, 1953,
6 pp. and 8 Tables. DDC AD 25822.
Environmental factors influence the percentage of CO contamination
in a vehicle for a given period of time. Four of the vehicles tested
indicated the production and retention of dangerous CO percentages.
A standard operating procedure for duplication of test results was
not established because environment was not sufficiently controllable.
- Author's Abst.
115. Vanderwerf, D.: A study of the temperature dependance of the total
absorptance of CO near 4.7 microns and 2.3 microns and CH4 near 3.3
microns. Masters' Thesis. Ohio State Univ. Res. Foundation,
Columbus, Ohio, Mby 1964, DDC-AD-442 926.
The dependence of the total absorptance of the bands of carbon
monoxide near 4.7 microns and 2.3 microns, and of methane near
3.3 microns, on absorber concentration, pressure, and temperature
was measured,
46
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Data were taken for absorber pressures "between 100 and
1,000 MM EG, and at temperatures up to 400 C, for a fixed absorber
path length of 30.6 CM.
The nature and possible reasons for the observed temperature
dependence of the total absorptance are discussed. - Author's
Abst.
116. Van Slyke, D.D.: Studies of acidosis. II. A method for the deter-
mination of carbon dioxide and carbonates in solution. J. Biol. Chem.
30:3^7-368, 1917.
A simple one piece apparatus is described for determination of the
carbon dioxide or carbonate content of water solutions. It has been
designed especially for anlaysis of 1 cc. samples of blood plasma,
but is applicable to water solutions in general as well as to the
determination of dissolved gases other than carbon dioxide.
The entire analysis is performed at room temperature, requires
about 3 minutes, and without especial precautions is capable of
accuracy to within 1 per cent of the amount determined.
A micro-apparatus designed on a similar principle is described.
With it the carbon dioxide content of 0.2 cc. of plasma can be deter-
mined with an accuracy of 1 volume per cent. - Author's Sum.
117, Van Slyke, D.D., and Bobscheit-Robbins, F.S.: The gasometric
determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in blood, and its
application to blood volume studies. J. Biol, Chem. 72:39-50, 1927*
This paper presents a development of the blood carbon monoxide methods
of Van Slyke and Salvesen and of Harington and Van Slyke with attention
to certain details which reduce the error to 0.02 or 0.03 volumes
percent. A technique is described for quantitative gasometric
determination of small amount of carbon monoxide in blood. The
present procedure was develope primarily to make possible the
determination of blood volumes by the carbon monoxide method of
Grehant and Quinquaud without saturating, as has previously been
necessary, as much as one-third of the blood hemoglobin with CO
in order to obtain accurate results. A technique requiring the
saturation of only one-tenth to one-twenthieth of the circulating
hemoglobin makes the method more safe and convenient for use with
human subjects, and with an^m1* permits the introduction of CO by
intravenous injection of CO-saturated blood instead of by inhalation
of the gas. It appears that k minutes after injecting carbon monoxide
blood as described in this paper one can estimate the volume of the
circulating red cells from the blood CO content with less than 5
per cent error due to analytical technical and CO distribution within
the blood. We have not ascertained the magnitude of the possible
additional error due to diffusion of CO from blood to tissue hemoglobin.
- Authors* Sum. Jfodified.
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118. Vaskevich, D.K., Bulycheva, A.I., and Mel'nikova, P.A.: Bapid method
for the determination of carbon monoxide in the air of working premises.
Vodosnozhenie i Sanitarnaya Tekhnika, No. 1, pp. 12-13, 195^. In:
Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 7> 19^2,
pp. 97-101, CFSTI-TT-62-11103, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Slpringfield, Va.
Present method used for carbon monoxide determination is "based on
the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide "by iodine
pentoxide, presents considerable difficulties when it becomes
necessary to collect and analyze many air samples in a short time.
The authors describe an indicator method for the determination of
low carbon monoxide concentrations in the air of production premises,
an improvement over the present complicated procedure. The method
described in detail is based on passing the test air for 3-5 minutes
through an indicator tube filled with a special white powder. As
the CO passes through the tube, the powder acquires a greenish
violet color, the intensity of which is proportional to the CO
concentration in the air. The intensity of the developed color is
then compared with the color of a specially prepared standard series
of tubes representing CO concentrations in the range of 0.01-0.4 mg/li.
The procedure requires 10 minutes and the determination can be made
directly on the spot. Table shows comparative data of CO determinatioas
by standard method and by the new indicator method. - AGO
119. Walker, J.K., and O'Hara, C.L.: Analysis of automobile exhaust gases
by mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 27:825-828 (May) 1955.
Mass spectrometer techniques for the analysis of automobile exhaust
gases (CO), and a sampling procedure for laboratory gas analysis
are presented. These data are supplemented by results from
continuous monitoring of exhaust gas composition at various engine
speeds. The hydrocarbon content of automobile exhaust varies with
engine speed, approaching steady state at high speed. The oxides
of nitrogen produced, as indicated by continuous analysis, show an
increase with engine speed. - Authors' Abst.
120. Waller, R.E., Coinmins, B.T., and Lawther, P.J.: Air pollution in
a city street. British J. Indust. Med. 22:128-138 (April) 1965.
Measurements of the concentrations of smoke, lead, and five polycyclic
hydrocarbons in the air have been made in the City of London in the
middle of a busy street and at two control sites. Samples were taken
only throughout the daytime hours on weekdays to enable us to assess
the maximum contribution made by traffic to the pollution in the
street. The results showed that during these periods the air in the
middle of the street contained three times as much smoke, four
times as much lead, and 1.7 times as much 3:^-benzpyrene as were
present in the general atmosphere of the City of London as estimated
from samples taken at the control sites. One of these sites was
chosen because it vas only 150 feet away from the street; analyses
-------
yielded no evidence that the traffic contributed to the pollution
sampled there. Sulphur dioxide concentrations were determined in
the early part of the study and the results showed that traffic
appeared to add little to the background level. The concentrations
of lead found were below those held to be safe by many authorities.
Carbon monoxide concentrations, reported in greater detail elsewhere,
sometimes reached the accepted industrial maximum allowable concentration
of 100 p.p.m. - Authors' Abst.
121. Wanta, R.C., and Stern, A.C.: Classification of air pollution
exposures. Amer. Indust, Hyg. Ass. Quart. 18:156-160 (June) 1957.
The concentration, averaging-time, recurrency triad has been introduced,
and its significance and some of its properties for air pollution have
been explained. Application has been made to familiar air pollution
incidents of the past. It is suggested that research efforts employ-
ing the triad approach require enlargement, if not stimulation, in
order to improve our ability to assess the kind of air environment
toward which communities are now tending, and in the expectation that
short-term methods of assessing long-term effects will eventually
become successful. - Authors' Abst.
122. Wilfce, H.: Advantages and disadvantages cf aiet.hods of supervision of
firings on the formation of soot. Wasser Luft Betrieb (Wiesbaden)
6:104-109 (March) 1962.
Considerable information is given on the amount of excess air, or
oxygen, necessary to assure complete combustion of various fuels
including gas, oil, brown coal, anthracite coal, and hard coal, in
an effort to prevent soot-formation. Also given is information on
the amount of CO, produced when combustion conditions are controlled.
A diagramatic drawing of a scheme for producing soot-free combustion
is shown in a table in the text. Also shown are schemes for continuous
measuring of C02, CO, and H- near a combustion unit, and for construction
of an optical-electrical soot registering system. - APCA 5506
BIOLOGICAL
Animals
effect of acute (short term and severe)concentrations
123. Burda, A.S., and Oborin, H.A.: Therapeutic effect of Cytochrome C
in acute carbon monoxide poisoning in animals. Gigiyena Truda i
Professional'nyye Zabolevaniya 7:56-57 (Aug.) 1963.
The search for new antibiotics to combat CO poisoning is of greet
practical importance. The need for this effort stems from the
variety of mechanisms that regulate the development of the
pathological process in acute CO poisoning. This paper describes
investigations revealing injpairment of the enzymatic systems,
-------
especially the respiratory enzymes of the brain. The direct
injurious effect of CO on tissue respiration was confirmed by
experimental data on gas exchange, change in blood gases, and
arteriovenous difference and by the positive prophylactic effect
of thiohine on tissue respiration following exposure to carbon
monoxide. According to this investigation Cytochrome C merits
attention as a means of pathogenetic therapy. - Authors' Abst.
124. Candura, F,, Craveri, A., and Brasca, F.: Fibrinolysis in acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. Experimental research. Folia Med. (Naples)
44:400-408 (May) 1961.
In experiments with rabbits, the authors studied the fibrinolytic
behavior of the blood serum following acute or fatal poisoning with
city-gas (CO content of 1.8-5%). A constant and significant increase
in the content of fibrinolysin or plasmin, was found. This resulting
increase in the fibrinolytic power of the blood may explain the
occasional finding of a fluidity of the post-mortem state of the
blood following a CO-poisoning death. No correlation was found
between the rate of increase of fibrinolysis and the blood hemoglobin
CO (HbCO) level. In view of the absence of any correlation, it is
suggested by the authors that post-mortem blood fluidity—a finding
which is not wholly characteristic of CO poisoning—might occur through
nonspecific mechanisms which are brought into action by stress.
- APCA 4255
124a. Candura, P., and Craveri, A.: Value and significance of fibrinolysis
in experimental carbon monoxide intoxication. Bass. Med. Indust.
33:404-406 (May-Aug.) 1964.
Starting from the observation of the fluidity of the blood of
subjects who have died from asphyxia, a study has been made on the
behaviour of fibrinolysis in animals acutely intoxicated with
carbon monoxide. The increase of fibrinolysis is found only in
vivo, even in animals after removal of the adrenals. The removal
of the spleen however, prevents the occurance of this process, so
that two hypotheses may be advanced: the freeing of "ipossilienina"
capable of orientig the blood coagulation towards hypocoagulability
or the immission of splenin B in the circulation, a principle with
a profibrinolytic activity. - Authors' Sum.
125. Carlo, S., and Bruno, P.: Biochemical and E.E.G. findings in some
modern occupational poisonings. Riv. Sper. Freniat, 87:858-862
(June) 1963.
The literature on biochemical or E.E.G. findings of investigations
of various industrial poisonings, is reviewed in this paper. Acute
CO poisoning of rabbits resulted in cortical depression. Sharp
reduction in the responsiveness of the electrical activity of the
brain to intermittent photic stimulation was recorded immediately
50
-------
after the acute poisoning was induced. This condition could be
reversed after a few days. Authors consider the many enzymic
activities, such as dehydrogenase, flavine cyto-chrome-oxidase
responsible for the changes in E.E.G. patterns. Authors draw the
conclusion from the literature reviewed that only through the
correlation of 'biochemical, histopathological and electrophysiolog-
ical data, advances in industrial medicine can be made. They state
that no data are, as yet, available concerning the activity of various
parts of the central nervous system in industrial poisonings. -
AGO
126. Chiodi, H., Dill, D.B., Consolazio, F., and Horvath, S.M. : Respiratory
and circulatory responses to acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer.
J. Physiol. 134:683-693 (Nov. l)
No hyperpnea was observable during rest in either dogs or men when
subjected to acute and severe CO poisoning. The C02 combining capacity
was unchanged, the arterial pCOg was increased, and accordingly the
pH was shifted toward the acid side.
In severe GO poisoning the respiratory center was depressed.
The cardiac output showed no more than slight increases with
HbCO saturations ranging up to 30 per cent. From that level up to 50
per cent HbCO the cardiac output increased as much as one-half.
The direct action on the respiratory center of the acute hypoxemia
produced by CO poisoning that is severe yet compatible with life is
purely depressive in nature.
From the data given the oxygen tension in venous blood can be
calculated for various levels of HbCO. - Authors' Sum.
127. Chornyak, J., and Sayers, R.R.: Studies in asphyxia. I.
Neuropathology resulting from comparatively rapid carbon-monoxide
asphyxia. Pub. Health Rep. 46:1523-1530 (June) 1931.
The chemical and pathological reaction of dogs to asphyxia by
carbon monoxide and by atmospheres which are deficient in oxygen
has been studied during the past two years by the United States
Bureau of Mines. These studies have been conducted for the purpose
of obtaining fundamental information on the response of the organism
to asphyxial environment, with the particular viewpoint of devising
a procedure for treating moribund cases of carbon-monoxide poisoning.
It has been repeatedly observed that many of these cases have a fatal
termination, even though respiration has been induced and the carbon
monoxide removed from the blood.
The neuropathology produced in dogs by fatal exposures of 20
to 30 min. to 0.6$ CO in air by volume was studied. Carbon monoxide
produces a diffuse degenerative change throughout the entire brain.
In this type of asphyxia the most serious effect appears to be eder^.
of the dorsal :.,otor nucleus of the vagus and the adjacent area in
the uedulla oblongato,. - Authors Introduction Modiiled-AGC
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128. De Boer, S., and Carroll, E.G.: The mechanism of the splenic reaction
to general CO poisoning. J. Physiol. 59:312-332, 1924-1925.
When cats are poisoned with CO the spleen volume decreases. The
B.P. falls if the rate of poisoning is rapid and either falls slightly
or remains constant if the CO is slowly absorbed. In a few cases
a sharp initial rise in B.P. takes place. The mechanism is very
sensitive and responds to as low a percentage of COHb in the blood
as 8 p.c.
The decrease in volume of the spleen is independent of the B.P.
changes and is due to an active contraction of the splenic musculature.
CO poisoning does not cause any vaso-constriction in the
spleen.
The excised surviving spleen does not contract, but dilates,
when poisoned with CO. This effect is due to oxygen want.
The spleen does not contract in response to general CO poisoning
of the grttmal when it is removed from nervous connection with the
"body either by nicotine poisoning or by decentralisation although in
each case the spleen itself is poisoned with CO.
The contraction is not due to an effect on the adrenals or on
the pituitary body.
The spleen perfused with oxygenated Ringer but in normal
nervous communication with the body contracts when the animal is
poisoned with CO.
The spleen of the decapitate^cat contracts in response to
general CO poisoning.
It is concluded that the spleen contracts owing to the effect
of CO in producing an oxygen want in the spinal cord.
It is suggested that a function of the splenic contraction is
to expel unpoisoned red cells into the blood and so reduce the
proportion of COHb to HbOg in the general circulation. - Authors' Sum.
129. Douglas, T.A., Ledingham, I., Lawson, B.D., and Iforman, J.N.:
Carbon monoxide poisoning. A comparison between the efficiencies
of oxygen at one atmosphere pressure, of oxygen at two
atmospheres pressure and of 5$ and J% carbon dioxide In oxygen.
Lancet, Jan. 13, 1962, pp. 68-69.
Two groups, each of ten dogs, were gassed with carbon monoxide
mixtures until the carboxyhaemoglobin level was 70$. They
were then resuscitated with pure oxygen at two atmospheres
pressure, and the time taken for the carboxyhaemoglobin level
to fall from 70 to 35$ was noted. it
The results were compared with the times for half-clearance
of the blood when the same dogs, gassed in the same way, were
resuscitated with oxygen at normal atmospheric pressure, or
with 5$ or 7% 'Carbogeri* (carbon dioxide in oxygen).
Treatment with pure oxygen at a pressure of two atmosphere
absolute was by far the most efficient. Next in order was 5$
or 7% carbogen. Least effective was pure oxygen alone,
-Authors1 Sum.
-------
130. Ehrich, W.E., Bellet, S., and Levey, F.H.: Cardiac changes from CO
poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:511-523,
All experiments were performed upon dogs. Acute CO poisoning was
produced in some animals "by inhalation of the gas and in others by-
intravenous introduction of erythrocytes saturated vith CO; while
chronic poisoning was effected by exposure to 0.01 vol. % CO for 5
hours daiily over a period of 11 weeks. As a control, chronic anoxia
was produced in other animals by exposure to an atmosphere containing
only 10 vol. £ 02-
The electrocardiograph ic changes observed were inversion of the
T wave, elevation of the R-T segment, atrioventricular dissociation,
and A-V heart block. The morphologic changes included certain
degenerative changes of individual muscle fibers, as well as hemorrhages
and necroses of the myocardium. While the changes in the T wave
and R-T segment and the degenerative changes appeared as early as
at 40$ COHb in acute experiment, s, or at 21$ COHb or an equivalent
02 deficiency in chronic exposure, heart block and myocardial hemor-
rhages and necroses were observed only when the COHb level exceeded
75$ for 1 hour or longer.
It was noted that the electrocardiographic and morphologic
changes of the heart in CO poisoning closely resemble those observed
in anoxia due to other causes . Authors also give a brief review of
the literature on cardiac changes. - Authors' Sum.
131. End, E., and Long, C.W, : Oxygen under pressure in carbon monoxide
poisoning. J. Indust. Hyg. & Toxicol. 24:302-306 (Dec.)
Carbon monoxide causes tissue damage by producing anoxia. Our current
methods of treatment are unable to correct this anoxia. Inhalation
of oxygen under three atmospheres of pressure is capable of preventing
such anoxia by causing solution of enough oxygen in the blood to
provide for the needs of the tissues. Inhalation of oxygen under this
pressure for several hours is safe. In experiments reported in this
paper, guinea pigs and dogs poisoned with carbon monoxide were quickly
restored to consciousness by inhaling oxygen under three atmospheres
of pressure. This is taken to indicate that their anoxia had been
corrected. Such treatment also accelerates elimination of carbon
monoxide so that thirty minutes' treatment proved ample to remove
most of the carbon monoxide from the animals bodies. Elimination
curves for this and other types of treatment are given. It is pro-
posed to introduce inhalation of oxygen under pressure in the treatment
of human beings severely poisoned by carbon monoxide. - Authors' Sum.
*
132. Gorbatow, 0. and Noro, L. : On acclimatization In connection with acute
carbrjo monoxide poisoning. Acta Physiol. Scandinavia 15:77-87, 1948.
The authors have exposed rats and mice daily to carbon monoxide in contents
of 0.25, 0.4, 0.5 and 1%. Their observations are as follows:
The test animals became acclimatized to carbon monoxide in contents
of 0.25-0.5% and the tolerance against CO in 8-15 days increased 2-4 times
its former value. In 11 CO only slight acclimatization was observed.
53
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An intermission of several days in exposure diminished the tolerance,
The longer the intermission was the more tolerance (got by acclimatization)
the animal lost.
In connection with acclimatization polycythemia was observed which
disappeared later. However, tolerance clearly increased without polycythe-
mia.
No decrease of COHb was observed in connection with acclimatization.
The general condition of test animals became worse during ''acclima-
tization". - Authors' Sum.
133« Haggard, H.¥.: Studies in carbon monoxide asphyxia. I. The
behavior of the heart. Juuer* J. Pbysicl, 56:390-^3, 1921.
Death tinder carbon monoxide asphyxia is d«e to failure of respiration.
This is in the nature of a fatal apnoeavera. The anoxemia resulting
from the formation of carboxyhemoglobin induces excessive "breathing;
and respiratory failure follows the excessive loss of COg.
Oxygen deficiency caused by carbon monoxide, even in advanced asphyxia
is not in itself sufficient to cause impairment of auriculo-ventricular
conduction. Ptollowing respiratory failure, however, the increased
anoxemia from this cause speedily results in the development of heart
"block through its various stages.
By restoring respiration and rapidly eliminating the carbon
monoxide by means of inhalations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, cardiac
conduction is restored to normal following the development of "block.
The cardie-inhibitory center maintains its activity longer
than does the respiratory center. This center is stimulated by the
increased Cg which occurs during respiratory failure. Prom this there
results a temporary cessation of auricular activity. This period of
Inhibition is prevented by the administration of atropine.
Wh'en respiratory failure is prevented by means of inhalations
of 8 or 10 per cent carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide combination
with hemoglobin rises to an unusually high percentage without any
evidence of impairment in a-v conduction. This indicates that there
is no direct tacLc action of carbon monoxide upon the cardiac
conducting system.
Illuminating gas results in an earlier development of respiratory
failure than does pure carbon monoxide in corresponding concentration.
llectrocardiographic records are given from two animals which
differed from the rest in that one developed a traoeieaat period of
alternation involving the R and T waves and the other presented,
during the time of complete a-v block, a condition resembling
auricular fibrillation or flutter. - Author's Conclusion
134. Jerzykowski, T., and Nowak, S.: The effect of acute carbon monoxide
poisoning on riboflavin level in blood and tissues, ACTA Physiologica
Polonica, 14:115-126, 1963.
Rabbits with acute carbon monoxide poisoning had riboflavin levels that
were in muscles 25 percent lower and in blood 21.3 percent higher than
.in controls. The differences were statistically significant. No
-------
differences of riboflavin levels was demonstrated in the liver of
poisoned rabbits.
The levels of riboflavin in liver and muscles were investigated also
in rats before and after acute carbon monoxide poisoning, but no distinct
differences similar to those described before were detected.
The authors suppose the changes recorded in rabbits to be due to
a general effect of carbon monoxide poisoning> which causes
riboflavin to become released from the muscles probably owing to protein
decomposition, and to escape into blood.
The following average values of total riboflavin were recorded:
in rabbits: blood 21 y%, muscles 199 y.%, liver 960 y.%; in-rats^muscles
3S3 yX, and liver 1313 y%. - Authors' Sum.
135, Jferchiaro, G., Margaria, E., Gaido, P.O., and Aquaro, G.: Acid-
"base equilibrium in experimental acute intoxication from carbon
monoxide. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:^52-453 (May-Aug.) 1964.
In dogs experimentally intoxicated with CO a progressive decrease
has been found in the pH values of the blood accompanied by an
increase of the pCX>2. The acidosis condition tends to correct
partially during the successive stages of treatment. - Authors'
Sum.
136. Pattono, R., Marchiaro, G., Capellaro, F., and Orione, G.: Dynamics
of CO elimination under various conditions. Rass. Med. Indust. 33=
456-1*57 (May-Aug.) 1964.
The elimination of CO has been studied in experimental animals
during various stages of intoxication. When animals vere treated
with clean air the carboxyhemoglobin dropped 40$. Treated with
controlled pure oxygen the process was a much faster one. When
having animals breathing simultaneously oxygen, air and hypothermal
air up to 32° the progress of elimination was slowed down.
Authors' Sum.-AGC
137. Pecora, L., Vecchione, C,, and Fati, S.: On the binding of carbon
monoxide in the blood in acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning*
Folia Med. 43:568-580 (June) 1960.
Experimental studies in vitro were made by the authors of the
stability of the carbon monoxide linkage with the blood subsequent
to acute or chronic poisoning. In acute poisoning a group of 12
rabbits were exposed on the 1st, 5th, 10th, and 20th days; in
chronic poisoning a similar group of rabbits were exposed for 120
days with the carbon monoxide at a level of 100 ppm. For each
type of poisoning the CO levels were determined for newly-drawn
samples of blood and of samples which had been exposed to the air
for varying periods. From results of these studies it was shown
that the greater the number of acute poisonings, or the more
prolonged the chronic poisoning, the less was the quantity of CO
55
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freed from the red cells or from the plasma after exposure to air.
There was, therefore, a progressive increase in both the plasma and
globulin carboxyemia. From these studies it is evident that in
repeated poisonings CO is not only distributed in the blood in a
different way compared with single poisonings, but also that links
which are unlikely to be reversible are established both in the
plasma and in the red blood cells. - APCA 4021
138. Pecora, L.: Ferrous therapy in acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
Rass. Med. Indust. 33:352-353 (May-Aug.) 196k.
In experiments, rabbits poisoned with carbon monoxide showed
hypochromic anemia, increased enzymatic erythrocytic activity,
decreased iron in bone, muscle, liver, lung, an^ spleen tissue,
and an increased urinary elimination of iron. On this basis, 62.5
mg of iron was injected intravenously into acutely poisoned
humans. Symptomatology regressed rapidly as did the blood level
of carboxyhemoglobin, demonstrating that in addition to producing
a condition of asphyxia, carbon monoxide also exerts a true toxic
action. - NASA 8028k
139- Querci, M., Margaglia, F., Orione, G., and Acquaro, G.: Hemodynamic
variations in experimental acute carbon monoxide poisoning, Rassegna
di Medicina Industriale e di Igiene del Lavoro 33:k5k-k55 (May-Aug.)
196k.
The authors have observed that the inhalation of CO by laboratory
animals produces an increase in the cardiac frequency with a
simultaneous increase in the systolic pressure which decreases
progressively when the carboxyhemoglobinemia values reach about
10$. The marked progressive increase of the pressure of the
pulmonary arteries is probably due not so much to the decrease of
the alveolar tension of the oxygen but to the decrease of the
oxygen in the blood. - Authors' Sum.
140. Ramsey, T.L., and Eilmann, H.J.: Carbon monoxide acute and chronic
poisoning and experimental studies. J. Lab. & Clinical Med. 17:
k!5-k27, 1931-1932.
Presented is a study of carbon monoxide from a standpoint of the
method of its production, its affinity for hemoglobin, its action
upon being respired, the percentages of blood saturation in varying
lengths of time according to the concentration in the respired air,
the symptoms and effect upon the body, possible methods of its
elimination from the body, the production of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning, methods of treatment, the postmortem macroscopic appearances
of the body following carbon monoxide deaths, some Important
medicolegal facts, a series of experiments on guinea pigs to
ascertain its persistence in the body following exposure, and the
-------
histopathology of various tissues in animals dying, directly during
exposure, and those killed and autopsied at varying periods later. -
Authors' Sum.
141. Rubino, G.F»: Hemodynamic alterations during acute intoxication
from carbonmono3d.de. Rass. Med. Ind. (Borne) 33:268-27^ (May-Aug.)
In this paper the results are reported of research on the hemodynamic
alterations observed during experimental intoxication from carbon
monoxide (using air with a content of CO varying from 0.8$ to 2.0$),
and the subsequent revival of the dogs. An increase in the cardiac
frequency was observed and a slight increase in the systemic
pressure. The pressure of the pulmonary artery, however, increased
as much as twice and even three times. A particular aspect of the
autonomy of the coronary circulations is pointed out, and the
hypothesis is advanced that the responsibility for the pathogenesis
of chronic pulmonary heart lies not so much in the decreased alveolar
Og tension as in the lessened Og content of the blood. - APCA 6V171
Spencer, T. D, : Effects of carbon monoxide on man and canaries. Ann.
Occupat. Hyg. (London) 5:231-21(0 (Oct. -Dec.) 1962.
Since the scientific literature contained little information on the
measuring of the effect of CO on canaries, and none since the refine-
ment of measuring techniques whicb^ have occurred in the last decade or
so, the author a few years ago carried out a series of tests of such
effects. There are £ major differences "between the effects of CO on man
and of those on the canary. The 1st is the difference in what can be
measured. In man the gas produces headache, dizziness, and nausea
but these symptoms cannot be assessed with any certainty in the canary.
The time that the canary falls off the perch is the only measurement
that can be made with any assurance. It is obvious that there is
no equivalent to the walking or working man; all canaries are "resting."
The 2nd is that a canary reaches a state of equilibrium with the CO
it is breathing much more quickly than a man does. If the atmosphere
contains enough CO to cause all canaries put in it to fall of their
perches (i.e., more than 1?. 5 parts/10,000 parts of air), this fall
wiU occur within 20 minutes and usually wittdn 10. A resting man
could be ^-5 hours in such a concentration before losing consciousness.
At concentrations of more than 17.5 parts the canary would fall off
its perch nearly always before a walking roan had developed any symptoms
of poisoning and always before a resting man had done so. It is this
fact, of course, which has made the canary so valuable in rescue opera-
tions. The 3rd difference is 1 which does not appear to be widely
known. It takes 2 or 3 times the concentration of CO to produce in
a canary effects which can be considered as equivalent to those in
man. The lowest concentration of CO which appeared to produce any
effect whatever in a canary seemed, from these observations, to be
6 parts/10,000 parts. The lowest concentration that will make any
canary fall off its perch is 12. 5 parts; in man unconsciousness will
57
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occur in it- or 5 parts. It has always been considered that the canary
was more "sensitive" to CO than man. In man, hemoglobin has about
250 times the affinity for CO than it has for oxygen; in the canary
this figure appears to be 110. In 1 sense of the word a canary is,
therefore, not nearly as "sensitive" to CO as man. This fact is more
than counterbalanced in CO of more than 20 parts by the speed at
which the canary's blood comes into equilibrium with the atmosphere
breathed. At the lower levels, and particularly in 12 parts/10,000
parts of CO or less, a canary will not only be useless but will be
a dangerous cause of false confidence. - APCA 53^9*
143. Takahashi, K.: XI. Changes of the heart excitability, due to acute CO
poisoning. Tohoku J. Expt. Med. (Sendai) ?4: 224-233 (July 25)
Changes of the heart excitability were observed on the electrocardio-
gram of dogs poisoned acutely by inhalation of CO gas. Due to inhala-
tion of 0.05-1$ CO gas for 60 min., a remarkable prolongation of
refractory periods was observed in all animals and the elevation of
resting threshold was seen in a few animals. The lowering of heart
excitability wast shown not only during gas inhalation but after
its cessation. Then the strength interval curve shifted to the
right. Due to inhalation of 2.5$ CO gas for 15 min., the heart
excitability was decreased slightly during inhalation but recovered
quickly by inhalation of pure oxygen. Then the absolute refractory
period was reduced. It required a definite time duration for which
the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level was maintained at a certain high
level, to produce the lowering of heart excitability. Lowering of the
excitability continued and became severe after cessation of gas inhalation.
The disturbances of heart muscles due to CO poisoning may be attributed
to disturbances of myoglobin and/or cytochrome C. The reduction of
the absolute refractory period was observed by the inhalation of. 2.5$
CO gas for 15 min. and this may be attributed to the compensatory
function in the early stage of hypoxemia. - APCA 4465.
144. Yant, W.P., Chornyak, J., Schrenk, H.H., Patty, F.A., and Sayers, R.R. :
VI. Blood chemistry of dogs after comparatively rapid carbon-monoxide
asphyxia. In: Studies in Asphyxia. U.S. Treasury Dept., PHS, PHB
Ho. 211, 1934, pp. 61.
Among dogs exposed to atmospheres which were depleted of oxygen at a
rate which caused a progressive asphyxia! condition simulating
asphyxia resulting from exposure to approximately 0.6 percent carbon
monoxide in air by volume, there was a marked hyperglycemia and
hyperuricemia .
The nonprotein nitrogen and urea increased slightly. The
total and preformed creatinine remained practically normal; the
inorganic phosphorus increased.
There was an increase in the hydrogen-ion concentration, and
a marked decrease in the carbon-dioxide capacity of the plasma and
the carbon-dioxide content of the blood.
-------
The oxygen saturation of the arterial blood at death ranged
from 1.3 to 8 percent.
The "blood counts shoved no marked abnormalities. - Authors'
Sum.
effect of chronic (long term and low) concentrations
145. Beck, H.G., and Fort, W,: Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann.
Clin. Med. 3:^37-^3, 1924-1925.
Two case studies of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are discussed
in detail in this paper. Because of the manifold and protean character
of the clinical manifestations, only a few of the more common symptoms
could be given in this paper. The pallor of many patients resembled
a high grade of anemia, as well as a group of symptoms are suggestive
of anemia in the presence of a red cell count of over 5,000,000.
This condition is of considerable diagnostic significance. There
is no specific antidote for chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and
treatment has to be symptomatic.
An English bull dog vas named the victim in a third case study
of carbon monoxide poisoning. The blood examination showed a
hemoglobin of 95$, erythrocytes 5,120,000 and leukocytes 12,250.
There were no morphological changes in the red cells. - AGO
146. Beck, H.G.: Slow carbon monoxide asphyxiation. A neglected clinical
problem. J. A.M.A. 107:1025-1029 (July-Sept.) 1936".
A series of carefully studied cases of slow carbon monoxide asphyxiation
has been studied.
The symptoms exhibited have been correlated with the pathologic
lesions produced in experimental animals and found at autopsy.
The results establish the fact that slow carbon monoxide
asphyxiation (anoxemia) produces a definite clinicopathologic entity
despite views held to the contrary.
The symptoms arise predominantly from organs rich in blood
supply, thus demanding much oxygen, such as the central nervous
system and the heart nzuscles.
Owing to doubt and uncertainty as to the actual existence of
the malady and a scant literature on the subject, the condition is
not generally recognized by the profession and its importance has
been underestimated.
Since there is no medicinal remedy when the organic changes
have once developed, treatment must be directed toward its prevention
by proper public health measures. - Author's Sum.
147. Burrell, G.A., Seibert, F.M., and Robertson, I.W.: Relative Effects
of Carbon Monoxide on Small Animals. U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical
Paper #62, 191k, 23 pp.
59
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In testing for gas in mines small animals may "be used repeatedly
without danger of their "being less susceptible to carbon-monoxide
poisoning after many exposures than after the first, if they are
allowed to recover between exposures.
Canaries are less resistant to carbon-monoxide poisoning than*
mice, chickens, rabbits, guinea pigs, or dogs. It is recommended
that canaries be used whenever possible and that at least three of
them be carried by an exploration party.
Men may display distress in the presence of proportions of
carbon monoxide as small as 0.10 per cent, whereas small animals in
the same atmosphere may show no signs of being affected. - Authors'
Sum.
148. Campbell, J.A.: Hypertrophy of the heart in acclimatization to chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning. J. Physiol. 77:8P-9P> 1933«
In the course of the post-mortem examinations of tar-cancer mice,
some of which had been exposed for about 9 months to chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning and others for the same period to oxygen at high
pressure (60 p.c. atmos.) in the air, it was observed that the
average weight of the hearts of the mice exposed to carbon monoxide
was much greater than that of the mice exposed to high oxygen and
also than that of the control mice. Only one of the controls and
two of the mice exposed to high oxygen possessed hearts weighing more
than 0.235 gm« Of the 19 mice exposed to carbon monoxide, Ik possessed
hearts weighing between 0.235 and 0.3^0 g.j in k others the weights
were between 0.200 and 0.235 g.j 0.^35 g. was the weight of the heart
in the remaining mouse. - Author's Abst.
149. Campbell, J.A.: Growth, fertility, etc. in animals during attempted
acclimatization to csjrbon monoxide. Quart. J. Sxper. Physiol. 24:
271-281, 1935-
Some mice and rabbits maintain their rate of growth when slowly
acclimatized to about 0.3 PQ** cent, of carbon monoxide in the
inspired air. It is pointed out that man's ability to acclimatize
gradually to the gas has never been properly tested, and, although
not so resistant as certain animals appear to be, he probably
possesses much greater resistance, to such gradual exposure, than
has so far been suspected.
The heart of the mouse is often much hypertrophied during
slow acclimatization, and this organ is regarded as playing a chief
part in the powers to acclimatize.
!Ehe mouse appears to be more easily acclimatized to carbon
monoxide than to low oxygen pressure in the aiv.
Mice after acclimatization to 0.30 per cent, carbon monoxide
are not fertile; true acclimatization is thus not attained.
If carbon monoxide is consumed by living animals when
breathing 0-30 per cent, of the gas, the consumption must be of a
very low order, as is to be expected from Fcnn and Cobb's results
for frog's skeletal muscle exposed in vitro to 80 per cent, of the
gas.
60
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The carbon monoxide pressure in the tissues is less than
hali' that in the inspired air. Oxygen pressures in the tissues are
reduced to half the normal value in an acclimatized animal breathing
0.30 per cent, carbon monoxide. - Author's Sum.
150. Chernov, V.M., and Liberman, S.S.: Problem of combined action of carbon
monoxide and benzene vapor. Farmakol. i. toksikol. 10:22, 1947.
Experiments were performed with mice to determine the combined toxic
action of CO and benzene, such as might develop in those working in
motor transport. The concentration, period «f exposure and temperature
of air in the vapor chambers were noted. It was found that neither CO
alone nor benzene alone caused a very marked mortality at certain
temperatures. But when animals were exposed to the 2 together the
cumulative toxic effect was notable. A rise in temperature considerably
increased the toxic action of benzene. The practical importance of
these observations is great in view of the many cases of poisoning
among those exposed to the 2 substances. - Kett.
151. Clark, R.T., Jr., Otis, A.B., and Leung, S.W.: Acclimatization of mice
to carbon monoxide and low oxygen. Amer. J. Physiol. 159:564, 1949.
Mice were exposed to carbon monoxide in gradually increasing concentra-
tion from 0.03% to 0.15% over a period of 14 days, after which the
animals were removed to room air for a day. They were then tested for
tolerance to a simulated high altitude of 34,000 feet. Survival times
of the mice previously acclimatized to CO were considerably longer than
mice unacclimatized to CO. The converse of the above experiment was
attempted by subjecting mice to an atmosphere containing oxygen in
gradually decreasing amounts from 10% to 7% for a period of 14 days. The
controls and experimental were then exposed to an atmosphere containing
0.25% carbon monoxide. Survival times of tlis mice previously acclimatized
to low oxygen were considerably longer than the mice unacclimatized to low
oxygen. Blood studies were made on mice after acclimatization to carbon
monoxide and low oxygen. In both cases the oxygen capacity increased
about 60% above the controls, and the hematocrit 85%* The carbon dioxide
capacity of the plasma was found to decrease for the mice acclimatized to
low oxygen, but showed no change from controls for these animals acclimatized
to carbon monoxide* The pH of the blood of mice acclimatized to carbon
monoxide was found to be considerably higher than that of the mice acclima-
tized to low oxygen* The rate of oxygen consumption was the same the first
few days of exposure to carbon monoxide and low oxygen as at the end.
152. Clark, R.T., Jr., and Otis, A.B.: Comparative studies on acclimatization
of mice to carbon monoxide and to low oxygen. Amer. J. Physiol. 169:285-
294, 1952.
Mice which have "been acclimatized to concentrations of CO up to 0.15
per cent for 1^ days can survive an acute exposure to 3lf,000 feet
considerably longer than mice unacclimatized to CO. Mice vhich have
61
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been exposed to low 02 for Ik days can survive in an atmosphere containing
0.25 per cent CO considerably longer than mice unacclimatized to low
02. The oxygen capacity and hematocrit increased to about the same
extent for the mice acclimatized to CO and low 02. The oxygen capacity
increased about 50 per cent above the controls, and the heraatocrit 85
per cent. The C02 capacity of the plasma was found to decrease for
the mice acclimatized to low 02- Mice acclimatized to CO showed a higher
C02 capacity than unacclimatized mice. The decrease in C02 capacity
of the mice acclimatized to low 02 was of the same magnitude as the
decrease that other investigators have observed for human residents at
high altitude. Hematocrit ratios and weight changes were measured during
acclimatization and retro-acclimatization to CO and low 02. The changes
noted for the mice in CO and low 02 were the same. The hematocrit values
increased steadily during the acclimatization period. During the retro-
acclimatization period the hematocrit remained at about the same high
value for the first 8 days and then dropped rapidly to the normal level.
The weights of the mice during acclimatization decreased rapidly during
the first few days and then more slowly. About 35 Per cent of the body
weight was lost during the acclimatization period. During the retro-
acclimatization period the weights rose rapidly for the first few days
and reached the control level about the eighth day-
The average rate of oxygen consumption during the acclimatization
period for mice in low 02 was 3.1 cc/gm/hour; for mice in CO, 3*0
cc/gm/hour; and for mice in room air, 3»2 cc/gm/hour. - Authors' Sum.
153- Desoille, H., Truffert, L., Lebbe J., Boncour, R., and Girard-Wallon, C.:
Experimental chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch» Maladies Profess.
Mdd. Travail Securite Vol. 25, No. 7/8, pp. 389-392, 1964.
The sequence of experiments in regard to the problem of chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning, often investigated but not yet finally
solved, is described in this paper. Two experimental sequences with
animals are discussed. 1. A constant carbon monoxide content was
maintained in the atmospheric air for six hours daily, for five days
per week. 2. Periodic carbon monoxide inhalations interchanged with
periods of breathing in atmosphere clear of carbon monoxide. In
experiment no. 1, no elevated CO-content of the blood was ascertained
48 hours after discontinuation of the CO influence of 250 to 450 ppm.
Only changes in the electroencephalograph and in the blood serum could
be ascertained. Certain acclimatization effects could be observed
according to the authors. In the second experiment the animals were
exposed to 2000 ppm carbon monoxide for one hour, four times daily.
The considerably elevated CO-blood content was immediately reduced by
breathing clean air. Also, after a rest period of two days, on Monday,
no elevated CO-blood content was ascertained. These results correspond
to earlier investigations of the authors with smokers. These investigations
will be continued in view of the changes of the serum-protein in the
blood. - AGC
62
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154. Hinners, B.G.: Engineering the Chronic Exposure of Animals to
Laboratory Produced Automobile -Exhaust. J. APCA 12:527-530 (Nov.)
1962.
In addition to studies involving direct exposure to urban atmospheres
characterized by automotive emissions, the biological effects of
exposure to controlled atmospheres where automobile exhaust is the
sole pollutant must be identified, both to evaluate the importance
of the known source and to define its comparative role in the
presence of other contaminants and environmental factors. The
laboratory facility at the Laidlaw Avenue annex to the Robert A.
Taft Sanitary Engineering Center was established to initiate studies
utilizing automobile emissions tailored to simulate realistically
the conditions and daily changes of city air. An automobile engine
is coupled to a dynamometer unit designed to produce exhaust and
blowby according to an established "driving" pattern. The emissions
are proportionally diluted with cleaned conditioned air under
regulated pressure and fed to four dynamic flow irradiation chambers.
The chambers are lighted by a composite of three types of fluorescent
bulbs designed to simulate sunlight to intensity and spectral
distribution. The dilution system provides non-irradiated or "raw"
exhaust in a similar time-concentration pattern. A third line carries
cleaned air at the same rate of flow. Four separate sets of
conditions are to be maintained in the chambers, the variables of
concentration, rate of flow, duration and intensity of light being
subject to decision. These atmospheres are monitored with continuous
recording instruments for CO, NO, W02, hydrocarbons and ozone on a
rotational schedule. Periodic samples will be analyzed by wet
chemistry to determine aldehydes, peroxyacetylnitrates (PAN), olefins
and organic acids. Effluents from the h irradiation chambers along
with their companion raw exhaust and cleaned air are ducted to k
large tables, each supporting 2k animal exposure chambers. A
single type of atmosphere supplies one group of 8 chambers/table.
The locations are interlaced to balance distance from source.
Animals under exposure will be tested for immediate responses and
will be observed over their lifetime also to detect the development
of chronic disease conditions. - Author's Abst.
155* Lewey, F,H., and Drabkin, D.L.: Experimental chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning of dogs. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:502-511 (Oct.) 1944.
Dogs, exposed for 5% hours per day, 6 days a week, over 11 weelcs, to
an atmosphere containing 0.01 vol. % CO, and reaching daily 20.1 * 1.1%
HbCO, showed a consistent disturbance of postural and position reflexes,
and of gait*
Some of them showed a pathologic electrocardiogram, character-
istic of anoxia, and necrosis of single heart muscle fibers.
Their central nervous systems showed, 3 months after termination
of the experiment, histologic changes in the cortex and white matter
of the cerebral hemispheres, in the globus pallidus and the brain stem.
These alterations corresponded in type and localization to those found
in ecute CO poisoning, bat were smaller, mere scattered aiisi less
63
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destructive. They followed in their arrangement the course of blood-
vessels, the walls of which were damaged only occasionally*
One dog, in which the posterior coronary artery had been ligated
1 year prior to the exposure for a period of only 18 days to CO, showed
the earliest and severest cardiac and cerebral changes of all animals
observed. This result suggests that an inadequate functioning heart
increases the general risk in CO poisoning, and may be responsible for
a higher degree of brain damage*
Our findings indicate that chronic CO intoxication may occur in
dogs at CO concentrations which have been regarded as being within the
safety limits for man.
These experiments do not permit any conclusions as to the
potential reactions of the human body to the same conditions* - Authors'
Sum.
156. Malorny, G., Fodor, C., and Pomp, H.: Effect of low CO-concentrations
on movement and reflexes. Arch. Experiment. Pathol. & Phannacol.
21*6:23-24, 1963.
Tests were conducted with rats and mice for the determination of
whether very low CO-concent rations contained in the atmosphere
and inside working places can cause physical or psychological
disturbances. The swimming performance of mice put into water
and exposed for one hour to CO-concentrations of 0.03-0.05 Vol. $
was much lower than the performance of control animals. The same
slow performance was observed with animals put into water 2 hours
after having been exposed to CO.
In testing spontaneous movements of mice the a"^yn«v*:g were
placed into an air tight container into which alternating quantities
of CO (160, 8k and 55 ppm) were piped in. After a 14 hour
exposure the mice were put into a thread wheel and again exposed
to CO for three hours.
In comparison with control animals running 1500 m in
three hours, those exposed to 84 ppm CO were running 750 m and
those exposed to 55 ppm 500 m during the same period of time.
The reaction of rats was tested after an exposure to
Ill0-l6o ppm CO. Tests were made 6 hours after exposure. Complete
loss of reflexes was noted after 10 weeks. Since these
disturbances remained for a long time after tests were completed,
authors assume that the central nervous system had been permanently
damaged. - From German-AGC
157. Murphy, S.D.: A review of effects on animals of exposure to auto
exhaust and some of its components. J. APCA 1^:303-308 (Aug.) 196U.
The studies conducted on anisalfi exposed to experiments.} atmospheres
polluted with automobile exhaust, produced and irradiated under con-
ditions resembling those existing in urban communities are described..
The series of experiments demonstrated, that respiratory function and
activity patterns of experimental animals are altered during brief
exposure to irradiated air, auto exhaust mixtures at concentrations of
64
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total exhaust that '-rere only 2-3 times those that occur in certain
urban communities during max. periods of photochemical air pollution.
The data indicated that the qualitative nature of the physiological
response was dependent upon the relative concentrations of individual
constituents with qualitatively different physiological actions. -
APCA 6332
158. Musselman, N.P., Groff, W.A., Yevich, P.P., Wilinski, F.T., Weeks,
M.H., and Oberst, F.W.: Continuous Exposure of Laboratory Animals
to a Low Concentration of Carbon Monoxide. U. S. Array Chemical
Warfare Labs., Array Chem. Center, Md., Jan. I960, pp. 11. DDC
AD 232115, and Aerospace Med. 30:52^-529 (July) 1959.
The effects on dogs, rabbits, and rats of continuous exposure
hours a day, 7 days a week) to a low concentration (50 ppm) of carbon
monoxide (CO). Three weeks after initial exposure, the hemoglobin,
hematocrit, and red "blood cell (RBC) counts of the dogs showed slight
increases, which persisted throughout the remainder of the tests.
The average per cent saturation of hemoglobin by CO was 7.3 for
dogs, 3-2 for rabbits, and 1.8 for rats. Except for a «™Q.I 1 increase
in the eosinophil count of the rats, no other blood changes were
found. All tissues examined microscopically and macroscopically
appeared similar to those of the controls. The exposed animals
showed no significant differences as compared with the control
animals in voluntary activity, behavior, body weight, ratio of
heart weight to body weight, and electrocardiograms (EES).
The absence of toxic signs and only slight blood changes in
the dogs, rabbits, and rats used in the experiments indicate that no
harmful effects result from continuous exposure of these animals to
a concentration of 50 ppm of CO. - Authors' Abst.
159. Bozera, G,, and Fati, S.: Acid and alkaline intra-erythrocytic
and serous phosphatases in chronic carbon monoxide poisoning.
Folia Med. te:12C&-121k (Oct.) 1959-
During the course of laboratory-induced chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning in rabbits, the authors studied the behavior of both
serum and intra-erythrocytic acid and alkaline phosphatase
activity* A very early and marked decrease in acid erythrocytic
phosphatase activity was found and, as the poisoning progressed,
there was a less marked decrease in erythrocyte alkaline phosphatase
and in serum phosphatase. - APCA 3312
160. SchSnbauer, L. : Air pollution and lung tumors. Wiener Klinische
Wochensehri ft 74:202-206 (mrch) 1963.
Increasing atmospheric pollution brings about an increase in diseases
of the respiratory organs, in severity from bronchial catarrh to
bronchial carcinoma. About 1912 the designation of a primary cancerous
growth in the lungs was rare; presently, bronchial carcinoma has become
65
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a world-wide disease of considerable importance. Tobacco smoking has
been said to be a very great, perhaps decisive cause of bronchial
carcinoma. But apparently, also, the incidence depends upon the degree
of industrialization of the region. Experimental studies on mice,
which were exposed daily to dusts and to the exhaust gas of a car,
disclosed in kk out of 130 animals the presence of epithelial pulmonary
tumors. This leads to the hypothesis that the exhaust gas of motor
cars contribute to the genesis of lung tumors, at least in experiments
on animals. It is essential that laws should be enacted against at-
mospheric pollution and that laboratories should be set up for its
control. - APCA 6195
l6l. Walters, F.M.: Effects of carbon monoxide inhalation upon metabolism.
Amer. J. Ehysiol. 80:1*10-149, 192?.
Carbon monoxide depresses the rate of metabolism, the degree of
depression varying directly with the degree of saturation.
There is a lowering of body temperature that corresponds closely
with the slowing of the metabolic rate.
The breathing of carbon monoxide concentrations of from 0,02
to 0.05 per cent for short periods (l to 2 hours) has little if any
effect upon the rate of metabolism of the rat, but for long periods
(if to 6 hours) it depresses the rate in individual cases.
Concentrations above 0.05 per cent have marked effects in,
depressing the rate even for short periods of exposure.
There is a correlation between the fall in the metabolic rate
and the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning. - Author's Conclusion
162. WUks, S.S., Tomashefski, J.F., and Clark, R.T., Jr.: Physiological
effects of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide, J. Appl. Physiol,
14:305-310 (May) 1959-
A group of 7 dogs was given a daily 6-8 hour exposure to CO levels
of 0.08 to 0.10$ for a period of 36 weeks and their tolerance to
CO was compared with that of normal dogs, altitude-acclimatized
dogs, and dogs transfused with blood from normal dogs. The
observed increased tolerance to CO was attributed primarily to the
increase in concentration of the hemoglobin pigments in the blood.
With this increased hemoglobin there was a greater reserve of the
pigment for 02 transport at a given concentration level of HbCO
(carboxyhemoglobin)* There was no evidence of factors, other than
hematologic, which increased the tolerance of the dogs to CO.
Animals subjected to other hypoxic stress such as altitude, or
normal animals transfused with normal blood to increase the
hematocrit level, showed increased tolerance similar to that
accomplished by chronic exposure to low CO levels. - APCA 26^-3
66
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163. Yant, W.P., Patty, F.A., Schrenk, H.H., and Berger, L.B.: The
response of Japanese waltzing mice and canaries to carbon monoxide
and to atmospheres deficient in oxygen. US BM RI 30^0, Oct. 1930,
pp. 12.
The response of Japanese waltzing mice to carbon monoxide and to
atmospheres deficient in oxygen was determined, and a comparison
made with the response of canaries. Because of their almost
incessant activity, it was thought that the waltzing mice would
respond more quickly than canaries and ordinary white mice to
carbon monoxide and possibly atmospheres deficient in oxygen, and
thus be more satisfactory than the latter animals for detecting
air contamination that is harmful to man. A comparison of the
response of these animals was made and the results correlated with
the response of man.
The sensitivity of ordinary white mice, canaries, and
waltzing mice to concentrations of carbon monoxide ranging from
0.10 to 0.25 per cent, increases in the order named.
Although waltzing mice appear to be slightly more sensitive
to atmospheres deficient in oxygen than canaries and the latter
slightly more sensitive than man, the margin of time between serious
response of man and observable response of these animals is not
wide enough for either canaries or waltzing mice to be of practical
use for avoiding harmful exposure of man. - Authors' Sum.
Humans
effect of acute (short term and severe) concentrations
164. Abe, M., and Kara Y.: A case on an apallic syndrome as observed after
an acute carbon monoxide toxicosis. Fukuoka Acta Med. 5^:1057-1061
(Sept.) 1963.
This report is concerned with an apallic syndrome observed after a
carbon monoxide poisoning with an acute course. The patient was a
lf-2-year old woman. Her husband found her in the state of unconsciousness
in the living room who apparently fell down due to a carbon monoxide
toxicosis. She gradually regained her consciousness but was noticed
somewhat different from what she was before the illness; she was
expressionless and more silent.
It was ten days after the accident that the patient began to
lose increasingly her spontaneity to such an extent that she ate only
when she was spoon-fed; she never changed her position on the bed
unless otherwise helped, and she showed no verbal response when
questioned but gave only slight nodds.
For about a month and a half from the onset, the patient was in
a full state of apallic syndrome. However, the patient then began to
improve gradually and became able to smile and respond to some simple
questions on the 100th day from the onset. At the examination on the
UOth day, she was able to state her name, age and birth place, etc.
The patient is still under hospital observation. At present
various clinical examinations have been showing no particular change.
67
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Histological considerations have "been also done of the brain in
carbon monoxide toxicoses along with reference materials in this field. -
Authors' Abet. Modified-AGC
165. Abt, I.A., and Witt, D.B.: A case of carbon monoxide poisoning in
a child. Med. Clin. North America 5:16^5-1651, 1922.
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning of a five year old boy who suffered
total blindness, is described in this paper. The effect of CO
poisoning on the "blood and on various tissues and organs, particularly
on the nervous structures, is discussed. Possibility of permanent
blindness, assumed to be due to small hemorrhages or areas of
softening in the visual centers, is outlined.
Authors review some of the hypotheses of other investigators
in regard to the pathological changes produced by CO. Hemorrhages
in the brain, degenerations, and optic thalmus, thrombosis, and
areas of softening in the central nervous tissue and scattered
small hemorrhages and intense hyperemia of all the body organs may
occur as consequences to this type of poisoning. - AGC
166. Adler, A.: Disintegration and restoration of optic recognition in visual
agnosia. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 51:243-259, 1944.
A case of visual agnosia in a woman aged 22 has been described, the course
of the illness having been followed from the first day until the condition
became stationary. The patient is 1 of the 2 persons in whom permanent
lesions of the brain were produced, probably by carbon monoxide fumes, in
a fire disaster at a night club on Nov. 28, 1942.
The fundamental disturbance consists of the patient's inability to
perceive the whole, the Gestalt, visually. Only parts of the whole are
perceived, and their correct relation is not recognized. This results in
an inability to read, to copy letters and geometric figures and to recog-
nize pictures or objects on short exposure. Writing Is unimpaired.
Owing to the patient's intelligence and insight into her disability,
it was possible to identify an additional disturbance in the nature of a
perserveration of visual attention and optic impressions. Preceeding optic
impressions superimpose themselves on subsequent ones, so that proper per-
ception and recognition are interferred with. This symptom is of the same
category as psychomotor perseveration and perseveration of speech and writ-
ing.
According to Lissauer's first description, such a condition belongs
to the "apperceptive" type of visual agnosia, since there is a primary dis-
turbance of optic perception. In this patient the disturbance is clearcut
to an unusual degree. The identity of the mechanism exhibited by this
patient in each of the disorders of visual performance makes it unlikely
that the various symptoms of optic agnosia have a separate localizing
significance.
Compensatory efforts to build up new methods of visual recognition
should be encouraged. Constant practice is necessary, since such a patient
Is likely to distort and to forget what he has learned. - Author's Sum.
68
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167. Arena, J.M,: Carbon Monoxide: Report from The Duke University Poison
Control Center. North Carolina Med. J. 2^:28-29 (Jan.) 1963.
This short paper summarizes the effect of CO poisoning on the health
of nan and advises on respective treatments. There is also a
description of symptoms, in relation to percentage of CO in the
atmosphere, duration of exposure and saturation of the blood. -
AGO
168. Beghe, R.: Experiences in the treatment of acute carbon monoxide
poisoning. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:337-351 (May-Aug.) 1964.
Experiences ¥ith 16 cases of acute carbon monoxide poisoning are
presented, which vere treated in artificial-respiration -wards of
Rome hospitals. The cases are clinically subdivided into three
groups according to the degree of nervous, cardiovascular, and
respiratory dysfunction. A review is included of the therapeutic
procedures used during respiratory resuscitation (oxygen therapy),
cardiovascular resuscitation, and drug therapy (vitamin C,
hexaphosphene, cocarboxylases). Antibiotics are also administered
to carbon-monoxide poisoned patients in order to prevent the
frequently occurring complication of respiratory infection. It is
advocated that departments be set up in hospitals to handle emergency
treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. - NASA 80283
169.Belza, J.: Electrocardiograph!c changes following acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. Inaugural-Dissertation for the Degree of
Doctor of Medicine. P.G. Keller, Winterthur, Switzerland, 1955,
PP. 39-
The aim of this dissertation is to present the effect of acute
carbon monoxide poisoning on the heart. The damaging influence
on the myocardium as reflected in the clinical picture and
electrocardiogram during the past ten years at the Medical Clinic
of the University of Zurich, has been studied in particular.
Frequency of pathological changes in the EGG following acute CO
poisoning are discussed, and an attempt has been made to estimate
the relation of the age factor to the speed of improvement of
electrocardiographic findings. The most recent literature related
to this problem is also reviewed. - Author's Sum. Modified-AGC
UO.Bokonjic, N.: Stagnant Anoxia and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A
Clinical and Electroencepholographic Study in Humans,
Electroencepholography & Clinical Neurophysiol., 1963, Suppl. 21,
102 pp.
A detailed description and comparison of clinical and electro-
encephalographic symptoms in humans suffering from acute anoxia due
to strangulation and carbon monoxide poisoning is provleded in this
publication. The important differences of these two types of anoxia
69
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are clinical and electroencephalographic syndromes which require
differential prognosis. The association established between duration
of unconsciousness and recovery prospects, and clarification of the
influence of age and cardiovascular failure on the final outcome, are
of particular prognostic value. - AGC
171. Borman, M.C.: Carbon monoxid poisoning. Mental and neurological
changes in a case of acute carbon monoxid poisoning with partial
recovery. Amer. J. Psychiatry 6:135-1^3, 1926.
A case of accidental carbon monoxid poisoning is reported in which
the patient showed evidence of wide-spread central nervous system
changes from which there was apparent recovery, followed again by
numerous mental and neurological disturbances with ultimate recovery,
except for the mental state.
The chemical alterations in the blood and clinical tests
thereof in carbon monoxid poisoning are mentioned.
The anatomical changes in the central nervous system follow-
ing carbon monoxid poisoning are discussed together with the various
explanations offered for their occurrence. - Author's Sum.
172. Burck, H-C., and Portwich, F. : Acute renal failure after severe
CO intoxication. Frankfurter Zeitschrift fur Pathologic 73:520-
Symptomology, clinical course and pathologic -anatomic findings Ik
days after severe CO poisoning of a woman, who at death, showed
symptoms of acute renal failures are discussed. Since acute renal
failure as consequences of CO poisoning are rare and due to
anatomical findings, and other pathogenic factors, the shock syndrom
had to be considered primarily. Two types of cell changes were noted
in the tubules: vacuolation of the large epithelia and flattening
of the epithelio, indicating the severity of damage. Authors
discuss their own concept on the origin of the dilation of the
tubules. - From German-AGC
173. Chalupa, B. : Disorders of memory in a<2ute carbon monoxide intoxications.
Pracovni Lekar. (Prague) 12:331-336,
The author presents an account of experimental examinations of the
memory in a group of kk persons who had recently suffered from acute
CO intoxication. The average age was 35-6 yrs. The following methods
were used: repeating 20 separate words, recognition of same material
with control items, or repeating 30 verbal pairs having some relation-
ships as to their content. The disturbances of memory manifested
themselves by, an affection of logic memory and difficult differentiation
when attempting to recognize; mechanical memory was relatively intact.
When evaluating the results in individual persons examined pathological
changes of memory structure were revealed in 26 (59.1$). These findings
were most frequent in a group of accidental acute and subacute CO
TO
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intoxications (78.6$) though loss of consciousness was noted in only
21.6$. In suicidal CO intoxications, which in all instances were
associated with loss of consciousness, pathological deviations were
found in 5k.b%. Differences in the affection are explained
"by the different conditions of exposure and the different methods
of treatment of the patients investigated. In addition to concen-
tration of CO, the time of exposure must be taken into account, this
"being particularly important in industrial and accidental CO
intoxication where frequently protracted acute and subacute exposures
with pathological findings occur though they are not - associated with
loss of consciousness. A comparison with COHb levels on admission
revealed in 22 patients a positive correlation withthe reduction of
logical memory and with some indicators in the experiments on recognition.
At COHb levels up to 29.9$ disorders of memory were found in 33.3$
at levels of 30-78$, in 61.5$ of all cases. Repeated examinations
after intoxication had subsided showed that logical memory and
recognition had returned to normal and mechanical memory remained on
the same level. From the present work some practical suggestions
can "be drawn for the prevention and assessing of toxic changes of
the central nervous system after acute CO poisoning. - APCA 4835-
Ciocatto, E., and Pattono, R.: Organization of an artifical
respiration center: Therapy of acute carbon monoxide poisoning,
Rass. Med. Indust. 33:330-333 (May-Aug.) 1964.
The emergency treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning and other
types of poisoning is generally relatively simple to carry out,
but is handicapped in practice by organizational difficulties.
A brief outline is given of the different problems regarding the
medical staff and auxiliaries, the emergency wards and equipment,
and the transportation of poisoned subjects. All these points
are of basic importance for the organizational function of an
artificial respiration and cardiovascular center in a big industrial
town. - NASA 80281
175. Colvin, L.T.: Electrocardiographic changes in a case of severe
carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer. Heart J. 3:^84-488, 1927-1928.
The points of interest in this case seem to be:
The electrocardiographic changes due apparently in the main
to asphyxia, but possibly in some degree to the action of benzol,
were such as to suggest damage below the division of the His
bundle instead of at the A-V node.
These changes, suggesting damage to the ventricular muscle,
disappeared rapidly and coa?pletely.
The supposition that if such damage may be done to a
presumably healthy heart, an already impaired myocardium might, under
similar conditions, suffer irreparably. - Author's Sum.
-------
176. CourviHe, C.B.: Forensic neuropathology. XI. The asphyxiant
gases. J. Forensic Sc. 9:19-46 (Jan.) 1964.
Noxious gases or vapors which produce untoward manifestations in man
may be divided into the direct asphyxiants, whose toxic effects are
due mainly to replacement of oxygen, and the indirect asphyxiants,
whose toxic effects result from absorption of poison through the
air passages. There are three types of direct asphyxiants: simple
asphyxiants (smoke, fumes, and inert gases), chemical asphyxiants
(carbon monoxide and cyanide gas), and central depressants (the
anesthetic gases).
The primary effect of the simple asphyxiants is the exclusion
of oxygen from the lungs. The chemical asphyxiants produce anoxia
either by preventing the transportation of oxygen in the blood stream
or by interfering with its utilization by the nerve cells of the brain.
The central depressants produce anoxia by direct narcotic action on
the cortex and basal ganglia, or by the precipitation of cerebral or
respiratory failure and superimposition of other types of anoxia.
The indirect asphyxiants are divided into the industrial gases
and the war gases. The most common industrial gases are hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia.
In acute asphyxiation (survival up to two weeks), the brain is
severely congested, with focal hemorrhages in the leptomeninges and
white matter. Distention of the small blood vessels, perivascular
hemorrhages and acute changes in the nerve cells occur. The parenchy-
matous elements and the Purkinje cells may also show acute change.
Focal or laminar necrosis of the cortex and central necrosis of the
basal ganglia are often associated with proliferation of the
endothelium of the small blood vessels.
In the subacute stage (two to six weeks), a variety of cerebral
lesions develop. Congestion may be present and focal cortical and
subcortical softening may be seen. The cerebral cortex may have a
diffuse granular appearance or may show a thin yellow zone of necrosis.
Usually, softening of some portion of the basal ganglia will be found.
Patchy, focal, laminar or subtotal necrosis occur in the cerebral
cortex, with changes in the astrocytes and microglia, and proliferation
of the vascular endothelium. The arterioles of the lenticular nucleus
may contain rings of calcium or iron. The unmyelinated cortical nerve
fibers, the myclinated sheaths of the corticofugal
nerve fibers, and the white matter may show degenerative changes. The
Purkinje cells may be changed and reduced in number. Deterioration
of the granule cell layer may also occur.
The residuals of severe anoxia may be only minor, diffuse
leptomeningeal thickening and cortical nerve cell loss, or they may
be irregular cortical atrophy, cyst formation due to focal softenings,
and central softening and demyelination. Microscopically, the cytological
alterations observed in the subacute stage are present, as are iron
deposits in the nerve cells. - Author's Sum.
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177. Del Vecchio, V., D'Arca, S., and Talenti, M,: Carbon monoxide
intoxication and carbon monoxide in the atmosphere in Rome. Nuovi
Ann. d'Igiene e Microbiol. 7:81-102, 1956.
The 1st part of this article discusses the origin of CO contamination
of the atmosphere of towns, the pathogenesis of CO poisoning, the
relation between systems and concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb) and the atmospheric concentrations estimated by investigators
in various cities of the world. The chief source of CO in urban
surroundings is the presence of escape gases from motor vehicles,
estimated in proportions varying from 3-14$, depending on the
nature of the fuel, the cylinder performance, traffic congestion,
confined spaces, etc. The affinity of CO for hemoglobin is 210
times greater than that of Og, so that only small amounts of CO
are necessary to immobilize significant amounts of hemogolbin with
resulting decrease of Og transport by red blood corpuscles, leading
to anoxemia and asphyxia. CO also binds respiratory ferments,
interfering seriously with the oxidation-reduction mechanism, thus
adding to its asphyxiant action the inhibition of respiratory
tissue activation* Its toxic action is related essentially to the
concentration of COHb. A table is given showing the correlation
between the concentration of CO and 02 in inspired air, the
duration of exposure and the condition of pulmonary ventilation.
Thus, for example, if e. man with pulmonary ventilation of 9-51-/
min. is exposed for 2 hours to 0.03$ CO, the % of COHb in the
blood reaches 15.6; in 3 hours it reaches 20. The coefficient of
COHb/Hb indicates the % of Hb effectively transformed into COHb.
In man, the lethal index is 0.66, i.e., death takes place when 2/3
of Hb is fixed. In a normal person at rest, 10$ of COHb causes no
symptoms, 20$ slight headache, 32$ headache, irritability and
vertigo, 50$ mental confusion and syncope, 66$ unconsciousness and
death, if prolonged. In the 2nd part of the article, the authors
describe their own investigation of the CO concentration in the
air of Borne from tfov. 195U-Oct. 1955; in various zones, at
different times and in varying weather conditions, using Drager's
apparatus with 1905 as the colorimetric agent. The maximum
concentration (0.015$) occurred in the Traforo del Qiirinale in
cloudy weather during intense traffic. While this is not likely
to cause appreciable intoxication in the adult pursuring his ordinary
avocations, individuals doing heavy work for 1-1/2 hours may
experience initial symptoms, and in those spending a great part of
their life in places where CO is constantly present may undergo
some disturbance which may be aggravated by atmospheric contaminants.
- Rett.
178. Francois, R.Ch., and Bertin, M.: Statistical study of the incidence
of certain clinical signs during the course of acute carbon monoxide
poisoning, and their immediate prognostical value (on ij-952
observations of acute intoxication). Rass. Med. Indust. 33=380-391
(May-Aug-) 19^.
A statistical analysis is made on ^952 cases of acute carbon
monoxide poisoning that were observed over a k-year period. The
73
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incidence of the following clinical manifestations, which may be
of value for immediate prognosis, are outlined: state of conscious-
ness; neurological, mental, respiratory, and cardiovascular symptoms;
face color (cyanosis); loss of urine; digestive and abdominal
disorders; and hyperthermia. - NASA 80286
179. Henderson, Y.: Carbon raonoxid poisoning. J. AMA 67:580-583 (Aug. 19)
1916.
Carbon monoxid is a physiologically harmless gas, except in its
affinity for hemoglobin. Its toxic effects are wholly due to the
inability of the blood combined with carbon monoxid to transport
oxygen to the tissues.
Carbon monoxid does not form a permanent compound with
hemoglobin. In the presence of excess oxygen, or even of pure air,
carbon monoxid is rapidly given off and the oxygen carrying power
of the hemoglobin is restored.
The continuance of coma, the subsequent tissue degenerations,
and death after several days, resulting from carbon monoxid
poisoning, are not due to retention of the gas, but are the results
of injury to the brain and other organs by the insufficiency of
oxygen supplied to them by the blood while the patient was breath-
ing the gas.
There is no reason to believe that either bleeding or
transfusion of blood is beneficial. They are more likely to be
harmful.
Fresh air—with oxygen inhalation for a short time as early
as possible—symptomatic treatment, and good nursing are the only
measures to be recommended. Practically the die is already cast
for death, permanent defects, or complete recovery at the moment
when the patient is brought out of the asphyxial atmosphere.
It is just possible theoretically that alkali therapy may
be beneficial in combating the acidosis induced by asphyxia.
Author's Sum.
180 Hundreds of motorists are killed by carbon monoxide. Public Health
" (Johannesburg) 63:30,32 (Sept.) 1963
In this article it is stated that many victims of death from carbon
monoxide fumes are included in that group of persons dying from injuries
sustained in car accidents commonly attributed to driver fatigue,
drowsiness, or inattention. The charge is usually phrased as "failure
to drive in a careful and prudent manner." A research project on
deaths and injuries from CO, undertaken by a near-victim of the gas,
revealed that neither the auto insurance companies nor the safety
organizations had any statistical breakdown of numbers of deaths or
accidents from this cause. But he also found that his own experience
was not unique. Incidence in Canada and the U. S. of deaths from
CO in automobiles are cited including 1 where the medical examiner
judged that the driver in a fatal accident may have breathed the gas
cmning into his car from vehicles ahead of himself in the heavy traffic
74
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since blood tests indicated a CO saturation 35$. Individuals re-
spond in various ways to CO, sometimes acting drunk or hilarious. The
author suggests that the blood of such drivers be tested for both
alcohol and CO content. Such tests may well save many lives. Kegu-
lar checks of cars, for corrosion of the muffler and tail pipe, should
be made and the driver should be sure that the car trunk closes tightly.
When following another car within 60 feet the car ventilator should
be closed. The ventilators should also be closed in heavy traffic,
in tunnels, and when parked behind a car with the motor running. It
should be a policy also never to sit, for any length of time, in a
parked car with the motor running and the windows closed. APCA 6095.
i
181. Jackson, R.C., Bunker, ^N.V.,jElder, W.J., and O'Connor, P.J.s
Case of Carbon-monoxide poisoning with complications. Success-
ful treatment with an artificial kidney. British Med. J.
Nov. 28, 1959, pp. 1130-1134.
A case is described of carbon monoxide poisoning with the
following complications—skeletal-muscle necrosis, probable
myocardial necrosis, acute renal failure, mental changes,and
a radiculomyelitis of L 2-5.
The details of conservative management and haemodialysis
(twice) by a Kolff twin-coil artificial kidney are given.
The literature concerning muscle necrosis and renal failure,
with the neurological sequelae, is reviewed. -Authors' Sum.
182. Johnson, D.M.: Killer on our highway. Good Housekeeping, June 1961,
pp. 49 and 146-148.
This is a report of auto accidents fatal or near fatal possibly caused
by the inhalation of CO. Author relates her own experience of CO
asphyxiation, and describes the symptoms before she was overcome by
CO fumes and crashed into another automobile. When she felt a strong
sensation of drowsiness she wanted to pull off the road but was
unable to see the side due to, as she found out later, the narrowing
of the field of vision caused by the CO. In being overpowered by the
drowsiness she lost judgement, control and consciousness, due to the
fact that the inhaled lethal CO combines more than 200 times faster
with the blood than oxygen. Thus the saturated blood cannot absorb
enough life-giving oxygen. Deprived of oxygen the brain is affected
sometimes severely and sometimes permanently. Author in quoting
several case histories makes a plea for more research. Blood tests
which are made routinely for the presence of alcohol, should be done
just as routinely for the presence of CO in accident cases. Only the
city of Philadelphia is doing these tests routinely when someone dies
in a wreck. Philadelphia's medical examiner states that an appreciable
percentage of drivers who die in automobile accidents have significant
levels of CO In their blood. Author cautions driver; to be aware that
CO is odorless, to keep the car in good running condition and well
ventilated - AGC
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183. McBay, A. J.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. New England J. Med.
272:252-253 (Feb. 4) 1965,
Medicolegal problems in regard to death by carbon monoxide are dis-
cussed. Author states that the most puzzling cases are those produced
by motor-vehicle exhaust fumes. About half of the fatal poisonings in
the U.S. are attributed to CO, and many chronic sublethal poisonings
by this gas are unrecognized. Exhaust of the gasoline engine may pro-
duce up to 7% CO. Exhaust of an automobile will saturate the interior
of a small garage in IS to 30 minutes with a lethal amount of CO. The
affinity of CO for hemoglobin is 200-300 times greater than that of
oxygen. Fatal poisoning may occur with a blood saturation of 30 or
40% of CO. Symptoms are not striking enough to make diagnosis
easy. The much discussed pink color of the skin is rarely seen and
the only valid test is the determination of the amount of CO in the
blood. -AGC.
184. McConnell, J.W., and Spiller, W.G.: A cli nice-pathologic study of
carbon monoxid poisoning. J. AMA. 59:2122-2126 (Dec. 14) 1912.
Authors cite actual cases of acute carbon monoxid poisoning and the
sequela thereof.
Authors divide poisoning by CO into three classes: acute
poisoning, chronic poisoning and the third class is designed as
relapsing CO poisoning a term used to indicate the conditions of
those who, having apparently recovered from the initial effect of
the poison, develop after a period of fair health a grave type of
symptoms leading to death.
The special clinical interest in case study described lies
in the time which elapsed between the initial poisoning and the
development of the grave symptoms, in the bilaterality of the motor
symptoms, in the intense spasticity present and in the absence of
distinct vasomotor or trophic symptoms. - AGC
185. Mant, A.K.: Accidental carbon monoxide poisoning: A review of 100
consecutive cases. Medico-Legal J. 28:30-39, 1960.
One hundred consecutive deaths following the accidental exposure to
carbon monoxide from miscellaneous sources have been analysed. The
increasing number of poisonings amongst the elderly and the infirm
has been demonstrated. The comparative ease with which accidental
carbon monoxide poisoning may be missed, expecially where the source
is not the simple escape of coal gas, has been shown, and emphasis
has been laid upon the rapidity with which a fatal concentration of
carbon monoxide may be built up in a poorly ventilated space when
only a small amount of fuel is burnt.
Some of the new safety devices which are being developed to
exclude many of the dangers of accidental poisoning have been mentioned.
- Author's Sum.
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186. ifeigs, j.w., and Hughes, J.P.W.: Acute carbon monoxide poisoning:
An analysis of one hundred five cases. Arch. Indust. Hyg. &
Occupat. Med. 6:3^356 (Oct.) 1952.
5
An analysis is presented of findings in 105 patients admitted to
the Grace - New Haven Community Hospital, Conn, between Jan. 1,
1920 and Dec. 31, 19^8, with a diagnosis of acute carbon monoxide
poisoning. A number of oanifestations previously considered unusual
were shown to be common in this series, namely, skin lesions,
transient respiratory findings, excessive sweating, liver enlargement,
localized pain or soreness, and localized edema. All these signs
except pain or soreness and edema were shown to correlate statistically
with severity of poisoning, as did several others including temperature
of 102eF or higher, respiratory rate of 30/rnin or higher, and
leucocyte count of 18,000/cc or higher. Several manifestations which
were almost as common in patients with mild as with severe poisoning,
were thought to be precipitated by responses of the automatic
nervous system and the extent of response to be a function of the
individual more than of the degree of intoxication. The signs
which correlate with severity of poisoning may be manifestations
of direct hypoxic injury to the oxygen-sensitive cells of the brain,
as well as stimulation of the pituitary-adrenal mechanisms. - LC
187. Molfino, F., and Zannini, D. : On the treatment of acute carbon
monoxide poisoning with oxygen therapy in a pressure chamber. Bass.
Med. Indust. SS^-SSS (May-Aug.)
Three cases of carbon monoxide poisoning were treated with pure
oxygen in a pressure chamber. This method not only provides good
tissue oxygenation, but as regards carboxhemoglobinemia, 50$
desaturation is attained in about half the time required to reach
the same reduction with oxygen at normal pressure. - IUASA 80282
188. Neubuerger, K.T., and Clarke, E.R. : Subacute carbon monoxide
poisoning with cerebral myelinopathy and multiple myocardial
necroses. Rocky Mountain Med. J. U2: 29-35 (Jan.)
A case of subacute CO poisoning in a 19-year-old girl is reported.
The condition led to death after thirteen days. Autopsy revealed
cerebral myelinopathy and myocardial necrosis. The pathogenesis
of these lesions is discussed. The significance of a low
concentration of CO together with high atmospheric temperature in
the present case is emphasized. - Authors1 Sum.
189. Kicloux, M. : Acute carbon monoxide poisoning. J. AMA 77:1289
(Oct. 15) 1921.
Author emphasizes that the blood corpuscles even saturated with
carbon monoxide are not devitalized at all, but are ready to resume
functioning with a little aid, that is, when supplied with oxygen.
77
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In a case described, seventy-five minutes after the poisoning, and
after 650 liters of oxygen had been administered by the pulmotor,
the blood still contained 9.08 per cent, carbon monoxide, showing
that 1*1.3 Per cent, of the hemoglobin was saturated with it. The
oxygen was pushed, and in about an hour this percentage was only
25.5, and four hours later, 8.3. The survival of this patient
after apparent death for twenty- five minutes shows that even 9-08
per cent, of carbon monoxide in the blood is not fatal. In the
cases on record in which death occurred with poisoning of 0.1,
0.3 or even O.U, author is convinced that some other factor than
this poison was responsible for the fatality. The slightest
movement is liable to bring on vertigo and loss of consciousness*
This occurred twice in this case, the man saying he felt well and
wanted to go home, and becoming unconscious when he started to get
up. The pulmotor had been used beginning five minutes after
apparent death which Icept up for twenty minutes longer. About
650 liters of oxygen had been used and more was given in the
hospital, for twenty minutes each hour, to a total of 1,500 liters.
The headache and vertigo disappeared after the first inhalation.
190. Noro, L. : Carbon monoxide poisoning, Nord. med. 26:771-6, 1945.
The author describes the clinical picture and pa tho genesis of CO
poisoning and the existence of the poisoning in drivers of motor
cars operated by charcoal gas in Finland. Of the 5,000 drivers,
who were questioned, symptoms of CO poisoning were found in 67.5%
of the cases. The symptoms of acute poisoning were complained of
by 3,069; symptoms of chronic poisoning, by 2,506 drivers. In 530
cases the poisoning had caused inability to work. In Finland at
present, CO poisoning is the most common occupational disease.
- Kett.
19 1. Paris, J. : Study of the "excitation-duration" curves after
occupational acute CO poisoning. (French) Rass. Med. Indust. 33 i
275-291 (May-Aug.)
The author has made a study of the neuromuscular excitation curves
after acute occupational intoxication from CO with an electronic
rheotome. These curves are featured by hypoexcitability of the
nerve with corresponding inversion of the nerve-muscle excitability
ratio. The inversion of this proportion seems to render objective
the subjective clinical syndrome of muscular asthenia and great
weakness of the lower limbs that is observed after acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. - Author's Sum.
192. Parmeggiani, L., Ces'bruzzi, S., and Colombo, G. : Carbon monoxide
determination in expired air as a practical method of diagnosis of
acute CO intoxication. Med. lavoro (Milan) lt9:teB-W*l (June- July)
1958.
Several methods of carbon monoxide determination in expired air
were submitted to a series of tests* It was found that the best
78
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containers for collecting and keeping expired air samples were
rubber footballs with plastic covers. The simplest and most
reliable sampling technique consisted in collecting the last
fractions of expired air, without effort, through a filter.
Iodine pentoxide indicator ampoules gave a false positive CO
reaction in a range of 0.5$ in the presence cf ethanol vapors,
0.2$ with acetone vapors, and 0.1$ with benzol vapors. Metabolic
products from ethanol excreted through the lungs within 2 hours
from time of ingestion can interfere more markedly with the
colorimetric reaction, giving values corresponding to 6-8$ HbCO
in conditions of clinically evident alcoholic inebriation. The
correlation of CO values in the expired air to CO extracted by
Roughton-Scholander's method shows a coefficient r = 0.6l6, while
the correlation to HbCO values according to Heilmeyer's method
shows a coefficient r - 0.578 (in both cases P < 0.001). This
is a satisfactory correlation, since the correlation of extracted
CO to HbCO is lower. Simplicity, rapidity, and low cost are the
advantages of the present method that make it especially applicable
for clinical use. - APCA 2303
193. Peffek, R.: Mass poisoning with carbon monoxide. Pracov. Lek.
17:24-25, 1965.
The author describes in this paper an extraordinary leakage of carbon
monoxide from a defective gas-conduit, that seeped under the road
pavement to a distance of 28 meters where it accumulated in a watermain
shaft. 6 days later work was started in the watermain shaft and
two workers suffered a lethal intoxication. It is interesting that
even the prescribed 10 minutes ventilation of the shaft could not
avert the occurrence of this accident. - Author's Abst.
Raskin, N., and Mullaney, O.C. : The mental and neurological sequelae
of carbon monoxide asphyxia in a case observed for fifteen years. J.
Nerv. & Mental Dis. 92:&K>-659 (Nov.)
Author describes the mental and neurological sequelae of a patient
who survived, for 15 years, a case of CO asphyxia. This patient
developed Parkinsonian* s syndrome, and the mental picture was one
of involution melancholia. The extensive literature of case studies
of patients who survived CO poisoning for a few days or months is
also reviewed. - AGC
195. Rothschild, J.E.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer. Pract. 13:
213-218 (March) 1962.
In reviewing literature, author discusses the overall effect Of
CO on the health of man. He also reports a case of acute CO
poisoning in which he used exchange transfusion to treat the
victim. - AGC
79
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196. Sayers, R.R., and O'Brien, H.R.: The treatment of carbon monoxide
poisoning. Pub. Health Rep. 37:271-27^ (Feb. 10) 1922.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is one of the most widely distributed and
most frequent of industrial accidents. The gas is a product of
incomplete combustion and is -without color, odor, or taste; therefore,
its presence is frecently unsuspected in many places where it exists.
It is an ever-present danger about blast and coke furnaces and foundries.
It may be found in a building having a leaky furnace or chimney or
a gas stove without flue connection, such as a tenement, tailor shop,
or boarding house. Hospitals receive a great number of victims of
poisoning, whether by accident or in an attempt at suicide, from
artificial illuminating gas. Persons may be affected by leaks
wherever water gas is formed or used. The exhaust gases of gasoline
automobiles contain from k to 12 per cent of carbon monoxide, and in
closed garages men are not infrequently found dead beside a running
motor. A similar danger may arise from gasoline engines in launches.
The gas is formed also in stoke-rooms, in gun turrets on battleships,
in petroleum refineries, and in the Leblanc soda process in cement
and brick plants. In underground work carbon monoxide may appear
as the result of shot firing, mine explosions, or mine fires, or in
tunnels from automobile exhausts or from coal or oil burning
locomotives.
Carbon monoxide exerts its extremely dangerous action on the
body by displacing oxygen from its combination with hemoglobin.
The affinity of CO for hemoglobin is about 300 times that of oxygen.
Because of this, even when only a small amount of the poisonous gas
is present in the air breathed into the lungs much of the hemoglobin
is locked up in combination with CO and so cannot keep up its usual
work of carrying oxygen to the tissues. Author describes symptoms
of acute and chronic CO poisoning, and suggests treatment. - From
Text-AGC
197. Shafer, H., Smilay, M.G., and MacMillan, .F.P.: Primary myo-ardial
disease in man resulting from acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
Amer. J. Med. 38:316-320 (Feb.) 1965.
The purpose of this paper is to present a case of leyocardial damage
resulting from acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A review of the
literature reveals a paucity of such reports. The standard text-
books of medicine make little or no mention of cardiac signs and
symptoms arising from carbon monoxide poisoning, but emphasize
instead cerebral involvement. The case presented herein is of
further interest as the patient has remained symptomatic to the
present time and has shown persistent changes on the electrocardio-
gram.; the electrocardiographic patterns reported thus far consist
of transient and reversible changes. - Authors' Abst.
80
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198. Shillito, F.H., Drinker, O.K., and Shaughnessy, T.J.: The problem
of nervous and mental sequelae in carbon monoxide poisoning.
J. A.M.A. 106:669-674 (Feb. 29) 1936,
The New York metropolitan area was chosen for a study of nervous
and mental sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. It is known that
at least 21,1^3 acute exposures of all degree occurred there in a ten
year period. For the same period a survey of the state mental
institutions serving the meteropolitan area of New York City showed
thirty-nine certain cases of sequelae of carbon monoxide. Such patients
formed 0.05 per cent of the total admissions. Serious mental or
nervous sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning are thus infrequent
in relation either to other nervous and mental diseases or to the
number of acute exposures.
Study of case records reveal that when nervous or mental damage
occurred the acute carbon monoxide intoxication was extreme.
Complete unconsciousness was invariable and the most active resusci-
tative measures were necessary. None of these cases followed so-
called chronic carbon monoxide exposure over a long period of time.
A clear period of from seven to twenty days preceded the
onset of symptoms in one third of the cases. In the remainder of
the cases the symptoms started immediately following the poisoning.
Mental sequelae consisted of a confusion psychosis, with
disorientation, lack of judgment and amnesia. Motor overactivity
and aphasia were much less common. Hallucinations, delusions or
convulsions played no conspicuous part.
Nervous sequelae consisted of signs varying from s3ightly
increased deep reflexes to well advanced parkinsonism. Sensory
disturbances, such as skin anesthesia and peripheral motor neuritides,
were also encountered. These cases all showed improvement, but the
final result depended on the degree of initial damage.
In the total group of forty-three cases, twenty-three patients
recovered completely, nine suffered permanent nervous or mental sequelae
and eleven died. - Authors' Sum.
199. Smith, G., and Sharp, G.R.: Treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
with oxygen under pressure. Lancet So. 7156:905-906 (Oct. 22)
I960.
Two cases are presented in which the patients arrived at a hospital
separately but within a short period of time, in an unconscious
and deeply unconscious state following exposure to carbon monoxide
la a closed room. Before treatment the carboxyhemoglobta levels
were established as 26 and 50$ respectively. The patients were
placed In a pressure chamber, where the pressure was raised to
15 Ib./in.*" over a period of 15 minutes, and each patient was
given oxygen. The 1st patient revived very rapidly; the 2nd
patient was able to breathe without the aid of the resuscitator
after 20 minutes and after Uo minutes could answer questions and
move his limbs purposefully. At the end of an hour the pressure
was reduced over a period of 31 minutes, to atmospheric pressure.
janples of venous blood taken at this time, at atmospheric
81
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pressure* showed no carboxyhemoglobin to be present in either case.
- APCA 3736
200. Spencer, T. D. : Effects of carbon monoxide on man and canaries. Ann.
Occupat. Hyg. (London) 5:231-240 (Oct.-Dec.) 1962.
Since the scientific literature contained little information on the
measuring of the effect of CO on canaries, and none since the refine-
ment of measuring techniques which have occurred in the last decade or
so, the author a few years ago carried out a series of tests of such
effects. There are § major differences between the effects of CO on man
and of those on the canary. The 1st is the difference in what can be
measured. In man the gas produces headache, dizziness, and nausea
but these symptoms cannot be assessed with any certainty in the canary.
The time that the canary falls off the perch is the only measurement
that can be made with any assurance. It is obvious that there is
no equivalent to the walking or working man; all canaries are "resting."
The 2nd is that a canary reaches a state of equilibrium with the CO
it is breathing much more quickly than a man does. If the atmosphere
contains enough CO to cause aH canaries put in it to fall of their
perches (i.e., more than 17.5 parts/10,000 parts of air), this fall
will occur within 20 minutes and usually within 10. A resting man
could be 4-5 hours in such a concentration before losing consciousness.
At concentrations of more than 17.5 parts the canary would fall off
its perch nearly always before a walking man had developed any symptoms
of poisoning and always before a resting man had done so. It is this
fact, of course, which has made the canary so valuable in rescue opera-
tions. The 3rd difference is 1 which does not appear to be widely
known. It takes 2 or 3 times the concentration of CO to produce in
a canary effects which can be considered as equivalent to those in
man. The lowest concentration of CO which appeared to produce any
effect whatever in a canary seemed, from these observations, to be
6 parts/10,000 parts. The lowest concentration that will make any
canary fall off its perch is 12.5 parts; in man unconsciousness will
occur in 4 or 5 parts. It has always been considered that the canary
was more "sensitive" to CO than man. In man, hemoglobin has about
250 times the affinity for CO than it has for oxygen; in the canary
this figure appears to be 110. In 1 sense of the word a canary is,
therefore, not nearly as "sensitive" to CO as man. This fact is more
than counterbalanced in CO of more than 20 parts by the speed at
which the canary's blood comes into equilibrium with the atmosphere
breathed. At the lower levels, and particularly in 12 parts/10,000
parts of CO or less, a canary will not only be useless but will be
a dangerous cause of false confidence, - APCA 5389«
201. Tronzano, L., and Coscia, G.C.: Ba4ial.paralysis in a case of acute
carbon monoxide intoxication. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:401-403 (fcfey-
Aug«) 1964.
A case is reported of paralysis of the right arm in a 38-year-old
worker acutely poisoned by carbon monoxide. The paralysis persisted
82
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for three months, although no signs of central-nervous-system
distress were evident. This case demonstrates the occurrence of
isolated lesions in the peripheral nerve trunks of the arm during
acute carbon monoxide poisoning. - NASA 80287
202. Turner, J.W.A.: Parkinsonism: Aetiology and Treatment. London Clin.
Med. J. 5:41-49 (Jan.) 1964.
The following paragraph is taken from this paper in the section
entitled: "Aetiology of the Parkinsonism Syndrome".
"The occurrence of Parkinsonism following acute poisoning
is well authenticated, and pathological softening of the anterior
part of the globus pallidus has "been found in patients who have
survived for 2k hours or more after carbon monoxide poisoning. In
some recorded cases there has been an interval of months, even up
to a year or more before Parkinsonism developed, but in the most
clear-cut case I have personally seen, well-marked Parkinsonism was
present two to three weeks after an unsuccessful suicidal attempt
in which the patient had been unconscious for about 48 hours.
Although the condition may become worse for some months, progressive
deterioration over the course of years does not usually take place.
203. Vyskocil, J.: "Neurohumoral regulation" in acute and chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning. Arch. Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. 15:457-472,
1957-
The varying views on the mechanism of carbon monoxide poisoning,
clinical findings, laboratory and other tests of 40 cases of acute
and 29 cases of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are discussed in
this paper. In summary, the author states that in acute poisoning
during the first few days there is leucocytosis, diminution in the
eosinophil count, increase in blood sugar, glycosuria and pathological
values of the adrenaline test (Thorn test) and of the Walsh-Robinson-
Kepler water test. Theee pathological findings disappear in most
cases, in about 14 days, but in other instances signs suggestive of
damages to the central nervous system develop gradually. Congestion
of the adrenals, pancreas, liver and spleen were found in 23 fatal
cases. Among the 29 persons who had for an average period of 8 years
worked in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide, the findings
were enlargement of the thyroid (38$), loss of hair (45$), diminution
in potency (17$), pathological values in the adrenaline test (59$),
increase in blood sugar (4l$) and pathological values in the water
test (27$). - AGC
264. Zaffiri, 0.: ^pc-thermia in treatment of acute carbon monoxide
poisoning. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:433-436 (May-Aug.} 1964.
A case is reported of acute carbon monoxide poisoning treated with
hypothermia to 32°, and with recovery of the patient without
sequelae after 5 days in a coma. The decreased metabolic
83
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requirements during hypothermia provide a good oxygen supply to the
cerebral, hepatic, cardiac, and renal tissue, thus defending them
from the action of hypoxia. Moreover, the hemoglobin dissociation
curve is displaced to the left. From a theoretical viewpoint,
hypothermia appears to be the most rational treatment to avoid
hypoxia of the nervous and cardiovascular systems and the resultant
sequelae in those who survive the coma of carbon monoxide poisoning.
- NASA 80290
205. Zorn, H. : Diagnosis and therapy of CO-poisoning in practice.
Mtinchner Med. Wochenschrift 106:235-239 (Feb.)
The technical and medical problems concerning the protection of health
by preventing the perilous effects of the old gas containing much
carbon monoxide and the modern city gas with little CO are discussed.
The symptoms of CO-lntoxication vary and render the diagnosis
frequently very difficult; with the appropriate test-tubes, however,
it can be stated easily. Primary treatment depends on the hypoxemic
condition and ranges from simple mouth-to-mouth breathing to high
pressure Og-respiration. Even the mild CO-intoxication requires
treatment. Adequate oxygen therapy prevents or lessens sequelae.
Further specific and non-specific conservative therapy of CO-poisoning
is discussed. - Author's English Sum.
effect of chronic (long term and low) concentrations
206o Austen, F.K.: The medical grand rounds. Massachusetts General
Hospital. Amer. Pract. 13:171-185*
Among the cases discussed is one concerning a medical problem caused
by CO, in connection with .the construction of a garage under the
Boston Common. The physiological and chemical reactions of oxygen
and CO as they become bound to hemoglobin are described. The rules
of how CO and hemoglobin combine are summarized in a simple equation.
The severity of the symptoms of anoxia from CO poisoning as compared
with anemia are explained. - AGC
207. Automobiles and air pollution. J. AMA. 162:13^ (Sept. 8) 1956.
In a report of the Fuel Besearch Station to the Royal Societyf of
Health, England, it is pointed out that air pollution caused by
automobile exhaust gases is small conpared with that caused by coal
cotibustion; however, since vehicular exhaust gases are emitted in
the streets at a low level, there is little chance of their being
dispersed before being inhaled. In gasoline engines, the carbon
monoxide emitted is about k%, and in diesel engines about 0.1$.
Practically no benzopyrene is detected at gasoline engine loads
exceeding 50$, while in efficiently run diesel engines only a trace
is evident. Yearly pollution from carbon monoxide totals 2k
-------
metric tons of which 10 tons are from industrial c!iii..neys, 10 tons
frcu dooeetic appliances, and 4 tons frcn automobile exhausts.
The average carbon nonoxide in the air of London streets in 1955
was 15 ppm. In the smog of Jan. 1956, the carbon monoxide content
rose to 50 ppm in London and 80 ppm in Salford, England. Data
indicate that the average pedestrian experiences an effect of carbon
monoxide poisoning at a concentration of 50 ppni after exposure of
^ to 8 hours. - LC
208.Baetjer, A.M.: Chronic eapoeures to air pollutants and acute infectious
respiratory diseases. Arch. Indust. Byg. & Occupat. Med. 2:bOQ-kQ6
(Oct.) 1950.
Data in this review, obtained from studies of the health of persons
who had been exposed to specific chemical contaminants of the air
have not yielded any definite evidence that chronic inhalation of
such chemical contaminants In low concentrations affects susceptibility
to acute infections of the respiratory tract. Author states that
the data available at present are entirely insufficient to enable
one to draw any definite conclusions, and suggests further fundamental
research along the following four subjects: 1. Basic studies on
the physiologic effects of air pollutants on the body tissues;
2. animal experimentation on the effects of these substances on
susceptibility to infectious diseases; 3. industrial morbidity studies
in relation to fcnown exposures and k-. well controlled epidemiologic
studies. Not until such data become available can any positive
statement be made concerning the effects of chronic inhalation of
atmospheric contaminants on acute infections of the respiratory tract.
- Author's Conclusions Modified - AGC
209. Beck, H.G., and Fort, W.: Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann.
Clin. Med. 3:437-^3, 192U-1925.
Two case studies of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are discussed
in detail in this paper. Because of the manifold and protean character
of the clinical manifestations, only a few of the more common symptoms
could be given in this paper. The pallor of many patients resembled
a high grade of anemia, as well as a group of symptoms are suggestive
of anemia in the presence of a red cell count of over 5,000,000.
This condition is of considerable diagnostic significance. There
is no specific antidote for chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and
treatment has to be symptomatic.
An English bull dog was named the victim la a third case study
of carbon monoxide poisoning. The blood examination showed a
hemoglobin of 95$, erythrocytes 5,120,000 and leukocytes 12,250.
There were no morphological changes in the red cells. - AGC
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210. Beck, H.G,: The clinical manifestations of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning. Ann. Clin. Med. 5:1088-1096, 1927.
It has been stated that CO, a product of many industries, ranks 2nd as
a death-dealing agent. Certain occupations, e.g., working in garages,
around blast furnaces, gas works, smelting works and firing gas engines
are particularly hazardous in chronic CO inhalation. Combustion sources
in the home and in the streets give off much CO. The nature of CO gas
is discussed. The severity and clinical course of the symptoms produced
depend upon the concentration of CO gas, frequency and duration of
exposure, temperature and humidity, physical exertion, health of the
individual, admixture of other poisonous gases and individual suscep-
tibility. In an attempt to meet the increased demand for 02> because
part of the hemoglobin is tied up with CO, the blood often contains an
increased amount of red blood cells and hemoglobin. In 665 steel
workers, the red counts ranged from 6,000,000-9,676,000 and hemoglobin
content from 95-1257.. In a large % of fatal cases of CO poisoning, the
cause of death may be attributed to cerebral lesions, e.g., congestion
of the meninges and brain substance, hemorrhage into and softening of
the internal capsule, lenticular nucleus and adjacent structure.
Pneumonia often follows as an immediate sequence to acute poisoning.
The various stages of symptomatology in acute poisoning are described.
In some cases, a delayed CO poisoning occurs. Severe chronic CO
poisoning presents many of the same symptoms as the mild acute form.
The most frequent are headache, dizziness, muscular weakness, disturbance
of gait, parasthesis, breathlessness on exertion and nervous and
emotional instability. The-muscular symptoms are particularly pronounced.
Several illustrative cases where the symptoms simulated- ulcers, hyper-
thyroidism and pernicious anemia are reported. Diagnosis and prognosis
are also discussed. - Kett.
211. Beck, H.G.: Slow carbon monoxide asphyxiation. A neglected clinical
problem. J. A.M.A. 107:1025-1029 (July-Sept.) 1936.
A series of carefully studied cases of slow carbon monoxide asphyxiation
has been studied*
The symptoms exhibited have been correlated with the pathologic
lesions produced in experimental animals and found at autopsy.
The results establish the fact that slow carbon monoxide
asphyxiation (anoxemia) produces a definite clinicopathologic entity
despite views held to the contrary.
The symptoms arise predominantly from organs rich in blood
supply, thus demanding much oxygen, such as the central nervous
system and the heart muscles.
Owing to doubt and uncertainty as to the actual existence of
the malady and a scant literature on the subject, the condition is
not generally recognized "by the profession and its importance has
been underestimated.
Since there is no medicinal remedy when the organic changes
have once developed, treatment must be directed toward its prevention
by proper public health measures. - Author's Sum.
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212. Beck, H.G.: Chronic carbon monoxide anoxemia: Clinical syndromes.
Southern Med. J. 30:824-829 (Aug.) 1937-
The object of this paper is not to discuss the immediate effects of
acute carbon monoxide poisoning as the incidence and the nature of
this condition are well known; but to consider the more remote effects
of acute poisoning and the effects of chronic poisoning produced by
frequent and prolonged periods of exposure to sublethal amounts, and
to describe some of the characteristic syndromes.
213. Beck, H.G., and Suter, G.M.: Role of carboa monoxide in the causation of
myocardial disease. J.A.M.A. 110:1982-1986 (June II) 1938,
In a. group of 136 persons who had been intermittently exposed to carbon
monoxide over varying periods, nyocardial symptoms were frequently mani-
fested.
The lesions affectiug the heart, brain and other organs are pri-
marily vascular, consisting of small hemorrhages and perivascular infil-
tration vith focal necrosis. When the heart is affected, coronary
thrombosis frequently develops, as ascertained by postmortem and electro-
cardiographic studies.
Hemorrhagic lesions affecting the heart muscle have been produced
experimentally in animals subjected to varying amounts of carbon monoxide
in inspired air.
The impression that unless the patient dies in acute asphyxiation
no harm may result is erroneous.
Patients who apparently recover from acute asphyxiation frequently
have later manifestations, which appear in from three to seven days. These
are known as delayed symptoms, or sequelae, and may affect the heart, brain
or other organs and terminate fatally.
Those who survive the delayed manifestations may completely recover
or ultimately itsy have severe organic disease of the heart or of other
organs* to which they finally succumb.
Lesions may occur simultaneously In the heart and the brain, as
evidenced by clinical studies and post mortem observations.
In order to make a positive diagnosis of chronic myocardial disease
resulting from carbon monoxide, it is essential that an accurate history be
obtained with respect to exposure to gas, exhibition of symptoms of anoxemia,
clinical course of the disease and absence of preexisting cardiac lesions. -
Authors' Sum.
214.Birren, J.E., Fisher, M.B., Vollmer, E.P., and King, B.G.: Effects
of anoxia on performance at several simulated altitudes. J. Exp.
Psycholog. 36:35-^9 (Feb.) 19&.
This paper reports the results of a series of tests on humans
exposed to simulated altitudes in a low pressure chamber. These
tests were made not to determine possible bases for personnel selection
but to provide limited performance norms for subsequent studies of
variables superimposed on anoxia, e.g., carbon monoxide. The purpose
of the present investigation is similar to that of many other studies
8?
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employing sensorimotor tests, that is, to appraise the efficiency
of personnel under an environmental stress.
215. Bjerver, K., and Goldberg, L. : Alcohol tolerance in individuals with
chronic producer-gas intoxication. Quart. J. Stud. Alcohol 9:329-351*
One subjective symptom of "chronic producer-gas intoxication,"
believed to be due to prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide, has been
reported to be a lowered tolerance to alcohol.
The alcohol tolerance in 11 patients with chronic producer-
gas intoxication was established quantitatively by a number of tests
in relation to the alcohol curve in the blood after ingestion.
The results were compared with those in a control group of 7
healthy subjects, examined during the same experiment, and to the
findings in a larger control group of 1*9 subjects, determined
previously.
The tolerance to alcohol in the patients (experimental
subjects) was the same as in the healthy control subjects. Ho
difference was found between the patients with chronic producer-gas
intoxication and the control subjects either in regard to the blood
alcohol curve - whether in 3 > r or maximum - or in regard to alcohol
tolerance. The threshold for a battery of tests showed the same
values in the patients as in the controls.
216. Breysse, P. A.: Chronic Carbon monoxide poisoning. Indust. Med. &
Surg. 30:20-22 (Jan.) 1961.
Author summarizes this review of eleven papers with the following:
"Some of the attitudes that have been encountered are reflected in
this review. At once it becomes apparent in some instances that
what has been termed chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is not other
than repeated episodes of acute poisoning. This indicates chronic
exposure rather than chronic poisoning. Other situations that have
been characterized as chronic poisoning relate to the well-known
sequelae that sometimes follow severe acute poisoning, notwith-
standing, there is warrant to iterate the statement contained in
the 1930 International Labor Office publication: The question of
the existence or not of chronic CO poisoning has been much discussed
and is not yet settled." - quoted from text-AGC
217. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. New Engl. J. lied. 261:1248-1249
(Dec. 10) 1959.
In this review it is noted that carbon monoxide poisoning in the acute
form has long been recognized but that the slower and more insidious
form of intoxication, with intermittent symptoms and vague relations
to the sources of poisoned atmosphere, is only ROW being brought into
prominence. The basic facts were mostly gathered in Europe and about
10 years ago were published in a Danish monograph by Grut (Copenhagen,
Ejnar Munksgaard, 1949). Recently the subject has been activated with
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report from health authorities in the state of Connecticut. Carbon
monoxide poisoning in a chronic form, because of psychiatric and
neurologic symptomatology, is frequently incorrectly diagnosed as
epilepsy. It is possible that some people are more susceptible to
this form of attack than are others, but the timing of attacks, their
nature, the mental changes, and the intermittent symptoms should lead
to a diagnosis in all persons exposed to carbon monoxide whether
inside or out-of-doors. - APCA 39^9
218. De Bruin, A., Vroege, D., and Van Haeringen, A.: Study of carbon
monoxide uptake in traffic policemen. T. Soc. Geneesk. 43:146-151
(March 5) 1965.
The HbCO-conteut of the blood of 36 municipal traffic policemen--
non-smokers--in Rotterdam exposed to exhaust from motor vehicles,
during one to four hours, has been measured. The data were compared
to those of a control group of 16 non-smoking policemen working in
the office. Blood samples have been taken before and after work.
The HbCO-content was on the average 0.93$ before work and increased
to 1.11$ in the exposed group, whereas the HbCO-content in the
control group remained about the same. The peak CO-content in
the air was between 5-15 ppm. The chemical analysis has been
performed with two independent methods. - APCA 65-154
219. Duvoir, M., and Gaultier, M.: Etiology: Clinical and chemical study
of forty cases of chronic industrial carbon monoxide poisoning.
Arch. Mai. Prof. 7:449-452, 1946.
Scepticism concerning the reality of chronic CO poisoning has been
justified by the multiplicity of symptoms attributed to the disease.
This paper attempts to establish chronic CO poisoning as a reality
and as an individual disease by establishing a clinical and chemical
basis.
Using Nicloux1 method to determine the amount of CO in 40
subjects, a blood level above .4 to .5 cc. per 100 cc. blood is
considered abnormally high. Cessation of exposure resulted in a
gradual reduction of the blood level. In two months, one subject
went from .85 to .52, another from 2.5 to =52, another from .82 to
.46, etc. The blood level persisted for a longer time in a number
of cases, a typical case being: .88 after e:cposure, .80 after 3
months, .30 after 5 months. Rest alone results in improvement, but
oxygen therapy accelerates recovery. Vitamin Bg also hastens return
of blood levels to normal although its action is neither immediate
nor constant.
Chronic CO poisoning is characterized by this elevated blood
level and by three major symptoms, always appearing together. These
are, 1) Asthenia. The asthenia is almost constant. Muscular
fatigue, intellectual apathy, depression, slowness of speech, and
impaired memory are frequently found, and sexual impotence is
occasionally concurrent. 2) Severe headache. The headache is
persistent, and usually more severe during exposure, although it
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may continue for several hours after work. It is not localized to
any specific brain area. 3) Vertigo and syncope. Vertigo is
frequent and may signal syncope. Syncope is a less important
differentiation, since it is so often found in acute poisonings.
Pathogenesis and mechanisms remain, obscure, but determination
of blood level of CO, the constancy of symptoms, and improvement
occurring during cessation of exposure are indicative of the reality
of chronic CO poisoning.
220. Piandaca, S., and Vercellotti, E.: Effects on the sick and accident
rates in subjects exposed to the risk of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:360-379 (May-Aug.) 196U.
A statistical survey was made of the sickness and accident rate in
a population of workers exposed to the risk of chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning. A constant increase was found in the accident
rate, and an increase was also found in the sickness rate, which
was only statistically significant in relation to the relapses of
the number of subjects who were smokers. The increased accident
rate was probably due to the Eomentary action of the high level of
carboxyhemoglobinemia. A direct causal relationship may be found
in the sickness increases and in the short indispositions identified
in subjective symptomatology with those due to sudden increased
environmental carbon monoxide concentrations, along with cigarette
smoke. - NASA 80285
221. Gilbert, G.J. , arrd CSL/isar, G.E. : lleurolo^Ic mart! f ©stations of
chronic carbon monoxide pcisonlug. Hew Ecgland J". Kod, 261:1217-
1220 (Dec. 10) 1959.
A detailed case history is given of a patient ^i^eriag from
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Tbe condition was verified
by the finding of a significantly-elevated blood carbon monoxide
level. A detailed occupational history waa obtained indicating
that the patient had "been a policeman for 18 yeere. Els first
few "^pells" had occurred four years before hospital admission in
1958 at the age of 50 while he was assigned to directing heavy
automobile traffic. Fearing that his job was too strenuous, he
had requested transfer to the police garags f^ai fed served as a
mechanic there for the past three years. It was ortea necessary
to run the motors of the police cars in the gjxeaga, particularly
in the repair of police radios which required a, ronning motor for
their operation. T&e garage doors were us-oally left open but were
closed often after March to keep out the sua. The time of closing
of the garage doors corresponded to the period of exacerbation of
the patient's syaptomatology, The patient had anorexia, weight
loss, a fluctuating organic montal syndrome, and recurrent episodes
of loss of consciousness, each attack preceded by a period of
dizziness and attxla. After the patient lw». cd scontinued his
work, serial electroencephalograms showed progressive clearing
of focal and paroxysmal abnormalities, correlated with clinical
90
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Improvement* It Is noted in the text--and cemented editorially,
in the same journal, ppt 121(8-1249—that unless the occupational
history is carefully taken, the different diagnoses can "be
difficult. The patient under discussion had received anticonvulsant
therapy for 2-1/2 years previous to the correct diagnosis. It is
noted in the editorial also that there were a few more attacks
which were always associated with driving a farm tractor. It was
found that the patient had a habit of walking "behind the tractor
where the exhaust was on a level of about his head. When this
occupation was also discontinued he recovered fully, and the
diagnosis was confirmed. - APCA 3185
222. Grudzinska, B.: Electroencepnalographic patterns in cases of chronic
exposure to carbon monoxide in air. Folia Medica Cracoviensia 3:
^93-515, 1963.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether chronic exposure
to CO produces pathologic changes in man and to analyse electro-
clinical correlations. Sixty workers from gas works and coking
plants exposed to CO concentrations not exceeding 0.01$ were
studied. The control group consisted of 30 workers similarly
employed but not exposed to CO. Only healthy individuals were
included in both groups without history of cranial trauma or acute
CO poisoning. Examination included determination of erythrocyte
counts, Hb and COHb levels, complete history, functional tests
of the vegetative nervous system. EEG's were made at rest and
after activities. CO exposure was confirmed by examination of
COHb. The mean level of COHb was J.k$> in the exposed group, and
3$ in the control group. The COHb level exceeded 10$ in 11 persons
of the exposed group. A neurasthenia syndrome was diagnosed in
63$ of the exposed group and in kd% of the control group. The
type and intensity of complaints in each group was studied.
Statistical analysis of the differences revealed significantly
greater incidence of headache and general debility in the exposed
group.
Among the normal tracings from the exposed group there was
a significantly higher proportion of flat, low-voltage tracings with
scanty alpha rhythm (p <;0.0l).
Statistically significant electroclinical correlations were
found in the group exposed to CO. All the pathologic tracings and
81$ of the low-voltage tracings and those with scanty alpha rhythm
were found in individuals with neurasthenic syndromes. In addition,
all the tracings of the first sleep phases were also found in
neurasthenic individuals.
Prom, the findings it may be concluded, that chronic exposure
to low concentrations of carbon monoxide does not cause distinct
changes in the nervous system, but may have a certain inhibitory
effect on the bioelectric activity of the brain, manifested
clinically as neurasthenia and in the EEG as scantly low-voltage
alpha rhythm and tracings of the first sleep phases. However,
since these changes are nonspecific, EEG examination in cases
suspected of chronic CO poisoning is not decisive, although it may
be auxiliary factor in making the diagnosis. - Author's Sum.
Modified
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223. Grut, A.: Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, a Study in
Medicine. Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 19^9, 229 PP-
The following topics are discussed in twelve chapters: 1. Introduction,
2. Exposure to Carbon Monoxide, 3. Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,
k. Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 5. Hyperthyroidism Following Exposure
to Carbon Monoxide, 6. Diagnosis of Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,
7. Aggregate Result of Examinations of Producer Gas Drivers and Other
Workers Exposed to Carbon Monoxide, 8. The Individual Working Processes
Connected with Producer Gas Driving, 9. Development and Course of Chronic
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 10. Variations in Susceptibility to Carbon
Monoxide, 11. Pathogenesis and Pathological Anatomy, and 12. Treatment
and Prophylaxis.
Various methods to determine the CO content of the air and of
COHb are described. Exposures are ascertained by the detection of a
pathological COHbJb of CO in the air of places of work or by examination
of the working process.
The occurrence and severity of chronic CO poisoning of drivers and
mechanics of motor vehicles, respectively of fuel trucks, of traffic
policemen and workers in tunnels are discussed.
Acclimatization to CO has been experimentally verified in animals
but experiments with man are not convincing. Pathologic neurological
symptoms and histological changes have, been found in the brains of dogs
exposed to 0.01$ CO, but only slight histological changes have been
described in human beings after chronic CO poisoning. The bibliography
contains 180 references. - AGC
224. Hackney, J.D., Lashier, H., Lynn, K., and Spier, C.: Comparative
effect of two sources of exposure to carbon monoxide on carbon
monoxide hemoglobin levels. Presented at the Air Pollution Besearch
Conference on "Effects of Motor Vehicle Emissions on Health,"
Dec. 6, 1961, Los Angeles, Calif.
The comparative effect of two sources of carbon monoxide exposure,
e.g., ambient CO and ambient CO plus cigarette smoke on the COHb
of two normal subjects working as a team is discussed in this
study. The rebreathing method for indirect estimation of COHb
as previously described (1) was used in this study for the frequent
monitoring of COHb. Samples of the ambient air were collected
almost continuously during the experimental run as a means of
representing the integrated total ambient CO exposure. - Authors'
Introduction
225. Halperin, M.H., Niven, J.I., McFarland, R.A., and Roughton, F.J.W.:
Variations in visual thresholds during carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia.
Fed. Proc. (Abstract) 6!120-121, 1947.
The comparative and combined effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia
on human visual intensity discrimination, as well as the effects of normal
and high 03 atmospheres during recovery from CO, were investigated.
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In previous studies we have found that the measurement of visual
intensity discrimination thresholds at a low level of illumination provides
a very sensitive, useful and precise quantitative index of the physiological
disturbance caused by oxygen deprivation. We therefore applied the same
technique in measuring the effects of small amounts of CO. Extensive studies
were carried out on four well-trained subjects.
A given increase in % COHb in the blood at sea level produces an
effect approximately equal to that of an equal decrease in % (^Hb due to
hypoxic anoxia. At simulated high altitudes, a given % COHb produces an
impairment equivalent to a further ascent which would cause an equal
additional decrease in 7. 02Hb. The visual threshold i« therefore much more
sensitive to CO than are other physiological functions so far investigated.
In studying the recovery from CO, we found that the inhalation of
oxygen, in addition to its value in accelerating the elimination of CO, had
another beneficial effect as compared with the inhalation of ordinary air.
An added improvement equivalent to a decrease of about 5 to 7% COHb was
produced by breathing oxygen. When the subjects then breathed ordinary air,
the thresholds were again impaired by this amount. If, instead of oxygen,
the subject breathed ordinary air throughout the recovery period, the
visual thresholds failed to recover as rapidly as the % COHb declined. -
Authors* Abst.
226. Hayhurst, E.R,: Carbon monoxide and automobile exhaust gases. Amer.
J. Pub. Health 16:218-223 (March) 1926.
This paper deals with the problem of diagnosis of carbon monoxide
poisoning, but not with cases where esposure Is evident and severe
symptoms or death ensue. Author is interested In exposure to limited
amounts and whether such symptoms as the common ones of headache,
weariness, weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of strength
and muscular control, Increased pulse and respiratory rates, loss of
reflexes, and even coma with intermittent convulsions, cessation
of respiration, and death are due to carbon monoxide poisoning or
any of the many other possible factors connected with the environment
or the condition of the victim. - Author's Abst* Modified.
227. Hofreuter, D.H., Catcott, E.J., and Xintaras, C,: Carboxyhemogldbin
in men exposed to carbon monoxide. Arch* Environ. Health 4:81-85
(Jan.) 1962.
This study was designed to appraise the influence of exposure to
various sources of carbon monoxide on carboxyhemoglobin levels.
Also, the relationship of COHb levels with symptoms associated
with CO Intoxication was considered. Environmental factors such
as smoking, occupational exposure, and commuting to work in a
private automobile were not reflected In marked or sustained
differences of COHb levels that could be related to these
influences• No relation was found between symptoms and COHb values.
To summarize the effects of a rather continuous esrposure throughout
the day, 54 of the subjects were exposed daily to CO in their
working environment, while smoking, and while commuting to work in
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a private automobile. The mean COHb value of this group was
This mean was not markedly different from the mean levels observed
in groups which had lesser exposure. - APCA ^298
228. Katz, M. : Carbon monoxide asphyxia, a common clinical entity.
Canadian Med. Ass. J. 78:182-185 (Feb. l) 1958.
Forty-one cases of chronic CO poisoning are reviewed. Presenting
symptoms are headache, anorexia, dyspepsia, weakness and dizziness,
singly or in combination, The finding of a carboxyhemoglobin level
of 10$ or more plus the relief of symptoms when the patient is
removed from exposure confirms the diagnosis. All provincial
laboratories are equipped to do carboxyhemoglobin tests. The outdoor
worker and the housewife are not immune. Compensation boards will
now accept claims for illness arising out of exposure to carbon
monoxide on the job, - Author's Sum,
22$. Killick, E.M. : The nature of the acclimatization occurring during
repeated exposure of the human subject to atmospheres containing
low concentrations of carbon monoxide. J. Pliysiol. (London) 10J:
A single human subject was repeatedly exposed to low concentrations
of CO in an airtight chamber; each exposure was prolonged until
the COHb$ attained a steady value.
The degree of acclimatization was indicated by (a) the
diminution in severity of the symptoms during successive exposures
to the same concentration of CO, (b) the discrepancy between the
observed COHb$ at the end of an exposure, and the COHb$ obtained
in vitro when the subject's blood was equilibrated with a mixture
containing Og and CO at the same partial pressure as in the alveolar
air.
Acclimatisation was not accompanied by changes in the red-
cell count, in the proportion of reticulocytes, or in the blood
volume ,
The results of inhaling a measured volume of CO from a closed-
breathing circuit confirmed the existence of acclimatisation, and
demonstrated that no appreciable destruction of CO occurred in the
body.
The value of the constant for the partition of Hb between
Og and CO, as determined in vitro, remained unaltered as acclimatization
developed.
A possible explanation of these results is discussed. -
Author's Sum.
230. Lindgren, S.A. : A study of the effect of protracted oooupational
exposure to carbon monoxide with special reference to the occurrence
of so-called chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Acta Med.
Scandinav. 167 (suppl. 356): 1-135,
The author examined workers occupationally exposed to carbon monoxide
and controls paired off principally according to age, from the same
9k
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types of industry as the exposed subjects. The degree of exposure
was Judged to "be equal to or greater than that of the groups of
patients diagnosed to be suffering from chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning reported in modern literature. An excessive frequency
of headache was found in the group exposed to carbon monoxide.
The author interpreted this as a sign of repeated slight acute
poisonings and considers he has support for this view in his
studies of exposure. Among miners there was also a certain amount
of complaints of headaches which was judged to be caused by handling
of nitroglycerine. The author found, in a study of the
simultaneous occurrence of fatigue, headache and dizziness, a very
low frequency of this constellation of symptoms in the exposed as
well as the unexposed groups. No difference was found between the
groups however. No higher frequency of other clinical manifest-
ations regarded asv typical of so-called chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning was found in the exposed group than in the control
group. Nor did a scrutiny of National Health Insurance records for
a period of 10 years reveal any differences in the frequency of
illness between the two groups. - Author's Abst.
231. Lumio, J.S.: Hearing Deficiencies Caused by Carbon Monoxide (Generator
Gas). Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl. IXXI, Helsinki, May 19**d, 112 pp.
This paper deals with the investigation of possible hearing disturbances
due to exposure to carbon monoxide*
Chapter one gives a short review of the origin and development
of the CO poisoning problem In Northern European Countries. Chapter
two is a review of previotis investigations and in chapter three author
discusses his own investigations, on the basis of which author states
that chronic CO poisoning seems comparatively often responsible for the
impairment of hearing.
Seven hundred patients suffering from chronic CO poisoning were
examined. Hearing disturbances were ascertained in 73-3$ of the
patients. A considerable smaller number of hearing disturbances,
namely 26.7$, were found in patients who had been exposed to CO in
their places of work, but in whom chronic CO poisoning could not be
verified. - AGC
232. Lumio, J.S. : Symptoms in the inner ear associated with chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch, f . Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg.
13:139-1^,
Giddiness in 85% of the cases of chronic generator gas poisoning
in Finland is often associated with otological disorders,
vestibular or cochlear. Actual slight defect in hearing occurred
only in 48$ of these cases. There was a coincidence in 90$
of positive oto -neurological cases with a reduction in the visual
field as reported by Helminen.
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233. Lutmer, R.F., Buscli, K.A., and DeLong, P.L.: Effect of nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, or ozone on blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations
during low-level carbon monoxide exposures* Intemat, J. Air &
Water Poll., in press.
Compared to exposure to CO alone, no enhancement of blood
carboxyhemoglobin concentrations was observed following 7-hour
exposures of rats and mice to low levels of CO plus NO, NOp, or
0^. - Authors' Abst.
234. McFarland, R.A., Dunlap, J.W., Hall, W.A.,^ tfoseley, A.L.: Human
Factors in the Design of Highway Transport Equipment. A Summary
Report of Vehicle Evaluation. Harvard School of Public Health, June
1953> PP. bb, figures and tables.
There is one small section on CO in this treatise (pp. 37-39),
concerning the adequacy of the cab in regard to overall safety. Tests
were conducted on closed, moving cabs and on closed cabs (i.e. aH
doors, windows, and vents closed) after 15 minutes of standing with
the engine idling. A table shows following results:
In % In PPM 10,000 The Effect Is:
0.01$ 1/100,000 Ho symptoms for 2 hours
0.04$ k/lOfQOO No symptoms for 1 hour
0.06-0.07$ 6-7/10,000 Headache & unpleasant
symptoms in 1 hour
0.10-0.12$ 10-12/10,000 Dangerous after 1 hour
0.35$ 35/10,000 Fatal in less than 1 hour
Authors state that prolonged periods of exposure to 0.01$ should not
be permitted, and warns that the inspiration of carbon monoxide does
not have to produce serious toxic effects to become a source of hazard.
Sensory losses, especially in vision occur at low carboxyhemoglobin
levels, so that every reasonable control is essential. - AGO
235. jfedaglini, E. : Studies on the urinary elimination of 17-ketosteroids
and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in persons affected with chronic intoxi-
cation from carbon monoxide. Rass. Neuropsichiat. (Salerno) 16:55-58,
1962.
The author studied the elimination of the 17-Jsetosteroids and of the 17-
hydroxycorticosteroids in. the urine of each of a group- of persons following
chronic exposure to carbon monoxide. The studies revealed a diminished
elimination of the substances during the period of intoxication with a
gradual return to normal of the adrenal functioning in direct relation-
ship to the improvement of the total clinical picture. - APCA 5103
236. Noro, L.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Nord. med. 26:771-6, 1945.
The author describes the clinical picture and pathogenesis of CO
poisoning and the existence of the poisoning in drivers of motor
96
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cars operated by charcoal gas in Finland. Of the 5,000 drivers,
who were questioned, symptoms of CO poisoning were found in 67.5$
of the cases. The symptoms of acute poisoning were complained of
by 3,069; symptoms of chronic poisoning, by 2,506 drivers. In 530
cases the poisoning had caused inability to work. In Finland at
present, CO poisoning is the most common occupational disease.
- Kett.
237* Pfrender, R.E.: Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. A critical
resxnae. Indust. Jfed. & Surg. 31:99-103 (March) 1962.
Author discusses CO combinations with other substances,
pathological effects attributable to CO per se, and the
nature and extent of acceleration to the gas. Pertaining
literature is also reviewed. - From author's sum. -AGC.
238. Ricci, C., Capellaro, P., and Gaido, P.O.: ELectrophoretic and
immuno-electrophoretic examinations in workers exposed to chronic
CO intoxication. Bass. Med. Indust. 33:4l4-4l6 (May-Aug.) 1964.
The authors have examined the behaviour of the transferrin with
inmunochemi cal methods in individuals exposed to occupational
risks from CO. In all the subjects an increase was noted in the
globulin fraction of the serum regardless of the time of exposure
an increase particularly linked to the globulin fraction
(transferrin or siderophillin). - Authors' Sum.
239. Rokaw, S. N., and Massey, F.: Air pollution and chronic respiratory
disease. Amer. Rev. Resp. Bis. 86:703-704 (Nov.) 1962.
An investigation was made of the day-to-day variation in respiratory
function in a group of 25 selected patients with chronic obstructive
airway disease while domiciled at the Ranches Los Amigos Hospital,
a chronic disease center for the County of Los Angeles, compared with
a group of normal subjects. The changes in respiratory function were
compared with various indices of air pollution, most notably particulate
matter, ozone, total oxidants, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.
There was a marked variability in the performance of the pulmonary
function tests described. It was greater for the patient group than
for the normal subjects and perhaps was greater than for patients
described in other series studied, such as the Canadian Veterans'
study. In searching for associations of environmental variation
with performance variation, only occasionally was a correlation number
found high enough to be "interesting." In only a few instances
was there a correlation number that seemed to indicate some major
association. In 4 of the patients the carbon monoxide exposed seemed
perhaps to be involved, but it cannot be stated that this pattern applied
to all patients. Examining time series plots of the results of the
various tests, the patients' performances on a given test over a year
and a half did not indicate either a cyclic uniform performance for the
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group or any response to major smog episodes. Other analyses did not
indicate a strong relationship of pulmonary performance to the way the
patient himself evaluated his feelings about his respiratory disease
at the time of the test. - APCA 6333
Salen, E.B. : The period of carbon monoxide (the "generator gas epoch")
in Sweden 1939-19^-5. Nordisk Med. 30:923-93^ (April 26)
In connection with the almost total lack of mineral oils in Sweden in
1939 the country was forced to make a sudden change-over to carbon
monoxide. In 19^1 the number of "gengas" cars in the country amounted
to 72000, in 19^2 to more than 100,000. The number of persons that
during work came in contact with gengas was estimated in 19^2 to have
amounted to between 200,000 and 250,000, As a result there were a
great number of cases of acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Further,
there were a number of cases of a disease designated as chronic
carbon monoxide intoxication. The diagnosis in question has been
based on the following criteria: 1) absence of ascertainable acute
CO intoxication; 2) existing sensibility to CO; 3) characteristic
picture of symptoms, and the appearance of the separate symptoms in
a certain characteristic order of time; 4) the possibility to
ascertain, in certain (as a rule serious) cases, a) "super-
sensibility" to CO on testing, b) positive oto -neurologic test, c)
the existence of ophthalmoneurologic changes, d) pathological issue
of alcohol test, e) deterioration of memory, concentration, and
learning functions, ascertainable through psychiatric examination.
The author is of the opinion that this proves the relatively
frequent occurrence of lesional and functional brain changes in
chronic carbon monoxide intoxication. - Author1 s Sum. Modified
241.Sayers, R.R., Meriwether, F.V., and Yant, W.P.: Physiological
effects of exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Pub.
Health Rep. 37:1126-11^2 (May 12) 1922.
The combination of CO with hemoglobin takes place slowly when the
subject is exposed to low concentrations and remains at rest, many
hours being required before equilibrium is reached.
The rate of combination of CO with hemoglobin takes place
much more rapidly during the first hour of exposure than during
any succeeding hour, with the subject remaining at rest.
Strenuous exercise causes much more rapid combination of CO
with hemoglobin than when the subject remains at rest. The symptoms
of CO poisoning are emphasized by exercise.
High temperature and humidity, with a given concentration of
CO, cause more rapid combination of CO with hemoglobin than do normal
conditions of temperature and humidity.
All symptoms and effects described in this paper are called
acute in character. None of the subjects has shown any permanent
deleterious effects from the exposure to CO. - Authors' Conclusion
98
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242. Sayers, R.R., and Yant, W.P.: Dangers of and Treatment for Carbon
Monoxide Poisoning. U.S. BMRI No. 2476, May 1923, 11 pp.
Properties, chemical and physiological action of CO are discussed.
Approximate percentage of CO found in gases from various sources of
poisoning are given. Methods of detection by odor, blood methods,
detection by tests on small animals, and the Hoolamite detection
are described. Time required for various concentrations of CO to
procure 80$ of equilibrium value of blood saturation are listed,
and symptoms caused by various percentages of CO in the blood are
described in relationship to percentage of blood saturation. - AGC
243. Savic'evic, M., MLliJic, B., and Stankovic, M.: Contribution to
the study of chronic intoxication with carbon monoxide* Acta Med.
lugosl. (Belgrade) 13:129-137, 1959-
After a review of the literature and an evaluation of the situation
following clinical and laboratory examinations of 153 persons over
a period of 3 years, the authors give their views of the conditions
of chronic carbon monoxide intoxication. There are no specific and
constant pathognomic signs of this intoxication. Rather the
condition is based on subjective and objective aspects, with the
characteristic neuroses, and can be diagnosed as such only after
a thorough clinical and laboratory examination. Considered to be
the basis for a Judgment of the presence of chronic carbon monoxide
intoxication are: a concentration of greater than 0.75$ in the
blood coincident with the finding of more than 50 ppm. of carbon
monoxide in the atmosphere, the presence of the cephalic triad,
asthenia and vertigo, not yet fully developed encephalitic signs,
and the presence of the syndrome of neurovegetative dystonia.
Such findings indicate the need to make some drastic changes in
the patient's way of life or his work schedule to remove him to
an atmosphere of little or no air pollution. It was ascertained
as a result of these physical examinations that the person who
had been sporadically exposed to high levels of carbon monoxide
was subject to various types of neuroses and other personal chronic
ailments and was also much more sensitive to further exposure than
was the normal, healthy individual. The studies also indicated
other variations from the normal in the various electrocardiographic,
encephalographic, and metabolic studies. - APCA 3322
244. Shumway, E.A.: Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning an increasing danger
to municipalities from automobile traffic. Med. J. & Record 121:657-
659 (June) 1925.
This paper reviews and discusses the literature on CO and as author
states serves to impress upon the general practitioner the importance
of going into the living conditions of his patients, and making
inquiries as to the possibility of chronic poisoning by carbon
monoxide in those suffering from headache, gastrointestinal
disturbances, anemia, lowered nutrition and neurasthenia.
Author's Sum.
99
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245« SKvortZOva, N»N. s PclJ'Ttion c*f. aS'r-rph-sr.-vc or.?: i?tfh carbon
monoxide in the vicinity of ierxTCHaetai.Lurgj.eal plants. Ing
Levine, BBS. (editor and translator)s U.S*S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Relatad Occupation! Diseases. A Survey,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, OTS 60-21108, Washington, D.C., Vol.
2, I960, pp. 204-212.
Author describes a study made of the atmospheric air surrounding
ferro-metallurgical plants. Concentration of CO ranged between
5.6 - 190 mg/m3, and in 78,8 - 93.5% of the samples CO
concentrations exceeded the allowable limit for maximal single
concentrations for the atmospheric air. Results of simultaneous
studies of the atmospheric air and the air in dwellings showed
a similarity between the CO concentrations. Children, observed
during this study, showed a high content of carboxyhemoglobin,
and a large percentage of the children developed erythrocytosis,
accompanied by subjective complaints , characteristic of CO
poisoning.
Author points to the urgent need for abatement of air
pollution in particular of CO, because of its deterimental
health effects, especially of its effect on young children.
-AGC,
2460 Stevens,A.M.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Gradual, cumulative effects
in young children, with report of a fatal case, J. A.M.A. 86:1201-
1204 (april 1?) 1926.
There is a seasonal increase, in the winter, of the hazard of gas
poisoning, acute and chronic.
There is a cumulative poisonous effect of repeated or continuous
exposure to small amounts of carbon monoxide.
Young children and infants are peculiarly susceptible to
gradual carbon monoxide poisoning.
In serious cases of gradual gas poisoning, there will probably
"be more than 10 per cent of carbon monoxide in the "blood.
There is a simple and rapid qualitative test for carbon monoxide
in the "blood, which will show the presence of 10 per cent or more.
Clinicians should be on the alert to recognize cases of gradual
poisoning by carbon monoxide, .especially in infants. - Author's Sum.
246a. Vollmer, E.P., King, B.C., Fisher, M.B., and Birren, J.E.: The Effects
of Carbon Monoxide on Three Types of Performance, at Simulated
Altitudes of 10,000 and 15,500 Feet. BMRI Res. Report X-417, Report
Ho. 7, Feb. 27, 1945, and J. Exp. Phychol. 36:244-251, 1946.
Measurements of the critical flicker frequency threshold, "body sway,
and the red visual field were made on subjects "before, during and
after low pressure chamber runs. Twenty subjects with 12 to 22 per
cent blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) took part in runs at 15,500
feet, and six subjects with 5 to 10 per cent COHb vere tested at
10,000 feet. Control runs were made at the same altitudes with the
same subjects.
100
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•There v;as a significant impairment of performance at altitude,
both under conditions of anoxia alone and anoxia after exposure to
carbon monoxide (CO) as compared with performance at sea level.
There was no statistically significant difference between
the mean scores of the tests during anoxia alone and during anoxia
following administration of CO. Furthermore, the time-performance
curves for group means during the hour at altitude are nearly
coincident under the two conditions.
All the mean values for performance of each of the three tests
at altitude are within one standard deviation of the sea level mean.
(More than one-half of the scores for individual performance in the
two series may therefore be expected to fall within the range of
performance of normal subjects at sea level.)
Individual responses were variable and without correlation
with the percentage of increment or of total COHb in the blood.
Three of the subjects who started the experiments showed
symptoms of impending collapse at 15,500 feet without CO. One of
these had successfully completed his corresponding CO run; the
other two did not participate in CO runs.
Five subjects showed symptoms of impending collapse at altitude
(one at 10,000, four at 15,500 feet) after they had breathed mixtures
containing CO. - Authors' Sum.
247. Strzelczyk, P., and Zenk, H. : Permanent sub-toxic effects of
«arbon monoxide on organs connecting hearing and balance in gas
workers. Archiv Ohren-, Nasen- u. Kehlkopfheilk. l8U:8l-92,
Early diagnosis of slow developing chronic CO poisoning is discussed
in this paper. Investigations of subjective complaints of workers
exposed to CO concentrations of 0.01$ and above were made in
addition to audiometric and vestibular function tests. Although
the effects of acute CO poisoning have been recognized, there are
still divided opinions as to damaging health effects following
continuous or intermittent exposure to this gas. Experiments
with two groups of workers, one group exposed to low CO content
and one control group exposed to clean air, were made. Standardized
methods of investigation were used, which made it possible to obtain
objective results of pathologic changes. Eighty- four percent of
the CO group had subjective complaints in comparison with kf in
the control group. The investigations showed a significant
difference of subjective audiometric and vestibular symptoms.
The noise-audiometry showed that six cases suffered cortical, and
four cases retro-ganglion damage. A significant difference In
subjective audiometric and vestibular symptoms were noted, caused
Toy sub-toxic doses of CO, In comparison with the control group.
- From German-AGC
101
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248. Tope, O.s Health effects from axbauat w?.*-h consideration of
special vehicles and motorized equipment. Stadtehygiene.
2/1965.
The noxious components of exhausts from combustion engines are
discussed in this paper. Author states that the most dangerous
component, the carbon monoxide, causes already in low
concentrations symptoms of poisoning. The maximal allowable
concentration for carbon monoxide is about 0.01 percent
per volume, however repeated concentrations below 0.01%
cause pathogenic symptoms. Literature review shows that small
amounts of CO may cause chronic poisoning. One investigator
established that very low CO concentrations lower the physical
and mental capacities of animals. The effect of CO is quite
treacherous because symptoms of acute poisoning appear only
when a considerable percent of hemoglobin has been changed to
carboxyhemoglobin. This leads to disturbance of the orienta-
tion and judgment ability in drivers, and driver may fall
asleep while driving. Also, the ability to see is impeded,
content of the exhaust gas depends very much in the
condition of the engine. Author recommends a revision of
the construction of combustion engines and the application
of electric energy in order to eliminate the potential
danger of auto exhaust. -AGC.
249. West, J.B.: Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide at high
altitude. J. Appl. Fnysiol. 17:421-426 (May) 1S62.
Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (Dl.) was measured in
London (pb approx. 750 mm Hg), at 15,300 ft (4,700 m; Pb. approx. 440 mm
Hg), and at 19,000 ft (5,GOO m; PB approx. 380 cam Hg) on seven members
of the Himalayan Scientific and Mountaineering Expedition, 1960-61.
At each altitude Dl was measured at two work levels (300 and SOO kg-m/min)
and at three different inspired oxygen tensions in order to separate
membrane and blood components of the diffusing barrier. A steady state
method was used with mixed expired gas analysis; dead space-to-tidal
volume ratio was assumed but calculated D.I was insensitive to this. There
was no consistent change in Dl at 15,300 ft (subjects breathing ambient
air) compared with sea level, but Dl was significantly increased after 7-10
weeks at 19,000 ft (mean changes of 15 and 19% for work levels of 300 and
900 kg-m/min, respectively). However, this small change in Bl can be
wholly accounted for by the increased rate of reaction of carbon monoxide
with hemoglobin due to hypoxia and by the increased blood hemoglobin
concentration. - Author's Abst.
250. Wilson, E.D., Gates, I., Owen, H.R., and Dawson, W.T.: Street risk
of carbon monoxide poisoning. J.A.M.A. 87:319-320 (July 31) 1926.
Policemen at heavily traveled intersections in Philadelphia complained
of symptoms of CO poisoning, i.e., headache, slight nausea and muscular
weakness. Tests for COHb saturation made on 14 foot-traffic patrolmen
after 8 hr. of duty in a crowded section of the city gave values
102
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ranging from 0-307o; 6 of them were between 20 and 30%. Another exami-
nation of 18 foot-traffic men gave values of from 0.91-2.28% by
vol. CO, and values of the CQHb saturation ranging from ca. 5-13%. It
is concluded that there is a definite street risk of repeated or
chronic slight CO anoxemia. Kett.
251. Yarrow, T.J., Jr.: Chronic carbon monoxid poisoning and carbonyl
hemoglobinuria: The latter a hitherto undescribed condition. Amer.
Med. U:338-3^3, 1902.
In April 1900, author called attention to chronic toxemia resulting
from inhalation of small quantities of illuminating gas from leaky
gas pipe fixtures. He emphasizes the point that chronic CO poisoning
occurs more frequently than is thought possible and that it is
responsible for many obscure conditions which often remain unsolved.
Author advocates the extensive use of the spectroscope in diagnosis
of such obscure conditions. Two cases of chronic CO poisoning are
described. One is believed to be the first reporting carbonyl
bemoglobinuria following or accompanying CO poisoning. - AGC
252. Zorn, I.O., and Kruger, P.D.: The problem of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning. Indust. Med. & Surg. 29:580-581 (Dec.) 1960.
Authors studied industrial carbon monoxide exposure in coke and
metallurgical works. Conclusions were reached that no "chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning11 exists, and recurring carbon monoxide
poisoning was identified as "light, recurring carbon monoxide
poisoning." There is an important difference between concentration
of carbon monoxide and the consumption tolerance. High percentages
of carbon monoxide is endured by some persons for short exposures
without clinical results. Even slightest doses are sufficient to
produce symptoms in others. The boundaries of the consumption-
tolerance can be overstepped through prolonged work in an atmosphere
containing even slight volumes of carbon monoxide. Because of the
way carbon monoxide acts in replacing the oxygen in the hemoglobin,
it results in a state of acute poisoning when inbalance is reached.
Almost all patients recover in a short time and chronic illness
does not occur. - AGC
253. Zorn, H.: On the diagnosis of chronic CO poisoning. (German) Bass.
Med. Indust. 33:325-329 (May-Aug.) 196U.
The author has the opportunity of observing a group of workmen who
worked in noisy premises and were exposed to low concentrations
of CO over a relatively long period on account of a leak of gaa
which had not been noticed. Examinations and psychological tests
when compared to those previously made showed an increase in the
excitability and irritability to noises. The percentage of
carboxyhemoglobinemia varied between 10 and 20$. The electro-
encephalogram revealed a picture of extremely unstable frequency.
When the leak had finally been found and stopped, the tests returned
103
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to normal after eight weeks in the young subjects and after 16 in
the elderly and old. These observations led the author to advise
a series of examinations and tests to be given to workmen at
intervals of 3-4 years, so as to follow up the action of sub-toxic
concentrations of CO. - Author's Sum.
experimental exposures
254. Behnke, A.R., White, W.A., Consolazio, W.J., and Pace, ».: A Study
of Repeated Daily Short Exposure to High Concentrations of CO. U.S.
Naval Med. Res. Inst., Bethesda, Md., Report No. 1, June 1, 1943*
pp. 5-
It has been found that the breathing of uncontarainated air by men
whose blood contains 20 to 23 per cent COHb results in the complete
clearance of CO from their blood well within 24 hours. In fact,
the elimination is practically complete within 8 hours after removal
from air containing CO.
Four men at rest who breathed 20 parts per 10,000 of CO for
20 minutes daily for four consecutive days, and who reached blood
levels of 23 per cent COHb by this exposure, failed to show any
cumulative CO saturation of the blood.
Some of these men showed mild symptoms of CO anoxia during
the course of the experiment. However, the symptoms did not appear
to be progressive or cumulative, and all four men were symptom-free
on the last day of exposure to CO.
If pure oxygen is breathed following exposure to CO, previous
work indicates that the elimination time is reduced to a period of
30 to 60 minutes when compared with 8 hours for air.
In. view of this and other evidence, it is concluded that short
(i.e., 20 minutes) daily exposures to concentrations of 15 parts
per 10,000 of CO as encountered on the ACV class of naval vessel
is permissible for non-flying personnel in view of the emergency
nature of the operations leading to such conditions. - Authors1
Sum.
254a, Bogatkov, P. I. , Nefedov, Yu.G, and Poletayev, M. I.: Exhaled air as
a source of carbon monoxide contamination of the atmosphere in con-
fined chambers. /v.ID Report 61-82, May 24, 1961, DDC AD 257922.
A study on the contamination of air by exhaled carbon monoxide in con-
fined rooms is reported. Smokers and nonsmokers selected from a
number of different professions were confined in groups of three in a
testing chamber with a volume of 24 m of air for several days. All
possible external sources of CO contamination were carefully checked
and eliminated. The air-purification system in the chamber was the
peroxide type and could only reduce the concentration of CO. Deter-
mination of the CO concentration was made colorimetricaliy with the
104
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Swedish LKB 3261A device. Results of the test showed that the non-
smokers exhaled CO at an average rate of 0.016 mg/1 and the smokers,
at 0. 038 mg/1. After 9-10 days the air of the testing chamber with
three persons in it contained 0.023-0. 027 mg/1 of CO. The authors
are of the opinion that the toxic effect of CO consists 1) in the exchange
of the oxyhemogiobin in the blood for carboxyhemoglobin and 2) in the
suppression of the redox ferments of living tissues. - Authors' Abst.
255. Canter, H.G., and Luchsinger, P.O.: Effect of a respiratory
stimulant on the ventilatory response to carbon dioxide Inhalation.
Amer. J. Med. 37:386-391 (Sept.) 1964.
The effect of a respiratory stimulant, Emivan, on the respiratory
response to carbon dioxide inhalation has "been studied in
emphysema patients with and without hyper capnia, as well as in a
group of normal subjects. A rebreathing technic which allowed
gradual progressive increases in inspired carbon dioxide t.-oneent ration
(0 to 5 percent) was used. The ratio of the change in minute
ventilation to the change in arterial carbon dioxide tension served
as an index of respiratory efficiency. This ratio was found to be
1.48 1./minute/mm. Hg. PaCOp in persons without any lung disease
and was similar to the values obtained by other workers. With the
addition of the respiratory stimulant, ventilation was further
increased with a proportional change in arterial carbon dioxide
tension and hence no change in the ratio. Therefore, in subjects
without lung disease and no mechanical restriction to ventilation
within the physiologic range, respiratory stimulation has no
effect on efficiency of respiration. However, when higher levels
of ventilation are achieved the work of breathing and carbon
dioxide production become increasingly important limiting factors,
even in this normal group. In emphysematous patients with
hypercapnia the ratio was low and fell further during drug infusion.
This was due to a disproportionate increase in arterial carbon
dioxide tension and indicates the adverse effect of respiratory
stimulation in patients with an increased work of breathing.
APCA 64-220
256. Eorcus, R.M., and Weigand, G.E.: The effect of exhaust gas on the
performance in certain psychological -tests. J. General Psychol. 2:
73-96 (Jan.) 1929.
Authors state that the increase in the number of automobiles and
trucks and the accompanying increase in the exhaust gas caused
thereby has given rise to some new physiological and psychological
problems. These problems involve both the immediate and the
cumulative effects upon the human organism.
In order to ascertain such effects, si;: medical students were
exposed daily to exhaust gas for a period ranging from about 3-1/2
to 6 hours, except for certain control days.
The psychological tests employed in this investigation were
steadiness, tapping, dynonometer, substitution, arithmetic, location
105
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memory, and the so-called Felix test. In the summary, authors state
that it might be concluded that no significant difference in
performance was found after exposure to exhaust gas-air mixtures
which contained 2, 3, and 4 parts of CO per 10,000 of air for
periods ranging from 3 to 5 hours and which caused 25 to 35 per
cent of the hemoglobin to be in combination with CO. Although there
vas a slight tendency for a poorer performance to be made on the
prolonged steadiness test, the difference in performance on all the
other tests used was no greater than the variation in performances
on successive control periods.
The necessity for more work in this area is emphasized. - AGO
257. Ftorbes, W.H., Dill, D.B., de Silva, H., and Van Deventer, P.M.:
The influence of moderate carbon monoxide poisoning upon the
ability to drive automobiles. J. Indust. Byg. 19:598-603 (Deo.)
1937.
This paper reports the procedures and findings of what is probably
the best research study on this subject so far conducted. Tests
were made on eight normal male subjects with various percentages
of carbon monoxide in the blood. These included measurement of
the time required to remove the foot from the accelerator and the
time to push down a brake pedal after a red light was flashed on;
depth perception; ability to see d-lro objects at the side of a
bright light; ability to perceive the approach or recession of
objects; accuracy of steering.
These investigators found that the test performance was
unaffected at a carboxyhemoglobin saturation level of 25% and was
not disturbed until 30$ was reached. The present investigators
note that this value appears high as compared to present day
concepts but observe that this study gives every impression of
having been conducted with a high degree of competency, - PHS-
RG 5676
258/, Hanson, J.S., and Tabakin, B.S.: Steady state carbon monoxide diffusing
capacity in normal females. J. Appl. Physiol. 16:839-841 (Sept.) 1961.
The diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was determined
in 100 normal females age 20-60 years during steady star.e treadmill
exercise. Values obtained were compared with a corresponding study in
oales, and it was established that when body surface area is taken into
account there is no significant sex difference in $lco. No significant
decrease in diffusing capacity was seen with advancing age. Normal
ncan values and limits of normal for the various age groups are given. -
Authors" Abst.
106
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259. Henderson, Y., Haggard, H.W4, Prince, A.L., and league, M.C,:
Ventilation of vehicular tunnels. Part II. Physiological effects
of exhaust gases from motor vehicles. J. Amer. Soc. Heating &
Ventilating Eng. 32:153-158 (March) 1926.
Standar-ds for the ventilation of tunnels, which will greatly reduce
the expense of ventilation below that of 1 to 10, OCX) dilution, are
proposed in this paper. Since traffic through the Holland Tunnel
consists of passenger cars which take 10 to 12 min. for the trip,
and trucks taking 35 to 40 rain., the standards worked out afford
according to the authors, absolute safety and freedom from any trace
of discomfort for healthy and vigorous adults exposed for a period
of 45 to 60 min. to CO. Thirty-nine experiments involving nine
men and one woman, using a six-cubic meter chamber are described*
The essential practical results of this investigation is summed
up in a diagram which shows the rate at which CO may be absorbed,
and the amounts at which physiological effects may occur. The
curves are drawn to show the rate of absorption of CO when air
with various concentrations from one to seven parts of CO in
10,000 is breathed. They express the absorption by the blood during
one hour of half the amount of CO that would be taken up after a
prolonged stay in each of these atmospheres. - AGO
260. KLllick, E.M.: The nature of the acclimatization occurring during
repeated exposure of the human subject to atmospheres containing
low concentrations of carbon monoxide. J. Piysiol. (London) 107:
27-1&, 1948.
A single human subject was repeatedly exposed to low concentrations
of CO in an airtight chamber; each exposure was prolonged until
the COHb$ attained a steady value.
The degree of acclimatization was indicated by (a) the
diminution in severity of the symptoms during successive exposures
to the same concentration of CO, (b) the discrepancy between the
observed COHb# at the end of an exposure, and the COHb# obtained
in vitro when the subject's blood was equilibrated with a mixture
containing Oo and CO at the same partial pressure as in the alveolar
air.
Acclimatization was not accompanied by changes in the red-
cell count, in the proportion of reticulocytes, or in the blood
volume.
The results of inhaling a measured volume of CO from a closed**
breathing circuit confirmed the existence of acclimatization, and
demonstrated that no appreciable destruction of CO occurred in the
body.
The value of the constant for the partition of Hb between
On and CO, as determined in vitro, remained unaltered as acclimatization
developed.
A possible explanation of these results is discussed. -
Author's Sum.
107
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261. Pace, N., Consolazio, W.V., Pitts, G.C., and Pecora, L.J. : The
rate of blood absolution of low concentrations of carbon monoxide in
ambient air at simulated altitudes up to 10,000 feet. NMRI Project
X-417, Report No. 2, Aug. 31,
Tests of 3 to 5 hours' duration vere conducted at a simulated
altitude of 10,000 feet (520 mm. Hg), in which subjects breathed CO
concentrations of 0.8? parts/10,000 and 1.7° parts/10,000 by means
of a demand system and A-l4 mask. Analyses of "arterialized*
blood withdrawn from veins of the heated hand, and measurements of
pulse rate and respiratory minute volume were made. The altitude
decrement attributable to the presence of given amounts of COHb was
not ascertained. This problem is now being studied.
The results of these tests permit the following statements:
At the end of 5 hours' exposure at 10,000 feet, the inhalation
of 1.79 parts/10,000 CO was accompanied by an uptake of not more than
12 per cent COHb.
The rate of uptake of CO follows a predictable course in a
range of concentrations from 0.87 parts/10,000 to 20 parts/10.,000.
The blood level of COHb may be predicted over the range by
the equation:
A $COHb = ?arts CO x Corr. Min. Vol. x Time
42.5 x Blood Vol.
The effect of altitude is taken into account by correcting
the minute volume of respiration, as measured at altitude, to SEP.
The experimental data show close agreement with calculations
based on theoretical values obtained by means of the equation.
The time of exposure required to reach a given blood level
of COHb in relation to the CO concentration in ambient air can be
computed within the limits of experimental error for sea level, and
for various altitudes up to 10,000 feet.
A summary of the data obtained in this study was prepared for
limited distribution as Report No. One. - Authors' Stan.
262. Pace, N., Consolazio, W.V., White, W.A., Jr., and Behnke, A.R. :
Formulation of the principal factors affecting the rate of uptake
of carbon monoxide by man. Amer. J. Physiol. 1^7:352-359,
The rate of uptake of carbon monoxide has been shown to be constant
with respect to blood concentration of COHb, up to values of one-
third the equilibrium level, when air containing CO in the range 1
part to 20 parts per 10,000 is breathed by men at rest or engaged in
moderate physical activity.
An equation has been derived which serves as a means of estimating
in man the degree of blood saturation with CO as a result of exposure
to air containing this gas as follows:
/\ -DOT* PPnt roHb - Parts CO X Minute Volume X Exposure Time
- per ceoc tAmo 46.5 X Blood Volume -
The equation is valid for values of per cent COHb up to one-
third the equilibrium value for the air concentration of CO under
consideration. Within this range /-X per cent COHb nay be estimated
within a degree of error whose standard deviation is 4-2.3 per cent COHb*
108
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The fraction of CO removed from the inspired air by the blood
was found to be constant as uptake progressed, and the mean for a group
of twelve men was 4l.2 per cent with a standard deviation of +4.4 per
cent. This value is somewhat lower than that observed by previous
investigators. - Authors' Sum.
263. Sayers, RR., Yant, ¥.P., Levy, E., and Fulton, W.B.: Effects of
repeated daily exposure of several hours to «m*pi amounts of
automobile exhaust gas. USPHSB No. 186, 1929, 58 pp.
Six wen were exposed in a chamber from 4 to 7 hours daily, for
68 days, to gasoline engine exhaust containing 200, 300, and 400
ppm of carbon monoxide. At 200 ppm, carboxyhemoglobin reached
25 percent in 5 or 6 hours; more than one-half the subjects
experienced no symptoms at all, the remainder suffering slight
discomfort in 2 hours and frontal headache in 4 hours. At 300
ppm and at 400 ppm, carboxyhemoglobin reached 30 percent, within
5 and 4 hours respectively. At the higher concentration, more
than 90 percent of subjects suffered frontal headache within 4
hours, and a few complained of occipital headache. No deleterious
effects upon health or well-being were detected, and psychologic
examination revealed only a slight tendency to poorer performance
in the prolonged steadiness test. A definite increase in hemoglobin
and red blood cell count was noted. - Sch, p. 122
264. Schulte, J.H.: The medical aspects of closed cabin atmosphere control.
Military Med. 126:40-48 (Jan.) 1961.
One hundred and eight healthy adult males between the ages of 17 and
37 years were exposed in an operating nuclear submarine to an
atmosphere with an average consistency of 19«7$ oxygen, 1.04$ carbon
dioxide, 1% hydrogen, 44 ppm carbon monoxide, 15 ppm freon-12 and
approximately 78$ nitrogen continuously for 72 days. The atmosphere
occasionally contained small amounts of ammonia, chlorine and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Presumably other contaminants were also present in
trace amounts.
The physiological and metabolic evaluations which were studied
during the 72 day exposure consisted of the general health, vital
signs, blood cell determinations, exercise tolerance, caloric
requirements, and dietary habits. Using these criteria, no changes
occurred which are attributable to exposure to the existing atmosphere
and no harmful effects were elicited either during or shortly following
the exposure. - Author's Sum. Modified
265. Von Post-Lingen, M.L.: The significance of exposure to small
concentrations of carbon monoxide. Results of an experimental
study on healthy persons. Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 57(Part Il):1021-
1029 (Oct.) 1964.
The investigations being reported were carried out, between 1955
and 1958, at the National Institute of Public Health in Stockholm.
109
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Observations ere made of the reactions of healthy persons to carbon
monoxide concentrations which do not generally cause subjective
disturbances, i.e., which produce carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) blow
25$. The reactions were evaluated by means of flicker fusion tests
and Evipan tolerance tests. An ordinary Krogh spirometer of the
type used in measuring basal metabolism, was used. In this closed
rebreathing system the concentrations of CO ranged from 0.35 to
2.13 volumes $, with a duration of exposure of about 7 minutes.
The results of the experiments showed that: (l) Daily inhalation
of CO for four weeks, producing COHb of 10-11$, gave rise to a
cumulative effect which was manifest as latent impairment of the
ability to distinguish between light flashes in rapid succession.
(2) Daily inhalation of CO producing 6-7$ or 10-11$ COHb caused
increase of sensitivity in some persons and reduction of sensitivity
in others. The increased sensitivity subsided during the following
months and had disappeared after a year* The modifications of
sensitivity were more pronounced when the daily tests gave 6-7$
COHb for eight weeks than when the COHb was 10-11$ for four weeks.
The author discusses the differences in his findings and those
reported by Lindgren (I96l) on occupational exposure to CO with
special reference to "chronic CO poisoning." - APCA 6U-270
266. young, W.A., Shaw, D.B., and Bates, D.V.: Effect of low concentrations
of ozone on pulmonary function in man. J. Applied Physiology, 9, k,
765-768 (July) 1964.
Describes results of measurements of pulmonary function made on 11
subjects in 16 experiments breathing ozone (0.6-0.8 ppm) through
mouthpiece for 2-hour periods. Ozone produced highly significant
reduction in steady-state DLCQ (diffusing capacity of lung for carbon
monoxide). Vital capacity ana expiratory flow rates may be limited
in part by tracheobronchial irritation that follows inhalation of
0.6 ppm of ozone for 2 hours. - CBK
Biochemistry and Biophysiology
267» Ambrosio, L., and Mazza, V.: Tmmunologlcal potency in carbon
monoxide intoxication. III. Behavior of the antistreptolysin
titer, Riv. istituto sieroterapico ital. (Naples) 34:399-^05
(Sept.-Oct.) 1959-
The behavior of the antistreptolysin (a.s.) titer in 12 dogs,
divided into 3 groups, was investigated. Group 1 inhaled for ^
hours daily 1$ (?) carbon monoxide for ho days; group 2 was
similarly treated and vaccinated with streptococcal vaccine;
group 3 received vaccine only. In the CO-treated animals (group 1)
the a.s. titer was not different from the values at the beginning
of the experiment; vaccination of group 3 animals brought about
a progressive increase of the a.s. titer up to a maximum value of
500 units, while vacinated and CO-intoxicated group 2 animals
showed a lower antibody response with a maximum value of 125 units.
no
-------
It is suggested that the lower immune response of group 2 animals
is associated with the alteration of plasma protein composition
caused by CO intoxication. - APCA
268. Anson,- M.L., Barcroft, J., Mirsky, A.E., and Oinuma, S. : On the
correlation between the spectra of various haemoglobins and their
relative affinities for oxygen and carbon monoxide. Proc. Royal
Soc. London 97:61-83, 192^-1925.
A convenient calibration of the Hartridge reversion spectrcaocpo is
described,
For a number of different mammals the following relationship
exists. If A be the position of maximum intensity of the a-oxy-
haemoglobin spectral band, B that of CO haemoglobin, and K the
equilibrium constant of the equation
CO + Hb02 "£= COHb
Log K = 0.05 (A— B),
A and B being measured in Angstrom units.
Log K is a measure of the change in free energy involved in
the reaction.
The value of (A — B) called in the paper "the span," varies
from 43 to 56 Angstrom units in the mammals which we have observed.
The variation in individuals in the same species is very marked.
The relation stated in <£ 2 is true of the recrystaHised
haemoglobins .
The cause of variation seems to lie rather in the specificity
of the globin portion of the molecule than in the haematin portion.
Brown and Hill's observations on the effect of temperature
on blood have been treated along similar lines. The reaction being
taken as
If at temperatures TI and T2> Qj^ cod Qpg represent the
concentrations of oxygen in solution when the haemoglobin is half
saturated in each case, and ATJ_ and ATg represent the position of
maximum intensity of the a-bands,
. .01,9
- Authors' Sum.
269. Asmussen, E., and Chiodi, H. : The effect of hypoxemia on ventilation
and circulation in man. Amer. J. Physiol. 132:426-436,
Respiration. Our experiments have shown that hypoxemia caused by
partial CO-poisoning (20-30 per cent) (anemic hypoxemia) elicts little
or no respiratory response whereas hypoxemia caused by an alveolar
pOo of about kO mm. Hg (hypoxic hypoxemia) causes a very pronounced
hyperventilation both in rest and in work.
It is concluded: 1. General O^lack in the tissues does not
evoke a hyperventilation. 2. The 02 tension of the arterial blood,
111
-------
and not its 02 content, is the active factor in causing hyperventilation.
3. The effect is produced through the p02 of the carotid body (glomus).
Circulation. Our experiments have shown that both in rest
and during work a state of hypoxic hypoxemia, with the 02 in the
inspired air low enough to reduce the arterial Hb02 to 70 to 80 per
cent, produces an increase in cardiac output above the ncrnal.
Furthermore, both in rest and during work a state of anemic hypoxemia
(20-30 per cent Hb saturated with CO) has little or no effect on the
cardiac output, but increases the pulse rate considerably.
It is concluded: 1. Acute 02-lack in the tissues is not a
stimulus for the circulation. 2. A lowered 02 tension of the arterial
blood, not a lowered 02 content, is a stimulus for the circulation.
3. The effect probably is produced through the chemoreceptors of the
carotid glomus. - Authors' Sum.
270. Bacaner, M.: Physiologic process in absorption of pollutants. Arch.
Environ. Health 8:77-85 (Jan.) 1964.
This is a short discussion of the physiologic mechanisms in the
handling of absorbed pollutants. A few specific examples (carbon
monoxide among those mentioned) are cited to illustrate the problem
involved.
Author points out that a true estimation of body burden for
any individual pollutant recpires comprehensive study of multiple
parameters. - AGO
271. Bernhard, W.F. : Ifyperbaric oxygenation. New England J. Med. 271:
562- 564 (Sept. 10)
Author states that although the data may suggest that hyperbaric
oxygenation is of value in the management of three specific classes
of diseases, for example, carbon monoxide intoxication, extrapolation
to other areas of clinical medicine does not seem warranted.
Instead, it is hoped that these investigations will stimulate the
pursuit of basic problems in hyp.erbaric physiology, so that with
time, improved methods for the management of other disease processes
may be found. Author's Conclusion Modified-AGC
272. Campbell, J.A.: Comparison of the pathological effects of prolonged
exposure to carbon monoxide with those produced by very low oxygen
pressure. British J. Exp. Pathol. 10:304-311, 1929.
It is shown that in chronic carbon monoxide poisoning in animals
the pathological effects resemble very closely those of prolonged
exposure to very low oxygen pressure in the inspired air; the
main changes are venous congestion with atrophy of certain cells
(e.g. liver, heart muscle near epicardium), oedema and dropsy
indicating that heart failure is the cause of inability to tolerate
prolonged exposure to carbon monoxide. Q3ie organs showing most
marked congestion and its sequelae are the liver, lungs, heart muscle
112
-------
near epicardium and the "brain. Haldane's view that carbon monoxide
acts purely by interfering with the oxygen supply to the tissues is
supported.
Power to tolerate carbon monoxide--just as in the case of low
oxygen pressure in the air—depends upon the ability of the vital
organs, particularly the heart, to continue to function under a low
tissue oxygen tension; tissue oxygen tension is not brought back to
normal level by so-called acclimatization under severe degrees of
oxygen want. - Author's Sum.
273. Carleen, E., and Comroe, J.E., Jr.: The rate of uptake of carbon
monoxide and of nitric oxide by normal human erythrocytes and
experimentally produced spherocytes. J. General Physiol. 42; 83-
10? (Sept.) 1958.
An in vitro study was made of the uptake of carbon monoxide and
nitric cxide by normal human erythrocytes and by similar erythrocytes
altered T»y treatment either with heat or with immersion in hypotonic
or hypertonic saline solutions. The initial overall rate of gas
uptake was measured with a modified version of the Hartridge-
Roughton-Milikan rapid-reaction-constant-flow apparatus. As the
chemical combination of nitric oxide with hemoglobin is extremely
rapid, uptake measurements included only diffusion across the
cellular membrane and intraerythrocytic diffusion. Results show
that human biconcave discoicJal erythrocytes at 38 and 48*C. have
the same initial rate of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide uptake
as the same cells changed to spherical form by heating (no change
in volume) or by treatment with a hypotonic solution (a 30$ increase
in cell volume). Similar cells, changed to crenated epheres and
reduced in volume by treatment with a hypertonic solution, showed
a marked decrease in the gaseous uptake rate of the dehydrated
cells. - APCA 2068
273a. Coscia, G.C., Perrelli, G., Gaido, P.C., and Capellaro, P.: The
behavior of glutathione, stable glutathione, and glucose-6-
phosphate-dehydrogenase in subjects exposed to chronic Inhalation
of carbon monoxide. Eass Med. Indust. 33:*&6-^51 (Jfey-Aug. )
The authors have studied the behaviour of glutathione and glucose
6-phosphate-dehydrogenase of the red globules in a group of 19
subjects who had been given supraliminal inhalations of CO. In 6
subjects with COHb above normal, a decrease of the GSH proportion
was found while the G-6-P-EL was decreased in 6 cases. AH the
same the comparison of the average values obtained with those of
a group of normal subjects did not bring to light statistically
significant differences. - Authors' Sum.
113
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274. Dales, S., and Fisher, K,C.: The effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen
consump bion, glucose utilization, and growth in mammalian cells in
vitro. Canadian J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:623-638 (May) 1959.
The effect of carbon monoxide on respiration, growth, and carbohydrate
metabolism of Earle's L strain cells was investigated. The rate of
gas uptake by suspensions of cells in a Warburg respirometer was the
same from mixtures containing various proportions of CO/02/N2 or
containing only 02/N2. Apparently carbon monoxide was not inhibiting
oxygen consumption. In respirometers filled with carbon monoxide
and oxygen in the ratio of 9:1, illumination caused the net gas up-
take to rise 23$ above that of the controls. This suggests that
the rate of oxygen consumption in the dark was reduced as a consequence
of an inhibition of a respiratory enzyme by carbon monoxide. In
keeping with this suggestion, a spectroscopic examination revealed
the presence in L cells of absorption bands corresponding to those
of the cytochrome enzymes. Using differential manometers it was
established for the first time that carbon monoxide is taken up by
L cells in the dark. It is concluded that a fraction of the gas up-
take which is represented by the consumption of oxygen associated
with normal metabolism must be reduced in the presence of carbon
monoxide. It is also concluded that L cells oxidize carbon monoxide
to carbon dioxide. The rate of multiplication of cells was reduced
by carbon monoxide while the rate of glucose breakdown and lactic
acid production were markedly accelerated, suggesting that there was
inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. Low partial pressures of oxygen
also reduced the rate of multiplication of L cells while increasing
the rate of glucose disappearance and the rate of lactic acid
production. The observations reported here thus emphasize the role
of aerobic oxidations in the maintenance of the maximum rate of
growth. - Authors' Abst.
275. Datsenko, I.I.: The effect of aero-ionization on animals in CO
intoxication. Hygiene & Sanitation (Trans. Gigiena i Sanitariya)
29:12^-125 (Aug.) 1964, CFSTI - TT65-50023/8.
Intoxication of laboratory animals with carbon monoxide results
in a decrease of activity of the cholinesterase of blood serum.
This can be used as a sensitive index of the degree of poisoning.
Changes in the animals under chronic intoxication with carbon
monoxide are persistent, as demonstrated by the incomplete
restoration of the activity of cholinest erase three months after
the inspiration of CO had been stopped. The use of air ionization
had a favorable effect on the organism with regard to conditions
of the action of carbon monoxide on the body. - APCA 6^-32$
276. Datsenko, I.I.:. Disturbances of carbon metabolism in experimental
carbon monoxide intoxication. Gigiena i Sanitaria 30:30-3^ (May)
1965.
The article contains the results of quantitative analyses of sugar
in the blood of animals in a glucose test after introduction of
-------
adrenalin and insulin under conditions of a prolonged action of
various concentrations of CO. In chronic poisoning concentrations
of this gas within the limits of 0.012-0.018 mg/1 in the inhaled air
produced changes in the glycemic curves. These data may serve as
an early diagnostic sign of intoxication, "besides. They substantiate
the necessity of decreasing the maximum permissible concentration of
CO in the.air. - Author's Abst.
277. Feldstein, M.: The colorimetric determination of blood and breath
carbon monoxide. J. Jbrensic Sc.. 10:35-42 (Jan.) 1965.
A colorimetric procedure for the accurate determination of carbon
monoxide in air and in combustion effluents has been adapted to the
determination of carbon monoxide in blood and breath samples.
The method is based upon the reaction of carbon monoxide with an
alkaline solution of the silver salt of para sxilfaminobenzoic acid.
The adsorbence of the resulting colloidal solution of silver is
measured spectrophotometrically and is proportional to the
concentration of carbon monoxide present in the gas sample*
Concentrations of CO from 5 ppa to 1800 ppm can be measured with
an accuracy of 95 + 5$» This corresponds to 5 PPm directly for
breath samples, and Q.Ok volume % for a 1 ml. sample of blood. -
APCA 65-96
278. Ito, M.: The effect of the inhalation of carbon monoxide on the
estrus cycle of rats. J. Sc. Labour (Tokyo) 36:496-507 (Sept.) 1960.
The estrus cycle of rats exposed to carbon monoxide was investigated
by the vaginal smear method. Of 14 female rats, 9 were exposed to 2%
CO for 2 hrs. a day for 8 weeks and the other 5 were used as control
animals. The vaginal smear was taken daily by cotton plediget for a
period as long as 12 weeks. The exposure to CO caused disturbance of
estrus cycle as shown in a figure in the text. It seems to be note-
worthy that the stage of initial repression due to the exposure to CO
was followed by the state of adaptation, when the rats were exposed to
CO repeatedly. The results of the experiments by the present author
seem to confirm the pattern of disturbance of estrus cycle observed by
other authors. Besides, it attracted the author's attention to the
fact that the effect of exposure to CO upon body-weight growth and
respiratory metabolism was more evident in animals which showed marked
initial repression of estrus due to exposure. This fact seems to
suggest that the disturbance in estrus cycle should be regarded as a
manifestation of polyglandular impairment due to stress. - APCA 4396
279. Joels, H., and Neil, E.: Carotid chemoreceptor response to high carbon
monoxide tension. J. Physiol. 156:5P-6P (Abstract), 1961.
The combination of as much as 00% of the blood haemoglobin with CO
causes no carotid chemoreceptor discharge in cats breathing 1-2$ CO
in air, providing that the arterial pOg be not lowered (Duke, Green
115
-------
& Neil, 1952). The glomus cells normally betray a high oxygen usage
(9ml./100 g/min). Their blood flow of 2000 ml./lOO g/min (Daly,
Lambertsen & Schweitzer, 195*0 is, however, so high that they have
little difficulty in extracting their large oxygen requirements
without causing much fall in the local blood pOo« Anoxic anoxia
disrupts their oxidative metabolism, whereupon the chemoreceptor
nerves display a vigorous impulse traffic. Cyanide also causes
chemoreceptor discharge, and Anitschkov (1951) has assumed that the
drug acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. Cyanide, however,
inhibits many of the enzymes which aid carbohydrate metabolism. Only
carbon monoxide exerts a specific inhibition of cytochrome oxidase
(Dixon & Webb, 1958). The affinity of cytochrome oxidase for CO is
less than that for 02* Thus it is necessary to use high CO tensions
locally in glomus circulation in order to ascertain whether
chemoreceptor discharge ascribable to cytochrome oxidase inhibition
can be aroused.
Two sets of experiments were performed on cats anaesthetized
with pentobarbitone.
1-2 ml,, of blood (pCO = 300-500 mm, p02 = 150 mm, pC02 =
1*0 mm Bg) was injected locally into the carotid glomus circulation.
Transient hyperpnoea and hypertension which occurred was abolished
by cutting the relevant sinus nerve.
Electroneurography of chemoreceptor fibres shoved that vigorous
impulse activity was aroused by the perfusion of solutions equilibrated
with pCO 300-500 mm Hg and normal p02 and pC02.
The inhibition of cytochrome oxidase thus does mimic the
effect of anoxic ancxia on the glomus cells. It must be stressed
that CO is used here as a biochemical tool; ordinarily in CO poisoning
the tissue pCO is far too low to exert such histotoxic effects. -
Authors' Abst.
280. Konecci, E.B., Taylor, W.F., and WiUcs, S.S.: Biological and medical
aspects of ionizing radiation: Protective action of carbon monoxide
in mammalian whole-body x-irradiation. USAF School of Aviation Med.
Rep. Ho. 55-8, March, 1955.
The present study was designed to test the possible prophylactic
and therapeutic usefulness of carbon monoxide in mammalian whole-
body x-irradiation. Guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits were utilized
in a variety of treatments. CO was administered either by inhalation
(0.10 percent CO) or intraperitoneal injection (100 percent CO).
Whole-body x-irradiation was performed with a Picker x-ray unit
(260 KVP, 18 ma.), and all Of the statistically treated animqip
were exposed to lethal doses of x-rays.
Protection occurred in pre- and/or post-irradiated, CO-
treated animals to different degrees. Experiments indicate that
CO protection depends on (l) optimal amounts of CO inhaled or
injected, (2) critical times of CO administration pre- and/or post-
irradiation, and (3) dose of whole-body x-irradiation. Possible
modes of protection afforded by carbon monoxide are discussed. -
Authors1 Abst.
116
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281. Medagllni, E. : Studies on the urinary elimination of 17-ketosteroids
and 17-frydroxycorticosteroids in persons affected with cnronic intoxi-
cation from carbon monoxide. Rass. neuropsichiat. (Salerno) l6:55~5&\
1962.
The author studied the elimination of the 17-ketosteroids and of the 17-
hydroxycorticosteroids in the urine of each of a group of persons following
chronic exposure to carbon monoxide. The studies revealed a diminished
elimination of the substances during the period of intoxication with a
gradual return to normal of the adrenal functioning in direct relation-
ship to the improvement of the total clinical picture. - APGA 5103
282. Mosinger, M., and Rochette, J.: Histological reactions of the
lungs after inhalation of certain anesthetics and toxic gases.
Zentralblatt der Gewerbehygiene und Unfallverhtitung 27:227, 19^0.
Guinea pigs were subjected for varying periods of time to the
inhalation of ethylene oxide and chloride and carbon monoxide and
to the action of cold (3°-4° F.)« Circumscribed areas of emphysema
and atelectasis were more pronounced after long inhalation of
ethylene oxide than with the other gases studied. Necrosis of the
bronchial epithelium occurred only after chloride inhalation.
Vasofiiletation was present also. Interalveolar edema was also
slight after inhalation of ethylene oxide and carbon monoxide, very
severe after chloride inhalation, and pronounced after exposure to
cold. Perlbronchial edema occurred only after chloride inhalation.
Alveolar edema appeared early after inhalation of chloride and
carbon monoxide and late after ethylene oxide inhalation of
chloride and carbon monoxide but was not otherwise observed. The
appearance of mitoses in the alveolar epithelium and capillary
epithelium was found only after the inhalation of ethylene oxide.
The desquanation of the alveolar epithelium, which has "been
considered characteristic for war gases and anesthetics, was noted
also after the action of carbon monoxide; it is therefore not
characteristic, at least in the guinea pig. - BMB 93^-
283. Uavrotslcii, V.K.: Bamunobiological reactivity as a method of
determination of the maximum permissible concentration of harmful
chemical substances in the air of closed premises. Gigiena i
Sanitaria 25:29-33 (June) I960,
The agglutination titer after immunization with typhoid fever
vaccine proved to be a very sensitive test for evaluating the
reactivity of rabbits during chronic poisoning with small
concentrations of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide gases, and
vapours of aviation benzene. - APCA ^262
117
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284. Pecora, L., Fati, S., and Vecchione, G. : Free erythrocytic
protoporphyrins and urinary coproporphyrins in experimental and
clinical CO poisoning. Folia Med. 1*0:213-226, 1957-
The behaviour of the free erythrocytic protoporphyrins and urinary
coproporphyrins has been studied.
The erythrocytic protoporphyrins increase constantly and
remarkably nearly immediately afterwards the poisoning and the
disorder continues for many hours.
The daily repeated poisoning induces a progressive standing
increase of the rate of the protoporphyrins and the urinary
coproporphyrins .
This finding proves a direct action of poison on the metabolism
of the porphyrinic pigments, and the pathogensis will be studied
furthermore. - Authors' Sum.
285. Pecora, L.J. : Physiologic study of the summating effects of ethyl
alcohol and carbon monoxide. Amer. Indust. Eyg. Ass. J. 20:235-2^0
(June) 1959-
No significant summating effects of alcohol and etuxcm monoxide
were noted In a physiologic study made using 3 groups of dogs.
One group received only alcohol, another CO alone and the 3rd
both alcohol and CO. The blood alcohol level, confirmed by
analysis, was kept at over 0.15 volume % during the daily exposure
to 0.01$ CO for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 21 weeks. The
expected level of COHb, between 18 and 20$, after exposure to
0.01$ CO for several hours was obtained. The hemoglobin
concentration was in the normal range for 3 groups. The alcohol-
carbon monoxide group had a mean value of 13.2$ COHb while the
group on CO alone had a mean value of 20.8$. The Hb mean group
values were Ik.k and 14.8 g./lOO respectively. The bromsu^phalein
liver function test waa negative and the electrocardiograms were
essentially normal during the whole experiment. No observable
neurologic abnormalities were noted. Body temperature was
normal during the whole test. Hiqtologic study did not reveal
any differences between groups nor were there any remarkable
changes* A single electrophoretic assay of serum protein and
lipoprotein showed a marked decrease in total lipoprotein due
chiefly to reduced fraction. - APCA 2636
286. Prokhorov, f&.D., and Rozov, A. A. : The pathohistological and histochemical
changes in the organs of rabbits subjected to a prolonged action of carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and their mixtures. Gigiena i Sanitaria (Moscow)
2^:22-26 (June) 1959- In: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey.
Vol. 5t I960, PP. 81-86, CFSTI-TT-61-11149, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Springfield, Va.
Histological and histochemical changes have been studied in the organs of
rabbits subjected for a period of 3 months to poisoning with carbon monoxide
118
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at concentrations of 0.2 and Q.k mg./l., with sulfur dioxide at 0.2 mg./l.,
and with mixtures of both gases. The author has noted vascular disturbances,
dystrophic lesions in the internal organs, a fall in the activity of the
succindehydrase (succino-dehydrogenase?) due to the effect of sulfur dioxide
and a more pronounced change produced by the same concentration of sulfur
dioxide in the presence of carbon monoxide. In the presence of carbon
monoxide at a concentration of 0.2 mg./l. the activity of succindehydrase was
observed to increase and this could be regarded as a compensatory effect. -
APCA 3100
287. Pukhov, V.A. : The influence of adrenal cortex insufficiency and
hyperfunction on the sensitivity of rats and mice to carbon monoxide
poisoning. Farmakol. Toksikol. 27:3^3-3^5 (May-June)
Result of experiments made on rats and mice showed that after removal
of adrenals the animals showed increased sensitivity to carbonic
oxides after one week. During the first two weeks after the
transplant took place there was still sensitivity to CO. However
after one month the resistance was again about the same as before
the transplant took place. The ACTH administered to the mice in
doses of 0.2 Un/kg for a period of 7 days increased the resistance
to CO. - Author' s Ab st.
288. Root, W.S. , Allen, T.H., and Gregersen, M.I. : Simultaneous determinations
in splenectomized dogs of cell voluce with CO and P^2 and plasma volume
with T-1824. . Amer. J. Physiol. 175:233-235, 1953-~
Blood was removed from splenectomized dogs and separate portions were
labeled with CO and P^ . The tagged cells vere then injected into the
same dog in order to measure the cell volume with the two methods
simultaneously. At the same time plasma volume was measured witli
In 10 dogs the results show that the cell volume measured with
CO is 12$ greater than that measured with P^ -labeled cells, Indicating
that distribution of CO includes more .than the circulating cell volume.
The possibility is considered that the difference in the estimates of
cell volume with CO and P-* may be a useful index of changes in
erythropoietic tissue. - Authors' Sum.
289. Rossl-Fanelli, A., and Antonini, E. : Studies on the oxygen and carbon
monoxide equilibria of human myoglobin. Arch. Biochem. 77:^78-^92,
1958. J
A new spectrophotometric method of determining the oxygen-dissociation
curves of Mb (and Hb) has been developed.
The oxygen equilibrium of human crystallized Mb has been
studied by this method. The effect of temperature, pH, ionic
strength, and concentration of the pigment has been examined.
The oxygen-dissociation curves of reconstituted Mb's and of
Mb components Mb I and Mb II have also been investigated.
119
-------
The partition constant K = (MbCO) X pog/(MbOg) X pco,
human crystallized Mb has been determined. -Authors' Sum.
290. Roughton, F. J.W. : The kinetics of the reaction CO -t- O^Hb
Op + COHb in human blood at "body temperature. Amer. J7 Physiol.
153:609-620 (April) 19^5.
Measurements are given of the velocity with which CO displaces
GO from combination with human hemoglobin in solution and in un-
laked red cells at 37° C.
The kinetic data conform to the same equation as has
been established for sheep hemoglobin solution at 10 to 20° C.,
namely,
At (Og) values of 0.6 mM and over, the value of m , i.e.,
21.0, is within error the same for hemoglobin in solution as in
the red cell. This indicates that at high (0_) values diffusion
through the membrane and substance of the red cell has no limiting
effect on the velocity of the overall reaction. At lower (0 )
values theoretical calculations suggest that the rate in the^red
cell would be less than in solution but this has not yet been
experimentally verified.
The value of m at 37° C. is 0.1. The time for half
dissociation of human COHb is thus 6.9 seconds in the body.
A minimum value for the permeability of the red cell
membrane to Q^, is given.
The kinetic data of this paper are available for several
physiological problems such as the rate of uptake and output of
CO from the human body and the calculation of the average time
spent by the blood in the lung capillaries. - Author's Sum.
291. Schtitze, ¥.: On the danger for man and animal from high concentration
of some toxic gases through the skin. Archiv fur Hygiene und
Bakteriologie 98:70-83, 1927.
The results of animal tests show that also high concentrations of
CO are not absorbed through the skin. - AGO
292. shtrum, I.Ya.: The combined action of carbon monoxide and hydrogen
sulfide. J. Physiol. U.S.S.R. 24:624-629, 1938.
Author found no evidence of summation or potentiation between hydrogen
sulfide and carbon monoxide upon the reflex time of rabbits or the
mortality of mice and concluded that "incomplete summation" occurs:
that because hydrogen sulfide produces tissue anoxia, the anoxemia
of carbon monoxide is less injurious than it would otherwise be
120
-------
because the tissues no longer require their full quota of oxygen.
- Sch 201, p. 123
293. SJ&strand, T.: Endogenous formation of carbon monoxide in man. Nature
Iflf:580-58! (Oct. 1) 1949.
When determining the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration by analysing
the concentration of carbon monoxide in the alveolar air according
to a method described earlier, it has been observed that a low
concentration of carbon monoxide is present invariably in the alveolar
air in man. To investigate this observation, it was necessary (l)
to determine whether it really is carbon monoxide that gives the
effect with the indicator used, and (2) to endeavour to show whether
the presence of this factor in the alveolar air is due to carbon
monoxide absorbed from the atmospheric air or to endogenous formation.
The observations so far made seem to show that small quantities
of carbon monoxide are constantly being formed in the human body and
are emitted with the expiratory air; this endogenous carbon monoxide
formation increases considerably in certain pathological conditions
with abnormal decomposition of the blood cells. - Frcm lext-AGC
294. SjBstrand, T.: The formation of carbon monoxide by in vitro
decomposition of haemoglobin in bile pigments. Acta Physiol.
Scandinav. 26:328-333, 1952.
Solutions of crystalline horse haemoglobin were incubated at 38* C
after the addition of ascorbic acid. It was possible to show the
formation of CO constantly in conjunction with the appearance of an
absorption band at wave length 630 mji corresponding to the choleglobin
(verdoglobin) band.
A linear relation exists between the amounts of CO and chole-
globin formed during incubation up to about 2k hours.
When incubation is carried on for a longer time, the CO
formation continues in linear relation to the time of incubation up
to approximately 200 hours. At this point the absorption band of
the haemoglobin has practically disappeared.
The maximal amount of CO obtained during incubation for
longer periods corresponds to the CO-binding capacity of the initial
haemoglobin solution.
These observations are in agreement with the previously
expounded hypothesis that a molecule of CO is liberated when each
of the porphyrin rings in the haemoglobin molecule splits. -
Author's Sum.
295. Sjfistrand, T.: Formation of carbon monoxide by coupled oxidation of
myoglobin with ascorbic acid. Acta Physiol. Scandinav. 26:33^-337,
1952.
Solutions of myoglobin have been incubated at 38° C after the addition
of ascorbid acid. Consequently there is a manifestation of carbon
121
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monoxide and a substance with an absorption "band at 640 mu. The
observation coincides with previous observations of the decomposition
of haemoglobin, and indicates that myoglo'hin can decompose in a manner
similar to haemoglobin by oxidation of e, meth^r^ group to CO, which
splits. It may be supposed that this reaction also takes place in vivo
and contributes to the endogenous formation of carbon monoxide. -
Author's Sum.
296. SjBstrand, T.: The formation of carbon monoxide by the decomposition
of haemoglobin in vivo. Acta Pbysiol. Scandinav. 26:338-3^, 1952.
Haemolysed blood and solutions of haemoglobin were injected into dogs
intramuscularly, and into human beings and rabbits intravenously in
connection with repeated determinations of the alveolar CO concentration
or the concentration of CO in exhaled air. From the concentration
and volume of CO in expired air, the volume of CO exhaled per minute
was detezroined for a period of 5 to 8 hours after the injection.
It transpired from this that the injection of haemoglobin or
haemolysed blood causes an increase in the alveolar CO concentration
and the volume of CO exhaled per minute.
The quantitative relation between the increase in CO formation
and the amount of haemoglobin that was injected, corresponds to the
formation of k molecules of CO for each molecule of haemoglobin.
The observations agree with the supposition that a molecule
of CO is formed during the splitting of haemochromogen1 s tetrapyr-
role ring. It would seem that the endogenous formation of CO and
its variations under noncal and pathologic conditions can be explained
in this way. - Author's Sum.
297. Sktild, G., and Brunk, U.: Effect of mode of sacrifice on histo-
chemically demonstrable activity of unspecific esterases and
unspecific alkaline monophosphatases in golden hamsters. Acta
Path. Microbiol. Scand. 61:190-19*)-, 1964.
Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in the histochemically
demonstrable activity of different enzymes and their distribution
under various experimental conditions. The purpose of the present
investigation was to find out whether the mode of sacrifice of the
experimental animals had any effect on the hi sto chemically
demonstrable activity and distribution of unspecific esterases and
unspecific alkaline monophosphatases. - Authors' Abst.
298. Tiunov, L.A., Sbkolova, T.I., and Paribok, V.P.: Duration of carbon
monoxide excretion from the body. Farmakol. 1. Toksikol. 20:76-78
1957. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol 7
1962, pp. 262-26^, CFSTI-TT-62-11103, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, *
Springfield, Va.
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authors state that data reported in the literature on the rate
of carbon monoxide excretion from the "body are contradictory. In
this study, the authors investigated the rate of carbon monoxide
excretion from the blood and the possibility of its being retained
by the tissue, employing the labled atoms method which is being
described. Besults of this investigation is shown in two tables.
- AGO
299. Tiunov, L.A., and Vasil'ev, G.A.: Effect of cytochrome C on
radioprotective action of carbon monoxide. Radiobiologiya 3:766-
767, 1963. Translation in: Fed. Proc. (Part Il):T133-T13U (Jan.-
Feb.) 1965.
Cytochrome C, in a dose of 8 mg/kg, does not affect the prophylactic
action of carbon monoxide in X-irradiation.
Cytochrome C abolishes the therapeutic effect of carbon
monoxide in X-irradiation.
Injection of cytochrome C intraperitoneally in a dose of
8 mg/kg body weight into albino rats 15 minutes before, or after
irradiation has no effect on the survival rate of albino rats
irradiated in a dose of 730-750 r.
The possible mechanism of this effect of cytochrome C on the
radioprotective action of carbon monoxide is discussed, - Authors'
Conclusions
300. Williams, L.A., Linn, R.A., and Zak, B,: Ultraviolet absorptiometry
of palladium for determination of carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Amer.
J. Clin. Pathol. 3^:33^-337 (Oct.) 1960.
Previous methods for the determination of carbon monoxide hemoglobin
have involved the reduction of palladium ions in. acid solution to
a free metal by means of diffused carbon monoxide. The residual
palladium was then reacted with various materials to provide colors
that would have absorptiometric properties in the visible light range.
Investigations of the spectral characteristics of palladium ions
themselves in the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum indicated that
this substance had a high molar absorptivity. Thus, the sensitive
ultraviolet absorbance of palladium chloride in acid could itself
be used to obviate an unnecessary reaction with palladium ions to
form a colored complex in a quantitative scheme. In the procedure
described, an ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination is made
after the excess of palladium ions, which result after reaction of
excess palladium chloride with diffused carbon monoxide, have been
diluted with hydrochloric acid. The ultraviolet area of the
spectrum is much more sensitive for palladium ions than the visible
range where the calibration curve is coniparatively flat. - APCA
3716
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Cardiac Impairment
301. Beck, H.G. , and Suter, G.M. : Role of carbon uionoxide In the causation of
myocardial disease. J.A.M.A. 110:1982-1986 (June 11) 1938,
In a group of 136 persons who had been intermittently exposed to carbon
monoxide over varying periods, myocardial symptoms were frequently mani-
fested.
The lesions affecting the heart, brain and other organs are pri-
marily vascular, consisting of small hemorrhages and perivascular infil-
tration with focal necrosis. When the heart is affected, coronary
thrombosis frequently develops, as ascertained by postmortem and electro-
cardiographic studies.
Hemorrhagic lesions affecting the heart muscle have been produced
experimentally in animals subjected to varying amounts of carbon monoxide
in inspired air.
The impression that unless the patient dies in acute asphyxiation
no harm may result is erroneous. ;
Patients who apparently recover from acute asphyxiation frequently
have later manifestations, which appear in from three to seven days. These
are known as delayed symptoms, or sequelae, and may affect the heart, brain
or other organs and terminate fatally.
Those who survive the delayed manifestations may completely recover
or ultimately icay have severe organic disease of the heart or of other
organs, to which they finally succumb.
Lesions may occur simultaneously in the heart and the brain, as
evidenced by clinical studies and post mortem observations.
In order to make a positive diagnosis of chronic myocardial disease
resulting from carbon monoxide, it is essential that an accurate history be
obtained with respect to exposure to gas, exhibition of symptoms of anoxemia,
clinical course of the disease and absence of preexisting cardiac lesions. <-
Authors' Sum.
302
. Efarich, W.E., Bellet, S., and Levey, F.H. : Cardiac changes from
CO poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:511-523, 19^«
Discussed in this paper are acute experiments at k&f, carboxyhemoglobin
and in chronic experiments at 21$ carboxyhemoglobin or an equivalent
oxygen deficiency, electrocardiographic and morphologic changes
were seen, including inverted T wave, elevated R-T segment, and
degenerative changes in individual muscle fibers. When the
carboxyhemoglobin exceeded; 75$ for an hour or more, atriovenixricular
heart block and myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis supervened. -
AGO
303. Haggard, H.W. : Studies in carbon monoxide asphyxia. I, The
behavior of the heart. Amer. J. Fhysicl. ?6;390«^03, 192L.
Death under carbon monoxide asphyxia is due to failure of respiration.
This is in the nature of a fatal apnoeavera. The anoxemia resulting
-------
from the formation of earboxyhemoglobin induces excessive breathing;
and respiratory failure follows the excessive loss of COg.
Oxygen deficiency caused by carbon monoxide, even in advanced asphyxia
is not in itself sufficient to cause impairment of auriculo-ventricular
conduction. Following respiratory failure, however, the increased
anoxemia from this cause speedily results in the development of heart
block through its various stages.
By restoring respiration and rapidly eliminating the carbon
monoxide by means of inhalations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, cardiac
conduction is restored to normal following the development of block.
The cardio-inhibitory center maintains its activity longer
than does the respiratory center. 5Ms center is stimulated by the
increased Cg which occurs during respiratory failure. From this there
results a temporary cessation of auricular activity. This period of
inhibition is prevented by the administration of atropine.
When respiratory failure is prevented by means of inhalations
of 8 or 10 per cent carbon dioxide, the carbon monoxide combination
with hemoglobin rises to an unusually high percentage without any
evidence of impairment in a-v conduction. This indicates that there
is no direct toxic action of carbon monoxide upon the cardiac
conducting system.
Illuminating gas results in an earlier development of respiratory
failure than does pure carbon monoxide in corresponding concentration.
ELectrocardiographic records are given from two animals which
differed from the rest in that one developed a traaeieat period of
alternation involving the R and T waves and the other presented,
during the time of complete a-v block, a condition resembling
auricular fibrillation or flutter. - Author's Conclusion
304. Hayes, J.M., and Hall, 6.V.: The myocardial toxicity of carbon monoxide.
Ifed. J. Australia, June 6, 1964, pp* 865-86G.
The toxicity of carbon monoxide to the myocardium is well recognized, but
reports concerning the mechanism, frequency and electrocardiograph.ic
manifestations are not numerous. For this reason, a. resume*'of the
disturbed physiology is presented, together with a small number of
case reports, and the therapeutic implications involved are discussed. -
luthors' Abst.
305. Hechter, H.H., and Goldsmith, J.R.: Air pollution and daily
mortality. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 241:581-588 (May) 1961.
Analysis has been made of the relationship between various environmental
factors and daily cardiac and respiratory deaths in Los Angeles County
from 1956 to 1958. It was found that the variables, when studied over
time, exhibited a distinct seasonal pattern plus some irregular oscilla-
tions. The seasonal component from each series was isolated and removed
by the techniques of harmonic analysis. A correlation analysis,
adjusting for the autocorrelation remaining in the residuals, indicated
that changes in the daily air pollution level, as measured by the
oxidant and carbon monoxide concentration, exerted no detectable
influence upon the day-to-day mortality pattern. Carbon monoxide levels
125
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were found to range from about 7 to 22 ppm, and oxidant from 4 to 21
pphm. It is emphasized that these findings, which deal only with the
acute terminal response of man to variations in the daily air pollution
level, do not mitigate the importance of air pollution as a possible
menace to the health and well-being of man. - APCA 3847
306„ Litzner, St.: On circulation and damage to the heart due to carbon
monoxide poisoning. Medizinische ICLinik 32:630-631, 1936.
Author discusses the effect of CO poisoning and the general damage
to the capillaries, which is responsible for the secondary sickness
phenomena-damage to circulation and to the heart. Attention should
be paid, as soon as possible to these conditions and the general
atony of the vessels should be counteracted by medication. Until
recently little attention had been paid to the change in the heart.
Passing functional disturbances or organic damage may occur as
consequence of damage to the vasa privata, affecting muscles and
the nervous system. Sinus bradicardia, arrhytmia and ventricular
extrasystology appeared in a patient after asphyxiation with CO,
from which he recovered within several weeks. At the same time
dilation of the left ventricle was noted. Further observations of
likely disturbances are urgently needed. - From German-AGC
307. Mills, C.A., an* Poz-hpcr, M.M.: Tobacco smoking and automobile-
driving stress in relation to deaths from cardiac and vascular
causes. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 234:35-^3 (July) 1957*
A direct association well beyond the realm of reasonable chance
occurrence has been found to exist between cardiovascular
disease death rates in white men and the amount of cigarette smoking
in which they habitually indulge. Superimposed upon all categories
of this cigarette smoking relationship is a further sharp death-
rate rise associated with annual driving mileages above 12,000 miles,
and still further superirasposition in ,all categories is associated
with residence in the solidly built-up basin areas of the city
(Cincinnati).
These xelationships are essentially analogous to those we
found to exist for lung cancer death rates in white men, although
the apparent exacerbating relationship was much greater between
smoking and lung cancer deaths than between smoking and cardiovas-
cular disease deaths. - Authors' Sum.
308. Neubuerger, K.T., and Clarke, E.R. : Subacute carbon monoxide
poisoning with cerebral myelinopathy and multiple myocardlal
necroses. Rocky Mountain Med. J. lj-2: 29-35 (Jan.)
A case of subacute CO poisoning in a 19-year-old girl is reported.
The condition led to death after thirteen days. Autopsy revealed
cerebral myelinopathy and myocardlal necrosis. The Pathogenesis
of these lesions is discussed. The significance of a low
126
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concentration of CO together with high atmospheric temperature in
the present case is emphasized. - Authors' Sum.
309. Qjaerci, M., Margaglia, F., Orione, G., and Acciuaro, G.: Hemodynamic
variations in experimental acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Rassegna
di Medicina Industriale e di Igiene del Lavoro 33:45^-^55 (May-Aug.)
1964.
The authors have observed that the inhalation of CO by laboratory
animals produces an increase in the cardiac frequency with a
simultaneous increase in the systolic pressure which decreases
progressively when the carboxyhemoglobinemia values reach about
10$. The marked progressive increase of the pressure of the
pulmonary arteries is probably due not so much to the decrease of
the alveolar tension of the oxygen but to the decrease of the
oxygen in the blood, - Authors' Sum.
310. Shafer, N., Smilay, M.G., and MacMillan, F.P.: Primary myo-ardial
disease in man resulting from acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
Amer. J. Med. 38:316-320 (Feb.) 1965.
The purpose of this paper is to present a case of nqrocarrilal damage
resulting from acute carbon monoxide poisoning. A review of the
literature reveals a paucity of such reports. The standard text-
books of medicine make little or no mention of cardiac signs and
symptoms arising from carbon monoxide poisoning/ but emphasize
instead cerebral involvement. The case presented herein is of
further interest as the patient has remained symptomatic to the
present time and has shown persistent changes on the electrocardio-
gram; the electrocardiographic patterns reported thus far consist
of transient and reversible changes. - Authors' Abst.
311. Vollmer, E.P., King, E.G., Fisher, M.B., and Birren, J.E. : The
Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Three Types of Performance, at
Simulated Altitudes of 10,000 and 15,500 Feet. NMRI Res. Project
X-417, Report No. 7, Feb. 27, 19^5, and J. Exp. Psychol. 36 :
251,
Measurements of the critical flicker frequency threshold, body sway,
and the red visual field were made on subjects before, during and
after low pressure chamber runs. Twenty subjects with 12 to 22 per
cent blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) took part in runs at 15 > 500
feet, and six subjects with 5 to 10 per cent COHb were tested at
10,000 feet. Control runs were made at the same altitudes with the
same subjects.
There was a significant impairment of performance at altitude,
both under conditions of anoxia alone and anoxia after exposure to
carbon monoxide (CO) as compared with performance at sea level.
There was no statistically significant difference between
the mean scores of the tests during anoxia alone and during anoxia
127
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following administration of CO. Furthermore, the time-performance
curves for group means during the hour at altitude are nearly
coincident under the two conditions.
All the mean values for performance of each of the three tests
at.altitude are within one standard deviation of the sea level mean.
(More than one-half of the scores for individual performance in the
two series may therefore "be expected to fall within the range of
performance of normal subjects at sea level.)
Individual responses were variable and without correlation
with the percentage of increment or of total COHb in the "blood.
Three of the subjects who started the experiments showed
symptoms of impending collapse at 15,500 feet without CO. One of
these had successfully completed his corresponding CO run; the
other two did not participate in CO runs.
Five subjects showed symptoms of impending collapse at altitude
(one at 10,000, four at 15,500 feet) after they had breathed mixtures
containing CO. - Authors' Sum.
Cerebral Effects
312, Bell, M.A.: Subacute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health
3:108-110 (Nov.) 1961.
Attention is directed to unexpected collapse or fainting upon mild
to moderate effort as a clue to cerebral hypoxia possibly due to
carbon monoxide poisoning not revealed in the patient's initial
history. A case considered to be illustrative is presented in this
paper. -Author's Sum.
313. Ghornyak, J., and Sayer, R.R.: Studies in asphyxia. I.
Neuropathology resulting from comparatively rapid carbon-monoxide
asphyxia. Pub. Health Rep. 46:1523-1530 (June) 1931.
The chemical and pathological reaction of dogs to asphyxia by
carbon monoxide and by atmospheres which are deficient in oxygen
has been studied during the past two years by the United States
Bureau of Mines. These studies have been conducted for the purpose
of obtaining fundamental information on the response of the organism
to asphyxial environment, with the particular viewpoint of devising
a procedure for treating moribund cases of carbon-monoxide poisoning.
It has been repeatedly observed that many of these cases have a fatal
termination, even though respiration has been induced v^ the carbon
monoxide removed from the blood.
The ueuropathology produced in dogs by fatal exposures of 20
to 30 min. to 0.6% CO in air by volume was studied. Carbon monoxide
produces a diffuse degenerative change throughout the entire brain.
In this type of asphyxia the most serious effect appears to be edema
of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and the adjacent area in
the medulla oblongata. - Authors' Introduction Modified-AGC
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314. Courville, C.B»: The process of dsmyelination in bhe central nervous
system. IV. Demyelination as a delayed residual of carbon monoxide
asphyxia. J. Nervous Mental Bis. 125:534-5^6, 1957.
In this study of a series dealing with the process of demyelination,
the changes in the cerebral and cerebellar centrums have been noted
following severe asphyxia incident to carbon monoxide. Such changes
are "delayed" in the sense that a suitable time interval must elaspe
after the asphyxia! episode, 76 days in the case herein reported.
The characteristic alterations constituting the residual lesions
were 1) peri vascular demyelination as the initial lesion, leading
to 2) diffuse demyelination by confluence of these individual foci,
3) the tendency to spare the subcortical crcuate fibers, 4) vascular
changes in the form of a decrease in number of capillaries in the
degenerative foci, and a progressive collapse and disappearance of
the arterioles in the affected area, 5) a decrease in the number of
oligodendroglia in the degenerative areas, 6) the obvious secondary
nature of loss of myelin being an effect of ischemia and 7) the
occasional occurrence of islands of preservation in the periphery
of the lesion.
The findings are significant in their remarkably close
correlation to the changes observed in diffuse sclerosis. But in
addition, there was found evidence of support for the conclusion that
demyelination per se is very likely a secondary process, probably
never a primary one. It is also very likely that the loss of
oligodendroglia in areas of demyelination (i.e., the plaques of
multiple sclerosis) is due to their sensitivity to ischemia (local
anoxia) and bears no cause-effect relationship to the process of
demyelination. - Author's Sum.
315. Courville, C.B.: Forensic neuropathology. XI. The asphyxiant
gases. J. Forensic Sc. 9:19-46 (Jan.) 1964.
Hoxious gases or vapors which produce untoward manifestations in man
may be divided into the direct asphyxiants, whose toxic effects are
due mainly to replacement of oxygen, and the indirect asphyxiants,
whose toxic effects result from absorption of poison through the
air passages. There are three types of direct asphyxiants: simple
asphyxiants (smoke, fumes, and inert gases), chemical asphyxiants
(carbon monoxide and cyanide gas), and central depressants (the
anesthetic gases).
The primary effect of the simple asphyxiants is the exclusion
of oxygen from the lungs. The chemical asphyxiants produce anoxia
either by preventing the transportation of oxygen in the blood stream
or by interfering with its utilization by the nerve cells of the brain.
The central depressants produce anoxia by direct narcotic action on
the cortex and basal ganglia, or by the precipitation of cerebral or
respiratory failure and superimposition of other types of anoxia.
The indirect asphyxiants are divided into the industrial gases
and the war gases. The most common industrial gases are hydrogen
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia.
129
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In acute asphyxiation (survival up to two weeks), the train is
severely congested, with focal hemorrhages in the leptoraeninges and
white matter. Distention of the small blood vessels, perivascular
hemorrhages and acute changes in the nerve cells occur. The parenchy-
matous elements and the Purkinje cells may also show acute change.
Focal or laminar necrosis of the cortex and central necrosis of the
basal ganglia are often associated with proliferation of the
endothelium of the small blood vessels.
In the subacute stage (two to six weeks), a variety of cerebral
lesions develop. Congestion may be present and focal cortical and
subcortical softening may be seen. The cerebral cortex may have a
diffuse granular appearance or may show a thin yellow zone of necrosis.
Usually, softening of some portion of the basal ganglia will be found.
Patchy, focal, laminar or subtotal necrosis occur in the cerebral
cortex, with changes in the astrocytes and microglia, and proliferation
of the vascular endothelium. The arterioles of the lenticular nucleus
may contain rings of calcium or iron. The unmyelinated cortical nerve
fibers, the myclinated sheaths of the corticofugal
nerve fibers, and the white matter may show degenerative changes. The
Purkinje cells may be changed and reduced in number. Deterioration
of the granule cell layer may also occur.
The residuals of severe anoxia may be only minor, diffuse
leptomeningeal thickening and cortical nerve cell loss, or they may
be irregular cortical atrophy, cyst formation due to focal softenings,
and central softening and demyelination. Microscopically, the cytological
alterations observed in the subacute stage are present, as are iron
deposits in the nerve cells. - Author's Sum.
316. Qilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, W.M., and
A. Ya. Loshak: The effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide
on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In: Parin, V.V.
(editor) Aviation and !$pace Medicine, Moscow, 1963. NASA Technical
Translation TT-F-228.
. Pressure-chamber experiments were performed on 82 persons
to study the effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Also,
30 flights on IL-18, AN-10, and TU-1C& planes were made during
which 185 members of the crew and passengers were examined and 3if7
air samples were obtained in the cabins. The results of the
investigations showed that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide
(starting with 0.01 nag/liter or more), both under experimental
conditions (ground and pressure-chamber at 2^00 m) and during actual
flight had adverse effects on the functioning of several organs and
systems, namely: (a) Higher nervous activity; (b) Functions of the
visual and vestibular analyzers; (c) Metabolic processesj (d) Cardio-
vascular system; (e) Muscular strength; (f) Tissue respiration and;
(g) Leukopoiesis. On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data'
obtained and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that
the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in
pressurized passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 mg/liter. - Authors'
Abst.
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317. Hill, E., and Semerak, C.B.: Changes in the brain in gas (carbon
monoxid) poisoning. J. AMA 71:6to~6l»8 (Aug. 2^) 1918.
Carbon monoxid poisoning produces a characteristic lesion of the
brain, namely, a bilateral ischemic necrosis of the lenticular
nucleus, especially the globus pallidus. This lesion results from
the vascular disturbance brought about by the presence of carbon
monoxid in the circulating blood which produces a thrombosis with
degeneration of the vessel walls. Anatomic peculiar-ties in the
circulation account for the localization of the lesion. The
necrosis varies from slight perivascular lesions in the globus
pallidus to grossly visible softening of the entire lenticular
nucleus and internal capsule, depending on the eocunt of gas inhaled,
duration of life after poisoning, and preexisting pathologic changes
in the cerebral vessels.
Spontaneous hemorrhages in the leptomeninges and punctiform
hemorrhages throughout the white matter of the brain are part of
the profound vascular disturbances in carbon monoxid poisoning.
Nerve cells possess a high degree of tolerance to the
poisonous action of carbon monoxid.
Edema and hyperemia of the brain and internal hydrocephalus
are frequent appearances in carbon monoxid poisoning.
Carbon monoxid poisoning as a cause for the subsequent
development of nervous and mental disease as well as for deaths
which may not be explained easily receives emphasis from this
study. The occupation and other conditions of living as well as
careful gross and microscopic examination of the brain are of
importance in demonstrating such a causal relationship. - Authors'
Sum.
318. Lentz, E.G.: Human factors in "cause undetermined" accidents.
Aerospace Med. 36:21^-222 (March) 1965.
USAF aircraft accidents over a four-year period that remain categorized
as cause undetermined indicate that the man-machine complex tends to
fail during the stressful phases of flight. Loss of control and high
speed impact are factors common to many of this series. Man's
limitations and specifically his ability to maintain orientation -
i.e., disorientation - are major problems in the operation of high
performance aircraft. Aircraft performance has advanced to the
place where exploration of the operational perimeters of the craft
is reserved for the test pilot. Experienced combat pilots may
still be novices with respect to the vagarities of the aircraft he
flies. Safety of flight is enhanced by the division of duties with
a qualified co-pilot.
Loss of control due to impaired consciousness attributable to
carbon monoxide from refueling operations has been raised as a
possibility. There are two instances in this series of loss of
control associated with refueling operations. Turbine engines
are efficient oxidizers of fuel. This combined with distances and
dilution seriously compromises the hypothesis that the cockpit of a
plane could accumulate disabling amounts of carbon monoxide from air
refueling operations. - Author's Abst. Modified
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319. Levey, F.H., and Drabkin, D.L.: Experimental chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning of dogs. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:502-511 (Oct.) 1944.
Dogs, exposed for 5% hours per day, 6 days a week, over 11 weeks, to
an atmosphere containing 0.01 vol. % CO, and reaching daily 20.1 * 1.1%
HbCO, showed a consistent disturbance of postural and position reflexes,
and of gait.
Some of them showed a pathologic electrocardiogram, character-
istic of anoxia, and necrosis of single heart muscle fibers.
Their central nervous systems showed, 3 months after termination
of the experiment, histologic changes in the cortex and white matter
of the cerebral hemispheres, in the globus pallidus and the brain stem.
These alterations corresponded in type and localization to those found
in acute GO poisoning, bat were smaller, more scattered and less
destructive. They followed in their arrangement the course of blood*
vessels, the walls of which were damaged only occasionally.
One dog, in which the posterior coronary artery had been ligated
1 year prior to the exposure for a period of only 18 days to CO, showed
the earliest and severest cardiac and cerebral changes of all animals
observed. This result suggests that an inadequate functioning heart
increases the general risk in CO poisoning, and may be responsible for
a higher degree of brain damage*
Our findings indicate that chronic CO intoxication may occur in
dogs at CO concentrations which have been regarded as being within the
safety limits for man.
These experiments do not permit any conclusions as to the
potential reactions of the human body to the same conditions* - Authors'
Sum.
320. Lhermitte, J., and Ajuriaguerra, D. : Lesions of central nervous
system produced by carbon monoxide poisoning. Semaine des HcSpitaux
de Paris 22:19^5 (Nov.
According to the authors the changes in the brain in carbon monoxide
poisoning differ widely, depending on the time elapsed between the
exposure and necropsy. Hemorrhages, necrobiosis, necrosis and
edema characterize the anatomic picture in cases in which death
occurred rapidly. These changes may involve primarily the lenticular
nuclei but also the subcortical white matter, the hippocampus, the
substantia nigra and the cerebellum. Changes in the vascular net-
work with infiltration of the walls by neutral lipids and by a
peculiar substance containing ferric salts, calcium and lipids
may be observed in cases in which the poisoning continues for a
prolonged period or in which death is delayed. A diffuse
demyclinization of the entire white matter of the brain similar to
Schilder's diffuse cerebral sclerosis may be observed in cases in
which death occurs after a long period of remission. It is suggested
that in carbon monoxide poisoning a toxic factor in addition to the
anoxic factor affects the neuroglia and the vascular network, with
specific involvement of the basilar region and the white fibers of
the centrum ovale.
132
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321. McConnell, J.W., and Spiller, W.G. : A clinicopathologic study of
carbon monoxid poisoning. J. AMA 59:2122-2126 (Dec. 14) 1912.
Authors cite actual cases of acute carbon monoxid poisoning and the
sequela thereof.
Authors divide poisoning "by CO into three classes: acute
poisoning, chronic poisoning and the third class is designed as
relapsing CO poisoning a term used to indicate the conditions of
those who, having apparently recovered from the initial effect of
the poison, develop after a period of fair health a grave type of
symptoms leading to death.
The special clinical interest in case study described lies
in the time which elapsed between the initial poisoning and the
development of the grave symptoms, in the bilaterality of the motor
symptoms, in the intense spasticity present and in the absence of
distinct vasomotor or trophic symptoms . - AGO
322 4 Neubuerger, K.T., and Clarke, E.R, : Subacute carbon monoxide
poisoning with cerebral myelinopathy and multiple myocardial
necroses. Rocky Mountain Med. J. 42; 29-35 (Jan.)
A case of subacute CO poisoning in a 19-year-old girl is reported.
The condition led to death after thirteen days. Autopsy revealed
cerebral myelinopathy and myocardial necrosis. The pathogenesis
of these lesions is discussed. The significance of a low
concentration of CO together with high atmospheric temperature in
the present case is emphasized. - Authors' Sum.
323. Salen, E.B. : The period of carbon monoxide (the "generator gas epoch")
in Sweden 1939-19^5. Nordisk Msd. 30:923-931i- (April 26) 19*4-6.
In connection with the almost total lack of mineral oils in Sweden in
1939 the country was forced to make a sudden change-over to carbon
monoxide. In 19^1 the number of "gengas" cars in the country amounted
to 72000, in 19^2 to more than 100,000. The number of persons that
during work came in contact with gengas was estimated in 19^-2 to have
amounted to between 200,000 and 250,000. As a result there were a
great number of cases of acute carbon monoxide intoxication. Further,
there were a number of cases of a disease designated as chronic
carbon monoxide intoxication. The diagnosis in question has been
based on the following criteria: l) absence of ascertainable acute
CO intoxication; 2) existing sensibility to CO; 3) characteristic
picture of symptoms, and the appearance of the separate symptoms in a
certain characteristic order of time; k) the possibility to ascertain,
in certain (as a rule serious) cases, a) "super- sensibility" to CO on
testing, b) positive oto-neurologic test, c) the existence of ophthalmo-
neurologic changes, d) pathological issue of alcohol test, e) deteri-
oration of memory, concentration, and learning functions, ascertainable
through psychiatric examination. The author is of the opinion that
this proves the relatively frecjuent occurrence of lesional and
133
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functional train changes in chronic carbon monoxide intoxication.
Author's Sum. Modified.
324. Schulte, JfL. : Effects of mild carbon monoxide intoxication. Arch.
Environ. Health 7:52^-37 (Nov.) 1963.
The effects of exposures for varying lengths of time to an atmosphere
containing 100 ppm. of carbon monoxide were measured in a group of
49 healthy men between 25 and 55 years, of age. This exposure produced
levels of earboxybemoglobin in the blood of the subjects ranging from
0-20$. Impairment of function due to exposure to CO occurred earliest
in the higHer centers of the central nervous system in that area
(or areas) of the brain which controls some of the cognitive and
psychomotor abilities. Impairment is detectable at levels of car-
boxyhemoglobin below 5$,. and the degree of impairment increases with
increasing concentration of the carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. The
need for reducing the max. allowable concentration of CO in the worlcing
environment has been speculated upon. - APCA 5°99
325. Sklenovsky, A.: Brain levels of free aminoacids in carbon monoxide
anoxia in rats. Activita Nervosa Superior 5:272-275, 196^.
A significant decrease in glutamic acid (by 15$), glutamine (by
16$), serine, and glycine; and a significant increase in alanine
were found after 25 minutes CO anoxia. The level of gamma-
aminobutyric acid did not chang*. The results are related to a
stimulation of glycolysis and simultaneous depression of aerobic
oxidation of glucose in the Krebs cycle. The changes observed may
.participate in the mechanism of functional brain disorders in
anoxia. - NASA 80230
326. Xintaras, C., ULrich, C.E., Sobecki, M.F., and Terrill, R.E.:
Brain potentials studied by computer analysis. Arch. Environ.
Health, in press.
The operation of an on-line digital computer that summates evoked
low-asiplitude brain responses to flashes of light in the implanted
rat is described. The application of this technique in developing
a "biological model" for inducing a reversible functional blindness
in rats inhaling carbon monoxide is considered. The differential
rate of recovery of specific components of the evoked response to
carbon monoxide and pentobarbital are more easily resolved with
this method. The use of the technique of the evoked response in
parallel animal and human inhalation toxicity studies involving
time-limited perceptual phenomena is suggested. - Authors' Abst.
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EEG Patterns
327. Bokonjic, N,: Stagnant Anoxia and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A
Clinical and ELectroencepholograjphic Study in Humans.
Electroencepholography & Clinical Neurophysiol., 1963, Suppl. 21,
102 pp.
A detailed description and comparison of clinical and
electroencephalographic symptoms in humans suffering from acute
anoxia due to strangulation and carbon monoxide poisoning is
provided in this publication. The important differences of
these two types of anoxia are clinical and electroencephalographic
syndromes vhich require differential prognosis. The association
established "between duration of unconsciousness and recovery
prospects, and clarification of the influence of age and
cardiovascular failure on the final outcome, are of particular
prognostic value. - AGC
328. Carlo, S., and Bruno, P.: Biochemical and E.E.G. findings in some
modern occupational poisonings. Riv. §per. Freniat. 87:858-862
(June) 1963.
The literature on "biochemical or E.E.G. findings of investigations
of various industrial poisonings, is reviewed in this paper. Acute
CO poisoning of rabbits resulted in cortical depression. Sharp
reduction in the responsiveness of the electrical activity of the
brain to intermittent photic stimulation was recorded immediately
after the acute poisoning was induced. This condition could be
reversed after a few days. Authors consider the many enzymic
activities, such as dehydrogenase, flavine cyto-chrome-oxidase
responsible for the changes in E.E.G. patterns. Authors draw the
conclusion from the literature reviewed that only through the
correlation of biochemical, histopathological and electrophysiolog-
ical data, advances in industrial medicine can be made. They state
that no data are, as yet, available concerning the activity of various
parts of the central nervous system in industrial poisonings.
AGC
329. Gaultier, M., Fournier, Et., Gervais, P., and bodin, F. : Pancreatic
encephalopathy occuring after carbon monoxide poisoning. Presse Medicale
72:3263-3265 (Dec. 19)
In the course of an encephalopathy following carbon monoxide poisoning,
the existence of a sever digestive syndrome, important body-fluid
disorders, and a hyperglycemia with an important increase of amylase
led to a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. The mixture of ailments
reacted favorably under the influence of treatment by anti- enzymes.
This observation raises the general problem of the role which a
pancreatic seizure could play in determining the secondary encephalopathic
135
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complications from carbon monoxide poisoning. - Authors' Abst.-
translated CBK
330. Grudzinska, B.: Electroencephalographic .patterns in cases of chronic
exposure to carbon monoxide in air. Folia ifedica Cracoviensia 3:
^93-515, 1963.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain -whether chronic exposure
to CO produces pathologic changes in man and to analyse electro-
clinical correlations. Sixty workers from gas works and coking
plants exposed to CO concentrations not exceeding 0.01$ were
studied., The control group consisted of 30 workers similarly
employed but not exposed to CO. Only healthy individuals were
included in both groups without history of cranial trauma or acute
CO poisoning. Examination included determination of erythrocyte
counts, Hb and COHb levels, complete history, functional tests
of the vegetative nervous system. EEG's were made at rest and
after activities. CO exposure was confirmed by examination of
COHb. The mean level of COHb was 7.4$ in the exposed group, and
3$ in the control group. The COHb level exceeded 10$ in 11 persons
of the exposed group. A neurasthenia syndrome was diagnosed in
63$ of the exposed group and in kO% of the control group. The
type and intensity of complaints in each group was studied.
Statistical analysis of the differences revealed significantly
greater incidence of headache and general debility in the exposed
group.
Among the normal tracings from the exposed group there was
a significantly higher proportion of flat, low-voltage tracings with
scanty alpha rhythm (p <;0.0l).
Statistically significant electroclinical correlations were
found in the group exposed to CO. All the pathologic tracings and
8l$ of the low-voltage tracings and those with scanty alpha rhythm
were found in individuals with neurasthenic syndromes. In addition,
all the tracings of the first sleep phases were also found in
neurasthenic individuals.
Prom the findings it may be concluded, that chronic exposure
to low concentrations of carbon monoxide does not cause distinct
changes in the nervous system, but may have a certain inhibitory
effect on the bioelectric activity of the brain, manifested
clinically as neurasthenia and in the EEG as scantly low-voltage
alpha rhythm and tracings of the first sleep phases. However,
since these changes are nonspecific, EEG examination in cases
suspected of chronic CO poisoning is not decisive, although it may
be auxiliary factor in making the diagnosis. - Author's Sum.
Modified
136
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331. Helmchen, H., and Kunkel, H. : Findings on rythmic potential
fluctuation in optically evoked responses in the human EBG. Archiv
fiir Psychiatric und Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Neurologic 205:397-408,
Various aspects of rhytmic potential fluctuations (rhytmic after-
fluctuations) are described in this paper, developing often within
an irritation response, iomodlately after a secondary component.
These findings indicate that the essential characteristics of these
rhytmic potential fluctuations are influenced "by the central nervous
system. This is being demonstrated by general changes in the EEG
after CO intoxication, by the anomaly of occipitals 3-4/sec-rhythmus
and by paroxymol dysrhythrnic and overall changes under treatment
with Perazin. - Authors' Abst. -Translated— AGC
332. Linderiberg, R., Preziosi, T., Levy, D., and Christensen, M.K.:
Experimental investigation of carbon monoxide toxicity. Presented
at the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. ^-7, 1961.
Experiments performed by the authors indicated that the effects of
CO were not completely accounted for by hypoxemia. After single
exposures, dogs exhibited necrotic lesions in the white matter of
the brain, probably resulting from capillary stasis produced by a
high venous-arterial pressure. Electrocardiographic changes,
however, appeared before electroencephalographic changes persisted
for several days after exposure. When dogs were exposed for 6
weeks to either 100 ppm of CO six hours dally, 5 days a week, or
to 50 ppm 2k hours daily, 7 days a week, no significant clinical
effects other than a predictable degree of carboxyhemoglobinemia
were observed, but at autopsy the heart and sometimes the cerebral
ventricles were dilated and in some dogs the heart muscle was
scarred. A.G.C.
333. Serra, C., and Pannain, B.: Biochemical and E.E.G. findings in some
modern occupational poisonings. Riv. Sfper. Freniat. 87:858-862
(June) 1963.
From the numerous findings briefly reviewed the conclusion can
be drawn that the most important advances in Industrial Medicine or
in Legal Medicine can be achieved only through the correlation of
many findings, such as the biochemical, the histopathological and
the electrophysiological data.
Mb data are as yet available concerning, for instance, the
activity of various parts of central system in different professional
poisonings.
Likewise, in view of the regional differencies of enzymic
activities in central nervous system, it is possible to foreseen that
the correlation between the EEG changes and the neurochemical findings
can give a satisfactory explanation of the e.lective neurotropism of
various i»8astrial poisonings. - Authors' Sum.
137
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334. Zorn, H.: On the diagnosis of chronic CO poisoning. (German) Bass.
Med. Indust. 33:325-329 (May-Aug.) 196k.
The author has the opportunity of observing a group of workmen who
worked in noisy premises and were exposed to low concentrations
of CO over a relatively long period on account of a leak of gas
which had not been noticed. Examinations and psychological tests
when compared to those previously made showed an increase in the
excitability and irritability to noises. The percentage of
carboxyhemoglobinemia varied between 10 and 20$. The electro-
encephalogram revealed a picture of extremely unstable frequency.
When the leak had finally been found and stopped, the tests returned
to normal after eight weeks in the young subjects and after 16 in
the elderly and old. These observations led the author to advise
a series of examinations and tests to be given to workmen at
intervals of 3-4 years, so as to follow up the action of sub-toxic
concentrations of CO. - Author's Sum.
EKG Patterns
335. Belza, J.: Electrocardiographic changes following acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. Inaugural-Dissertation for the Degree of
Doctor of Medicine. P.O. Keller, Winterthur, Switzerland, 1955,
PP. 39-
The aim of this dissertation is to present the effect of acute
carbon monoxide poisoning on the heart. The damaging influence
on the myocardium as reflected in the clinical picture and
electrocardiogram during the past ten years at the Medical Clinic
of the University of Zurich, has been studied in particular.
Frequency of pathological changes in the ECG following acute CO
poisoning are discussed, and an attempt has been made to estimate
the relation of the age factor to the speed of improvement of
electrocardiographic findings. The most recent literature related
to this problem is also reviewed. - Author's Sum. Mbdlfied-AGC
336. Colvin, L.T.: Electrocardiographic changes in a case of severe
carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer. Heart J. 3:kBk~k8Q, 1927-1928.
The points of interest in this case seem to be:
The electrocardiographic changes due apparently in the main
to asphyxia, but possibly in some degree to the action of benzol,
were such as to suggest damage below the division of the His
bundle instead of at the A-V node.
These changes, suggesting damage to the ventricular muscle,
disappeared rapidly and completely.
The supposition that if such damage may be done to a
presumably healthy heart, an already impaired myocardium might, under
similar conditions, suffer irreparably. - Author's Sum.
138
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337. Cosby, R.S., and Bergeron, M. : ELectrocardiographlc changes in
carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer. J. Cardiol. 11:93-96 (Jan.) 1963.
In 10 patients with severe carbon monoxide toxicity, electrocardiograms
were abnormal in 9. In the 3 patients reported in detail, electro -
cardiographic changes consisted of arrhythmias (auricular fibrillation),
ischemic changes and probable subendocardial infarction. In 2 severely
ill patients the electrocardiographic pattern did not return to normal
for four weeks, and the clinical course was compatible with moderately
severe coronary artery insufficiency and myocardial damage. Anoxia,
toxic changes and true coronary ischemia secondary to shock may all
play a part in carbon monoxide poisoning, depending on concentration,
duration of exposure and presence or absence of shock. - Authors'
Sum.
338, Enrich, W.E., Bellet, S., and Lewey, F.H. : Cardiac changes from
CO poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:511-523, 19^.
Discussed in this paper are acute e:;periments at kO% carboxyhemoglobin
and in chronic experiments at 21$ carboxyhemoglobin or an equivalent
oxygen deficiency, electrocardiographic and morphologic changes
were seen, including inverted T wave, elevated R-2 segment, and
degenerative changes in individual muscle fibers. When the
carboxyhemoglobin exceeded 75% for an hour or more, at rio ventricular
heart block and myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis supervened.
339. Lindenberg, R., Preziosi, T., Levy, D., and Christensen, M.K»:
Experimental investigation of carbon monoxide toxicity. Presented
at the Air Pollution Medical Research Conference, Los Angeles,
Calif., Dec. 4-7, 1961.
Experiments performed by the authors indicated that the effects of
CO were not completely accounted for by hypoxemia. After single
exposures, dogs exhibited necrotic lesions in the white matter of
the brain, probably resulting from capillary stasis produced by a
high venous -arterial pressure. Electrocardiographic changes,
however, appeared before electroencephalographic changes persisted
for several days after exposure. When dogs were exposed for 6
weeks to either 100 ppm of CO six hours daily, 5 days a week, or
to 50 ppm 2k hours daily, 7 days a week, no significant clinical
effects other than a predictable degree of carboxyhemoglobinemia
were observed, but at autopsy the heart and sometimes the cerebral
ventricles were dilated and in some dogs the heart muscle was
scarred. - Sch 193, p. 121
139
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339a- Mainardi, M. : Electrocardiographic alterations in cases of acute
intoxication from carbon monoxide. Bass. Med. Ind. (Rome) 33:
(May-Aug.) 1964.
A study has been made of electrocardiographic alterations in
subjects with acute carbon monoxide intoxication who were observed
at the medical department of Gallarate Hospital. These alterations
would appear to be due not only to the anoxemic action of CO but
also to a cytotoxic one shown by increases in transaminases, in
particular of lactic dehydrogenase, even in instances •where the
damage was transient. - LC 64-197
340. Middleton, G.D., Ashby, D.W., and dark, F. : Delayed and long-lasting
electrocardiographic changes in carbon-monoxide poisoning. Lancet 1:
12-14 (Jan. 7) 1961.
Two cases of carbon-monoxide narcosis are reported in which long-
lasting changes were seen in serial electrocardiograms taken up to
3 months after exposure. An early return of the electrocardiogram
to normal should not preclude continued follow-up. - Authors' Sum.
341. Stearns, tf.H. , Drinker, C.K., and Shaughnessy, T. J. : the electro-
cardiographic changes found in 22 cases of carbon monoxide
(illuminating gas) poisoning. Amer. Heart J. 15:434-447, 1938.
Carbon monoxide asphyxia, even though severe enough to cause death,
may produce no important electrocardiographic changes.
Changes in the T- waves and in the S-T segments occur most
frequently.
Paroxysmal auricular fibrillation may occur, as a rule in
patients within the age group in which any physiologic insult or
trauma may cause this condition.
One case of transitory intraventrlcular block is present
in the series.
No cases of auricalo ventricular block definitely attributable
to carbon monoxide poisoning were found, although one case is
repotted in which a marked disturbance of auricular rhythm with
partial auriculoventricular block was apparently aggravated by the
asphyxia. - Authors' Sum*
342. Takahashi, K. : Cardiac diotiirbancec duo to CO poisoning in ex-
perimental animals. I. Electrocardiographic changes due to CO
poisoning and those under the influence of fluid infusion. Tohoku
j. Expt. Med. (Sendai) 74:211-223 (July 25) 1961.
Rabbits under urethane anesthesia, were allowed to inhale through
a cannula into the trachea for fixed periods, a mixture of room air
and 0.3 or 1% CO gas. Electrocardiograms were made immediately, then
after 24, 48, or 96 hrs. a fluid infusion was given and this was
followed by a 2nd EKG. Microscopic examinations, following autopsy,
140
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were made of the hearts of the animals. The earboxyhemoglobin (COHb)
levels in the "blood had reached 33.9-42.5$ on inhalation of a 0.3$
CO for 30 min., and 36.6-43.9$ for 60 min. The COHb level never
reached the saturation value. The drop in COHb levels for the 1st
30 min. after cessation of gas inhalation was more prompt in animals
poisoned for the shorter period of time. Changes in EKG were ob-
served in 12 ojf the 20 animals during gas inhalation. The changes
were elevation or depression of the S-T segment or a ZLat T wave.
There was no intimate correlation "between the degree of EKG changes
and the COHb levels. The author infers that it may require a
definite time duration over which a high concentration of COHb
level is maintained, to produce the changes in EKG. Microscopic
changes resemble those reported by other authors. Changes were
also observed in animals which do not show changes in EKG. The
changes occurring during inhalation disappeared quite soon and
returned to normal after 24 hours. Infusion with Ringer-Locke
solution, with 1.2% bovine hemoglobin added, brought about the
following disorders of the EKG: extra systoles, remarkable
displacement of the S-T segment, or A.-V block. It is conceivable
that latent changes induced by gas inhalation, even though the
EKG had returned to normal, had brought about a weakening of the
heart which made it unable to bear the burden of infusion. Thus
the cardiac damages from the CO inhalation became evident. "
APCA 4465.
343. Takahashi, K.: II. Changes of the heart excitability, due to acute CO
poisoning. Tohoku J- Eaq?t. Med. (Sendai) 74:224-233 (July 25) 19&L -
Changes of the heart excitability were observed on the electrocardio-
gram of dogs poisoned acutely by inhalation of CO gas. Due to inhala-
tion of 0.05-1$ CO gas for 60 min., a remarkable prolongation of
refractory periods was observed in ail animals and the elevation of
resting threshold was seen in a few animals. The lowering of heart
excitability was shown not only during gas inhalation but after
its cessation. Then the strength interval curve shifted to the
right. Due to inhalation of 2.5$ CO gas for 15 min., the heart
excitability was decreased slightly during inhalation but recovered
quickly by inhalation of pure oxygen. Then the absolute refractory
period was reduced. It required a definite ^ime duration for which.,
the carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) level was maintained at a certain high
level, to produce the lowering of heart excitability. Lowering of the
excitability continued and became severe after cessation of gas inhalation.
The disturbances of heart muscles due to CO poisoning may be attributed
to disturbances of myoglobin and/or cytochrome C. The reduction of
the absolute refractory period was observed by the inhalation of 2.5$
CO gas for 15 min. and this may be attributed to the compensatory
function in the early stage of hypoxemia. - APCA 4465.
141
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Lung Diffusion
344. Apthorp, G.H., and Marshall, R.: Pulmonary diffusing capacity: A
comparison of breath-holding and steady state methods using
carbon monoxide. J. Clin. Invest. 40:1775-1764, 1961.
In 16 normal subjects and 125 patients with cardiac or respiratory
disease, measurements of the diffusing capacity of the lungs for
carbon monoxide (Dc) were made by both the single breath and the
steady state methods with end-tidal samples as a measure of
alveolar CO.
In 16 normal subjects at rest the steady state D/L was about
75 per cent of the single breath IX. The steady state DC. increased
with increasing tidal volume so that at maximal tidal volume the
steady state IX was approximately the same as the single breath
DC. The increase of DC on exercise was greater than could be
accounted for by the increased ventilation on exercise. An increase
of respiratory rate without an increase in tidal volume did not
increase DC-
The patients with cardiac or respiratory disease were
considered in three groups. Group 1 (74 patients with normal
pulmonary gas mixing): the steady state DC was 7^ Pe** cent of the
single breath DC at rest. Group 2 (26 patients with impaired
pulmonary gas mixing but no clinical evidence of emphysema): the
steady state DC was 66 per cent of the single breath figure. The
difference between groups 1 and 2 may be due, in part, to the
errors in end-tidal sampling in patients with uneven pulmonary
ventilation. Group 3 (25 patients with emphysema): there was no
relationship between the single breath and steady state D«.. The
reasons for this are discussed, - Authors' Sum.
345. Bates, D.V.: The uptake of carbon monoxide in health and in
emphysema. Clin. Sc. 11:21-32, 1952.
A simple method is described for the estimation of the rate of
uptake of carbon monoxide gas.
Variations in the uptake of carbon monoxide in normal subjects
with differing respiratory rates and tidal volumes are described;
and it has been shown that hyperventilation increases the volume
of gas absorbed but lowers the percentage of the gas removed from
the inspired air. These effects are modified if the hyperventilation
is accompanied by exercise.
The rate of uptake of carbon monoxide has been measured in
43 cases of emphysema, and is shown to be considerably reduced in
comparison with normal subjects. It is considered that this
indicates that much of the inspired air is not coming into contact
with pulmonary blood. - Author's Sum.
142
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345 a. Cotes, J.E. : An. inter-laboratory study of the estimation of carbon
monoxide. Ann. Occupat. Hyg. (London) 5:217-219 (oct.-Eec.) 1962.
The author has been concerned with standardisation of the measurement
of pulaionary diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide by a single breath.
From the;' instrumental point of view this requires the analysis of 2
gas mixtures, each containing helium and carbon monoxide. The accura-
cy of the resulting diffusing capacity depends on the accuracy of analysis
of ratios of helium and CO concentrations in the 2 cylinders. Three
test gas mixtures of known composition were decanted into smaller
cylinders and then distributed in pairs to 21 laboratories where
measurements of pulmonary diffusing capacity were being carried out.
Complete results were received on 3 such pairs from 11 laboratories;
these results were used to provide an estimate of the reproducibility
and absolute accuracy of the measurement of carbon monoxide. For com-
parison, corresponding figures for helium were used for which the
concentrations were higher. Helium is, in many ways, easier to analyze.
Most of the laboratories from which results were obtained were staffed
on a part-time basis under the supervision of a physician interested
in the assessment of pulmonary function and not by physicists or chemists
who might have been expected to have a more critical approach to the
analysis. The range of results for each master cylinder has been
described as a percentage of the mean concentration* For CO the range
is 8.6-12.6$; the corresponding range for helium is 3.5-4.0$. Thus the
scatter for CO is nearly 3 times that for helium. The results of the
trial demonstrated that among physiological laboratories analyzing
helium and CO, the reproducibility of individual estimates is rela-
tively good. However, whereas there is little Variation between labora-
tories in the analysis of helium concentrations and concentration ratios,
there is considerable variation for CO and a tendency for laboratories
to report consistently high or low ratios on successive occasions.
These differences are reflected in the diffusing capacities which
can be calculated from the data. - APCA 5351.
346. Doiiery, C.T., I&rson, N.A., and Sinclair, J.D. : Regional variations
in uptake of radioactive CO in the normal lung. J. Appl. Physiol.
(May) 1960.
Carbon monoxide labelled with O1^ was produced by passing
made in the Medical Research Council's cyclotron, over charcoal
at 1000°C. After a single breath of the radioactive gas (900 ml.;
0.6$ CO with activity of ebout 5 me. /I.) the rate of fall of
activity during apnea was measured by external counting in
different regions of the lungs of normal subjects in the sitting
position. The carbon monoxide "clearance rate" calculated from these
data is proportional to the diffusion/unit volume in the zone under
study. r There was a gradient of diffusion/unit volume; the highest
value being found in the basal regions of the lung and much lower
values toward the apex. On exercise the clearance rate in the
upper zone increased to a value similar to that in the lower zone
at rest; the clearance in the lower zone was unchanged.
.Measurements of the O1^ clearance rate showed a similar gradient but
-------
on exercise both upper and lover zone values increased so that the
gradient was maintained. The results are interpreted as showing
that in the resting state all the basal capillaries are open but
that the proportion of patent capillaries diminishes toward the
apex. On exercise there is an increase in flow at both apex and base
and in consequence the remaining apical capillaries open. - APCA
1^258
347. Filley, G.F., Macintosh, D.J., and Wright, G.W. : Carbon monoxide
uptake and pulmonary diffusing capacity in normal subjects at rest
and during exercise. J. Clin. Invest. 33:530-539 (April)
The CO uptake has been measured in 11 normal subjects breathing
0.1 per cent CO in air under resting conditions and during increas-
ingly strenuous stints of exercise. The fraction of CO removed
from respired gas decreased progressively with increasing exercise.
A method for calculating alveolar CO tension has been
developed. The ratio of the CO uptake to this alveolar tension has
been designated as Dco. The mean Dco at rest was 16.9 in seven
subjects. During moderate exercise the mean Dco was 3^-3 in H
subjects.
The fraction of CO removed from respired gas at a given
ventilation rate varied as much as 25 per cent among normal
subjects during exercise. Dco is considered to be important in
accounting for this variation.
Dco showed no tendency to increase during increasingly
strenuous exercise. When Dco is determined during exercise
requiring an Q£ uptake of at least four times the resting value,
it is considered to represent the maximum diffusing capacity of the
lungs. Dco is probably a measure of the number and size of the
pulmonary, capillaries available for pulmonary gas exchange and the
permeability of the alveolar membrane. - Authors' Sum.
348. Forster, R.E., Fowler^ W.C., and Bates, D.V. : Considerations on
the uptake of carbon monoxide by the lur/gs. J. Clin. Invest. 33:
1128-113^ (Aug.)
Preliminary investigations on the Krogh CO method of measuring the
diffusing capacity of the lung revealed the necessity for re-
examining the theory of CO uptake from the lungs. Equations have
been derived which describe mixed expired alveolar CO concentration,
during breathholding following a single inspiration of a gas
containing CO and during "steady state" breathing of a mixture
containing CO, when the alveoli have different ventilation rates,
alveolar gas volumes, and diffusing capacities. The effect of
significant amounts of COHb in the mixed venous blood is discussed.
Two equations are also derived describing tlie expired alveolar CO
concentration' during the breathing of a mixture containing CO.
The first deals with the initial "washout" of the lung gases, and
the attainment of the gas "steady state." The second deals with
the much slower build-up of COHb in the mixed venous blood. -
Authors' Sum.
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349. Forster, R.E., Fowler, W.S., Bates, D.V., and Van lingen, B. :
The absorption of carbon monoxide by the lungs during breathholding.
J. Clin. Invest. 33:1135-11^5 (Aug.)
The disappearance of CO from the alveolar gas of the lung during
breathholding has been investigated in seven normal subjects.
The alveolar CO concentration did not fall exponentially
vith time as had been assumed by previous workers.
The most likely single explanation of this phenomenon is
that the diffusing capacity per unit gas volume varies throughout
the lung*
This finding is relevant to the consideration of the validity
of present methods of measuring the diffusing capacity of the lungs.
- Authors' Sum.
350. Forster, R.E., Conn, J.E., Briscoe, W.A., Blakemore, W.S., and
Riley, R.L. : A modification of the Krogh carbon monoxide breath
holding technique for estimating the diffusing capacity of the
lung; a comparison with three other methods. J. Clin. Invest.
(Sept.) 1955.
Measurements of Dco were made at rest on seven subjects by a
modification of krogh's breath holding technique. These findings
were compared to simultaneous steady state measurements of DO2 by
the lilienthal-Riley technique, of Dco by the Filley technique and
of fractional CO uptake as described by Bates. The latter methods
were applied during exercise in five of the seven subjects. All
but one of the subjects were hospital patients and together they
provided a wide range of values for pulmonary diffusing capacity.
It is concluded for the present that the methods for the
estimation of steady state Db2 and Dco provide similar values
when allowance is made for the differences in physical
characteristics between the two gases. Estimates obtained by the
CO breath holding technique at rest show directional changes which
are comparable to those obtained by the other methods during
exercise, although the absolute values are lower. The fractional
CO uptake, when uncorrected for changes in ventilation rate, is
less reliable.
The optimum conditions for each method vary, and further
studies of the advantages and limitations of each are required. -
Authors' Sum.
351. Pbrster, E.E., Roughton, F.J.W., Cander, L., Briscoe, W.A., and
Kreuzer, F.: Apparent pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO at
varying alveolar 02 tensions. J. Appl. Physiol. 11:277-289, 1957.
The apparent pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO (DO has been
measured at alveolar 0% tensions from kO to more than 600 mm Bg.
Two methods were used: a) in six healthy subjects a steady state
method in which the end-expiratory tension of a continuous record
of respired CO concentration was considered "alveolar" and b) in
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seven healthy subjects a "breath holding technique. Di., measured
"by either method decreased with increasing alveolar CU tension in
all subjects, varying as much as fivefold over the entire range.
All estimates of D^_were corrected for the presence of COHb in
the mixed venous blood. Dt_ (steady state; breathing air) was on
the average 0.85 of VL (breath holding; breathing air). -
Authors' Abst.
35la. Gaensler, E.A., and Wright, G.W.: Evaluation of respiratory*: impair-
ment. Arch. Environ. Health 12:lU6-3B9 (Feb.) 19^6.
The production of data relating to the evaluation of impairment,
by methods available in the physician's office and in most urban
centers, together with some aspects of the meaning of such data and
the manner in which used to meet common medical problems are
discussed. The importance of utilizing convential methods for
evaluating respiratory impairment, such as clinical history,
physical examination, and roentgenography has been established; as
well as the value of objective procedures including laboratory
methods. Each of the methods provides certain essential information
not always obtained by the others. Each has its limitations and
only by combining them can the full potential for evaluating impair-
ment be attained. - AGC
352. Hamilton, L.H., and Smith, J.R.: A slide rule for calculating single-
breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, Amer. Rev* Eesp. Dis.
91:112-116 (Jan.) 1965.
A circular slide rule has been constructed that permits a simple
calculation of Deo performed by the breath-holding technique. It
can be used when the gas analyses are performed by conventional
methods or with a gas chromatograph. Use of the Deo slide rule
provides an accuracy well within clinical requirements and permits
the entire calculation to be completed in one to two minutes. -
Authors' Sum.
353, Hanson, J.S., and Tabakin, B.S.: Steady state carbon monoxide diffusing
capacity in normal females. J. Appl. Physiol. 16:339-841 (Sept.) 1961.
The diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was determined
in 100 normal females age 20-60 years during steady state treadmill
exercise. Values obtained were compared with a corresponding study in
males, and it was established that when body surface area is taken into
account there is no significant sex difference in 31C0. No significant
decrease in diffusing capacity was seen with advancing age. Normal
mean values and limits of normal for the various age groups are given. -
Authors' Abst.
I k6
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354. Hatch, T.F.: Carbon monoxide uptake in relation to pulmonary
performance. A.M.A. Arch. Indust. Qyg. & Occupat. Med. 6:1-8
(July) 1952.
In man the rate of carbon monoxide uptake in relation to
pulmonary performance follows the simple exponential equation
for respiratory exchange of inert gases.
The rate of uptake varies directly with atmospheric
concentration because the physiological "solubility" of CO in
blood increases with decreasing atmospheric concentration of
the gas.
The rate of uptake is independent of the pulmonary
circulation rate. At rest, it is primarily dependent upon lung
ventilation. Under hard exercise, the diffusion area of the
lungs does not increase in proportion to the rise in ventila-
tion rate. Consequently, the rate of CO uptake is about equally
dependent upon ventilation rate and diffusion capacity. -
Author's Conclusion
355. Jay, B.E., and Wilson, R.H.: Adaptation of the gas adsorption
chromatographic technique for use in respiratory physiology. J.
Appl. Physiol. 15:298-302, 1960.
In this paper a technique using the gas chromatograph as an
analytical tool for measuring pulmonary functions is presented.
The technique is vapor phase chromatography. By this method the
sample gas mixture is introduced into the apparatus into a contin-
uously flowing stream of carrier gas (which may be argon, neon,
helium, hydrogen, or nitrogen), which moves the individual
components through a column of selected material at different
velocities according to its adsorption isotherm.
The employment of a mixture of two or more inert gases and
chemically active gases for measuring the several parameters of
pulmonary function simultaneously has created analytical problems.
The mass spectrometer and infrared analyzer have been used by
Porster et al., Eiley et al. and others as a technique for
obtaining the percentage composition of different mixtures of
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, helium, nitrous oxide and carbon
monoxide in the study of respiratory physiology. If additional
components are introduced into a gas mixture, such as nitrous oxide
or acetylene, to measure pulmonary blood flow and cardiac output,
the analytical problems are magnified. This is especially true
when the pulmonary diffusing capacity is estimated simultaneously
with pulmonary capillary flow and volume.
Ideally, for the studies of pulmonary functional residual
capacity, diffusing capacity, and capillary blood flow and volume,
a simple method is sought for measuring the percentage composition
of a mixture of gases containing any qualitative or quantitative
combination of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, etc. Rapid
dynamic simultaneous measurements of events in all phases of the
respiratory cycle are desired for the best physiologic measurements.
Since such apparatus is not available, the next best technique
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would be one that would allow batch analysis of small samples of
complex mixtures of experimental gases.
Recent work in the field of cfcrcoatography has shown that
chromatography can be refined into a powerful analytical tool. -
Authors' Introduction
356. Johnson, R.L., Jr., Spicer, W.S., Bishop, J.M., and Forster, R.E.:
Pulmonary capillary blood volume, flow and diffusing capacity
during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 15:893-902, 1960.
Pulmonary capillary blood flow (Qc) and apparent CO diffusing
capacity (Dt) were calculated from the rates of disappearance of
small alveolar concentrations of inspired acetylene and carbon
monoxide during breath holding. Such measurements were performed
sloultaaecusly in four normal subjects at rest, during exercise
and while perxoraing Yalsals or Mueller maneuvers; they were
also made at more than one alveolar oxygen tension so that true
membrane diffusing capacity (D*-,) and pulmonary capillary blood
volume (vc) could be calculated by the method of Roughton and
Forster. Dv, D,-, and Vc were closely correlated with Qc (r =
0.92, 0.71 and 0.92, respectively), indicating that both
volume and effective surface of the pulmonary capillary bed
changed along wide corresponding directional changes in blood
flow. Curing transients after starting or after stopping
exercise, changes in DC lagged slightly behind the associated
changes in 4cj both parameters tended to reach steady values,
however, after above 1 minute of steady exercise. The average
time spent by red cells in the pulmonary capillaries at rest was
estimated to 0.79 second, falling to about 0.5 second at levels
of exercise at which volume flow through the capillary bed was
approximately tripled. - Authors' Abst.
357. Johnson, R,L., Jr., Taylor, H.F., and Lewson, W-H,, Jr.: Maximal
diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. J Clinical
Invest. 44:3^9-355, 1965.
The purpose of this investigation was to determine hov much the
apparent CO diffusing capacity (D>_co) increases from rest to
peak exercise and whether it reaches a plateau with increasing
work load. Pulmonary capillary blood flow and apparent CO
diffusing capacity were measured by a breath-holding technique
both at rest and during exercise and repeated at two different
alveolar oxygen tensions so that the true membrane diffusing
capacity (DN-(CO) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) could
be determined by the Roughton-Forster method.
DLCO kept rising as work load was increased until the
pulmonary blood flow and oxygen consumption stopped going up.
D».co increased principally because of a twofold increase in Vc
during exercise. DMCO increased only about 20$ above the resting
value.
148
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In the three patients with mitral stenosis pushed up to
their peak work loads, Vc rose to the same level as in normal
subjects during exercise but did not exceed the normal upper limit.
This suggests that maximal distensibility cf the capillary bed
in normal subjects is reached or closely approached at peak work
loads. The maximal pulmonary capillary blood volume in the
normal subjects as well as in the patients with mitral stenosis
agrees closely with the anatomical estimates made by Weibel of
the maximal capacity of the pulmonary capi!3.ary bed. - Authors'
Sum.
358e Johnson, R.L.,Jr~., Taylor, H.F., and De Graff, A.C.,Jr.: Functional
significance of a low pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon
monoxide. J. Clinical Invest. W*!789-800, 1965.
Our purpose was to determine whether measurements of carbon
monoxide diffusing capacity can be used in accord with presently
accepted theory to predict the limits that a low diffusing
capacity can be used in accord with presently accepted theory to
predict the limits that a low diffusing capacity imposes on oxygen
consumption. In six patients suspected of having alveolar
capillary block pulmonary capillary blood flow, capillary blood
volume (Vc), and membrane diffusing capacity for CO (&'~ICQ) were
measured at full inspiration both at rest and exercise. From
these measurements we predicted how oxygen saturation of arterial
blood would fall as oxygen consumption increases at a given
alveolar oxygen tension. To make these predictions IW,CO and Vc
were translated into terms of oxygen transport using in vitro
measurements of Staub, Bishop, and Forster to estimate kinetics
of oxygen uptake by capillary red cells; we assumed that Di^Op
equals 1.23 DNX,CO and that lung volume, ventilation, and blooa
flow were uniformly distributed with respect to diffusing surface.
Then the same patients were exercised on a treadmill up to the
heaviest load tolerated, and the relationship between oxygen
consumption and oxygen saturation of arterial blood was measured.
At heavy exercise oxygen consumption approached the upper limits
predicted from DivfCO and Vc even though arterial oxygen saturation
began to fall at a lower oxygen consumption than predicted.
Reasons for the latter discrepancy are discussed. The experimental
data as well as theory indicate that maximal oxygen intake at sea
level should not be limited significantly by diffusion until
membrane diffusing capacity is less than 50% of predicted normal.
Theory also indicates that above .10,000 feet diffusing capacity
should become important as a limit to oxygen consumption even in
normal subjects. - Authors' Sum. Modified
359. Jones, R.S., and Meade, F.: Pulmonary diffusing ccpacity an
improved single-breath method. Lancet 1:9^-95 (Jan. 9) 1960.
Improved procedures for the single-breath method of estimating
pulmonary diffusing capacity are described.
-------
These eliminate the anomalous variations of DL with breath-
holding time, observed using Forster's method. These arise from
neglect of the effects of alveolar-volume changes during the
experiment and from the use of an inappropriate breath-holding
time.
At 10 seconds breath-holding time the alternative methods
give a Dt which is about 20$ lower than that given by Forster's
method with a normal subject.
In any of its forms, the single-breath method of estimating
pulmonary diffusing capacity is theoretically justified only in
respect of ideally normal subjects. As this qualification applies
equally to the suggested improvements, there still remains the
problem of interpreting such data in the presence of inequality
of ventilation, perfusion, and membrane property. - Authors'
Sum.
360. Jouasset-Strieder, D., Cahill, J.M., Byrne, J.J, and Gaensier, E.A.:
Pulmonary diffusing capacity and capillary blood volume in normal
and anemic dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:113-116 (Jan.) 1965.
The CO diffusing capacity (PL) was measured by the single-breath
method in eight anesthetized dogs. Pulmonary capillary blood volume
(Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (EM) were determined in six
animals by the method of Roughton and Forster. The studies were
repeated after anemia had been induced by replacing whole blood with
plasma. Large dogs were selected with a mean body weight of 29 kg
and a mean alveolar volume of 2020 ml (STPD) during tests. The
mean arterial blood Hb decreased from 14.3 to 6.6 g/100 ml, the
mean DL from 27 to 12 ml/min mm Hg, and the mean DM from 100 to ^7
ml/min mm Hg. The Vc averaged 67 ml in the control state and was
not significantly changed during anemia. Reductions in DL and DM
during anemia were proportional to the fall in blood Hb. Both DL
and DM in all dogs, normal and anemic, were proportional to the
volume of red blood cells in the lung capillaries (VRBC). These
results suggest that VEBC might be an estimate of the useful area
of the alveolar-capillary membrane while DM/VRBC should vary with
changes in its thickness. The latter was not altered by anemia.
NASA 90313
361. Kilbura, K.H., Miller, H.A., Burton, J.E., and Rhodes, R.: Effects
of altering ventilation on steady-state diffusing capacity for
carbon monoxide. J. Appl. Physiol. 18:89-96, 1963.
Alterations in the steady-state diffusing capacity for carbon
monoxide (Deo) by the method of Filley, Macintosh, and Wright,
produced by sequential changes in the pattern of breathing were
studied in anesthetized, paralyzed, artificially ventilated dogs.
The Deo of paralyzed, artificially ventilated control dogs did
not differ significantly during 3 hours from values found in
conscious and anesthetized controls. A fivefold increase in tidal
volume without changing frequency of breathing raised alveolar
150
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ventilation and CO uptake 500$ and Deo 186$. A high correlation
"between tidal volume and Deo was noted during reciprocal alterations
of tidal volume and rate which maintained minute volume. The Deo
appeared to fall when alveolar ventilation was tripled by increments
of rate with a fixed-tidal volume, despite a 63$ increase in CO
uptake. Doubling end-expiratory lung volume by positive pressure
breathing without altering tidal volume or rate did not affect
Deo. The addition of 100 ml of external dead space with rate and
tidal volume constant decreased Deo to *4-2$ of control level,
however,: stepwise reduction of dead space from 100 ml to 0 in two
dogs failed to change Deo. Added dead space equal to 1/2 tidal
volume (l?0 ml) reduced Deo to 25% of control in two dogs with a
return to control with removal of dead space. Thus, In paralyzed
artificially ventilated dogs, tidal volume appears to be the
principal ventilatory determinant of steady-state Deo. Deo is
minimally affected by increases in alveolar ventilation with a
constant tidal volume effected by increasing the frequency of
breathing. Prolonged ventilation, at fixed rate and volume, and
increased dead space either did not effect, or they reduced Deo,
perhaps by rendering less uniform the distribution of gas, and
blood in the lungs. Although lung volume was doubled by positive-
pressure breathing, pulmonary capillary blood volume was probably
reduced to produce opposing effects on diffusing capacity and no
net change. - Authors' Abst.
362. Kreukniet, J., and Visser, B.F.: CO-diffusing capacity, fractional
CO-uptake and unequal ventilation. Acts Physiol. Pharraacol
Beerlandica 11:386-40^, 1962.
Determination of the CO-diffusing capacity was carried out by the
steady state technique of Jllley, et al. (see no. ). Lung
function data of 7^ patients are presented. Authors conclude from
this data that the fractional CO-uptake alone is an insufficient
indication to demonstrate an impairment of pulmonary diffusion,
particularly in patients with a ncn-unifora distribution of VA/QC,
Of the 7^ patients examined, 38 had a low fractional CO-uptake,
17 of these patients probably had no impairment of pulmonary
diffusion. The procedure discussed in this P^per affords a more
plausible explanation of the fact that patients with non-uniform
distribution of VA/QC sometimes show very high or even negative
D values. - AGC
363. Krogh, A., and Krogh, M.: On the rate of diffusion of carbonic
oxide into the, lungs of man. Skand. Arch. Physiol. 23:236-2^7,
1910.
According to the experiments described the value for the diffusion
of carbonic oxide per mm and minute through the lungs of the
G CHI
subject examined may be taken as about 20 during rest and a
little above 30, when the breathing is forced, as it will be
during heavy muscular work. In the latest paper by Bohr the
value found during rest is 13-^ and immediately after very
151
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fatiguing work 28.4ccm. On account of a systematic error in the
determination of the alveolar tension these figures are somewhat
too low. The correction which must be applied to the last of
them is very nearly 10$ of the value, raising it to about 31ccm/
or the same figure as we found. We do not think that much stress
should be laid upon this coincidence. There is in our opinion
every reason to believe, that the efficiency of the lungs will
prove to be about as variable individually as any other function
of the body. Not only have great differences been recorded in
the mean and vital capacities of the lungs, but also the alveolar
epithelium may possibly vary in thickness. - Authors' Sum.
364. Krogh, M.: Hie diffusion of gases through ti.« lungs of &a:a, J.
Physiol. 1*9:271, 1915.
A new technique for the measurement of the puli&ouary diffusing
capacity in man is reported in this paper. In tMs method a
maximal inspiration of gas mixture contain")eg CO v?as made from
residual volume and following immediately "by au expiration of at
least one liter of gas. At the remaining volume the breath was
held for 6 to 10 seconds, and a maximal respiration was made.
The final volumes of the two expirations were considered to be
alveolar gas and were analysed for CO conceutratjons. Author
assumed that the CO concentration decayed e3q?o^ent.1.aJ.ly. -fhe
equation describing this decay is given. - AGC
364a. Lewis, B.M., Lin, Tai-Hon, Noe, F.E., and Bay ford-Wei sing, E. J.:
The measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide
by a rebreathing method. J. Clin. Invest. 38:2073-2086, 1959.
This paper describes a rebreathing method for the measurement of
pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxid? (D^Q) using stable
CO and continuous analysis.
The fall of CO concentration in the rebreathing bag was
apparently exponential for at least 15 seconds in 571 of 578 studies.
In 80A per cent of these studies, this exponential decrease began
in the first 10 seconds of rebreathing.
In four normal subjects calculated DLco was independent of
increases in apparatus dead space. This would be true if the rate
of rebreathing were infinitely fast.
In patients with emphysema calculated Df.co decreases as
apparatus dead space is increased. This would occur if the rebreath-
ing system were ventilated breath by breath at a finite rate.
In four normal subjects the rebreathing DLCO Decreased sharply
when the total volume of the lung-bag system was decreased from
near total lung capacity to approximately functional residual
capacity.
In 4T normal subjects the rebreathing Dj.co was significantly
correlated with height, weight, body surface area and vital capacity.
There is a high correlation between rebreathiag and single
breath measurements of DLCO in norinal subjects and patients without
152
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airway obstruction. There is a less striking correlation between
these two methods in patients with emphysema.
The residual volume determined by the rebreathing method
is significantly correlated with that measured by the closed circuit
helium method in both normal subjects and patients.
An empiric argument is presented for the approximate validity
of the rebreathing method in patients with uneven ventilation and
slow mixing in whom the rate of rebreathing is finite.
The rebreathing method is rapid, simple and gives a
simultaneous measurement of D<^>o and residual volume.
The rebreathing DI.CO was definitely decreased (two- thirds or
less the predicted value) in only five of 19 patients with emphysema.
- Authors' Sum.
365. Linderholm, H.: On the significance of CO tension in pulmonary
capillary blood for determination of pulmonary diffusing capacity
with the steady state CO method. Acta Med. Scandinav. CLVI:4l3-
427, 1957-
In a determination of the pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO,
Dco with the steady state method, the partial pressure of CO in the
blood cannot be disregarded. If this is not taken into account
about 10-20 per cent too small values of Dco may be obtained.
Correction for the back pressure of CO from the blood is essential
when Dco is large and when the CO content of the blood is high.
This is more important when the determination is made at rest than
during exercise.
Various methods for an estimation of the mean partial pressure
of CO in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries are compared.
Sstimation based on blood analyses, or on the rebreathing technique,
is to be preferred.
When correction for the mean partial pressure of CO in the
blood of the pulmonary capillaries is made. Dco seems to be
independent of the CO content of the blood. If the correction is
omitted, Dco will decrease with increasing CO content of the blood.
- Author's Sum.
366. jfexks, A., Cugell, D.W., Cadigan, J.B., and Gaensler, E.A. : Clinical
determination of the diffusion capacity of the lungs. Comparison
of methods in normal subjects and patients with "alveolar- capillary
block" syndrome. Amer. J, Med. 22:51-73 (Jan.) 1957-
This clinical study was undertaken to compare the diffusion
capacity of the lungs in man at rest measured by three different
methods utilizing carbon monoxide (Dco) an*3- ^y direct calculation
from two-level alveolar-arterial oxygen "gradients" (Do2)j to
establish normal values for the Dco methods; and to assess their
clinical diagnostic value in patients with diffusion impairment.
- Authors' Sum. 1-fcdified
153
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367. Marshall, R.: A comparison of methods of measuring the diffusing
capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; investigation by
fractional analysis of the alveolar air. J. Clin. Invest. 37:39^-
408, 1958.
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for CO (D,J has been measured
in 5 normal subjects and in 11 patients with emphysema by the
single breath method and by the steady state method, using end
tidal samples as a measure of the mean alveolar CO tension. In
five of the patients with emphysema, DL was also calculated by a
modification of Filley's method.
Fractional samples were taken from a full expiration after
breath holding and DL was claculated for each sample by the single
breath method. In normal subjects and in patients with emphysema,
D/_ was uniform throughout the expired air. Fractional analysis of
the expired air of normal subjects in the steady state breathing
CO showed that the concentration of CO in the lungs was uniform.
In these subjects end tidal samples approximated the mean alveolar
concentration of CO and could be used in the calculation of the
steady state D/_. Measurement of I\_ by the single breath and steady
state methods gave the same results in normal subjects when
allowance was made for the different lung volumes at which the
measurements were made.
Patients with emphysema did not have uniform concentrations
of CO throughout the Ixmg in the steady state; end tidal samples
bore no relationship to the mean alveolar CO and could not be used
for calculation of DL.
A bloodless modification of Filley's method of calculation
of the steady state D,_ is described. This method gave results
which were close to those of the single breath D, measured in the
same subjects.
The clinical value of the single breath and steady state
methods for measurement of D, is discussed. - Author's Sum.
t
368. Ogilvie, C.M., Forster. R.E., Blakemore, W.S., and Morton, J.W.:
A standardized breath holding technique for the clinical measurement
of the diffusing capicity of the lung for carbon monoxide. J. Clin.
Invest. 36(Part l):l-17 (Jan.) 1957.
A modification of the Krogh breath holding technique for the clinical
measurement of apparent pulmonary diffusing capacity (D, ) is described.
Reproducibility was investigated in 28 normal subjects; the
coefficient of variation for a single measurement on a single
subject was 8.5 per cent. Dj increased with increasing body sur-
face area, height and weight. It also increased with exercise,
returning to control values within several minutes of the cessation
of exercise. DL rose with increasing degrees of exercise, but did
not reach a maximal plateau in the subjects studied. r>/ varied
slightly with posture, being greatest when the subject was supine,
less when sitting and least when standing. a*he importance of these
and other factors in obtaining a standardized estimate of D/ is
discussed.
-------
Measurements of DL were made in 28 patients with various
pulmonary diseases* In four patients and one normal subject, D,
was measured separately in the two lungs. There were no difficulties
in performing the test, and the values of T>, obtained were
consonant with the clinico-pathological diagnosis. - Authors' Sum.
369. Rankin, J., McWeill, R.S. , and Forster, R.E. : Influence of
hypercapnia on pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO in man.
Physiologist 1:68-69, 1957.
Since the pulmonary diffusing capacity for CO (D, ) theoretically
varies with changes in the size of the pulmonary 'capillary "bed,
it appeared to us to be a good tool for the investigation of the
effects of COp on the pulmonary capillaries. Therefore we have
measured D^_ during hypercapnia in 9 resting normal subjects by
the CO - helium breath -hoi ding technique, a) When 10$ CO^ was
simply added to the inspired gas mixture used in the measurement
of Dj_, T>i was increased an average of 5$ and 12$ after 10 and 50
seconds of breath holding respectively. Pulmonary capillary
blood volume (V }, calculated by the method of Roughton and
Forster was measured in 2 subjects and was increased approximately
b) After the subject breathed a gas mixture containing 7-5$
COp for 10 minutes, D<_ was increased an average of 2k% in all
suojects, and Vc was increased an average of 60$ in the 2 subjects
studied. In 5 subjects repeated measurements of Dj_, ventilation
rate, systemic blood pressure, pulse rate and pulmonary blood flow
(by a single breath acetylene method) were made before, during
and after the period of hypercapnia. After starting to breathe
the COg enriched gas mixture, D[_ rose abruptly, reaching near
maximal values in 2-5 minutes, while the other measurements of
respiratory and circulatory phenomena continued to rise for 6-10
minutes suggesting that the presumed increase in the pulmonary
capillary bed was not directly dependent on the respiratory and
circulatory changes. - Authors' Abst.
370. Roughton, F.J.W., Forster, R.E., and Gander, L. : Rate at which
carbon monoxide replaces oxygen from coBfoination with human hemo-
globin in solution and in the red cell. J. Appl. Physiol. 11:
269-276, 1957-
The rate at which CO replaces Op in combination with human hemo-
globin in solution and in red cell suspensions at 37 °C was
determined in vitro on the blood of six normal subjects at 02
tensions from 100 to over 600 mm Eg, by means of modifications
of the Hartridge -Roughton rapid reaction velocity apparatus, using
either a reversion spectroscope or a two-color photocolormetric
method. At low ratios of (CO) to (02) (i.e. <0.l), the rate of
the reaction in Hb solution conforms theoretically to the equation
d(COHb)/dt = n£. (CO)(02Hb)/(02), where n£. is a true velocity
constant. Experimentally, it was not possible to use ratios of
155
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(CO) to (02) <0.2, and the results for Hb solutions were inter-
preted in terms of the equation d(COHb)/dt = mr(CO)(C>2Hb(/)02)>
where m'is an apparent velocity constant. The measured values
of m'in Kb solution ranged from 6.8 to 22.k sec. as QQ tension
rose, the average value of nr^. deduced therefrom being 18.8. The
apparent velocity constant for cell suspensions, m£, is less than
m'owing to the limiting effects of diffusion. The ratio of m£ to
m'rose from 0.^6 at an 0% tension of 100 mm Hg to 0.68 at an ©2
tension of 571 mm Hg. \ , the ratio of the permeability of the red
cell membrane to that of the red cell interior, was calculated
from these data to average 1-53* The values of m£ calculated from
the in vitro experimental results cannot be used directly for
calculations related to in vivo pulmonary diffusing capacity
experiments, because the CO tension is over 40-fold greater in the
former. Corrections for this have been made and proper values of
m£ obtained for use in the calculation of true pulmonary diffusing
capacity and pulmonary capillary blood volume. - Authors'" Abst.
371. Shephard, R.J. : 'Breath-holding' measurement of carbon monoxide
diffusing capacity. Comparison of a field test with steady-state
and other methods of measurement. J. Physiol. (London)
1958.
An adaptation of the portable box -bag suitable for breath-holding
measurements of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity is described.
Repeated tests on six healthy normal subjects have shown
that breath-holding Dco varies in a non-linear manner with changes
in total alveolar gas volume. During a deep inspiration DCO may
be doubled.
Some subjects find difficulty in holding breath steadily
for 10 seconds, but vacillation of up to 200 ml. in alveolar gas
volume do not measurably alter the calculated Dco.
Comparison of the r^rtable breath-holding apparatus with
the steady-state method and with other types of portable equipment
has yielded Dco values that show a very similar coefficient of
variation, but absolute values are larger by the breath -holding
technique, probably on account of the larger alveolar gas volume
during the test.
Steady-state determinations of fractional carbon monoxide
uptake have a smaller coefficient of variation than any available
method for the calculation of Dco, and this approach still seems
the best where a simple field test of pulmonary diffusion is
required. - Author's Sum.
372. Shepnard, R.J., Turner, M.E., Carey, G.C.R., and Phair, J. J. :
Correlation of pulmonary function and domestic mi croenvl remnant.
J. Appl. Physiol. 15:70-76 (Jan.) 1960.
Pulmonary pressures, total and timed vital capacity, functional
residual capacity and carbon monoxide uptake have been correlated
with temperature, humidity, suspended particulate matter and
156
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gaseous acid in a 3-month prospective survey of 10 cardiorespiratory
cripples. Results have been analyzed by a sequential multiple
regression technique, and significant relationships demonstrated
between pulmonary function measurements and time, humidity and
suspended particulate matter. The immediate response to suspended
particulate matter was consistent with bronchoconstriction,
although the most significant features were a transient depression
of pulmonary pressures and carbon monoxide uptake. The prolonged
depression of carbon monoxide uptake, starting k days after an
intense episode of pollution, did not show itself as a significant
long-lag coefficient for the survey as a whole; the existence of
a threshold dose of suspended particulate to produce structural
damage is postulated, - Authors' Abst.
373. Solvsteen, P.: Lung diffusing capacity: Cyclically and continuously
ventilated closed systems. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:92-98 (Jan.) 1965.
In previous communications, distribution of ventilation and lung
diffusing capacity (D^) were calculated from changes occurring in
Ng and CO concentrations when a subject, whose lungs contained
atmospheric air at the beginning of the experiment, respired in a
spirometer containing oxygen and a little CO. In the calculations,
the system was assumed to be continuously ventilated and without
dead space. The present study examines which errors may arise
from these simplifications. Equations for cyclic ventilation are
derived. Definite values for dead space and for volumes, alveolar
ventilation, and D^ of two nonuniformly ventilated lung regions are
assumed. Thereupon it is computed howthe concentrations of Ng and
CO will change, if a subject with the assumed values respire in a
spirometer of a given volume. From these changes in concentration,
I>L and the distribution of ventilation are calculated using equations
for continuous ventilation. The differences between the assumed and
the calculated values of D^ are small. - NASA 80309
374. Solvsteen, P.: Lung diffusing capacity: Rebreathing method,
applicability in nonuniform ventilation. J. Appl. Physiol. 20:99-
102 (Jan.) 1965.
Carbon monoxide concentration changes were calculated when subjects
with different distributions of ventilation and lung diffusing
capacity (D^) respire in a small bag. The curve (logg CO
concentration in the bag) versus (time) will sooner or later appear
as a straight line. The E^ is calculated from the slope of the
rectilinear section of the curve and from lung and bag volume.
If the curve becomes rectilinear within the period considered,
Dr is calculated too low- In some cases the curve will not be
rectilinear until more than 45 seconds have passed, but will
appear to be rectilinear during the period from 30 to 45 seconds.
If such an experiment is discontinued when 45 seconds (the usual
duration of experiment) have passed, DL can be calculated at too
high, at correct, or at too low values. - Author's Abst.
157
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375. Spicer, W.S., Jr., Johnson, R.L., Jr., and Forster, R.E.
Diffusing capacity and blood flow in different regions of the lung.
J. Appl. Physiol. 17:587-595, 1962.
We have measured the disappearance of CO and, in most instances,
acetylene relative to helium from early and late portions of the
expired alveolar gas after 1.5-20 sec of breath holding at rest
in four normal subjects and seven patients -with obstructive
emphysema and three with sarcoidosis. In all individuals, except
one patient with emphysema, graphs of the logarithm of the
relative expired alveolar CO concentrations in early and late
expired samples against time of breath holding were parallel, but
those for the late expired samples lay below these for the early
expired samples. The equality of the slopes of the tvo curves
indicated that net diffusing capacity/alveolar volume for those
regions of the lungs contributing to the tvo samples even in severe
obstructive disease. The displacement of the disappearance curves
can be explained by errors in estimation of the time the gas
spends in the alveoli and by an increased rate of CO disappearance
caused by reduced alveolar volume during expiration. - Authors'
Abst.
375a. Sfcicer, 17.3., Jr., and Kerr, D.H.: Variation in respiratory-function.
Arch. Environ. Health 12:217-226 (Feb.) 1966.
Daily measurement of the respiratory function of 17 patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and of 11 normal subjects
identified a day to day variation in the values obtained with the
whole body pressure plethysmograph and with the spirometer.
A significant percentage of the variance in these tests can
be explained by the tendency for subjects to change together on a
week to week basis and for subjects within disease groups to change
together from day to day. The pattern of change in lower airway
conductance and certain other respiratory function tests may
provide a more sensitive index of tlie normal or disease state than
the customary battery of tests performed on a single occasion.
Environmental factors, including air pollution and meteorological
changes, would appear to fulfill the criteria of agents responsible
for such patterns of change. - Authors' Sura.
376, West, J.B.: Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide at high
altitude. J. Appl. Physiol. 17:421-426 (May) 1SS2.
Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DL) was measured in
London (pb approx. 750 mm Hg), at 15,300 ft (4,700 ai; ?h approx. 440 mm
Hg), and at 19,000 ft (5,300 m; PB approx. 380 dm Hg) on seven members
of the Himalayan Scientific and Mountaineering Expedition, 1960-61.
At each altitude Dl was measured at two work levels (300 and 900 kg-m/rain)
and at three different inspired oxygen tensions in order to separate
membrane and blood components of the diffusing barrier. A steady state
method was used with mixed expired gas analysis; dead space-to-tidal
158
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volume ratio was assumed but calculated Dl was insensitive to this. There
was no consistent change in Dl at 15,300 ft (subjects breathing ambient
air) compared with sea level, but Dl was significantly increased after 7-10
weeks at 19,000 ft (mean changes of 15 and 19% for work levels of 300 and
900 kg-m/min, respectively). However, this small change in TSl can be
wholly accounted for by the increased rate of reaction of carbon monoxide
with hemoglobin due to hypoxia and by the increased blood hemoglobin
concentration. - Author's Abst.
377.Woolf, G.R. : An assessment of the fractional carbon monoxide uptake
and its relationship,,, to pulmonary diffusing capacity, Dis. Chest
1*6:181-189 (Aug.) 19&.
The fractional carbon monoxide uptake (FUco) and pulmonary diffusing
capacity (Deo) were measured in 48 normal subjects at rest and during
exercise.
Measurements at rest were made in 6k patients with chronic
chast disease and in 35 of these the tests vere repeated during
exercise. A modification of the Bates steady-state technique for
estimating diffusing capacity is described.
The FUco showed no significant differences between men and
women and there was no relationship to body surface area. There
was a decrease in the FUco at rest with increasing age, but this
relationship was not present when the FUco was measured during
exercise.
The normal FUco had a narrower range than Deo and was
relatively little affected by voluntary hyperventilation. The
FUco at rest and during exercise in the same individual agreed
well irrespective of vhether the result was normal or abnormal.
A normal FUco corresponded with a normal Deo, and a low
Deo was always associated with a low FUco. Where the FUco was
low and the Deo was normal, evidence is presented which suggests
that the FUco revealed an abnormality of gas exchange which, was
not shown by the Deo. - Author's Sum. Modified
378. young, W,A., Shaw, D.B., and Bates, D.V. : Effect of low concentrations
of ozone on pulmonary function in man. J. Applied Physiology, 9> ^*
765-768 (July)
Describes results of measurements of pulmonary function made on 11
subjects in 16 experiments breathing ozone (0.6-0.8 ppm) through
mouthpiece for 2-hour periods. Ozone produced highly significant
reduction in steady-state DLCO (diffusing capacity of lung for carbon
monoxide). Vital capacity and expiratory flow rates may be limited
in part by tracheobronchial irritation that follows inhalation of
0.6 ppm of ozone for 2 hours. - CBK
159
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Neurological Changes
379. Beard, R.R., and Pribram, K. : Effects of toxic agents and
environmental factors on human behavior. Department of Defense,
Armed Forces ^pidem. Board, Washington, D.C., Feb.
No.
Dynamic esposure chambers have been constructed in which an air
flow of up to 100 liters per minute can be maintained. Carbon
monoxide has been metered to the chambers under continuous monitoring,
to expose rats to concentrations from 100 to 1,000 p. p.m. Rats were
trained to various operant behavior schedules. Conditioned behavior
during 10 minutes of each hour for long periods gave unstable
response patterns. Continuous observation for periods of 1-1/2
hours showed rapid reduction of response rate and disturbance of
the "grain" of behavior with CO concentrations of 500 p.p.m. and
higher; at 250 p.p.m. perceptible disturbance of response pattern
became apparent within an hour. A response -attenuation ratio taking
into account the normal behavior of an animal on the day of exposure
to CO as well as preceding control periods was devised. Equipment
for trials of the effect of CO on discrimination capacities in humans
has been developed. Methods Tor detailed analysis of behavior
patterns by computer techniques are being perfected. - Authors'
Abst.
380. Borman, M.C.: Carbon monoxid poisoning. Mental and neurological
changes in a case of acute carbon monoxid poisoning with partial
recovery. Amer. J. Psychiatry 6:135-143, 1926.
A case of accidental carbon monoxid poisoning is reported in which
the patient showed evidence of wide- spread central nervous system
changes from which there was apparent recovery, followed again by
numerous mental and neurological disturbances with ultimate recovery,
except for the mental state.
The chemical alterations in the blood and clinical tests
thereof in carbon monoxid poisoning are mentioned.
The anatomical changes in the central nervous system follow-
ing carbon monoxid poisoning are discussed together with the various
explanations offered for their occurrence. - Author's Sum.
381. Chalupa, B.: Disorders of memory in acute carbon monoxide intoxications.
Pracovni Lekar. (Prague) 12:331-336,
The author presents an account of experimental examinations of the
memory in a group of kb persons who had recently suffered from acute
CO intoxication. The average age was 35-6 yrs. The following methods
were used: repeating 20 separate words, recognition of same material
with control items, or repeating 30 verbal pairs having some relation-
ships as to their content. The disturbances of memory manifested
themselves by an affection of logic memory and difficult differentiation
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when attempting to recognize; mechanical memory was relatively intact.
When evaluating the results in individual persons examined pathological
changes of memory structure vere revealed in 26 (59.1$). These findings
vere most frequent in a group of accidental acute and subacute CO
intoxications (78.6$) though loss of consciousness was noted in onl;,r
21.6$. In suicidal CO intoxications, which in all instances were
associated with loss of consciousness, pathological deviations were
found in Sk-.^. Differences in the affection are explained
by the different conditions of exposure and the different methods
of treatment of the patients investigated. In addition to concen-
tration of CO, the time of exposure must "be taken into account, this
being particularly important in industrial and accidental CO
intoxication where frequently protracted acute and subacute exposures
with pathological findings occur though they are not associated with
loss of consciousness. A comparison with COHb levels on admission
revealed in 22 patients a positive correlation with the reduction of
logical memory and with some indicators in tlie experiments on recognition.
At COHb levels up to 29.9$ disorders of memory were found in 33-3$;
at levels of 30-78$> in 61.5$ of all cases. Repeated examinations
after intoxication had subsided showed that logical memory and
recognition had returned to normal and mechanical memory remained on
the same level. From the present work some practical suggestions
can "be drawn for the prevention and assessing of toxic changes of
the central nervous system after acute CO poisoning. - APCA 4835«
382. Courville, C.B.: The process of danyelination in the central nervous
system. TV. Demyelination as a delayed residual of carbon monoxide
asphyxia. J. Nervoxis Mental ELs. 125:53^-5^6, 1957*
In this study of a series dealing with the process of demyelination,
the changes in the cerebral and cerebellar centrums have been noted
following severe asphyxia incident to carbon monoxide. Such changes
are "delayed" in the sense that a suitable time interval must elaspe
after the asphyxia! episode, j6 days in the case herein reported.
The characteristic alterations constituting the residual lesions
were 1) perivascular demyelination as the initial lesion, leading
to 2) diffuse demyelination by confluence of these individual, foci,
3) the tendency to spare the subcortical arcuate fibers, !»•) vascular
changes in the form of a decrease in number of capillaries in the
degenerative foci, and a progressive collapse and disappearance of
the arterioles in the affected area, 5) a decrease in the number of
oligodendroglia in the degenerative areas, 6) the obvious secondary
nature of loss of myelin being an effect of ischemia and 7) the
occasional occurrence of islands of preservation in the periphery
of the lesion.
The findings are significant in their remarkably close
correlation to the changes observed in diffuse sclerosis. But in
addition, there was found evidence of support for the conclusion that
demyelination per se is very likely a secondary process, probably
never a primary one. It is also very likely that the loss of
oligodendroglia in areas of demyelination (i.e., the plaques of
multiple sclerosis) is due to their sensitivity to ischemia (local
161
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anoxia) and bears no cause-effect relationship to the process of
demyelination. - Author's Sum.
383. Dorcus, R.M., and Weigand, G.E.: The effect of exhaust gas on the
performance in certain psychological *ests. J. General Psychol. 2:
73-96 (Jan.) 1929.
Authors state that the increase in the number of automobiles and
trucks and the accompanying increase in the exhaust gas caused
thereby has given rise to some new physiological and psychological
problems. These problems involve both the immediate and the
cumulative effects upon the human organism.
In order to ascertain such effects, si:: medical students were
exposed daily to exhaust gas for a period ranging from about 3-1/2
to 6 hours, except for certain control days.
The psychological tests employed in this investigation were
steadiness, tapping, dynonometer, substitution, arithmetic, location
memory, and the so-called Felix test. In the summary, authors state
that it might be concluded that no significant difference in
performance was found after exposure to exhaust gas-air mixtures
which contained 2, 3, and k parts of CO per 10,000 of air for
periods ranging from 3 "to 5 hours and which caused 25 to 35 PS**
cent of the hemoglobin to be in combination with CO. Although there
was a slight tendency for a poorer performance to be made on the
prolonged steadiness test, the difference in performance on all the
other tests used was no greater than the variation in performances
on successive control periods.
The necessity for more work in this area is emphasized. - AGC
384.Duvoir, M., and Gaultier, M. : Etiology: Clinical and chemical study
of forty cases of chronic industrial carbon monoxide poisoning.
Arch. Mai. Prof. 7:^9-1*52,
Scepticism concerning the reality of chronic CO poisoning has been
Justified by the multiplicity of symptoms attributed to the disease*
This paper attempts to establish chronic CO poisoning as a reality
and as an individual disease by establishing a clinical and chemical
basis.
Using Nicloux' method to determine the amount of CO in UO
subjects, a blood level above .k to .5 cc. per 100 cc. blood is
considered abnormally high. Cessation of exposure resulted in a
gradual reduction of the blood level. In two months, one subject
went from .85 to .52, mother from 2.5 to .52, another from .82 to
.46, etc. The blood level persisted for a longer time in a number
of cases, a typical case being: .88 after exposure, .80 after 3
months, .30 after 5 months. Rest alone results in improvement, but
oxygen therapy accelerates recovery. Vitamin B2 also hastens return
of blood levels to normal although its action is neither immediate
nor constant.
Chronic CO poisoning is characterized by this elevated blood
ievel and by three major symptoms, always appearing together. These
162
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are, 1) Asthenia. The asthenia is almost constant. Muscular
fatigue, intellectual apathy, depression, slowness of speech, and
impaired memory are frequently found, and sexual impotence is
occasionally concurrent. 2) Severe headache. The headache is
persistent, arid usually more severe during exposure, although it
may continue for several hours after work. It is not localized to
any specific brain area. 3) Vertigo and syncope. Vertigo is
frequent and may signal syncope. Syncope is a less important
differentiation, since it is so often found in acute poisonings.
Pathogenesis and mechanisms remain obscure, but determination
of blood level of CO, the constancy of symptoms, and improvement
occurring during cessation of exposure are indicative of the reality
of chronic CO poisoning.
385. Fisher, B.M., and McFarland, R.A.: Some psychological effects
of automobile exhaust gases. Presented at the Fourth Annual Air
Pollution Medical Research Conference, San Francisco, Calif.,
Dec. 7-9, I960.
Background of current problem is to be found principally in
studies of altitude-induced anoxia. There are fev studies vrhich
include CO as independent variable. Complex behavior processes
such as learning, remembering, problem-solving, show little
evidence of deficit at altitudes below 10,000 feet (equivalent
to about 10$ CoHb). Personality changes, such as reduction in
self criticism and gross disturbances of motor control are not
usually evidence below altitudes of 15,000 feet. Auditory
function has shown no significant change with moderate altitude
but visual functions have shown changes at 5^000 feet. (3~k%
CoHb.) Effect on visual thresholds of breathing CO lasts longer
than residual CoHb will justify. - Authors' Abst.
386. Gilbert, G.J., and Glaser, G.H,: Neurologic manifestations of
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. New England J. Med. 261:1217-
1220 (Dec* 10) 1959.
A detailed case history is given of a patient suffering from
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. The condition was verified
by the finding of a significantly-elevated blood carbon monoxide
level. A detailed occupational history was obtained indicating
that the patient had been a policeman for 18 years. His first
few "spells" had occurred four years before hospital admission in
1958 at the age of 50 while he was assigned to directing heavy
automobile traffic. Fearing that his job was too strenuous, he
had requested transfer to the police garage and had served as a
mechanic there for the past three years. It was often necessary
to run the motors of the police cars in the garage, particularly
in the repair of police radios which required a running motor for
their operation. The garage doors were usually left open but were
close often after March to keep out the sun. The time of closing
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of the garage doors corresponded to the period of exacerbation of
the patient's symptomatology. The patient had anorexia, weight
loss, a fluctuating organic mental syndrome, and recurrent episodes
of loss of consciousness, each attack preceded by o, period of
dizziness and at&yJ.a. After the patient bar) a:! ^continued his
work, serial electroencephalograms showed progressive clearing
Of focal and paroxysmal abnormal ities, correlated with clinical
improvement. It is noted in the text—and commented editorially,
in the same journal, pp. lOW-1249--that unless the occupational
history is carefully taken, the different diagnoses can be
difficult. The patient under discussion had received anticonvulsant
therapy for 2-1/2 years previous to the correct diagnosis. It is
noted in the editorial also that there were a few more attacks
which were always associated with driving a farm tractor. It was
found that the patient had a habit of walking behind the tractor
where the exhaust was on a level of about his head. When this
occupation was also discontinued he recovered fully, and the
diagnosis was confirmed. - APCA 3185
387 • Gilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, N.M., and
A. Ya. Loshak: The effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide
on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In: Parin, V.V.
(editor) Aviation and Space Medicine, Moscow, 1963. NASA Technical
Translation TT-F-228.
Pressure-chamber experiments ware performed on 82 persons
to study the effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Also,
30 flights on IL-18, AW-10, and TU-IOk planes were made during
which 185 members of the crew and passengers were examined and 3^7
air samples were obtained in the cabins. The results of the
investigations showed that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide
(starting with 0.01 Kg/liter or more), both under experimental
conditions (ground and pressure-chamber at 2^00 m) and during actual
flight had adverse effects on the functioning of several organs and
systems, namely: (a) Higher nervous activity; (b) Functions of the
visual and vestibular analyzers; (c) Metabolic processes; (d) Cardio-
vascular system; (e) Muscular strength; (f) Tissue respiration and;
(g) Leukopoiesis. On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data
obtained and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that
the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in
pressurized passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 ing/liter. - Authors'
Abst.
388. origor'ev, Z.E.: Effect of volatile substances and of gases on the higher
nervous activity of white rats in the course of inhalation exposure.
Jarmakologiya i Toksikologiya 18:^9-52, 1955. in: Levine, B.S. (editor and
translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 5, 1961, pp. 125-130, CFSTI-TT-6l-m^9,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
The author describes attempt to evolve a nethod of experimental
investigation which would permit the development of conditioned
-------
reflexes and inhalation exposure in one chamber. The following
tests made in stages are described. Development of positive motor-
nutrition conditional reflex with red light; development of inhibition
differentiation conditioned reflex to white lightj extinction and
conversion of positive food conditioned reflexes into inhibition
reflex response, and the latter into positive reflex response, and
testing the effect of gasoline vapor on the higher nervous activity
of rats. This method was applied for the determination of the
minimum gasoline and carbon monoxide concentration affecting the
central nervous system and it proved sufficiently sensitive in
studying the action of other volatile chemical substances used in
the different industries. - AGO
389. Grudzinska, B.: ELectroencephalographic patterns in cases of chronic
exposure to carbon monoxide in air. Folia Medica Cracoviensia 3:
^3-515,1963.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether chronic exposure
to CO produces pathologic changes in man and to analyse electro-
clinical correlations. Sixty workers from gas works and coking
plants exposed to CO concentrations not exceeding 0.01$ were
studied. The control group consisted of 30 workers similarly
employed "but not exposed to CO. Only healthy individuals were
included in both groups without history of cranial trauma or acute
CO poisoning. Examination included determination of erythrocyte
counts, Hb and COHb levels, complete history, functional tests
of the vegetative nervous system. EEG's were made at rest and
after activities. CO exposure was confirmed "by examination of
COHb. The mean level of COHb was J.k<$> in the exposed group, and
3% in the control group. The COHb level exceeded 10$ in 11 persons
of the exposed group. A neurasthenia syndrome was diagnosed in
63$ of the exposed group and in 40$ of the control group. The
type and intensity of complaints in each group was studied.
Statistical analysis of the differences revealed significantly
greater incidence of headache and general debility in the exposed
group.
Among the normal tracings from the exposed group there was
a significantly higher proportion of flat, low-voltage tracings with
scanty alpha rhythm (p <0.01).
Statistically significant electroclinical correlations were
found in the group exposed to CO. All the pathologic tracings and
81$ of the low-voltage tracings and those with scanty alpha rhythm
were found in individuals with neurasthenic syndromes. In addition,
*QT the tracings of the first sleep phases were also found in
neurasthenic individuals.
From the findings it may be concluded that chronic exposure
to low concentrations of carbon monoxide does not cause distinct
changes in the nervous system, but may have a certain inhibitory
effect on the bioelectric activity of the brain, manifested
clinically as neurasthenia and in the EEG as scantly low-voltage
alpha rhythm and tracings of the first sleep phases. However,
since these changes are nonspecific, EEG examination in cases
165
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suspected of chronic CO poisoning is not decisive, although it may
be auxiliary factor in making the diagnosis. - Author's Sum.
Modified
390- Kirichinskaya, "I.A.: Sequelae of severe carbon monoxide poisoning.
Soviet. Meditsina 22:152-154, 1958. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and
translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related
Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 5, 1961, pp. 115-119, CFSTI-
TT-61-11149, U.S. Kept, of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is characterized by acute impairment of
the central nervous system functions, caused by carboxyhemoglobin
formation and by disturbed brain cell oxygen metabolism. Author
describes a case where the victim was in an atmosphere containing
CO for about 12 hours. The severe carbon monoxide poisoning of
this middle-aged male described, followed a favorable course at
first: during 5 days of hospitalization his condition improved
to such an extent that he was sent home and allowed to return to
work after 4 days. Nine days later he began to manifest mental
changes which necessitated his confinement to a psychiatric hospital.
Akinetic syndrome with symptoms of diffuse damage of the cerebral
vessels were diagnosed. Author suggests that persons with carbon
monoxide poisoning should be under prolonged observation and
hospitalized for not less than a month after intoxication. - AGO
391.Kovnatskyy, M.A. : Clinical study of chronic intoxication with
carbon monoxide. Gigiena Truda Professional Zabolevaniia (Moscow)
5:25-30, 1961.
The paper contains a detailed discussion of the problem relating
to chronic intoxication with carbon monoxide. Experimental data
published in literature sources and many years of clinical
observations prove that a prolonged period subjected to the
effect of carbon monoxide may give rise to a chronic intoxication.
The paper lists symptomatology of chronic intoxication, early
manifestations of the poisoning, and curative -preventive measures.
Special attention is given to the description of changes occurring
in the nervous and the cardiovascular systems. - APCA ^366
392. LumiQ, J,S. : 6^'Eptcms in the inner ear associated with chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u. Gewerbehyg.
1954.
Giddiness in 85$ of the cases of chronic generator gas poisoning
in Finland is often associated with otologies! disorders,
vestibular or cochlear. Actual slight defect in hearing occurred
only in 48$ of these cases. There was a coincidence in 90$
of positive oto -neurological cases with a reduction in the visual
field as reported by Helminen. - PHS-EG
166
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393. Lumlo, J.S.: Hearing Deficiencies Caused by Carbon Monoxide (Generator
Gas). Acta Oto-Laryngologica Suppl. IXXI, Helsinki, May 19^8, 112 pp.
This paper deals with the investigation of possible hearing disturbances
due to exposure to carbon monoxide.
Chapter one gives a short review of the origin and development
of the CO poisoning problem in Northern European Countries. Chapter
two is a review of previous Investigations and in chapter three author
discusses his own investigations, on the basis of which author states
that chronic CO poisoning seems comparatively often responsible for the
impairment of hearing.
Seven hundred patients suffering from chronic CO poisoning were
examined. Hearing disturbances were ascertained in 73-3$ of the
patients. A considerable smaller number of hearing disturbances,
namely 26.7$/ were found in patients who had been exposed to CO in
their places of work, but in whom chronic CO poisoning could not be
verified. - AGC
394. Malorny, G., Fodor, G., and Pomp, H.: Effect of low CO-concentrations
on movement and reflexes. Arch. Experiment. Pathol. & Fharmacol.
246:23-24, 1963.
Tests were conducted with rats and mice for the determination of
whether very low CO-concentrations contained in the atmosphere
and inside working places can cause physical or psychological
disturbances. The swimming performance of mice put into water
and exposed for one hour to CO-concentrations of 0.03-0.05 Vol. <&
was much 'Blower than the performance of control animals. The same
slow performance was observed with animals put into water 2 hour
after having been exposed to CO.
In testing spontaneous movements of mice the animals were
placed into an air tight container Into which alternating quantities
of CO (160, 84 and 55 ppm) were piped in. After a 14 hour
exposure the mice were put into a thread wheel and again exposed
to CO for three hours.
In comparison with control animals running 1500 m in
three hours, those exposed to 84 ppm CO were running 750 m and
those exposed to 55 ppm 500 m during the same period of time.
The reaction of rats was tested after an exposure to
l40-l6o ppm CO. Tests were made 6 hours after exposure. Complete
loss of reflexes was noted after 10 weeks. Since these
disturbances remained for a long time after tests were completed,
author assume that the central nervous system had been permanently
damaged. - From German-AGC
395. Easkin, N., and Mullaney, O.C.: The mental and neurological sequelae
of carbon monoxide asphyxia in a case observed for fifteen years. J.
Kerv. & Mental His. 92:640-659 (Nov.) 1940.
Author describes the mental and neurological sequelae of a patient
who survived, for 15 years, a case of CO asphyxia. This patient
167
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developed Parkin soul an's syndrome, and the mental picture was one
of involution melancholia. The extensive literature of case studies
of patients who survived CO poisoning for a few days or months is
also reviewed. - AGO
396. Shillito, F.H., Drinker, C.K., and Shaughnessy, T.J.: The problem
of nervous and mental sequelae in carbon monoxide poisoning.
J. A.M.A. 106:669-674 (Feb. 29) 1936.
The New York metropolitan area was chosen for a study of nervous
and mental sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning. It is known that
at least 21,1^3 acute exposures of all degree occurred there in a ten
year period. For the same period a survey of the state mental
institutions serving the meteropolitan area of Hew York City showed
thirty-nine certain cases of sequelae of carbon monoxide. Such patients
formed 0.05 per cent of the total admissions. Serious mental or
nervous sequelae of carbon monoxide poisoning are thus infrequent
in relation either to other nervous and mental diseases or to the
number of acute exposures.
Study of case records reveal that when nervous or mental damage
occurred the acute carbon monoxide intoxication was extreme.
Complete unconsciousness was invariable and the most active resusci-
tative measures were necessary. None of these cases followed so-
called chronic carbon monoxide exposure over a long period of time.
A clear period of from seven to twenty days preceded the
onset of symptoms in one third of the cases. In the remainder of
the cases the symptoms started Immediately following the poisoning.
Mental sequelae consisted of a confusion psychosis, with
disorientation, lack of judgment and amnesia. Motor overactivity
and aphasia were much less common. Hallucinations, delusions or
convulsions played no conspicuous part.
Nervous sequelae consisted of signs varying from slightly
increased deep reflexes to well advanced parkinsonism. Sensory
disturbances, such as skin anesthesia and peripheral motor neuritides,
were also encountered. These cases all showed improvement, but the
final result depended on the degree of initial damage.
In the total group of forty-three cases, twenty-three patients
recovered completely, nine suffered permanent nervous or mental sequelae
and eleven died. - Authors' Sum.
Shillito, F.H., Drinker, C.K., and Shaughnessy, T.J.: Contributing
causes in CO poisoning. Amer. Gas Ass. Monthly 18:260-261 (Mid-Summer)
1936.
From 528 cases of recent carbon monoxide exposure, 167 cases were
hospitalized after emergency treatment. The records of these patients
were studied and serve as the basis of this report.
In regard to contributing causes, two thirds of the patients
gave evidence of pre-existing psychoses, acute alcoholism or serious
organic diseases.
168
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Considering the mental and physical background of the group,
it is not surprising to find an 82.6 per cent suicidal rate.
The incidence of nervous and mental after-effects of acute
carbon monoxide poisoning was found to be slightly higher than previously
reported (0.56 per cent as compared vith 0,18 per cent). This difference
may be due to different methods of study, or to the fact that modern
methods of treatment are reviving more seriously poisoned cases.
Authors' Sum.
398. Strecker, E.A., Taft, A.E., and Willey, G.F. : Mental sequelae of
carbon monoxide poisoning, with reports of autopsy in two cases.
Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 17:552-560, 1927.
This paper presented before the Philadelphia Neurological Society,
refers to previous presentations and studies reporting pathologic
changes in the central nervous system caused by carbon monoxide
poisoning. Studies by scientists who examined thirty- two brains
report similar conditions as presented in these papers, consisting
of characteristic symmetrical softening of the globus pallidus, with
degenerative changes in the arterial walls leading to the deposit of
lime salts even by the third day. Considerable confirmatory,
experimental work was done with animals by another investigator.
Authors' relate studies of two cases made in the wards and laboratories
of the department tor mental and nervous diseases of the Pennsylvania
Hospital. - AGC
399. Strzelczyk, P., and Zenk, H. : Permanent sub-toxic effects of
>iarbon monoxide on organs connecting hearing and balance in gas
workers. Archiv Ohren-, Nasen- u. Kehlkopfheilk. 184:81-92,
Early diagnosis of slow developing chronic CO poisoning is discussed
in this paper. Investigations of subjective complaints of workers
exposed to CO concentrations of 0.01$ and above were made in
addition to audiometric and vestibular function tests. Although
the effects of acute CO poisoning have been recognized, there are
still divided opinions as to damaging health effects following
continuous or intermittent exposure to. this gas. Experiments
with two groups of workers, one group exposed to low CO content
and one control group exposed to clean air, were made. Standardized
methods of investigation were used, which made it possible to obtain
objective results of pathologic changes. Eighty- four percent of
the CO group had subjective complaints in comparison with kj% in
the control group. The investigations showed a significant
difference pf subjective audiometric and vestibular symptoms.
The noiae-audiometry showed that six cases suffered cortical, and
four cases retro -ganglion damage. A significant difference in
subjective audiometric and vestibular symptoms were noted, caused
by sub-toxic doses of CO, in comparison with the control group.
- From German-AGC
169
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400. Tronzano, L., and Coscia, G.: Radial paralysis in a case of acute
carbon monoxide intoxication. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:^01-403 (May-
Aug.) 1964.
A case is reported of paralysis of the right arm in a 38-year-old
worker acutely poisoned by carbon monoxide. The paralysis persisted
for three months, although no signs of central-nervous-system
distress were evident. This case demonstrates the occurrence of
isolated lesions in the peripheral nerve trunks of the arm during
acute carbon monoxide poisoning. - NASA 80287
401. Vol'fson, Z.G.: Limits of allowable concentration of carbon
monoxide in atmospheric air. In: Levine. B.S. (translator) and
Byazanov, V.A. (editor): Limits of allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants. U. S. Office of Technical Services,
Washington,D. C., Book 1, 1952, pp. 5°-&4« OTS 59-21173.
The U.S.S.R. literature on studies concerning CO in the atmosphere
is reviewed in this paper. Based on clinical and experimental
evidence 20-30 mg/m3 of CO are considered maximum levels at which
disturbances in the central nervous system are noticeable. The
recommendation for the adoption of standards was made after
thorough study of results of investigation and experiments. The
population surveyed consisted of children, aged, sick, and
generally feeble persons. Following recommendations were made:
The maximal allowable limit of average daily CO concentrations
in the city atmosphere is not to be above 2 mg/m3. Maximal
single concentration of CO in the atmospheric air must not exceed
6 mg/m3. - AGC
402. yon c-ettingen, W.F.: Carbon Monoxide: Its Hazards and th^ Mechanism
of its Action. Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service,
PHSB No. 290. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
1944, PP. 257-
Investigations by the author show that CO poisoning is characterized
by the formation of CO hemoglobin and that the amount of CO hemoglobin
formed depends upon the concentration of CO in the air, the duration
of the exposure, and the rate of respiration of the individual
exposed. An increase in the temperature, humidity, and C0p content
of the air or a decrease in the concentration of Op will stimulate
the respiration and hence favor the absorption of CO. But if such
variations are eliminated, certain concentrations of CO in air will
convert only a definite percentage of osiyhemoglobin into CO hemoglobin
until an equilibrium is reached. The speed with which the maximal
concentration is reached depends upon the concentration of CO in air,
so that with high concentrations of CO maxiraal saturation may occur
very rapidly.
CO may also react with other "heme"-containing pigments and
enzymes, but, of all pigments mentioned, only the pseudohemoglobin
has a greater affinity to CO than hemoglobin, and at present it appears
170
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impossible to judge on the physiological importance of this phenomenon.
The question as to whether or not CO affects the functioning of other
pigments such as myoglobin or cytochrome appears to need further
study, and the same holds true regarding information on the effect
of CO on certain pigments found in the brain.
,; Regarding the relation between toxic symptoms and the concen-
tration of CO hemoglobin in the blood, it appears that concentrations
below SO percent cause only moderate subjective complaints and that
these become serious with concentrations up to 30 percent and alarm-
ing with higher concentrations. It appears impossible to state which
concentration of CO hemoglobin in the blood will be fatal because
this will vary considerably with the type of exposure and the Og
need of the organism at the time of the exposure, but it appears
that concentrations between 60 and 80 percent will be dangerous to
life.
Analysis of the clinical picture and the pathological findings
in CO poisoning, especially in regard to the behavior of the
circulatory apparatus and the central nervous system as well as the
metabolism, appears to indicate that the sequelae of CO poisoning
are more serious than would be ejected from mere anoxemia of a
similar degree. In spite of the impressive parallelism between the
effects of CO poisoning and those produced by lack of QQ ^ cannot
be denied that there are a number of reactions and phenomena which
may indicate a specific primary or secondary effect of CO on certain
"heme"-containing pigments or enzymes of the organism. - Author's
Conclusions Modified.
403. Wechsler, I.S.: Partial cortical blindness with preservative of
color vision. Arch. Qphthalmol. 9:957-9^5* 1933•
This is a report of a case following possible CO asphyxiation,
whereby the patient suffered a brain lesion in which the cortex was
extensively affected. It has been established by clinical observation
and pathologic studies that cortical and subcortical lesions may
give rise to dissociation of color perception from visual acuity,
namely, loss of former without impairment of the latterj it is also
well known that in inipairment of vision, whether peripheral or
central, the first to be lost and the last to be regained is the
perception of color.
Author points out that CO has a predilation for the basal
ganglious, especially causing lenticular softening, and for the
peripheral nerves, but no part of nervous system is immune to the
poison. Parkinsonian syndromes and peripheral nerve palsies
frequently characterize CO poisoning. Mental deterioration and
psychotic manifestations so commonly encountered attest the additional
cortical involment, as well as Parkinsonian syndromes and peripheral
nerve palsies. - AGC
171
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404. Wilmer, W.H.: Effects of carbon monoxid upon the eye. Amer. J.
Ophthalmol. h:73-89 (Pet.) 1921.
This paper gives a general survey of the subject and includes a graphic
description of the subjective and general nutritional effects pf
carbon monoxid poisoning, by one of the victims; and incidentally
throws light on the origin of a story of a haunted house. It fgives
an account of the ocular symptoms of such poisoning, revealing a
distinct tendency of the poison to cause neuritis and especially to
affect the optic nerve. - Author's Abst.
Postmortem Investigations
405. Campbell, J.A.: Hypertrophy of the heart in acclimatization to chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning. J. Physiol. 77:8P-9P, 1933*
In the course of the post-mortem examinations of tar-cancer mice,
some of which had been exposed for about 9 months to chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning and others for the same period to oxygen at high
pressure (60 p.c. atmos.) in the air, it was observed that the
average weight of the hearts of the mice exposed to carbon monoxide
was much greater than that of the mice exposed to high oxygen and
also than that of the control mice. Only one of the controls and
two of the mice exposed to high oxygen possessed hearts weighing more
than 0.235 gm. Of the 19 mice exposed to carbon monoxide, 14 possessed
hearts weighing between 0.235 and 0.3^0 g.; in k others the weights
were between 0.200 and 0.235 g«j 0.^35 g. was the weight of the heart
in the remaining mouse. - Author's Abst.
406. Candura, F., Craveri, A., and Brasca, F.: Fibrinolysis in acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. Experimental research. Folia Med. (Naples)
44:400-408 (May) 1961.
In experiments with rabbits, the authors studied the fibrinolytic
behavior of the blood serum following acute or fatal poisoning with
city-gas (CO content of 1.8-5%). A constant and significant increase
in the content of fibrinolysin or plasmin, was found. This resulting
increase in the fibrinolytic power of the blood may explain the
occasional finding of a fluidity of the post-mortem state of the
blood following a CO-poisoning death. No correlation was found
between the rate of increase of fibrinolysis and the blood hemoglobin
CO (HbCO) level. In view of the absence of any correlation, it is
suggested by the authors that post-mortem blood fluidity—a finding
which is not wholly characteristic of CO poisoning—might occur through
nonspecific mechanisms which are brought into action by stress.
- APCA 4255
172
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407. Dominguez, A.M., Halstead, J.R., and Domanski, T.J.: Determination
of Carboxyhemoglobin in Decomposed Bodies. Armed Forces Institute
of Pathology, ¥ashington, D.C., July 1963, 15 PP. DDC AD ^20631.
The interpretation and the significance of carbon monoxide findings
in cases associated with decomposition is studied. The evidence
presented indicates that the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin
saturation value is not markedly altered during poatoortem decomposition
vhen: (1) the specimens are properly preserved, and (2) the blood
extracted from tissue is examined as soon as possible for the
presence of carbon monoxide. It appears possible to obtain carbon
monoxide values, utilizing blood extracted from tissue, in the
presence of postmortem decomposition that are similar to the
antemortem levels. For example, within the k% to 12% carboxyhemoglobin-
saturation range covered, there was neither a marked increase nor
decrease in final percentage of carboxyhemoglobin following
decomposition. Nevertheless, unreliable carboxyhemoglobin saturation
values may occur. A gas-solid chromatographic procedure for
determining carbon monoxide using blood or tissue is presented.
This procedure employs a Van Slyke apparatus for liberating gases
from biological specimens modified for introducing released gas into
the gas chromatograph. - Authors' Abst.
408. Giantz, W.M., Stembridge, V.A., Dominguez, A.M., et al: Carbon monoxide
determination in aircraft accident fatalities. Aerospace Med. 30:711-715
(Oct.) 1959.
Investigators at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology have studied 747
cases of aircraft accident fatalities for the presence of carbon monoxide
in postmortem tissues. All aircraft accident victims with carboxyhemoglobin
elevations above 10 per cent rere shown to have been alive at the time of
the fire. Carboxyhemoglobin levels between 6 and 9 per cent saturation
indicate the possibility that the subject was alive at the time of exposure
to fire. Extensive fragmentation and postmortem incineration of tissues
subsequent to explosive impact forces do not elevate the carboxyhemoglobin
saturations. These investigators found no cases in which carbon monoxide
intoxication has been implicated as the cause of an aircraft accident. *
.Authors' Sum.
409. Hayhurst, E.R.: Carbon monoxide and automobile exhaust gases. Amer.
J. Pub. Health 16:218-223 (March) 1926.
This paper deals with the problem of diagnosis of carbon monoxide
poisoning, but not with cases where exposure is evident and severe
symptoms or death ensue. Author is interested in exposure to limited
amounts and whether such symptoms as the common ones of headache,
weariness, weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, loss of strength
and muscular control, increased pulse and respiratory rates, loss of
reflexes, and even coma with intermittent convulsions, cessation
of respiration, and death are due to carbon monoxide poisoning or
173
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any of the many other possible factors connected with the environment
or the condition of the victim. - Author's Abst. Modified.
4 10. Ramsey, T.L., and Eilmann, H.J.: Carbon monoxide acute and chronic
poisoning and experimental studies. J. Lab. & Clinical Med. 17:
1931-1933.
Presented is a study of carbon monoxide from a standpoint of the
method of its production, its affinity for hemoglobin, its action
upon being respired, the percentages of blood saturation in varying
lengths of time according to the concentration in the respired air,
the symptoms and effect upon the body, possible methods of its
elimination from the body, the production of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning, methods of treatment, the postnortem macroscopic appearances
of the body following carbon monoxide deaths, some important
medicolegal facts, a series of experiments on guinea pigs to
ascertain its persistence in the body following exposure, and the
histopathology of various tissues in animals dying, directly during
exposure, and those killed and autopsied at varying periods later. -
Authors' Sum.
411. Stembridge, V.A.j and Goldbaum, L.R.: The role of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology in tissue toxicity study. Aviation Med.
Symposium, Nov. 1957j PP- 5-8.
Iforing the period from May 1957 through Oct. 1957; 269 determinations
for CO have been accomplished at the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology utilizing a new method for obtaining a specimen. Of
those 110 determinations for carbon monoxide on post-mortem tissues,
11 (10$) showed an elevation above 10 percent saturation. None of
these 11 cases were considered a sudden death and in all there was
evidence that the individual died primarily due to fire.
Post-mortem CO determinations are done in aircraft accident
victims for two basic reasons: First, to determine whether carbon
monoxide was present in the cockpit environment prior to impact
(due to such factors as in-flight fires, exhaust fumes or improper
venting of other combustion products) and second, to determine
whether or not an individual was alive following an impact associated
with fire. - From Text-AGC
412. Strecker, E.A., Taft, A.E., and Willey, G.F.: Mental sequelae of
carbon monoxide poisoning, with reports of autopsy in two cases.
Arch. Neural. & Psychiat. 17:552-560, 1927.
This paper presented before the Philadelphia Neurological Society,
refers to previous presentations and studies reporting pathologic
changes in the central nervous system caused by carbon monoxide
poisoning. Studies by scientists who examined thirty-two brains
report similar conditions as presented in these papers, consisting
of characteristic symmetrical softening of the globus pallidus, with
-------
degenerative changes in the arterial vails leading to the deposit of
lime salts even "by the third day. Considerable confirmatory,
experimental work was done with animals by another investigator.
Authors' relate studies of two cases made in the wards and laboratories
of the department fbr mental and nervous diseases of the Pennsylvania
Hospital. - AGO
413. Taaas, A., and McELroy, J. : Postmortem Carbon Monoxide Analysis:
Significance of Tissue Blood Content. Aerospace Medical Research
lab,, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Hov, 1957> 15 PP« (tables) DDC
AD 1^2 150.
Proper interpretation of the results of a postmortem tissue analysis
for carbon monoxide is essential to the Flight Surgeon investigating
major aircraft accidents. The pitfalls and shortcomings of the
present technique of extra-polating presumed human in vivo "blood
carbon monoxide levels from data obtained by rat experimentation
are described. Data are presented which indicate the necessity for
relating carbon monoxide tissue analyses to the tissue "blood
content. - Authors' Abst.
414. Trinkina, I. A.: The time of the carbon monoxide excretion from the
organism of the poisoned subject and the possibility of its post-
mortem entry into the blood. Abst. Soviet Medicine Part B.
Clinical Med. k: 985-986, 1960.
Twenty rabbits were exposed in a hermetically- sealed chamber to
carbon monoxide fumes at a concentration of 0.15-0.20$ for 15-20
minutes. Blood carbon monoxide levels were determined using
Van Slyke's technique before and 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 3 hours,
and 6 hours after removal of the animals from the chamber. In
addition, 21 cadavers were exposed to various concentrations of CO
in the sealed chamber. Subsequently, aqueous extracts of lungs,
brains, and ecchymoses, as well as cardiac and vascular blood,
were examined with the help of spectroscopic analysis, tannin
tests, etc. No CO could be demonstrated in the blood of the
animals 9-11 hours after exposure. In the case of cadavers,
injured or noninjured, no carboxyhemoglobin could be demonstrated
whatever the duration of exposure and whatever the time interval
between death and the start of the experiment. - APCA
415. Wilks, S.S., and Clark, R.T. , Jr.: Carbon monoxide determinations in
post-mortem tissues as an aid in determining physiologic status pi-tor
to death. J. Appl. Physiol. 14:313-320, 1959.
With appropriate methodology, carbon monoxide in the 'solid1 tissues
of animals was quant itated and correlated with the blood carbon
monoxide level in a series of controlled experiments with rats and
dogs. Experimental conditions simulating aircraft crashes were
devised and again the blood and 'solid* tissue CO levels were determined,
175
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Using the experimental data on animals as a basis for extrapolating
blood CO levels, along with tissue CO values, obtained from 'control1
and CO-asphyxial cases in human beings, an analysis was made of the
'solid' tissue specimens obtained in 186 fatal aircraft accidents.
From the analysis of tissue specimens from approximately 200 aircraft
crash cases, some 30% gave by this method a blood CO level in excess
of 307. saturation. These results point to the likelihood that CO was
present in the personnel compartments of some or all of these aircraft
at some time during flight. - Authors' Abst.
Smoking
416. Bokhoven, C., and Niessen, H. J. : Amounts of oxides of nitrogen and
carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke, with and without inhalation.
Nature 192:^58-^59 (Nov. k) 1961.
This paper describes investigations to determine concentrations of
MOS and CO in cigarette smoke, with and without inhalation. As a
result of inhalation both the UOS and the CO are absorbed to a large
extent. The amount of these compounds which may be taken up by
the body were estimated. If 20 cigarettes a day are smoked, 3.0 mgm
of NOS ( calculated as NOa) and 200 mgm of CO may be absorbed. These
figures are considerably higher than the amounts namely 12 X 0.1 =
1.2 mgm NOgand 12 X 2 = 2^ mgm of CO, regarded as the maximum which
can be safely tolerated. Author points out that for evaluation of
health effects of smoking, the possibility of synergism, caused by
the simultaneous presence of both MOjj. and CO should also be taken
into consideration. - AGC
chinn, H.I*: The Effect of Stoking at Simulated Altitudes on
Carboxyhemoglobin Formation. School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph
AFB, Texas, Feb. 29, 19W*, 3 pp. BDC AD 121 70?.
The Carboxyhemoglobin concentration of blood in regular smokers
(10 to 30 cigarettes dally) averaged 2.2 per cent of the total hemo-
globin.
After smoking k cigarettes in 30 minutes, the concentration
of Carboxyhemoglobin rose to 3*9 Per cent.
There was no significant difference between the Carboxyhemo-
globin concentration after smoking at ground levels or at simulated
altitudes of 12,000 or 15,000 feet.
The increased Carboxyhemoglobin after smoking is of little
significance at ground levels but becomes increasingly important at
altitudes above 10,000 feet. - Author's Abst.
176
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418. Curphey, T.tr., Hood, L.P.L., and Perkins, W.M.: Carboxyhemoglobin
in relation to air pollution and smoking. Arch. Environ. Health
10:179-185 (Feb.) 1965.
A total of 1,075 coroners' cases, for each of which a carbon monoxide
blood concentration determination has been made, vere classified
as to smoking habits to ascertain what, if any, association existed
between the carbon monoxide content in the ambient air, smoking
history, and carboxyhemoglobin levels found in cadaver blood. Persons
classified as nonsmokers were presumed to have been exposed in the
last 2k hours of life only to atmospheric carbon monoxide.
Analysis of the data reveals that nonsmokers consistently had
lower carbon monoxide values than smokers. In the one instance
where analysis was possible on the basis of sex, the median value
for male nonsmokers was greater by a factor of two, than for•female
nonsmokers. Graphically and by statistical analysis, the variables
of age, location of examination, time of day, and day in week of
death, maximum-minimum temperatures, or causes of death revealed
little or no individual effect on carboxyhemoglobin levels. This
was true for nonsmokers as well as for smokers. Smoking remained
constant as the major variable -associated with observed differences.
When analysis was made to determine what association if any among
nonsmokers existed between carboxyhemoglobin levels and ambient air
carbon monoxide content, the association was significant (p<0.05).
This significant association was not noted for every location.
This study points out the potentialities of utilizing populations
and other facilities of the chief medical examiner-coroner's office
in furthering explorations in the field of air pollution research in
general and the effects of carbon monoxide in particular. -
Authors' Sum.
419. Be Bruin, A., Vroege, D., and Van Haeringen, A.: Study of carbon
monoxide uptake in traffic policemen. T. Soc. Geneesk. ^3:146-151
(March 5) 1965-
The HbCO-content of the blood of 36 municipal traffic policemen--
non-smokers—in Rotterdam exposed to exhaust from motor vehicles,
during one to four hours, has been measured. The data were compared
to those of a control group of 16 non-smoking policemen working in
the office. Blood samples have been taken before and after work.
The HbCO-content was on the average 0.93$ before work and increased
to 1.11$ in the exposed group, whereas the HbCO-content in the
control group remained about the same. The peak CO-content in
the air was between 5-15 ppm. The chemical analysis has been
performed with two independent methods. - APCA 65-154
420. Dunlap, R.: Carbon monoxide the silent killer. Today's Health (Nov.)
1961, pp. 26-27, 67-68, and 71-72.
Every year motor vehicles pour .out 169,600,000,000 pounds of CO into
the air of American cities. The share of each urban dweller amounts to
177
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some 30 pounds of the deadly gas every 2k hrs. By 1970 an expected 100
million vehicles will be traveling some trillion miles a year and the
possible environmental danger from CO will have to be controlled. CO
has a remarkable affinity for red blood cells. It is absorbed by them
250 times as fast as oxygen. The gas unites with the hemoglobin and
keeps it from carrying oxygen to the tissues. This means that even a
seemingly inconsequential .02 percent CO can be lethal. Tobacco
smoking also increases the level of CO in the blood. Police files show
that every year 600 lives are lost due to carbon monoxide in the United
States. It is also assumed that this colorless, tasteless, nonirritating,
and odorless poison gas is a contributing factor to a high percentage of
approximately 180,000 highway accidents caused annually by drivers who
black out or fall asleep at the wheel. Concern is expressed about the
level of CO poisoning that may be encountered by a motorist smoking a
cigarette. Studies conducted by the U.S. Public Health Service's
Division of Air Pollution and such by other authorities are discussed
to alert the public to the danger of carbon nonoxide. -AGC
421. Goldsmith, J.R., and Rogers, L.H.: Health hazards of automobile exhaust.
Pub. Health Rep. 7^:551-558 (June) 1959,
In Los Angeles, the air pollution from diesel engine exhaust is about
20 tons of organic emissions/day while that from automobile exhausts
contributes about 1200 tons/day. Because the theoretical value (15:1)
for air to fuel required for complete combustion is seldom maintained
in automobiles, their exhausts frequently contain carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, aldehydes, uriburned hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and some
lead compounds depending on the additives ured. The constituents
(in $ of concentration, vol./vol.) of automobile exhausts are listed
in table 1. Of these only carbon monoxide. nitrogen oxides, lead com-
pounds, and hydrocarbons are discussed in this paper. The max. CO
concentration in Los Angeles, reported in table 2, is 93.2 ppm., with
an average value of 15 to 36 ppm. British citiss have reported an
average of k- to 20 ppm, with a max of 80 ppn. during smog. In Detroit,
during heavy traffic an average of 28*9 PP^j with 80 ppm. max., has
been reported. Although no health damage has been attributed to
levels of CO below 100 ppm. there is undoubtedly some inactivation
of hemoglobin. The level of CO saturation in the blood is greatly
increased in tobacco smokers. Although experimental studies have
shown an impaired adaptability of the eyes to darkness when young
subjects were exposed to low levels of CO, this has not been shown by
exposure to automobile exhausts at the levels found on city free-ways.
It is, however, a plausible inference. The toxicity of nitrogen dioxide
is based on its irritant properties, especially to the pulmonary
membranes in cases of significant exposure, which are often delayed
in onset. The nitrite ions formed when nitrogen dioxide dissolves are
capable of forming the inactivated hemoglobin known as methemoglobin.
Lead exposure by air pollution alone as reported by Los Angeles and
other cities is usually not toxic but the sasall persistent amounts
which could be contributed by auto exhausts may contribute to-cases of
toxicity in certain individuals working in garages and other work areas.
Hygienic standards have been established Ifor industrial exposure to Of,
178
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nitrogen dioxide, lead, and ozone. Establishing a full set of levels
for community exposure is difficult because of the many variables
involved, including the effect of agents in combination, the difference
in sensitivity of ill persons, and the indeterminate period of exposure.
The authors suggest that, in the absence of effective control for air
pollution from automobile exhausts, the public health hazard should be
evaluated. - APCA 2647
422. Goldsmith, J.R., Terzaghi, J., and Hackney, J.D.: Evaluation of
fluctuating carbon monoxide exposures. Arch of Environ. Health
7:6V7-66"3 (Dec.) 1963.
The patterns of population exposure must include exposure of
cigarette smokers, of those subjected to community air pollution,
those with exposures to motor vehicle exhaust during commuting, and
those with occupational exposure to carbon monoxide. Combinations
of these exposures were reduced to 6 typical daily routines which
approximated the exposures usually encountered by the population.
Estimated exposure of automobile commuter is about 35 ppm, twice
normal downtown peak, for duration of trip. Estimated exposure of
cigarette smoker is ^75 ppm for 6 minutes smoking time per
cigarette. - LEPS
423.Gunderman, K.O.s Hazards of the motorist by carbon monoxide.
Stadtehygiene. 77s248-253, 1964.
The results of CO recording in the two large cities Kiel and
Hamburg in Northern Germany, during rush hours show clearly
that they are above the harmless limits of the industrial
MAC of 0.01 Vol. %. These values which present the maximal
limits at the present time in both cities, will most probably
not be increased because of the relatively favorable climate
of these cities. However, under climatic unfavorable condition
the same traffic density may cause dangerous CO levels. The
recorded CO concentrations may become, however, a severe threat
to the,health of the population in these two cities mentioned
above, if traffic and withTit the exhaust emission are being
increased to the level as it prevails at present only a few
hours during the day, for a considerable longer period of
time. Additional danger to the motorist is caused by heavy
smoking. It is strongly recommended to reduce exhaust gas
emissions. It is also requested to keep traffic moving by
enlarging roads, by planting greeneries on traffic islands, and
through improvement of engine design. Of importance is also
the construction along the roads which should not impede
ventilation. These measures would also reduce the danger cause
by other exhaust components, for example carcenogenic propertie
However, chronic effects of long-term inhalation of various
auto exhaust pollutants needs to be investigated further.
Translation of sum. -AGC.
179
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424. Hackney, J.B., Lashier, if., Lynn, K., and Spier, C.: Comparative
effect of two sources of exposure to carbon monoxide on carbon
monoxide hemoglobin levels. Presented at the Air Pollution Research
Conference on "Effects of Motor Vehicle Emissions on Health,"
Dec. 6, 1961, Los Angeles, Calif.
The comparative effect of two sources of carbon monoxide exposure,
e.g., ambient CO and ambient CO plus cigarette smoke on the COHb
of two normal subjects working as a team is discussed in this
study. The rebreathing method for indirect estimation of COHb
as previously described (l) was used in this study for the frequent
monitoring of COHb. Samples of the ambient air were collected
almost continuously during the experimental run as a means of
representing the integrated total ambient CO exposure. - Authors'
Introduction
Haddon, W., Jr., Hesbitt, R.E.L. , and Garcia, R. : Smoking and pregnancy:
Carbon monoxide in blood during gestation and at terra. Obstet. Gynec.
18:262-267 (Sept.) 1961.
Blood carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in women seen in a prenatal
clinic were significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Carbon
monoxide concentrations in paired cord and maternal blood specimens
obtained at term were found to be approximately. :equal, whereas CO
concentrations per 100 gm. of hemoglobin were lower in cord than in
paired maternal blood specimens. The differences between smokers and
nonsmokers in the reduction in 02- carrying capacity in the cord and maternal
blood specimens, respectively, were also statistically significant.
These reductions in maternal and fetal oxygen- carrying capacity and the
action of CO as an enzyme inhibitor are discussed from the standpoint
of their possible effects on fetal development. - Author's summary
426. Hanson, H.B., and Hastings, A.B. : The effect of smoking on the
carbon monoxide content of blood. J. A.M.A. 100:1^81 (May 13)
1933-
»:
In a short series of normal individuals who do not smoke, the
hemoglobin of the blood was found to be saturated with carbon
monoxide, 1.5 per cent.
In subjects who smoke the saturation of the blood with
carbon monoxide was found to be from 3 to k per cent. - Authors'
Conclusions
427. Heron, H. J. r The effects of smoking during pregnancy: A review with
a preview. New Zealand Med. J. 6l: 5^5 -5^8 (Nov.) 1962.
Carbon monoxide blood concentrations were found to be higher in
maternal and foetal bloods in patients who smoked. '*•
Respiration in infants of mothers who smoked took longer to
establish and peripheral cyanosis was more common.
180
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The condition of such infants appeared to revert to more nearly
normal when they were placed in a high oxygen concentration for a
short time. - Author's Sam.
428. Jones, G.W., Yant, W.F., and Berger, L.B.: Carbon-Monoxide Hazards
from Tobacco Smoke. USBM, No. 2539 (Oct.) 1923, 6 pp.
The Bureau of Mines is interested in the general question of carbon-
monoxide hazards from tobacco smoke, mainly with regard to mine
ventilation. In non-gaseous mines, especially metal mines, the question
arises, whether, if groups of miners are permitted to smoke while
working at unventilated faces or entries, would the accumulation of
tobacco smoke in these places create any additional hazards due to
carbon-monoxide poisoning. The results should, in addition, be of
general interest in connection with ventilation of building and
inclosed places where people may be assembled and smoking is permitted.
The investigation described in this report was made with the above
idea in view. - From Text-AGC
-McEarland, R.A.and Jfc>ore, R.C.: Human factors in highway safety. A
Review and Evaluation. Hew England J. Med. 256:890-897 (May 9)
This article is the last of a series of three papers appearing in previous
issues dealing ^rith the same subject. The interrelationship between
"lost" and "environmental" factors are the last subject discussed.
Author states that the possibility of CO poisoning can rarely be
completely eliminated in the operation of motor vehicles. Although
significant concentration of CO in motor vehicles usually is the result
from leaks in the exhaust system, gas from the exhaust of preceding vehicles
may also be drawn in through ventilation systems. The paper points out
that exposure to 0.10 percent CO can be dangerous to life after one hour.
Exposure to even as small a concentration as 0.01 percent should not
be permitted over a long period. CO from other sources may be detrimental
to the driver. The blood of a person who has been smoking heavily may
already contain 5 to 8 percent carboxyhemoglobin from the CO inhaled in
the tobacco smoke. This amount results in sufficient anoxia to reduce
night vision significantly, comparable to the effects of high altitude
of about 800 feet.
This factor is Illustrated by a graph. In conclusion , author
states that the physician, in collaboration with other biologic scientists
and engineers, will play an important part in the prevention of accidental
trauma. -AGC.
430. McParland, R.A., and ffoseley, A.L. : Carbon monoxide in trucks and
buses and information from other areas of research on carbon monoxide,
altitude and cigarette smoking. Conf. Proc.: Health, Medical and
Drug . Eacto*s in Highway Safety, April 196\, Wash., B.C., Nat. Acad. Sc. -
Nat. Res. Council Pub. 328, Sept. 196U, pp. ^.17-^.33.
Data were presented concerning the frequency and severity of carbon
monoxide accidents ±n passenger and cargo operation in interstate com-
181
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merce. Approximately 1.3 percent of mechanical defects accidents from
1947-1951 are known to be due to carbon monoxide. Fatalities and
property damage accidents were higher for property carrying vehicles
than for passenger carrying vehicles while injuries were higher in the
latter. Fatalities occurred while vehicles were stopped, and injuries
tended to occur while the vehicle was in motion. The fatality and
injury rates are disproportionate in relation to the total of mechani-
cal defects accidents.
Carbon monoxide sources within the vehicle are due primarily
to engine exhaust and secondarily to combustion of lubricating oils
and sources in other vehicles. Accessability to the cab is through
the breather, manifold, head gaskets, muffler, tail pipe, air tank and
air operated devices and their connections, fittings and exhausts. In
some vehicles an extra source was found in methods of heating and of
preventing engine freezing in cold weather.
Operational data in a closed idling test after 15 minutes disclosed
100 p.p.m. CO concentration in 10 truck models, no level in one, and 200
p.p.m. in one. In five of six buses the finding was less than 10 p.p.m.
and in one was 100 p.p.m. Two units converted to bookmobiles gave 200
P.p.m. readings after 15 minutes of operation of a single gasoline heater.
Using a highway test of 45 minutes of closed roadway operation, tests on
20 trucks and 60 buses yielded CO values of less than 10 p.p.m,
Clinical evidence of CO exposure was found in the.personnel of the
bookmobiles.
While gross studies of driving do not show losses due to CO until
30% arterial saturation is reached, studies of differential brightness
threshold indicate that visual sensitivity and acuity under low illumin-
ation conditions are negatively influenced by anoxia and exposure to CO.
The effects are progressive as the oxyhemoglobin decreases, and as
carboxyhemoglobin increases. The effects are produced by smoking.
Visual losses due to anoxia may be offset: in part by increasing the
level of blood sugar. - Authors' Sum.
431. Mantell, C.D..: Sacking in pregnancy: The role played "by carbonic
anhydrase. New Zealand Med. J. 63:601-603 (Sept.) 1964.
An outline of the method used to estimate the carbonic anhydrase
content in a specimen of cord blood has been given. This method
involved the absorption of C02 by a buffer solution so as to lover
its pH to the end point of the indicator.
Results show a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity in
the cord bloods of infants whose mothers smoked*.
Classification at birth, length of gestation, and "birth
weights of the infants were also affected,
The differences in enzyme activity, foetal birth weights
and condition, and the prematurity rate between infants of light
and heavy smokers and between those who smoked and those who did
not smoke during labour, were insignificant. - Author's Sum.
182
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432.Metgs, J.W«: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Bull. U.S. Army IJept,
8:542-546, 1948.
The danger of carbon monoxide poisoning raicng nen working on gasoline*
driven vehicles is emphasized. A concentration, of several thousand
parts per million may occur in the air near the exhaust outlet, even
outdoors, unless exhaust gases are discharged so that the carbon
monoxide is diluted before it can return to any area where it may be
inhaled. Symptoms, which usually occur when the carboxy-haemoglobin
content of the blood reaches 20 percent, include headache, dizziness,
faintness, nausea, and vomiting. Samples of oxalated blood should be
analyzed for the presence of carbon monoxic'?. ds soon as possible after
exposure, to minimize reoxygenation of carboxy-haemoglobin, but they
can be frozen and sent to a laboratory. The presence of a significant
amount of carbon monoxide in the blood will differentiate symptoms due
to carbon monoxide poisoning from those due to other causes, especially
alcohol. Heavy cigarette smoking may produce carboxy-haemoglobin
levels up to 10 percent.- BMB 402
Mills, C.A., and. Porter, M.M.: Tobacco smoking and automobile-
driving stress in relation to deaths from cardiac and vascular
causes. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 234:35-^3 (July) 195?.
A direct association well beyond the realm of reasonable chance
occurrence has been found to exist between cardiovascular
disease death rates in white men and the amount of cigarette smoking
in which they habitually indulge. Superimposed upon all categories
of this cigarette smoking relationship is a further sharp death-
rate rise associated with annual driving mileages above 12,000 miles,
and still further superijnpos.iti.on in all categories is associated
with residence in the solidly built-up basin areas of the city
(Cincinnati).
These relationships are essentially analogous to those we
found to exist for lung cancer death rates in white men, although
the apparent exacerbating relationship was much greater between
smoking and lung cancer deaths than between smoking and cardiovas-
cular disease deaths. - Authors' Sum.
434, Mills, C.A., and Porter, M.M.: Tobacco smoking, motor exhaust fumes,
and general air pollution in relation to lung cancer incidence.
Cancer Res. 17:981-990 (Nov.) 1957.
Details are presented of a survey covering residence, smoking and
driving habits of living populations and those dying of lung cancer
in the basin and suburban areas of Cincinnati and in Ohio rural
areas. The findings in this survey give rise to the following
deductions and conclusions:
Tobacco smoking was found to be significantly related to
lung cancer incidence in the subjects of this study, whether or not
there was in addition heavy exposure in urban motor traffic or to
general urban air pollution.
183
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Annual driving mileages above 12,000 miles per year, as
compared vith lesser driving mileages, are significantly related
to lung cancer incidence among urban men, except for those in the
heavy smoking category.
Lung cancer death frequencies were found significantly higher
among Cincinnati's Basin men than among suburban men in this
survey.
Lung cancer rates in nonsmoking men, urban or rural, did not
differ significantly from the low rates found prevailing in women
of all groups.
Finally, it is suggested that the alarming rise in lung
cancer incidence is predominantly a hazard pertaining to urban
tobacco smoking, but a hazard intensified for those urban smokers
with heavy exposure also in urban traffic. - Authors' Sum.
435. Nichols, G., Jr., and Kinsey, J.L.: Carbon monoxide as a habitability
factor in prolonged submarine submergence. U.S. Naval Medical Research
Laboratory, New London, Conn., Report No. 223, (April 16) 1953.
Toxic cone, of CO accumulate when there is unrestricted smoking in
sealed spaces, such as a submarine during a prolonged submergence.
23 volunteers on Operation Hideout were exposed to CO levels of
approx. 100 or more ppm for continuous period of 6 days, following
a period of 12 days' exposure to CO cone, between 50 and 100 ppm
and period of unknown length during which this cone, accumulated;
6 day period was followed by 4 days of exposure to CO cone, varying
from 25 to 100 ppm. Comparing 6 day period of exposure to 100 ppm
with 6 day period immediately following return to outboard ventilation,
subjective complaints as ms. by number of headaches were significant
at 107. level. Significant amts. of hb were saturated with CO; in
only 2 cases, however, was this considered to be in range where
subjective complaints occur, and in each of these 2 there were no
symptoms. CO-blood saturation dropped rapidly (1 day) upon return
to outboard ventilation. - Kett.
436. Rlngold, A*, Goldsmith, J.R., Helwig, H.L., Finn, R., and
Schiette, F.: Estimating recent carbon monoxide exposures. A
rapid method. Arch. Environ. Health 5:308-318 (Oct.) 1962.
A valid method for determining the carboxyhemoglobin level in the
body has been developed. The method is based on the 20-second
breath-holding method first described by Jones et al., using an
Infrared analyser first reported by Lawther and. Apthrop. Our
work shows that a polyvinyl bag can be used for collection of
samples in the field.
An application of this method Is reported. This confirms
the fact that, cigarette smoking is a major factor In determining
the carboxyhemoglobin level in a population. Pipe and cigar smokers
appear not to have much Increase in carboxyhemoglobin.
-------
The method should be suitable for studying the relationship
of carboxyhemoglobin to occupational and to ambient air pollution
exposures. - Authors' Sum. & APCA
437. Sievere, R.F., Edwards, T.I., and Murray, A.L. t A Medical Study of
Men Exposed to Measured Amounts of Carbon Monoxide in the Holland
Tunnel for 13 Years, Federal Security Agency, U.S. PHSB No. 278,
19^2, Washington, D. C., 7^ PP , and J. AMA 118:585-588 (Feb.21) 19^2
Medical examinations of 156 traffic officers on duty at the Holland
Tunnel for 13 years and four months were made as a practical test
of the effectiveness of the medical and engineering control methods
set up for their protection. About half of these officers had been
on tunnel duty every working day of this period. Average carbon
monoxide exposure throughout the tunnel for all hours of the day
was approximately 70 ppm. Results of medical examinations of men
on duty for the first five years showed them to be in excellent
physical conditions. Ho evidence of symptoms attributable to
carbon monoxide intoxication and for sequelae of acute episodes was
found. The effects of both smoking habits and of occupational exposure
to carbon monoxide concentrations in blood samples were analyzed by
the Van SLyke method. The lowest concentration value, expressed as
percent of hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide, was 0.5j the
highest value was found in a tunnel officer, a heavy smoker, coming
directly from unusually heavy atmospheric exposure, was 13.1. No
signs or symptoms attributable to carbon monoxide were observed
within this range. Concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood of
toll collectors on the holiday selected for observation ranged up
to 15.1 percent, expressed as percent of hemoglobin combined with
carbon monoxide.
Authors do not feel that there is reason to assume that pro-
longed exposure to these concentration JLevels will result in injury
to health. Precautions in force in the Holland Tunnel set up for the
elimination of the possibility of acute exposure is to be extended
in order to protect the health of all persons unavoidably exposed to
carbon monoxide. - Authors' Abst. Modified-AGC
Tissue Chemistry
438. Campbell, J.A.: Tissue oxygen tension and carbon monoxide poisoning.
J. Physiol. 68:81-96, 1929-1930.
During the first few days of carbon monoxide poisoning the tissue
oxygen tensions are lowered to a more marked degree than by a
similar loss of function of haemoglobin due to bleeding of haemolysis;
this agrees with J.S. Haldane's prediction. A similar, but not so
marked, difference applies to the carbon dioxide tensions in the
tissues.
It is possible for animals (rabbits, rats, mice, guinea-
pigs) to tolerate about »250 p.c. of carbon monoxide in the air for
185
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several days after some degree of acclimatization, whereas -150 p.c.
of the gas is not tolerated for three days "by unaccliznatized animals.
Even when an animal is exposed to gradually increasing per-
centage of carbon monoxide, the tissue oxygen tensions are abnormally
low, although there is increased "breathing and also great increase
in the haemoglobin content per cubic millimetre of blood. At the
same time the tissues show marked histological evidence of
disintegration, extreme congestion of the liver with atrophy of
liver cells being the outstanding feature, for which heart failure
is held mainly responsible. Power to tolerate carbon monoxide
depends upon the powers of the vital organs, particularly the heart,
to continue to function under a low tissue oxygen tension.
The resemblance between the effects (physiological and
pathological) of carbon monoxide poisoning and of exposure to low
oxygen pressure in the air is striking.
The carbon monoxide tension in the tissues has been measured;
usually it is about one-third of that in the inspired air. The low
carbon monoxide tension in the tissues is due to the very low oxygen
tension (1-3 p.c.) which exists in the tissues, the reduced blood
in the capillaries carrying the carbon monoxide back again to the
lungs. - Author's Sum.
439. Campbell, J.A.: The effect of carbon monoxide and other agents upon
the rate of tumour growth. J. Pathol. & Bacteriol. 35:379-39^>
1932.
It is shown that breathing carbon monoxide (up to 0.26 per cent)
for prolonged periods has a marked retarding effect upon the rate
of growth of mouse carcinoma 63 and increases duration of active
life after inoculation. No such effect was observed with the Rous
fowl sarcoma.
Some experiments with Fischer-Wasels' gas therapy and others
with the "growth-retarding hormone" gave no evidence of inhibitory
effects upon Rous fowl sarcoma and mouse carcinoma 63* - Author's
Sum.
440. Campbell, J.A.: Growth, fertility, etc. in animals during attempted,
acclimatization to carbon monoxide. Quart. J. Sbcper. Physiol. 24:
271-S81, 1935.
Some mice and rabbits maintain their rate of growth when slowly
acclimatized to about 0.3 Per cent, of carbon monoxide in the
inspired air. It is pointed out that man's ability to acclimatize
gradually to the gas has never been properly tested, and, although
not so resistant as certain animals appear to be, he probably
possesses much greater resistance, to such gradual exposure, than
has so far been suspected.
The heart of the mouse is often much hypertrophied during
slow acclimatization, and this organ is regarded as playing a chief
part in the powers to acclimatize.
186
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The mouse appears to be more easily acclimatized to carbon
monoxide than to low oxygen pressure in the air.
Mice after acclimatization to 0.30 per cent, carbon monoxide
are not fertile; true acclimatization is thus not attained.
If carbon monoxide is consumed by living animals when
breathing 0.30 per cent, of the gas, the consumption must be of a
very low order, as is to be expected from Fenn and Cobb's results
for frog's skeletal muscle exposed in vitro to 80 per cent, of the
gas.
The carbon monoxide pressure in the tissues is less than
half that in the inspired air. Oxygen pressures in the tissues are
reduced to half the normal value in an acclimatized animal breathing
0.30 per cent, carbon monoxide. - Author's Sum.
441. Ellis, J.P., Clark, H.T., Jr., Wilks, S.S., and Criscuolo, D.:
Carbon Monoxide Capacity Measurements on Human and Kat Skeletal
Muscle. School of Aerospace Med,, Brooks AEB, Texas, Oct. 1959*
pp. 6. DEC AD 231541.
Two methods were comparatively evaluated for subsequent use as a
measure of the CO capacity of animal tissues. One method was based
on measurement of the volume of carbon monoxide extracted from muscle
homogenates which had previously been equilibrated with known CO-N2
mixtures; the other method was based on estimation of the CO capacity
from the spectre-photometric differential determination of the
hemoglobin and myoglobin content of the muscle. Use of the
equilibration technic resulted in lower and more erratic values than
those indicated by the spectrophotometric analysis. The fact that
the spectrophotometric analysis also permitted simultaneous
estimation of the tissue blood content served to discourage further
attempts to develop a more reproducible equilibration system.
A comparative analysis, employing the two methods, was also
carried out on human and rat muscle. Although results from the
equilibration analysis were low, both methods indicated that the CO
capacity of human tissue was three times greater than that of rat
tissue. An examination of the hemoglobin-myoglobin relationship in
the two species revealed that the greater capacity of human tissue
was due to a proportionate increase in the concentration of both
pigments. - Authors' Sum.
442. Fenn, W.O., and Cobb, D.M.: The stimulation of muscle respiration
by carbon monoxide. Amer. J. Physiol. 102:379-392, 1932.
Substituting carbon monoxide for the nitrogen of the air surrounding
a frog sartorius muscle increases the respiration usually 1.5 to 3
times.
A similar though smaller increase in metabolism is produced
in the same way in muscle mash of frogs and rats, in frog muscles
which are spontaneously non-irritable or non-irritable from isotonic
KC1.
187
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The increase is diminished but not abolished by loss of the
irritability of the muscle; it persists when the formation of lactic
acid is inhibited by sodium bromacetate treatment; it cannot be
correlated with any changes in irritability or contractility of the
muscle.
Both the normal respiration and the excess respiration due
to CO are diminished to approximately the same extent by KCN,
isotonic CaCl2 and by loss of soluble material from the tissue by
diffusion or water extraction.
Light has no significant effect upon the excess respiration
due to CO.
The anaerobic acid-base changes of muscle., as followed by the
COg absorption or elimination in C02 atmospheres were not affected
by the presence of CO in place of H or N. CO does not therefore
affect significantly the formation of lactic acid or the breakdown
of phosphocreatine although a slight increased anaerobic lactic acid
content was found in gastroenemius muscles in CO.
The tension developed in single shocks for a given amount of
initial heat was not affected by CO.
The R.Q. of muscles was lowered from 0.87 to 0.76 by CO. This
suggested a burning of CO to CO ,
443. Gilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, N.M., and
A. Ya. Loshak: The effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide
on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In: Parin, V.V.
(editor) Aviation and Sfcaee Medicine, Moscow, 1963. HASA Technical
Translation TT-F-228.
. Pressure-chamber experiments were performed on 82 persons
to study the effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Also,
30 flights on IL-18, AN-10, and TU-104 planes were made during
which 185 members of the crew and passengers were examined and 3^-7
air samples were obtained in the cabins. The results of the
investigations showed that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide
(starting with 0.01 ing/liter or more), both under experimental
conditions (ground and pressure-chamber at 2400 m) and during actual
flight had adverse effects on the functioning of several organs and
systems, namely: (a) Higher nervous activity; (b) Functions of the
visual and vestibular analyzers; (c) Metabolic processes;; (d) Cardio-
vascular system; (e) Muscular strength; (f) Tissue respiration and;
(g) Leukopoiesis. On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data
obtained and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that
the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in
pressurized passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 mg/liter. - Authors'
Abst.
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Glantz, W.M., Stembridge, V.A., Dozninguez, A.M., et al: Carbon monoxide
determination in aircraft accident fatalities. Aerospace Med. 30:711-715
(Oct.) 1959.
Investigators at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology have studied
cases of aircraft accident fatalities for the presence of carbon monoxide
in postmortem tissues. All aircraft accident victims with carboxyhemoglobin
elevation above 10 per cent were shown to have been alive at the time of
the fire. Carboxyhemoglobin levels between 6 and 9 per cent saturation
indicate the possibility that the subject was alive at the time of exposure
to fire. Extensive fragmentation and postmortem incineration of tissues
subsequent to explosive impact forces do not elevate the carboxyhemoglobin
saturations. These investigators found no cases in which carbon monoxide
intoxication has been implicated as the cause of an aircraft accident.
Authors1 Sum.
445. Haggard, H.W.: Studies in carbon monoxide asphyxia. II. The growth
of neuroblast in the presence of carbon monoxide. Amer. J. Fhysiol.
1922.
A technique is described whereby the growth of in vitro cultures of
nervous tissue from the chick may be tested in any desired atmosphere
or mixture of gases.
Carbon monoxide even in concentrations of 79 per cent is found
to have no ill effect upon growing nerve cells. In this respect this
gas is as neutral as nitrogen.
Illuminating gas has been studied in like manner and found to
be toxic for neuroblast cultures in concentration of even as little
as 0.1 per cent.
These observations indicate that carbon monoxide has no specific
reaction with nerve tissue but acts in the body only through the
asphyxia incident to its combination with hemoglobin.
These experiments indicate, also, that illuminating gas contains
another toxic substance or substances; but this observation is not to
be interpreted as weighing against the fact, well demonstrated, that
asphyxia from inhalation of illuminating gas is chiefly due to carbon
monoxide. - Author's Sum.
446. Haldane, J.B.S. t Carbon monoxide as a tissue poison. Biochem.
J. 21:1068-1075, IS-7-
The movements of a moth and the germination of cress seed are
inhibited by CO. The greater the partial pressure of Og, the more
CO is required.
Eats living on Og dissolved in their blood in
presence of sufficient CO to combine with almost all their
haemoglobin are killed by the addition of more CO, which must affect
some substance in their tissues.
It is concluded that cells contain a catalyst of oxidation
which is poisoned by CO. Its affinity for CO is determined in the
189
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case of the moth. Its affinities differ in different species, and
perhaps in different tissues. - Author's Sum.
447. Henderson, Y.: Carbon monoxid poisoning. J. AMA 67:580-583 (Aug. 19)
1916.
Carbon monoxid is a physiologically harmless gas, except in its
affinity for hemoglobin. Its toxic effects are wholly due to the
inability of the blood combined with carbon monoxid to transport
oxygen to the tissues.
Carbon monoxid does not form a permanent compound with
hemoglobin. In the presence of excess oxygen, or even of pure air,
carbon monoxid is rapidly given off and the oxygen carrying pcwer
of the hemoglobin is restored.
The continuance of coma, the subsequent tissue degenerations,
and death after several days, resulting from carbon monoxid
poisoning, are not due to retention of the gas, but are the results
of injury to the brain and other organs by the insufficiency of
oxygen supplied to them by the blood while the patient was breath-
ing the gas.
There is no reason to believe that either bleeding or
transfusion of blood is beneficial. They are more likely to be
harmful.
Fresh air—with oxygen inhalation for a short time as early
as possible—symptomatic treatment, and good nursing are the only
measures to be recommended. Practically the die is already cast
for death, permanent defects, or complete recovery at the moment
when the patient is brought out of the asphyxia! atmosphere.
It is just possible theoretically that alkali therapy may
be beneficial in combating the acidosis induced by asphyxia.
Author's Sum.
448. Howse, A.J.G., and Seddon, H.: Ischaemic contracture of muscle
associated with carbon monoxide and barbiturate poisoning. British
Med. J. 1:192-195 (Jan. 22) 1966.
Four cases of ischaemic muscle contracture associated with carbon
monoxide or barbiturate poisoning are reported. It is probable
that the condition is more common than the number of previously
reported cases suggests.
Ischaemic nerve lesions occur, as in the more usual traumatic
Vblkmann's ischaemia.
The cause of this condition is almost certainly a combination
of local pressure and general hypoxia. - Authors' Sum.
190
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449. Ramsey, T.L., and Eilmann, H.J.: Carbon monoxide acute and chronic
poisoning and experimental studies. J. Lab. & Clinical Med. 17:
415-427, 1931-1932.
Presented is a study of carbon monoxide from a standpoint of the
method of its production, its affinity for hemoglobin, its action
upon being respired, the percentages of blood saturation in varying
lengths of time according to the concentration in the respired air,
the symptoms and effect upon the body, possible methods of its
elimination from the body, the production of chronic carbon monoxide
poisoning, methods of treatment, the postmortem macroscopic appearances
of the body following carbon monoxide deaths, some important
medicolegal facts, a series of experiments on guinea pigs to
ascertain its persistence in the body following exposure, and the
histopathology of various tissues in animals dying, directly during
exposure, and those killod and autopsied at varying periods later. -
Authors' Sum.
450. Root, W.S., Allen, T.H., and Gregersen, M.I.: Simultaneous determinations
in splenectomiaed dogs of cell volume vith CO and p32 and plasma volume
with T-l82fc. Amer. J. Physiol. 175:233-235, 1953- DDC-AD 3*1898.
Blood was removed from splenectomized dogs and separate portions were
labeled with CO and P^ . The tagged cells vere then injected into the
same dog in order to measure the cell volume with the two methods
simultaneously. At the same time plasma volume was measured with
In 10 dogs the results show that the cell volume measured with
CO is 12$ greater than that measured with P^ -labeled cells, indicating
that distribution of CO includes more than the circulating cell volume.
The possibility is considered that the difference in the estimates of
cell volume with CO and P^ may be a useful index of changes in
erythropoietic tissue. - Authors' Sum.
451. Rounds, D. E., Awa, A., and Pomerat, C. M. : Effect of automobile
exhaust on cell growth in vitro. Arch. Environ. Health 5:319-32li-
(Oct.) 1962.
The State of Calif. Dept. of Public Health has established in its
standards for motor vehicle exhaust the reduction of hydrocarbon
emissions by 80$ and carbon monoxide emission by 60$. These
standards specify that hydrocarbon concentrations are to be
monitored by a hexane-sensitized nondispersive infrared analyzer or
by an equivalent method. Conjunctiva! cells were exposed to an
atmosphere of gaseous auto exhaust for varying periods of time,
ranging from 15 sec. to 2k hrs. This treatment was observed to
produce a decrease in the total mitotic index and an increase in
abnormal mitotic figures. The tissue was also treated with varying
dilutions of chloroform soluble constituents of auto exhaust with
similar responses found in mitotic figures. Since mitotic events
are interrelated with the rate of increase of the total cell
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population, it was concluded that an evaluation of the effect of
auto exhaust on cell number can provide a simple, reproducible, and
sensitive test system for estimating the relative concentrations of
physiologically active components of automobile emissions. - APCA
452. Schleusing, G. : Effect of hypoxia or anoxia on the mineral metabolism
in the myocardium and skeletal muscles. Zeitschrift der Inneren
Medizin 19:820-822 (Nov. l) 1961*.
By experiments of neutralization in vitro and by immunization of
rabbits no substances corresponding with the antigens of human
thrombocytes could be proved in Czechoslovak vaccines (dyphtheria,
tetanus, whooping-cough, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, smallpox).
AB-substances were only found in vaccines against typhoid fever and
paratyphoid fever. - Author's Sum.
453 , Schmitt, F.O., and Scott, M.G. : Th.3 effect of carbon monoxide on
tissue respiration. Amer. J. Physiol. 107:85-93* ^
CO containing 21 per cent Og has little effect on the oxygen consumption
of skin, nerve, kidney or intestine but produces definite accelerations
with skeletal muscle, stomach, liver, spleen and particularly with
heart muscle.
When the oxygen concentration is reduced to lower values, CO
produces inhibition in all the tissues studied with the exception of
liver, heart, and skeletal muscle.
Illumination causes partial, and in some cases complete recovery
of respiration of the CO-poisoned tissues but has no effect on the
control tissues in nitrogen containing a similar percentage of oxygen.
There is some indication that the catalyst of CO combustion is also
light sensitive.
With nerve and certain other tissues under favorable conditions
the shape of the respiration curve during illumination is similar
to that obtained following admission of oxygen after asphyxia, and
is interpreted as representing the payment of the oxygen debt incurred
during the period of partial inhibition. - Authors' Sum.
454. Stembridge, V.A., and Goldbaum, L.R. : The role of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology in tissue toxicity study. Aviation Med.
Symposium, Nov. 1957, PP. 5-8.
During the period from May 1957 through Oct. 1957 » 269 determinations
for CO have been accomplished at the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology utilizing a new method for obtaining a specimen. Of
those 110 determinations for carbon monoxide on post-mortem tissues,
11 (10$) showed an elevation above 10 percent saturation. Hone of
these 11 cases were considered a sudden death and in all there was
evidence that the individual died primarily due to fire.
Post-mortem CO determinations are done in aircraft accidoat
victims for two basic reasons: ilrst, to determine whether carbon
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monoxide vas present in the cockpit environment prior to impact
(due to such factors as in-flight fires., exhaust fumes or isjproper
venting of other combustion products) and second, to determine
vhether or not an individual was alive following an impact associated
with fire. - From Text-AGC
Vision Impairment
455. Abt, I.A., and Witt, D.B.: A case of carbon monoxide poisoning in
a child. Med. Clin. North America 5:16^5-1651, 1922.
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning of a five year old boy who suffered
total blindness, is described in this paper. The effect of CO
poisoning on the blood and on various tissues and organs, particularly
on the nervous structures, is discussed. Possibility of permanent
blindness, assumed to be due to small hemorrhages or areas of
softening in the visual centers, is outlined.
Authors review some of the hypotheses of other investigators
in regard to the pathological changes produced by CO. Hemorrhages
in the brain, degenerations, and optic thalmus, thrombosis, and
areas of softening in the central nervous tissue and scattered
small, hemorrhages and intense hyperemia of all the body organs may
occur as consequences to this type of poisoning. - AGC
455a. Adler, A.: Disintegration and restoration of optic recognition in visual
agnosia. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 51:243-259, 1944.
A case of visual agnosia in a woman aged 22 has been described, the course
of the illness having been followed from the first day until the condition
became stationary. The patient is 1 of the 2 persons in whom permanent
lesions of the brain were produced, probably by carbon monoxide fumes, in
a fire disaster at a night club on Nov. 28, 1942.
The fundamental disturbance consists of the patient's inability to
perceive the whole, the Gestalt, visually. Only parts of the whole are
perceived, and their correct relation is not recognl2ed. This results in
an inability to read, to copy letters and geometric figures and to recog-
nize pictures or objects on short exposure. Writing is unimpaired.
Owing to the patient's intelligence and insight into her disability,
It was possible to identify an additional disturbance in the nature of a
perserveration of visual attention and optic impressions. Preceeding optic
impressions superimpose themselves on subsequent ones, so that proper per-
ception and recognition are interferred with. This symptom is of the same
category as psychomotor perseveration and perseveration of speech and writ-
ing.
According to Lissauer's first description, such a condition belongs
to the "apperceptive!> type of visual agnosia, since there is a primary dis-
turbance of optic perception. In this patient the disturbance is clearcut
to an unusual degree. The identity of the mechanism exhibited by this
patient in each of the disorders of visual performance makes it unlikely
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that the various symptoms of optic agnosia have a separate localizing
significance.
Compensatory efforts to build up new methods of visual recognition
should be encouraged. Constant practice is necessary, since such a patient
is likely to distort and to forget what he has learned. - Author's Sum.
456. Almgren, S. : Twelve years experience in the field of chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning in Sweden. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u.
Gewerbehyg. 13:97-131,
In Sweden there was extremely high incidence of CO poisoning as a
result of use of generator gas for automobiles and internal
combustion engines in general. This gas contained 20-30$ CO.
Most of the workers in filling and cleaning of gas containers had
more than 10$ CO-hemoglobin and 29 of 30 fatal cases going to autopsy
showed CO saturation.
Giddiness was shown on investigation by an otoneurologist
to be associated in many cases with organic vestibular injury.
Other symptoms included ocular disorders (Disturbance of
convergence and accommodation; diplopia; paresis of the eye
muscles; and limitation of the field of vision); change of dis-
position with disorientation, absence of mind and poor judgement
of distance leading to accidents. In reply to criticisms that
these symptoms were colored by neurotic patients and that the
ocular and aural symptoms were over-diagnosed, the author details
five special cases.
457. Feje'r, G. : Blindness caused by inhalation of coal gases, recovery.
Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 7:522-523, 1924.
In the case here reported, disturbance of vision was noted on regaining
consciousness, but it became worse, until two days later the patient
was practically blind. Recovery was almost complete. The lesions seem
to have been located in or near the cortical centers. - Author's Abst.
458. Pink, A. I.: Carbon-monoxide asphysia with visual sequelae. Amer.
J. Ophthalmol. 3^:102^-1027 (July) 1951-
The cerebral effects following carbon-monoxide asphyxia can be
extremely varied.
Severe reductions in visual acuity following exposure to the
gas are thought due to cortical blindness.
Alterations in the visual fields do not conform to any single
pattern.
In many cases, perception for primary colors is present in
spite of a severe reduction in visual acuity. This is unusual
since centers for both reside in the occipital cortex. - Author1 s
Sum*
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459.Gilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, N.M., and
A. Ya. Loshak: The effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide
on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In: Parin, V.V.
(editor) Aviation and Space Medicine, Moscow., 1963. NASA Technical
Translation TT-F-228.
. Pressure-chamber experiments vrere performed on 82 persons
to study the effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Also,
30 flights on IL-18, AN-10, and TU-104 planes vrere made during
which 185 members of the crew and passengers were examined and 3^7
air samples were obtained in the cabins. The results of the
investigations showed that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide
(starting with 0.01 ing/liter or more), both under experimental
conditions (ground and pressure-chamber at 2^00 m) and during actual
flight had adverse effects on the functioning of several organs and
systems, namely: (a) Higher nervous activity; (b) Functions of the
visual and vestibular analyzers; (c) Metabolic processes; (d) Cardio-
vascular system; (e) Muscular strength; (f) Tissue respiration and;
(g) Leukopoiesis. On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data
obtained and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that
the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in
pressurized passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 ing/liter. - Authors'
Abst.
1+60. Halperin, M.H., Niven, J.I., McFarland, R.A., and Roughton, F.J.W.:
Variations in visual thresholds during carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia.
Fed. Proc. (Abstract) 6:120-121, 1947.
The comparative and combined effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia
on human visual intensity discrimination, as well as the effects of normal
and high Q£ atmospheres during recovery from CO, were investigated.
In previous studies we have found that the measurement of visual
intensity discrimination thresholds at a low level of illumination provides
a very sensitive, useful and precise quantitative index of the physiological
disturbance caused by oxygen deprivation. We therefore applied the same
technique in measuring the effects of small amounts of CO. Extensive studies
were carried out on four well-trained subjects.
A given increase in % COHb in the blood at sea level produces an
effect approximately equal to that of an equal decrease in % 02Hb due to
hypoxic anoxia. At simulated high altitudes, a given % COHb produces an
impairment equivalent to a further ascent which would cause an equal
additional decrease in % 02Hb. The visual threshold is therefore much more
sensitive to CO than are other physiological functions so far investigated.
In studying the recovery from CO, we found that the inhalation of
oxygen, in addition to its value in accelerating the elimination of CO, had
another beneficial effect as compared with the inhalation of ordinary air.
An added improvement equivalent to a decrease of about 5 to 7% COHb was
produced, by breathing oxygen. When the subjects then breathed ordinary air,
the thresholds were again impaired by this amount. If, instead of oxygen,
the subject breathed ordinary air throughout the recovery period, the
visual thresholds failed to recover as rapidly as the % COHb declined. -
Authors' Abst.
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461. Halperin, M.H., McFarland, R.A., Niven, J.I., and Roughton, F.J.W.:
The time course of the effects of carbon monoxide on visual
thresholds. J. Physiol. 146:583-593, 1959.
Visual sensitivity to differences in light intensity was employed as
a sensitive indeK of (i) the effects of carbon monoxide, and of (ii)
the persistence of these effects during elimination of this gas while
ordinary air, oxygen and carbogen mixtures were breathed.
Recovery from detrimental effects of carbon monoxide on this
visual function lags behind the elimination of carbon monoxide from
the blood, the effect apparently being determined by the duration of
the presence of carbon monoxide in the blood as well as its concentra-
tion.
Administration of 100% oxygen results in an immediate improve-
ment which disappears when ordinary air is again breathed. This
suggests the possible existence in the C.N.S. and/or peripheral visual
system of some enzyme or other visually important constituent which
combines competitively with carbon monoxide and oxygen.
Carbogen not only causes more rapid elimination of carbon
monoxide from the body, but seems to have a somewhat more beneficial
countering effect against carbon monoxide than does oxygen. - Authors'
Sum.
462. Helminen, T. : On opbthalmolo&ical symptoms of chronic CO poisoning.
Archiv fur Gewerbehygiene 13:132-138,
The author describes a case of complete blindness caused by acute
CO poisoning. The patient recovered within one month her normal
visual capacity, however, a pecularity could "be ascertained with
the return of her color field vision. The author assumed it to
"be a symptom due to CO poisoning. After the 2nd World War, CO
poisoning became the first major research project at the new clinic
for occupational diseases. The findings were supported by the
work of another scientist who ascertained extensive changes in the
brain of a person who died of acute CO poisoning. Among others,
he found necrotic lesions. Since it was assumed that repeated
exposures to CO may cause changes In the organism, for example in
the brain tissue, neurologic investigations were included in the
research project. The author investigated 570 ophthalmological
cases, under suspicion of CO poisoning, in course of which he made
1270 examinations of both sides of the field of vision. Which
means that he examined each patient 2.5 times, in some cases a
patient was examined more often. The results of the investigations
showed: concentric shrinkage of the color field of vision. The
author used blue, green, red and white objects. The blue and green
fields of vision were more limited than the red field of vision.
By severe poisoning all color fields of vision were inside 10° and
also the white field showed clearly a concentric shrinkage. During
reconvalescence the red field of vision enlarged faster, the blue
and green fields slower. According to the author, in the case of
doubt whether the patient is the victim of CO poisoning the concentric
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shrivelling of the color fields of vision is to be considered a
symptom supporting the diagnosis. - From Gerraan-AGC
463, Johnson, D.M.: Killer on our highway. Good Housekeeping, June 1961,
pp. 49 and 146-148.
This is a report of auto accidents fatal or near fatal possibly caused
by the inhalation of CO. Author relates her own experience of CO
asphyxiation, and describes the symptoms before she was overcome by
CO fumes and crashed into another automobile. When she felt a strong
sensation of drowsiness she wanted to pull off the road but was
unable to see the side due to, as she found out later, the narrowing
of the field of vision caused by the CO. In being overpowered by the
drowsiness she lost judgement, control and consciousness, due to the
fact that the inhaled lethal CO combines more than 200 times faster
with the blood than oxygen. Thus the saturated blood cannot absorb
enough life-giving oxygen. Deprived of oxygen the brain is affected
sometimes severely and sometimes permanently. Author in quoting
several case histories makes a plea for more research. Blood tests
which are made routinely for the presence of alcohol, should be done
just as routinely for the presence of CO in accident cases. Only the
city of Philadelphia is doing these tests routinely when someone dies
in a wreck. Philadelphia's medical examiner states that an appreciable
percentage of drivers who die in automobile accidents have significant
levels of CO in their blood. Author cautions driver to be aware that
CO is odorless, to keep the car in good running condition and well
ventilated - AGC
464. Kelly, R.G.C., and Hall, R.L.: A survey of the visual problems
relating to motor accidents. In: Elliott, H» (editor): Medical
Aspects of Traffic Accidents. Proc. Montreal Conf., May 1955•
Traffic Accident Foundation for Medical Res., 1955, PP. 317-322.
One chapter of this book on traffic accidents deals with ocular
manifestations of traffic accidents. And the following is excerpted
from the survey of the visual problems relating to such accidents.
The ability to see at night is cut down fey alcohol, carbon monoxide,
anoxia and smoking cigarrettes. Carbon monoxide way come from break-
ing gaskets, mufflers or tail pipes. McFarland found that 5%
saturation with CO depresses visual sensitivity to as great an
extent as anoxia at 8,000 to 10,000 feet altitude, while 15$
saturation caused an impairment corresponding to that of 15>000 to
19,000 feet altitude. Other harmful effects of CO in addition to
this visual effect are of course present.
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465. Knapp, H.: A case of paresis of the eye muscle by carbon monoxide
asphyxiation. Archive fiir Augenheilkunde 9:229-231, i860.
Author describes a case of acute CO poisoning resulting in the
paralysis of the eye muscles. The patient did not respond to
various treatments, however, recovered partially after two months,
leaving paresis of the sphincter of the pupil and the ciliary
muscle. Available literature does not report cases of paralytic
affection of eye muscles as a result of CO poisoning, but it does
report on cases where other parts of the body have been afflicted
by this type of poisoning. - From German-AGC
466. McFarland,R.A., Roughton,F.J.W.,et al.: The effect of CO and altitude
on visual thresholds. Aviation Med. 15:381-394, 1944.
The light sensitivity of the eye is adversely affected by very
small amounts of CO, "measurable impairment being demonstrable with
increments of about 3% carboxyhemoglobin*" - PHS-RG 5676"
McFarland, R.A., Dunlap, J.W., Hall, W.A., Moseley, A.L.: Human
Factors in the Design of Highway Transport Equipment. A Summary
Report of Vehicle Evaluation. Harvard School of Public Health, June
1953, PP. 44, figures and tables.
There is one small section on CO in this treatise (pp. 37-39).
Concerning the adequacy of the cab in regard to overall safety. Tests
were conducted on closed, moving cabs and on closed cabs (i.e. all
doors, windows, and vents closed) after 15 minutes of standing with
the engine idling. A table shows following results:
In % In PPM 10,000 The Effect Is:
0.01$ 1/100,000 Wo symptoms for 2 hours
0.04$ 4/10,000 Wo symptoms for 1 hour
0.06-0.07$ 6-7/10,000 Headache & unpleasant
symptoms in 1 hour
0.10-0,12$ 10-12/10,000 Dangerous after 1 hour
0.35$ 35/l°>000 Fatal in less than 1 hour
Authors state that prolonged periods of exposure tc 0.01$ should not
be permitted, and warns that the inspiration of carbon monoxide does
not have to produce serious toxic effects to become a source of hazard.
Sensory losses, especially in vision occur at low carboxyhemoglobin
levels, so that every reasonable control is essential. - AGC
468. McFarland, R.A.: Human factors in air transportation. McGraw-Hill,
Hew York, 1953, PP» 301-303.
R.J. Goldsmith and L.H. Rogers are quoted to the effect that "The
importance to automobile drivers of visual sensitivity at night is
obvious. However, it has not been shown that exposure to automobile
198
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exhaust at the levels found on the freeways of a modern city impairs
the adaptability of eyes to darkness or alters the exchange of vital
respiratory gases, although this is a plausible inference*" -
PHS-RG 5676
469, McFarland, R.A., and Moseley, A.L.: Carbon monoxide in trucks and
buses and information from other areas of research on carbon monoxide,
altitude and cigarette smoking. Conf. Froc.: Health, Medical and
Drug Factors in Highway Safety, April 1SS4, T7asli., D.C., Nat. Acad. Sc. •
Rat. Res. Council Pub. 320, Sept. 1964, pp. 4.17-4.33.
Data were presented concerning the frequency and severity of carbon
monoxide accidents in passenger and cargo operation in interstate com-
merce. Approximately 1.3 percent of mechanical defects accidents from
1947-1951 are known to be due to carbon monoxide. Fatalities and
property damage accidents were higher for property carrying vehicles
than for passenger carrying vehicles while injuries were higher in the
latter* Fatalities occurred while vehicles were stopped, and injuries
tended to occur while the vehicle was in motion. The fatality and
injury rates are disproportionate in relation to the total of mechani-
cal defects accidents.
Carbon monoxide sources within the vehicle are due primarily
to engine exhaust and secondarily to combustion of lubricating oils
and sources in other vehicles. Accessability to the cab is through
the breather, manifold, head gaskets, muffler, tail pipe, air tank and
air operated devices and their connections, fittings and exhausts. In
some vehicles an extra source was found in methods of heating and of
preventing engine freezing in cold weather.
Operational data in a closed idling test after 15 minutes disclosed
100 p.p.m. CO concentration in 10 truck models, no level in one, and 200
p.p.m. in one* In five of six buses the finding was less than 10 p.p.m.
and in one was 100 p.p.m. Two units converted to bookmobiles gave 200
p.p.m. readings after 15 minutes of operation of a. single gasoline heater,
Using a highway test of 45 minutes of closed roadway operation, tests on
20 trucks and 60 buses yielded CO values of less than 10 p,p,m.
Clinical evidence of CO exposure was found in the personnel of the
bookmobiles.
While gross studies of driving do not show losses due to CO until
30% arterial saturation is reached, studies of differential brightness
threshold indicate that visual sensitivity and acuity under low illumin-
ation conditions are negatively influenced by anoxia and exposure to CO.
The effects are progressive as the oxyhembglobin decreases, and as
carboxyhemoglobin increases. The effects are produced by smoking.
Visual losses due to anoxia may be offset in part by increasing the
level of blood sugar. - Authors' Sum.
470. Wechsler, I.S.: Partial cortical blindness with preservative of
color vision. Arch. Qphthalmol. 9:957-9^5, 1933*
!Ehis is a report of a case fcllowing possible CO asphyxiation,
whereby the patient suffered a brain lesion in which the cortex vas
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extensively affected. It has been established "by clinical observation
and pathologic studies that cortical and subcortical lesions may
give rise to dissociation of color perception from visual acuity,
namely, loss of former without impairment of the latter; it is also
well known that in impairment of vision, whether peripheral or
central, the first to be lost and the last to be regained is the
perception of color.
Author points out that GO has a preoilation for the basal
ganglious, especially causing lenticular softening, and for the
peripheral nerves, but no part of nervous system is irranune to the
poison. Parkinsonian syndromes and peripheral nerve palsies
frequently characterize CO poisoning. Mental deterioration and
psychotic laanifestations so commonly encountered attest the additional
cortical involment, as well as Parkinsouian syndromes and peripheral
nerve palsies. - .AGG
471. Wilmer, W.H.: Effects of carbon monoxid upon the eye. Amer. J.
Ophthalmol. 4:73-89 (Feb.) 1921.
This paper gives a general survey of the subject and includes a graphic
description of the subjective and general nutritional effects of
carbon monoxid poisoning, by one of the victims; and incidentally
throws light on the origin of a story of a haunted house. It gives
an account of the ocular symptoms of such poisoning, revealing a
distinct tendency of the poison to cause neuritis and especially to
affect the optic nerve. - Author's Abst.
472. Xintaras, C., ULrich, C.E., Sobecki, M.F., and Terrill, R.E.:
Brain potentials studied by computer analysis. Arch. Environ.
Health, in press.
The operation of an on-line digital computer that summates evoked
low-amplitude brain responses to flashes of light in the implanted
rat is described. The application of this technique in developing
a "biological model" for inducing a reversible functional blindness
in rats inhaling carbon monoxide is considered. The differential
rate of recovery of specific components of the evoked response to
carbon monoxide and pentobarbital are more easily resolved with
this method. The use of the technique of the evoked response in
parallel animal and human inhalation toxicity studies involving
time-limited perceptual phenomena is suggested. - Authors' Abst.
BLOOD CHEMISTRY
Hemoglobin
473. Abramson, E. and Heyman, T.: Dark adaptation and inhalation of carbon
monoxide. Acta Physiol. Scandinavia 7:303-305, 1944,
Inhalation of carbon monoxide, producing coi.'.t«ntj of carbon monoxide
haemoglobin up to 307., causes a diminution of dark adaptation, sometimes
200
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considerable sometimes smaller or none. It cannot be excluded that this
condition may have practical significance for motorcar driving in the dark,
e.g., in conjunction with dazzle when meeting. - Authors' Sum.
474. Almgren, S. : Twelve years experience in the field of chronic
carbon monoxide poisoning in Sweden. Arch. f. Gewerbepath. u.
Gewerbehyg. 13:97-131,
In Sweden there was extremely high incidence of CO poisoning as a
result of use of generator gas for automobiles and internal
combustion engines in general. This gas contained 20-30$ CO.
Most of the workers in filling and cleaning of gas containers had
more than 10$ CO-hemoglobin and 29 of 30 fatal cases going to autopsy
showed CO saturation.
Giddiness was shown on investigation by an otoneurologist
to be associated in many cases with organic vestibular injury.
Other symptoms included ocular disorders (Disturbance of
convergence and accommodation; diplopia; paresis of the eye
muscles; and limitation of the field of vision); change of dis-
position with disorientation, absence of mind and poor judgement
of distance leading to accidents. In reply to criticisms that
these symptoms were colored by neurotic patients and that the
ocular and aural symptoms were over-diagnosed, the author details
five special cases.
475. Arena, J.M. : Carbon Jfonoxide: Beport from The Bake University Poison
Control Center. North Carolina Med. J. 2k: 28-29 (Jan.) 1963.
This short paper summarizes the effect of CO poisoning on the health
of man and advises on respective treatments. There is also a
description of symptoms, in relation to percentage of CO in the
atmosphere, duration of exposure and saturation of the blood. -
AGO
476. Ayres, S.M., Giannelli, S., Jr., and Armstrong, R.G.:
Carboxyhemoglobin: Hemodynamic and respiratory responses to small
concentrations. Science 1^9:193-19^ (July 9) 1965-
Hemodynamic and respiratory measurements were made on humans before
and after inhalation of sufficient carbon monoxide to raise the
Carboxyhemoglobin to between 5$ and 10$ of saturation. Arterial and
mixed-venous oxygen tensions decreased on average 7«3$ and 13-
respectively. One of five subjects developed evidence of mild
left-ventricular dysfuction. - Authors' Abst.
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477. Barcroft, J., and Barcroft, H. : Observations on the talcing up of
carbon monoxide by the haemoglobin in the spleen. J. Physiol. 53:
1923-1921*.
When the haemoglobin of the spleen pulp, in rats breathing -06--1
p.c. CO, is compared with that of the general circulation,, there is
a lag between the percentage of CO haemoglobin in the general
circulation and that in the spleen pulp which, it is shown, may
attain thirty minutes. A similar lag which may attain ninety minutes
in demonstration in rats which have been breathing CO and are
exhaling this gas. • Authors' Conclusion
478.Barcroft, J., Murray, C.D., Orahovats, D., Sands, J., and Weiss, R.:
The influence of the spleen in carbon monoxide poisoning. J.
Physiol. 60:79-84, 1925.
In an atmosphere which receives a continuous accession of coal gas,
guinea-pigs from which the spleens have been removed die sooner than
either normal guinea-pigs, those from which omentum has been
removed, or those from which one horn of the uterus has been excised.
Excision of the spleen four days prevously does not prej«dico
the length of life of guinea-pigs when exposed to an increasing
concentration of hydrocyanic acid, a gas which kills by a means
quite unconnected with haemoglobin.
The effects of removal of the spleen are not due to
haemorrhage during the operation.
Having regard to the fact that in fatal pressure of carbon
monoxide the spleen contracts, expelling its contents into the
blood, it Is suggested that the longer life of the normal animals
is due to this accession of haemoglobin to the blood.
The percentage saturation of the blood with CO is almost the
same in all the categories of animals. - Authors' Sum.
479. Beck, H.G., and Fort, W.: Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann.
Clin. Med. 3:^37-^3, 192^-1925.
Two case studies of chronic carbon monoxide poisoning are discussed
in detail in this paper. Because of the manifold and protean character
of the clinical manifestations, only a few of the more common symptoms
could be given in this paper. The pallor of many patients resembled
a high grade of anemia, as well as a group of symptoms are suggestive
of anemia in the presence of a red cell count of over 5,000,000.
This condition is of considerable diagnostic significance. There
is no specific antidote for chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and
treatment has to be symptomatic.
An English bull dog vas named the victim In & $tolrd case study
of carbon monoxide poisoning. The blood examination showed a
hemoglobin of 95$, erythrocytes 5,120,000 and leukocytes 12,250.
There were no morphological changes in the red cells. - AGC
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1*80. Behrike, A=R.,, White, W.A. , Consolazio, W.J., and Pace, N. : A Study
of Repeat Daily Short Exnosure to High Concentrations of CO. U.S.
Ifeval Med. Res. Inst., Ttethesada, Md. , Report NO. 1, June 7, 1943,
PP* 5.
It has been found that the breathing of uncontaminated air by men
whose blood contain 20 to 23 per cent COHb results in the complete
clearance of CO from their bl^od veil within 2k hours. In fact,
the elimination is practically complete within 8 hours after removal
from air containing CO.
Four men at rest who breathed 20 parts per 10,000 of CO for
90 minutes daily for four consecutive days, and who reached blood
levels of PS -ner cent COHb by this exposure, failed to show any
cumulative CO saturation of the blood.
Some of these men showed mild symptoms of CO anoxia during
the course of the experiment. However, the symptoms did not appear
to be progressive or cumilative, and all four men were symptom-free
on the last day of exposure to CO.
If pure oxygen is breathed following exposure to CO, previous
work indicates that the elimination time is reduced to a period of
30 to 60 minutes when compared with 8 hours for air.
Tn view of this and other evidence, it is concluded that short
(i.e., 20 minutes) daily exposures to concentrations of 15 parts
per 10,000 of CO as encountered on the ACV class of naval vessel
is permissible for non-flying personnel in view of the emergency
nature of the operations leading to such conditions. - Authors1
Sum.
481.Brieger, H.: Carbon monoxide polycythemia. J. Indust. Hyg. &
Toxicol. 26:321-32? (Dec.)
Polycythemia, a typical reaction to low oxygen saturation, is
believed to be a regular sign of carbon monoxide asphyxia. It is
supposed to compensate for the hemoglobin fixed to carbon monoxide
and thus contribute in the defense of the organism. Gradual
disappearance of the polycythemia follows as a rule the disappearance
of carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Experiments described in this paper
deal with acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning which furnish
some new information on polycythemia in acute and chronic carbon
monoxide poisoning. - AGC
481a. Candura, P., Craveri, A., and Brasca, F. : Fibrinolysis in acute carbon
monoxide poisoning. Experimental research. Folia Med. (Naples)
44:400-408 (May) 1961.
In experiments with rabbits, the authors studied the fibrinolytic
behavior of the blood serum following acute or fatal poisoning with
city-gas (CO content of 1.8-5%). A constant and significant increase
in the content of fibrinolysin or plasmin, was found. This resulting
increase in the fibrinolytic power of the blood may explain the
occasional finding of a fluidity of the post-mortem state of the
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blood following a CO-poisoning death. No correlation was found
between the rate of increase of fibrinolysis and the blood hemoglobin
CO (HbCO) level. In view of the absence of any correlation, it is
suggested by the authors that post-mortem blood fluidity—a finding
which is not wholly characteristic of CO poisoning--might occur through
nonspecific mechanisms which are brought into action by stress.
- APCA 4255
482. Candura, P., and Craveri, A.: Value and significance of fibrinolysis
in experimental carbon monoxide intoxication. Rass. Med. Indust.
33:404-406 (May-Aug.) 1964.
Starting from the observation of the fluidity of the blood of
subjects who have died from asphyxia, a study has been made on the
behaviour of fibrinolysis in animals acutely intoxicated with
carbon monoxide. The increase of fibrinolysis is found only in
vivo, even in animals after removal of the adrenals. The removal
of the spleen however, prevents the occurance of this process, so
that two hypotheses may be advanced: the freeing of "ipossilienina"
capable of orientig the blood coagulation towards hypocoagulability
or the immission of splenin B in the circulation, a principle with
a profibrinolytic activity. - Authors' Sum.
483. Cerlsten, A., Holmgren, A., Linroth, K»f Sjttstrand, T., and Strfim, G-.:
Relationship between lov values of alveolar carbon monoxide concentration
and carboxyhemoglobin percentage in human blood. Acta Physiol.
Scandinav. 31:62-74, 1954.
Alveolar CO concentration and COHb percentage in blood were determined
in 55 subjects before and after exposure to low concentrations of CO.
Percentage of COHb in blood was found to increase in,
approximately, direct relationship with increasing values of alveolar
pCO within the investigated range (below 6$ COHb), as predicted by
Haldane's equation.
The mean value of M in Haldane's equation for the whole range
of alveolar CO concentrations vas 245.
When a small amount of CO was administered to a subject, the
Increase of COHb percentage was related to the increase of alveolar
CO concentration by the value of M of 228 + 6, S.D. 45 + 5.
The variation of M in the material Investigated could be explained
as produced wholly by errors in measurement. Therefore, no real
variation of M between different subjects could be established. -
Authors' Sum*
484.- Castellino, N., and Perla, V.: Carbon monoxide concentration in the
blood. Folia'Med. 42:209-222 (March) 1959.
Blood concentrations of carbon monoxide was measured in 302 patients:
46 with diabetes, 66 with gastrointestinal and hepatic disturbances,
38 with anemia, 30 "with cardiac conditions, 74 with respiratory
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ailments, and in a group of patients with occupational diseases:
24 with caisson disease and Ik with lead poisoning. The readings
were compared with those obtained from 100 normal subjects. In
only a very few patients with uncompensated cardiocirculatory
disturbances or respiratory diseases was any increase in the hematic
CO level noted, The high concentration in these particular morbose
conditions is attributed to incomplete CO elimination through the
lungs, with a consequent build-up in the blood, rather than, as
others have argued, to oxygen insufficiency, with a consequent
failure to oxidiae carbon to carbohydrate. Hence tha presence of CO
in the human bloodstream must be considered as of foreign origin.
The wide variations observed, under normal as well as pathological
conditions, simply reflect heavier absorption or a lowered elimination
rate as a result of individual or environmental differences* -
Authors' Sum.
485. Chiodi, H., Dill, D.B, Consolazio, F., and Horvath, S.M.: Respiratory
and circulatory responses to acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer.
J. Physiol. 134:683-693 (Nov. l) 1941.
No hyperpnea was observable during rest in either dogs or men when
subjected to acute and severe CO poisoning. The C02 combining capacity
was unchanged, the arterial pC02 was increased, and accordingly the
pH was shifted toward the acid side.
In severe CO poisoning the respiratory center was depressed.
The cardiac output showed no more than slight increases with
HbCO saturations ranging up to 30 per cent. From that level up to 50
per cent HbCO the cardiac output increased as much as one-half.
The direct action on the respiratory center of the acute hypoxemia
produced by CO poisoning that is severe yet compatible with life is
purely depressive in nature.
From the data given the oxygen tension in venous blood can be
calculated for various levels of HbCO. - Authors' Sum.
486. Chinn, H.I.: The Effect of Stacking at Simulated Altitudes on
Carboxyhemoglobin Formation. School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph
AFB, Texas, Feb. 29, 19^4, 3 pp. HOC AD 121 ?07«
The Carboxyhemoglobin concentration of blood in regular smokers
(10 to 30 cigarettes dally) averaged £.2 per cent of the total hemo-
globin.
After smoking 4 cigarettes in 30 minutes, the concentration
of Carboxyhemoglobin rose to 3*9 per cent.
There was no significant difference between the Carboxyhemo-
globin concentration after smoking at ground levels or at simulated
altitudes of 12,000 or 15,000 feet.
The increased caitoxybaaaoglobin after smoking is of little
significance at ground levels but becomes increasingly Important at
altitudes above 10*000 feet. - Author's Abst.
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Chovin, P. : Studies of Atmospheric Pollution in the Department of
the Seine, in 1963. Municipal laboratory Police Headquarters, Paris,
France,
1963 test results for continuing studies in Paris, France, titled
"Carbon Monoxide/1 "Policemen 1963," "Seine Loop," and "Smokeless
Zones," are reported. Previous years' results are confirmed.
Surface and underground tunnel measurements of CO in air are
compared. The CO pollution level in the air went from "considerable"
in 1962 to "serious" in 1963, but in the first 9 months of 196^,
the situation reversed to that of 1962. The increase in 1963 is
ascribed to the number of nev roads and concurrent traffic increase.
CO levels in blood were examined in a CO-exposed population consisting
of industrial employees, auto drivers involved in accidents, and
individuals suffering from CO exposure. Tests for "average real
risk" of carbon monoxide absorption by individuals indicated that
the auto drivers as a group had a much higher level of carbon
monoxide in the blo«d than that of the rest of the population
studied, including workers exposed professionally. - CBK (from
French)
Curphey, T.J., Hood, L.F.L., and Perkins, N.M, : Carboxyhemoglobin
in relation to air pollution and smoking. Arch. Environ. Health
10:179-185 (Feb.) 1965.
A total of 1,075 coroners' cases, for each of which a carbon monoxide
blood concentration determination has been made, were classified
as to smoking habits to ascertain what, if any, association existed
between the carbon monoxide content in the ambient air, smoking
history, and carboxyhemoglobin levels found in cadaver blood. Persons
classified as nonsmokers were presumed to have been exposed in the
last 2k hours of life only to atmospheric carbon monoxide.
Analysis of the data reveals that nonsmokers consistently had
lower carbon monoxide values than smokers. In the one instance
where analysis was possible on the basis of sex, the median value
for male nonsmokers was greater by a factor of two, than for- female
nonsmokers. Graphically and by statistical analysis, the variables
of age, location of examination, time of day, and day in week of
death, maximum-minimum temperatures, or causes of death revealed
little or no individual effect on carboxyhemoglobin levels. This
was true for nonsmokers as well as for smokers. Smoking remained
constant as the major variable associated with observed differences.
When analysis was made to determine what association if any among
nonsmokers existed between carboxyhemoglobin levels and ambient air
carbon monoxide content, the association was significant (p<0.05).
This significant association was not noted for every location.
This study points out the potentialities of utilizing populations
and other facilities of the chief medical examiner- coroner's office
in furthering explorations in the field of air pollution research in
general and the effects of carbon monoxide in particular. -
Authors' Sum.
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489. De Bruin, A., Vroege, D., and Van Haeringen, A.: Study of carbon
monoxide uptake in traffic policemen. T. Soc. Geneesk. 43:146-151
(March 5) 1965.
The HbCO-content of the blood of 36 municipal traffic policemen--
non-smokers—in Rotterdam exposed to exhaust from motor vehicles,
during one to four hours, has been measured. The data were compared
to those of a control group of 16 non-smoking policemen working in
the office. Blood samples have been taken before and after vork.
The HbCO-content was on the average 0*93$ before work and increased
to 1.11$ in the exposed group, whereas the HbCO-content in the
control group remained about the same. The peak CO-content in
the air was between 5-15 ppm. The chemical analysis has been
performed with two independent methods. - APCA 65-154
490. Dominguez, A.M., Halstead, J.R., and Domanski, T.J.: Determination
of Carboxyhemoglobin in Decomposed Bodies. Armed Forces Institute
of Pathology, Washington, D.C., July 1963, 15 Pp. DDC AD 420631.
The interpretation and the significance of carbon monoxide findings
in cases associated with decomposition is studied. The evidence
presented indicates that the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin
saturation value is not markedly altered during postmortem decomposition
when: (l) the specimens are properly preserved, and (2) the blood
extracted from tissue is examined as soon as possible for the
presence of carbon monoxide. It appears possible to obtain carbon
monoxide values, utilizing blood extracted from tissue, in the
presence of postmortem decomposition that are similar to the
antemortem levels. For example, within the 4$ to 12$ carboxyhemoglobin-
saturation range covered, there was neither a marked increase nor
decrease in final percentage of carboxyhemog2«>bin following
decomposition. Nevertheless, unreliable carboxyhemoglobin saturation
values may occur. A gas-solid chromatographic procedure for
determining carbon monoxide using blood or tissue is presented.
This procedure employs a Van SLyke apparatus for liberating gases
from biological specimens modified for introducing released gas into
the gas chromatograph. - Authors' Abst.
491, Douglas, C.G., and Haldane, J.S.: Investigations by the carbon
monoxide method on the oxygen tension of arterial blood. Skandinav.
Arch. f. Physiol. 25:169-182, 1911.
This paper discusses various investigations of determining the oxygen
tension of arterial blood. Animals were used in studying the carbon
monoxide method. The theoretical basis, on which the carbon monoxide
method of determining the arterial oxygen tension depends, has been
carefully re-investigated. The method is based on the assumption
that when blood is saturated with a mixture containing carbon monoxide
and oxygen, the percentage saturation of the hemoglobin with carbon
monoxide depends on the relative partial pressure of the oxygen and
carbon monoxide, multiplied by a constant. Experiments on man were
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also attempted, using the same method as for pmTt animals, in order
to determine arterial oxygen tension. However, the method had to "be
modified because of the long time required to make certain that
maximum saturation of the blood has been attained. The paper is
illustrated by graphs and tables. - AGO
492. Douglas, C.G., Haldane, J.S., and Haldane, J.B.S.: The laws of
combination of haemoglobin with carbon monoxide and oxygen.
J. Hiysiol. 44:275-304, 1912.
When a solution of haemoglobin, whether enclosed in blood corpuscles
or free, is saturated in presence of a gas mixture containing oxygen
and carbon monoxide, the ratio of oxyhaemoglobin to CO-haemoglobin
is always proportional to the relative partial pressures of oxygen
and carbon monoxide, and is not altered by the presence of COg,
or slight changes in reaction, or of reduced haemoglobin, or by
dilution, but is appreciably altered by temperature, as well as by
light, and varies distinctly in the haemoglobin of different
individuals and species.
The oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curves for the blood of two
persons is given, and the results agree closely with Barcroft's.
Curves are also given for mouse blood, which differ greatly from
those for human blood.
Dissociation curves of CO-haemoglobin in presence of varying
partial pressures of C02 are also given for human and mouse blood, and
it is shown that the results vary, not only for different species,
but also for different individuals. The curve for CO-haemoglobin has
the same form as that for oxyhaemoglobin.
When blood is saturated in presence of such low partial pressures
of oxygen and CO that reduced haemoglobin is present, the proportions
of oxyhaemoglobin, CO-haemoglobin, and reduced haemoglobin can be
calculated if the separate dissociation curves of oxyhaemoglobin and
CO-haemoglobin are known; and in consequence of the form of these curves
it follows,that the presence of a small proportion of oxygen may
greatly increase the formation of CO-haemoglobin, and vice versa. This
paradoxical effect explains the favourable physiological effect some-
times produced by carbon monoxide in conditions of great anoxhaemia.
The dissociation curve of the oxyhaemoglobin remaining in the blood
when it is partially saturated with carbon monoxide can also be deduced;
and the form of this curve explains the peculiarities of the symptoms
Of carbon monoxide poisoning as compared with those of anoxhaemia from
other causes.
A theory, based on A.V. Hill's "aggregation" hypothesis, and
on the work of Barcroft and his associates, as well as on our own
observations, is put forward to account for the peculiar form of the
dissociation curve of oxyhaemoglobin and CO-haemoglobin in blood or
in salt-solutions, and the effects of C02 etc. on these curves. An
equation for the curve, based on this theory, is also given, and is
shown to correspond closely with the experimental data for human blood.
The differences in the relative affinities for oxygen and carbon
monoxide in different samples of haemoglobin indicate that the average
constitution of the globin part of- the haemoglobin molecule varies,
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not only in different species, but also in different individuals of
the same species* - Authors' Conclusion
493. Duvoir, M., and Gaultier, M. : Etiology: Clinical and chemical study
of forty cases of chronic industrial carbon monoxide poisoning.
Arch. Mai. Prof. 7:^9-^52,
Scepticism concerning the reality of chronic CO poisoning has been
justified by the multiplicity of symptoms attributed to the disease.
This paper attempts to establish chronic CO poisoning as a reality
and as an individual disease by establishing a clinical and chemical
basis.
Using Nicloux' method to determine the amount of CO in hO
subjects, a blood level above A to *5 cc. per 100 cc. blood is
considered abnormally high. Cessation of exposure resulted in a
gradual reduction of the blood level. In two months, one subject
went from .85 to .52, another from 2.5 to .52, another from .82 to
.46, etc. The blood level persisted for a longer time in a number
of cases, a typical case being: .88 after exposure, .80 after 3
months, .30 after 5 months. Rest alone results in improvement, but
oxygen therapy accelerates recovery. Vitamin B2 also hastens return
of blood levels to normal although its action is neither immediate
nor constant.
Chronic CO poisoning ig characterized by this elevated blood
level and by three major symptoms, always appearing together. These
are, 1) Asthenia. The asthenia is almost constant. Muscular
fatigue, intellectual apathy, depression, slowness of speech, and
impaired memory are frequently found, and sexual impotence is
occasionally concurrent. 2) Severe headache. The headache is
persistent, and usually more severe during exposure, although it
may continue for several hours after work. It is not localized to
any specific brain area. 3) Vertigo and syncope. Vertigo is
frequent and may signal syncope. Syncope is a less important
differentiation, since it is so often found in acute poisonings.
Pathogenesis and mechanisms remain obscure, but determination
of blood level of CO, the constancy of symptoms, and improvement
occurring during cessation of exposure are indicative of the reality
of chronic CO poisoning.
Eff eriberger, E. : Carbon monoxide and its importance in hygiene.
Med. Meteorolog. Hefte Mb. 12, 1957, 128 pp.
Author discusses in this reference work, besides general data, the
problem of carbon monoxide with special consideration of the
quantitative method of analysis of atmospheric and industrial air and
in the blood. Small amounts of CO in the air are being generally
analysed by the JaOc method. According to the method by Fischingen,
with minor changes by the author, which is described, it is possible
to determine 0.001 Vol.-$ of CO. Exact determination of CO quantities
below 0.001 Vol.-$ are still very difficult to obtain. The most
sensitive methods at this time, the iodine and the COHb methods, are
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also only 7 to 10$ accurate. The method for the determination of CO
in the blood by Wolff is described and considered by the author to
be the most simple and a more reliable procedure than the standard
salt solution method. It also has the advantage that the color
comparison can be performed independently of wave length of light
and also of the color of serum. The accuracy of measurement increased
to 3-5$. An extensive bibliography completes this volume. - AGO
495. Enrich, W.E., Bellet, S., and Lewey, F.H. : Cardiac changes from
CO poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:511-523,
Discussed in this paper are acute e:tperiments at 40$ carboxyhemoglobin
and in chronic experiments at 21$ carboxyhemoglobin or an equivalent
oxygen deficiency, electrocardiographic and morphologic changes
were seen, including inverted T wave, elevated R-T segment, and
degenerative changes in individual muscle fibers. When the
carboxyhemoglobin exceeded 75$ for an hour or more, atrio ventricular
heart block and myocardial hemorrhage and necrosis supervened.
496. Engstedt, L. : Endogenous Formation of Carbon Monoxide in Remolytic Disease.
With Special Regard to Quantitative Comparisons to Other Hemolytic Indices.
Acta Medica Scandinavica, Vol. 159, Suppl. 332, pp. 61, 1957,
During the last fifteen years the knowledge of erythrocyte and hemoglobin
catabolism has rapidly increased. New isotope techniques have been useful
tools, but other methods, for instance the old principle of differential
agglutination of transfused ery throcy tes , have also contributed to a great
extent.
Bile pigments have long been known as end products of hemoglobin
catabolism, and they have been used as an index of erythrocyte break-
down. A few years ago it was shown that there is a continuous formation
of small amounts of carbon monoxide in man and that at least the greatest
part of the exhaled carton monoxide is formed during the break-down of
hemoglobin. The formation of carbon monoxide during hemoglobin catabolism
was also confirmed by studies in vitro.
However, it is not known to what extent carbon monoxide formation
gives a quantitative estimation of hemoglobin break-down in clinical cases
with increased hemolysis, or if increased carbon monoxide formation is a
constant finding in such cases. «Erythrokineticn studies have been done with
various other methods, but determinations of carbon monoxide production have
not been utilized for such investigation.
The present paper deals with quantitative comparisons between carbon
monoxide formation and some other indices of hemoglobin break-down, and be-
sides an evaluation of the practical value of the carbon monoxide method is
made. - Author's Introduction
210
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Fisher, M.B.: A summary of previous carbon monoxide studies. In:
Conference Proc.: Health, Medical and Drug Factors in Highway
Safety. 2nd Highway Safety Research Correlation Conference, April
5 & 6, 195^, Washington, B.C. Nat. Acad. Sc.-Nat. Res. Council
Pub. 328, Sept. 195^, pp. U. 1-U.6.
Author relates the generally accepted physiological description of
carbon monoxide poisoning, which basically is a process of anoxemia.
The hemoglobin of the blood can take up either oxygen or carbon
monoxide or a number of other materials. The problem arises because
hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for CO than for oxygen. The
ratio of these affinities is of the order of 210 to 1 with the result
if there is any CO present in the atmosphere it will be taken up by the
hemoglobin. Author states that the extent of variability in human
behavior in response to various levels of CO in the atmosphere and to
various levels of COHb in the blood as well as chronic CO poisoning
needs further investigation. A.G.C.
498. Forbes, ¥.H., Kill, D.B., de Silva, H», and Van Deventer, F.M. :
The influence of moderate carbon monoxide poisoning upon the
ability to drive automobiles. J, Indust. Hyg. 19:598-603 (Dec.)
1937-
This paper reports the procedures and findings of what is probably
the best research study on this subject so far conducted. Tests
were made on eight normal male subjects with various percentages
of carbon monoxide in the blood. These included measurement of
the time required to remove the foot from the accelerator and the
time to push down a brake pedal after a red light was flashed on;
depth perception; ability to see dim objects at the side of a
bright light; ability to perceive the approach or recession of
objects; accuracy of steering.
These investigators found that the test performance was
unaffected at a carboxyhemoglobin saturation level of 25$ and was
not disturbed until 30$ was reached. The present investigators
note that this value appears high as compared to present day
concepts but observe that this study gives every impression of
having been conducted with a high degree of competency.
499. Forbes, W.H., Sargent, P., and Roughtdn, F.J.W.: The rate of carbon
monoxide uptake by normal men. Amer. J. Physiol. 1^3:59^-608 (April)
Hew data are presented for the rate of carbon monoxide uptake by normal
men at sea level, when exposed to air containing various percentages
of carbon monoxide (0.01 to 2.0) and for various times. The subjects
were at rest, light activity, light work or hard work.
A composite chart is given for calculating the average individual
increase in percentage COHb in the blood with time, at varying CO
pressure and varying ventilation rate. Particular individuals may
however vary consistently by as much as * 20 per cent from the data
211
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in the chart, which may therefore, in practical cases; often "be
replaced by much simpler approximate equations given in the text.
Variations in the ratio of tidal air to dead space, and in the value
of the diffusion constant of the lungs appear to be responsible for
the differences between individuals in the rate of CO uptake.
The observed rates of CO uptake are lower than the average
rates of most previous observers: the difference is attributed partly
to more accurate estimation of COHb (by the Scholander-Roughton
technique) and partly to adequate allowance for the blank CO already
present in the .blood before the exposure.
Lowering of the total barometric pressure (down to 1^0 mm. Hg)
is without effect on the rate of CO uptake, provided the partial
pressure of CO in the trachea is kept constant and correction is made
for any increase in ventilation rate due to hypoxia.
Increasing the Og from 20 to 98 per cent at sea level decreases
the rate of CO uptake: the effect is more pronounced in hard work than
at rest. This decrease occurs because the rate of reaction of CO with
Hb is inversely proportional to the 0% pressure. - Authors' Sum.
500. Gemzell, C.A., Robbe, H., and Strom, G.: On the equilibration of
carbon monoxide between human material and fetal circulation in vivo.
Scandinav. J. Cliu. & Lab. Invest. 10:372-378, 1958.
Measurements of COHb percentages in maternal and fetal blood immediately
after normal delivery show a probable fetal/maternal ratio of about
1.5-1.6 when the mother has not been exposed to exogenous CO. If
exogenous CO is administered to the mother before delivery, fetal
uptake of CO occurs slowly, so that after 30 minutes of CO equilibration
the fetal/maternal COHb percentage ratio decreases to about 0.5-0.6,
later rising to values well above unity. Within 30 minutes of CO
equilibration the fetal circulation has taken up only 1-2 percent or
less of the amount of CO taken up by the maternal circulation. This
result suggests that, in a pregnant woman, the overestimation of the
maternal total amount of hemoglobin by the alveolar CO method which
is due to fetal CO uptake should usually be negligible. - Authors'
Sum.
501. Gettler, A.O., and Mattice, M.R.: The "normal" carbon monoxide
content of the blood. J. A.M.A. 100:92-97 (Jan. lij.) 1933.
This paper deals with investigations as to what extent carboxyhemoglobin
exists in the blood of presumably normal persons as shown by a
precise and delicate method. The literature reveals no record of
such analyses*
Sodium fluoride is widely used in this country as an insecticide.
Despite the fact that many fatalities have occurred following its
accidental substitution for saline laxatives and baking powder, it
is still widely dispensed without any indication that it is a
poisonous substance.
One fatal case and seven nonfatal cases of accidental sodium.
fluoride poisoning were encountered at the Miami Valley Hospital,
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Dayton, within one mouth. The fatality resulted from the accidental
substitution of sodium fluoride for epsom salt. The nonfatal cases
resulted from the accidental substitution of sodium fluoride for
"baking powder in the preparation of biscuits. Since the labels on
containers of insect powders containing sodium fluoride give no
indication of its poisonous properties, such containers are commonly
kept in medicine cabinets and in kitchen cupboards.
The toxic properties of sodium fluoride are not generally
appreciated, largely because of the inadequate information, or
misinformation, contained in textbooks on toxicology.
The urgent necessity for the proper labeling of containers
of sodium fluoride-containing insecticides is apparent. - Authors'
Sum. Modified
502. Gettler, A.O., and Ereianith, H.C. : Carbon monoxide in blood.
Amer. J. din. Pathol. Tech. Sect. 7, pp. 79-82,
This paper discusses a rapid and simple method for estimating the
carbon monoxide content in the blood. This method permits
completion of determination within 15 minutes (excluding the
preparation of standards, which will keep for several months) and
requires no personal attention during this time. Principles
involved, preparation of standard stains, and the methods are
described. - AGC
503. Giant z, W.M. , Stembridge, V.A., Dominguez, A.M., et al: Carbon monoxide
determination in aircraft accident fatalities. Aerospace Med. 30:711-715
(Oct.) 1959.
Investigators at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology have studied 747
cases of aircraft accident fatalities for the presence of carbon monoxide
in postmortem tissued. All aircraft accident victims with carboxyhemoglobin
elevations above 10 per cent fere shown to have been alive at the time of
the fire. Carboxyhemoglobin levels between 6 and 9 per cent saturation
indicate the possibility that the- subject was alive at the time of exposure
to fire. Extensive fragmentation and postmortem incineration of tissues
subsequent to explosive impact forces do not elevate the carboxyhemoglobin
saturations. These investigators found no cases in which carbon monoxide
intoxication has been implicated as the cause of an aircraft accident. -
.Authors* Sum,
504. Goldsmith, J.R. , and Rogers, L.H. : Health hazards of automobile exhaust,
Pub. Health Rep. 7^:551-558 (June) 1959»
In Los Angeles, the air pollution from diesel engine exhaust is about
20 tons of organic emissions/day while that from automobile exhausts
contributes about 1200 tons/day. Because the theoretical value (15:1)
for air to fuel required for complete combustion is seldom maintained
in automobiles, their exhausts frequently contain carbon monoxide,
hjdrogen^ aldehydes, unburned hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and some
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lead compounds depending on the additives uced. The constituents
(in $ of concentration, vol./vol.) of automobile exhausts are listed
in table 1. Of these only carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides, lead com-
pounds, and hydrocarbons are discussed in this paper. The max. CO
concentration in Los Angeles, reported in table 2, is 93-2 ppm., with
an average value of 15 to 36 ppm. British cities have reported an
average of k to 20 ppm. with a max of SO ppm. during smog. In Detroit,
during heavy traffic an average of 28.9 ppm., with 80 ppm. max., has
been reported. Although no health damage has been attributed to
levels of CO below 100 ppm. there is undoubtedly some inactivation
of hemoglobin. The level of CO saturation in the blood is greatly
increased in tobacco smokers. Although exaeriraental studies have
shown an impaired adaptability of the eyas to darkness when young
subjects were exposed to low levels of CO, this has not been shown by
exposure to automobile exhausts at the levels found on city free-ways.
It is, h&v/ever, a plausible inference. The toxicity of nitrogen dioxide
is based on its irritant properties, especially to the pulmonary
membranes in cases of significant exposure, which are often delayed
in onset. The nitrite ions formed when nitrogen dioxide dissolves are
capable of forming the inactivated hemoglobin known as methemoglobin.
Lead exposure by air pollution alone as reported by Los Angeles and
other cities is usually not toxic but the small persistent amounts
which could be contributed by auto exhausts may contribute to cases of
toxicity in certain individuals working in garages and other work areas.
Hygienic standards have been established If or industrial exposure to Ct,
nitrogen dioxide, lead, and ozone. Establishing a full set of levels
for community exposure is difficult because of the many variables
involved, including the effect of agents in combination, the difference
in sensitivity of ill persons, and the indeterminate period of exposure.
The authors suggest that, in the absence of effective control for air
pollution from automobile exhausts, the public health hazard should be
evaluated. - APCA
505. Goldsmith, J.R.: Some implications of ambient air quality standards.
Arch. Environ. Health 4:151-167 (pfeb.) 1962.
The impetus to set air pollution standards for California arose because
of the recognition that the improvement - or even maintenance - in
the quality of the air in California depended upon control methods
for motor vehicle emissions. The law, which in addition to
calling for public hearings and for revision of standards from time to
time, states that "standards shall be so developed as to reflect
the relationship between the intensity and composition of air
pollution and the health, illness, including irritation to the1 senses,
and death of human beings, as well as damage to vegetation and
interference with visibility." Author discusses standards in other
fields and compares industrial threshold limits, with maximal air
pollution values, and the alert stages for toxic air pollutants in
the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District. The
community air pollution standards in the U.S.S.R. are also
reviewed. Available facts and determination of whether or not
standards could be set for, i.e., the group of photochemical
21 k
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oxidants, oxides of sulfur, and carbon monoxide are also considered.
Because of the many sources for carbon monoxide exposure it was
decided that only 5% of hemoglobin inactivation by community air
pollution would become the basis for standards. Available data on
reaction between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide were used to derive
the standards - 30 ppm for 8 hours or 120 ppm for one hour. Because
the basis of this effect is an interference with physiological
function, the standard by definition is at the "serious1'level. The
30 ppm standard averaged over 8 hours has often been exceeded in
Los Angeles. In the Appendix the policy of the California Standards
for ambient air quality are discussed in detail. - AGC.
506. Hackney, J.D., Lashier, H., Lynn, K., and Spier, C.: Comparative
effect of two sources of exposure to carbon monoxide on carbon
monoxide hemoglobin levels. Presented at the Mr Pollution Research
Conference on "Effects of Motor Vehicle Emissions on Health,"
Dec. 6, 1961, Los Angeles, Calif.
The comparative effect of two sources of carbon monoxide exposure,
e.g., ambient CO and ambient CO plus cigarette smoke on the COHb
of two normal subjects working as a team is discussed in this
study. The rebreathing method for indirect estimation of COHb
as previously described (1) was used in this study for the frequent
monitoring of COHb. Samples of the ambient air were collected
almost continuously during the experimental run as a means of
representing the integrated total ambient CO exposure. - Authors'
Introduction
507. Hackney, J.D., Kaufman, G.A., Lashier, H., and Lynn, K.: Rebreathing
estimate of carbon monoxide hemoglobin. Arch. Environ. Health 5:
300-307 (Oct.) 1962.
Indirect methods of estimating COHb fall into 2 groups: rebreathing
andbrcatliholdlng. Rebreathing methods have the advantage of
requiring less subject cooperation and aid in sampling alveolar
gas. Normal subjects rebreathed k liters of oxygen for 2 minutes.
Samples of 25 cc. were analyzed for oxygen and CO using gas
chromatography. These results were substituted into the Haldane
relationship (M value = 195)' A total of 55 rebreathing estimates
were compared with blood COHb measurements in normal subjects. There
was good correlation between the estimated and measured COHb: Mean
COHb 5.1$, the SD .22, coefficient of variation k.kfy. Using an
assumed 0 concentration may lead to large errors in estimating the
COHb. Previous rebreathing methods have utilized nitrogen wash out
or other time consuming approaches. Our method requires 2 minutes
and appears to have greater sensitivity. Preliminary studies on
chronic lung disease subjects are reported. - Authors' Sum.
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508. Haddon, W., Jr., Nesbitt, R.E.L., and Garcia, R. : Smoking and pregnancy:
Carbon monoxide in blood during gestation and at term. Obstet. Gynec.
18:262-267 (Sept.) L96l.
Blood carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in women seen in a prenatal
clinic were significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Carbon
monoxide concentrations in paired cord and maternal blood specimens
obtained at term were found to be approximately. :equal, whereas CO
concentrations per 100 gnu of hemoglobin were lower in cord than in
paired maternal blood specimens. The differences between smokers and
nonsmokers in the reduction in 02-carrying capacity in the cord and maternal
blood specimens, respectively, were also statistically significant.
These reductions in maternal and fetal oxygen-carrying capacity and the
action of CO as an enzyme inhibitor are discussed from the standpoint
of their possible effects on fetal development. - Author's summary
509. Haggard, H.W., and Henderson, Y.: The treatment of carbon monoxide
poisoning. J. AMA 77:1065-1967 (Oct. 1) 1921.
In the course of a large series of investigations the authors and
their associates have marked out the following standard for exposure:
"Multiply the time of exposure in hours by the concentration of the
gas in parts per 10,000 of air. If the product equals 3 or less
there is no appreciable physiologic effect. If it equals 6, there
is sometimes slight malaise. If it equals 9> a headache with some
nausea is produced in most people. If it equals 15> the conditions
are dangerous for anything beyond brief exposure. If it is more
than 15 they are extremely dangerous even for brief exposure."
In the proposed vehicular tunnel under the Hudson, carbon
monoxide is not to be permitted to rise above h to 5 parts per
10,000, and the time for passage will be from fifteen to thirty
minutes. Fieldner and his associates have shown that an automobile
engine may produce from 1 to 2 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per
minute. Thus, a car warming up in a small closed garage can make
an atmosphere dangerous to life within five minutes. Production
of carbon monoxide increases on a rich mixture and decreases on a
thin one.
The whuo.e toxicity of carbon monoxide has been shown to
depend upon its union with hemoglobin.
The therapy of carbon monoxide poisoning depends on the
hemoglobin combination and upon the fact that this combination is
readily reversible.
SlO.Haldane, J.: The relation of the action of carbonic oxide to oxygen
tension. J. Pbysiol. 18:201-217, 1895.
The poisonous action of carbonic oxide diminishes as the oxygen
tension increases, and vice versa. At a tension of two atmospheres
of oxygen this poisonous action is abolished in the case of mice.
216
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The disappearance of the poisonous action is due to the fact
that at high oxygen tensions the animals can dispense entirely with
the oxygen-carrying function of haemoglobin.
The poisonous action of carbonic oxide is entirely due to its
power of combining with the haemoglobin of the red corpuscles, and
so putting them out of action as oxygen-carriers. - Author's
Conclusion
511. Haldane, J.: The action of carbonic oxide on man. J. Physiol.
18: If 30-462, 1895.
Investigations to determine experimentally the causes of the eya&>1x>ms
produced in man by carbonic oxides are described in this paper.
The relation of the changes in the blood to the symptoms, to the
percentage of carbonic oxide breathed, and to the period during
which the inhalation continued are particularly emphasized. -
AGC
512. Haldane, J.B.S.: The dissociation of o:^yhaenioglobin in human blood
during partial CO poisoning. J. Physiol. k$:XXII-XXIV, 1912-1913.
This paper discusses the dissociation curve of oxyhaemoglobin in blood
altered by the presence of a constant percentage of carboxylhaemoglobin*
Curves are given for human blood in presence of ko mm. pressure of
COg. This study agrees with the observed fact that 50$ saturation
with CO is a serious condition, higher saturations producing coma.
The comatose stage is longer, and death less sudden in CO poisoning
than in asphyxia from simple 0% want, because at low tensions more
02 is liberated from the blood in the former case than the latter.
513. Halperin, M.H., Niven, J.I., McFarland, R.A., and Roughton, F.J.W.:
Variations in visual thresholds during carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia.
Fed. Proc. (Abstract) 6:120-121, 1947.
The comparative and combined effects of carbon monoxide and hypoxic anoxia
on human visual intensity discrimination, as well as the effects of normal
and high Q% atmospheres during recovery from CO, were investigated.
In previous studies we have found that the measurement of visual
intensity discrimination thresholds at a low level of illumination provides
a very sensitive, useful and precise quantitative index of the physiological
disturbance caused by oxygen deprivation. We therefore applied the same
technique in measuring the effects of small amounts of CO. Extensive studies
were carried out on four we11-trained subjects.
A given increase in % COHb in the blood at sea level produces an
effect approximately equal to that of an equal decrease in % 02Hb due to
hypoxic anoxia. At simulated high altitudes, a given % COHb produces an
impairment equivalent to a further ascent which would cause an equal
additional decrease in % O-Hb. The visual threshold is therefore much more
sensitive to CO than are other physiological functions so far investigated.
217
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In studying the recovery from CO, we found that the inhalation o£
oxygen, in addition to its value in accelerating the elimination of CO, had
another beneficial effect as compared with the inhalation of ordinary air.
An added improvement equivalent to a decrease of about 5 to 7% COHb was
produced", by breathing oxygen. When the subjects then breathed ordinary air,
the thresholds were again impaired by this amount. If, instead of oxygen,
the subject breathed ordinary air throughout the recovery period, the
visual thresholds failed to recover as rapidly as the % COHb declined. -
Authors1 Abst.
514. Hanson, H.B., and Hastings, A.B.: The effect of smoking on the
carbon monoxide content of blood. J. A.M.A. 100:1^1 (May 13)
1933-
In a short series of normal individuals who do not smoke, the
hemoglobin of the blood was found to be saturated with carbon
monoxide, 1.5 per cent.
In subjects who smoke the saturation of the blood with
carbon monoxide was found to be from 3 to k per cent. - Authors'
Conclusions
515. Hartridge, H. : The action of various conditions on carbon monoxide
haemoglobin. J. Physiol., pp. 22-23,
The following factors are without influence on the final saturation
of haemoglobin with CO: dilution, lactic acid, C02, certain acid
and basic salts.
The following have a very marked influence: light, temperature,
species.
With regard to the first, I have shown that investigation is
simplified if the reaction can be made reversible, by addition of
some chemical agent which removes the OgHb but leaves the undlssociated
COHb unaffected. The active rays are found to correspond to the
absorption bands, those in the ultra violet being most active. The
screening fluid employed in the spectroscope has been sufficient to
reduce this light action to a minimum.
The dissociation is due to a change in the stability of COHb,
and not to any alteration in the combination with oxygen.
Temperature has a most marked influence; the change in the
saturation being about 1/2$ for every 1 degree rise of temperature;
it is therefore relatively more important at low, than at high
temperature .
Equilibrium is reached at different saturations by the blood
of animals of different species. - Author's Sum.
218
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516. Henderson, Y., and Haggard, H.W.: The physiological principles
governing ventilation when the air is contaminated with carbon
monoxide. J. Indust. Eng. Chem. 14:229-236 (March) 1922.
With the building of tunnels under the Hudson River between New York
and Jersey City for the principal use of motor vehicle problems
have arisen which have never been extensively investigated. The
investigations reported in this paper afford data upon which plans
and designs for the ventilation of tunnels may be based. In the
principal conclusions, authors state that the general standards
agreed upon for periods of a few hours are: When the time in hours
multiplied by the concentration of carbon monoxide in parts per
10,000 of air equals 3» there is no perceptible physiological effect.
When it equals 6, there is a just perceptible effect. When it
equals $f headache and nausea are induced. When it equals 15 or
more, the conditions are dangerous to life.
If the volume of breathing is increased by exercise (even
by slow walking, and correspondingly more by physical work) the
rate of absorption of carbon monoxide is increased proportionally.
After return to fresh air, the elimination of carbon monoxide
through the lungs proceeds at a rate of 30 to 60 per cent reduction
of the blood saturation per hour.
In the exhaust gas from gasoline, carbon monoxide is the
only considerable toxic constituent. In the exhaust gas from coal
distillate (benzene, etc.), and in illiminating gas, there are
present accessory toxic substances. - Authors' Conclusions Modified
-AGO
517. Heron, H.J.t The effects of smoking during pregnancy: A review with
a preview. New Zealand Med. J. 61:5^5-5^8 (Nov.) 1962.
Carbon monoxide blood concentrations were found to be higher in
maternal and foetal bloods in patients who smoked.
Respiration in infants of mothers who smoked took longer to
establish and peripheral cyanosis was more common.
The condition of such infants appeared to revert to more nearly
normal when they were placed in a high oxygen concentration for a
short time. - -Author's Sum.
518. Hofreuter, D.H., Catcott, E.J., and Xintaras, C.: Carboxyhemoglobin
in men exposed to carbon monoxide. Arch. Environ. Health V.81-85
(Jan.) 1962.
This study was designed to appraise the influence of exposure to
various sources of carbon monoxide on Carboxyhemoglobin levels.
Also> the relationship of COHb levels with symptoms associated
with CO intoxication was considered. Environmental factors such
as smoking, occupational exposure, and commuting to work in a
private automobile were not reflected in marked or sustained
differences of COHb levels that could be related to these
influences* No relation was found between symptoms and COHb values.
219
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To summarize the effects of a rather continuous exposure throughout
the day, 5^ of the subjects were exposed daily to CO in their
working environment, while smoking, and while commuting to work in
a private automobile. The mean COHb value of this group was 3-8$.
This mean was not markedly different from the mean levels observed
in groups which had lesser exposure. - APCA ^298
519. Hurtado, A., Merino, C*, and Delgado, E. : Influence of anoxemia on
the hemopoietic activity. Arch. Internat. Med. 75:284-323,
The investigations to be reported in this paper concern the
morphologic and other characteristics of the circulating "blood under
the influence of temporary, intermittent and chronic anoxie anoxia
(anoxemia). Most of the work has been carried out at high altitudes
and the results obtained have been compared with those observed in
the study of healthy subjects at sea level and in previous related
investigations. No attempt has been made to cover all the vast
literature accumulated in this field. - Authors' Abst.
520. Hyperbarie oxygen in carbon monoxide poisoning. J. AMA 193:157
(July 19) 1965.
In "International Comments" of J. AMA there is a news note taken
from "La Semaine Des Eopltaux Informations, Paris, April lU, 1965"
in which is stated that Dr. Cculon, Chief, Weurorespiratory
Reanimation Center at Garches, Paris, announced to Medical Society
of Hospitals of Paris on March 26, 1965, that he found hyperbaric
oxygen very rewarding in the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.
Patients were kept in pressure cabinets made by Wickers Company of
England, using an oxygen pressure of two atmospheres. In less than
10 minutes the carboxyhemoglobin content of the patients' blood
began to decrease. Of 20 patients, 16 recovered and only four
died. - CBK
521. Joels, W., and Pugh, L.G.C.E.: The carbon monoxide dissociation curve
of human blood. J. Physiol. 1^2:63-77, 1958.
Carboxyhaemoglobia dissociation curves, in the absence of Op, have been
prepared for the blood of three subjects at COgpressures ox 15, kQ
and 70 mm, Hg, and pH values of 7-50, 7-25 and y.15, respectively.
The determinations were made by equilibrating blood samples in tonometers
with various concentrations of CO and measuring both the COHb saturation
of the blood and the CO concentration in the tonometer gas at equilibrium.
These curves have been compared with the 02Hb dissociation curves
of the same three subjects, in the absence of CO, at the same C02
pressures and pH values. The effect of C02 on the COHb dissociation
curves is shown to be very similar to though not identical with its
effect on the OoHb dissociation curves.
220
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The COHb dissociation curves differ slightly from the curves
published by Douglas et al. (1912). Reasons for the differences are
given.
The relative affinity of haemoglobin for CO and 02 varies only
slightly from subject to subject. On the other hand, it is affected
by changes in plasma pH and C02 pressure, the relative affinity for CO
rising as the pH increases and the COo pressure falls. In these
experiments, which were performed at §7° C, the ratio of the CO pressure
producing 50$ saturation with COHb the 02 pressure producing 50%
saturation with O^Hb rose from an average value of 1:230 at pH 7.15 and
pC02 70 mm Hg, to 1:260 at pH 7.50 and pC02 15 mm Hg.
The relative affinity as determined in this fashion from the 50$
saturation pressures on the individual COHb and 02Hb dissociation curves
has been termed M*. The differences between this value and M, the ratio
of the CO and 02 pressures producing 50$ COHb and 50$ 0^ in a mixture
containing no reduced haemoglobin, are discussed. - Authors' Sum.
522. Joels, N., and Neil, E.: Carotid chemoreceptor response to high carbon
monoxide tension. J. Physiol. 156":5P-6P (Abstract), 1961.
The combination of as much as 80$ of the blood haemoglobin with CO
causes no carotid chemoreceptor discharge in cats breathing 1-2$ CO
in air, providing that the arterial p02 be not lowered (Duke, Green
& Neil, 1952). The glomus cells normally betray a high oxygen usage
(9ml.AOO g/min). Their blood flow of 2000 ml./lOO g/min (Daly,
Lambertsen & Schweitzer, 195*0 is, however, so high that they have
little difficulty in extracting their large oxygen requirements
without causing much fall in the local blood pOo. Anoxic anoxia
disrupts their oxidative metabolism, whereupon fhe chemoreceptor
nerves display a vigorous impulse traffic. Cyanide also causes
chemoreceptor discharge, and Anitschkov (1951) has assumed that the
drug acts by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase. Cyanide, however,
inhibits many of the enzymes which aid carbohydrate metabolism. Only
carbon monoxide exerts a specific inhibition of cytochrome oxidase
(Dixon & Webb, 1958). The affinity of cytochrome oxidase for CO is
less than that for 02. Thus it is necessary to use high CO tensions
locally in glomus circulation in order to ascertain whether
chemoreceptor discharge ascribable to cytochrome oxidase inhibition
can be aroused.
Two sets of experiments were performed on cats anaesthetized
with pentobarbitone.
1-2 ml. of blood (pCO = 300-500 mm, p02 = 150 mm, pCOg =
UO mm Hg) was injected locally into the carotid glomus circulation.
Transient hyperpnoea and hypertension which occurred was abolished
by cutting the relevant sinus nerve.
Electroneurography of chemoreceptor fibres showed that vigorous
impulse activity was aroused by the perfusion of solutions equilibrated
with pCO 300-500 mm Hg and normal p02 and pC02.
The inhibition of cytochrome oxidase thus does mimic the
effect of anoxic ancxia on the glomus cells. It must be stressed
221
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that CO is used here as a biochemical tool; ordinarily in CO poisoning
the tissue pCO is far too low to exert such histotoxic effects. -
Authors' Abst.
523. Jones, J.G., and Walters, D.H.: A study of carboxyhaeraoblobin levels
in employees at an integrated steelworks. Ann. Occupat. Byg. 5:
221-230, 1962.
Carboxyhaemoglobin levels at the beginning, and end, of a single
shift's work in an integrated steelworks, are compared in 57 blast
furnace employees and 63 employees not exposed to carbon monoxide
at work. Results are presented in relation to smoking habits.
The method of Whitehead and Worthington was used for the estimations
and reasons for the choice, and tests of accuracy of the method,
are given. Difficulties encountered in preparing standard
concentrations of Carboxyhaemoglobin are discussed. - Authors1
Abst.
524. Killick, E.M. : Carbon monoxide anoxemia. Physiol. Rev. 20:313-
(July) 1940.
Carbon monoxide derives its physiological interest from its property
of combining with hemoglobin in a manner apparently identical with
oxygen. The hemoglobin, however, has a very much greater affinity
for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, and therefore carbon monoxide
is a potent cause of anoxemia when it is mixed with the inspired
air.
The combination of carbon monoxide with reduced hemoglobin,
in the absence of oxygen, and the dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin,
follow the same laws as govern the combination of oxygen with reduced
hemoglobin and the dissociation of oxyhemoglobin. The curve
relating the partial pressure of the gas to the percentage saturation
of the hemoglobin is identical in shape for both gases, and its
position is influenced by the same factors in both cases, for
example, pH, temperature, and salt content (Douglas, Haldane and
Haldane, 1912). The difference lies in the range of partial
pressures; while the hemoglobin of human blood becomes half saturated
with oxygen at a partial pressure of about 30 mm., it is half saturated
with carbon monoxide, under the same conditions of temperature, pH,
etc., when exposed to a partial pressure of about 0.125 mm. -
Author's Introduction.
525. Korenevskaya, E.J. : The effect of high air temperature on the toxicity
of carbon monoxide. Gigiena i Sanitaria No. 9> P* 19 > 1955. In: Levine,
B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 1, 1960, pp. lj.6-52,
CFSTI-TT-60-21049, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Studies of action of carbon monoxide at high air temperatures showed
that the toxic effect ojf CO increased due to a complex of causes,
222
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with a rise in air temperature. At normal body temperature, even
at 30-35* the increase in CO toxicity vas slight. The thermoregulation
mechanism was disturbed and the toxic effect of CO considerably
intensified at an air temperature of kQ-k5°. Concentrations as low
as 0.1 mg/1 elicited clear symptoms of poisoning, and the general
clinical picture indicated inhibition effects exerted by the CO on
the functional capacity of the brain cortex. Experiments of the
effect of CO on the physiological functions of the rabbit at different
air temperatures are described. The accumulation and breakdown of
carboxyhemoglobin in rabbits exposed to different carbon monoxide
concentration at different air temperatures is shown in a graph. The
effect of adaptation to high temperature on changes in physiological
functions of animals exposed to 0.2 mg/1 of carbon monoxide at kQ°
air temperature is also discussed. - AGC
526. Kraut, H.: Physiological-chemical effect of exhaust gases. Jahrb.
brennkrafttechn. Ges. 20:J-l6, 1939.
The physiological effect of motor exhaust gases is attributed mainly
to the action of CO. The saturation of the blood hemoglobin with
CO is given for the following concentrations (CO given in volume $):
0.01 - 12$, 0.02 - 22$ and O.OU - 36$. The saturation times
decrease with increasing exertion. On inhalation of 0.03$ of CO,
an 18$ saturation of the Hb is reached: during strenuous exercise,
within 25 min., at rest, within 80 min. Description of various
types of exposure to CO illustrates that a moderate charge of the
Hb with CO, which does not produce acute symptoms, may noticeably
reduce the exposed individual's capacity for physical exertion.
The degree of dilution of car exhausts was studied in a 3-hour test
drive through a narrow valley in the Harz mountains, in which 10
cars were used. The average CO content of the exhaust gases was
(given in volume $) 4.0$, that of the surrounding air within 12 m.
distance - 0.01 during driving and 0.026 during idling. - Kett.
527. Lawther, P.S.: The clinical Significance of dirty air. Proc. Conf.
National Stacks Abatement Soc«, Oct. 1956.
Driving through London for 3 hours with the windows shut and the
air intake on, investigator reported carbon monoxide concentrations
of 130 ppm in the vehicle, the passengers' carboxyhemoglobin doubling
over their previous control values. Although these levels were not
harmful to the healthy passengers, author is unable to state, as yet,
that they would not be of any significance to ill persons. This work
is continuing. - AGC
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528. Lilienthal, J.L., Jr., and Pine, M.B.: The effect of oxygen pressure
on the uptake of carbon monoxide by man at sea level and at altitude.
Amer. J. Physiol. 1^5:3^-350,
The rate of uptake of CO has been studied in 9 subjects at rest under
a variety of partial pressures of oxygen in the inspired air.
The rate of uptake of CO may be predicted with considerable
accuracy for sea level and altitude conditions by means of the following
relation of the "CO exposure index" to the increase in ( COHb): A (COHb)
= (pCO X time X minute respiratory volume) X 0.05.
In accordance with the laws of combination of CO with Hb in
the presence of 02, the rate of uptake of CO is inversely proportional
to the partial pressure of 0%.
Total barometric pressure plays no discernible role, in the
uptake of CO.
The effects of minimal anoxia due to altitude sum with the
effects of small amounts of circulating COHb to produce moderately
severe symptoms of anoxia. - Authors' Sum.
529. Lilienthal, J.L., Jr., Eiley, R.L., Proeramel, D.D., and Franke, R.E. :
The relationships between carbon monoxide, oxygen and hemoglobin in
the blood of man at altitude. Amer. J. Physiol, 1^5:351-358,
Three male subjects have been studied at varying pressure-altitudes
while in equilibrium with inspired gas mixtures containing from 0.005
to 0.015 per cent carbon monoxide.
The distribution of COHb, OjaHb and reduced Hb and their related
gas tensions confirm in vivo the fundamental "laws" first defined by
Baldahe for the equilibria obtaining in vitro.
A simple rearrangement of the Haldane equation makes possible
an accurate prediction of the amount of COHb obtaining when man is in
equilibrium with a CO- contaminated atmosphere at any given altitude.
The equation,
(COHb) = Q X (Total hemoglobin saturation),
requires only that the percentage of CO in inspired air and the
pressure-altitude be known. The remainder of the terms may be read
from standard values, tables and curves; e.g., M = 210, p02 « average
alveolar tension at the given pressure-altitude, and (Total hemoglobin
saturation), related to the tension of pQ^ + MpCO, may be read 'off
the standard oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.
The value of the relative affinity constant of Hb for CO compared
to Q2 was found to be 20^ + 10 per cent in these experiments.
The total barometric pressure has been found to play no role in
the distribution of CO and 0% at equilibrium.
The hemoglobin of individuals who smoke appears not to differ
from that of non-smokers in its affinity for CO and Og.
The symptoms produced by CO are proportional not only to the
blood concentration of COHb but also to the duration of exposure to
a given concentration. - Authors' Sum.
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530. Lilienthal, J.L., Jr., Riley, R.L., Proemmel, D.D., and Pranke, R.E. :
An experimental analysis in man of the oxygen prassure gradient from
alveolar air to arterial blood during rest and exercise at sea level
and at altitude. Amer. J. Physiol. 14?: 199-216,
By means of new technics, measurements have "been made in man of the
oxygen pressure gradient existing between the alveolar air and the
peripheral arterial blood, during rest and exercise, at sea level
and at simulated altitude.
At rest the gradient averaged 9 mm. Hg and during exercise
16.5 mm. Hgj the development of anoxia produced no significant changes
in the size of the gradients.
A method is presented for differentiating the total alveolar
arterial oxygen pressure gradient into its two main components:
membrane resistance and venous admixture.
A theoretical analysis of the experimental data indicates that
when the level of oxygenation was high (sea level) the observed
pressure gradient resulted for the most part from the admixture of
venous blood entering from poorly ventilated alveoli, the bronchial
circulation, the Thebesian and anterior cardiac veins and perhaps
other sources. By contrast, at low level oxygenation (anoxic anoxia)
the gradient resulted largely from the pressure head which must develop
across the pulmonary membrane to effect the transfer of the required
volume of oxygen.
Exercise, by exerting a physiological stress on the mechanisms
serving the transfer of oxygen from alveolar air to arterial blood,
evokes an integrated series of respiratory and cardiovascular
adaptations, one of which is the increase of the alveolar-arterial
oxygen pressure gradient.
The diffusion constant of the lung, calculated from the
experimental observations, averaged 21 at rest (range 12 to 36) and
increased during exercise to an average of 62 (range 50 to ?6).
Authors' Sum.
531. Lutmer, R.F., Busch, K,A«, and Belong, P.L.: Effect of nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, or ozone on blood carboxyhemoglobin concentrations
during low-level carbon monoxide exposures. Internat. J. Air &
Water Poll., in press.
Compared to exposure to CO alone, no enhancement of blood
carboxyhemoglobin concentrations was observed following 7-hour
exposures of rats and mice to low levels of CO plus NO, NO^, or
0^. - Authors' Abst.
532. jfentell, C.D.: Smoking in pregnancy: The role played by carbonic
anhydrase. New Zealand Med. J. 63:601-603 (Sept.) 196^.
An outline of the method used to estimate the carbonic anhydrase
content in a specimen of cord blood has been given. This method
involved the absorption of C0g by a buffer solution so as to lower
its pH to the end point of the indicator.
225
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Results show a decrease in carbonic anhydrase activity in
the cord "bloods of infants whose mothers smoked.
Classification at "birth, length of gestation, and birth
weights of the infants were also affected.
The differences in enzyme activity, foetal birth weights
and condition, and the prematurity rate between infants of light
and heavy smokers and between those who smoked and those who did
not smoke during labour, were insignificant. - Author's Sum.
533. Marcblaro, G., Margaria, B., Gaido, P.C., and Aquaro, G.: Acid-
base equilibrium in experimental acute intoxication from carbon
monoxide. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:^52-453 (May-Aug.) 196k.
In dogs experimentally intoxicated with CO a progressive decrease
has been found in the pH values of the blood accompanied by an
increase of the pCOg. The acidosis condition tends to correct
partially during the successive stages of treatment. - Authors'
Sum.
534. Mayers, M.R.: Studies in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. New York State
Dept. of Labor, Div, Indust. Hyg. & Safety Standards, 19^6, 6k pp.
This pamphlet contains six papers on the following subjects:
1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
2. Effects on Red Blood Cells
3- Carbon Monoxide Headache
1*. In Garages'
5« In Hat Industry
6. In Foundries
Author states that there is need for further study of the
toxicologies! effects of mixed gases, in which CO is one of the
constituents, on both animals in the laboratory and on workers in
industry.
Although it is assumed that, while the principal action of
CO is undoubtedly the production of anoxeraia by displacing oxygen
from the hemoglobin of the red cells, it may in addition, have other
physiological effects not yet fully understood. Whether CO is a
tissue poison is still another matter for further investigation.
- AGC
535. Meda, E.: Kinetics of the reaction of human hemoglobin with
carbon monoxide. Rass. Med. Ind. (Rome) 33:292-295 (May-Aug.)
The author reports the results of studies on the kinetics of the
reaction of human hemoglobin with carbon monoxide; the results
were obtained with the use of the method termed "interrupted flow".
The influence of temperature on the kinetics of the reaction was
also studied and in addition the equation is given for calculating
the speed constant. - APCA 6U-1?6
226
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536. Keigs, J.W.: Carbot* monoxide poisoning. Bujl. U.S. Army Dept.
8:542-546, 1948.
The danger of carbon monoxide poisoning among nea working oh gasoline-
driven vehicles is emphasized. A concentration of several thousand
parts per million may occur in the air near the exhaust outlet, even
outdoors, unless exhaust gases are discharged so that the carbon
monoxide is diluted before it can return to any area where it may be
inhaled. Symptoms, which usually occur when the carboxy-haemoglobin
content of the blood reaches 20 percent* include headache, dizziness,
faintness, nausea, and vomiting. Samples of oxalated blood should be
analyzed for the presence of carbon monoxide as soon as possible after
exposure, to minimize reoxygenatipn of carboxy-haemoglobin, but they
can be frozen and sent to a laboratory. The presence of a significant
amount of carbon monoxide in the blood will differentiate symptoms due
to carbon monoxide poisoning from those due to other causes, especially
alcohol. Heavy cigarette smoking may produce carboxy-haemoglobin
levels up to 10 percent.- BMB 402
537. Morgan, J.L.: Carbon monoxide poisoning-a danger of farm and home.
Indust. Med. 8= Surg. 24:302-306 (July) 1955-
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a problem in Kansas as elsewhere. The
gas when inhaled produces anoxemia by combining with hemoglobin.
Pathologically the small blood vessels are the main target organs of
the anoxemia and these vessel changes are so widespread that the
clinical picture is extraordinarily variable. The diagnosis is
usually suggested by the history or the surroundings in which the
patient is found. There are simple qualitative blood tests which may
help to detect carboxyhemogloMn. Treatment is based on ventilating
the patien't lungs with fresh air or a carbon dioxide-oxygen mixture.
Permanent sequellae such as psychoses and Parkinsonism do occur but
they are extremely rare. Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is a
debatable entity. -Author's Sum.
538. Mbureu, H., Chovin, P., Truffert, T., and Lebbe, J.: Some lessons
drawn from determinations of carbon monoxide poisoning of city '
inhabitants. Compt. Rend. (Paris) 247:552-555 (July 28) 1958.
The use of a single but exact infrared absorption technique to
determine the amount of CO in the blood and in the ambient
atmosphere is reported. Two experiments were made to study the
effects of automobile exhaust gases on 36 volunteer subjects
stationed on selected streets and intersections in Paris. The
amount of CO in the blood of the subjects was determined
immediately before and after a 3-hour period at a test station,
and simultaneously 2 or 3 air samples were made to determine per-
centages of oxygen and CO. The atmospheric conditions and
intensity of auto traffic were noted at eacb station. The first
test was made on January 15* 1957* "between 9 A.M. and 12 noon; a
relatively strong TIE wind (20-30 km./hour) prevailed to disperse
227
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exhaust gases. The average amount of CO in the air was 8 ppm.
The average amount in the "blood before exposure (0.35 ml./ICO ml.
"blood), increased about 25$ to Q.kk ml. A second test was made
7 days later between 4 and 7 P.M. j wind had "been nearly absent for
several days and a slight tendency to fog was present. A rise
in the initial CO content of the blood was noted, averaging
0.5^ ml./lOO ml. blood, i.e., slightly exceeding the normal limit
for city dwellers of O.k ml. The average CO content of 100 samples
of air was 26 ppm. The increase in the CO content of the blood at
the end of the test period was marked: 0.11 ml., i.e., a yi$>
increase* Similar tests were made of 136 samples of blood of
automobile drivers held on charge of intoxication after an auto
accident or traffic offense. Results were statistically analyzed
in comparison to 1*507 cases suspected of CO poisoning. CO levels
in the blood of the intoxicated drivers were found to be much
greater than among the controls, - APCA 2023
539. Moureu, H.: The various aspects of pollution by the exhaust gases
of motors of internal combustion. Rev. Fathol. Gen. Physiol. Clin.
(Paris) 61:915-931 (July) 1961.
Although automotive traffic has not reached the density in Paris
that it has in Los Angeles, it is increasing rapidly. Concern
for this type of pollution, especially that from ozone and carbon
monoxide, was felt for the drivers of automobiles and for
pedestrians involved in heavy traffic. A chart in the text
compares carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels of a group (303 persons)
of automobile drivers, another group of professional personnel
(867 persons) exposed to CO, and another of controls (^35 persons).
In a range of blood levels of 0.2 to 2*5 ml./l(X) ml. of blood,
a greater number of drivers had levels in the higher half of this
range. At a level marked in the table as "serious" (1.2 ml./
100 ml.)* nearly bQ% of the drivers, less than 25$ of the workers,
and only about 7$ of the controls were higher. The technical
solution of the control of exhaust gases has probably now been
solved by American manufacturers with equipment, developed past
the laboratory stage, which will not be prohibitive in cost. The
controversies over the use of diesel motors have also become
resolved with the decision being that well-run and well-maintained
diesel motors produce little exhaust. The international
colloquium on atmospheric pollution, which was held in
Royaumont in April I960, included among its recommendations the
dieselization of public transport. It has been established that
the level of CO pollution in the public gardens is 5 times less
than on busy streets. Wide avenues and areas of greenery are
imperative in control of this type of air pollution. Again the
running conditions of the motor are so important in controlling
the degree of pollution that they should be under official
supervision and inspection. In large cities, especially, the
running of motors at an idling level should be reduced to a
minimum. - APCA ^635
228
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540. Pace, H., Consolazio, W.V., Pitts, G.C., and Pecora, L,J. : The
rate of blood absorption of low concentrations of carbon monoxide in
ambient air at simulated altitudes up to 10,000 feet. NMRI Project
Report No. 2, Aug. 31,
Tests of 3 to 5 hours' duration were conducted at a simulated
altitude of 10,000 feet (520 mm. Hg), in which subjects breathed CO
concentrations of 0.87 parts/10,000 and 1.79 parts/10,000 "by means
of a demand system and A-14 mask. Analyses of "arterialized"
"blood withdrawn from veins of the heated hand, and measurements of
pulse rate and respiratory minute volume were made. The altitude
decrement attributable to the presence of given amounts of COHb was
not ascertained. This problem is now being studied.
The results of these tests permit the following statements:
At the end of 5 hours' exposure at 10,000 feet, the inhalation
of 1.79 parts/10,000 CO was accompanied by an uptake of not more than
12 per cent COHb.
The rate of uptake of CO follows a predictable course in a
range of concentrations from 0.87 parts/10,000 to 20 parts/10,000.
The blood level of COHb may be predicted over the range by
the equation:
^ $COHb - Pa-rtg CO x Corr. Mn. Vol. x Time
42>5 x -Bi00& vol.
The effect of altitude is taken into account by correcting
the minute volume of respiration, as measured at altitude, to STP.
The experimental data show close agreement with calculations
based on theoretical values obtained by means of the equation.
The time of ejcposure required to reach a given blood level
of COHb in relation to the CO concentration in ambient air can be
computed within the limits of experimental error for sea level, and
for various altitudes up to 10,000 feet;.
A summary of the data obtained in this study was prepared for
limited distribution as Report No. One. - Authors' Sum.
541. Pace, N.: Limits of Tolerance .for Carbon Manoxide Under Working
Conditions and in Emergency Procedures Aboard Ship. Naval Med. Res.
Inst., Nat. Naval Med. Center, Bethesda, Md., KH6-l/All/NMRl-12it-,
June 12, 191*5.
This report is made in response to a request from BuShips for
information regarding the limits of tolerance of exposure to various
concentrations of carbon monoxide. The limits set forth herein
pertain only to non-flying personnel, and must not be applied in
other situations where lowered atmospheric oxygen tensions may also
be encountered.
Recent work at the Naval Medical Research Institute has led
to the development of a general equation for the expression of the
rate of accumulation of carbon monoxide in the blood in terms of the
factors important to the process. The equation described in this
paper has been tested under a wide variety of conditions and found
to hold well experimentally and in practice. - Author'.s Abst.
229
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542. Pace, H., Consolazio, W.V., White, W.A., Jr., and Behnke, A.R. :
Formulation of the principal factors affecting the rate of uptake
of carbon monoxide by man. " Amer. J. Physiol. iVf: 352-359,
The rate of uptake of carbon monoxide has been shown to be constant
with respect to blood concentration of COHb, up to values of one-
third the equilibrium level, when air containing CO in the range 1
part to 20 parts per 10,000 is breathed by men at rest or engaged in
moderate physical activity.
An equation has been derived which serves as a means of estimating
in man the degree of blood saturation with CO as a result of exposure
to air containing this gas as follows:
A per cent COHb - Parts CO X Minute Volume X Exposure Time
* a 46.5 X Blood Volume
The equation is valid for values of per cent COHb up to one-
third the equilibrium value for the air concentration of CO under
consideration. Within this range Z-\per cent £OHb may be estimated
within a degree of error whose standard deviation is +2. 3 per cent COHb.
The fraction of CO removed from the inspired air by the blood
was found to be constant as uptake progressed, and the mean for a group
of twelve men was h-1.2 per cent with a standard deviation of +k.k per
cent. This value is somewhat lower than that observed by previous
investigators. - Authors' Sum.
543. Parmeggiani, L., and Gilardi, F. : Physiological levels of blood carbon
monoxide. MSd. Lavoro ^3: 179-183 (April) 1952.
Values for HbCO in the blood of 3^ normal subjects both non-smokers
and smokers of 10-40 cigarettes per diem were assessed with the
Heilmeyer method and Koenig -Mart ens spectre-photometer. The non-smokers
showed an average level of 2.Q% with a k% maximum, the moderate smokers
an averave of ^.9$ with a maximum of 9%, while in the case of the
heavier smokers, concentrations of HbCO up to lk% were found. For the
practical exercise of occupational and insurance medicine the upper
limit for the physiological carbon monoxide level should therefore be
fixed at, at least 10$ of HbCO, a concentration currently observed in
the blood of workers who are smokers, but not exposed to sources of
occupational carbon monoxide. Higher figures are signs of absorption
of CO, higher than those for average smokers, but still not sighs (in
the absence of clinical symptoms of poisoning) of carbon monoxide
poisoning. - Authors' Sum.
544. Pecora, L., Vecchione, C,, and Fati, S. : On the binding of carbon
monoxide in the blood in acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning.
Folia Med. ^3: 568-580 (June) 1960.
Experimental studies in vitro were made by the authors of the
stability of the carbon monoxide linkage with the blood subsequent
to acute or chronic poisoning. In acute poisoning a group of 12
rabbits were exposed on the 1st, 5th, 10th, and 20th days; in
230
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chronic poisoning a similar group of rabbits were exposed for 120
days with the carbon monoxide at a level of 100 ppm. For each
type of poisoning the CO levels were determined for newly-drawn
samples of blood and of samples which had been exposed to the air
for varying periods . From results of these studies it was shown
that the greater the number of acute poisonings, or the more
prolonged the chronic poisoning, the less was the quantity of CO
freed from the red cells or from the plasma after exposure to air.
There was, therefore, a progressive increase in both the plasma and
globulin carboxyemia. From these studies it is evident that in
repeated poisonings CO is not- only distributed in the blood in a
different way compared with single poisonings, but also that links
which are unlikely to be reversible are established both in the
plasma and in the red blood cells. - APCA 4021
545. Pitts, G.C., and Pace, W.: The rate of blood absorption of low
concentrations of carbon monoxide at sea level. Naval Medical Res*
lust., Bethesda, Md., Res. Project X-^17, Hep. Ho. 6, Feb.
Two tests of twelve and seven hours' duration respectively were
conducted at sea level upon supine subjects breathing, by means of
a demand system and an A-14 mask, CO concentrations of 89 ppm. and
156 ppm* The per cent saturation of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide
was determined each hour. The subjects were ventilating at a rate
of approximately 6,7 liters per minute*
The results of these tests permit the following statements:
Twelve hours' exposure of one subject to 89 ppm. CO resulted
in a carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentration of 11*0 per cent.
Seven hours' exposure of one subject to 156 ppm. CO resulted
in a COHb concentration of 16.6 per cent*
The course of the respective uptake curves indicates that
during the time of exposure neither subject attained final equilibrium
with the CO concentration being breathed.
The equilibrium concentrations of COHb are roughly estimated
to be from 13 to 15 and from 30 to kQ per cent respectively for the
89 ppm. und 156 ppm. CO mixtures*
The results indicate the desirability of further work on rate
of uptake of low concentrations of CO at higher rates of ventilation.
- Authors' Sum. and Conclusions
546. Portheine, F. : Carbon monoxide and traffic. Arch. f. Gewerbepath.
u. Gewerbehyg. 13:253-261,
Carboxyhemoglobin saturation per cent of blood samples of 200
automotive vehicle drivers whose blood was sampled by the police
in Eusseldorf primarily for alcohol content was from zero through
% for 65.5$ of the subjects, 6-10$ for 27$, 11-15$ for 6.5$,
with one subject, at 16$ and at 20$, At a high traffic street
crossing in the Kuhr area, traffic officers were found to show
18$ Co-Hb in the blood immediately at the completion of duty.
231
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547.RLcci, C., Capellaro, P., and Gaido, P.C.: ELectrophoretic and
immuno-electrophoretic examinations in workers exposed to chronic
CO intoxication. Rass. Med. Indust. 33:toA-4l6 (May-Aug.)
The authors have examined the behaviour of the trans ferrin with
immunochemical methods in individuals exposed to occupational
risks from CO. In all the subjects an increase was noted in the
globulin fraction of the serum regardless of the time of exposure
an increase particularly linked to the globulin fraction
(transferrin or slderophillin) . - Authors' Sum.
548. Roberts, W.C.: Correlation of blood carbon monoxide level with
symptoms. Indust. Med. & Surg. 21:323-325 (June) 1952.
26 cases of intoxication by carbon monoxide are reported in this
paper attempting to show the correlation, if any, between symptoms
and physical findings seen, and carbon monoxide blood saturation
levels .
It is concluded that there is no close correlation of
physical findings and symptoms with carbon monoxide blood levels.
The physiological reactions to carbon monoxide may vary with the
state of health of the individual, or the presence of fatigue.
In some cases frequent small exposures to carbon monoxide may
develop a considerable degree of acclimatisation, and thus alter
the physiological reactions to carbon monoxide. - Author's Sum.
549. Roughton, F.J.W., and Darling, E.G.: The effect of carbon monoxide
on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Aaer. J. Physiol. l4l:
17-31 (March 1) 19^4.
A simplified method is proposed for calculating the Og- dissociation
curve of OgHb in the presence of a given percent of COHb. It
utilizes the observed dissociation curve of O^Sb without CO and
the theoretical assumptions of the partition of Hb between 02 and
CO; but avoids any equation for the hemoglobin dissociation curve
and does not require the choice of a numerical value for the
partition coefficient M.
The theory was tested in hemoglobin solutions in 0.6 M
phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at two percentages of COHb and found to
agree excellently with four out of six observed points, and the
discrepancy in the remaining two was not very serious.
Whole blood showed generally excellent agreement between
theory and observation when similarly tested at pC02 = 40 per cent
and COHb approximately 20, 40, 60 per cent, and at pC02 = 25; per
cent COHb = 22.
The relation of the fundamental assumptions of the theory
to the intermediate compound hypothesis of the Og-hemoglobin
equilibrium is worked out.
It is shown that the effect of COHb on the Og-dissociation
curve in vivo should be quantitatively the same as the experimentally
observed effect in vitro.
232
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Plotting of 02 pressure against total "bound Og rather than
against the fraction of the available hemoglobin "bound with 0% is
shown to give clearer indications of the effect of COHb on the
transport of Og. In particular the conditions under vhich a, 0%
supply would begin to fail, and b, small amounts -of CO would have
a beneficial effect at very low ©2 pressures (Haldane -Smith effect)
are demonstrated. - Authors' Sum.
550. Roughton, P. J.W. : The average time spent by the blood in the human
lung capillary and its relation to the rates of CO uptake and
elimination in man. Amer. J. Physiol. 1^3:621-633 (April)
The average time, tj^ which the blood spends in passing through
the lung capillaries is of interest, since it is only during this
phase of the circulatory cycle that exchange of gases between the
blood and air is possible. A knowledge of the value of tj, is
therefore important in several kinetic problems of respiration.
A theoretical method of calculating t^ is described and
its reliability critically discussed. Its accuracy in normal man
is believed to be of the order of + 30 per cent.
The average value is 0.75 +"0.25 second for normal men at
rest, and 0.3^ + 0.1 second in haFd worki These values are of the
order of magnitude to be expected from other physiological data.
The total volume of the blood in the patent lung capillaries
is also calculated from tL> In normal men it averages 60 cc. at
rest and 95 cc. in hard work, thus indicating that no very extensive
opening up of extra capillaries occurs in the lungs during exercise.
Applications of the new data to the kinetics of CO uptake
and elimination in the lungs of man are discussed. - Author's
Sum.
551. Roughton, F.JYvJ., and Root, ¥.S. : The fate of CO in the body during
recovery from mild carbon monoxide poisoning in man. Amer. J.
Physiol. l*f 5: 239-252,
Analyses are given of the CO content of expired air and of the
progressive fall in CO content of the blood during recovery from
mild CO poisoning. From such figures, together with the blood volume,
the percentage of CO recovered in the expired air is calculated.,
In normal men, whether breathing oxygen or air, the CO found
in the expired air only averages 60 to 70 per cent of that currently
lost from the blood during the first hour after the CO administration.
Independent theoretical calculations confirm the validity of this
result.
If, however, the subjects continue to breathe oxygen for k
hours after the CO administration, about 96 per cent of the CO initially
absorbed by the subject is recovered in the expired air over this
longer period. It is inferred that the 30 to kQ psr cent fraction of
CO, lost from the blood during the first hour and unaccounted for
in the expired air, must have combined reversibly with hemoglobin-
like pigments outside the main blood stream. Subsequently as the
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blood CO content falls, the CO dissociates reversibly from these
combinations, diffuses back into the blood and thence into the expired
air.
The results of the four hour experiments confirm previous views
that there is no significant loss of CO (a) through the skin, sweat,
urine, or feces, (b) by oxidation or other forms of metabolism—at
all events in mild CO poisoning and with the body adequately supplied
with oxygen.
The possible sites for this extra-circulatory combination of
CO are considered and its implications in regard to blood volume
determinations and other aspects of the chemical physiology of CO
are discussed. - Authors' Sum.
552. Sakurai, T.: The study of the skin permeability of carbon monoxide
and measurement of carboxyhaemoglobin in blood* Japan J. Legal Med.
(Tokyo) 17:31^-326 (July) 1963.
The question had been raised at an earlier scientific meeting of the
extent to which the skin was permeable to carbon monoxide gas. Basic
in vitro studies were 1st made, using a photometric spectrophotometer,
on prepared fresh blood samples into which fuel gas containing 7$ CO
had been introduced. In later studies, bl&od samples were taken periodically
from a recently-killed guinea pig which was confined to a desiccator
into which the same fuel gas was introduced. Results showed that CO
did penetrate through the skin of the aniiEal to combine with the
hemoglobin of the blood to form carboxyhemoglobia (HbCO). A live rabbit
was confined, except for its head, in an airtight box and the fuel
gas was introduced and vented from the box. Blood samples were taken
periodically from an ear vein. In a series of 3 rabbits so exposed,
CO was found to have penetrated the skin and entered the blood to
form HbCO. There was some indication that the normal defense mecha-
nisms of the living body had been operating for a while to eliminate
the CO from the body. However, these defense mechanisms were overcome
and the rabbits died after 31> 25, and 10 hours respectively. It was
concluded from these experiments that there was a decided degree of
skin permeability to CO. - APCA 5875
553. Sayers, R.R., Meriwether, P.V., and Yant, W.P.: Physiological
effects of exposure to low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Pub.
Health Rep. 37:1126-11^2 (my 12) 1922.
The combination of CO with hemoglobin takes place slowly when the
subject is exposed to low concentrations and remains at rest, many
hours being required before equilibrium is reached.
The rate of combination of CO with hemoglobin takes place
much more rapidly during the first hour of exposure than during
any succeeding hour, with the subject remaining at rest.
Strenuous exercise causes much more rapid combination of CO
with hemoglobin than when the subject remains at rest. The symptoms
of CO poisoning are emphasized by exercise.
-------
'High temperature and humidity., with a given concentration of
CO, cause more rapid combination of CO with hemoglobin than do normal
conditions of temperature and humidity.
All symptoms and effects described in this paper are-called
acute in character. Hone of the subjects has shown any permanent
deleterious effects from the exposure to CO. - Authors' Conclusion
554. Sayers, KR., Yant, W.P., Lavy, B., and Fulton, ¥.B,: Effects of
repeated daily exposure of several hours to small amounts of
automobile exhaust gas. USPHSB No. 186, 1929, 58 pp.
Six men were exposed in a chamber from 4 to 7 hours daily, for
68 days, to gasoline engine exhaust containing 200, 300, and kOO
ppm of carbon monoxide. At 200 ppm, carboxyhemoglobin reached
25 percent in 5 or 6 hours; more than one-half the subjects
experienced no symptoms at all, the remainder suffering slight
discomfort in 2 hours and frontal headache in h hours. At 300
ppm and at hOQ ppm, carboxyhemoglobin reached 30 percent, within
5 and h hours respectively. At the higher concentration, more
than 90 percent of subjects suffered frontal headache within k
hours, and a few complained of occipital headache. No deleterious
• effects upon health or well-being were detected, and psychologic
examination revealed only a slight tendency to poorer performance
in the prolonged steadiness test. A definite increase in hemoglobin
and red blood cell count waa noted.
555. Schulte,05H. : Effects of mild carbon monoxide intoxication. Arch.
Environ. Health 7:52^-37 (Hoy. ) 1963.
The effects of exposures for varying lengths of time to an atmosphere
containing 100 ppm. of carbon monoxide were measxired in a. group of
49 healthy men between 25 and 55 years, of age. This exposure produced
levels of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of the subjects ranging from
0-20$. Impairment of function due to exposure to CO occurred earliest
in the higtier centers of the ' central nervous system in that area
(or areas) of the brain which controls some of the cognitive and
psychomotor abilities. Impairment is detectable at levels of car-
boxyhemoglobin below 5$,. -and the degree of impairment increases with
increasing concentration of the carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. Ths
need for reducing the max. allowable concentration of CO in the working
environment has been speculated upon. - APCA 5699
556. Sievers, R.F., Edwards, T.I.,- and Murray, A.L. : A Medical Study of
Men Exposed to Measured Amounts of Carbon Monoxide in the Holland
Tunnel for 13 Years. Federal Security Agency, U.S. PHSB No. 278,
Washington, D. C., Jk pp, and J. AMA 118:585-588 (Feb. 21) 191*2.
Medical examinations of 156 traffic officers on duty at the Holland
Tunnel for 13 years and four months were made as a practical test
of the effectiveness of the medical and engineering control methods
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set up for their protection. About half of these officers had been
on tunnel duty every working day of this period. Average carbon
monoxide exposure throughout the tunnel for all hours of the day
vas approximately 70 ppm. Results of medical examinations of men
on duty for the first five years showed them to "be in excellent
physical conditions. No evidence of symptoms attributable to
carbon monoxide intoxication and for sequelae of acute episodes was
found. The effects of both smoking habits and of occupational exposure
to carbon monoxide concentrations in blood samples were analyzed by
the Van SLyke method. The lowest concentration value, expressed as
percent of hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide, was 0.5; the
highest value was found in a tunnel officer, a heavy smoker, coming
directly from unusually heavy atmospheric exposure, was 13.1. No
signs or symptoms attributable to carbon monoxide were observed
within this range. Concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood of
toll collectors on the holiday selected for observation ranged up
to 15.1 percent, expressed as percent of hemoglobin combined with
carbon monoxide.
Authors do not feel that there is reason to assume that pro-
longed exposure to these concentration xevels will result in injury
to health. Precautions in force in the Holland Tunnel set up for the
elimination of the possibility of acute exposure is to be extended
in order to protect the health of all persons unavoidably exposed to
carbon monoxide. - Authors' Abst. Modi fled-AGO
557. Smith, P.K. : Carboxyhemoglobin Concentrations in Personnel After
Hying P-40-N Aircraft. School of Aviation Medicare, Randolph AFB,
Texas, May 5> 19^5, 3 PP» EDC AD 121708.
Measurements were made of the carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in
eighteen pilots after flying fourteen different P-lj-O-M aircraft.
The concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin varied from zero to eight
per cent of the total hemoglobin. It is concluded that the
concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin found were psfbbably not Mgh
enough to interfere with flying efficiency. * /Dior's /bat.
558. Sterz, H. : On hemoglobinemia. Medizinische KLinik 58:1705-1709
(Oct. 18) 1963.
In discussing the pathology of hemoglobin as prevailing in
people of various geographic areas, the author treats also of
the most common occurrence of hematologic changes caused by
CO poisoning. CO has a 200 to 300 times greater affinity for
Hb than oxygen and 0.1$ of CO in the air is sufficient to impede
half of the Hb necessary for the function of breathing. Severe
headache, restlessness, shaking, weakness, cramps, deep coma,
paralysis and death may be caused by the paralysis of the
breathing mechanism and by hemorrhage in the brain. About 60$
CO-Hb in blood causes coma, fQ-Qofy are fatal. Chronic conditions
may develop at exposures above 20$. CO concentrations should
be kept below 20$ the maximum limit. - From German AGC
236
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559. Trompeo, G., Gaido, P.O., and Capellaro, F.: Concentrations of
carbon monoxide in the air and carboxyhemoglobinemia (study on
garage mechanics). Bass. Med. Indust. 33:440-U42 (May-Aug.)
Measurements have been made of the carboxyhemoglobinemia in workmen
in an underground garage at the end of a working day. The average
of the values was found to be higher than those of smokers who were
not to other sources of carbon monoxide and in addition it was
possible to note a close relation between the maximum carboxyhe-
moglobinemia values and values of CO in the surroundings. -
Authors' Sum.
560. Van Slyke, D.D. : Gasometric determination of the oxygen and
hemoglobin of blood. J. Biol. Chem. 33:127-132, 1918.
The apparatus described by Van Slyke in J. Biol. Chem. 30:347,
1917? for determining the carbonic acid content of plasma may be
used with equal facility for determining the oxygen content and the
oxygen-binding capacity (hemoglobin) of blood. The oxygen is set
free from combination with hemoglobin within the apparatus by
addition of ferricyanide, is extracted in a Toricellian vacuum,
and measured at atmospheric pressure, a few minutes sufficing for
an accurate determination. - Author's Sum.
561. Vasil'eva, A.A., and Manita, M.D. : Carboxyhemoglobin in the blood of
persons directing city traffic. Gigiena i Sanitaria 25:77-80 (Dec.)
-I960* In: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. literature
bn Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. J,
1962, pp. 290-293, CFSTI-TT-62-11103, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Springfield, Va.
Sixteen Mbscow city street traffic directing workers were examined
for COHb blood concentration as described in the text. Results of
analyses of 76 blood specimens showed a higher level of COHb blood
content than in r,_>propriately selected controls.
COHb blood concentration among the Moscow residing controls
ranged between 0.0-6.0$ in the summer and 0.0-12.0$ in the fall;
COHb concentration in the blood of Moscow traffic directing personnel
ranged between 12.0-^0.0^. - Authors' Conclusion
562. von Qettingen, W.F. : Carbon Monoxide: Its Hazards and the Mechanism
of its Action. Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service,
PHSB Ho. 290. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
SP. 257.
Investigations by the author show that CO poisoning is characterized
by the formation of CO hemoglobin and that the amount of CO hemoglobin
formed depends upon the concentration of CO in the air, the duration
of the exposure, and the rate of respiration of the individual
exposed. An increase in the temperature, humidity, and CO content
237
-------
of the air or a decrease in the concentration of Og will stimulate
the respiration and hence favor the absorption of CO. But if such
variations are eliminated, certain concentrations of CO in air will
convert only a definite percentage of oxyhemoglobin into CO hemoglobin
until an equilibrium is reached. The speed with which the maximal.
concentration is reached depends upon the concentration of CO in air,
so that with high concentrations of CO maximal saturation may occur
very rapidly.
CO may also react with other "hemeft-containing pigments and
enzymes, but, of all pigments mentioned, only the pseudohemoglobin
has a greater affinity to CO than hemoglobin., and at present it appears
impossible to judge on the physiological ia£>crtance of this phenomenon.
The question as to whether or not CO affects the functioning of other
pigments such as myoglobin or cytochrome appears to need further
study, and the same holds true regarding information on the effect
of CO on certain pigments found in the brain.
Regarding the relation between toxic symptoms and the concen-
tration of CO hemoglobin in the blood, it appears that concentrations
below 20 percent cause only moderate subjective complaints and that
these become serious with concentrations up to 30 percent and alarm-
ing with higher concentrations. It appears impossible to state which
concentration of CO hemoglobin in the blood will be fatal because
this will vary considerably with the type of escposure and the Og
need of the organism at the time of the eitposure, but it appears
that concentrations between 60 and 80 percent will be dangerous to
life.
Analysis of the clinical picture and the pathological findings
in CO poisoning, especially in regard to the behavior of the
circulatory apparatus and the central nervous system as well as the
metabolism, appears to indicate that the sequelae of CO poisoning
are more serious than would be expected'from mere anoxemia of a
similar degree. In spite of the impressive parallelism between the
effects of CO poisoning and those produced by lack of OQ it cannot
be denied that there are a number of reactions and phenomena which
may indicate a specific primary or secondary effect of CO on certain
"heme"-containing pigments or enzymes of the organism. - Author's
Conclusions Modified.
563. white, J.J.: Carbon monoxide and its relation to aircraft. U.S.
Haval Mad. Bull. 30:151-165 (April) 1932.
Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is present in
the exhaust gas of all types of airplanes. In some types of planes,
depending on type of exhaust leads, fuselage, etc,, this gas is
carried back to the cockpits of the plane in sufficient concentration
to result in as much as 15 per cent saturation of the blood of the
pilot and other occupants of the plane.
Although the highest saturation of blood obtained during the
investigation (15 per cent) is not sufficient to render a person
unconscious, or to be a direct cause of a crash, it is known that
the absorption of even minute amounts of carbon monoxide is highly
undesirable, due to the probable adverse effect on the efficiency of
the pilot.
238
-------
The fact that exposure to a low concentration over a long
period is more hanaful than a brief exposure to a very high concen-
tration, increases the importance of eliminating all traces of carbon
monoxide.
Comparatively simple and inexpensive modification of the
exhaust leads has eliminated carbon monoxide from the area where it
is absorbed by the pilot or other occupants of the plane. - Author's
Sum.
564. Wilks, S.S., Tomashefski, J.F., and dark, R.T., Jr.: Physiological
effects of chronic exposure to carbon monoxide. J. Appl. Fhysiol.
1^:305-310 (my) 1959.
A group of 7 dogs was given a daily 6-8 hour exposure to CO levels
of 0.08 to 0.10% for a period of 36 weeks and their tolerance to
CO was compared with that of normal dogs, altitude-acclimatized
dogs, and dogs transfused with blood from normal dogs. The
observed increased -tolerance to CO was attributed primarily to the
increase in concentration of the hemoglobin pigments in the blood.
With this increased hemoglobin there was a greater reserve of the
pigment for Og transport at a given concentration level of HbCO
(carboxyhemoglobin). There was no evidence of factors, other than
hematologic, which increased the tolerance of the dogs to CO.
Animals subjected to other hypoxic stress such as altitude, or
normal animals transfused with normal blood to increase the
hematocrit level, showed increased tolerance similar to that
accomplished by chronic exposure to low CO levels. - APCA 26^3
564a Woodruff, R.S.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Med. Sc. 7:550 (April 25)
I960.
At the Meeting of the Academy of Forensic Sciences held in Chicago in
1960, items of general medical interest were discussed. In discussing
effects of CO poisoning before the Pathology Section, author presented:
"evidence on the transmission of carbon monoxide across the
placenta. A woman five-months pregnant died of asphyxiation
by illuminating gas. Her blood showed a carbon monoxide
saturation of 65$. Heart blood obtained from her fetus
showed a carbon monoxide saturation of kQ. It is evident
that carbon monoxide crosses the placenta readily."
565. Yant, W.P., Chornyak, J,, Schrenk, H.H., Patty, F.A., and Sayers, R.R.:
VI. Blood chemistry of dogs after comparatively rapid carbon-monoxide
asphyxia. In: Studies in Asphyxia. U.S. Treasury Dept., PHS, PHB
No. 211, 193*b PP. 61.
Among dogs exposed to atmospheres which were depleted of oxygen at a
rate which caused a progressive asphyxia! condition simulating
asphyxia resulting from exposure to approximately 0.6 percent carbon
239
-------
monoxide In air by volume, there was a marked hyperglycemia and
hyperuricemia.
The nonprotein nitrogen and urea increased slightly. The
total and preformed creatinine remained practically normal; the
inorganic phosphorus increased.
There was an increase in the hydrogen-ion concentration, and
a marked decrease in the carbon-dioxide capacity of the plasma and
the carbon-dioxide content of the "blood.
The oxygen saturation of the arterial blood at death ranged
from 1.3 to 8 percent.
The blood counts showed no marked abnormalities. - Authors'
Sum.
566. Yarrow, T.J., Jr.: Chronic carbon monoxid poisoning and carbonyl
hemoglobinuria: The latter a hitherto undescribed condition. Amer.
Med. 4:338-3^3, 1902.
In April 1900, author called attention to chronic toxemia resulting
from inhalation of small quantities of illuminating gas from leaky
gas pipe fixtures. He emphasizes the point that chronic CO poisoning
occurs more frequently than is thought possible and that it is
responsible for many obscure conditions which often remain unsolved.
Author advocates the extensive use of the spectroscope in diagnosis
of such obscure conditions. Two cases of chronic CO poisoning are
described. One is believed to be the first reporting carbonyl
hemoglobinuria following or accompanying CO poisoning. - AGC
567. Zorn, H.: On the diagnosis of chronic CO poisoning. (German) Bass.
Med. Indust. 33:325-329 (May-Aug.) 1964.
The author has the opportunity of observing a group of workmen who
worked in noisy premises and were exposed to low concentrations
of CO over a relatively long period on account of a leak of gas
which had not been noticed. Examinations and psychological tests
when compared to those previously made showed an increase in the
excitability and irritability to noises. The percentage of
carboxyhemoglobinemia varied between 10 and 20$. The electro-
encephalogram revealed a picture of extremely unstable frequency.
When the leak had finally been found and stopped, the tests returned
to normal after eight weeks in the young subjects and after 16 in
the elderly and old. These observations led the author to advise
a series of examinations and tests to be given to workmen at
Intervals of 3-^ years, so as to follow up the action of sub-toxic
concentrations of CO. - Author's Sum.
240
-------
Method of Detection
568. Arnold, H.R., Carrier, E.B., Smith, H.P., and Whipple, 6.H.:
Blood volume studies. V. The carbon monoxide method—its accuracy
and limitations. Amer. J. Physiol. 56:313-327, 1921.
The carbon monoxide method gives a reasonably accurate measure of
the body hemoglobin and hemoglobin volume* We use these terms to
indicate the total body pigment substances which fix the inhaled
CO and bring about its dilution in the circulating blood. It is
obvious that the true red cell hemoglobin volume is slightly less
than the total hemoglobin volume.
Repeated hemoglobin volume estimations on normal dogs give
figures which are reasonably constant, allowing for certain expected
physiological variations.
Hemoglobin volume estimations before and after unit hemorrhages
give figures for the actual measured and indirectly calculated
amounts which are in close accord*
In our opinion this method alone gives no accurate information
concerning plasma volume.
Various controls of the several steps of this method, as used
in our hands, are submitted. These controls establish this method
as accurate at least within 5 per cent error. Further refinements
and the use of packed red cells, especially in anemia, increase the
accuracy of the method. - Authors' Sum.
569. Boor, A.K., and Bachem, A.: A spectrographic study of carbon monoxide
hemoglobin. J. Biol. Chem. 85:7^3-7^9* 1930.
The transmission curve of carbon monoxide hemoglobin spectrum is
shown.
Evidence of the purity of the carbon monoxide hemoglobin,
made by the method described, is presented in Fig. 2. No differ-
ence is indicated between spectra of uncrystallized and crystal-
lized carbon monoxide hemoglobin made by this method.
Spectra of carbon monoxide hemoglobin from different species
are shown to be alike.
A water solution of oxyhemoglobin is shown to change upon
standing $ in time methemoglobin is formed, probably with another
modification of oxyhemoglobin. Carbon monoxide hemoglobin seems
very stable in this respect. - Authors' Sum.
570. Bowden, C.H., and Woodhall, W.R.: The determination and significance
of low blood carboxyhaemoglobin levels. Med. Sc. Law. 4:98-107
(April) 196^.
The method described by Whitehead and ¥orthington (1961) for the
determination of carboxyhaemoglobin has been examined and minor
modifications are suggested. The sensitivity and spedificity of the
method has been confirmed at low COHb saturations.
241
-------
]ft>rty-two non-smokers and 58 smokers were examined at various
times of day using this technique. The mean COHb values obtained
in the morning prior to smoking were 0.7 per cent for non-smokers
and 1.5 per cent for smokers; the difference in means was highly
significant. In the afternoon, smokers gave a mean value of 2.7 per
cent. It is calculated that a saturation of 8 per cent COHb will
be achieved "normally" "by a smoker only in exceptional circumstances.
The significance of the results in relation to the reconstruction
of fatal transportation accidents is briefly discussed. - Authors'
Abst.
571. Chinn, H.T. : A Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in
Alveolar Air, Together with a Correlation of Values Thus Obtained
with Carboxyhemoglobin Concentrations in Blood. Aviation Medicine
Randolph AFB, Texas, April 5, 1^, 9 pp. DDC AD 135575
A simple method has been devised for the determination of carbon
in alveolar air. An excellent correlation has been shown between
the alveolar carbon monoxide content and the carboxyhemoglobin
concentration in blood. This procedure possesses the following
advantages: ease of operation, rapidity of analysis, omission of
blood samples, use of untrained personnel, avoidance of all solutions,
and compactness of apparatus. Its disadvantages lies in the necessity
for subject co-operation so that determination cannot be made on
unconscious or dead persons. Replacement of oxyhemoglobin by
carboxyhemoglobin cannot be demonstrated by oximeter measurement. -
Author's Abst.
572. Chinn, H.I., Pavel, N.E.R., and Redmond, R.F.: A Simple Micromethod
for Blood Carbon Monoxide Determination. USAF School of Aviation
Medicine, Randolph Field, Texas, July 1955, fc pp. DDC AD 79985.
During World War 11, Shepherd and coworkers at the National Bureau
of Standards (7) developed indicating tubes for detection of minute
quantities of CO in air. The remarkable specificity and sensitivity
of these tubes suggested that they might be adapted to the rapid
determination of CO in small quantities of blood. This report
presents such a method, one in which finger blood can be analyzed
by untrained personnel in the absence of laboratory facilities. -
Authors' Introduction.
573, Christman, A.A., and Randall, E.L.: A convenient and accurate method
for the determination and detection of carbon monoxide in blood. J.
Biol. Chem. 102:595-609, 1933.
A simple and accurate method requiring inexpensive apparatus is
described for the determination of carbon monoxide in blood. The
method is based primarily on the fact that palladium chloride is
reduced by carbon monoxide, and the excess of palladium chloride
-------
which is present is determined "by a colorimetric procedure.
Authors' Sum.
57^. Commins, B.T., and Tawther, P.-T.: A sensitive method for the
determination of carboxyhaemoglobin in a finger prick sample of
blood, British J.. Tndust. Med. 22:139-143 (April) 1965.
About 0.01 m"1. of blood taken from a finger prick is dissolved in
10 ml. of 0.04$ ammonia solution. The solution is divided into two
halves, and oxygen is bubbled through one half to convert any
carboxyhaemoglobin into oxyhaeraoglobin. The spectra of the two
halves are then comnared in a spectrophotometer, and the difference
between them is used to estimate the carboxyhaemoglobin content of
the blood either graphically or by calculation from a simple formula.
Calibration is simple and need only be done once. A sample of
blood can be analysed in about 20 minutes, which includes the time
to collect the sample. The method is sensitive enough to be used
for the analysis of solution of blood containing less than 1^
carboxyhaemoglobin. - Authors' Abst.
575 • Crosby, ¥.H., Mann, J.I., and Furth, F.W.: Standardizing a method
for clinical hemoglobinometry. U.S. Armed Forces Med. J. 5:^93-
703,
Using the Colernan Jr. spectre-photometer and Drabkin's solution, a
method of standardizing hemoglobinometry for clinical use is
described. The procedure for standardization of the equipment
involved is given in a detailed description of the methods of
calibrating the instrument, selecting matched colorimeter curvettes,
and calibrating the blood diluting pipettes. The method for
clinical hemoglobinometry is outlined by a description of the
preparation of Drabkin's solution, and of the method for hemoglobin
determination with cyanmethemoglobin. - Authors' Sum.
57 6. Eel Vccchio, V. : Determination of carbon monoxide in the air.
Minerva med. (Turin) 49:1028-1048 (March 21) 1958,
Carbon monoxide is discussed aa to nomenclature, physiochemical
properties, toxiclty, tolerable concentrations, and methods of
measuring its concentration la the air. Some of the aemi-
analytlcal methods of measurement in the air are listed and
discussed In detail. They fall into the 3 main groupings of:
titrlmetric, using jentose oxide; photometric, using palladium
chloride; and a method measuring the level of carboxyhemoglobin,
or COHb, in the blood. Some of the continuously or semi-
continuously measuring methods are also discussed. Many
schematic drawings and photographs of the testing equipment are
included in the text, together with graphs showing the toxicity
of CO as a function of concentration and of the period of time
2*4-3
-------
of exposure; the rate of saturation of hemoglobin with various
concentrations of CO in the airj and the percentage of
carboxyhemoglobin in the blood correlated with percentage of CO in
the air, the period of exposure, and the activity of the subject.
- APCA 2623
577. Douglas, T.A.: The Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood. Ann.
Occupat. Hyg. (London) 5:211-216 (Oct.-Dec.) 1962.
The estimation of carboxyhemoglobin has been attempted by numerous
methods, some extremely simple and others rather complex. The fact
that so many methods of estimating carboxyhemoglobin have been described
would tend to indicate that no ideal and simple method is available.
In some cases all that is required is a qualitative examination for the
presence of carboxybemoglobin and no accurate estimate is required of
the concentraiiioar' In other cases, a quantitative analysis is
desired. This latter presents difficulties since, although it is
not difficult to estimate carboxyhemoglob^.n in higher concentrations
in blood, at the lower end of the scale considerable discrepancies
are encountered. Three different tests which are subjective (based
on the operator's ability to match color visibly) are those of the
Haldane method, the alkali test, and the tannin test. In addition
to the manometric method, other methods (based primarily on chemical
procedures) are ones using palladium chloride, heat precipitation,
inability of dithionite to reduce carboxyhenoglobin, using the Eartrldge
reversion spectroscope, and several other methods using the spec-
trophotometer. In a continuing experiment on carboxyhemoglobin,
content of the blood of dogs, the author was searching for a method
of determination which would be accurate, rapid, and simple. Com-
parison of results were made between the modified manometric method
of VanSlyke and Neil—which has appeared to be the most reliable and
was used as the standard, and 2 other methods. The Heilmeyer
spectrophotometric method was simple and required little time; -toe
method currently in use is the Harrison method using the reversion
spectroscope. When values between 80 and 60$ COHb were estimated,
the Heiltaeyer method agreed well with the VanSlyke but the Harrison
method tended to be a little low. When values between 60 and 30$
COHb were selected, the Harrison method was better whereas the Heil-
meyer tended to be low. At levels below 30$ COHb, the Harrison method
was unreliable but the Heilmeyer method stood comparison with the
VanSlyke method'. It was concluded that, with suitable care being
taken in the wavelength setting of the spectrophotometer, the Heil-
meyer method could be a useful method of estimating. COHb. - APCA 5251
578, Drabkin, D.L.: The standardization of hemoglobin measurement*
Amer. J. Med. Sc. 215:110-111 (Jan.) 1948.
Author states that in Ms work on the standardization of
hemoglobin, it had proved desirable to find an independent
(non-hemoglobin or hemin derivative) instead for the
244
-------
.standardization of hemoglobin measurement, as well as instru-
ments used for this purpose. Standards applicable to the
use of photoelectric filter photometers seemed to be also
advisable.
Drabkin and Austin's spectrophotometric standards of
cupric ammonium sulfate (CuSOi,. in 2N HH^OH) successfully
adopted for the standardization of hemoglobin measurement, and
the Evelyn or Klett- Summer son filter photometer calibrated for
hemoglobin measurement by means of the gravimetrically prepared
independent standard of CuSOlj., kMHg, H20, are discussed in this
short paper. - AGC
579. J5rab&in> £,t : 'j&e standardisation of h^jLO&a cl>1. u measurement .
Amer. J. Med. Sc. 317:710-711 (June)
A simplified, reliable procedure for the stana^dization of
hemoglobin measurement, with hemoglobin iron as the final basis
of reference is described in this paper. It has been established
that the spectrophotometric or photometric determination of cyan-
methemoglobin, MHbCN, is the most direct analysis available for
total hemin or hemoglobin iron.
The method for circumventing tiresome and exacting
standardization procedures in the calibration of coirmonly used
photoelectric filter photometers for the accurate msasursraent >of
hemoglobin concentration is described in clotai.1 .
For the calibration of instruments for hemoglobin measurement,
the copper solution and calibrated glass serve as desirable
instrumental performance standards, and are described in this short
paper. - AGC
580. Frederick, R.C.: Carbon monoxide poisoning: Its detection, and the
determination of percentage saturation in blood, by means of the
Hartridge Reversion Spectroscope. Analyst 56:561-568 (Sept.) 1931«
The history of CO poisoning is briefly reviewed. Physiological
responses to various concentrations of CO as studied and summarized
by earlier investigators are shown in tables. The application of
the Hartridge Reversion Spectroscope which is a reliable tool for
the detection of small amounts of CO in the blood is described in
detail. - AGC
581. Furlong, N.B.: A Disposable Analyzer for Semi quantitative
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood. Aerospace Med. Res.
Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, Sept. 1957, 5 PP- DUG AD 1^2013.
A disposable blood-carbon monoxide analyzer with which it is possible
to make relatively accurate measurements has been developed. Use
of this device requires no additional apparatus or training. The
analyzer is described; and the method of operation is presented. -
Author's Abst.
-------
582. Gaensler, E.A., Cadlgan, J.B., Jr., Ellicott, M.F., Jones, R.H.,
and Marks, A.: A new method for rapid precise determination of
carbon monoxide in Mood, J. Lab. & Clin. Med, 49:945-957 (June)
1957-
A simple, rapid, highly accurate method is described for determination
of carbon monoxide 'content, of blood. The chamber of the manometric
Van SLyke apparatus is used for decomposition and vacuum extraction.
The gas is diluted in a tonometer and analyzed for CO content with
an infrared meter of great specificity and good stability, which
has been modified for highest accuracy.
Theoretically, readings to 0.0025 ml. per 100 ml. CO content
are possible with a 3 ml. blood sample. In practice, the S.D. of
the variance of 50 paired observations was 0.023 nl- Per 100 ^l* an(^-
the coefficient of variation was 2.1 per cent.
The error due to the presence of C02 in the extracted gas
was shown to be within the limit of accuracy of the technique. At
low concentrations of CO, results were the same whether acid
ferricyanide or sulfuric acid was used for conversion to methemoglobin;
with higher CO concentrations, sulfuric acid led to incomplete
decomposition. Saponin should not be used because it contains traces
of CO. Blank determinations were shown to be unnecessary. Cold
storage of blood up to 2k hours and slight exposure to air of the
sample did not affect the results.
Results by this method were compared to those obtained by
more conventional techniques.
A number of applications are illustrated including assessment
of smoking habits, the COHb saturation during CO breathing, the CO-
Hb equilibration time and dissociation curve, and determination of
"true blood volume." - Authors' Sum.
583. Giacomo, P., Guillot, M., and Jacquinot, P.: An automatic and
instantaneous method of determining carbon monoxide in blood. Compt.
rend. 243:985-98?, 1956.
A method is described whereby low or high carbon monoxide in the blood
can be determined on one drop of blood in a few seconds within +0.5$
by projecting and registering the absorption spectra on a photographic
film, and the maximum can be determined by a registering microphoto-
meter. - AGC
584. Gonzales, T.A., Vance, M., Helpern, M., and tMberger, C.J.: Legal
Medicine, Pathology and Toxicology (1345 PP.) 2nd edition 1954.
Appleton-Century-Crafts, Inc., pp. 956-960.
In chapter 42, Gaseous Poisons, there is a section on methods of
sampling and analysis of blood for CO content. The alkali dilution
test is named as a quick probing test indicating a concentration
of more than 10$ carboxyhemoglobin in blood.
Procedure and analysis of a simple and rapid method, the
quantitative estimation of CO in blood by reduction of palladium
246
-------
chloride to palladium, is described in detail. The Van Slyke
fflonometric method is considered to be the most accurate method
for the determination of CO in blood. An analysis of air for
CO has been compiled from the files of New York City Board of
Health, showing the possible effects of exposure to low concentra-
tions of CO in the atmosphere. - AGC
585 . Gramer, L. : On problems connected with methods for the determination
of carbon monoxide in the "blood (Comparative Studies). Zentr.
Arbeitsmed. U. Arbeit sschutz 11:53-59 (March) 1961.
The author made a comparative study of methods of determination of car-
ton monoxide in the blood, discussing some of the possibilities and lim-
itations of the several methods. The methods were limited to those
using simple laboratory equipment and to those which were quantitative
rather than qualitative. The Wolff test was the routine method used.
At a fixed pH level, the blood was warmed causing the hemoglobin to coagu-
late while the carboxyhemoglobin CO-Hb remained in solution. After
filtration, the resulting more or less intense red color of the filtrate
was checked by photometer methods for content of CO-Hb depending on the
degree of obstruction of light. Ifeny studies were made to determine
the effects of such factors as pH, temperature, time, and type of filter
paper on the results. Several charts and curves -in the text indicate
that the best results were obtained at a pH range of 4.98-5.08, with
heating at 55 °C. for 5 minutes. A relatively hard-surfaced filter pa-
per should be used throughout the testing. MLcro-gasanalyses were done
on the same blood samples using the method of Roughton and Scholander,
after the blood pH had been adjusted in the presence of acetate buffer
to a pH of 4.52-6.0. The Roughton and Scholander method was noted as
being not only more accurate but also as needing for the test only 0.04
cm. 3 of blood (as against 0.25 cm. 3 for the Wolff test) and for being
a method of detecting traces only of CO. The studies with the Gettler
and Freimuth test were not as successful. The method depended on the
reduction of PdCl2, with which the filter paper was impregnated, to
metallic palladium and the formation of a black-precipitate on the filter
paper by reaction with the CO when the blood is filtered. Blood samples
were used of 0.5-5.0 cm.3. Despite many attempts to improve the
results, it was felt that tests by this method were not conclusive. The
method of Grosskopf and Sachs was a very simple and fast one, invol-
ving the freeing of the gas following treatment with potassium
ferricyanide and lactic acid, but was semi-quantitative only. It was
concluded that there is no 1 test which is wholly adequate and that
a diagnosis should not be given unless based on the results of 2 or
more test methods. - APCA
586. Haldane, J. : A method of detecting and estimating carbonic oxide in
air. J. Physiol. 18:463-469, 1895.
In view of the very poisonous nature of carbonic oxide, and the
comparative frequency with which cases of poisoning by this gas occur,
much attention has been given to its detection and estimation. Ho
247
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satisfactory method has hitherto been described, however, for determin-
ing very small, "but still more or less poisonous, percentages of
carbonic oxide in air. There is special difficulty when, as almost
always happens, marsh-gas or other hydrocarbons are present along with
the carbonic oxide.
The method described in this paper is very simple, and depends
on the fact that when a haemoglobin solution is well shaken with air
containing carbonic oxide the proportion of the haemoglobin, which
finally combines with the carbonic oxide, varies with the percentages
of carbonic oxide present in the air. By determining colorimetrically
the proportion of the haemoglobin which has combined with the carbonic
oxide it is thus possible to infer the percentage of carbonic oxide
present in the air.
587. Henderson, M., and Apthorp, G.H.: A rapid method for the estimation
of carbon monoxide in blood. British Med. J. Wo. 5216:1853-185^
(Dec. 2*0 I960.
Using the SjBstrand rebreathing system (Acta Physiol, Scand.
(Stockholm) 16:201, 19^), a rapid method for the estimation of
the percentage of carboxy hemoglobin in the blood, is described.
The results are compared with those from a direct blood analysis.
The modified rebreathing method gave results which compared well
with the direct method. Evidence is given which suggests that for
routine work an assumed oxygen value can be used in Bahlstrom's
equation. - APCA 3835
588. Lawther, P.J., and Apthorp, G.H. : A method for the determination
of carbon monoxide in blood. British J. Indust. Med. 12:326, 1955.
The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for the determination
of carbon monoxide in blood which is both simple and accurate. The
procedure is similar to that used for the determination of nitrous
oxide in blood described by Lawther and Bates (1953). The blood
gases are extracted under vacuum after reduction of the haemoglobin
by acid ferricyanide and are analysed by infra-red absorption.
Other blood gases do not interfere with the estimation. - Authors'
Abst.
589. Leclerc, E.: Detection of carbon monoxide. Rev, univ. mine a 11:
310,
Among the methods of detecting carbon monoxide described are the
"blood method, the use of silver salts (which are reduced by the gas),
of palladium or gold chloride (which are reduced to the metal),
methods of catalytic combustion, and the iodine pentoxide detector.
- BMB 1500
248
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590. Letourneau, L.S.: The laboratory detection of carbon monoxide
poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Technol. 25:175-178 (May-June) 1959-
The chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning is primarily the
chemistry of the combination of carbon monoxide gas with the
respiratory pigment, hemoglobin. Relatively low concentrations
of this gas inhibit the oxygen uptake in the lungs. However,
carboxyhemoglobin must reach rather high concentrations—generally
in the order of 50$ or more of the total hemoglobin in non-anemic
persons, in order to cause death. The author discusses some of
the physical chemistry of carbon monoxide poisoning and presents
some simple chemical and spectroscopic methods for the detection
of carboxyhemoglobin, - APCA
591. Jfeyer, J. : A Screening Semi-Quantitative Method for the Determination
of Carbon Mwxide in Blood. Aerospace Med. Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson
AFB, Ohio, April, 1956, 19 pp. JDC AD 93165.
A simple diffusion technique is presented for the determination of
carbon monoxide in blood. Statistical evaluation of the data
derived from quantitative estimation of the carboxyhemoglobin by
matching the unknown reaction with a standard chart proves the
definite reliability of this procedure. - Author's Abst.
592, Mlllikan, G.A. : The oxiineter, an instrument for measuring continuously
the oxygen saturation of arterial blood in man. Rev. So. Inst. 13:
The oxygen saturation of arterial blood in man can be measured
continuously in situ by means of bichromatic photoelectric color-
imetry of the intact fully flushed ear. The accuracy of the
device as determined by gas analysis of arterial blood samples is
from 3 to 8 percent. The entire optical and photoelectric system,
comprising a miniature lamp bulb, two color filters, and two
selenium barrier-layer photo-cells, weighs 30 grams, and slips
over the shell of the ear. One of the color filters transmits a
wave-length band which is equally absorbed by oxy- and reduced
hemoglobin, thus providing a means of measuring the amount of total
hemoglobin in the optical path, independent of its degree of oxygen
saturation. The other color is very differently absorbed by the
two hemoglobin forms. Several direct reading forms of the
instrument are discussed. - Author's Abst.
593. Rlngold, A., Goldsmith, J.R., Helwlg, H.L., Finn, R., and
Schlette, F.: Estimating recent carbon monoxide exposures. A
rapid method. Arch. Environ. Health 5:308-318 (Oct.) 1962.
A valid method for determining the carboxyhemoglobin level in the
body has been developed. The method is based on the 20-second
breath-holding method first described by Jones et al., using an
-------
infrared analyser first reported by Lswther and Apthrop. Our
work shows that a polyvinyl bag can be used for collection of
samples in the field.
An application of this method is reported. This confirms
the fact that cigarette smoking is a major factor in determining
the carboxyhemoglobin level in a population. Pipe and cigar smokers
appear not to have much increase in carboxyhemoglobin.
The method should be suitable for studying the relationship
of carboxyhemoglobin to occupational and to ambient air pollution
exposures. - Authors' Sum. & APCA 50^7
594. Rothschild, J.E.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Amer. Pract. 13:
213-218 (March) 1962.
In reviewing literature, author discusses the overall effect of
CO on the health of man. He also reports e. case of acute CO
poisoning in which he used exchange transfusion to treat the
victim. - AGC
595. Roughton, F. J.W. t The kinetics of hemoglobin IV— -General methods and
theoretical basis for the reaction with carbon monoxide. Proc. Royal
Soc. (Series B) 115:^51-^, 1931*-
The rapid reaction velocity method of Haftridge and Roughton has been
applied to the following reaction- -(a) the combination of CO with
reduced hemoglobin (Hb).; (b) the displacement of Og form combination with
Hb by CO; (c) the displacement of CO from combination with Hb by Og.
General descriptions of the experimental technique are given, and
the importance, theoretical and practical, of such measurements is
emphasized.
The oxgen-heraoglobin reaction is briefly reviewed from the
physico-chemical standpoint, with a view to the theoretical consideration
of the carbon monoxide reactions.
Under certain conditions it is shown that the equation for the
velocity of reaction (a) is identical on the Bbfcter theory and on the
intermediate compound hypothesis of Adair, but is quite different on
the basis of Mil's equation.
These deductions are experimentally tested in Part V; the issue
is favorable to the Adair hypothesis and not to the Hill theory.
Reactions (b) and (c) follow very simple equations both as regards
their equilibrium point and their velocities. This is also difficult
to reconcile with the Hill equation; it can, however, be brought into
line with the Adair hypothesis, if the competition of CO and 02 for
combination with Hb obeys the same principles as those postulated
(in simple cases) by Langmuir for the reactions between gases and
heated metallic surfaces. -Author's Sum.
250
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596. Roughton, F.J.W., and Root, W.S. : The estimation of small amounts
of carbon monoxide in blood. J. Biol. Chem. 160: 123-133,
A combination of Horvath and Roughton 's modified Van Slyke method
with the syringe -capillary technique of Scholander and Roughton is
described. With this procedure the CO content of 0.5 cc. blood
samples can be determined to within 0.02 volume per cent over the
range 0 to 2 volumes per cent, and to within 0.03 volume per cent
over the range 2.0 to 5.0 volumes per cent. The method is thus
specially applicable to blood volume determinations on small animals,
and is also of value in the high range of CO saturation, wherein the
maximum accuracy of the Van Slyke technique is readily obtained. -
Authors' Sum.
597. Sayers> R.R», and Yant, W.P-t Dangers of and Treatment for Carbon
Monoxide Poisoning. U.S. BMRT No. 2Vf6, May 1923, 11 pp.
Properties, chemical and physiological action of CO are discussed.
Approximate percentage of CO found in gases from various sources of
poisoning are given. Methods of detection by odor, blood methods,
detection by tests on small animals, and the Hoolamite detection
are described. Time required for various concentrations of CO to
procure 80$ of equilibrium value of blood saturation are listed,
and symptoms caused by various percentages of CO in the blood are
described in relationship to percentage of blood saturation. - AGC
598. Sayers, R.R., O'Brien, H.R., Jones, G.W., and Yant, W.P.: Collection
and preservation of blood sainples for determination of carbon monoxide.
Pub. Health Rep. 38:2005-2011 (Aug. 31) 1923.
A modified Keidel tube method, by which 10 to 15 c.c. of blood may be
collected ia the field, shipped to a central laboratory, and kept with
Blight chances of clotting or change in carbon monoxide content has
been described. If such a tube is not available, a small vial, veil
stoppered vith a cork, will serve satisfactorily.
Sodium or potassium oxalate (0.2 per cent), sodium fluoride
(0.3 per cent), and sodium citrate (0.4 to 0.8 per cent) inhibit
coagulation, the last-named being the least efficient. Oxalate causes
some change in the blood, with a slight altering of the carbon monoxide
- content. The fluoride is recommended because it is not open to these
objections.
No change in the amount of carbon monoxide in the blood has been
detected from standing when 0.3 per cent sodium fluoride is used. -
Authors' Sum.
251
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599. Sayers, R.R., and Yant, W.P.: The elimination of carbon monoxide
from "blood, by treatment with air, with oxygen, and with a mixture
of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Pub. Health Rep. 38:2053-207^ (Sept. 7)
1923.
Recovery from carbon-monoxide poisoning depends to a great extent
upon early elimination of carbon monoxide from the blood.
The rate of elimination of carbon monoxide from the "blood
depends upon the percentage of oxygen in the air "breathed, also
upon the rate and depth of respiration.
Pure oxygen causes the elimination of carbon monoxide about
four times as fast as normal air, when breathed by persons who
have been gassed until 35 or ^0 per cent of the hemoglobin in their
blood has been combined with carbon monoxide.
Breathing a mixture of oxygen containing 8 to 10 per cent of
carbon dioxide causes deep and rapid respiration.
Breathing a mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide (8 to 10 per
cent) causes the elimination of carbon monoxide about five to six
times as fast as normal air, when breathed by persons who have been
gassed until 30 to kO per cent of their blood has been combined
with carbon monoxide.
It is recommended that all victims not under a physician's care
be caused to breathe oxygen in the purest form available for at least
20 to k5 minutes.
It is recommended that physicians use the carbon dioxide-
oxygen mixture where possible, and note the results, but when this
mixture is not available that they use pure oxygen. - Authors' Sum.
600. Sayers, R.R., Yant, W.P-, and Jones, G.¥.: The pyro-tannic acid
method for the quantitative determination of carbon monoxide in blood
and air. Pub. Health Rep. 38:2311-2320 (Oct. 5) 1923.
A durable and compact laboratory or field apparatus for the quantitative
determination of carbon monoxide in blood and air has been described.
On account of the compactness, durability, and ease with which
accurate and dependable results can be obtained, it should be of
great use in investigations pertaining to the cause, diagnosis, and
treatment of carbon-monoxide poisoning.
The percentage saturation of CO in blood can easily be deter-
mined to a degree of accuracy involving only 5 per cent error.
The actual error of the method for determination of CO in air,
even when used by inexperienced men, was found to be 0.005 in regions
of 0.000 to 0.05 per cent COj 0.01 in regions of 0.05 to 0.08 per
cent; 0.02 in regions of 0.08 to 0.12 per cent; and 0.03 in regions
of 0.12 to 0.18 per cent carbon monoxide. - Authors' Sum.
252
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601. Sayers, R.R., and Yant, W.P.: The Pyrotannic Acid Method for the
Quantitative Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Blood and in Air.
Its Use in the Diagnosis and Investigation of Cases of Carbon
Monoxide Poisoning. U.S. Dept. Commerce, BMEP 373, 1925, 18 pp.
A method found to "be satisfactory for quantitative analysis of CO
in blood and air cases of CO poisoning is outlined.
A compact field apparatus is described. Owing to its durability,
and the ease with which accurate and dependable results can "be obtained,
it should be of great use in investigations pertaining to the cause,
diagnosis, and treatment of CO poisoning. - Authors' Sum.
602. Scholander, P.P., and Roughton, F..J.W. : A simple micro-gasometric
method of estimating carbon monoxide in blood. J. Indust. Hyg.
218-221,
This paper describes a convenient micro gasometric method for
estimating the CO content of a finger prick sample of blood (40 cu.
mm.) in 6-10 minutes. Apart from a special but simple glass syringe
capillary apparatus, only easily prepared solutions, ordinary
syringes and beakers are required. The method is therefore
available in any sheltered space without need for refined laboratory
facilities. The accuracy is about 0.2 volumes per cent of CO or
1$ COHb. - Authors' Sum.
i
603. Scholander, P.F., and Roughton, F.J.W.: Micro gasometxic estimation
of the blood gases. J. Blol. Chem. 148:551-563, 1943.
Three applications of syringe technique to the microdetermination of
CO in blood are discussed in this paper: (a) a general method for
saturations ranging from 0 to 100 per cent COHb, (b) a method for
combined determinations of 02 and CO on one sample of blood, (c) a
special method precise enough for blood volume determinati on in which
the CO content is kept below 2 volumes per cent.
The improvements are -described in the original syringe-capillary
procedure of Scholander and Roughton for the micro gasometric determin-
ation of CO in blood. With the new technique the usual corrections are
necessary for temperature, aqueous vapor pressure, and barometric
pressure. With blood samples of 40 c.mm. , the accuracy of a single
determination is 0.15 to 0.20 volume per cent. With blood samples of
120 c.mm. and a modified technique the accuracy is increased to 0.03
to 0.05 volume per cent and the method is therefore very suitable for
blood volume determinations by the carbon monoxide method. A technique
for the combined determination of Q£ and CO in a single 40 c.mm, sample
of blood is also given. • Authors' Sum. Modified
253
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604. Schrenk, H.H. : Results of laboratory tests. Determination of
concentration of carbon monoxide in blood. Federal Security Agency,
U.S. PHSB No. 278, 19te, Washington, D. C., pp. 36-57-
The levels of carbon monoxide found in the blood of traffic officers
stationed in the Holland Tunnel during a period of two hours fall
within the range of blood carbon monoxide concentration values
observed in cigarette smokers with no occupational exposure to
carbon monoxide. Amounts of carbon monoxide absorbed during tunnel
duty appear to be added to amounts absorbed as a result of smoking.
No complaints of ill health attributable to carbon monoxide exposure
were made by these men. On the basis of earlier work, none was to
be expected.
In the section "Other exposures to CO," author summarizes
the results of the recent survey made and of the data presented in
the literature. It appears that in most workplaces where there is
reason to suspect that CO escapes into the breathing zone of the
workers, the CO concentration usually remains below 1.0 part per
10,000 (100 p. p.m.). The commonest source of greater exposure than
this is the operation of gasoline engines in an unventilated or a
poorly ventilated room. - Author's Sum.
605. Sendroy, J., Jr., Liu, S.H., and Van Slyke, D.D. : The gasometric
estimation of the relative affinity constant for carbon monoxide and
oxygen in whole blood at 38°. Amer. J. Physiol. 90:511, 1929.
In the course of an investigation of the arterial blood oxygen tension
in man, the carbon monoxide method of Haldane and Smith was used. This
method involves the law finally formulated by Douglas, Haldane and
Haldane, expressed mathematically by the equation
fHbCO? „ K pCO
rHb02"} p02
where the brackets indicate concentrations of hemoglobin in union with
gas, pCO and p02 the gas tensions, and K the relative affinity constant
for hemoglobin for the two gases.
Undiluted, hemolyzed ox blood and human blood were saturated with
various gas mixtures until equilibrium was attained. Two methods of
saturation were employed, one a closed system, the other open to the
atmosphere. The CO hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin were estimated gaso-
metrically according to Van Slyke and Neill and Van Slyke and Robscheit-
Robbins. Oxygen tension was obtained by analysis. CO tension was
accurately made up and the result calculated.
Up to the present time, three normal and three pathological
bloods studied indicate for thirteen separate experiments, an average
value of 210 for K. Fifteen experiments on ten different ox bloods
give an average value of 179 for K. These values are tentative, subject
to a correction, which would not change the order of magnitude. All
results are within t 2.5 per cent of the average. We have so far found
no individual variation within the species in K for either ox blood or
human blood, exceeding the limit of experimental error. - Authors' Abst.
254
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606. Sendroy, J., Jr., and Liu, S.H.: Gasometric determination of oxygen
and carbon monoxide in "blood. J. Biol. Cheai. 89:133-152, 1930.
An improved technique is described for the determination of oxygen
and carbon monoxide in a single blood sample by the use of the
Van Slyke-Neill naanometric apparatus. The mixture of 02 + CO + N2
extracted from blood is removed to a micro-Hempel pipette, where
the G£ is absorbed, by a technique similar to that employed previously
for manometric determination of amino nitrogen. The extraction
chamber is then washed free of blood and the gases are returned for
completion of the analysis. The procedure equals in accuracy the
Van Slyke-Robscheit-Robbins method, is less laborious, and can be
carried through in 25 to 30 minutes. - From text-AGC
606a. Sendroy, J., Jr.: Manometric analysis of gas mixtures. VI. Carbon
monoxide by absorption with blood. J. Biolog. Chem. 95:599-611,
1932.
A method is described, whereby air containing carbon monoxide
in concentrations from 0.05 to 0.3 per cent may conveniently be
analyzed in the Van Slyke-Neill apparatus. The CO is first
combined, in the chamber of the apparatus, with the hemoglobin
of completely reduced blood, and the CO content of the blood is
then determined by the method of Sendroy and Liu. - Author's
Sum. l
607. Siflsteen, S.M., and Sjflstrand, T.: A method for determination of low
concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood and the relation
between the CO-concentration in the blood and that in the alveolar
air. Acta Physiol. Scandinav. 22:129-136, 1951.
A new method for determination of carbon monoxide in blood is described.
Briefly, it consists of releasing the carbon monoxide by forming
methemoglobin and mixing it with a known volume of oxygen. The CO
concentration is then determined with the Lindelo'v-Sjtistrand CO-mete*.
The method makes it possible to measure a concentration of
carbon monoxide as low as 0.005 volumes % in a blood sample of 20 ml.
With a normal relative hemoglobin this corresponds to 0.02$ of the
saturation value. The accuracy, with double determinations, has
been shown to be + 6.5$ at COHb levels of 0.5-2.056. At higher COHb
concentrations it""is about •+ 2.5$ of the value. With relatively
high COHb concentrations the carbon monoxide can be determined in
blood samples of 0.2-1.0 ml.
A comparison has been made between the CO concentration in the
blood and that in the alveolar air. An apparently linear relationship
between the two values has been found within the concentration limits
of 0.5 and 10$ COHb* The CO levels in the blood and the corresponding
ones in the alveolar air are significantly higher than the concentration
in ordinary atmospheric or room air. - Authors' Sum.
255
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608. Sjfistrand, 0?.: A method for the determination of earboxy-baemoglobln
concentrations by analysis of the alveolar air. Acta Physiol.
Scandinav. 16:201-210, 1948.
A method for the determination of the COHb-concentration in the blood
by using the analysis of the CO-concentration in the alveolar air
is described. An analytical apparatus for the measurement of low
concentrations such as 0.0005$ CO in the air> was constructed for
the purpose and a short description is given. The alveolar air was
obtained by collecting either the exhaled air and rebreathing this 10
times, or by expiring the nitrogen from the lungs and breathing pure
oxygen together with the absorption of carbon dioxide until equilibrium
is reached between the air in the sample and in the lungs. The first
and simpler method has getting alveolar air samples for an error of
about + 3$. The latter method is even more accurate* A comparison
of the""accuracy of the method on different individuals shows a
calculated error below + 10$ of the value. The usefulness of the
method is discussed* •-""" Author1s Sum.
n
609. SJostrand, T.I The in vitro formation of carbon monoxide in blood.
Acta Riysiol. Scandinav. 24:314-322, 1951-
Earlier observations of nn endogenous formation of carbon monoxide in
man have been analysed with reference to the possibility that the
carbon monoxide is formed in the blood by the breakdown of haemoglobin.
The following results were obtained.
The COHb concentration of blood calculated from determinations
of the CO pressure in alveolar air, agrees with the COHb concentration
determined directly from blood. The partial pressure of carbon
monoxide in the alveolar air is, however, considerably greater than
that of ordinary atmospheric air, which means that carbon monoxide is
constantly exhaled during respiration.
If blood is incubated at 38° C for 20-24 hours, an increase of
40-165$ can be shown in the COHb concentration, this increase being
particularly pronounced after haemolysis. This apparent formation of
carbon monoxide in blood is considerably increased at acid or alkaline
pH's or by addition of sodium aside.
If the blood is shaken with carbon monoxide before incubation
at 38° C, the carboxyhaemoglobin concentration after 20 hours is
decreased. If sodium aside is added to samples containing 5-30$ COHb
before incubation, the concentration is however increased, and at
higher COHb-concentrations there is a decrease less than that observed
without azide.
The formation of carbon monoxide was found to parallel the
spontaneous formation of methaemoglobin on alteration of the pH or
addition of sodium azide.
Addition of ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide greatly increases
the CO formation. The amount of CO produced corresponds to a conversion
of up to 15 per cent of the haemoglobin to COHb, calculated from the
original haemoglobin concentrations.
The formation of CO seems to be parallel to the breakdown of
haemoglobin to choleglobin (verdoglobin). This observation can be
256
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explained by the assumption that the opening of the tetrapyrrole ring
occurs with the liberation of the a-C atom after oxidation to CO.
It was possible to demonstrate in one subject that the amounts
of CO produced and haemoglobin decomposed bear a quantitative relation
of approximately 1 molecule C0:l haerain group. - Author's Sum.
610. Sjftstrand, T.: The formation of carbon monoxide by in vitro
decomposition of haemoglobin in bile pigments. Acta Physiol.
Scandinav. 26:328-333, 1952.
Solutions of crystalline horse haemoglobin were incubated at 3^° C
after the addition of ascorbic acid. It was possible to show the
formation of CO constantly in conjunction with the appearance of an
absorption band at wave length 630 mp corresponding to the choleglobin
(verdoglobin) band.
A linear relation exists between the amounts of CO and chole-
globin formed during incubation up to about 2^ hours.
When incubation is carried on for a longer time, the CO
formation continues in linear relation to the time of incubation up
to approximately 200 hours. At this point the absorption band of
the haemoglobin has practically disappeared.
The maximal amount of CO obtained during incubation for
longer periods corresponds to the CO-binding capacity of the initial
haemoglobin solution.
These observations are in agreement with the previously
expounded hypothesis that a molecule of CO is liberated when each
of the porphyrin rings in the haemoglobin molecule splits. -
Author's Sum.
611, Sjttstrand, T.: Formation of carbon monoxide by coupled oxidation of
myoglobin with ascorbic acid. Acta Physiol. Scandinav. 26:33^-337,
1952.
Solutions of myoglobin have been incubated at 38° C after the addition
of ascorbid acid. Consequently there is a manifestation of carbon
monoxide and a substance with an absorption band at 6kO mju The
observation coincides with previous observations of the decomposition
of haemoglobin, and indicates that myoglobin can decompose in a manner
similar to haemoglobin by oxidation of a metheae group to CO, which
splits. It may be supposed that this reaction also takes place in vivo
and contributes to the endogenous formation of carbon monoxide. -
Author's Sum.
612. Sjostrand, T.: The formation of carbon monoxide by the decomposition
of haemoglobin in vivo. Acta Physiol. Scandiuav. 26:338-3^, 1952.
Haemolysed blood and solutions of haemoglobin were injected into dogs
intramuscularly, and into human beings and rabbits intravenously in
connection with repeated determinations of the alveolar CO concentration
or the concentration of CO in exhaled air. From the concentration
257
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and volume of CO in expired air, the volume of CO exhaled per minute
was determined for a period of 5 to 8 hours after the injection.
It transpired from this that the injection of haemoglobin or
haemolysed blood causes an increase in the alveolar CO concentration
and the volume of CO exhaled per minute.
The quantitative relation between the increase in CO formation
and the amount of haemoglobin that was injected, corresponds to the
formation of k molecules of CO for each molecule of haemoglobin.
The observations agree with the supposition that a molecule
of CO is formed during the splitting of haemochromogen's tetrapyr-
role ring. It would seem that the endogenous formation of CO and
its variations under nonral and pathologic conditions can be explained
in this way. - Author's Sum.
613. Stevens, A,M,: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Gradual, cumulative effects
in young children, with report of a fatal case. J. A.M.A. 86:1201-
1204 (April 17) 1926.
There is a seasonal increase, in the winter, of the hazard of gas
poisoning, acute and chronic.
There is a cumulative poisonous effect of repeated or continuous
exposure to small amounts of carbon monoxide.
Young children and infants are peculiarly susceptible to
gradual carbon monoxide poisoning.
In serious cases of gradual gas poisoning, there will probably
be more than 10 per cent of carbon monoxide in the blood.
There is a simple and raped qualitative test for carbon monoxide
in the blood, which will show the presence of 10 per cent or more.
Clinicians should be on the alert to recognize cases of gradual
poisoning by carbon monoxide, especially in infants. - Author's Sum.
614. Tan Slyke, D.D., and Salvesen, H.A.: The determination of carbon
monoxide in blood. J. Biol. Chem. 40:103-107, 1919.
A method is described for the determination of carbon monoxide in
blood, the technique of which is exactly the same as that previously
described by Van Slyke for the determination of oxygen, except that
after the gases are extracted the oxygen is absorbed in the apparatus
by introducing alkaline pyrogallate solution. The carbon monoxide
remains and is measured directly at atmospheric pressure. - Authors'
Sum.
615. van Slyke, D.D., and Robscheit-Robbins, F.S.: The gasometric
determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in blood, and its
application to blood volume studies. J. Biol, Chem. 72:39-50, 1927.
This paper presents a development of the blood carbon monoxide methods
of Van Slyke and Salvesen and of Harington and Van Slyke with attention
to certain details which reduce the error to 0.02 or 0.03 volumes
percent. A technique is describe for quantitative gasometric
258
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determination Of small amounts of carbon monoxide in blood. The
present procedure was developed primarily to make possible the
determination of blood volumes by the carbon monoxide method of
Grehant and Quinquaud without saturating, as has previously been
necessary, as much as one-third of sthe blood hemoglobin with CO
in order to obtain accurate results. A technique requiring the
saturation of only one-tenth to one-twentieth of the circulating
hemoglobin makes the method more safe and convenient for use with
human subjects, and with animals permits the introduction of CO by
intravenous injection of CO-saturated blood instead of by inhalation
of the gas. It appears that k minutes after injecting carbon monoxide
blood as described in this paper one can estimate the volume of the
circulating red cells from the blood CO content with less than 5
per cent error due to analytical technique and CO distribution within
the blood. "We have not ascertaine the magnitude of the possible
additional error due to diffusion of CO from blood to tissue hemoglobin.
- Authors1 Sum. Modified,
616. Van Slyke, D.D., Hiller, A., Weisiger, J.R., and Cruz, W.O. : Deter-
mination of carbon monoxide in blood and of total and active hemoglobin
by carbon monoxide capacity. Inactive hemoglobin and methemoglobin
contents of normal human blood. J. Biol. Chem. l66: 121-148,
Improved techniques for determining blood carbon monoxide and total
hemoglobin, active hemoglobin, and inactive hemoglobin by the carbon
monoxide capacity procedures are described.
In a series of nineteen freshly drawn normal human bloods
inactive hemoglobin by the carbon monoxide method has been compared
with methemoglobin determined by the cyanide reaction with the photo-
metric procedure of lorecker and Brackett. The analyses were
repeated after the blood had stood at room temperature for varying
intervals up to k hours.
The mean methemoglobin by the photometric procedure was only
O.lf per cent of the total hemoglobin. In about half the bloods the
methemoglobin percentage observed was so low (0.0 to 0.3) that the
presence of methemoglobin was uncertain. The low methemoglobin values
confirm Paul and Kemp. The same average value was found whether the
blood was analyzed as soon as drawn or 2 or k- hours later.
The mean inactive hemoglobin by the carbon monoxide method was
1»3* °-35 Per cent of the total hemoglobin when the analysis was
started 2 minutes after the blood was drawn. The inactive hemoglobin
decreased as the blood stood at room temperature, and within 2 hours
its average value fell nearly to the level of the photometrically
determined methmoglobin.
For precise gasometric hemoglobin determinations the "total
hemoglobin" method, based on measurement of CO capacity after reduction
of any ferrihemoglobin present to ferrohemoglobin, is more exact than
CO or 02 capacities measured without previous reduction of ferri-
hemoglobin. - Authors' Sum.
259
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617. Waggoner, J., and Pernell, M.L.: A Hew method for "blood carbon
monoxide determination, U.S. Armed Forces Med. J. 6:121-12^, 1955-
The major problem during an investigation into aviation hazards
conducted at the U.S. Naval Air Station in San Diego, Calif*, was
that of performing any sizeable number of blood CO determinations,
whereby large numbers of blood CO analyses could be readily devised.
The new method for determining blood carbon monoxide levels
described in this paper is believed to be quicker and more accurate
and less expensive than methods in use. Authors state, if this
method is generally adopted, it will stimulate an increase in the
number of blood CO determinations whenever personnel are exposed to
products of combustion or oxidation. Thus a greater degree of public
safety may be obtained. - AGC
618. Wilson, R.H., and Jay, B.E.: Respiratory and blood gas analysis
with vapor phase chromatography. Clinical Rss. 8:92, 1960.
Measuring the parameters of pulmonary functions by employing a
complex mixture of inert and chemically active gases presents
difficult analytical problems. The gas chromatograph was used
for the analysis of a mixture of carbon monoxide, helium, carbon
dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and nitrous oxide. The gas chromatograph
and the method of Van Slyke and Sendroy were compared in the
analysis of the above mixture. When the two methods of analysis
were compared, no significant difference between the results of
the measurements were noted. For research and a complex gas
mixture can be analyzed more rapidly with less expenditure of
effort with the gas chromatograph. In analyzing blood gases
the gas chromatograph provides a simple, rapid, time-saving
procedure. - AGC
CONTROL
619. Abatement of Highway Noise and Fumes. Highway Research Board
Bull. 110, Washington, D. C., 1955, ^7 PP-
This bulletin contains three separate studies. There are two
reports on the abatement of highway noise and one report on reduction
of motor vehicle fumes in which the toxicity of carbon monoxide is
discussed. It is stated in this report that dangerous concentrations
of carbon monoxide may be present in motor vehicles on open highways
in both light and heavy traffic, in congested city streets, in
enclosed places such as garages, bus terminals, and the like. This
gas may on occasion, be drawn into office buildings and business
places through ventilating systems and open windows.
In California, more than 1,000 vehicles were tested for carbon
monoxide after they had been driven over an open highway for five
minutes or more. Two percent of the vehicles were found to contain
dangerous concentrations that could seriously affect the behavior
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of drivers. One surprising fact brought out was that vehicles with
one or more open windows were generally found to have higher
concentrations than vehicles with closed windows. This is contrary
to the general belief that open windows are a safeguard against
dangerous traffic fumes.
It should be mentioned that exposure to relatively low
concentrations of carbon monoxide for long periods, may be as
dangerous as exposure to higher concentrations for shorter periods.
Temperature and humidity also have a, decided influence on the
effect of carbon monoxide. Concentrations that would normally be
harmless may be dangerous on days of high temperature and high
humidity. The American Standards Association considers maximal
permissible concentrations as 100 parts per million for periods not
exceeding eight hours and 1*00 parts per million for periods not
exceeding one hour, at 25 deg. C and 760 mm Eg. - From text-AGC
620. Burrell, G.A.: The Use of Mice and Birds for Detecting Carbon Monoxide
after Mine Fires and Explosions. U.S. Bureau of Mines Tech, Paper
#11, 1914, 15 PP.
Bureau of Mines is carefully studying methods to be employed with
greatest efficiency for exploring mines containing smoke or suffocating
or poisonous gases. The use of mice and birds is, in the author's
opinion, superior to chemical tests for CO in that the tests are
quickly made without requiring technical experience, and that such
tests are sufficiently accurate. Because the rate at which chemical
changes occur in mice and birds is by far greater than it is in man,
symptoms of poisoning are much earlier manifested. A mouse weighing
one-half ounce consumes about 15 times as much oxygen as one-half
ounce of the human body would consume during the same time. One
investigator observed that with 0.1$ CO in the air about two hours
elapsed before giddiness, etc. began to appear in a man at rest, and
according to an analysis of the blood, exposure for another half hour
would have sufficed to produce practical disablement. A mouse
became giddy within 10 minutes. Experiments similar to those performed
with mice were performed with birds, for the reason that mice may be
slow responding to the presence, in the mine air, of such small
percentages of CO, which would cause distress to a man at work. The
relative susceptibilities of mice and canaries to CO is shown in a
table.
The properties of CO and its physiological effect on man are
also described. - AGC
621. Campbell, J.M. : Improved combustion held aid to air pollution
abatement. SAE J. 62: 5^-58 (Dec.)
This paper relates the efforts of the auto industry to minimize
pollution from the internal combustion engine. Current products
represent the best of today's knowledge, but substantial further
progress will be made as new information becomes available. Carbon
monoxide, smoke and odor represent inefficient combustion and as
261
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such indicate a waste of fuel as well as the nuisance that is created
by them. Exhaust treating devices have been invented, but at the
present time none is available which meets all specifications in
order to be commercially practicable. Automobile Manufacturers
Association is supplementing joint research programs relating to
this general problem. - AGC.
622. Campbell, O.F., and Fennels, N.E. : CO toiler and fluidised-bed
steam strperheater on Sinclair Keflning Company's new fluid unit at
the Houston Refinery. Trans. ASME 77:927-938 (Aug.) 1955.
The combination CO boiler and respray steam superheater allows for
maximum flexibility of operation of a fluid unit to produce more
and "better products and provides maximum conservation of fuel.
In addition it prevents carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
maladorous gases from escaping to the atmosphere, and it
conditions the flue gases for subsequent removal of particulate
matter.
Over SCO, CCO pound/hour of 700 psig. saturated steam are
produced "by the oil industry1 s first direct-fired unit to recover
both the sensible heat and the heat of combustion from the high-
temperature regenerator-exit flue gas. The heat of combustion of
the regenerator-exit flue gas is derived frcm its CO content.
Saturated steata produced in the boiler Is superheated to 750° F.
in industry's first fluidized-oed respray steam superheater. -
APCA
623. Chovin, P.: Studies of Atmospheric Pollution in the Department of
the Seine, in 1963. Municipal Laboratory Police Headquarters, Paris,
France,
1963 test results for continuing studies in Paris, France, titled
"Carbon Monoxide," "Policemen 1963," "Seine Loop," and "Smokeless
Zones," are reported. Previous years' results are confirmed.
Surface and underground tunnel measurements of CO in air are
compared. The CO pollution level in the air went from "considerable"
in 1962 to "serious" in 1963, but in the first 9 months of 196U,
the situation reversed to that of 1962. The increase in 19^3 is
ascribed to the number of new roads and concurrent traffic increase.
CO levels in blood were examined in a CO-exposed population consisting
of industrial employees, auto drivers involved in accidents, and
individuals suffering from CO exposure. Tests for "average real
risk" of carbon monoxide absorption by individuals indicated that
the auto drivers as a group had a much higher level of carbon
monoxide in the "blood than that of the rest of the population
studied, including workers exposed professionally. - CBK (from
French)
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624. Clarkson, D., and Middleton, J,T.: The California control program for
motor vehicle created air pollution. J.APCA 12:22-28 (Jan.) 1962.
California was assigned a new role in the battle against air pollution
in 1960 when legislation was enacted which established the Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board and a program to control air pollution created
by the motor vehicle. The legislation extended the State's role in air
pollution control beyond its traditional one of research and assistance
to local governmental agencies to one of direct control. The State thus
is now responsible for controlling moving sources of pollution while
local agencies retain their long-standing responsibility for control of
stationary industrial and domestic polluters. Whereas local agencies
have instituted programs designed to control the stationary sources which
vary in number* kind, and importance as polluters in various areas of'
California, a technically sound and administratively feasible program
of control of vehicular emissions can be achieved only by the state
level of government. Uniformity in the requirements for control
throughout the State is necessary because of the mobility of motor
vehicles without regard to local political boundaries and because they
are an air pollution factor common to all densely populated areas of
the State. A State program insures equitability in the application of
control requirements and ease of administration.
This paper discusses the program instituted by the Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board, which represents a first attempt to control
air pollution created by motor vehicles, an essential step to achieve
satisfactory air quality throughout California. -Authors' introduction
-AGC
625. Crankcase emission control devices for typical gasoline engines.
Information Report No. 1 (TA-10 Vehicular Exhaust Committee.
Chairman: Jensen, D.A.) J.APCA 13:173-174 (April) 1963
The purpose of this report is to present information to the APCA
membership on various systems for the control of hydrocarbon
emissions from motor vehicle crankcases. Three classes of device
are considered. The report also presents information regarding
the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of crankcase contam-
inant emissions from typical gasoline engines. Because crankcase
emissions from diesel engines have been found to be very low, these
engines do not require crankcase control devices and are not con-
sidered in this report. -Author's Introduction
626. Crlbb, O.S,, and Marsh, J.D.F.: Removal of carbon monoxide from
fuel gases. Gas World (London) 150:633 (Nov. 21) 1959.
Carbon monoxide can be removed from town gas by catalytic reaction
with hydrogen to give hydrocarbons, by absorption in cuprous salt
solutions or by reaction with steam on a catalyst to give carbon
dioxide and hydrogen. The last method, known as the water gas
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shift reaction Is the most promising. Processes widely used for
gases available at pressures of 20 atm, "become uneconomic if the
gas has to "be compressed solely for the purpose of removing carbon
dioxide. Of the methods available for treatment of the gas at
atmospheric pressure, chemical absorption by ammonia or activated
potash solutions, and absorption by molecular sieves appear to be
most promising. - APCA 2939
627. Gumming, A.P.C., and Horn, J.A.: Studies In acetylene flames.
IV. Dangers associated with carbon monoxide produced from acetylene
lamps in coal mines. J. Appl. Chem. (London) 1:198-202 (May) 1951.
The present paper is an endeavour to interpret the experimental
results (previously obtained by the present authors) from the point
of view of safety in mines in which open acetylene lamps are,used
as the source of Illumination. The danger caused by the formation
of CO from acetylene lamps in isolated workings becomes distinctly
serious when the oxygen content of the atmosphere falls to Y[% or
below. At this concentration of 17$ oxygen, and operating with two
acetylene lamps (2-inch flames) in an isolated working of 1000-cubic
foot capacity, the concentration of CO in the working could reach
the value of 0.09$ after a period of 8 hours. It is estimated that
under these conditions the time of exposure required to cause death
would be under 2 hours.
Tables are provided which enable the concentration of CO in
an atmosphere to be estimated under any particular conditions.
Authors' Abst.
628. Edwards, H.D.: The removal of carbon monoxide from town gases.
Coke & Gas (London) 22:331-336 (Aug.) 1960.
Methods of reducing the carbon monoxide content of coal gas
blended with gases high in carbon monoxide have been investigated.
The most promising method ajjjeare to be the water gas shift reaction;
the carbon monoxide Is converted by reaction with steam to carbon
dioxide with the simultaneous production of hydrogen. - APCA
36^5
629. Feasibility of Control Methods for Automobile Exhaust. Report No. 10,
Air Pollution Foundation, Los Angeles, Calif., 1955* 62 pages.
This report is based on a study by the Southwest Research Institute,
San Antonio, Texas. The general subjects considered are: alternate
fuels (liquified petroleum gas, alcohol and alcohol-gasoline blends,
and nonleaded gasoline); devices which treat exhaust gases; and devices
which modify engine-operating conditions. Most of these proposed methods
were found Impracticable or too expensive. The greatest promise in
lessening auto fumes probably lies in the use of catalytic converters,
or afterburners, or a combination of a fuel shut-off device and improved
car maintenance. APCA 7^-2
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630. Fenizaore, C.P., and Jones, G.W.: The water-catalyzed oxidation of
carbon monoxide "by oxygen at high temperature. J. Phys. Chem. 6l:
651-654, 1957.
By sampling burnt gases from lean flat hydrocarbon flames at one
atmosphere pressure, the oxidation rate in the presence of ample
water at 1700.-20000, K. is determined to be - l/(op)(dln(CO)/dt) »
1.2 X 10? e"2^000/^1^163/1-)"1 sec."1. In the^urnt gas from
carbon monoxide flames, containing very little water, -dln(CO)/dt
is independent of oxygen and roughly proportional to water. The
slower rate of comparatively dry carbon monoxide flames is raised
toward the value appropriate to hydrocarbon flames by adding
hydrogen to the carbon monoxide. A partial mechanism is suggested
which is consistent with these results. - Authors' Abst.
631. Forbes, H.S.: A survey of carbon monoxide poisoning in American
steel works, metal mines, and coal mines. Indust. Hyg. 3:11-15
(May) 1921.
Carbon monoxide as met with in metal and coal mines and about
blast furnaces in this country rarely causes late aftereffects
following acute severe gassing. When such effects do appear,
there is evidence, almost always, of a pre-existing pathological
condition.
Frequent exposure to carbon monoxide causes headache and
malaise, but no evidence has been found of a cumulative harmful
effect.
As was to be expected, owing to the compensating increase
of hemoglobin and red cells from prolonged oxygen want, it is
possible to acquire some tolerance to carbon monoxide.
A recent advance in treatment has been made by adding
carbon dioxide to the oxygen inhalations administered. Recovery
is three times as rapid as when oxygen alone is used.
An efficient portable carbon monoxide respirator has been
perfected by the U. S. government. - Author's Sum.
632. Forbes, J.J., and Grove, G.W.: Mine Gases and Methods for Detecting
Them. USBMC 33, 1954, 82 pp.
In this publication,detailed information is given on the nature and
occurrence of mine gases and mixtures of gases. Detection of gases is
so important that the various methods are treated at length. Particular
attention is given to flame safety lamps; methane-indicating instruments;
various types of carbon-monoxide detectors; methods for detecting
atmospheres deficient in oxygen or containing accumulations of black-
damp; and methods for detecting hydrogen sulfide, oxides of nitrogen,
and sulfur dioxide. - Authors1 Introduction
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633. Hayashi, S.: Present situation of the control of public hazards
In Japan. Kuki Seijo (Tokyo) 1:8-12 (March) 196k.
Accompanying the rapid economic growth of Japan since 1959* there
has been the establishment of 19 public agencies for the control
of hazardous environmental conditions. Previous to this time there
were only 2 such agencies. In this review are discussed various
legislative measures, some statistics on the number of hazardous
happenings during the years 1962 and 1963* and some of the kinds
of public hazards. Among the latter are enumerated noise, water
pollution, oining dust and gases, agricultural chemicals, dust
pollution, and vibration, the amounts of deposited soot, measured
mainly in 1961, at various places in Japan are tabulated. The
maxlinan was 137 tons/km.2/month at Wakamatsu. At Kamaishi it was
116 tons/km. 2/month and at Yahata it was 113 tons/ka./month. The
maximum amount of SOg, expressed as 803, was 6.W- mg./lOO cm. /day
at Kawasaki. The amount of CO and MOg in car exhaust gases, in the
air of some large cities reached values of 10-20 ppn. and 0.02-0.05
ppm., respectively. The general trend of air pollution is that the
amount of deposited soot is decreasing while the amount of SOg is
increasing; the amount of suspended dust is remaining constant* -
APCA 6M7
634. Heinen, C.M.: Using the engine for exhaust control. Presented at
the Los Angeles Section of the Society of Automotive engineers
Nov. 19, 1962.
The 1956 CRC Field Survey and the recent survey by the MVPCB both show
wide variations in the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon content of the
exhaust of vehicles in the field.
There is strong evidence to show that the primary reason for
these variations is engine condition.
For Chrysler cars now in the field, readjustment to and main-
tenance at factory specifications would result in values of about
500 ppm HC and 2.0 - 2.5% CO. This is an almost essential step for
every type of additional control, whether it be by devices or engine
modification.
Various engine modifications dealing primarily with the
carburetor and distributor are possible on Chrysler vehicles.which
reduce the emissions to 275 ppm HC and 1.5% CO or below, and'which
have no substantial effect on performance.
With the possible exception of the idle adjustments (mixture and
rpm) the normal factory recommended intervals should be adequate for
maintaining vehicles at these levels. No special tools are required.
Maintenance of the type specified by the manufacturers for
good vehicle operation should be strongly urged as an air pollution
measure. No new garage equipment is required.
As soon as the present series of tests on engine modifications are
completed, a production test on the modified engines discussed above
will be justified unless some unexpected difficulty arises during the
rest of the tests.
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A production test of this type represents the final step prior
to production and is conducted with the help of a substantial nummber
of motorists. The object, of course, is to confirm that the experi-
mental findings are verified by customer experience, - Author's Abst.
635. Hofer, L.J.E., Gussey, P., and Anderson, R.B. : Specificity of
catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide -ethylene mixtures.
J. Catalysis 3:^51-^60 (Oct.)
The specificity of five different catalysts for the oxidation of
ethylene and carbon monoxide was determined in a micro catalytic
reactor at temperatures from 50° to 600° C. On all five catalysts
carbon monoxide oxidized more readily than ethylene. Complete
removal of carbon monoxide occurred on the cobalt oxide at room
temperature, on the copper oxide -chromium oxide on alumina catalyst
at 100° C, on both copper oxide and iron oxide at 200° C, and on
chromium oxide at k^O" C. On cobalt oxide, iron oxide, chromium
oxide, and the copper oxide-chromium oxide on aluminum oxide the
presence of carbon monoxide enhanced the oxidation of ethylene.
Conversely the presence of ethylene inhibits the oxidation of
carbon monoxide markedly in the case of cobalt oxide and iron
oxide. Significant chemisorption at any temperature was not
observed for chromium oxide or copper oxide. The other three
catalysts showed significant quantities of chemisorption for both
ethylene and carbon monoxide. With chromium oxide, ferric oxide,
and cobalt oxide, hydrogen was produced in amounts up to 2$ of the
hydrogen in the initial ethylene. - Authors' Abst.
636. Jensen, D.A. , and Seanlin, J.R.s Methods of reducing pollution
causad by internal combustion angina (motor vehicles.)
Aspects Techniques de la Securite" Routisre. 1981-24,29
(Sept.) 1964.
I.
Methods for the control of pollution from internal combustion
engines in California, are discussed in this paper. Devices
have been developed to recirculate crankcase gases back into
the engine and burn them. Catalytic mufflers and direct
flame afterburners have been developed to oxidize hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide. There is a reo^iiretnent that all diesel
trucks and buses use high-grade fuel and to be well maintained
to reduce air pollution respectively the smog problem. Four
new exhaust systems have been approved by the California Motor
Vehicle Pollution Control Board, which will have to be fitted
to all vehicles beginning Jan. 1966. -AGC.
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637. Kerr, J.A., and Calvert, J.G.: The formation and decomposition
reactions of the acetyl radical and the heat of formation of the
acetyl radical. Phys. Chera. 69:1022-1029 (March) 1965.
The 3^60-A. photolyses of azomethane in the presence of either
carbon monoxide or acetaldehyde have been investigated, and the
formation and decomposition reactions of the acetyl radical have
"been shown to be dependent on the over-all pressure in the system.
The activatipn energies obtained for the decomposition and formation
reactions of the acetyl radical are consistent with recent results
of O'Neal and Benson. A combination of the present results and
recent independent estimates gives AE-p°(CHoCO) = -k + 2 kcal./mole.
Results on the reaction (8) CHo + CHoCHO —> CH^ + CH^CO have been
obtained from the azometnane-acetaldehyde system and together with
three other ,determinations yield the Arrhenius equation: kg =
1011.5e-D.o/RT cc./moie-sec. The approximate rate constant for the
reaction (10) CEU + (CHg)^ —5 (CH^NNCH^ was derived from the
data: k10 =? lO^'Te-f-l/RT cc./uole-sec. - Authors' Abst.
638, Linville, W«, Holmes, R.G., and Kanter, C.V.: Evaluation of methods
for controlling vehicular exhaust. J, APCA 10:21-28 (Feb.) 1960.
The problem of reducing smog forming contaminants from automobile
exhaust gases has for several years been the subject of study by air
pollution control agencies, the automotive industry, engineering firms,
research institutions, and independent inventors. Methods and devices
which have been evolved, the principles upon which they are based, and
their capabilities for controlling exhaust gas contaminants are des-
cribed. These include fuel modifications, deceleration fuel shutoff
devices, vacuum breakers, exhaust gas purifiers, direct flame after-
burners, catalytic mufflers, and others. These studies indicate that
complete control of the organic contaminants will require an after-
burner, either catalytic or direct flame, but lesser degrees of control
may be achieved by some of the other devices or methods which have been
proposed. Although no automotive control device has as yet reached the
stage of commercial availability, development is progressing at an
encouraging rate. - APCA
639. Methods of Reducing Pollution Caused by Internal Combustion Engines
(Motor Vehicles). (General Report.) European Conference on Air
Pollution, June 2k-July 1, 196^. Council of Europe, Strasbourg
(France), 1964, ^0 pp.
This General Report, published following the European Conference
on Air Pollution, is presented by Prof. Brunner, Federal Institute
of Technology, Zurich, and Laboratoire f£de*ral d'essai des MatSriaux,
Switzerland; and Mr. Lemaigre, President de 1'Union Technique de
1'Automobile, du Cycle et du Motorcycle, Paris. The table of
contents lists: Introduction; Organization of action to combat
pollution from motor vehicles; Studies and research: organization
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and results; Ways and means of reducing pollution i Anti -pollution
legislation. Appendix I (13 pages) is entitled Public and private
European bodies concerned with air pollution; Appendix II (26 pages),
Bibliography; Appendix III (8 pages), Legislation. - APCA 6*1-267
Thiebault, R. : An interesting experiment, made with the vehicles
of the Parisian Prefecture de Police, in order to reduce the rate
of carbon monoxide emitted by petrol engines. Centre international
de documentation sur 1' inspection et la technique des vehicules
automobiles. (CIDITIVA Bulletin. ) Brussels, No. 23, pp. 2.1-
2.11 (Sept.) 1965.
Since 1959> the municipal laboratories of the Prefecture de Police
have been systematically measuring atmospheric pollution in Paris,
deducing the general picture from the carbon monoxide (CO)
percentage. The many recordings made have led to three main
conclusions: (a) Practically no CO during night hours, when motor
traffic is sparse, (b) Definite correlation between density of
traffic flow and CO rate, (c) Increase of each vehicle's
contribution to the CO rate as traffic becomes less fluid, causing
vehicles to stop frequently with motor idling. This, together
with the fact that idling represents 75$ of the time spent on a
journey in heavy rush hour traffic, led to the idea of adjusting
the relevant arrangements of the carburetor in order to reduce
exhaust toxicity to a minimum, without hampering the engine. The
method for adjusting the idling and slow running arrangements of
the carburetor is described and results obtained are shown in a
table. This method was successfully applied to all 1300 police
vehicles and brought about the additional advantage of a
considerable air pollution abatement in the police garages.
Author suggests an education campaign for mechanics and maintenance
personnel and wide information of the public on this subject and
method. - APCA 6^-167
640a. Yanov, A.P. : Control of dust and- toxic gases after shot firing.
Gornyi Zhufnal 3:70-73, 1961. S.M.R.E. Trans. Ho. 4669* CFSTI 63-
An experimental model of a unit for the combined removal of dust
and toxic gases from the air after shotfiring is described. Good
results were obtained in practical trials of the experimental model
of the unit. With concentration of more than 200 mg/aH dust, 0,2$
carbon monoxide, 0*01$ nitric oxides, and 0.8$ carbon dioxide, 98 -
99$ dust and carbon monoxide were removed from the air, as were 90 -
97$ nitric oxides and carbon dioxide. Pastiness of the air after
this cleaning process was 1*2 * 1.6 mg/ar, and the carbon monoxide
concentration vas 0.0010 - 0.0012$.
The new method of removing dust and gases from the air will
make it possible to carry out shotfiring operations during any period
of the shift. The heat from the electric heater and from the oxidation
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of carbon monoxide on hopcalite can "be used for the ventilation 3f the
heading, thus eliminating the need for pipelines. - From text-AGC
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
641. Aviation Toxicology, An Introduction to the Subject and a Handbook
of Data. The Blakiston Co., Hew York, Toronto, 1953; PP- 120-
This handbook on aviation toxicology provides toxicity data on
chemicals of special interest in aviation,
CO is the only toxic gas for which allowable concentration
limits have been generally prescribed in aviation. The allowable
limit of concentration for CO set by military and civilian agencies
of different countries vary somewhat. The average limit is one part
in 20,000 parts of air (ik b) for civil airplanes in the U.S. In
moderate altitudes carbon monoxide does not have any ill effects.
Author points out, however, that careful laboratory tests have
shown that vision is somewhat impaired at, or even below, this
concentration. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the
blood stream at high altitude, and the general properties and
occurrence of CO are discussed in this book. There are diagrams
showing time-concentrateon curves of CO toxicity. - AGC
642. Bryan, R.J., and Taylor, J.R.: A Review of Mr Quality Eata Obtained
in Ambient Mr Animal E*posui-e Project. Presented at the 58th APCA
Annual Meeting, June 20-2**, 1965, Toronto, Canada.
Since late 1961 a relatively large-scale study has been conducted
in Los Angeles to determine possible biological effects upon
animals to the exposure to air pollutants, particularly as related
to automotive emissions. The protocol for this study called for
the exposure of animals at four separate locations, differing'as
to the proximity to sources of air pollution from major automobile
source areas. At each location, two colonies of animals were
exposed—one to unaltered ambient air and one to purified air.
The air quality data obtained and reported upon shows distinct
pollution patterns with regular seasonal and temporal patterns.
A substantial block of data has been obtained on the performance
of the air purification system specified as related to contaminants
studied, which include oaone, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter. Some limited
study on the reproducibility of various instrumental methods is
also reported. An evaluation of the data as relates to this study
and Its possible usefulness in the planning of future studies is
presented. - Authors' Abst.
2JO
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643. California Standards for Ambient Al-r Quality and Motor Vehitile -Exhaust.
Tech. Kept., State Dept. Public Health, Berkeley, Calif., 1960, 1$6 pp.
Contents: I. The standards and their significance. II. Technical
"bases for standards for the quality of ambient air. III. The technical
bases for motor vehicle exhaust standards. In establishing the
standards, an attempt was made to determine what effects the various
pollutants were known to have at various levels of concentration on human
health and comfort, on animals and plants, and on visibility. The
resulting air quality standards together with data concerning motor vehicle
emissions and their reactions then became the bases for motor vehicle exhaust
standards. The air standards do not establish a fine line below which
is good air above which is bad air. They indicate the approx. point
at which air under some circumstances may produce undesirable effects.
-APCA 3679
644. California Standards for Ambient Air Quality and Motor Vehicle
Exhaust. Suppl. I. Crankcase Emission Standard. Maga, J.A.,
Bass, G.C., and Wong-Woo, H.: State Dept. Public Health, Berkeley,
Calif., 1961, 13 PP.
Contents: Introduction, Standard for crankcase emissions.
Definition of terms of motor vehicle emission standards crankcase
emissions. Crankcase emissions (data, calculations, and revised
inventory). Approach to crankcase emission standard (numerical
standard, modes of operation, expression of numerical standard).
This is supplement 1 to the technical report of 1960. Others
will be published as new standards are added. - APCA 4rf6
645. Carbon Monoxide (Revised 1965). Amer. Indust. Hyg. Ass. 26:431-434
(July-Aug.) 1965.
i
A revised section on carbon monoxide is continued in the Hygienic
Guide Series. Hygienic Standards, toxic properties, industrial
hygiene practice, and medical problems are discussed. - AGC
646. Carbon monoxide on the highway. Scientific American 212:52-57
(May) 1965.
Reported in this review is a study by A. J. Eaagen-Smit and T.W.
Latham who investigated concentrations of CO encountered during
eight trips along the commuter route between Pasadena and Los Angeles
during peak traffic hours, CO levels near the drives were recorded.
The concentration of CO fumes are found to be such as to present a
possible danger to the health and driving abilities of the commuter.
Normally Los Angeles air contains 10 to 12 parts of carbon monoxide
per million parts of air. According to the California State
Department of Health, 30 ppm is an "adverse" level and 30 ppm for
eight hours or 120 ppm for one hour is a ;tserious level of pollution,"
The level measured by the two investigators was 37 PPiaj In slow and
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heavy traffic the average was 5^ PPro, with peaks as high as 120 ppm.
The level dropped rapidly on less traveled streets but rose again
at stop signals. According to Haagen-Sznit, two hours in bad traffic
would bring the CO concentration in a commuter's hemoglobin to the
"serious" level. Studies of the effect of CO on a person's alertness
and driving skill are recommended. Automobile exhaust-control
devices, mandatory in California beginning with 1966 models, are
expected to significantly lower the incidence of smog in general
as well as the CO level in particular. - AGC
647. Control of air pollution from motor vehicles and new motor vehicle
engines. Proposed Rules. Federal Register Part II, 30:17192-17199
(Dec. 31) 1965.
The maximum allowable rates for discharge of two major automotive
air pollutants are similar to standards adopted by California for
1966, and provide: 1. Vehicles with engine displacement of 1^0 cu.
in. or less: (a) hydrocarbons - 375 PPm as hexane (0.165 mole
percent carbon atoms) and (b) carbon monoxide - 2.0$ by volume.
2. Vehicles with engine displacement in excess of lio cu. in.:
(a) hydrocarbons - 275 PPm as hexane (0.165 mole percent carbon
atoms) and (b) carbon monoxide - 1.5$ by volume.
The average car without an exhaust control sy.3tem emits
approximately 800 ppm of hydrocarbons and 3-5$ carbon monoxide
from its exhaust.
In addition to limiting exhaust emissions, the standards are
designed to eliminate complete hydrocarbon emissions from the
crankcase. - AGC
648. Control of air pollution from motor vehicles and new motor
vehicle engines. Federal Register Part II, 31:5170-5178
(March 30) 1966.
Federal standards for the control of air pollution from new motor
vehicles were published today in the Federal Register by Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare John W. Gardner. The standards
will apply to 1968 model gasoline-powered passenger cars and
light trucks, whether American-made or imported.
The standards, issued under provisions of the 1965 Clean
Air Act Amendments, will limit emissions of two major pollutants
produced by motor vehicles—hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide.
hydrocarbons are a prime ingredient in the formation of
photochemical smog. Carbon monoxide is a lethal gas.
Under the standards proposed on December 31, tailpipe
emissions from motor vehicles with engines of 50 to 1^0 cubic
inches cylinder displacement would have been limited to an
average of 375 parts per million of hydrocarbons and 2.0 percent
carbon monoxide over a vehicle life of 100,000 miles. Engines
of more than 1^0 cubic inches, which produce a greater volume of
exhaust gas, would have been limited to an average of 275 parts
per million of hydrocarbons and 1.5 percent carbon monoxide.
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The final standards call for no change In the limitations
on engines in the over-l40 cubic inches size range, but significant
modifications have been made in the requirements applicable to
smaller engines, These have now been placed in two separate
categories. For those of 50 to 100 cubic inches cylinder dis-
placement, which include the engines used in most small imported
cars, the limitations are now an average of 410 parts per million
of hydrocarbons and 2.3 percent carbon monoxide. For engines of
100 to 140 cubic inches, the limitations are an average of 350
parts per million of hydrocarbons and 2.0 percent carbon monoxide.
649. Danger Thresholds. (General Report) European Conference on Air
Pollution, June 24-July 1, 196k. Council of Europe, Strasbourg,
(France), 1964, 53 pp.
The General Report, published following the European Conference on
Air Pollution, is presented by Professor Truhaut, Professor de
Toxicologie et d'HysiSne Industrielle & la Facultg de Pharmacie de
1'Universite de Paris. The table of contents lists the following
subject headings: Nature of the risks (risks of immediate toxicity,
risks of relatively long-term toxicity, risks of inducing malignant
proliferation); Notes of the methodology of assessing risks
(laboratory experiments on animals, observations on subjects exposed
to pollution); Concept of maximum allowable concentrations applied
to chemical air pollutants (significant divergencies, points of
agreement — gas and vapors, and dusts, fumes, and mists);
Practical conclusions possible in the light of present toxlcological
knowledge and economic and social factors; Scope for research and
concerted preventive action at European level (biology, analysis,
conclusions, bibliography). The Appendix (p. 44-53) consists of
Resolutions of the 2 nd International Symposium on Maximum Allowable
Concentrations of Toxic Substances in Industry, Paris, April 1-6,
1963. - APCA 64-249
650. Batsenko, I.I.: Disturbances of carbon metabolism in experimental
carbon monoxide intoxication. Gigiena i Sanitaria 30:30-34 (May)
1965.
The article contains the results of quantitative analyses of sugar
in the blood of animals in a glucose test after introduction of
adrenalin and insulin under conditions of a prolonged action of
various concentrations of CO. In chronic [poisoning concentrations
of this gas within the limits of 0.012-0.018 mg/1 in the inhaled air
produced changes in the glycemic curves. These data may serve as
an early diagnostic sign of intoxication, besides. They substantiate
the necessity of decreasing the maximum permissible concentration of
CO in the.air. - Author's Abst.
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651. Friberg, L., and Rylander, R.: Scientific basis for some medical air
quality guides. J. APCA 15:531-534 (Nov.) 1965.
An attempt to develop medical air quality guides are recently made in
Sweden. Even if air pollution is present in only fairly small amounts,
problems frequently arise especially concerning nuisance reactions.
Present regulations do not provide a basis for a standardized treatment
of air pollution problems. The national air pollution situation was
discussed and a survey of the literature was performed to collect data
concerning current air pollutants. For sulfur dioxide a 30 day value
of eight pphm and a two hour value of 25 pphm was recommended. It
was further recommended to keep the carbon monoxide concentration as
low as possible with an eight hour value of 30 ppm as an absolute
maximum. lor carcinogenic and mutagenic substances it was also
recoconended to keep the values as low as possible. Although available
data did not support complete medical guides in all cases it was decided
rather to have the above approximations than to leave the air pollution
situation uncontrolled. - Authors' Abst.
651a Friberg, L., and Rylander, R.: Swedish medical air quality guides.
Nord. Hyg. Tidskr. 46:1-32, 1965.
This report is the result of conferences held in Saltsjoebaden, May 27-29,
1964, on the initiative of the State Mr Control Board, and at the State
Institute for Health on June 11, 1964. The participants, experts from
several scientific fields, presented various facets of the problem.
Those contributions and the subsequent discussions provide the basis
for this report. It is also stated in this report that valuable
discussions have been carried on, in course of the work, with Dr. John
Goldsmith, of the California State Department of Public Health. The
following paragraph is taken from "Summary of Recommendation" of this
report:
"At present, a basis is lacking for presentation of pr cise medical
recommendations. There are reasons, however, for keeping the carbon
monoxide content as low as possible, and under no conditions should it
be permitted to exceed 30 ppm (eight-hour value) and 120 ppm (one-hour
value). It might be possible by means of relatively limited studies
to obtain results on which detailed medical recommendations might be
based as was done in the case of sulphur dioxide." - Translated from
Swedish.
652. Gilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, N.M.,
and Loshak, A.Ya.: The effect of low concentrations of carbon
monoxide on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In:
ParLn, V.V. (editor): Aviation and Space Medicine. Translation,
NASA, Washington, D. C., Dec. 1964. NASA TT F-228, pp. 113-115.
The results of the investigations reported in this paper showed
that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide ( starting with 0.01 mg/
liter or more), both under experimental conditions (ground and
.pressure-chamber at 2400 m) and during actual flight had adverse
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effects on the functioning of several organs and systems, namely:
higher nervous activity; functions of the visual and vestibular
analyzers; metabolic processes; cardiovascular system; muscular
strength; tissue respiration and leukopoiesis.
On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data obtained
and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that the
maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in pressurized
passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 mg/liter. - From Text
l
653, Gofmekler, V.A.: The problem of sanitary protection of atmospheric
air within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid.
Gigiena i Sanitaria 29:104-106 (May) 196^. Published and
Transl. for USDHEW, PBS and WSF, Washington, D. C., by the Israel
Program for Scientific Translation, 1965. TO 65-50023/5.
This paper discusses tie program planning meeting of the Council
of Mutual Economic Aid. Among studies proposed for 196^-1965,
is the investigation of the iuaximal allowable concentrations for
20 combinations of substances in the atmospheric air, which
includes carbon monoxide. The combination of SOg and CO will be
investigated by scientists in Bulgaria. Development of new methods
of investigation of atmospheric contamination are contemplated.
Along with the development of chemical methods of investigation,
greater attention will be paid to physico-chemical methods. The
possibility of determination of CO by spectrophotometric methods
is being studied in Czechoslovakia. Development of new automatic
instruments for the registration of atmospheric contaminants is
planned in the German Democratic Republic and in Poland. New
methods of sample collection are developed in the U.S.S.R. -
AGC
654. Goldsmith, J.R. : Some implications or ambient air quality standards.
Arch. Environ. Health k: 151-167 (Feb.)
The impetus to set air pollution standards for California arose because
of the recognition that the improvement - or even maintenance - in
the quality of the air in California depended upon control methods
for motor vehicle emissions. The law, which in addition to
calling for public hearings and for revision of standards from tiiae to
time, states that ''standards shall be so developed as to reflect
the relationship between the intensity and composition of air
pollution and the health, illness, including irritation to the senses,
and death of human beings, as well as damage to vegetation and
interference with visibility." Author discasses standards in other
fields and compares industrial threshold limits, with maximal air
pollution values, and the alert stages for toxic air pollutants in
the Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control District. The
community air pollution standarda in the U.S.S.R. are also
reviewed. Available facts and determination of whether or not
standards could be set for, i.e., the group of photochemical
oxidants, oxides of sulfur, and carbon monoxide are also considered.
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Because of the aany sources for carbon monoxide exposure it was
decided that only 5% of hemoglobin inactivation "by community air
pollution would become the basis for standards. Available data on
reaction between hemoglobin and carbon monoxide were used to derive
the standards - 30 ppm for 8 hours or 120 ppm for one hour. Because
the basis of this effect is an interference with physiological
function, the standard by definition is at the "serious"level. The
30 ppm standard averaged over 8 hours has often been exceeded in
Los Angeles. In the Appendix the policy of the California Standards
for ambient air quality are discussed in detail. - AGO.
655. Goldsmith, J.R,: QTne body burden and air quality standards. Arch.
Environ. Health 8:39-U3 (Jan.) 1964.
Available work indicates the value of the concept of the body
burden in setting air quality standards. So far, the concept has
been used in the air quality standards for carbon monoxide. Its
use for lead exposures is anticipated and it should be of value
for other substances. In addition, the body burden is valuable
because of its relevance to exposures not only to elementary
substances auch as lead and arsenic, but also to complex Bubsljances
such as chlorinated hydrocarbons. Much additional research is. needed
in this area. - Author's Sum.
656. Gruber, C.W.: APM-3 Recommended standard methods for continuing
air monitoring for gaseous contaminants. TR-2, Air Pollution
Measurements Committee. J. APCA 15:313 (July) 1965.
The purpose of Manual APM-3 is to provide a guide which will help
increase the uniformity between various surveys, and thereby increase
the useability of the data by others. Manual APM-3 will include
procedures for the following gases: APM-3*2--Sulfur Dioxide,,
APM-3-3--Hydrogen Sulfide; APM-3. l4—0xidants and Ozone; APH-3.5--
Oxides of Nitrogen; APM-3.6--Carbon Monoxide; APM-3•?--Fluorides;
APM-3.8— Ifydrocarbons; APM-3.9"-Aldehydes.
It is hoped by utilizing Standard Methods for Continuous
Monitoring of the Atmosphere air quality data will become more mean-
ingful as monitoring is being carried on by a multitude of governmental
agencies research organizations and industry. It is hoped that by
standardizing monitoring methods, the path to air quality atanda1"^
setting will be made smoother. It is also hoped that by utilizing
standard monitoring methods our knowledge of what's in the air will
be broadened and made more useful to the researchers who are searching
out the affects of air pollution upon man and materials. - Author's
Sum. Modified.
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657. Bass, G.C.: The automobile as a source of air pollution. Trans.
Soc. Agr. Engrs* U:1^2-1^3, 1961.
Although touch intensive study has been done on the smog situation
in Los Angeles the phenomenon is still defined in terms of gross
effects. Among the effects are those of eye irritation, aerosol
formation, ozone formation, and damage to vegetation. A less well-
known fact about automotive air pollution is that the concentrations
of carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of poorly ventilated cities
are approaching levels at which public health agencies are beginning
to be concerned about the physiological effects. For all practical
purposes, automotive vehicles are the only significant source of
atmospheric carbon monoxide. Although the principal point of
emission from a motor vehicle is the tail-pipe, there is also some
emission from the crankcase vent, and from the carburetor and fuel
tank. Since any scheme to artificially ventilate the air involves
moving millions of tons by weight of air, other control methods
have to be sought. Last year Los Angeles County adopted a rule
requiring the gradual reduction of olefins in gasoline but the
benefits are both controversial and costly to the car owner.
Deceleration cut-off devices are available and, after further study,
were foundto be more effective than was thought earlier. Any
radical change in engine design appears to be some years off.
Major attention is now focused on the development of afterburners
for the exhaust system, the 2 types being the catalytic scheme and
the direct-flame afterburner. Many companies have such devices
under development but the price, and cost of upkeep, are still
indefinite. However, a device to control crankcase vent losses is
available and inexpensive, and a method of reducing the emissions
of oxides of nitrogen has recently been announced. On Dec. 4,
1959, .the State Dept. Public Health of Calif, adopted standards of
air quality and standards for motor-vehicle exhaust emissions. The
1960 legislature passed a new smog bill which provided for the
establishment of a 13-man State Motor Vehicle Poll. Control Board.
The bill states that after 1 year from the date on which the Board
has certified 2 or more motor-vehicle pollution-control devices,
ell new cars sold in Calif, shall be equipped with such devices.
The application of devices to used motor vehicles is a local option
and a longer period of compliance is provided* - APCA 5086
658. Xambertsen, C.J., and Baseom, W.: The Permissible Level of Carbon
Monoxide in Inspired Air Univ. Calif. Scripps Inst. Oceanography,
Dec. 29, 1953- DDC AD 28055.
The possibility that compressed air breathed by underwater swimmers
may contain small amounts of carbon monoxide which could conceivably
be injurious, led to a series of letters in which Dr. C. J. Lambertsen,
M.D., of the University of Pennsylvania Medical School answered and
discussed a series of questions on the subject suggested by Bascom.
The Henderson results at one atmosphere are compared with those given
in U.S. Bureau of Standards Technical Paper 212 and the wording of
277
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Mine Safety Appliance Co. literature has been 'borrowed for the first
paragraph. Dr. Lambertsen points out that this extrapolation beyond
direct measurement is "probably the only information -we will have to
go on for the next few years." Dr. Lambertsen also states, "I do not
want to be held to the absolute values in the tables (graphs) but
suspect the relative changes will occur as predicted." - Authors'
Abst.
659. McCabe, L.C.: Atmospheric pollution. Indust. Eng. Chem. 47:KXLA-
102A (June) 1955-
The Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control Board recently asked
a medical and scientific group to set maximum limits at which
pollution levels might be dangerous to public health. Limits
were established for oxides of nitrogen, ozone, sulfur dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, based on judgment and experience. 5
Instruments are now installed at several stations for continuous
measurement of these k pollutants and also total oxidant, total
hydrocarbons, and wind speed and direction. Standard plant boxes,
each containing a variety of smog-sensitive plants, are kept at
12 stations for the detection of crop damaging gases; continuous
high-volume filters are used to collect ether-soluble aerosole
and radioactive materials. It is estimated that some 1^,000 tons
of combustible rubbish are disposed of daily by burning, two
thirds of it in single chamber incinerators. The incineration of
this material releases to the air aerosols, aldehydes, oxides of
nitrogen, and organic acids which contribute to reduced
visibility, eye irritation, plant damage, and general discomfort.
There are more than 1,500,000 single chamber incinerators in use
in homes and conmw»ro.-i.a.1 Ae-haMlsbments in the county, and they
can not be controlled by practicable engineering refinements.
Hence, they will be prohibited in unincorporated areas after
June 30, when weekly collection of combustible rubbish is
established. Incorporated areas (^5 in Los Angeles County) have
been asked to expand private or public collection service to
pewnit the prohibition of this type of incinerator by July 1,
After June 30, new regulations will apply to open burning. -
APCA 390
659a. MacKenzie, V.G.: Conservation of the Air Resources: A National
Challenge. USDHEW, PHS, Div. Air Poll., Washington, D.C.,
Jan. 1965.
The Chief of the Div. of Air Poll, has the following to say in
regard to the adoption of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1965:
it became possible for the Federal Government to take still
further steps toward dealing with air pollution problems that
cannot be satisfactorily resolved at local and State levels.
The most important of these .stepa involves the establishment and
enforcement of national standards for the control of air
pollution from new motor vehicles.
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The proposed Federal standards, which are similar to but
somewhat more stringent than those now in effect in the State of
California, will require significant reductions in emissions of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, two of the principal types of
air pollutants discharged through motor vehicle exhaust tailpipes,
as well as 100 percent control of hydrocarbon emissions from
the crankcase. To comply with the standards, tailpipe emissions
from new gasoline-powered vehicles with engines of 1^0 or more
cubic inches cylinder displacement, which includes essentially
all American-made cars and light trucks, must not exceed an
average of 275 parts per million of hydrocarbons and 1.5
percent by volume of carbon monoxide over a vehicle life of
100,000 miles. For engines of less than 1^0 cubic inches
displacement, primarily those used in small imported cars, the
proposed average limitations are 375 parts per million of
hydrocarbons and 2.0 percent carbon monoxide. By comparison
with the proposed standards, tailpipe emissions from models now
in use range upward from about 800 parts per million of
hydrocarbons and 3«5 percent carbon monoxide. - From Text
660. Maga, J.A., and Hass, G.C.: The development of motor vehicle
exhaust emission standards in California. J. APCA 10:393-396 a»d
klk (Oct.) 1960.
The motor vehicle exhaust standards adopted by the California State
Dept. of Public Health included hydrocarbon monoxide. The standards
represent a 1st attempt to set vehicular emission standards as a
basis for control legislation. Judgments and decisions were of
necessity made on the basis of present knowledge of the smog
problem. The calculation of allowable vehicle exhaust emissions
includes the following elements: (1) Evaluation of the current
levels of air quality experienced on days of meteorological
conditions unfavorable to the dispersal of pollutants. (2)
Determination of the total vehicle exhaust emissions and the
average concentration of pollutants in vehicle exhaust. (3)
Determination of the total emissions of air pollutants from all
sources. (4) Extrapolation of the emissions data to 1970. (5)
Description of the quantitative relationships between air pollution
effects and atmospheric pollutant concentrations. (6) Calculation
of the necessary reduction in pollutant emissions to maintain the
desired air quality of days of meteorological conditions unfavorable
to pollution dispersal. (7) Application of these reduction factors
to the average exhaust contaminant concentrations. The law
provided for periodic revision of the standards when new information
becomes available. The goal of the vehicle exhaust standards were:
Oxidant index—0.15 PPm. for 1 hour (average value as determined
by the potassium iodide method). Carbon monoxide—30 ppm. for 8
hours or 120 ppm. for 1 hour. - APCA 3^71
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661. Maga, J.A., and Goldsmith, J.R.: Standards for air quality in
California. J. APCA 10:1*53-^55, W>7 (Dec.) 1960.
The interest in air quality standards has been an outgrowth of the
air pollution problem in California. Although the most serious
problem is found in Los Angeles, air pollution levels sufficient to
cause eye irritation, vegetation damage, and reduced visibility have
been experienced in the larger metropolitan regions of the State.
It is hoped that air quality standards adopted by the California
State Dept. of Public Health will be of value in the State's attack
on air pollution and promote studies and research needed to refine
and extend the standards. Standards can only be guides and not a
substitute for Jmowledge and good judgment. As in the case for
other standards, those for air quality are not precise figures below
which there is complete safety and above which there is certain
illness and death. They can sometimes be exceeded without injury to
an individual. The air standards that have been adopted will have
to be used intelligently with the appreciation of their limitations
as well as their application. - APCA 3^70
662. Middleton, J.T., and Middleton, B.C.: Air pollution and California's
state control program. Proc. Amer. Petrol. Inst. 3^36-6^2, 1962.
Our limited resource is unwittingly being destroyed by man's activities.
The destruction of air appears to be correlated with the extent and
nature of fuel utilization to meet the energy demands of contemporary
society. An increasing knowledge of the causes and nature of air
pollution has resulted in changing concepts of control. The state of
California, which in 19^-7 authorized the regulation of stationary
sources of atmospheric contamination by local government bodies, is
now directly engaged in a program to control mobile sources of con-
tamination through the creation in 1960 of the State Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board. Air-quality standards developed by the
state define both the acceptable air quality and the needed reduction
in motor vehicular emissions. While the present program will ensure
an improved air quality and thereby reduce damage to health and
property, long-range conservation of air will be dependent upon a
continuing evaluation of society's fuel utilization, means of
transportation, and metropolitan area planning and development.
-Authors' abst.
663. Pace, H.: Limits of Tolerance for Carbon Monoxide Under Working
Conditions and in Emergency Procedures Aboard Ship. Naval Med. Res.
Inst., Nat. Naval Med. Center, Bethesda, Md., Ki6-l/All/NMKL-12ij-,
June 12, 1945.
This report is made in response to a request from BuShips for
information regarding the limits of tolerance of exposure to various
concentrations of carbon monoxide. The limits set forth herein
pertain only to non-flying personnel, and must not be applied in
other situations where lowered atmospheric oxygen tensions may also
be encountered.
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Recent work at the Naval Medical Research Institute has led
to the development of a general equation for the expression of the
rate of accumulation of carbon monoxide in the blood in terms of the
factors important to the process. The equation described in this
paper has been tested under a wide variety of conditions and found
to hold veil experimentally and in practice. - Author's Abst.
664. Ryazanov, V.A., Alekseeva, M.V., and Senderikhina, D.Ya.: Methods
for the collection and study of air samples in the control of a
atmosphere cleanliness in inhabited localities. In: Levine,
B.S. (translator) and Ryazanov, V.A. (editor): Limits of
Allowable Concentrations of Atmospheric Pollutants. U. S. Office
of Technical Services, Washington, D. C., Book 1, 1952, pp. 89-
100. OTS 59-21173-
Methods of sampling and sampling devices are described. The
sensitivity of the methods recommended for the determination of
maximal single concentrations, for the determination of average
2k hours' concentrations using the intermittent method of sample
collecting, and sensitivity of the methods recommended for use
with samples of continuous 2k hours' aspiration are illustrated
in three tables. This information presented indicates that the
2k hours' aspiration method is applicable to 8 ingredients only;
carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are best determined by
the method of intermittent aspiration. Furthermore, an analysis
of the data presented in the Table indicates that the aspiration
rate for the ingredients listed ranges between 10 - $000 I/hourj
the total volume ranges between 2kO - 12 000 liters. Thus,
the tests are so arranged as to make them sufficiently sensitive
for the determination of average 2k hours' concentrations, since
the tests are from 2-8 times as sensitive as required for the
determination of the limits of allowable concentrations.
Author-AGC
665. Ryazanov, A.V.: New data on maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants
in the air in the U.S.S.R. In: Diamond Jubilee Internat. Clean Air Con-
ference, London, Oct. 1959. National Society for Clean Air, London, I960,
pp. 175-176.
The author points out that the actions of poisonous agents on the human
body become inoperative below a definite limit of concentration. This
being so, it is only necessary to reduce air pollutants to below the limit
at which they become harmful. Russian investigators have set out to deter-
mine these limits by conducting experiments on animals, by comparing the
changes in human beings living in polluted areas with those living in
clean areas, and by carefully controlled laboratory experiments with human
subjects. The most rewarding of the results from the last type of experi-
ment have been obtained by demonstrating the reaction of the bioelectric
impulses in the brain to quantities of pollutants undetectable by the
nose. When fixing maximum concentrations the effects on vegetation,
materials and atmospheric clarity are taken into account. Also of great
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importance are (1) defensive reactions of the body (showing that condi-
tion are not at the optimum,) (2) that any stimulant is undesirable if
it operates against a person's free-will, (3) the maximum permissible
concentration should be set by reference to the most sensitive index.
On the basis of these considerations a tentative table of maximum concentra-
tions for 30 pollutants has been produced and is appended to the paper.
- Author's Sum.
666. Ryazanov, V.A.: Sensory physiology as basis for air quality standards.
The approach used in the Soviet Union. Arch. Environ. Health 5:W30-49*)-
(Nov.) 1962.
Two types of quantitative indexes for degree of atmospheric air pollution
are used in U.S.S.R., namely: Maximum Allowable Concentrations for
Exposures at any one time and average diurnal concentrations.
The first index is used for considering that degree of prevention
of atmospheric pollution which might cause reflextive reaction of the
receptors of the respiratory organs including' the nose upon a single.
exposure. The second standard is for the purpose of considering pre-
vention of chronic resorptive action of toxic substances on long-term
exposure. This report is limited to the study of reflective action,
which is the basis for establishing the M.A.C. for a single exposure. -
Author's Sum.
667. Ryazanov, V.A.: New data on limits of allowable atmospheric air
pollutants. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R.
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A
Survey. Vol. 9, 19&, pp. 1-8, CFSTI-TT-6V11574, U.S. Dept. of
Commerce, Springfield, Va.
This is a review of papers presented at the Meetings of the
Committee on Sanitary Air Protection in 1959 and 1960. The air
pollution standards under discussion and the conclusion reached are
not to be considered as final. The aim and purpose of the Committee
is to stimulate research. In the section on carbon monoxide the
papers by L.S. Gorsheleva, and T.M. Shul'ga, are discussed.
Animals exposed for six hours to air containing 20-30 mg/rn^ of CO
disturbed the conditioned reflexes activity. The Committee adopted .
1/10 of this concentration, or 2 mg/m? as the MAC average for 24
hours, or three times the average of 24-hour concentration as the
maximal allowable single concentration of CO.
The paper by Shul'ga discusses the previously adopted limit
of concentration of 6 mg/m3 of CO in accordance with the
definition of a maximal single concentration. The electroencepholo-
graphic method which is considered to be most sensitive was used.
Results show that 20 mg/m3 CO had no effect on the reflex reaction
of brain biocurrents either directly or through the formation of
conditioned electrocardial reflexes. Tested on humans, the maximal
allowable single concentration for CO as accepted by the Committee,
when inhaled for a brief period of time, had no effect on the
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human organism. The Committee in regard to Shul'ga's recommendations
lowered the average 2i4~hour concentration limit to 1 mg/m3,
retaining the previously adopted 6 mg/m3 value as the limit of
allowable single CO concentration. - AGC
668. The safety limits of hazardous materials. Safety Maintenance, Dec. -I960,
pp. 37-39.
The threshold limit values for 1960 which were adopted at the Twenty-
Second Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists, Rochester, N. Y., April 1960, are listed.
The recommended values for gases and vapors are based on the best
available information from industrial experiences and from experimental
studies. These values are reviewed annually. - AGC
569. Shulga, T.M. : New data substantiating maximum permissible concentration of carbon
monoxide in the atmospheric air. Gigiena i Sanitaria 26:3-9 (March) 1961. In:
Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 9, 196^-, pp. 73-80, CFSTI-TT-6l|-
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va,
The study was devised to test experimentally the maximum permissible concentrations
of carbon monoxide gas in the atmospheric air accepted by the USSR, namely,
6 mg./m. as the maximum one-time concentration and 2 mg./m. ' as the daily average
concentration. The results obtained indicate that carbon monoxide gas at a
concentration of 20 mg./m. 3 does not produce any reflex action on the electric
activity of the brain. A continuous 24-hour poisoning for a period of 75 days,
with carbon monoxide at a concentration of 2 mg./m. 3, has produced in white rats
some insignificant shifts of motor chronaxy, a fall in the porphyrin metabolism
rate, and some reversible changes in individual nerve cells of the cerebrum. The
maximum one-time concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmospheric air should
remain at its accepted level of 6 mg./m. 3, but the daily average concentration
should be decreased to 1 mg./m. 3. The standard sanitary protection zone of 100 m.
around brickworks is insufficient and should be increased to 500 m. - APCA 3818
670. Shulga, T.M. : Data to substantiate the maximum permissible daily
average concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmospheric air.
Gigena i Sanitaria 30:3-6 (April) 1965.
The work was aimed at obtaining experimental data to substantiate
the existing standard value of the daily average concentration of
carbon monoxide in the atmospheric air at the level of 1.0 mg/m3.
2k- hour poisoning of albino rats with carbon monoxide gas at
average concentrations of 2.65 and 1.13 mg/m3 was carried out for
a period of 2-1/2 months. The investigations performed showed that
carbon monoxide at an average concentration of 1.13 mg/m3 produced
no changes in the. motor chronaxy, the porphyrin metabolism and had
no effect on the functioning of the blood forming systems.
Consequently, the existing dally average maximum permissible
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concentration of carbon monoxide in the atmospheric air at a level
of 1.0 mg/m3 is experimentally substantiated. - Author's Abst.
671. Stern, A.C. : Summary of existing air pollution standards. J. APCA
14:5-15 (Jan.)
This paper summarizes the existing air pollution standards of the
United States, Europe and the U.S.S.R.
672. stern, A.C.: Basis for criteria and standards. J. APCA 15:281-283
(June) 1965.
Much of the data needed for the development of air quality criteria
do not exist and must yet "be developed, and when criteria are developed,
they will not have about them an air of finality. It, therefore,
would be unwise to defer the adoption of emission standards needed
now, by postponing such action until air quality criteria and standards
become more generally available.
673. Stern, A.C. : Emission standards in air pollution. Araer. J. Pub.
Health 55:1075-1081 (July) 1965.
A discussion of emission standards to be employed in dealing with air
pollution is presented. It is urged that standards be developed for
real situations, which relate both single and multiple sources to the
community's air quality standards. The one proposed in this paper is
limited to gases and fine particles.
674. Truhaut, R. : Danger Thresholds. European Conference on Air Pollution,
held June 2^-July 1, 19&4-, Strasbourg, Prance, Covncil of Europe.
This paper presented at this Internationa]. Conference discusses the
following items:
Nature of the risks of immediate toxicity, of relatively long-
term toxicity and risks of inducing malignant proliferation.
The methodology of assessing risks by laboratory experiments
on animals and observations on subjects exposed to pollution, and
how to establish danger thresholds.
Practical conclusions possible in the light of present
toxicologies! knowledge and economic and social factors.
Resolution of the 2nd International Symposium on Maximum
Allowable Concentrations of Toxic Substances in Industry are contained
in the Appendix, as well as difinitions and the initiation of an
agreed international list on values.
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675. Vol'fson, Z.G,: Limits of allowable concentration of carbon
monoxide in atmospr-.aric air. In: Leviuc. B.S. (translator) and
Ryazanov, V.A. (editor): limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants. U. S. Office of Technical Services,
Washington, D. C., Book 1, 1952, pp. 56-6^. OTS 59-21173.
The U.S.S.R. literature on studies concerning CO in the atmosphere
is reviewed' in this paper. Based.on clinical and experimental
evidence 20-30 mg/m3 of CO are considered maximum levels at which
disturbances in the central nervous system are noticeable. The
recommendation for the adoption of standards was made after
thorough study of results of investigation and experiments. The
population surveyed consisted of children, aged, sick, and
generally feeble persons. Following recommendations were made:
The maximal allowable limit of average daily CO concentrations
in the city atmosphere is not to be above 2 mg/m3. Maximal
single concentration of CO in the atmospheric air must not exceed
6 mg/nP. - AGC
676. Zimmer, C.E., and Larsen, R.I.: Calculating air quality and its
control. J. APCA 15:565"572 (Dec.) 1965.
Air quality is shown as a function of averaging times of five
minutes to one year for carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitric oxide,
nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen oxides, oxidant, and sulfur dioxide in
Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, Hew Orleans, Philadelphia, San
Francisco, and Washington, D. C. Concentrations are approximately
lognormally distributed for all pollutants in all cities for all
averaging times* Maximum concentration is inversely proportional
to averaging to an exponent. The exponent is a function of the
standard geometric deviation. General air quality and control
parameters are derived and shown for one example, nitrogen oxides
in Washington, D. C. These values are compared to one air quality
standard. - Authors' Abst.
INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES
677. Anderson, T., and Dahlstrom, H.: A clinical method for the
determination of carbon monoxide in air. Sc. Tools (Stockholm)
5:9-H (April) 1958.
An objective method for determining the concentration of carbon
monoxide in aitf in the range 1-100 ppm. using indicator tubes
according to Shepherd is described. The sample is passed at a
constant flow rate through the indicator tube mounted in the
optical path of a Benkman Model-B spectrophotometer and the time
required to obtain a certain extinction value is neafctued. This
time is a function of the CO concentration in the sample. The
sensitivity of the method is very high and corresponds to an error
of the order of 1-6$ in the range investigated. In addition, it
285
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has several considerable advantages over earlier methods. Once
a calibration curve has teen obtained, the method is absolute and
requires no standard gas mixtures. It is completely independent
of the existing lighting conditions as well as of the investigator's
color sense. It is easily adapted to different ranges of carbon
monoxide concentrations. Finally, a relatively small quantity of
sarxfple gas is required even at very low CO concentrations.
APCA 2UB
678. Auckland Air Pollution Research Committee. Sixth Annual Rep. 1965.
P.O. Box 2225, Auckland, New Zealand, 42 pp.
Three years of the planned five year survey are summarized in
this Sixth Annual Report. The main task of the Committee has
been the study of the meteorological and topographical conditions,
the survey of air pollution in the metropolitan area of Auckland
and air pollution emanating from motor vehicles. New and modern
equipment and measuring methods have been employed and in
particular with regard to CO, a non-dispersive infra-red CO
analyser (sensitized to CO) was made available. The first attempt
to measure air pollution from motor vehicles was made in summer
1962/63. No further measurements were undertaken until this
device was obtained late in 1964. This instrument was modified
by the addition of a 6-point potentiometric recorder, so that
the timing mechanism of the recorder operated four solenoids in
sequence, allowing samples to be obtained from four different
locations at one minute intervals. The remaining two points of
the recorder were used for recording wind speed and direction,
and provision was made for the sampling lines to each sampling
point to be flushed continuously with the air being sampled.
This allowed a continuous recording to be made of the CO levels
at four different locations at the site under investigation. The
maximum CO concentration recorded was 42 ppm during a morning
traffic peak and the average two hour value in which this peak
was included was 24 ppm. Following sampling method was used: A
5 litre sample of air was obtained by allowing this amount of water
to drain slowly from a polythene container over a period of an
hour. The air collected above the water was analyzed using a
Drager gas detection. - AGC
679. Ayen, R.J., and Ng, Yu-Sim: Catalytic reduction of nitric oxide
by carbon monoxide. Internat. J. Air & Water Poll. 10:1-13
(Jan.) 1966.
Rate data for the catalytic reduction of HO and CO were
obtained using a flow reactor operated differentially at
atmospheric pressure and at temperatures of 160,200,220 and
240* C. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide partial pressures
were varied from 0.005 to 0.05 atm using helium as a diluent
to bring the total gas flow to 2000cc/min. A dual site
286
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mechanism was postulated for the reaction in which the rate
determining step was a surface reaction between adjacently
adsorbed CO and NO molecules. From the data, rate and adsorption
constants were evaluated for the corresponding rate expression.
This expression is of practical use in the design of a catalytic
converter to remove oxides of nitrogen from automotive exhaust
gases and other exhaust streams. - Authors' Abst.
680. Ayer, H.E., and Saltzman, B.E.: Rotes on interferences by oxides
of nitrogen with estimations of carbon monoxide in air "by the UBS
indicating tubes. Amer. Indust. lyg. Ass. J. 20:337-339 (Aug.)
-1959.
Nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide interference with carbon
monoxide estimations by the UBS indicating tube were investigated.
Both oxides were found to interfere seriously, the nitrogen
dioxide to a great extent. Nitrogen dioxide interference can be
eliminated and nitric oxide interference considerably reduced by
using a U-tube with solid potassium permanganate In the upatreaa
leg and Ascarlte in the downstream leg. The U-tube is flushed with
the contaminated air, using the rubber bulb, and then connected
ahead of the indicating tefce. The field determination of carbon
monoxide is then made in the usual way. No interference may be
expected from concentrations of nitrogen oxides up to 15$ of that
of carbon monoxide. If an NBS tube estimation without the U-tube
does not give a color lighter than one made with the tube, then
nitrogen dioxide can be presumed to be within its threshold limit
of 5 PPm. The degree of interference eliminated by the tentative
method reported here was sufficient for immediate needa. -
APCA 2732
681 o Bangert, F.: Measurement equipment for CO by application of the DrSger-
CO-Messers Model E. Dr^ger-Hefte Heft 236:5176-5179., 1959-
This paper describes the Dr&ger CO measuring device in use for the
last 30 years. The analysis of carbon monoxide content in oxidized
gas mixtures up to concentrations of 0,001 Vol.-$ is based on the
heat tone brought about in the mixture to be investigated. Author
describes the difference between the Dtra'ger Model T and E the nev
model, which is a fully automatic CO measurement and alert instrument
for continuous operation. This model equipped with a special recording
instrument with compensation amplifier, is able to register the CO-
content far below the maximum allowable concentration to about 0.0003
Vol.-$. This instrument can also be equipped with a maximum transmitter
which enables it to give optical and acoustical warning signals when
a certain CO content is reached, or to activate automatically the
operation of ventilators. - AGC
287
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682. Bryan, R.J.: Instrumentation for an ambient air animal exposure project.
J. APCA 13:25^-265 (June) 1963.
The design of facilities, including ambient air room ventilation and
control room air purification systems, has been discussed in connection
with a project for the evaluation of biological effects on animals from
automobile related air pollution. The selection of air monitoring
instruments, including the evaluation of two new instruments, and the
air sampling system design for this project has also been treated.
In the design of facilities the most important problem encountered
was that of existing limitations on air purification systems. The
experimental design concept used in this project called for no alteration
of the breathing air provided to control animals except for the removal
of air contaminants. It was not possible to provide such a system in
which removal of carbon monoxide, lower molecular weight hydrocarbons,
and nitric oxide, could be accomplished effectively. Operating experience
to date, however, indicates that the air purification system selected
does remove ozone, higher molecular weight hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide,
and filterable black aerosols quite effectively. - Author's Sun.
683. Burrell, G.A.: The Use of Mice and Birds for Detecting Carbon Monoxide
after Mine Fires and Explosions. U.S. Bureau of Mines Tech. Paper
#11, 1914, 15 PP.
Bureau of Mines is carefully studying methods to be employed with
greatest efficiency for exploring mines containing smoke or suffocating
or poisonous gases. The use of mice and birds is, in the author's
opinion, superior to chemical tests for CO in that the tests are
quickly made without requiring technical experience, and that such
tests are sufficiently accurate. Because the rate at which chemical
changes occur in mice and birds is by far greater than it is in man,
symptoms of poisoning are much earlier manifested. A mouse weighing
one-half ounce consumes about 15 times as much oxygen as one-half
ounce of the human body would consume during the same time. One
investigator observed that with 0.1$ CO in the air about two hours
elapsed before giddiness, etc. began to appear in a ?na» at rest, and
according to an analysis of the blood, exposure for another half hour
would have sufficed to produce practical disablement. A mouse
became giddy within 10 minutes. Experiments similar to those performed
with mice were performed with birds, for the reason that mice may be
slow responding to the presence, in the mine air, of such small
percentages of CO, which would cause distress to a man at work. The
relative susceptibilities of mice and canaries to CO is shown in a
table.
The properties of CO and its physiological effect on man are
also described. - AGC
288
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684. Campbell, O.F., and Fennels, N.E. : CO boiler and fluidized-bed
steam superheater on Sinclair Refining Company's new fluid unit at
the Houston Refinery. Trans. ASMS 77:927-938 (Aug.) 1955.
The combination CO boiler and respray steam superheater allows for
maximum flexibility of operation of a fluid unit to produce more
and better products and provides maximum conservation of fuel.
In addition it prevents carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
maladorous gases from escaping to the atmosphere, and it
conditions the flue gases for subsequent removal of particulate
matter.
Over 300,000 pound/hour of 700 psig. saturated steam are
produced by the oil industry's first direct- fired unit to recover
both the sensible heat and the heat of combustion from the high-
temperature regenerator- exit flue gas. The heat of combustion of
the regenerator-exit flue gas is derived from its CO content.
Saturated steam produced in the boiler is superheated to 750° F.
in industry's first fluidized-bed respray steam superheater.
APCA
685. Carbon Monoxide Indicator. Progress Reports Ho. 18 and 19.
Kbllaman Instrument Corp., ELmhurst, W.Y., May 21, 195^ > 3 PP-*
U figures. DDC AD 3^066.
This report describes the progress in the development of a carbon
monoxide indicator of the thermometric type. The major portion of
the work during this period was the continuation of the
construction of the final instrument. The various components
previously constructed were combined into a compact arrangement,
which included the flow-rate-control and pressure-control elements,
the humidifier, the alumina hydrocarbon filter, and the reaction-
tube holder. - Authors' Abst.
686. Carey, G.C.R. , Phair, J.J., Shephard, R.J., and Thomson, M.L. : Portable
carbon monoxide uptake apparatus. A.M.A. Arch ladust. Health, 16, 225 -231
(Sept. ) 1957.
This paper describes a portable apparatus developed for the 195&
pollution survey and subsequent modifications that permit the more
accurate determination of pulmonary diffusing capacity. The
apparatus gives approximate values for both functional residual ca-
pacity and carbon monoxide uptake. The limits of accuracy are de-
fined on theoretical grounds, and is adequate to follow variations in
the physiological state of a given patient, provided that tidal volume
and respiratory rate are carefully controlled during the test. APCA
687. Chemical Watchbirds. Indust. Eng. Chem. 45:17A-l8A (March) 1953«
The development of carbon-monoxiae aud sulfur-dioxide detecr&urs,
in the form of silica gel impregnated with color indicating complexes,
289
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is discussed. Vanadate -impregnated gels detect sulfur-dioxide
concentrations up to 120 ppm by changes from bright yellow to dark
green, while potassium periodate detects concentrations up to 675
ppm as the gel changes from white to pink. Although little is
known about the reaction itself, quantitative measurements are
determined by reference to standard colors. - LC
688. Chinn, H.I.: A Method for the Determination of Carbon Monoxide in
Alveolar Mr, Together with a Correlation of Values Thus Obtained
with Carboxyhemoglobin Concentrations in Blood. Aviation Medicine
Randolph AEB, Texas, April 5, 19^4, 9 pp. DDC AD 135575.
A simple method has been devised for the determination of carbon
in alveolar air. An excellent correlation has been shown between
the alveolar carbon monoxide content and the carboxyhemoglobin
concentration in blood. This procedure possesses the following
advantages: ease of operation, rapidity of analysis, omission of
blood samples, use of untrained persomel, avoidance of an solutions,
and compactness of apparatus. Its disadvantages lies in the necessity
for subject co-operation so that determination," cannot be made on
unconscious or dead persons. Replacemjent of oxyhemoglobin by
carboxyhemoglobin cannot be demonstrated by oxiineter measurement. -
Author's Abst.
689. Chipman, J.C., and Mass sy, M.T. : Proportional sampling system for
the collection of an integrated auto exhaust gas sample. J. APCA
10:60-68 (Feb.) 1960.
The proportional sailing system continuously meters and accumulates
a constant percentage of the exhaust gas. The electronic and
analytical evaluation studies indicate that the system is reliable
within the desired over-all accuracy of 90$ and responds to the
normal engine transient operating conditions throughout the test
run. The system eliminates the need of tedious nanual integration
of individual operating conditions. Over-a.ll evaluation of the
exhaust gas emissions from a test run is obtained from 1 sample.
Limitations are not imposed on the number of analyses that can be
performed or the techniques employed, The accumulated sample can
be used as a representative automotive gas source for many research
experiments such as exhaust gas composition studies, reaction kinetics,
plant fumigation, and eye irritation studies. - APCA 3397
690. Ciuhandu, G; Photometric determination of carbon monoxide in the air.
Fresenius Zeitschrift fur Analytische Chemie 155:321-327, 1957.
A photometric process of CO determination based on gas absorption in an
alkaline silver compound solution of the p-sulfonamide-benzoate is
discussed in this paper. The silver compound is being reduced to metallic
silver which remains in colloidal distribution. The extinction of the
silversol is being measured and is proportional, according to working
290
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prescriptions, in the area of 0.001-0.5$ CO. By wavelenghts below 500 mu.
there is a considerable increase in the extinction. For this reason
incasurements are made during short periods of light. With a ZEISS •-
filter S42 the incasurement sensitivity is about doubled. The method
of CO determination is described in detail. -Author's abst. translated AGO
691. Cotes, J.E.: An inter-laboratory study of the estimation of carbon
monoxide. Ann, Occupat. Hyg. (London) 5:217-219 (Oet.-Eec.) 1962.
The author has been concerned with standardization of the measurement
of pulmonary diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide by a single breath.
From the;" instrumental point of view this requires the analysis of 2
gas mixtures, each containing helium and carbon monoxide. The accura-
cy of the resulting diffusing capacity depends on the accuracy of analysis
of ratios of helium and CO concentrations in the 2 cylinders. Three
test gas mixtures of known composition were decanted into smaller
cylinders and then distributed in pairs to 21 laboratories where
measurements of pulmonary diffusing capacity were being carried out.
Complete results were received on 3 such pairs from 11 laboratories;
these results were used to provide an estimate of the reproducibility
and absolute accuracy of the measurement of carbon monoxide. For com-
parison, corresponding figures for helium were used for which the
concentrations were higher* Helium is, in many ways, easier to analyze.
Most of the laboratories from which results were obtained were staffed
on a part-time basis under the supervision of a physician interested
in the assessment of pulmonary function and not by physicists or chemists
who might have been expected to have a more critical approach to the
analysis. The range of results for each master cylinder has been
described as a percentage of the mean concentration. For CO the range
is 8.6-12.6$j the corresponding range for helium is 3.5-4.0$. Thus the
scatter for CO is nearly 3 times that for helium. The results of the
trial demonstrated that among physiological laboratories analyzing
helium and CO, the reproducibility of individual estimates is rela-
tively good. However, whereas there is little Variation between labora-
tories in the analysis of helium concentrations and concentration ratios,
there is considerable variation for CO and a tendency for laboratories
to report consistently high or low ratios on successive occasions.
These differences are reflected in the diffusing capacities which
can be calculated from the data. - APCA 5351.
692. Dunham, A.R.: A simple carbon monoxide testing device. Gas Age
Record 7^:1^5-146 (Aug.) 1934.
A new combustion tester, a simple hand-operated means for drawing
gases over color change test papers to detect carbon monoxide is
discussed in this paper. Author states that this is an improvement
over the commonly used Orsat apparatus to give rapid test results.
- AGC
291
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693. Evaluation of Detectors for Carbon Monoxide. U.S. Navy Toxicology
Unit, National Naval Med. Center, Bethesda, Md., 19&, W>C AD 436828.
Seven (?) detection tube devices (A, B, C, D, E, F, G) for carbon
monoxide were evaluated and six hundred (600) determinations were
made using 467 detector tubes. Detector A is strictly a "safe-
unsafe" indicator for CO and cannot be compared to the other
"quantitative" detectors B, C, D, E, F, and G. It is compact, meets
the manufacturer's specifications, and appears satisfactory for
its intended use. Crew acceptance was in the following decreasing
order of popularity: Detector B (most popular), Detector E, Detector
D, and Detectors C, F, and G. In general, it should be pointed out
that none of these tubes are intended to replace accurate laboratory
analyses. At best, they are intended to give an approximation of
the carbon monoxide concentration so that a rapid judgment can be
made as to the potential health hazard and as to the precautionary
measures that should be taken. All direct-reading tube detectors
are subjective tests and depend on the man's ability to read
instructions, ability to match colors or estimate length of stain,
patience in checking instrument, and on his patience in taking a
2nd or 3rd pump stroke if indicated. Greater reliability can be
obtained from all detectors if (1) sample flow rate and leakage
rate are checked routinely and (2) only fresh detector tubes are
used. - Authors' Sum.
694. Extremely Sensitive Carbon Monoxide Indicator Developed by Bureau
Chemists. National Bureau of Standards Tech. News Bull. No. 354,
1946, 73 PP.
A colorimetric gel that will detect and estimate less than 1 part
of carbon monoxide in 5OO million parts of air, a sensitivity more
than 100 times greater than tliat of former chemical indicators, has
been announced. It will detect 0.001 percent by volume in less
than 1 minute and determine physiologically significant amounts,
0.01 to 0.4 percent, in approximately .1 minute at ground level.
It is possible to diagnose carbon monor-ide poisoning by analyzing
exhaled air instead of taking a blood sample. The indicating
material, yellow in color, is a silica gel impregnated with a
complex silico-raolybdate compound and catalysed by means of
palladium in the form of the sulfate. It turns various shades of
green and bluish green on exposure to carbon monoxide. The color
response is a function of time by concentration of carbon monoxide.
The indicator gel is sealed la a small, glass 5 inches long and the
diameter of a pencil, with protecting layers of pure silica! gel
in each end of the tube. To mke a test, the ends of the tube are
broken off and the tube inserted in an ordinary 2-ounce rubber
aspirator bulb equipped with a rate-controlling valve. The air is
drawn through the tube by squeezing the bulb once, and any color
that develops is compared with a set of standard chips. For air-
craft, table giving correction factors for altitude are provided.
The tubes may be modified to detect other reeteclng gases and vapors,
many organic vapors. - BMB 1504
292
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695. F<h, W.L.: Automobile exhaust control devices. J. APCA 13:33-
35 and 39 (Jan.) 1963.
The nature of control devices depends on legislation set up "by the
California Motor Vehicle Control Board. The chemical requirements
or emission standards for exhaust gases are: not over 1.5$ by
vol. carbon monoxide and 375 ppm. hydrocarbons. For crankcase
blowby gases, hydrocarbon emissions are limited to OJL5$ of the
fuel supplied to the carburetor. These values reflect approximately
80$ reduction of^hydrocarbon emissions and 60$ reduction of CO
emissions. Specified criteria for life and safety devices, effect
upon engine and vehicle performance, odor, noise, toxic, or noxious
contaminants, the effect of these criteria, the degree, and the
type of pollution required are discussed. - APCA 5185
696. Gofmekler, V.A.: The problem of sanitary protection of atmospheric
air within the framework of the Council of Mutual Economic Aid.
Gigiena i Sanitaria 29:10^-106 (May) 196^. Published and
Trsasl,for USBHEW,r PHS and USF, Washington, lu C», by the Israel
Program for Scientific Translation, 1965. TT b5-50023/5.
This paper discusses the program planning meeting of the Council
of Mutual Economic Aid. Among studies proposed for 1964-1965,
is the investigation of the maximal allowable concentrations for
20 combinations of substances in the atmospheric air, which
includes carbon monoxide. The combination of S02 and CO will "be
investigated by scientists in Bulgaria. Development of new methods
of investigation of atmospheric contamination are contemplated.
Along with the development of chemical methods of investigation,
greater attention will be paid to physico-chemical methods. The
possibility of determination of CO by spectrophotometric methods
is being studied in Czechoslovakia. Development of new automatic
instruments for the registration of atmospheric contaminants is
planned in the German Democratic Eepublic and in Poland. New
methods of sample collection are developed in the U.S.S.R.
AGC
697. Grant, G.A., Katz, M., and Haines, R.L.: A modified iodine pentoxide method
for the determination of carbon monoxide. Canadian J. Technology 29:^3, 1951-
The iodine pentoxide method for the estimation of carbon monoxide has been
impsoved by refinements in the design of the apparatus and by the spectro-
photometric estimation of the liberated iodine. The improved apparatus
and methods are demonstrated by estimating the carbon monoxide concentra-
tion in 10 known mixtures of carbon monoxide and nitrogen, ranging
in concentration from 0.09 to 0.0007$ carbon monoxide. - Authors' abst.
293
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698. Greig, J.D. : A comparison of carbon monoxide detectors having different
colorimetrlc principles under underground conditions. J. Mine Vent.
Soc. (S. Africa) 10:77-85 (April) 1957-
The performance of 3 different types of carbon monoxide detectors
was checked over a range of temperature, humidity, and pressure,
covering underground operating conditions. All 3 types were found
to be satisfactory in the absence of other interfering gases. The effects
of other gases on the detectors was then investigated. Of the gases
tested, only nitrogen oxides showed serious interference. In concen-
trations of nitrogen oxides of the order of 0.003$ and higher, indi-
cator gels depending on the reduction of a yellow silico-molybdate
complex are affected to a large extent while those based on the
production of iodine from iodine pentoxide or the reduction of a
palladesulfite were affected to a much lesser degree. APCA -
699. Hagen, D.F., and Holiday, G.W.: The effects of engine operating
and design variables on exhaust emission. SAE Paper U86C. Presented
at the Combined National Automobile and Production Meetings of the
SAE, March 12-16, 1962, pp. 1*1.
To determine the influence of engine variables on the composition
of exhaust gas, engine dynamometer tests were conducted on single
and multi- cylinder reciprocating engines. The following engine
variables were investigated: air-fuel ratio, power output, engine
speed, spark timing, exhaust back pressure, valve overlap, combustion
chamber deposits, and intake manifold pressure.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were found to be considerably
affected by changes in air-fuel ratio, spark timing, intake manifold
pressure, and combustion chamber deposits. Somewhat less change in
hydrocarbon concentration was obtained by varying valve overlap and
engine speed. Changes in engine power output and exhaust back pressure
had little effect on hydrocarbon concentrations.
Carbon monoxide concentrations were principally affected by
changes in the air- fuel ratio. No other variables affected carbon
monoxide concentration except where air-fuel ratio was indirectly
influenced.
The influence of changes in the variables on hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide emissions in pounds per hour was also determined.
Vehicles were tested on the road and chassis dynamometer to
investigate the effect of air- fuel ratio, spark timing, and valve
overlap on hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide concentrations.
Carburetion leaning, spark timing retardation and reduction of
valve overlap produced concentration reductions in line with those
predicted from engine dynamometer studies. - Authors' Abst.
-------
700. Hellmann, C.S.: Initial Survey of Published Work in the Field of
Carbon Monoxide or Other Diatomic Molecular Gases with Particular
Reference to Possible Sensing Systems. Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.,
Calif., Sept. 25, 19&L, 75 PP- DDC AD 277157.
The provision of a carbon monoxide sensor as a novel and necessary
new item of research equipment is discussed. Primary emphasis is
placed on possible means of achieving a practical sensor design;
appendices include the basic derivations and terminology peculiar
to the fields of chemical and molecular physics, with accent on
molecular spectrography.
Bio-physical aspects and other possible uses are noted. A
complete table of constants as a possible design basis is included
in the main text and amplified in the appendices. - Author's Abst.
701. Hochheiser, S., Storlazzi, &i., and Basbagiil, Y/.J.: Use of a mobile
laboratory in air pollution studies. Amer. Indust. Hyg. A. J. 26x77-83
(Jan.-Feb.) 1965.
Measurements of gaseous and particulate atmospheric pollutants and
meteorological conditions are performed using sampling and analytical
equipment contained in a combination air sampling-analysis laboratory.
The mobile unit consists of a semi-trailer containing automatic con-
tinuous air monitoring equipment, manual air sampling equipment as
well as laboratory instruments and utilities. It was designed to provide
comprehensive information on air quality, evaluate manual and auto-
matic instrumental methods of air analysis using atmospheric samples
and to demonstrate the technology available pertaining to the measure-
ment of air pollution. The unit is operated at a strategic urban loca-
tion for about 4 to 6 weeks, where atmospheric sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
dioxide, oxidants, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons,
wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity, and solar radiation
are determined using automatic monitoring equipment. Suspended at-
mospheric particulates are determined using a sequential sampler and
a 24-hour sampler. Short-term manual samples are collected 4 times
daily for analysis of sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, oxi-
dants , carbon monoxide and aldehydes using a variety of sampling and
analytical methods for each specific pollutant. The meteorological data
obtained are compared with observations made at the airport weather
bureau stations. The results obtained by simultaneous determination
of a specific pollutant using a variety of manual and instrumental
methods are compared. Diurnal variation among pollutant levels and
meteorology is determined.
These studies were conducted by the USPHS, Division of Air
Pollution, Technical Assistance Branch with the participation of State
and local air pollution control agencies primarily to fill the need for
more information on community air pollution and methods of measure-
ment. - Authors' abstract
295
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702. Huber, E.W.: CO-formation in motor vehicle engines. Automobil-
technische Zeitschrift (ATZ) 62:320-325 (Dec.) 1960.
A study of whether and -under what conditions the CO-formation of
an engine can "be reduced is discussed in this paper. Although the
same CO-content is obtained with a good mixture with the same
air ratio is as with a bad mixture, the fuel portion in the mixture
and thus the CO-content can be reduced considerably with a good
mixture. A partial-load operation is possible with a complete
fuel consumption which reduces the CO-content to about one-tenth
of that of the customary throttle control. By improving the
mixing equipment and the course of combustion, the operating condi-
tions, possible on the test stand, might also be realized in
industry.
Tests with a compression-ignition engine with diesel fuel
and with a gasoline operation in the case of excess of fuel, as
well as with an HSU Wankel engine are reported. - Author's Abst.
translated-AGC
703. Johnson, B.L., and Strong, A.A.: The Design of an Automatic Control
System for Laboratory Produced Automobile Exhaust Concentrations.
Presented at the 58th APCA Annual Meeting, June 20-24, 1965, Toronto,
Canada.
A control system for regulation iof the carbon monoxide concentrations
in diluted laboratory produced automobile exhaust is described.
The system samples one complete cycle of the cyclic diluted automobile
exhaust, integrates this value, and passes the integrated sample to
a carbon monoxide analyzer. Correction system then effects carbon
monoxide concentration changes through use of motor driven needle
valves. - Authors' Abst.
704. Kattwinkel, R.: Determination of carbon monoxide with iodine
pentoxide. Glilckauf. 77:22-23, 194l.
An improvement on the apparatus of Winter and Braukmann is
described in which the gas is passed through the iodine pentoxide
instead of over it, and an aluminum-block oven is substituted for
the oil bath. A tube of WCTo steel is used in place of a quartz
combustion tube for holding the copper oxide. - BMB 1^37
705. Katz, S.H., Reynolds, D.A., Frevert, H.W,, and Bloomfield, J. J.;
A Carbon Monoxide Recorder and Alarm. USBM TP355, 1926, pp. 35.
The apparatus described has been developed to analyze and record
automatically carbon monoxide when present in very low concentrations,
especially that in the atmospheres of vehicular tunnels. It is
based on the thermoelectric effect produced in differential
thermocouples when air containing CO is passed through a catalyst
hopcalite surrounding the hot junctions of the thermocouples.
296
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Cells holding hopcalite catalyst with differential couples of 6,
12, 2k, 1»8, and 96 pairs of couples were made. Tbeae were placed
in a constant-temperature environment, usually saturated steam, and
the couples were connected electrically with a recording potentio-
meter.
A complete unit CO recorder included a motor-driven "blower
for the gases, a gas cleaner and purifier of sulphuric acid,
caustic soda material, activated charcoal, filters of absorbent
cotton, and fused calcium chloride drier, a flow meter arranged to
maintain a constant rate of flow of gas through the cell, and copper
coils for "bringing the gases to the temperature of the cell
environment "before entering the cell. After passing through the
cell the gases were wasted through a guard of fused calcium chloride
to prevent entrance of water vapor. The recording potentiometer
included mechanism for closing an electric circuit to ring a
warning bell or operate signals as long as the CO exceeds a
predetermined concentration.
This method of CO analysis is the most accurate and sensitive
yet devised for small concentrations of CO in air. A sensitivity
of 1 part per million is readily attained. - Authors' Sum.
706. Klein, W.J. : Detection of carbon monoxide by H. T. A. gas-leak
indicator. Het Gas 63:73-75,
The essential parts of this apparatus are a spongy disk, an elastic
membrane, a disk of filter paper, a cover with a small hole flanked
by two lintiform protuberances, the whole assembled in the order
named in a threaded ring and a flask containing a solution of
palladium chloride in a mixture of water and acetone. The cover
is the same color as this solution. The tints of the two
protuberances correspond to those taken by the solution in contact
with an atmosphere containing 0.05 and 0.1 percent CO, respectively.
The part of the filter paper opposite the hole in the cover is
moistened with the solution of palladium chloride. The apparatus
is then exposed to the atmosphere under suspicion. The tint of
the filter paper when compared with the colors of the cover and the
two protuberances gives an indication of the CO content of the
atmosphere. Comparison of the results with those obtained with
the Drager instrument is satisfactory. The shape of the two
protuberances somewhat hinders comparison of the tints. The
possibility of juxtaposition of the colors would have been prefer-
able. The prospectus accompanying the apparatus indicates a CO
tolerance a little too high for the worker. The reagent is
guaranteed only for 4 months. Aging does not have any visible
effect, and the user is advised to renew the reagent periodically.
- BMB
297
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707. Korth, w.; Dynamic irradiation chamber tests of automotive exhaust.
PHS No. 999-AP-5 U.S.D.H.E.W., PHS, Div. of Air Pollution, Cincinnati,
Ohio. (HOv.) 1963 - 54 pages.
As part of an intensive study by government and private agencies the
U. 8. PHS has built an irradiation chamber facility for investigation
of irradiated auto exhaust under mixing conditions similar to those
in the atmosphere. The facility consists of a programed continuous-
cycling chassis dynamometer, an exhaust Silution-air purification system,
2 irradiation chambers, and exposure facilities for evaluation of
bacteria kill, plant damage, and various effects on small animals.
Of the 3 variables studied during the 1st test series, the exhaust
concentration at the start of irradiatios appeared to produce -the
most significant effects. Fuel composition had a lesser influence.
Very little difference was noted in the effects produced at Z different
average irradiation times, - APCA 6065
708. Lamb, A.B., and Larson, A.T.: The rapid determination of carbon
monoxide in air. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 41:1908-1921 (July-Dec.) 1919.
The necessity for an accurate and rapid method for the analysis of
dilute carbon monoxide air mixtures in the study of gas mask absorbents
for carbon monoxide has been explained.
Two thermometric methods answering this requirement have been
described. In the first method the gas mixture is passed over a
platinum wire heated to redness and the carbon monoxide is partially
burned in contact with it. The gas mixture is then freed of carbon
monoxide by passing through heated copper oxide and is brought back
in a thermostat over another identical platinum wire heated by the
same electric current. The first wire is the hotter because of the
combustion which occurs on it—and the resultant relative change in
the resistance of the two wires serves as a measure of the concentration
of the carbon monoxide. In the second method the mixture is passed
through a plantinized, plantinum catalyst when the carbon monoxide is
completely burnt. The temperature rise is measured by a thermoelement
and indicates the concentrations of the carbon monoxide.
Both methods are rapid. The latter is particularly accurate,
easy to install and to operate. With reasonable precautions the activity
of its catalyst remains constant so that machines have been in constant
satisfactory operation for many weeks at a time. Being very nearly
instantaneous these methods are particularly useful for continuous
analysis of a changing gas mixture. Attempts to apply them to the
analysis of flue and combustion gases are already under way.
Authors' Sum.
298
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709- Lastochkin, P.N.: A new method and apparatus for the determination
of carbon monoxide in the air. Gigiena i Ilpidemlologiya, No. 1,
pp. 9-12, 1928. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator):
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 1, 1960, pp. 124.3-147, CFSTI-TT-60-
210^9, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
A method and apparatus for the determination of CO in the air in
general and in the air of industrial premises in particular are
described in detail. The method and apparatus are based on the
property of a mixture of metals known as hopcalite (Mn02, CuO,
and AggO) to catalytically oxidize CO contained in the air to
The author states that any of the determination procedures described
in the:text including conversion of the thermocouple and expansion
plate effects into sound or light waves can "be used for any CO
concentration, Hopcalite of higher catalytic activity increases
the sensitivity of the apparatus. - AGC
710. Lindsley, C.H., and Yce, J.H.: Acidimetric method for determination
of carbon monoxide in air. Anal. Chem. 21:513-515 (April) 1949.
An acidimetric method for the determination of low concentration
of carbon monoxide in air is described, The monoxide is oxidized,
resulting dioxide absorbed in an excess of barium hydroxide solution,
and excess alkali measured by titration with a standard solution
of oxalic acid. Appreciable error may be introduced by the use of
phenolphthalein as indicator (color change at pH 7«8 to 8.0), oving
to action of acid on the finely divided barium carbonate suspension.
The magnitude of this error vas determined by using thymolphthalein
(color change at pH 9-0)i allowance is made by a correction of
+ 0.001$. Comparison with values of the iodine pentoxide method
and with known values for samples supplied by national Bureau of
Standards showed results accurate within 0.001$. - Authors' Abst.
711. Lodge, J.P., Jr., Frank, E.R., and Huitt, B,A.: Studies on a
Simple Carbon Dioxide Analyzer. Presented at the 55th APCA Annual
Meeting, Chicago, 111., May 20-24, 1962.
Studies have been continued on a device to determine atmospheric
carbon dioxide by measuring the pH of an aerated suspension of
calcium carbonate. Experiments have been made to determine the
limiting sensitivity, the reproducibility, and the temperature
coefficient of ,the system. The air of the studies is to develop
an instrument competitive with the more accurate non-dispereive
infra-red analyzers. The possibility of using very low cost
recorders has also been explored in order to produce the least
expensive possible instrument. - Authors1 Abst.
299
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712. Lbhner, K., toiler, H., Luther, H., and Ihrig, H.: Carbon monoxide
content of the exhaust gases of automobile combustion engines.
Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift (ATZ) 62:311-320 (Dec.) I960.
After a description of the testing installation of a continuous CO
analysis on the basis of infrared absorption, the results of tests
with regard to CO content in the exhaust of a diesel engine for
motor vehicles and of four Otto engines are given. In addition to
data from stationary tests of characteristics, the study reports
on the behavior at accelleration and decelleration, and at long-
distance travel during a driving test. The scattering ranges of
the test data and the related variation of the CO emission of a
normal engine are given, - Authors' Abst. translated-AGC
713. Lysyj, I,, Zarembo, J.E., and Hanley, A.: Eapid method for
determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in gas mixtures.
Anal. Chem. 31:902-904 (my} 1959.
The determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in gas
mixtures has great industrial importance. Because of its high
x toxicity, traces must be determined in many industrial processes,
mine atmospheres, and exhaust gases. A rapid and simple method
for the determination of carbon monoxide in gas mixtures converts
carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by using decomposed sliver
permanganate as a catalyst. The carbon dioxide formed is
absorbed in an Ascarlte tube and determined gravimetrically. , With
500 ml. gas samples, concentrations of carbon monoxide In the
order of 0.1 to 1.5$ can be determined* By increasing the sample
size the lover limits of this method can be extended. The method
is well suited to working conditions encountered in a plant control
laboratory. - APCA
714. Middleton, J.T. : Criteria for certification of motor vehicle
pollution control devices in California. J. APCA 13:78-80 (Feb.)
1963.
The motor vehicle control act stipulates that motor vehicle
emission shall be controlled for those sources which the State
has established standards. The certification of devices to
control motor vehicle pollution emissions has been made possible
through the adoption by the Jfotor Vehicle Pollution Control Board
criteria and test procedures. It is estimated that crankcase
emission control systems are installed on approximately 10$ of the
State's 8 million motor vehicles and effect a 2-1/2^ reduction in
hydrocarbon emissions. Criteria for crankcase emission control
systems and exhaust emission control are discussed. - APCA 5*4-99
300
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715. MLnchin, L.T.: Detection of carbon monoxide or town gas in air.
Gas J. 251:100-105, 191*7.
Methods are dealt with involving palladium cciqpcunds, particularly
the new Ministry of Supply method, which uses silica gel impregnated
with the yellow potassium pallo-sulfite, and a similar type developed
in America, which uses palladium-molybdenum complex on silica gel.
A description is given of a new double-aspirator testing device,
which can -conveniently tie used with either the palladium paper or
the M. of S. tube. - BMB 1546
716.Molshov, L.A., and Demidov, A.V.: Determination of carbon monoxide in the air
by means of an indicator tube. Laboratornoe Delo, Vol. 3t No. 1, pp. 48-50,
1957. in: Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 1, 1960, pp. 165-
167, CFSTI-TT-60-21049, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Many methods have been proposed for the determination of carbon
monoxide in the air. Nearly all are based on the reducing property
of CO. The method based on the reduction of palladium salts,
producing a blackening of the solution and of the filter paper
saturated with the palladium salt solution is the one used most
frequently. Many of the palladium salt reduction methods have
shortcomings such as low sensitivity, require relatively large
volumes of air for analysis, their indicators lack stability, the
time needed for the color developing is too long, etc.
The method described in this paper is rapid, the reagents
employed are stable, and the reaction-color develops in a short
time. The principle of the method is the reduction of palladium
sulfate by CO. Control tests established that palladium sulfate
is reduced more rapidly than any other palladium salt. Ammonium
sulfate, one of the coaiponents of the indicator, stabilizes it,
and ammonium raolybdate increases the sensitivity of the reagent.
Silica-gel is used as the indicator base. The final product is
introduced into a glass indicator tube and the air aspirated
through it in a given voluiae. - Authors' Introduction
717. Moore, H.E., and Schwartz, K.G.: Development of Alarm, carbon monoxide,
Automatic,E23(U) Chemical Corps, Chem. & Radiol. Lab., Army Chemical
Center, Md., Aug, 9, 1955, 32 pp. DDC AD 720?8.
The object of this work was to develop an automatic carbon monoxide
alarm meeting the revised military characteristics as approved by
CCTC item 2296. The E23 carbon monoxide alarm was developed based
on the Hopcalite principle. It is 18-1/4 inches high, 11 inches
wide, and 12-1/4 inches deep and weighes 40-1/2 pounds. The alarm
responds to 200 p.p.m. of CO in approximately 65 seconds, giving both
an audible and visual alarm. Higher concentrations are detected in
a shorter time. The instrument will indicate on a meter the presence
301
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of concentrations under 200 p.p.m., but is not set to give an alarm
with these possible background concentrations. The E23 carbon monoxide
alarm (appendix) is satisfactory for military purposes. It is port-
able and operates off 2^-volts a.c. or d.c. and 110-volts a.c. It
is capable of operation under cold weather conditions and is
sufficiently shock-mounted to withstand moderate rough handling,
such as transport in a truck or jeep over rough terrain. The
instrument must be given proper maintenance, including periodic
changes of catalyst and replacement of brushes in the blower motor,
to insure reliable operation (appendix). - Authors' Abst.
718, New techniques for carbon monoxide detection. Gas World l62:lf91-
492 (Oct. 30) 1965.
For some years, the "CO-test" pallado-sulphite silica gel tube has
been used for this purpose. This tube contains a yellow column of
granules with a white protective column on each side. If a known
column of air (usually 120 cc) is passed through this column^ any
CO present will form a dark ring in the yellow column; from the
thickness of the ring the amount of CO present can be deduced.
At a low rate of flow it is conficed to the place where it enters.
A special aspirator is therefore necessary. For the past 17
years Combustion Instruments, Ltd., have been producing a double
aspirator (Minchin pattern) which successfully performed this
function. The double aspirator has been superseded now by a
much simpler and cheaper device. The operation of the 'Combist1
involves allowing a weight-loaded piston to descend, drawing in
the sample through the CO-test tube. A small orifice at the top
of the cylinder controls the rate of flow, so that each complete
stroke of the piston occupies about 2 minutes. Prn^H amounts of
other gases (except H^S) do not interfere. If it is desired to
exclude the effect of HgS another variant known as ' KJCO-CO-test'
can be supplied which contains a lead acetate filter to remove it.
Large amounts of hydrogen or unsaturated hydrocarbons (5 to 10
times greater than CO) cause serious masking: the whole column
tends to darken, making it difficult to measure the band caused
by the CO.
719. Oppenheim, U.P.: Experimental Verification of Theoretical Relations
Between Total Gas Absorptivities and Total Gas Emissivities for CO.
Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Center, Calif. Inst. of Technol., Pasadena,
Oct. 195S, 14 pp., 4 Fig. DEC AD SS&S&?.
An experimental study was carried out for the purpose of verifying
theoretical predictions concerning the relations between total
absorptivities and total emissivities for transparent gases. The
experimental conditions were designed in such a way as to permit a
direct check of theoretical relations derived for (a) non-overlapping
dispersion lines and (b) spectral lines with sufficient pressure
broadening to permit neglect of the rotational fine structure. A
comparison between the emissivities derived from absorptivity
302
-------
measurements and emissivities calculated from the spectroscopic
constants of CO shows good agreement (within 20$ for most of the
temperature range).
The apparatus for the measurement of total gas absorptivities
is described. Results for total absorptivities of carbon monoxide
measured at temperatures between 300 and 500°K are given and total
emissivities were calculated in the temperature range of 300 to
1600°K. The range of total gas pressure is 0 to 515 psia. -
Author's Abst.
719a Optico-Acoustic Gas Analyzers of Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide
and Methane, OA^QQJ OA22Q9* ^2309. Description and Instructions
For Assembling and Operation, No 22o"6-2292 IM. Translated from
Russian by JPRS. February 1965. U.S. Dept. of Commerce
CFSTI-TT-30309.
This is a translation of a set of instructions concerning gas
analyzers which are stationary, automatic-recording instruments
and are designed for continuous measurement of CO, C02, and
methane.
720. Fennels, N.E.: CO boiler pays off in fuel savings and produces zero CO.
ASME Annual Meeting Paper No. 56-A198, Mech. E.ig. 79:590 (June) 1957-
The CO boiler was developed to effect substantial fuel savings through
the combustion of the carbon, monoxide content of catalytic cracking
unit regenerator flue gases. The ability of the CO boiler to burn the
regenerator flue gas to zero CO makes it an effective air pollution
control device in areas where local conditions require limitations
on emission CO to the atmosphere. Operation of the first CO boiler
at Sinclair Refining Company's Houston refinery lias Leen successful,
resulting in complete combustion of CO to CC^ and effecting substantial
fuel savings. Approximately 180 million Btu/hr. are recovered from
the sensible heat of the carbon monoxide gas, and llj-0 million Btu/hr.
from the combustion of the carbon monoxide for a total waste heat re-
covery of 320 million Btu/hr. - APCA l4ll.
721. Procedures and Analytical Methods for Determining Toxic Gases Produced
by Synthetic tfeterials. Procedures for Slash-Ignition and Self-
Ignition Temperature Determinations. United States Testing Company,
Inc., Hoboken, N.J., Dec. 1963, b$ pp. DDC AD 297^57-
Equipment, procedures and analytical methods for determining the
nature and concentration of toxic gases produced when synthetic
materials are subjected to flammability tests are described. A
method for flash-ignition temperature determination is given. The
necessary equipment and a procedure for determining the self-
ignition temperature of heat resistant material is described. -
Authors1 Abst.
303
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722, Reid, R.S., Mingle, J.G., and Paul, W.H.: Oxides of nitrogen from
air added in exhaust ports. Presented at Automotive Eng. Congress,
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 1966, ASE Paper No. 660115-
This paper presents the results of a study made to examine
quantitatively the oxides of nitrogen in the exhaust of an internal
combustion engine installed in a passenger car. The effects of
adding secondary air in exhaust ports, with both a rich and lean
carburetor, and for steady-state conditions, are reported. The
addition of secondary air at the exhaust ports of an automotive
engine is one method employed to reduce the exhaust concentrations
of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons, major contributions to
atmospheric air pollution. Experimental setup and procedures are
explained. - Authors' Abst.
723. Serruys, M, : Noxious materials in exhaust gases of automobiles.
Chimie et Industrie 82:663-675 (ifov. ) 1959.
The author studies the nature and importance of atmospheric pollution
particularly by exhaust gases from combustion engines and Diesel
engines, under all "working conditions" .
He then deals with methods used for reducing the amount of
unburnt gases and comes to the conclusion that the use of a device
(such as the !'M. S." regulator for example) which improves the
conditions of combustion inside the motor is preferable to any
other solution. - Author's Abst.
724. Serruys, M. : New advances in cleaning automotive exhaust gases.
Rev. Pollution Atmospheric (APPA) 5:171-192, 1963.
The toxicity of automotive air pollutants (CO and CgHjj^.) are discussed
in this paper. The author, who stresses the importance of reducing
the CO content primarily because of its effect on health, describes
following control methods for the reduction of CO: Oxydation of
exhaust gases after leaving the engine, and the improvement of
combustion inside the engine.
By certain adjustments in the carburetor, using a MSH-Dg
respectively -D3, and implement in the exhaust pipe of the engine
named but not described, allegedly, achieves considerable reduction
of CO- and CrH^-contents in the exhaust gases. By this process
the health effect and economic benefit (saving of fuel) are both
accomplished.
A review of results of experiments with engines with and
without MSH- implements type DO show the values for CO in percentages
and CgHjj^ in ppm. According to these statistics CO- values of
engines with the MSH-D2- instrument are considerably lower than
those without the MSE-D2- instrument. There io also a decrease of
the CgHj^-values of engines with the MSH-Dg- instrument, but not
as clearly shown as the CO-values. Although the equipment mentioned
above means an additional load for the engine the CO contents are
-------
less than 0.2% and the C,-H,L-contents are "below 250. - Translation
from Abstract in German-AGC
725. Smith. A.M., and Struck, J.H.: A simplified method for character-
izing a motor vehicle's exhaust emissions. 3.i\PCA 11:251-253 and
258 (May) 1961
An absolute technique has been developed for characterizing the exhaust
emissions of an automobile as operated through a complete traffic cycle.
The technique involves the collection of all of the exhaust gases in an
evacuated plastic bag. Subsequent measurements of the composition and
volume of this total sample can be accomplished using any available
laboratory measuring technique.
Plastic bags of Mylar film were shown to result in no change in
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide concentrations for one
hour after bag filling. Plastic bags made of polyethylene are considered
usable if measurements are made immediately after filling the bag.
The inherent accuracy, utility, and simplicity of this technique
will eliminate many of the current measurement problems now plaguing
those involved in evaluating automobile exhaust emissions. - Authors'
Sum.
726. anith, R., Rose, A.H., Jr., and Kruse, R.E.: An auto-exhaust proportional
sampler. Internat. J. Air & Water Poll. Q:kZf-bkO (Sept.) 1964.
The development of an instrument to obtain a proportional sample of
auto exhaust gas is described. The proportional sampler is a servo
device, which controls the flow of exhaust gas in the sampling line
to maintain it at a fixed percentage of the carburetor air flow
rate. The flow rates in carburetor and sample line are measured
continuously by means of laminar-flow elements and associated
pressure-difference transducers. She proportional sampler is used
in a vehicle on the road to provide a representative sample of
exhaust gas, which is then analyzed to obtain mole-fraction
measurements of various air contaminants in the vehicle exhaust.
The total volume of air entering the carburetor is also measured.
The values for total air volume entering the carburetor and mole
fraction of contaminants are used to calculate the emission rates
in pounds of each air contaminant emitted per vehicle mile traveled.
- Authors' Abst.
727. Sourirajan, S., and Accomazzo, M.A*: The application of the
copper oxide alumina catalyst for air pollution control. Canadian
J. Chem. Eng. (Ottawa) 39:88-93 (April) 1961.
The copper oxide alumina catalyst developed in this program of
investigations has been found to be efficient for the continuous
and simultaneous removal of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide present
305
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in auto exhaust gases. The catalyst showed no deterioration in
performance even after 100 hours of continuous service in conjunction
with exhaust gases from an auto engine run on leaded gasoline fuel.
Instantaneous catalyst temperatures of the order of 900°C. have been
encountered in this work with no deleterious effect on the subse-
quent effectiveness of the catalyst. By proper choice of the
converter design, the heat liberated during the reaction can be
advantageously used to maintain the full effectiveness of the
catalyst under all conditions of engine operation encountered in
normal practice. Aside from the experiments with the auto exhaust
gases reported, the copper oxide alumina catalyst developed in
this work has possible application in any air pollution control
device concerned with the removal of hydrocarbons and carbon
monoxide present in low concentrations by oxidation. - APCA 37C4
728 • Stern, A.C.: Prospects for exhaust control by engine modification.
J. APGA 13:91-92 (Feb.) 1963.
Of the three paths to the prevention of the emission of combustibles
from motor vehicle exhaust, two seem to be mere stopgaps. Improving
the performance of the conventional rich-mixture engine by
gadgeteering the carburetor and the distributor is self-limiting in
its possibilities for emission reduction by the fact that even when
improved there is insufficient air to burn the fuel supplied. To
use afterburners is to admit failure in engine design. Only the
path of designing conroleteness of combustion into the engine itself
has long term attractiveness as a means for control. - Author's
Conclusion.
j
729. Sweeney, M.P.: Exhaust control devices. J. APCA 15:13-18 (Jan.)
1965.
Author summarizes the latest current developments in the area of
exhaust control devices, briefly reviews procedures developed and
used, and reports leading up to approval. The effort of the State
of California has resulted in approving device systems for application
to l^O cubic inch displacement and larger passenger automobiles and
pickup trucks. The California law has been activated for new cars
and these vim. be mandatory for 1966 models. - AGC
730. league, M.C.: The determination of carbon monoxide in air contaminated
with motor exhaust gas. J. Indust. & Eng. Chein, 12:96^-968 (Oct.)
1920.
The iodine pentoxide method for determining low concentrations of
carbon monoxide has been investigated with reference to its use with
dilute motor exhaust gas. The type of apparatus heretofore used was
found to give appreciably high results owing to the presence of
amounts of unburned gasoline. A new iodine pentoxide apparatus
(Type II) has therefore been developed. All of the interfering
306
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gases are first removed at the temperature of liquid air. This
method has been found quite satisfactory for determining carbon
monoxide in malI quantities in the presence of gasoline vapor.
A portable iodine pentoxide apparatus has been designed which
should permit a determination to be made in 15 minutes vith an
accuracy of from 0.003 to 0.005 Per cent carbon monoxide (0.3 to
0.5 part in 10,000). - Author's Sum.
731. Van Slyke, D.D. : Studies of acidosis. II. A method for the deter-
mination of carbon dioxide and carbonates in solution. J. Biol. Chem.
30:347-368, 1917.
A simple one piece apparatus is described for determination of the
carbon dioxide or carbonate content of water solutions. It has been
designed especially for anlaysis of 1 cc. samples of blood plasma,
but is applicable to water solutions in general as well as to the
determination of dissolved gases other than carbon dioxide.
The entire analysis is performed at room temperature, requires
about 3 minutes, and without especial precautions is capable of
accuracy to within 1 per cent of the amount determined.
A micro-apparatus designed on a similar principle is described.
With it the carbon dioxide content of 0.2 cc. of plasma can be deter-
mined with an accuracy of 1 volume per cent. - Author's Sum.
732. Van Slyke, D.D. : Gasometric determination of the oxygen and
hemoglobin of blood. J. Biol. Chem. 33:127-132, 1918.
The apparatus described by Van Slyke in J. Biol. Chem. 30:
1917, for determining the carbonic acid content of plasma may be
used with equal facility for determining the oxygen content and the
oxygen-binding capacity (hemoglobin) of blood. The oxygen is set
free from combination with hemoglobin within the apparatus by
addition of ferricyanide, is extracted in a Toricellian vacuum,
and measured at atmospheric pressure, a few minutes sufficing for
an accurate determination. - Author *s Sum.
t
733. Vylomov, V. S. : Indicator for carbon monoxide. Zavodskaya Lab. Ik:
1134-1135,
In the compact, portable detector described, the carbon monoxide
contained in a sample of air is caused to react with hopcalite, the
heat of the reaction causing a rise in temperature, which is measured
with a number of thermocouples connected in series. The device can
also be used to give approximate quantitative determinations.
BMB 1589
307
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734. Yarrow, T.J., Jr.: Chronic carbon monoxide, poisoning, With^repo^t of
• /
an illustrative case. New York Med. J. 71:^96-^98 (AprilJ 1900.
Author states that due to the similarity of chronic CO poisoning
with various other conditions it is probable that many cases of
this toxaemia escapes recognition. The object of this paper is to
call attention to this danger and to emphasize the use of the spect-
roscope in cases of obscure affections. Several chemical test
methods are reviewed, however it is emphasized that the delicacy of
the spectroscope surpasses those chemical tests. - AGC
SAMPLING AND NETWORK OPERATIONS
735. Mr Monitors Swing into Action. Cheia. Eng. 69:52,5^ (Feb. 5)
San Francisco's new atmosphere monitoring station at Union Sq.. opens
a major nationwide study of how auto exhaust gases may be affecting
people's health in urban areas. Gas analyzer stations in 6 cities
will operate continuously, gathering data on air pollution for study that
may determine extent of health hazard from auto exhaust. Data
contributed by the San Francisco monitor will be supplemented by
similar data from new stations at Cincinnati, Chicago, Philadelphia, New
Orleans, and Washingtn, D. C. as well as from older stations at Los
Angeles and Detroit. While the entire instrument assembly was custom
built to USPHS specification, the carbon monoxide analyzer and the
hydrocarbon detector incorporate new ideas. Other analyzer features
are discussed in detail. -APCA
736. A^ekseyeva, M,U. , and Khrustalcva,, V&,? A r '- idv of automatic
exhaust oases. Gigiena i Sanitaria 25s 10-14, 1960. Ing
Levine, B.S,, (translator and editor)? U.3.S.R. Literature
on Air Pollution and Related Occupatjoncl Diseases. A
Survey. U.S. Dept. of Commerce CTS 62-11103, Washington,
D.C., Vol. 7, 1962, pp. 279-283.
;
Authors investigated the organic substances in the atmospheric
air in sidewalks during heavy automobile traffic. Quantitative
determinations were mada of formaldehyde, acrolein, ketones,
unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, and also of the total
amounts of carbon and carbon monoxide. Samples were collected
by the vacuum method into special pipettes of 0.5-1,11 capacity
at a distance of 0.5m from the exhaust pipes of small "Volga",
ZIL -110 and "Pobeda" types of automobiles burning high
octane gasoline- GA2 -51 trucks burning low octane gasoline,
and ZIL buses burning Diesel oil. Results of more than 100
analyses are listed. Data listed in the tables point to the
need for systematic sanitary inspection of automobiles and
examination of city air for concentrations of carbon monoxide
and other organic substances. -AGC.
308
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737. Basbagill, W.J., and Dallas, J.L.: Air Quality in Boston, Mass.
Nov.-Dec. 1963. U.S. DHEtf; PHS, Div. of Mr Pollution, Cincinnati,
Ohio, Nov. 1964.
Measurements were made using the IR analyzer in TAB'S Mobile lab.
Hourly average concentrations ranged from 1.0 to B.k ppm CO*
Relationship of CO to wind speed and time of day are listed. -
LEPS
738» Cambier, R., and Marcy, F.: On the composition of the air In the streets
of Paris. Compt. rend., Acad. Sc. 186:918-921, 1928.
A further contribution on the content of carbon monoxide of the air of
the streets of Paris. It was found usually to be below 1 part in 100,000
and to rise at the highest to 50 parts per 100,000 (a single observation).
The amount rose to 10 parts in the most frequented streets and in partic-
ular at points where the traffic is held up by police control and the
engines of motors are left running. Despite the immense increase of
motor traffic in Paris, the amount of CO- in the air was found hardly to
exceed the amount fixed by Albert Levy in 1877, namely, 32 parts per
100,000, the largest amount found being 60 parts per 100,000 at a point
where 2,600 vehicles were passing per hour. - BMB 397
739. Carbon monoxide on the highway. Scientific American 212:52-57
(May) 1965.
Reported in this review is a study by A. J. Kaagen-Smit and T.W.
Latham who investigated concentrations of CO encountered during
eight trips along the commuter route between Pasadena and Los Angeles
during peak traffic hours, CO levels near the drives were recorded.
The concentration of CO fumes are found to be such as to present a
possible danger, to the health and driving abilities of the commuter.
Normally Los Angeles air contains 10 to 12 parts of carbon monoxide
per million parts of air. According to the California State
Department of Health, 30 ppm is an "adverse" level and 30 ppm for
eight hours or 120 ppm for one hour is a "serious level of pollution."
The level measured by the two investigators was 37 PPmj ia slow and
heavy traffic the average was 5^ ppm> with peaks as high as 120 ppm.
The level dropped rapidly on less traveled streets but rose again
at stop signals. According to Haagen-Smit, two hours in bad traffic
would bfUng the CO concentration in a commuter's hemoglobin to the
"serious" level. Studies of the effect of CO on a person's alertness
and driving skill are recommended. Automobile exhaust-control
devices, mandatory in California beginning with 1966 models, are
expected to significantly lower the incidence of smog in general
-as well as the CO level in particular. - AGC
309
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740. Castrop, V.J., Stephens, J.F., and Patty, F.A. : A comparison of
carbon monoxide concentrations in Detroit and Los Angeles. Araer.
Indust. Hyg. Ass. Quart. 16:225-229 (Sept.) 1955-
Sampling at 5 feet at>ove street level from an automobile while moving
in traffic gave peak values in Detroit of 80, 40, and 50 ppm in
traffic subjectively assessed as heavy, medium, and light, respectively.
Mean values for the same traffic categories vere 28. 9> 12.3? and 6.9 ppm.
Data collected in Sept., 1952 and Oct., 1953. Similar sampling in
Los Angeles gave peak values of 160, 85, and 60 ppm for heavy, medium,
and light traffic. Mean values vere 58.0, 27-5, and 11.8 ppm.
Sampler only described as "a carbon monoxide indicator", with a
double scale microammeter reading 0-100 ppm tuid 0-1000 ppm.
The levels are not significantly higher than those reported
Toy investigators in 1926 (Philadelphia) and 1928 (Chicago) in spite
of the increase in traffic density. This is attributed to increased
engine efficiency, and lower CO output per vehicle mile.
CO determinations were also made at about 150 feet above
main thoroughfares in the two cities. Detroit range 0.5-3-0 ppm,
mean 2.0 ppm. Los Angeles range 1-15 PPm> mean 6.0 ppm. - LEPS
741. Chipman, J.C., and Mas say, M.T. : Proportional sampling system for
the collection of an integrated auto exhaust gas sample. J. APCA
10:60-68 (Feb.) 1960.
The proportional sampling system continuously meters and accumulates
a constant percentage of the exhaust gas. The electronic and
analytical evaluation studies indicate that the system is reliable
within the desired over-all accuracy of 90$ and responds to the
normal, engine transient operating conditions throughout the test
run. The system eliminates the need of tedious manual integration
of individual operating conditions. Over-all evaluation of the
exhaust gas emissions from a test run is obtained from 1 sample.
Limitations are not imposed on the number of analyses that can be
performed or the techniques employed. The accumulated sample can
be used as a representative automotive gas source for many research
experiments such as exhaust gas composition studies, reaction ^kinetics,
plant fumigation, and eye irritation studies. - APCA 3397
742. The Clean Air Quarterly. State of California, Department of Public
Health, Bureau of Air Sanitation Vol. 9, No. 1, March 1965. >
This report summarizes data collected throughout tha State of
California for the 4th Quarter 1964. Carbon monoxide is measured
continuously at 17 stations by IE methods. Highest readings were
encountered in Los Angeles and Sacramento in September 1964. Levels
exceeded the State's ''Serious" level of 30 ppm for 8 hours. Levels
in 4th quarter range from 17 PPm to 57 PPra for highest hourly
concentration. Nine volumes of this exhibit have been published and
are available from the State of California. - LEPS
310
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Conlee, G.J., Kenline, P.A., Cummins, R.L., and Konopinski, V.J.:
Motor vehicle exhaust studies at three selected sites. Arch.
Environ. Health, in press.
Air quality was studied in relation to motor vehicle densities at
three selected sites: The Summer Tunnel between Boston and East
Boston, Massachusetts; the International Peace Bridge across the
upper Niagara River between Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, New
York; and Laidlaw Avenue near the Air Pollution Research Facility
in Cincinnati, Ohio,
Pollutant concentrations and meteorological findings are pre-
sented for each site. Concentrations of pollutants known to be
associated with auto exhaust were greater at sites of higher
traffic density.
A comparison of particulate pollution levels at the Summer
Tunnel operated as a one-way tube in 1963 with the tunnel carrying
two-way traffic in 19&1, indicates a definite decrease in pollutant
levels.
Other pollutants were assumed to be dispersed in air in the
same way as carbon monoxide in determining the contribution by
motor vehicles to ambient air for the Summer Tunnel. Auto exhaust
appears to be a prime contributor (greater than 50$) for carbon
monoxide, aliphatic aldehydes, benzene-soluble particulate, and
oxides of nitrogen. Lead, benzo(g, h, i)pyrene, and coronene may
also be assumed to be important pollutants from auto exhaust, but
they do not meet the requirements for contribution calculations.
- Authors' Abst.
744. Continuous Air Monitoring Program. U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. Air Poll.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1962, pp>. 9.
The participating stations that implement the Continuous Air Monitoring
Program are established and operated on a cooperative basis by Federal,
State, and local agencies, The Div. of Mr Poll., U.S. Public Health
Service. The Program provides continuous measurements of 7 important
air pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen
dioxide, ozone, total oxidants, and total hydrocarbons. These
substances were selected from among the many which contaminate the air
because they are economically and biologically significant to man
and because the techniques for their analysis are advanced enough to
ensure that the measurements will be valid. In addition to continuous
monitoring of gases, the stations have other equipment such as particulate
samplers and instruments for recording meteorological data and radio-
activity levels. In the initial phase of the Program, monitoring stations
are being operated in 8 cities: Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los
Angeles, Hew Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D. C.
Some of the instruments used for recording are briefly discussed.
Record-keeping and data analysis are highly automated through the use
of strip chart recorders on each analyzers a punch tape recorder
to translate the curve (analog) on the strip chart into numbers
(digits) that can be used in machine computation; a programmer to
actuate a mechanism to punch out the digital tape in a binary decimal
311
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code; punched tapes, and their corresponding strip charts, to "be sent
each week to the Taft Eng. Center to "be processed so that the
computer can provide statistical summaries of air pollution levels,
an inportant aid to an understanding of urban air pollution. -APCA 4763
745. Continuous Air Monitoring Program in Cincinnati, 1962-63. U.S. DOT,
PHS, Div. Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1965.
This report which was compiled by the Air Quality Section of the Labora-
tory of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Robert A. Taft Sanitary
Engineering Center, presents the results of the operation of the Public
Health Service Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) in Cincinnati,
Ohio, during 1962 and 1963. Data on atmospheric levels of sulfur dioxide,
nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, total oxidants, total hydrocarbons, and
carbon monoxide, are analyzed and discussed. The data are tabulated as
hourly, daily, and monthly mean concentrations. Background information
about Cincinnati and description of the instrumentation are included. -
APCA 65-38
746. Davies, G.M., Jones, J.G., and Warner, C.G.: A continuously recording
atmospheric carbon monoxide monitoring system with fully automatic
alarms in a blast furnace area. British J. Indnst. Med. 22:270-278
(Oct.) 1965.
A continuously recording cavbon monoxide monitoring system with fully
automatic alarms is described for use in blast furnace areas. The
equipment comprised the Mines Safety Appliances Model 200 infra-red
analyser, pumping system, recorder, extension meter, and alarm unit.
Use of the apparatus showed that concentrations of carbon
monoxide in the blast furnace area studied were mostly in the range
of 0 to ^9 p.p.m. Readings of 200 p.p.m. and over generally indicated
that some abnormal and potentially dangerous incident had occurred.
Examples of such incidents are given.
A visual alarm was set at 200 p.p.m., a level at which work
could safely continue for a limited period, and an auditory alarm
at 500 p.p.m., at which level immediate action was necessary. The
theoretical reasons for selecting these levels are discussed, and
practical results are quoted to ccnrirE. their suitability.
Authors' Ahst.
747. Gruber, C.W.: APM-3 Recommended standard methods for continuing
air monitoring for gaseous contaminants. TR-2, Air Pollution
Measurements Committee. J. APCA 15:313 (July) 1965.
The purpose of Manual APM-3 is to provide a guide which will help
increase the uniformity between various surveys, and thereby increase
the useability of the data by others. Manual APM-3 will include
procedures for the following gases: APM-3.2--Sulfur Dioxidej
APM-3.3--Hydrogen Sulfidej APM-3 A--Oxidants and Ozone; APM-3.5—
312
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Oxides of Nitrogen; APM-3.6—Carbon Monoxide; APM-3.7--Fluorides;
APM-3.8—Hydrocarbons; APM-3.9--Aldehydes.
It is hoped by utilizing Standard Methods for Continuous
Monitoring of the Atmosphere air quality data will become more mean-
ingful as monitoring is "being carried on by a multitude of governmental
agencies research organizations and industry. It is hoped that by
standardizing monitoring methods, the path to air quality standard
setting will be made smoother. It is also hoped that by utilizing
standard monitoring methods our knowledge of what's in the air will
be broadened and made more useful to the researchers who are searching
out the affects of air pollution upon man and materials. - Author's
Sum. Modified.
748. Hocker, A. J.: Atmospheric Contaminant Variations by Day of Week
Summer 1960 and Winter 1961. Los Angeles County Air Pollution Control
District, January 1963.
The peak values for 8 continuous stations were ranked by concentration
for the summer (July,. Aug., Sept.) of 1960 and winter (Jan., Feb.,
March). Tuesday was highest in summer, Sunday generally lowest.
Tuesday was also highest in winter, with Wednesday lowest (last 3
days very close). Morning peaks generally higher than evening.
Peak summer value was 18 ppm. Winter values much higher with 12
station days above 18 ppm. (Maximum winter about 24 ppm.). - LEPS
749. Jutze, G.A., and Tabor, E.G.: The continuous air monitoring program.
J. APCA 13:278-280 (June)1963.
As required by recent legislation, the Public Health Service has
extended its program of investigations of the role of auto exhaust in
air pollution. One phase of this program is a study, in major
American cities, of the concentrations of various gaseous air pollutants
that may be related to auto exhaust.
Each station is equipped with seven automatic continuous
analyzers for the measurement of S02» N02i NO, CO, total oxidants, total
hydrocarbons, and ozone.
It may be possible to select contaminants that would serve as
general indices for several pollutants related to the same general
sources, by a statistical analysis of the interrelationships between
the various pollutants measured. - From Text - A6C
I«ynn, D.A., and McMullen, T.B.: Air pollution in six major U.S. cities
as measured by the Continuous Air Monitoring Program. J. APCA
16:186-190 (April) 1966.
Data obtained by the Continuous Air Monitoring Program (CAMP) in six
cities during two years are summarized. Six gaseous pollutants
(S02, NO, N02, Total Oxidant, Total Hydrocarbon, and CO) were monitored
in Cincinnati, Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and
313
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Washington, B.C. during 1962 and 1963. The data serve as a basis for
describing several contrasts and similarities in the nature of air
pollution experienced in six cities, which represent a broad geographical
and climatological range of urban environments. Specific topics
covered are: typical pollutant levels, patterns of'daily and seasonal
variations, and unusual phenomena such as atmospheric stagnation periods
and photochemical smog formation. - Authors' Abst.
750. National Air Sampling ffetwork. Air Quality Data, 19&"2. U.S. DHEW,
PHS, Div. of Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, August 19^3, 50 pp.
This report contains summaries of air quality data for particulate
and gaseous pollutants obtained from samples collected by stations
of the National Air Sampling Network during 1962. Included also
are data obtained by the analysis of selected particulate samples
collected during the period of 1958-1961. For the first time data
from State Air Sampling Networks are included in the National Air
Sampling Network report, with data for this 1962 report being
provided by Maryland, Massachusetts, Montana, Texas, and Washi^igton.
The extensive tables of data (pages 3-50) give information1on
suspended particulate matter (urban and nonurban), benzene-soluble
organic matter (urban and nonurban), radioactivity, nitrates,
sulfates, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, maganese,
molybdenum, nickel, tin, titanium, vanadium, zinc, nitrogen dioxide,
and sulfur dioxide. - APCA 62-366
751. Byazanov, V.A., Alekseeva, M.V., and Senderikhina, D.Ya.: Methods for
the collection and study of air samples in the control of a atmospheric
cleanliness in inhabited localities. In: Levine, B.S. (translator) and
Eyazanov, V.A. (editor): Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants. Book 1, 1952, pp. 89-100, CFSTI-TT-59-21173,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Methods of sampling and sampling devices are described, The
sensitivity of the methods recommended for the determination of
maximal single concentrations, for the determination of average
2k hours' concentrations using the intermittent method of sample
collecting, and sensitivity of the methods recommended for use
with samples of continuous 2k hours' aspiration are illustrated
in three tables. This information presented indicates that the'
2k hours' aspiration method is applicable to 8 ingredients only;
carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen are best determined by
the method of intermittent aspiration. Furthermore, an analysis
of the data presented in the Table indicates that the aspiration
rate for the ingredients listed ranges between 10 - 5000 I/hour;
the total volume ranges between 2^0 - 12 000 liters. Thus,
the tests are so arranged as to make them sufficiently sensitive
for the determination of average 2k hours' concentrations, since
the tests are from 2-8 times as sensitive as required for the
determination of the limits of allowable concentrations. -
Author-AGC
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751a. Sakabe, H., Soda/ R., Matsumura, Y., Honma, K., and Hbzaki, K.
Air pollution study at heavy traffic road.. Bun. Nat. Inst.
Indust. Health (Japan) 4:72-76, 1960.
Carbon monoxide determinations vere made "by means of Kitigawa
colorimetric tubes at the center of a heavy traffic Y
intersection in Tokyo on March 3 and hf 1960. Samples were
collected every hour from 8 through 11 A.M., 2 P.M. and every
hour from 3 to 7 P.M. on "both days omitting the 11 o'clock
sample on March 4. Concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 10.0 ppm
on March 3 with a mean of 5.0 ppm. On March k, the range was
from U.8 to 20.2 ppm with a mean of 12.2 ppm. - PHS-RG 5676
752. Sharrah> J»S.: The significance of instantaneous peak concen-
trations in air pollution. J. APCA 2:3-^ (July)
In customary measurements of air pollution, samples are taken
continuously for 20 minutes or longer. An average value thus
obtained is suitable for many purposes, but brief peak
concentrations are missed. These peak concentrations are
important from the standpoints of health, effects of irritant
gases, annoyance from particulate matter, effect on vegetation,
and the soiling, corrosive, and deteriorating effects of air
pollution. Examples are given of peak concentrations of sulfur
dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon monoxide, which were not
detected by continuous sampling, but were plainly shown by short-
time sampling, and were noticeable by odor or otherwise and were
the occasion for congplaints. Concentrations of five ppm. of sulfur
dioxide, 175 ppm. of hydrogen sulfide, and 4 50 ppm. of carbon
monoxide for short periods were thus detected. An example of the
effect of peak concentrations is the darkening of paint by hydrogen
sulfide. - APCA 373
753. Stern, A.C.: Data gathering and monitoring equipment in air
pollution control programs. Amer. J. Public Health 53:1972-1981
(Dec.) 1963.
This paper is limited in its coverage to the kind of data gathered
in greatest quantity by monitoring equipment in air pollution
programs, namely, pollutant concentrations. The body of gas
monitored for pollutant concentrations may variously be a gas
stream being discharged to the ambient air; a synthetic
atmosphere used for research purposes; or the aaibient air—the
principal, distinction among them being the range of concentrations
measured. Generally, high concentrations are monitored in
effluent gas streams; moderate concentrations in synthetic
research atmospheres; and low concentrations in the ambient air.
This distinction is, in turn, reflected in the sensitivity
required of instruments for these several applications. The
most common method of monitoring an effluent gas stream by
continuous instrumental means is to measure its opacity to the
315
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transmission of a beam of light. Closed-circuit television
monitoring of the effluent gas stream is now available for
plant operation control. Targe particles are not monitored by
light transmission across the gas stream carrying them. Recently
a continuous instrumental monitor for these particles has been
introduced in Germany and another in England. There is as yet
no substantial American experience with either of these
monitors. In studying synthetic atmospheres the type of
monitoring equipment and data gathering required varies mainly
with project duration. Tn 1 long-time study of exposure of
citrus trees, by the University of California (Riverside)
research group, to atmospheres from which certain pollutants
have been removed, the monitoring data are digitalized and
recorded in form for automatic computation. In studies of
ambient air the methods developed for handling data are cited
in the project by the Los Angeles County APCD and by the
Continuous Air Monitoring Program of the USPHS. The future is
likely to see more telemetering of air quality data by both
wire and radio linkage. And in the Continuous Air Monitoring
Program there will probably be a more direct linkage between
the sensing instrument and the computer. Also for pollutants
which are at less than detectable level for a greater percentage
of the time, instruments will probably be build to rapidly
respond to, and submit, significant levels but to curtail the
transmission of insignificant data. There is a need for
monitoring systems for air quality for rural areas with which
urban concentrations may be compared. Also there is a need to
develop instruments to monitor the ambient air for pollutants
we do not no« "know how to monitor. - APCA 6093
SOURCES
Aircraft Cabins, Submarines and Others
754. Alvis, H.J., and Tanner, C.W.: Carbon monoxide toxicity in sub-
marine operations. Arch, Indust. Hyg. & Occupat. Med. 6:kOk-kQ6
(Mbv.) 1952.
A case of mass carbon monoxide poisoning in a subrnarine is reported.
Men engaged in active work were the first to 'be affected. First
symptoms noted were headaches, and as condition progressed nausea,
vomiting and headaches so oovere that sedation was required. CO
concentration was found to bs 0.01$ with CC>2 level at 2% at about
the same time. Exposure lasted approximately 10 hours. The
condition was diagnosed and proper treatment instituted when it
became apparent that the entire ship's crew was involved. Authors
assume that in comparing the symptoms reported with the table in
McParland's work: Human Factors in Air Transport Design/ N.t.
McGraw-Hill, 1946, Chap. 6, that all aboard (with one exception)
had probably a carboxyhemoglobin saturation between 10 and 20$,
several 20 to 30$ saturation, and a few may have had as high a
saturation as 30 to 40$. - AGC
316
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755, Aviation Toxicology. An introduction to the Subject and a Handbook
of Data. The Blakiston Co., New York, Toronto, 1953, pp. 120.
This handbook on aviation toxicology provides toxicity data on
chemicals of special interest in aviation.
CO is the only toxic gas for which allowable concentration
limits have been generally prescribed in aviation. The allowable
limit of concentration for CO set by military and civilian agencies
of different countries vary somewhat. The average limit is one part
in 20,000 parts of air (ik b) for civil airplanes in the U.S. In
moderate altitudes carbon monoxide does not have any ill effects.
Author points out, however, that careful laboratory tests have
shown that vision is somewhat impaired at, or even below, this
concentration. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the
blood stream at high altitude, and the general properties and
occurrence of CO are discussed in this book. There are diagrams
showing time-concentration curves of CO toxicity. - AGC
755a. Beard, R.R., and Pribram, K. : Effects of toxic agents and
environmental factors on human behavior. Department of Defense,
Armed Forces Epidem. Board, Washington, D.C., Feb. 19^,
No.
Dynamic exposure chambers have been constructed in which an air
flow of tip to 100 liters per minute can "be maintained. Carbon
monoxide has been metered to the chambers under continuous monitoring,
to expose rats to concentrations from 100 to 1,000 p. p.m. Rats were
trained to various operant behavior schedules. Conditioned behavior
during 10 minutes of each hour for long periods gave unstable
response patterns. Continuous observation for periods of 1-1/2
hours showed rapid reduction of response rate and disturbance of
the "grain" of behavior with CO concentrations of 500 p. p.m. and
higher; at 250 p. p.m. perceptible disturbance of response pattern
became apparent within an hour. A response -attenuation ratio taking
into account the normal behavior of an animal on the day of exposure
to CO as well as preceding control periods was devised. Equipment
for trials of the effect of CO on discrimination capacities in humans
has been developed. Methods for detailed .analysis of behavior
patterns by computer techniques are being perfected. - Authors'
Abst.
755b. Birren, J.E., Fisher, M.B., Vollmer^j.p., and King, B.G.: Effects
of anoxia on performance at several simulated altitudes. J. Exp.
Psycholog. 36:35-^9 (Feb.) 1964.
This paper reports the results of a series of tests on human Ss
exposed to simulated altitudes in a low pressure chamber. These
tests were made not to determine possible bases for personnel selection
but to provide limited performance norms for subsequent studies of
variables superimposed on anoxia, e.g., carbon monoxide. The purpose
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of the present investigation is similar to that of many other studies
employing sensorimotor tests, that is, to appraise the efficiency
of personnel under an environmental stress.
756. Gerard, P.: Engineer Design Test of Howitzer, Light, Self Propelled,
105-MM, XM 104. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md, May 1963, DEC-AD I<-05791.
The engine exhaust is discharged directly into the vehicle during
amphibious operations. Although the vehicle is completely open,
operating personnel may still inhale relatively large amounts of
carbon monoxide. A ;;CO'' concentration in excess of 0.1$ was
recorded at the right rear personnel seat. It was necessary to
install extra piping to direct the exhaust gases out of the inclosure
during these tests. Consideration should be given to modifying the
present exhaust configuration for deep water fording. A CO level of
0.01$ is accepted; however, any degree of contamination, no matter
how slight, has adverse affects on military personnel operating
efficiency. - Author's Abst.
757. Gilinskiy, V.A., Chapek, A.V., Kozlova, A.G., Kulikova, N.M., and
A. Ya. Loshak: The effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide
on man in pressurized cabins of passenger planes. In: Parin, V.V,
(editor) Aviation and Space Medicine, Moscow, 1963. NASA Technical
Translation TT-F-228.
. Pressure-chamber experiments were performed on 82 persons
to study the effect of low concentrations of carbon monoxide. Also,
30 flights on IL-18, AN-10, and TU-104 planes were made during
which 185 members of the crew and passengers were examined and 3^7
air samples were obtained in the cabins. The results of the
investigations showed that 3 hours' exposure to carbon monoxide
(starting with 0.01 lag/liter or more), both under experimental
conditions (ground and pressure-chamber at 2400 m) and during actual
flight had adverse effects on the functioning of several organs and
systems, namely: (a) Higher nervous activity; (b) Functions of the
visual and vestibular analyzers; (c) Metabolic processes; (d) Cardio-
vascular system; (e) Muscular strength; (f) Tissue respiration and;
(g) Leukopoiesis. On the basis of the physiological-sanitary data
obtained and the results of laboratory tests, it is suggested that
the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide in
pressurized passenger airplane cabins be 0.01 rag/liter. - Authors'
Abst.
758. Helm, J.W.: The toxicity of carbon monoxide at high altitudes. J
Aviation Med. 10:211-215 (Dec.) 1939.
Author states that accurate quantitative data on the behavior of
carbon monoxide at reduced atmgpnecic pressures and on permissible
concentrations in aircraft compartments at heights is hardly
available in the literature. There is also a scarity of information
318
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on the tolerance of CO at high altitudes. The purpose of this study
is investigation of the toxicity of CO at reduced barometric pressure.
Theoretical calculations based on physico-chemical laws governing
the combination of CO-fOg with hemoglobin are expressed algebraically
by equations; Author concludes that concentrations of CO which are
innocous at prescribed levels are dangerous at even moderate altitudes
and it is most imperative that no trace of this gas should be
permitted to exist in airplane compartments. - AGC
759.Lanion, H.J.: Report on Carbon Monoxide Contamination Caused by the
Weapon System of the M6o Tank. First Report on OTAC Project No.
IT-5172, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md., March I960, 20 pp. DDC AD
231*022.
i
The weapons of the M60 tank were fired independently and in an all-
weapons condition to determine the resulting carbon monoxide
concentrations. The basic tank condition was hatches closed, turret
ventilator off, and tank engine off. For those firings vliicli
produced hazardous concentrations further tank conditions were
investigated. These conditions were hatches closed, turret ventilator
operating, and tank engine induction air from either the engine
compartment or crew compartment. Unsafe conditions exist in the
tank for certain firing conditions when the turret ventilator is not
used. All weapon combinations could be made safe by using the turret
ventilator. It is recommended that, when firing the weapon system,
the tank be judged safe for occupancy only when the turret ventilator
is used. - Author's Abst.
760. Lent2, E.C.: Human factors in "cause undetermined" accidents.
Aerospace Med. 36:21^-222 (March) 1965.
USAF aircraft accidents over a four-year period that remain categorized
as cause undetermined indicate that the man-machine complex tends to
fail during the stressful phases of flight. Loss of control and high
speed impact are factors common to many of this series. Man's
limitations and specifically his ability to maintain orientation -
i.e., disorientation - are major problems in the operation of high
performance aircraft. Aircraft performance has advanced to the
place where exploration of the operational perimeters of the craft
is reserved for the test pilot. Experienced combat pilots may
still be novices with respect to the vagarities of the aircraft he
flies. Safety of flight is enhanced by the division of duties with
a qualified co-pilot.
Loss of control due to impaired consciousness attributable to
carbon monoxide from refueling operations has been raised as a
possibility. There are two instances in this series of loss of
control associated with refueling operations. Turbine engines
are efficient oxidizers of fuel. This combined vith distances and
dilution seriously compromises the hypothesis that the cockpit of a
plane could accumulate disabling amounts of carbon monoxide from air
refueling operations. - Author's Abst. Modified
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761. Nichols, G., Jr., and Kinsey, J.L. : Carbon monoxide as a habitability
factor in prolonged submarine submergence. U.S. Naval Medical Research
Laboratory, New London, Conn., Report No. 223, (April 16) 1953.
Toxic cone, of CO accumulate when there is unrestricted smoking in
sealed spaces, such as a submarine during a prolonged submergence.
23 volunteers on Operation Hideout were exposed to CO levels of
approx. 100 or more ppra for continuous period of 6 days, following
a period of 12 days' exposure to CO cone, between 50 and 100 ppm
and period of unknown length during which this cone, accumulated;
6 day period was followed by 4 days of exposure to CO cone, varying
from 25 to 100 ppm. Comparing 6 day period of exposure to 100 ppm
with 6 day period immediately following return to outboard ventilation,
subjective complaints as ms. by number of headaches were significant
at 10% level. Significant amts. of hb were saturated with CO; in
only 2 cases, however, was this considered to be in range where
subjective complaints occur, and in each of these 2 there were no
symptoms. CO-blood saturation dropped rapidly (1 day) upon return
to outboard ventilation. - Kett.
762.schulte, J.H.: The medical aspects of closed cabin atmosphere control. Military
Med. 126:40-48 (Jan.) 1961.
One hundred and eight healthy adult males between the ages of 17 and 37 years were
exposed, in an operating nuclear submarine, to an atmosphere with an average
consistency of 19.1% oxygen, 1.04$ carbon dioxide, 1$ hydrogen, kk ppm carbon
monoxide, 15 ppm freon-12 and approximately 7856 nitrogen continuously for 72 days.
The atmosphere occasionally contained small amounts of ammonia, chlorine and
aromatic hydrocarbons. Presumably other contaminants were also present in trace
amounts.
The physiological and metabolic evaluations which were studied during the
72 days exposure consisted of the general health, vital signs, blood cell
determinations, exercise tolerance, caloric requirements, and dietary habits.
Using these criteria, no changes occurred which are attributable to exposure to the
existing atmosphere and no harmful effects were elicited either during or shortly
following the exposure. - Author's Sum.
763. schulte, J.H.: Sealed environment in relation to health and 61sp**&
Arch. Environ. Health 8:438-^52 (March) 19&. ana dlsease-
The general health aspects of life in a sealed environment are related
primarily to habitability and atmospheric control. The control of
the atmosphere involves: (a) sone neons to provide the continual
addition of oxygen in sufficient quantity to support life and
preserve health, and (b) methods to effect the continuous removal
of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and other atmospheric contaminants
to prevent them from gradually increasing to concentrations which
could produce illness. The babltability of a sealed environment is
maintained within a comfortable and healthful range by the addition
or removal of heat and water vapor.
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Most of the experience gained in the problems related to
health and disease during prolonged existence in a sealed environment
has been obtained from the operations of nuclear-powered submarines.
These submarine cruises have demonstrated the number, type, and
amount of atmospheric contaminants which are produced by man and
his equipment within the sealed environment.
The progress that has been made in rjacilyzing the atmospheric
content of a sealed environment has been reiterated. A number of
the atmospheric constituents have been discussed in greater detail
in regard to their source, effects upon health, and methods of
control. The need for control of temperature and humidity and for
protection from radiation has also been included in the discussion.
These needs and methods for controlling the atmospheric constituents,
temperature, humidity, and radiation exposure in a sealed environment
have been projected to the future space vehicle. - Author's Sum.
764. SLusher, G.R.: Analysis of Engine Exhaust System Failures in General
Aviation Aircraft. Technical Report FAA-ADS-29, Federal Aviation
Agency, Sept. 19&-, 18 pp.
A study and an analysis were made of the recordr. on engine exhaust
system malfunctions in the single engine type general aviation
, aircraft from the time period of 1958 through 1962 to determine
the extent of the inflight hazards involving carbon monoxide
poisoning, fire, power loss, etc.
The results disclosed approximately 50 percent of the
exhaust system failures occurred in the exhaust gas-to-air heat
exchanger, 20 percent in the stacks or manifolds, and 20 percent
internal to the muffler (baffles and diffusers).
Nineteen illnesses and twelve fatalities out of 3^ reported
incidents of exhaust gases in the cabin were documented. Fourteen
fires and 70 incidents of partial engine povrer loss or complete
power failure were also reported. Analysis disclosed that the
exhaust systems of newer aircraft fail at a markedly higher rate
than the exhaust systems of older aircraft. - Author's Abst.
765. Smith, P.K.: Carboxyhemoglobin Concentrations in Personnel After
Flying P-40-N Aircraft. School of Aviation Medicare, Randolph AFB,
Texas, May 5, 19*5, 3 PP- EDO AD 121708.
Measurements were made of the Carboxyhemoglobin concentrations in
eighteen pilots after flying fourteen different P-kO-N aircraft.
The concentrations of carooxyhemoglobin varied from zero to eight
per cent of the total hemoglobin. It is concluded that the
concentrations of Carboxyhemoglobin found were probably not high
enough to interfere with flying efficiency. - Author'u /bet.
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766. SSpeert, H. : Noxious vapors in aircraft cabins. Occupat. Med. 2:101-
115 (Aug.)
Author describes specific cause factors responsible for impairment
of efficiency of flying personnel and the relationship between such
impairment and accident causation case histories of aircraft accidents
in which the presence of noxious gases or vapors played a part are
presented. CO is, from a toxicological point of view, the most
important constituent of the exhaust mixture. The maximum allowable
concentration of CO in Army Air Force aircraft cabins is 0.005'^-
All new aircraft models must meet this specification. Some aircrafte
with exhaust heaters are equipped with a signal assembly which
activates a red light on the pilot's instrument panel when the
concentration of CO in the atmoaphere reaches 0*005 per cent. CO
content of the blood of pilots before and after flights is being
measured to obtain a control value. It is of importance to obtain
control value before flight, especially for smokers, in whom the
blood CO level may normally be as high as seven to eight per cent of
saturation. CO is a tissue asphyxant producing anoxia, effecting
the most sensitive central nervous system first. Acute severe
exposure results in rapid onset of unconsciousness; in less severe
cases, great individual variation in symptoms is encountered. Even
small amounts of CO in the blood cause significant visual impairment
of special importance to aviators. For example a blood saturation
of only 10$ CO at an altitude of 6,000 feet can cause deterioration
of visual discrimination to a level corresponding to an altitude of
12,500 feet. Hazards of exposure to CO increases with altitude.
Minimal degrees of anoxia resulting from altitude, combined with the
slight anoxia produced by only small amounts of circulating CO, each
alone harmless, may together produce moderately severe symptoms of
anoxia. These relationships have been established by theory and
experiment. - AGC
767. Stembridge, V.A., and Otoldbaum, L.R. : The role of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology in tissue toxicity study. Aviation Med,
Symposium, Hov. 1957, PP- 5-8 «
During the period from May 1957 through Oct. 1957, 269 determinations
for CO have been accomplished at the Armed Forces Institute of
Pathology utilizing a new method for obtaining a specimen. Of
those 110 determinations for carbon monoxide on post-mortem tissues,
11 (10$) showed an elevation above 10 percent saturation. None of
these 11 cases were considered a sudden death and in all there was
evidence that the individual died primarily due to fire.
Post-mortem CO determinations are done in aircraft accident
victims for two basic reasons: First, to determine whether carbon
monoxide was present in the cockpit environment prior to impact
(due to such factors as in-flight fires, ejchaust fumes or improper
venting of other combustion products) and second, to determine
whether or not an individual was alive following an impact associated
with fire. - From Text-AGC
322
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767a. Vollmer, E.P., King, B.G., Fisher, M.B., and Birren, J.E.: The
Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Three Types of Performance, at
Simulated Altitudes of 10,000 and 15,500 Feet. HMRI Res. Project
X-417, Report No. 7, Feb. 27, 19^5, and J. Exp. Psychol. 36:8^-251,
Measurements of the critical flicker frequency threshold, body sway,
and the red visual field were made on subjects before, during and
after low pressure chamber runs. Twenty subjects with 12 to 22 per
cent blood carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) took part in runs at 15,500
feet, and six subjects with 5 to 10 per cent COHb vere tested at
10,000 feet. Control runs were made at the same altitudes with the
same subjects.
There was a significant impairment of performance at altitude,
both under conditions of anoxia alone and anoxia after exposure to
carbon monoxide (CO) as compared with performance at sea level.
There was no statistically significant difference between
the mean scores of the tests during anoxia alone and during anoxia
following administration of CO. Furthermore, the time-performance
curves for group means during the hour at altitude are nearly
coincident under the two conditions.
All the mean values for performance of each of the three tests
at altitude are within one standard deviation of the sea level mean.
(More than one-half of the scores for individual performance in the
two series may therefore be expected to fall -within the range of
performance of normal subjects at sea level.)
Individual responses were variable and without correlation
with the percentage of increment or of total COHb in the blood.
Three of the subjects who started the experiments showed
symptoms of impending collapse at 15,500 feet without CO. One of
these had successfully completed his corresponding CO run; the
other two did not participate in CO runs.
Five subjects showed symptoms of impending collapse at altitude
(one at 10,000, four at 15,500 feet) after they had breathed mixtures
containing CO. - Authors' Sum.
768. White, J.J,: Carbon monoxide and its relation to aircraft* U.S.
Naval Med. Bull. 30:151-165 (April) 1932.
Carbon monoxide, a product of incomplete combustion, is present in
the exhaust gas of all types of airplanes. In some types of planes,
depending on type of exhaust leads, fuselage, etc., this gas is
carried back to the cockpits of the plane in sufficient concentration
to result in as much as 15 per cent saturation of the blood of the
pilot and otoer occupants of the plane.
Although the highest saturation of blood obtained during the
investigation (15 per cent) is not sufficient to render a person
unconscious, or to be a direct cause of a crash, it is known that
the absorption of even minute amounts of carbon monoxide is highly
undesirable, due to the probable adverse effect on the efficiency of
the pilot*
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The fact that exposure to a low concentration over a long
period is more harmful than a brief exposure to a very high concen-
tration, increases the importance of eliminating all traces of carbon
monoxide.
Comparatively simple and inexpensive modification of the
exhaust leads has eliminated carbon monoxide from the area where it
is absorbed by the pilot or other occupants of the plane. - Author's
Sum.
769. Wilks, S.S,: Preliminary Studies on Light-Induced Carbon Monoxide
in Closed Environments. USAF School of Aviation Med., Brooks AF
Base, Tex., Sept. 1963, CFSTI AD-U20946.
This paper presents experimental data concerning the effects of
solar light upon certain classes of organic substances which may
be components of the sealed environment of space vehicles. Many
materials such as organic plastics, pigments, insulating material,
etc., will, when exposed to light in the presence of oxygen, liberate
a number of toxic end products such as carbon monoxide, aldehydes,
acids, and certain hydrocarbons. In a sealed environment these
agents may, unless removed, reach levels toxic to human beings
during a long sojourn in a. sealed system. Therefore, along with
products that may result from thermal and electrical activity
(motors, generators, etc.) these products may constitute a
considerable hazard in sealed environments. - Author's Abst.
770. Wilks, S.S.: Toxic photooxidation products in closed environments.
Aerospace Med. 3^:838-8^1 (Sept.) 1963.
The evidence of carbon monoxide production from the action of
light and oxygen on many classes of organic substances and compounds
indicates the necessity for adequate protection of susceptible
materials from the ravages of the combination of light and oxygen
in small, sealed environments designed for human occupancy.
Materials to be used in spacecraft should be thoroughly tested for
their stability to effects of radiation. Materials within the
vehicle should, as far as possible, be shielded from certain
components of the spectrum. Appropriate methods for CO elimination
should be a permanent installation. - Author's Conclusion
Diesel Engines
771. Ash, S.H., and Naus, L.L.: Use of diesel engines in tunnels. Bureau
of Mines Info. Cir. Ho. 7222, 1$&2, 26 pp.
In diesel-engine operations when the exhaust gases contain carbon
monoxide in the amount of 0.01 percent and carbon dioxide to 0.3
percent, visibility in a tunnel in which the diesel is used is poor
324
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and the aldehydes and other irritants are obnoxious after a
relatively short exposure. In general, the irritants, such as
aldehydes, odors, and smoke follow the trend of the toxic gases,
but under improper maintenance they are conspicuously present at
all stages of operation. Proper mechanical condition at all times
is necessary for a diesel engine to insure against its exhaust
containing dangerous concentrations of noxious gases.
The investigation shows the value of field study of diesel
locomotives in actual operation, and it was observations so obtained
that indicated the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas as
a yardstick for the control of atmospheric conditions. The control
of noxious gases in the general air when diesel locomotives are
being used should be based upon a carbon monoxide control value of
10 to 20 p. p. m. - BMB
772. Berger, L.B., Elliott, M.A., Hbltz, J.C., and Schrenk, H.H. : Diesel
Engines Underground. U.S. Bureau of Mines Kept. Investigations
Ho. 3508, 19UO, ^8 pp.; No. 35^1, 1940, 18 pp.
These reports and the Investigations upon which they are based are
in regard to the factors that must be considered if diesel engines
are to be used safely underground. Two four- stroke-cycle diesel
engines, one of maximum rated speed of 1,^00 r. p. m. and kk b. h. p.
and the other of 2,600 r. p. m. and 7 b« a- p., were used in the
experiments. Both were in good mechanical condition and each was
mounted on a power unit. Exhaust-gas samples were taken and required
analyses run to determine the factors of interest to the investigators.
Exhaust-gas analysis was made for carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and methane; these data then were
correlated with fuel -air ratio. It was shown that the concentration
of these constituents is governed by the fuel-air ratio and varies
as does the relation of fuel to intake air. - BMB 1*83
773« Bus fumes acquitted: Hew York Transit Commission finds no dangerous
concentration of carbon monoxide. Transit J. 80:44l, 1936.
Although the belief is widespread that dangerous concentrations of
carbon monoxide are often present in buses and on the streets where
they operate, this idea is erroneous t according to the findings of
the engineering department of the New York Transit Commission, In
gr"n the time buses have been running, no case fatality has been
reported as due to carbon monoxide. The offensive aldehydes give
rise to complaints of bus fumes. The highest concentration of
carbon monoxide found on a bus was 2 parts per 10,000 and this was
found while the bus was standing. - BMB 6^3
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Cartigny, S.t and Degueldre, G. : Gleaning of exhaust from dlesel
engines, Institut d' Hygiene des Mines, Hasselt, Bulletin des
Documentation techn. Hb. 33, July 21, 1957.
The method employed for the cleaning of exhaust gases from diesel
engines used to operate tractors during the day, and the Oxicat-Houdry
installation used for this purpose are described in this paper. A
generation of 28 PS was attached to the tractor which, by employing
resistance altered the load of the diesel engine. The conditions
(humidity content, temperature) of the volume of air drawn in by
the engine and the conditions and composition of the exhaust,
particularly its CO, CO,,, and 0% contents were investigated. - A3C
Elliott, M.A., Nebel, G.J., and Rounds, F.G. : The composition of
exhaust gases from diesel, gasoline, and propane-powered motor
coaches. J. APCA 5:103-108 (Aug.) 1955.
Exhaust-gas samples were obtained from diesel, gasoline and
propane-powered motor coaches of similar passenger capacity under
idling, accelerating, cruising, and decelerating conditions. The
samples were analyzed for carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen,
formaldehyde, and hydrocarbons. In addition the exhaust gas flow
rates were measured to permit calculation of the emission rate for
each constituent at each driving condition. Based on a typical
city driving pattern, it was concluded: (1) carbon monoxide
emission from the diesel coaches was only a small fraction of that
from the gasoline and propane coaches, and (2) the differences
observed in the emission of oxides of nitrogen, formaldehyde, and
hydrocarbons by the three coach types were relatively small. Wo
one coach type discharged either the greatest or least amounts of
all of these three constituents. - APCA
The exhaust from a new hybrid diesel/gasoline engine. Chem. Week..
Dec. 20, 1965, p. 29.
An injector system rather than a carburetor injects fuel to the
combustion chamber in this new type of engine, which was developed
by the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nuernberg, A.G. (MAN), Munich,
West Germany. Low carbon monoxide content at idle, namely
0.12$ compared to 10 to 12$ for conventional gasoline engines,
is a primary advantage of this new design. Other advantages are
low fuel consumption and multifuel capability. A number of firms
in West Germany are at present testing this new engine designed
primarily for military vehicles. Although it can be used in
automobiles, it may be too costly at present for acceptance by
auto makers. - AGO
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777. Holt z, J.C., and Elliott, M.A. : The significance of diesel exhaust-
gas analysis. Trans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. 63: 97-105,
The significance of data on the combustion processes in the diesel
engine is discussed. Two diesel engines in good mechanical
condition were tested; exhaust-gas samples were taken and analyzed
for oxygen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, nitrogen, aldehydes,
and oxides of nitrogen.
Among the topics discussed are: The relation of exhaust-
gas composition to fuel-air ratio; the relation of exhaust-gas
composition to combustion performance; the products of incomplete
combustion and the significance of these factors in the light of
safe diesel operation.
The products of incomplete combustion in diesel engines
are carbon monoxide, aldehydes, free carbon, hydrogen, and
methane. Two processes of combustion occur simultaneously. These
are direct oxidation and destructive combustion. If the reactions
in the direct-oxidation process are chilled before oxidation is
complete, carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and organic acids will be
present in the exhaust gases. Increase in concentration of CO and
aldehydes at low fuel-air ratios indicates that chilling is more
pronounced at these ratios. - BMB
778. Maurin, Gen., and KLing, A.: The pollution of air by diesel engines.
Rev. petrol., No. .768, pp. ^9-55, 1938.
CO content in diesel exhaust gases is very low. The amount of smoke
and its odor are less at full load than under part load. Uriburned
solids and liquids/ in the form of lubricating oil, organic acids,
aldehydes, and oxides of sulfur, are always present in the exhaust.
Purification by means of a water bath and cyclone-type separator
in series can eliminate 79 percent of the solids and liquids, the
other 21 percent being removed with an activated carbon filter.
Addition of NaPCOq or Ca(OH)p to the water bath is recommended. -
BMB 647
779. Report on diesel smoke. Information Report No. 2. (Vehicular Ex-
haust Committee, Chairman: Jensen. D.A.)J. APCA 13:290-291
(June) 1963.
The purpose of this report is to present a summary of* factors that in-
fluence the production of exhaust smoke in diesel engines. Also pro-
vided is information relating to known methods for reducing or elimina-
ting diesel smoke. It is, in effect, a report on the current state of the
art in the area of diesel smoke and is intended to be used as a supple-
ment to the results of the laboratory research being carried on to deter-
mine the chemical composition of diesel engine exhaust.
Included in this report are discussions of diesel fuel properties,
engine adjustment and maintenance procedures, engine operation and
327
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driver procedures, and features of engine devices. All of these items
have an important bearing on the smoke properties of diesel engines
installed in motor vehicles. - Author's Introduction
780. Schrenk, H.H., and Berger, L.B. : Composition of diesel engine
exhaust gas. Amer. J. Pub. Health 31:669-681,
Exhaust-gas composition from two diesel engines in good mechanical
condition was determined at various speeds and power output. The
exhaust-gas constituents were CO, N oxides, COg, aldehydes, soot,
Og, N2, HgO vapors, and in some instances H and CH^ or other
hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of
nitrogen were found in quantities harmful to "breathe, and, in many
instances, very objectionable amounts of aldehydes and smoke were
produced.
The production of carbon monoxide and smoke, as well as
aldehydes, can be largely controlled by the proper adjustment of
fuel-air ratio without a significant loss of power output.
BMB
Garages and Workshops
781. Audere, A.K. Carbon monoxide air pollution in shops testing machine
and tractor motors. Gigiena i Sanitaria 2^:79-80, 1959. In: Levine,
B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution
and Related Occupational Mseases. A Survey. Vol. 5, 1961, pp.
CFSTI-TT-61-11149, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
Nine shops of machine and tractor stations were inspected during
the years 1956 and 1957- Result of the analysis of air samples
taken during testing of different kind of engines showed a
relatively high concentration of carbon monoxide. It was
recommended that forced draft ventilation are to be installed in
the premises, to reduce the carbon monoxide concentration to the
limit of tolerance. - AGC.
782. Austen, F.K.: The medical grand rounds. Massachusetts General
Hospital. Amer. Pract. 13:171-185, 1962.
Among the cases discussed is one concerning a medical problem caused
by CO, in connection with the construction of a garage under the
Boston Common. The physiological and chemical reactions of oxygen
and CO as they become bound to hemoglobin are described. The rules
of how CO and hemoglobin combine are summarized in a simple equation.
The severity of the symptoms of anoxia from CO poisoning as compared
with anemia are explained. - AGC
328
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783. Barrett, H.M.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Canadian J. Pub. Health
25:430-438, 1934.
Carbon monoxide accounts for more human deaths annually than all other
gaseous poisons combined. Its occurrence is almost universal, resulting
as it does from incomplete combustion. Industrially carbon monoxide occurs
in high concentration in smelters, being a major hazard in steel plants.
It is to be guarded against in mines after an explosion or blasting
operations. In the home it is the responsible factor in coal gas poison-
ings due to faulty heating appliances. The automobile produces the gas in
large quantities and it is present in varying quantities in public garages.
A car with the motor idling in a closed single garage produces sufficient
of the gas to render the air dangerous in from five to ten minutes. It
is one of the most insidious poisons known as it is odourless (except in the
nearly pure form when it possesses a faint garlic odour) and produces no
irritating symptoms. For these reasons a knowledge of its mode of action
and methods of determining its presence are of paramount importance. -
Author's Introduction
781j.. Berger, L.B., Elliott, M.A., Holtz, J.C., and Schrenk, H.H.: KLesel
Engines Underground. U.S. Bureau of Mines Kept. Investigations
No. 3508, 19to, 48 pp.; No. 35^1, 19^ 18 pp.
These reports and the investigations upon •which, they are based are
in regard to the factors that must."be considered if dlesel engines
are to be used safely underground. Two four-stroke-cycle dlesel
engines, one of maximum rated speed of lij-000 r. p. m. and kk b.g.p.
and the other of 2,600 r.p. m. and 7 b.h. p., vere used in the
experiments. Both were in good mechanical condition and each was
mounted on a power unit. Exhaust-gas samples were taken and required
analyses run to determine the factors of interest to the investigators.
Exhaust-gas analysis was made for carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, oxygen, hydrogen, and methane; these data then were
correlated with fuel-air ratio. It was shown that the concentration
of these constituents is governed by the fuel-air ratio and varies
as does the relation of fuel to intake air. - BMB ^83
785. Bloomfield, B.D.: Lift trucks raise carbon monoxide level. Arch.
Indust. Health (Occupat. Health News Sect.) 15:172-173 (Feb.) 1957-
A serious carbon monoxide health hazard was caused by misapplication
of propane gas-powered lift trucks at a new cold storage plant. The
new lift trucks were properly serviced and were believed to be in
first-class operating condition. In a large storage room maintained
at -10*F, two employees were slightly affected and the operator lost
consciousness for about k$ minutes. The freezer room air was found
to contain kQQ ppin carbon monoxide but the actual exposure may have
been higher. An electric lift truck was substituted for the gas-
powered truck. - Author's Abst.
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786. Brumbaugh, I.V., and Jones, G.W.: Carbon monoxide in the products
of conibustion from natural gas burners. Technologic Papers of the
Bureau of Standards 16:431-450, 1921-1922.
Many natural-gas appliances are notoriously inefficient. Solid top
stoves -with low set burners and grid top stoves with low set burners
consume two to eight times as much gas as stoves with raised burners
and grid tops. On account of the liberation of carbon monoxide, a
poisonous gas, with the products of combustion when the flame
is improperly aerated it is not practical to place burners at the
distance from ustensils where the maximum effecie&cy is obtained.
Burners of the "star" type should be placed about 1 inch, the "slot"
burner about 3/4 inch, and the "disc" type about 1-1/4 inches from
utensil.
From the many tests for carbon monoxide made with five different
burners and different types of flames at rates of consumption of 6.0
and 8.0 cubic feet per hour (6480 and 8640 Btu per hour), the maximum
rate of liberation of carbon monoxide was found to be 0.25 cubic foot
per houi and was obtained with a very soft flame and a close position
of utensil which caused the flame to "float" and extend up the side
of utensil. It is not a dangerous rate unless one works directly
over the burner, or several burners are in use at the same time for
several hours, or the room is unventilated.
No carbon monoxide was found where the blue inner cone of the
flame was not allowed to touch the utensil. A yellow flame will
produce carbon monoxide at a rate much greater than a blue flame when
the utensil is so close to the burner as to cause a floating flame.
A natural gas flame was found to be smothered from deficiency
of oxygen when the content of the atmosphere had been diminished to
about 15.5 per cent. When one considers the natural ventilation which
takes place through the windows and doors it would seem that the danger
from carbon monoxide poisoning with natural gas top burners is quite
remote. - Authors' Abst.
787. Burrell, G. A., and Gauger, A. ¥.: Vitiation of garage air by automobile
exhaust gases. USBMEP 216, 1919, 12pp.
Experiments were made in a garage with an automobile whose engine was
run at various speeds. Only information regarding poisoning due to
carbon monoxide is given. IJye smarting and eye watering and illness
were experienced. Although aldehydes are not mentioned, it is quite
probable that these were responsible for at least a part of the effects.
-BMB 393
788. Commins, B.T., Waller, R.E., and Lawther, P.J.: Air pollution in
diesel bus garages. British J. Indust. Med. 14:232-239 (Oct.) 1957.
Air pollution in 2 London Transport diesel bus garages has been
studied. Results of determinations of smoke, polycyclic
hydrocarbons, nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes, carbon monoxide, and
sulfur dioxide are given. These results are compared with analyses
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of the outside air. Despite large differences in the concentrations
of smoke inside and outside each garage only small differences in
the amounts of 3;l|-benzpyrene were noted. Concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide and aldehydes did not approach the threshold limit values
for 8-hour shift exposures adopted by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists in 1956. The carbon monoxide
concentrations were negligible; there was no evidence of abnormal
concentrations of sulfur dioxide. The significance of these
findings is discussed. Work on the problem of air pollution by
motor vehicles is continuing. - APCA
789. Environmental Instrument Package for a Civil Defense Saelter. Thomas
A. Edison Research Laboratory, West Orange, H. J., May 1964, 182 pp.
DDC AD
A study of instrumentation for monitoring the environment within a
civil defense survival shelter was made. The study plan traced
hazardous conditions from the origin of the offending gases and
vapors through man's physiological tolerance and effect to the
required degree of detection instrumentation. Listed are the
contaminants and conditions which might be expected, the allowable
maximum concentrations for a typical shelter period, and design
ranges for suitable instruments. Detection methods available, in
commercial instrumentation are reviewed and analyzed within the
framework of shelter requirements. Representative sample devices
employing the most promising techniques were obtained for test.
An overall evaluation based on accuracy, reliability, ease of
operation, cost, adequacy of instruction material, and general
suitability for shelter use is tabulated. A list of manufacturers
arranged by product, allows nonrestrictive selection of a source
for any or all instrumentation requirements. Individual specifications
are drawn for each of three sizes of shelter packages. Recommendations
for new instruments and improvements to available devices are made.
- Authors' Abst.
790. Gilbert, G.J., and Glaser, G.H.: Neurologic manifestations of
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. New England J. Med. 261:1217
1220 (Dec. 10) 1959•
A detailed case history is given of a patient suffering from
chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. The condition was verified
by the finding of a significantly-elevated blood carbon monoxide
level. A detailed occupational history was obtained indicating
that the patient had been a policeman for 18 years. His first
few "spells" had occurred four years before hospital admission in
1958 at the age of 50 while he was assigned to directing heavy
automobile traffic. Fearing that his job was too strenuous, he
had requested transfer to the police garage and had served as a
mechanic there for the past three years. It was often necessary
to run the motors of the police cars in the garage, particularly
331
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in the repair of police radios which required a running motor for
their operation. The garage doors were usually left open "but were
closed often after March to keep out the sun. The time of closing
of the garage doors corresponded to the period of exacerbation of
the patient's symptomatology. The patient had anorexia, weight
loss, a fluctuating organic mental syndrome, and recurrent episodes
of loss of consciousness, each attack preceded "by a period of
dizziness and ataxia. After the patient had discontinued his
work, serial electroencephalograms showed progressive clearing
of focal and paroxysmal abnormalities, correlated with clinical
improvement. It is noted in the text—and commented editorially,
in the same journal, pp. 1248-12^9—that unless the occupational
history is carefully taken, the different diagnoses can be
difficult. The patient under discussion had received anticonvulsant
therapy for 2-1/2 years previous to the correct diagnosis. It is
noted in the editorial also that there were a few more attacks
which were always associated with driving a farm tractor. It was
found that the patient had a habit of walking behind the tractor
where the exhaust was on a level of about his head. When this
occupation was also discontinued he recovered fully, and the
diagnosis was confirmed. - APCA 3185
791. Hall, D.A., Miller, F.A., Biley, E.G., and Scherberger, R.F.:
Evaluation of the carbon monoxide hazard from indoor use of
propane-fueled fork lift trucks. Amer. Indust. Hyg. Ass. Quart.
18:355-359 (Dec.) 1957-
Carbon monoxide concentrations within industrial buildings can be
reduced by using electric fork lift trucks, general ventilation,
local exhaust, catalytic units, or by substituting propane for
gasoline. As far as the carbon monoxide hazard is concerned,
propane-fueled trucks offer a compromise between gasoline-fueled
and electric-powered trucks. A well-tuned prdpane-buraing engine
should discharge less than 0.1$ of carbon monoxide at the exhaust
outlet as compared with 1.5$ in the exhaust gas from a well-tuned
gasoline-fueled engine and 6 to f% from an engine not properly
tuned (a more common case). - APCA 1635
792. Henderson, Y., and Haggard, H.W.: Health hazard from automobile
exhaust gas in city streets, garages and repair shops. The vertical
exhaust as a practical measure of amelioration. J. AM 81:385-
391 (Aug. 4) 1923.
The air in city streets where there is considerable traffic is
found to be contaminated with automobile exhaust gas to a degree
in excess of proper and well established health standards* The
amount of visible smoke is not an index of carbon monoxid content.
The conditions in garages and repair shops are, as a rule,
extremely unhealthful. Many mechanics and drivers suffer almost
daily partial asphyxiation with headache and other sequelae.
332
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Fatal aspbyxiations in private garages are fairly common occurrences
in the winter.
The conditions in the streets of American cities can "be
largely ameliorated by the use of the vertical exhaust on omnibuses,
trucks,: taxi cabs, and private cars with tops. Cars without tops
are now negligible in numbers in cities.
The horizontal exhaust now generally used mixes the gas
throughout the respiratory zone of street air in a layer only
about 10 feet deep. It thus dissipates the heat of the gas and
prevents it from rising out of the street. The vertical exhaust,
on the contrary, starts the hot gas upward with comparatively
little.admixture of air, and its heat carries it on up out of the
street.
With the horizontal exhaust the entire air of the garage
is rapidly mixed with exhaust gas. Adequate ventilation of
garages is at present virtually not feasible. With the vertical
exhaust, the heat of the gas holds it against the ceiling with
comparatively little admixture of air, and the gas therefore readily
finds its way out through any ventilator in the roof. - Authors'
Conclusion
793. McBay, A.J.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. New England J. Med.
272:252-253 (Feb. 4) 1965 <
Medicolegal problems in regard to death by carbon monoxide are dis-
cussed. Author states that the most puzzling cases are those produced
by motor-vehicle exhaust fumes. About half of the fatal poisonings in
the U.S. are attributed to CO, and many chronic sublethal poisonings
by this gas are unrecognized. Exhaust of the gasoline engine may pro-
duce up to 7% CO. Exhaust of an automobile will saturate the interior
of a small garage in 15 to 30 minutes with a lethal amount of CO. The
affinity of CO for hemoglobin is 200-300 times greater than that of
oxygen. Fatal poisoning may occur with a blood saturation of 30 or
40% of CO. Symptoms are not striking enough to make diagnosis
easy. The much discussed pink color of the skin is rarely seen and
the only valid test is the determination of the amount of CO in the
blood. -AGC.
794. Mayers, M.R.: Studies in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. New York State
Dept. of Labor, Div. Indust. Byg. & Safety Standards, 19^6, 6k pp.
This pamphlet contains six papers on the following subjects:
1. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
2. Effects on Red Blood Cells
3. Carbon Monoxide Headache
5. In Garages'
5. In Hat Industry
6. In Foundries
333
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Author states that there is need for further study of the
toxicological effects of mixed gases, in which CO is one of the
constituents, on "both animals, in the laboratory and on workers in
industry.
Although it is assumed that, while the principal action of
CO is undoubtedly the production of anoxemia by displacing oxygen
from the hemoglobin of the red cells, it may in addition, have other
physiological effects not yet fully understood. Whether CO is a
tissue poison is still another matter for further investigation.
- AGC
795. Monaco, B.: Intoxication from carbon monoxide and CO determination
and investigations in a large workshop producing city gas. Rass.
Med. Indust. 33:^95*527 (Sept.-Oct.) 1964.
Author reviews investigations carried out in a plant where working
conditions were quite satisfactory with regard to CO concentractions,
working hours and time of exposure. During two years of effective
control no acute form of CO intoxication occurred under normal
working conditions, however occasional, cases of acute poisoning
were observed in newcomers. Author did not observe chronic cases
of CO poisoning and draws the conclusion that this type of CO poisoning
is nonexistant. Moreover, he believes that persons regularly
exposed to moderate amounts of CO become immune. Author also states
that MAC values accepted in the USA are adequate, those of Great
Britain and of the USSR seem to be too restrictive. - AGC
796. Nevers, G.P.: The carbon monoxide health hazard in automobile
garages. Conn. Health Bull. 73:139-11»'2 (May) 1959, and Indust*
Eyg. Digest 23:1^ (July) 1959.
One of the most common occupational exposures to CO as occurring in
automobile repair garages is discussed in this paper. When breathed
in less-than-fatal concentrations carbon monoxide causes severe
headaches, mental dullness and a general feeling of malaise. An
idling automobile engine produces about 7 cubic feet of exhaust
gas per minute containing about 5$ carbon monoxide, sufficient to
exceed the maximum allowable concentration of 100 ppm in a
relatively short time in most garages without adequate control
measure. The removal of once dispersed carbon monoxide by means
of general ventilation alone is usually impractical because of
the prohibitive cost of heating replacement air. Control of the
exhaust gases should be accomplished by means of local mechanical
exhaust systems, whenever motor vehicle engines are operated in a
fixed position for engine tuneup, carburetor adjustment, or other
purposes. Such a system should include an exhaust fan, main
suction duct, and an adequate number of flexible hoses attached
to the tailpipes of motors in operation* The positioning and
general traffic of cars within garages sometimes results in a
buildup of carbon monoxide even though adequate tailjpipe exhaust
33^
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facilities are employed, A moderate amount of general ventilation,
approximately three air changes per hour, win usually suffice to
prevent a significant «ag?osure from this source provided good
supervision of extraneous engine operation is provided, - AGC
797. Tronpeo, 6., Oaido, P.C., and Capellaro, P.: Concentrations of
carbon monoxide in the air and carboxyhemoglobinemia (study on
garage mechanics). Rass. Med. Indus t. 33:M*0-Mi-2 (May- Aug.) 1964.
Measurements have "been made of the carboxyhemoglobinemia in workmen
in an underground garage at the end of a working day. The average
of the values was found to be higher than those of smokers who were
not to other sources of carbon monoxide and in addition it was
possible to note a close relation between the maximum carboxyhe-
moglobinemia values and values of CO in the surroundings. -
Authors' Sum.
798. Trompeo, G., Turletti, G., and Giarrusso, 0,0?.; Concentration of
CO in underground garages. Bass. Med. Indust. 33:392-393 (May- Aug.)
The results are reported of an examination of CO concentrations in
the air of 12 basement or underground garages. The average
concentration was found to be very near the MAC (according to the
American standard) with values fluctuating between 10 ppm and 300
ppm. In view of the long day of over eight hours of garage
employees, these concentration could therefore be responsible for
possible processes of chronic carbon monoxide intoxication.
Authors' Sum.
799. Val'chuk, N.K. : Carbon monoxide in typical auto-tractor machine shops.
Gigiena i Sanitaria 2^:271-275, 1959. In: Levine, B.S. (editor and
translator): U.S.S.R. literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational
Diseases. A Survey. Vol. 7, 1962, pp. 271-275, CFSTI-TT-62-11103,
U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va.
The presence of carbon monoxide was investigated in auto -tractor
machine shops, by -the microtitrimetric method. Samples were taken
at the level of worker's breathing and 200 samples were analyzed.
Table shows data of carbon monoxide concentrations which exceed '
in most instances consideraby the limit of allowable concentration
in the air of working premises. Carbon monoxide concentrations
exceeded six to 9 times the allowable concentrations in the air
of these premises when engines were tested under heavy loads or
so-called "hot burnishing". Considerable iiaprovement of the venti-
lating systems in the working premises of the motor machine shops
was recommended. - AGC.
335
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800. Vaskevich, D.N., Bulycheva, A.I., and Mel'nikova, P.A.: Rapid
method for the determination of carbon monoxide in the air of
working premises. Vbdosnozhenie i Sanitarnaya Tekhnika, No. 1,
pp. 12-13, 1956. In: Levine, B.S. (translator and editor):
U.S.S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases.
A Survey. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, OTS 62-11103, Washington, D. C.,
Vol. 7, 1962, pp. 97-101.
Present method used for carbon monoxide determination is based on
the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide by iodine
pentoxide, presents considerable difficulties when it becomes
necessary to collect and analyze many air samples in a short time.
The authors describe an indicator method for the determination of
low carbon monoxide concentrations in the air of production premises,
an improvement over the present complicated procedure. The method
described in detail is based on passing the test air for 3-5 minutes
through an indicator tube filled with a special white powder. As
the CO passes through the tube, the powder acquires a greenish
violet color, the intensity of which is proportional to the CO
concentration in the air. The intensity of the developed color is
then compared with the color of a specially prepared standard series
of tubes representing CO concentrations' in the range of 0.01-0.4 mg/li.
The procedure requires 10 minutes and the determination can be made
directly on the spot. Table shows comparative data of CO determinations
by standard method and by the new indicator method. - AGC
801. Kaye, S.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Virginia Med. Monthly 84:627,
1957.
This short one T>age pacer relates the properties, general signs and
symptoms, and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author also
states that most common exposures are from exhaust of gasoline
engines in enclosed spaces, and he relates that deaths have occurred
by exposure in an open canopy cruiser at sea during a calm. The
following toxic levels are given:
$ Carboxyhemoglobin:
Below 5$—usually no symptoms.
Below 20$--mild symptoms.
Above 20$—moderate to severe symptoms.
Above 40$—may produce coma and death.
- AGC
802. Yant, W.P., Jacobs, W.A., and Berger, L.B.: Carbon monoxide poisoning
in private garages. Indust. Eng. Chem. 16:1047~1049 (Oct.) 1924.
Two methods employed in an analysis of the contaminated air in
garages are described:
1. The known volume of CO liberated by the engine per unit
time, together with the ventilation (usually expressed in air changes
per hour), the resulting composition of the air in garages after
336
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an interval of time can "be readily calculated. The results of this
calculation can be made applicable to all sizes of garages, types
of automobiles, and ventilation conditions.
2. Analysis can be made of the contaminated air of a garage
in vhich an engine is actually running.
Both methods were used in the work described in this paper.
However, more attention has been given to the former, because the
results can be made applicable to all sizes of garages, types of
automobiles, and ventilation conditions; whereas by the latter
method, the results only pertain to the particular set of conditions
under which the tests were made. - From Text-AGC
Gasoline Engines
803. Automobiles and air pollution. J. AMA. 162:134 (Sept. 8) 1956.
In a report of the Fuel Besearch Station to the Royal Society of
Health, Bagland, it is pointed out that air pollution caused by
automobile exhaust gases is small conpared with that caused by coal
cccbustion; however, since vehicular exhaust gases are emitted in
the streets at a low level, there is little chance of their being
dispersed before being inhaled. In gasoline engines, the carbon
monoxide emitted is about k%, and in diesel engines about 0.1$.
Practically no benzopyrene is detected at gasoline engine loads
exceeding 50$, while in efficiently run diesel engines only a trace
is evident. Yearly pollution from carbon monoxide totals Qk
metric tons of which 10 tons are from industrial cMi..neys, 10 tons
frca domestic appliances, and k tons fron automobile exhausts.
The average carbon nonoxide in the air of London streets in 1955
was 15 Ppm. In the smog of Jan. 195&, the carbon monoxide content
rose to 50 ppm in London and 80 ppm in Salford, England. Data
indicate that the average pedestrian experiences an effect of carbon
monoxide poisoning at a concentration of 50 ppm after exposure of
k to 8 hours. - LC
804. Barrett, H.M.: Carbon nonoxide poisoning. Canadian J. Pub. Health
25:430-438, 1934.
Carbon monoxide accounts for more human deaths annually than all other
gaseous poisons combined. Its occurrence is almost universal, resulting
as it does from incomplete combustion. Industrially carbon monoxide occurs
in high concentration in smelters, betng a major hazard in steel plants,
It Is to be guarded against in mines after an explosion or blasting
operations. In the home it is the responsible factor in coal gas poison-
ings due to faulty heating appliances. The automobile produces the gas in
large quantities and it is present in varying quantities in public garages.
A car with the motor idling in a closed single garage produces sufficient
of the gas to render the air dangerous in from five to ten minutes. It
is one of the most insidious poisons known as it is odourless (except in the
nearly pure form when it possesses a faint garlic odour) and produces no
337
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Irritating symptoms. For these reasons a knowledge of its mode of action
and methods of determining its presence are of paramount importance. -
Author's Introduction
805. Barth, R. : Investigations on the CO content of the air in motor
vehicles. Deutsche Kraftfahrtforschung und Strassenverkehrstechnik
-12, I960.
On account of its great affinity to the red blood pigment, the
colorless and odorless carbon monoxide gas (CO) is particularly
toxic for the human organism. Due to the incomplete combustion
which takes place in the engine of the vehicle, it is contained in
varying concentrations in the exhaust gases of which traces can
penetrate into the passenger area of the car due to a lack of tightness
in the bodywork or unsuitable heating and ventilation systems. By
reason of the presence of various gas constituents even a CO content
of less than the maximum permissible quantity of 0.01$ may be annoying
in the car and have a detrimental effect upon driving safety.
During driving tests made under defined conditions, samples
were taken of the inside air in series -production motor vehicles and
the CO-content thereof was determined. In the tests due consideration
was given to the influence of the arrangement of the exhaust of the
heating system and to possible leaks, the speed of travel (load
imposed upon the engine), the ambient atmosphere and the pressure
conditions created by the air stream. - Author's Abst.
806. Baulmer, J., and Muller, K. : The estimation of motor car exhaust
gases in street air. Z. Preventive Medicine (teurich) 6:10-23
(Jan. -Feb.) 1961.
After reviewing the important toxic gases emitted in the exhausts
from motor cars, the methods used in examining the air in the streets
and garages of Basel, Swit. are described and the results reported.
Carbon monoxide, determined with the recording Drager-CO-apparatus,
was found to be present in streets with heavy traffic at a level up
to 0.003 vol. $. The concentrations in a subterranean garage were
sometimes higher than 0.01 vol.$. A transportable apparatus for the
sampling of exhaust gases from motor cars (formaldehyde, nitrogen
oxides, ammonia, sulfur dioxide) is described and some further results
of air pollution in the streets of Basel are given. - APCA 6272
807. Besson, A. , Girbal, E. , Mosinger, M. , and Jullien, G. : Study of the
pollution by carbon monoxide at various street intersections in Iferseille.
Bull. Academy Natl. Med. (Paris) 1^6:368-37^ (May) 1962.
*fe,rseille is a large city with a population of over 800,000 inhabi-
tants living in an area 23,000 hectares (compared to 10,000 hectares
for Paris) and is stretched along the coastline. The number of motor
vehicles being driven in the city are increasing all the time, with the
338
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number estimated at 51,000 on Jan. 1, 1951 increased to 138,000 on Jan.
1, 1961. The number of motor vehicles—including the automobiles of
tourists, the utility vehicles, and busses—registered in a large
parking facility on a day in Jan., 1962 exceeded 150,000. When it is
estimatpd that 2/3 of these motor vehicles are circulating daily within
the city, then 100,000 motor vehicles, using both gasoline and diesel oil,
are contributing to the atmospheric pollution. The poor combustion
of fuel in the motors results in the production of large amounts of
carbon monoxide. This gas is a very toxic one but one which, though
very heavy, diffuses rapidly in the atmosphere. The exhaust gas of
an auto produces about 12-13$ of carbon monoxide. Under controlled
running conditions a motor emitting 12$ of carbon monoxide would
produce about 6 m.3 of carbon monoxide/hour. It has been estimated that
at 1 pnint in the traffic pattern of Marseille, automotive vehicles
produce ab«^ut 600,000 m. 3 of carbon monoxide/hour. Samples of air were
collected and their carbon monoxide content determined at 7 street
intersections between the dates of Dec. 18 and March 7, (1961?). At
no time did the total content of the atmosphere attain a level of I/
10,000 (100 ppm.) which wnild correspond to the toxic threshold. The
maximum attained was 0.7/10-000. At 5 different times at 1 location
and 2 times at 2 other locations, the level reached 0.5/10,000 or slight-
ly above. At 1 intersection it was never observed higher than 0.32/
10,000. - APGA 5083
808. Bloomfield, J.J., and Isbell, H.S.: The problem of automobile
exhaust gas in streets and repair shops of large cities. Public
Health Rep. ^3:750-765, 1928,
In Ik large U.S. cities from Boston to San Francisco, having a
combined population of 19,000,000, a survey was undertaken to
determine the degree of health hazard, if any, due to CO from
car exhausts. 250 air samples were taken and analyzed, l4l of
them between k:00 and 6:00 p.m. They were collected at breathing
level of pedestrians at intersections with congested traffic, in
tunnels for both cars and pedestrians, in taxicab stations, in
buses and in houses opening on congested streets. A total of 102
air samples were taken in 2 car repair shops/city. All pertinent
acd modifying factors were recorded with the values obtained.
Analyses by use of the 1^)5 determination method, using a liquid
air cooling tube, revealed the following CO contents (given in
ppm): in the streets - average: 80, average ranges: 20-290.
2^$ of the samples taken in the streets showed > 100, 1 contained
200. The values given for CO contents in the air of repair shops
averaged 210, with average ranges of 10-1,100. 59$ contained
>100, 18$ ">400. 7 samples collected in buses contained an
average of 50; the average ranges given are 10-100. The CO
concentration on the first floor of several buildings is given
as kOf while on the kth floor, 30 were found. The CO contents of
the air samples taken in the streets is not considered
representing any health hazard. The potential hazard for the
policemen could be diminished by reducing the time of exposure at
intersections with congested traffic. The CO concentrations found
339
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in the repair shops, however, indicate a dangerous condition, and
they also demonstrate that there is an even greater danger present
in the small private garages. The motors of cars should not "be
run longer than 30 seconds unless the car is in motion or equipped
with suitable exhaust outlets. At any rate, the discharge of
exhaust gases into roofed enclosures should be avoided. - Kett. 13
809. Bolt, J.A., and Boerma, M.: The influence of inlet air conditions
on carburetor metering. Presented at the Automotive Eng. Congress,
Detroit, Mich., Jan. 1966, SAE Paper No. 660119.
The fuel/air ratio is a predominant factor in the quantity of uriburned
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen in the
exhaust of gasoline engines. Therefore carburetor1 metering accuracy
takes on added significance in view of the mounting interest in air
pollution.
This paper provides data concerning the enrichment of
automotive carburetors with variation of inlet air pressure and
temperature. These changes occur with weather and the seasons,
with altitude, and because of underhood heating. The early opening
of the conventional carburetor enrichment value at altitude can add
greatly to the "normal" carburetor enrichment. Means for
compensating the mixture ratio for these changes in inlet air
conditions are known, but will almost certainly add to the
complexity and cost of the engine induction system. The cost of
improved devices must be compromised with the possible reduction
in exhaust emissions and improvement in fuel economy. - Authors'
Abst.
810. Brice, R.M%/ and Ludwig, J.Heg The distribution, of vehicular
air pollution in the United States. USPHS, Div. Air Poll.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, June, 1965.
The contribution of automotive vehicular emissions to air
pollution and the magnitude of the effects of these emissions
have been well documented in Los Angeles County and to a
lesser extent throughout the State of California. Data are
presented which show the presence of photochemical "smog"
in a number of communities outside California. The
severity and prevalence of "smog" in eastern communities is
not as high as in Los Angelesy however, evidence from most
large cities where atmospheric pollutants have been measured
shows some photochemical activity with production of oxidants
throughout tha year and severe "smog" when adverse meteorologi-
cal conditions occur. Plant damage of the types associated
with photochemical pollutants has been observed in many areas
throughout the country and further indicates the presence
of adverse levels of motor-vehicle-derived pollutants. Source
surveys in a number of cities in the United States show
that motor vehicles are responsible for very appreciable amounts
-------
of the total emissions of hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and
carbon monoxide.
The facts presented claarly point to potential problems
under current conditions and problems of increasing severity
as population densities and use of motor vehicles increase.
-Author1 abst.,
811. Brief, R.S., Jones, A.R., and Yoder, J.D.: Lead, carbon monoxide
and traffic, a correlation study. J. APCA 10:384-388 (Oct.) 1960.
Atmospheric levels of lead and CO vere studied at 6 locations in a
northeastern US city (unidentified) with traffic densities ranging
from 0-99 vehicles/minutes. Sampling site: 30-50 feet from nearest
traffic, k feet above ground level. Sampling method for CO: ambient
air at 100 cc/minute, filtered through a silica gel trap and then
into 3 commercially available CO indicator tubes in parallel.
Sampling schedule: The program was operated 5 days a week, Thursday
through Monday, during a 3-week period in July and August, 1959.
Sampling started at 10:30 AM and continued through 6:30 PM each
day. Each of the 6 sampling locations was used 5 times. Traffic
density was averaged from seventeen 5-10 minute counts during the
8-hour day. CO concentration correlated with traffic density at
99$ significance; CO (ppm) = -0.281 + 0.136T (vehicles/minute).
Range of CO concentrations:
l) Light traffic (0-5 vehicles/minute) 0-1 ppm
2) Moderate traffic (3-22 vehicles/minute) 0-6 ppm
3) Heavy traffic (16-99 vehicles/minute) O-Vf ppm
- LEPS
812Byrom, R.D.: Defense against CO - the silent killer. Eng. & Min.
J. 158:88-89 (Oct.) 1957.
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. And
since human perception of it comes only from its poisoning effect,
practical detection is only by instrument.
It is lighter than air. Therefore it gathers in high points
such as at .tops of raises, stopes and buildings.
It is a product of incomplete combustion and is found to some
extent in all smoke and fumes from burning carbonaceous material, as
in furnaces, blasting fuses and explosives, fires, and internal
.combustion engines.
It is virtually insoluble in water--30 ppm. Therefore, water
sprays and scrubbers will not remove it from air. Usual requirement
is to dilute it with large volume of air, although at least one
engine exhaust conditioner (Oxy-Catalyst, Inc., Wayne, Pa.) uses a
catalyst which when heated oxidizes CO to CO^. Legal minimum air
requirements are usually 75 cfm per hp.
It is taken up by blood at expense of oxygen, thus causing
oxygen starvation. - Author's Abst.
341
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813. Caplan, J.D.: Causes and control of automotive emissions. In:
Air Pollution Control. Hearings before a Special subcommittee on
Air and Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works, United
States Senate, 89th Congress, 1st Session on S 3^6, April 19^5*
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D, C., pp. 160-171.
The sources and composition of emissions from gasoline-engine
vehicles are described, the causes are elucidated, and the
importance of specific components of the emissions is discussed.
Methods of reducing the emissions from the various sources are
presented along with an evaluation of their respective merits and
limitations. In addition, the need for additional research
concerning the Importance of specific emission components is
explained. Finally, the Automobile Manufacturers Association's
co-operative programme for vehicle emission control is discussed.
- Author's Abst.
814. Di Lullo, G.: Pollution by carbon monoxide of urban air in relation
to traffic of vehicles with combustion motors. Kuovi ann. igisne e
tnicrobiol. (Rome) 11:141-153 (March-April) I<)(,Q.
Studies were made of the concentration of CO at \-arious locations in
the city of Naples. It was found that at three locations with heavy
traffic and in one where it was extremely heavy, the concentrations
ranged from a trace to 150 ppnu In a series o£ determinations at 19
different locations in the vehicular traffic tunnels of the city
there were a. few observations of no CO present but mostly the concen-
trations ranged from 50 to a high (in 3 locations) of 200 ppm. Quoting
from an earlier paper by a co-worker, the author gives CO concentration
ranges of 10-300 ppm. for New York City; 10-f.<0 for Paris; 0-200 for
Berlin; 4-40 for Dresden; and 1-200 for Budapest. - APCA 3999
815. Drawin, H.W.: Mass spectrometrlc analysis of auto exhaust and air
pollutants. Automobiltechnische Zeitung 62:10^-109, 1960.
With an electric or magnetic field arrangement mass spectrornetry
permits the separation of ions in space and time, according to
their ratio of mass to electric charge. The substance to be investigated
has to be put into the ion sources in the form of gas or vapor. The
ion streams, in proportion with the concentrations of the components,
are measured "by oscillagraphy. When Investigating auto exhaust it
can be directed through a pipe line to the mass spectrometer. It'is to
be observed that the' condensating courponents (approximately 15$) are
not lost to the analysis because this -would falsify the results. The
usual instruments are to be equipped with reheat devices up to 180°C,
auxiliary attachments even up to 350°C. By other methods of sampling
an evacuated glass flask can be used. Mass spectrometry is also suitable
for the analysis of other air pollutants. - AGC
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816. Efferiberger, E. : Exhaust gas hazards to passport and customs
officials at border areas. Z. Hyg. Infecktionskrankh. (Berlin)
1958.
Carbon monoxide concentrations at the breathing zone of customs
officials close to idling vehicles was found to average 78 and
130 ppm at the two stations tested. During heavy traffic under
meteorological conditions favoring accumulation of exhaust gas,
peak values reached 220 and 240 ppm. Traffic density was recorded
and regressions of carbon monoxide on traffic density at the two
stations were as follows:
T being traffic density in cars per
minute.
ppm CO = -37.2 / 30.0T
ppm CO = / 6.6 / 20.2T
Differences in the meteorological conditions and structures
at the two stations accounted for the differences in the regressions.
817. Erdmann, H.: Engine exhaust gases and toxicology. .. ATZ (Automobile-
technische Zeitschrift) 62:325 (Dec.) 1960.
This paper is a review of the Conference of International Transpor-
tation "Rails and Roads" held Sept. 1960 in Essen, Germany, at
which the problem of exhaust from Otto engines was discussed. Otto
engines discharge more toxic exhaust gases in low gear and idling,
than in high gear. These exhaust gases contain following injurious
components: carbon monoxide, incombusted hydrocarbons, nitric
oxides, sulfur, lead and soot. These have been split and partially
combusted in the engine. Carbon monoxide can be reduced by careful
adjustment of the carburetor. Due to the geographic location and
due to the fact that a large number of vehicles are operated by
Otto engines, Los Angeles suffers severely under this type of air
pollution. - AGC
818. laitb, W.L,, Renzetti, N.A., and Rogers, L.H.: Automobile
exhaust and smog formation. Air Foil. Foundation Rept» No. 21,
1957-
This report summarizes the work done to date and discusses the
obstacles that still hinder an effective solution. It should
serve as background data for scientists and engineers unfamiliar
with the details of the problem. The following topics are covered:
(1) Relationship of automobile exhaust to smog. (2) The Internal-
combustion engine. (3) Nature of auto exhaust. (4) Atmospheric
analyses. (5) Analytical methods and tectiog procedures.
(6) Control methods for auto exhaust. (7) Legal and enforcement
problems. - APCA 1531
3*6
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819. Faith, W.L.: Automobile exhaust coatrol devices. J. APCA 13:33-
35 and 39 (Jan.) 1963.
The nature of control devices depends on legislation set up by the
California Motor Vehicle Control Board. The chemical requirement*8
or emission standards for exhaust gases are: not over 1-5$ by
vol. carbon monoxide and 375 ppm. hydrocarbons. For crankcase
blowby gases, hydrocarbon emissions are limited to 0.15$ of the
fuel supplied to the carburetor. These values reflect approximately
80$ reduction of hydrocarbon eioissions and 60$ reduction of CO
emissions. Specified criteria for life and safety devices, effect
upon engine and vehicle performance, odor, noise, toxic, or noxious
contaminants, the effect of these criteria, the degree, and the
type of pollution required are discussed. - APCA 5185
820. Field, F., and McGuire, J.K.: The need for more meaningful
meteorological and air quality observations for mortality and
morbidity studies. In: Air Over Cities. Symposium, SP1C TR
A62-5, USPHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1962, CFSTI EB-167 552, pp.277-290.
Author expresses in this paper the need for more knowledge on the
interaction between pollutants in the a;tmosphere and between
pollutants and weather elements. Observational and experimental
evidence indicates that the toxic effect of CO, a pollutant, is
enhanced by higher temperature, a meteorological element. In order
to study more specific forms of illness, further investigation is
needed to ascertain the role played by weather in transforming or
altering pollutants in the photochemical reactions, in the absorption
of gases and vapors on particulate material, and in catalytic
oxidation and other chemical and physical changes. - AGC
821. Fitton, A.: Air pollution from road vehicles. Smokeless Air
25:152-15^ (Spring) 1955-
The author compares concentrations of pollutants (carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, aldehydes, oxides of nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide)
from gasoline and diesel engines. Analyses show that in traffic
areas the CO concentration is 10 to 20 times that found in areas
with little traffic, A similar situation occurs in badly
ventilated garages, and the degree of pollution is a good test of
the adequacy of ventilation. Although the average figures for
pollution are lower for the diesel than for the gasoline engine,
the diesel tends to discharge far more carbon or soot than the
gasoline engine. While the condition of the engine and vehicle
is of some importance, recent research shows that (comparing 19^tO-
19^2 cars with 1950-1951 cars) there is no appreciable difference
in the hydrocarbon discharge during acceleration and cruising.
When the engine is idling or decelerating, however-, there is a
considerably higher hydrocarbon discharge from the older car.
The average figures for CO content for four modern American cars,
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gasoline driven., were: accelerating 4.7$, cruising 3-0$,
decelerating 2.J and idling 5.796. - APCA 4l6
822. Georgii, H. W., and Weber, E.: Investigation of carbon nwmoxide
elaission in a large city. Internat. J. Air 85 Water Poll, 6:179-195
(May-Aug.) 1962.
This paper discusses continuous records of the carbon monoxide con-
centration of the air gained at different sampling stations with
different traffic intensity in the city of Frankfurt, Ger. The
method applied for these measurements was nondispersive ultrared-
spectroscopy. The diurnal trend of the CO concentration is mainly
influenced by the fluctuation of the traffic during the day. The
absolute CO values found are primarily determined by wind velocity,
wind direction, and traffic density. The results show that a wind
velocity of 3 m./s. or more lead to an efficient dispersion of the
automobile exhaust gases within the streets. The investigations
show that the automobiles are the only important source of CO in
the city, and they are supplemented by measurements in 1 of the
recently constructed parking garages and finally deal with pre-
liminary results of the vertical distribution of CO above the streets.
- APCA 4893-
823. Giubileo, M.: The pollution of city atmospheres caused by motor vehicles.
Riv. Combustibili (Milan) 11:157-166 (March) 1957.
Atmospheric pollution due to motor vehicle exhausts was investigated
in MLlan. Carbon monoxide content in exhaust gases ranged from 0.1 -
8.4$, and compounds from tetraethyl lead were determined. In the
central streets the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide was 80 -
100 ppm. and 80 ppra. in tunnels. Lead in the street air was 2.4 - 7.4>//m. 3
of air, and in street and garage dusts 0.23 - 5.22 mg./g. The carbon "
monoxide and lead concentrations were due to amount of local traffic.
Pollution from motor vehicles in Milan is comparable to that existing
in other cities, and the present concentrations of CO and Pb in at-
mospheric air are considered harmless. - APCA 1409
824. Giubileo, M«: Researches on pollution of ths atmosphere of cities caused
by motor vehicles. Minerva Med. 49:1051-1054 (March 21) 1958.
Studies were made of the contamination of the atmosphere of Milan from
motor vehicle traffic by either carbon monoxide or lead oxide. Given
in the text are 2 tables, one of which indicates the vol. % of CO, C02,
and 0, found in the exhaust gas of a 2-cyUnder motorcycle, a 4-cylintIer
Fiat run on gasoline, and both a small and a large (4- and 6-cylinder)
motor vehicle each with a diedel motor. In each case, the motor was run
at 2 different speeds during each of 3 tests. The amount of CO in the
exhaust gases was found to vary from 0.6 to 8.4% for the other motors
and 0.1 to 0.4% for the diesel motors. The CO content of the air of the
streets in the center of the city ran as higa as 80-100 ppm.; above
345
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40 ppm. in the semi-central areas; and from 40-80 ppm. in the mid-sections
of 2 tunnels. .Lead fumes in the air were found to be in a concentration
of 5.4-7.4 /7m in the central areas; of 3.6 y/m in the semi-ceutral
area; and of 2.4 j'/m around the periphery of the city. Thirteen deter-
minations on lead content of street dust.revealed the highest content to
be 2.24-2.36%. A high value of 8.1 mg/m was found to have been built
up during the course of the day. The quantity of CO and of Pb in the
air, and of Pb in dust appeared in several instances to be less elevated
when the traffic was intensified, resulting evidently from the increase
of the dispersion factor of the air. Since the concentration of the CO
in the city streets is usually not unduly high, the toxicity depends
heavily on the period of exposure. Exposure to concentrations of
100 ppm. for any length of time could be expected to cause cephalic ^
symptoms, nausea, and vertigo. A dust content of the air of 5 mg./ai
above an asphalt street.could be expected to bring about a content of
lead of about 10-20^/m , an amount which is well below the limit of
tolerance. The concentration of CO and of lead in the atmosphere of
Milan is in the range which exists in other large cities of Europe and
America, and is among the highest found in Italy. Clinical examinations
of 20 urban residents indicated a carboxyhetnoglobinemia of 0 to 10%
(average, 4%); of plumbinemia of 20-90y% cc (average, 45p/); of
plumbinuria of 30-135 *71. (average, 55^/); and of coproporphrinuria of
0-3^7. cc (average, 0.5 yr). The values are considered to be within the
normal limits for residents of cities. - APCA 2863
825. Gofmekler, V.A., Minita, M.D., Manusadzhants, ZH. I., Stepanov, L.L.:
Correlation between the concentration of 3,4-benzpyrene and carbon
monoxide In the exhaust gases of motor cars. Gigiena i Sanit-(Moscow)
28:3-8 (Aug.) 1963.
The article presents results of analyses of exhaust gases for 3,4-
benzpyrene and carbon monoxide content. The investigations were carried
out with exhaust gases discharged by motor cars ZIL-164, and IAZ-51
operating under various conditions. In a running car the discharge
of 3,4-benzpyrene decreases with the increase of the car's speed.
The proper regulation of the carburetor lowered the discharge of incom-
plete combustion products and that of 3,4-benzpyrene and CO. A direct
relationship was traced between the dischar^ of 3,4-benzpyrene and
that of CO. - APCA 6013
826. Goldsmith, J.R., and Rogers, L.H. : Health hazards of automobile exhaust.
Pub. Health Rep. 7^:551-558 (June) 1959,
In Los Angeles, theiair pollution from diesel engine exhaust is about
20 tons of organic emissions/day while that frcin automobile exhausts
contributes about 1200 tons/day. Because the theoretical value (15:l)
for air to fuel required for complete combustion is seldom maintained
in automobiles, their exhausts frequently contain carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, aldehydes, uriburned hydrocarbons, sulfur oxides, and some
lead compounds depending on the additives ursd. The constituents
-------
(in $ of concentration, vol. /vol.) of automobile exhausts are listed
in table 1. Of these only carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides, lead com-
pounds, and hydrocarbons are discussed in thLs paper. The max. CO
concentration in Los Angeles, reported in table 2, is 93.2 ppm,, with
an average value of 15 to 3° Ppm. British, cities have reported an
average of 4 to 20 ppm. with a max of 80 pr-m. during smog. In Detroit,
during heavy traffic an average of 28.9 ppm., with 80 ppm. max., has
been reported. Although no health damage has been attributed to
levels of CO below 100 ppm. there is undoubtedly some inactivation
of hemoglobin. The level of CO saturation in the blood is greatly
increased in tobacco smokers. Although exasriraental studies have
shown an impaired adaptability of the eyas to darkness when young
subjects were, exposed to low levels of CO, this has not been shown by
exposure to automobile exhausts at the levels found on city free-ways.
It is, however, a plausible inference. The toxicity of nitrogen dioxide
is based on its irritant properties, especially to the pulmonary
membranes in cases of significant exposure, which are often delayed
in onset. The nitrite ions formed when nitrogen dioxide dissolves are
capable of 'forming the inactivated hemoglobin known as methemoglobin.
Lead exposure by air pollution alone as reported by, Los Angeles and
other cities is usually not toxic but the small persistent amounts
which could be contributed by auto exhausts may contribute to cases of
toxicity in certain individuals working in garages and other work areas.
Hygienic standards have been established Ifor industrial exposure to cr,
nitrogen dioxide, lead, and ozone. Establishing a full set of levels
for community exposure is difficult because of the many variables
involved, including the effect of agents in combination, the difference
in sensitivity of ill persons, and the indeterminate period of exposure.
The authors suggest that, in the absence of effective control for air
pollution from automobile exhausts, the public health hazard should be
evaluated. - APCA 26^7
827. Goosens, J.F., and Lafontaine, A.: Cneroical pollution of the air
of modern cities and the particular problem of combustion gases from
internal combustion engines and heating installations. Arch, beiges
aUfd. sociale hyg, me'd. travail e,t med. le'gale (Brussels) 16:217-237
(May) 1958.
After some consideration of the origin of air pollution of cities,
something of its pathological effects, and its prevention, the
authors concern themselves particularly viola air contamination
. .from motor exhausts. There is some discussion of the composition
of the air over cities, including CO, SOg, nitrogen oxides and
peroxides, aldehydes, lead, etc., and for its possible, eventual,
cancerogenic possibilities. Some preventive measures are suggested,
among them (l) routing of motor traffic to the periphery in order
to decongest the center areas of cities; (2) decentralization of
industrial sectors and separation from areas of habitation to
diminish the contamination and also to implant a screen of greenery;
(3) acceleration of urban travel, reduction of entries into the
city, and severe reduction of parking; (k) prevention of accumulation
of exhaust gases in places such as tunnels, favoring instead of
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natural means of ventilation a permanent aad automatic mechanical
one; (5) institution of studies of the technical problems of
prevention by perfection of motor combustion, and by reduction or
neutralization or toxic substances by appropriate methods, together
with assurance of surveillance and regulation of motors and
combustion which would at the same time give an appreciable economy
of operation; (6) institution of legislation and means for its
adequate application in control of such pollution. - APCA 2591
828. Gunderman, K.O.g Hazards of the motorist by carbon monoxide.
Stadtehygiene. 778248-253, 1964.
The results of CO recording in the two large cities Kiel and
Hamburg in Northern Germany, during rush hours show clearly
that they are above the harmless limits of the industrial
MAC of 0.01 Vol. %. These values which present the maximal
limits at the present time in both cities, will most probably
not be increased because of the relatively favorable climate
of these cities. However, under climatic unfavorable condition
the same traffic density may cause dangerous CO levels. The
recorded CO concentrations may become, however, a severe threat
to the health of the population in these two cities mentioned
above, if traffic and withfit the exhaust emission are being
increased to the level as it prevails at present only a few
hours during the day, for a considerable longer period of
time. Additional danger to the motorist is caused by heavy
smoking. It is strongly recommended to reduce exhaust gas
emissiows. It is also requested to keep traffic moving by
enlarging roads, by planting greeneries on traffic islands, and
through improvement of engine design. Of importance is also
the construction along the roads which should not impede
ventilation. These measures would also reduce the danger cause
by other exhaust components, for example carcenogenic propertie
However, chronic effects of long-term inhalation of various
auto exhaust pollutants needs to be investigated further.
Translation of sum. -&GC.
829. Haagen-Smit, A.J.: Carbon monoxide levels in city driving. Clean
Air Quarterly 8:8-9, and 10 (Dec.) 1964, and Arch. Environ. Health
12:5^8-550 (May) 1966.
The purpose this study was to determine the concentration of
CO which a Los Angeles rush hour commuter breathes while driving
on the freeway. This was done by placing a CO measuring instrument
and recorder on the passenger seat of a car and then driving it
along the freeway during rush hours. Results of the test are
summarized in a table. The time average includes time spent in
heavy and light freeway traffic, and on Pasadena roads. According
to California standards for CO, 30 PPW for eight hours or 120 ppm
for one hour is a serious level of pollution. Author concludes
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that if a commuter spent two hours at the higher exposure level
found in the study, his carboxyhemoglobin would "be approximately
that cited by the, Department as serious. - AGC
830. Hagen, D.F., and Holiday, G.W.: The effects of engine operating
and design variables on exhaust emission. SAE Paper U86C. Presented
at the Combined National Automobile and Production Meetings of the
SAE, March 12-16, 1962, pp. 4l.
To determine the influence of engine variables on the composition
of exhaust gas, engine dynamometer tests were conducted on single
and multl-cylinder reciprocating engines. The following engine
variables were investigated: air-fuel ratio, power output, engine
speed, spark timing, exhaust back pressure, valve overlap, combustion
chamber deposits, and intake manifold pressure.
Hydrocarbon concentrations were found to be considerably
affected by changes in air-fuel ratio, spark timing, intake manifold
pressure, and combustion chamber deposits. Somewhat less change in
hydrocarbon concentration was obtained by varying valve overlap and
engine speed. Changes in engine power output and exhaust back pressure
had little effect on hydrocarbon concentrations.
Carbon monoxide concentrations were principally affected by
changes in the air-fuel ratio. Wo other variables affected carbon
monoxide concentration except where air-fuel ratio was indirectly
influenced.
The influence of changes in the variables on hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide emissions in pounds per hour was also determined.
Vehicles were tested on the road and chassis dynamometer to
investigate the effect of air-fuel ratio, spark timing, and valve
overlap on hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide concentrations.
Carburetion leaning, spark timing retardation and reduction of
valve overlap produced concentration reductions in line with those
predicted from engine dynamometer studies. - Authors' Abst.
Hajek, F.: How motor vehicles pollute the atmosphere of cities.
SilnicmiT Doprava (Prague) 12:4-7, 1964.
The Transportation Res. Inst. measured CO and CC^, using 2 infrared
analyzers at 3 different locations on heavily-traveled streets in Prague
in Sept. -Cct. 1962. The concentrations were recorded on a moving
chart. Wind velocity was also measured every 15 rain, at each test site.
The measuring devices were set up on the sidewalk near the curbs at a
level approx. the height of an av. pedestrian. The numbers of auto-
mobiles, trucks and motorcycles passing by the test sites were counted
and the numbers recorded on the charts. The CC2 concentration did
not exceed 0. 2% at the peaks and varied in general between 0.1 and 0.15%.
Interesting findings were obtained at the Letensky tunnel, at both the
entrances and exits of the uphill and downhill roadways. Unfortunately
the tunnel is not self-ventilating as its planners had assumed it would
3^9
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be. In the tunnel where it goes downgrade into the center of the city,
the CC concentrations were found to reach several peaks of 0. 003% to
0. 010% (80 to 100 ppm.) during periods of heavy traffic at 9:00 to 11:00
A.M. and 4:00 to 3:00 P. M. A traffic policeman stationed at
the exit from this tunnel, during a hot and calm day, had to leave his
post because of severe headaches and general malaise. Even during
the heaviest traffic in streets which were along an east-west axis
(which was that of the prevailing winds) there was no appreciable rise
in CC^ and CC concentrations. In contrast, the heavily-traveled
streets on a north-south axis were badly polluted. The proximity of a
steam locomotive railway station added to the pollution in 1 of these axe as.
Since the max. amounts of CC are produced in automotive exhausts during
deceleration, acceleration, and idling at intersections, the author sug-
gests that the traffic flow should be directed in such a way as to reduce
stopping to a rnin. by making the streets 1-way speedways during rush
hrs. Automobile carburetors should be properly adjusted. Heavily
polluted areas, where there is not sufficient air circulation- -especially
in the hot, windless calm of summer days--should be sprayed with
water from spray trucks. Such a fine water-spray would wash down a
large portion of the pollutant material. - APCA 6794
832. Kama, G.M. : Truck and bus exhaust. Indust. Byg. Quart. 11:30-33,
1950.
Probably the most frequently encountered atmospheric pollution is
that from buses and trucks. The sickening fumes associated with
bus riding, the obnoxious odors coming through automoMle fresh-air
heaters, and the burning sensation in eyes and nose at certain
traffic intersections are typical examples of exposures to bus and
truck exhausts. This pollution is extremely obnoxious and
disagreeable and causes a feeling of illness and nausea in some
individuals.
On busy city streets it is possible the carbon monoxide
content of the air may exceed the maximum allowable concentration
of 100 parts per million parts of air. However, as this
concentration is based on an 8-hour exposure, the average citizen
will not suffer discomfort or ill health. - BMB
833= Hass, G.C.: The automobile as a source of air pollution. Trans.
Soc. Agr. Engrs. 4:142-1^3, 1961.
Although much intensive study has been done on the smog situation
in Los Angeles the phenomenon is still defined in terms of gross
effects. Among the effects are those of eye irritation, aerosol
formation, ozone formation, and damage to vegetation. A less well-
known fact about automotive air pollution is that the concentrations
of carbon monoxide in the atmospheres of poorly ventilated cities
are approaching levels at which public health agencies are beginning
350
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to be concerned about the physiological effects. For all practical
purposes, automotive vehicles are the only significant source of
atmospheric carbon monoxide. Although the principal point of
emission from a motor vehicle is the tail-pipe, there is also some
emission from the crankcase vent, and from the carburetor and fuel
tank. Since any scheme to artificially ventilate the air involves
moving millions of tons by weight of air, other control methods
have to be sought. Last year Los Angeles County adopted a rule
requiring the gradual reduction of olefins in gasoline but the
benefits are both controversial and costly to the car owner.
Deceleration cut-off devices are available and, after further study,
were found to be more effective than was thought earlier. Any
radical change in engine design appears to be some years off.
Major attention is now focused on the development of afterburners
for the exhaust system, the 2 types being the catalytic scheme and
the direct-flame afterburner. Many companies have such devices
under development but the price, and cost of upkeep, are still
indefinite. However, a device to control crankcase vent losses is
available and inexpensive, and a method of reducing the emissions
of oxides of nitrogen has recently been announced. On Dec. 4,
1959* the State Dept. Public Health of Calif, adopted standards of
air quality and standards for motor-vehicle exhaust emissions. The
I960 legislature passed a new smog bill which provided for the
establishment of a 13-man State Motor Vehicle Poll. Control Board.
The bill states that after 1 year from the date on which the Board
has certified 2 or more motor-vehicle pollution-control devices,
all new cars sold in Calif, snail be equipped with such devices.
The application of devices to used motor vehicles is a local option
and a longer period of compliance is provided. - APCA 5086
834. Hass, G.C., and Brubacher, M.L.: A test procedure for motor vehicle
exhaust emissions. J. APCA 12:505-509, 5^3 (Hov.) 1962.
The test consists of a prescribed sequence of vehicle operating
conditions on a chassis dynamometer, with exhaust constituents being
continuously recorded with infrared instruments. The test set-up
is shown in figure 1. The driving cycle was evolved from the 11
driving modes specified in the standards for motor vehicle exhaust.
The test procedure has proved to be useful and workable for
characterizing exhaust emissions from motor vehicles. Warm-up
characteristics of catalytic afterburners have been compared
between operation in the prescribed driving cycle on the chassis
dynamometer and operation in actual urban driving. The warm-up
characteristics using the driving cycle fall near the center of.
the range of warm-up encountered in netropolitan driving. The
driving cycle used is inadequate for evaluating emissions of devices
which incorporate by-pass systems or flow modulating systems. -
APCA 5136
351
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835. Heinen, C.M.: Using the engine for exhaust control. Presented at
the Los Angeles Section of the Society of Automotive Engineers
Nov. 19, 1962.
The 1956 CRC Field Survey and the recent survey by the MVPCB both show
wide variations in the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon content of the
exhaust of vehicles in the field.
There is strong evidence to show that the primary reason for
these variations is engine condition.
For Chrysler cars now in the field, readjustment to and main-
tenance at factory specifications would result in values of about
500 ppm HC and 2.0 - 2.5% CO. This is an almost essential step for
every type of additional control, whether it be by devices or engine
modification.
Various engine modifications dealing primarily with the
carburetor and distributor are possible on Chrysler vehicles which
reduce the emissions to 275 ppm HC and 1.5% CO or below, and which
have no substantial effect on performance.
With the possible exception of the idle adjustments (mixture and
rpm) the normal factory recommended intervals should be adequate for
maintaining vehicles at these levels. No special tools are required.
Maintenance of the type specified by the manufacturers for
good vehicle operation should be strongly urged as an air pollution
measure. No new garage equipment is required.
As soon as the present series of tests on engine modifications are
completed, a production test on the modified engines discussed above
will be justified unless some unexpected difficulty arises during the
rest of the tests.
A production test of this type represents the final step prior
to production and is conducted with the help of a substantial numraber
of motorists. The object, of course, is to confirm that the experi-
mental findings are verified by customer experience. - Author's Abst.
836. Henderson, Y*, and Haggard, H.W.: Health hazard from automobile
exhaust gas in city streets, garages and repair shops. The vertical
exhaust as a practical measure of amelioration. J, AMA. 81:385-
391 (Aug. U) 1923.
The air in city streets where there is considerable traffic is
found to be contaminated with automobile exhaust gas to a degree
in excess of proper and well established health standards. The
amount of visible smoke is not an index of carbon monoxid content.
The conditions in garages and repair shops are, as a rule,
extremely unhealthful. Many mechanics and drivers suffer almost
daily partial asphyxiation with headache and other sequelae.
Fatal asphyxiations in private garages are fairly common occurrences
in the winter.
The conditions in the streets of American cities can "be
largely ameliorated by the use of the vertical exhaust on omnibuses,
trucks, taxicabs, and private cars with tops. Cars without tops
are now negligible in numbers in cities.
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The horizontal exhaust now generally used mixes the gas
throughout the respiratory zone of street air in a layer only
about 10 feet deep. It thus dissipates the heat of the gas and
prevents it from rising out of the street. The vertical exhaust,
on the contrary, starts the hot gas upward with comparatively
little admixture of air, and its heat carries it on up out of the
street.
With the horizontal exhaust the entire air of the garage
is rapidly mixed with exhaust gas. Adequate ventilation of
garages is at present virtually not feasible. With the vertical
exhaust, the heat of the gas holds it against the ceiling with
comparatively little admixture of air, and the gas therefore readily
finds its way out through any ventilator in the roof. - Authors'
Conclusion
837. Hofreuter, D. : The automotive exhaust problem. Arch. Environ.
Health 2:559-563 (May)
This paper considers the problems of automative exhaust products as
they may effect the public health. Following topics are discussed:
Conposition of automobile exhaust; possible irritating qualities of
automotive exhaust gases; possible relationship of lung cancer to
products of automotive exhaust, and certain specific substances of
vehicular exhaust, namely carbon monoxide and lead. - AGO
838. Huber, E.W.: CO-formation in motor vehicle engines. Automobil-
technische Zeitschrift (ATZ) 62:320-325 (Dec.) 1960.
A study of whether and under what conditions the CO-formation of
an engine can be reduced is discussed in this paper. Although the
same CO-content is obtained with a good mixture with the same
air ratio is as with a bad mixture, the fuel portion in the mixture
and thus the CO-content can be reduced considerably with a good
mixture. A partial-load operation is possible with a complete
fuel consumption which reduces the CO-content to about one-tenth
of that of the customary throttle control. By improving the
mixing equipment and the course of combustion, the operating condi-
tions, possible on the test stand, might also be realized in
industry.
Tests with a compression-ignition engine with diesel fuel
and with a gasoline operation in the case of excess of fuel, as
well as with an NSU Wankel engine are reported. - Author's Abst.
translated-AGC
839. Hum, R.W.: Comprehensive analyses of automotive exhausts. Arch.
Environ. Health 5:592-59$ (Dec.) 1962.
Analytical methods, inert constituents of exhaust, and reactive and
noxious constituents are discussed in detail. Experimental values for
concentrations are shown in table 1. Values were related to composite
353
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samples for exhaust gases produced during appreciable intervals of
time. Such values shoving average emission during short periods or
during simulated traffic cycles, are useful in estimating emissions
to the atmosphere- Table 2 shows variations in stream composition
during engine transients, fuel, and mid-continent area regular grade. -
APCA 500?
840. Jactasotij W.E.: Mr Pollution from Automobiles in Philadelphia.
Presented at the 58th APCA Annual Meeting, June 20-24, 1965, Toronto,
Canada.
Trends in the increasing number of automobiles registered in the City
of Philadelphia are analyzed and the data projected to 1975. Present
air pollution emissions from automobiles are calculated and compared
to total emissions from all sources. The estimated increased in
automotive traffic is utilized to project total emissions from this-
source to 1975- Air sampling data are analyzed for correlation with
traffic variations. Examples are given of pollution levels and smogs
resulting from auto emissions. Emissions from automobiles having
no control devices are compared with emissions from vehicles equipped
with presently available control devices. Charts are presented which
illustrate the annual decrease in emissions which would result from
installation of such devices. The present activities of the Air
Pollution Control Section regarding automotive emission control are
discussed. Author's Abst.
841. Jensen, D.A., and Seanlin, J.R.s Methods of reducing pollution
caused by internal combustion engine (motor vehicles.)
Aspects Techniques de la Securite Routiare. 1951-24,29
(Sept.) 1964.
Methods for the control of pollution from internal combustion
engines in California, are discussed in this paper. Devices
have bsen developed to recirculate crankcase gases back into
the engine and burn thsm. Catalytic mufflers and direct
flame afterburners have been developed to oxidize hydrocarbons
and carbon monoxide. There is a retirement that all di^sel
trucks and buses use high-grade fuel and to be well maintained
to reduce air pollution respectively the smog problem. Four
new exhaust systems have been approved by the California Motor
Vehicle Pollution Control Board, which will have to be fitted
to all vehicles beginning Jan. 1966. -AGC.
842. Jensen, D.A,, and Grant, E.P.: Status of control of motor vehicle
emissions in California. J. APCA 14:483-486 (lee.) 1964.
In the State of California, because of an acute air pollution problem,
it has been forced to move ahead on a pioneer basis to control motor
vehicle emissions. There are different contaminants and emissions
354
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which require different methods of approach for control purposes which
come from a single source. The program as put into operation by the
Motor Vehicle Poll. Control Board, is discussed. Recent developments
in exhaust control,- anticipated installation requirements, scheduling,
and an indication of long-term planning is outlined. APCA 6^20.
814-3. Kauper, E.K., and Hopper, C.J.: The utilization of optimum
meteorological conditions for the reduction of Los Angeles
automotive pollution J. APCA 15:210-213 (jfay) 1965.
Advantage can be taken of optimum of conditions of turbulent mixing
to decrease the intensity of automobile-caused pollution in the
Los Angeles Basin. Changing the summertime peak traffic hours--
delaying the morning rush by one hour—will result in an improvement
of 2U percent for an eight-hour day, in terms of oxidant concentrations.
Greater improvements (up to 5^ percent) are possible by use of seven
or six-hour days, should they be found to be economically feasible.
- Authors' Abst.
844. Kiaye, S.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Virginia Med. Monthly 8^:627,
1957.
This short one page paper relates the properties, general signs and
symptoms, and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning. Author also
states that most common exposures are from exhaust of gasoline
engines in enclosed spaces, and he relates that deaths have occurred
by exposure in an open canopy cruiser at sea during a calm. The
following toxic levels are given:
$ Carboxyhemoglobin:
Belov 5/o—usually no symptoms.
Below 20$--mild symptoms.
Above 20$—moderate to severe symptoms.
Above 40$—may produce coma and death.
- AGC
Keeser, E., Froboese, V., Turnau, R., Gross, E., Kuss, E., Hitter, G.,
and Wilke, W.: Toxicology and Hygiene of Motor Traffic. Exhaust Gas
and Benzine. Schr. Gesamt. Kraftfahrwesens, 1930.
This investigation was undertaken because of the increasing number of
accidents due to inhalation of exhaust gases emitted by petrol-and
benzol-driven motor vehicles.
Pull details are given of: (l) the chemical analyses of the exhaust
gases, the apparatus used (with illustrations) and the conduct of the
experiments: (2) the toxicological experiments; and (3) the practical
tests as to the amount of CO, C02, CH^, etc., present in over 100
street blocks, tunnels, and large garages.
355
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Naturally comparison is always made between conditions of the most
perfect combustion and the most perfect action of the engine (at full
load) and those much less satisfactory when the car is stationary with
the engine running.
The general conclusion reached—in striking agreement with that
arrived at in the Final Report of the English Ethyl Petrol Committee--
is that carbon monoxide is the only gas with acute action given off. In
consequence, however, of the extraordinary rapidity of dilution, the CO
concentration in the atmosphere at breathing level rarely exceeds 2 parts
per 10,000, so that risk to the general public is to all intents and
purposes absent. In 95 of the 101 tests the proportion of CO was under
1.5 parts per 10,000. The highest was 2.7 which, it is said, closely
corresponds with observations made by investigators in the United States.
The highest proportion found by the Ethyl Petrol Committee was 1.7 parts
per 10,000 (at Trafalgar Square) but, when taken, the sample bottle was
quite close to the exhaust.
Inhalation of a proportion of 2 parts per 10,000 if continued for hours
together must lead to some saturation of the blood by CO and symptoms
of headache, and palpitation precautions are called for in the case of
police on point duty in places where "hold-ups" are frequent, and in
garages and repair workshops. - BMB 399
846. King, W.J., Wilson, K., and Swartz, D.J.: Analysis of automotive exhaust
gas. J. APCA 12:5-21 and kf (Jan.) 1962.
This paper comprises a survey of the current state of the art in
sampling and analyzing automotive exhaust gas with particular reference
to those constitutentsj chiefly hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides
of nitrogen, which cause objectionable air pollution. It is especially
concerned with methods and instrumentation directly applicable to the
measurement of such emissions from vehicles equipped with special devices
or systems for complying with the Public Health Standards recently estab-
lished as law in the State of California. -Authors' Introduction
847. Kling, A.: The principal factors in the pollution of town air.
Rev. hyg. med. prev. 60:444-453, 1939.
Attention is also drawn to the atmospheric pollution caused by automobiles,
Exhaust gases may contain as much as 10 percent of carbon monoxide.
People living in ground-floor or first-floor apartments on busy thorough-
fares are exposed to these fumes and suffer malaise when their windows
are open, but are unaffected when their windows are kept closed.
- BMB 400
356
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848. Kobayashi, Y., Abe, T., Takeno, H., Kanno, S., Fukui, S., and Naito, S.:
Investigation of the contribution of automotive exhausts to urban
atmospheric pollution at a street of heavy traffic density in Yokohama.
Japan Analyst (Tokyo) 12:1057-1062 (Nov.) 1963.
For the purpose of investigating the contribution of automotive exhausts
to urban atmospheric pollution, measurements of contaminants in the
atmosphere from these exhausts were carried out, during 1962-63, at 1
of the heavy traffic junctions of Takashima St., in the Hishi area,
of Yokohama. As indicators of pollution levels from automotive exhausts,
the concentrations of CO, C02, S02 HO, Np2, and Pb in the atmospheric
air were measured using detector tube and colorimetric methods. As
the same time an estimation of traffic density was obtained, using a
manual counter of all the cars and trucks passing a specified point
for 10 minutes of each hour. The concentration of CO was in the range
1-1*0 ppm.; C02, 3**O-400 ppm.; SOg, 0.2-11.3 pphm.; HO, 6-153 pphm.;
HCg, 1-64 pphm.; Pb, 1*4-41.4 ,ug./m.3 In general, the concentrations
of these contaminants showed 2 maximum peaks, at about 9:00 A.M. and
5:00 P.M., and a minimum level at about 4:00 A.M. There was & high
correlation between the concentration of air contaminants (CO, HO,
NC2), and the traffic density. - APCA 6313
849. Kopa, R.D.: Pneumatic Fuel Atomization as Applied to Automobile Air
Pollution Control. Report No. 63-61. Depart. Eng., Ifaiv. Calif.,
L. A., Dec. 1963, 16 pp. CFSTI - AD-601 025.
The test results presented in this report were obtained during the
operation of an engine equipped alternatively with a factory
standard carburetor or with a fuel atomization device. For the run
frith a conventional carburetor, the engine was tuned to factor/
standards and idling Jets adjusted for the minimum of hydrocarbon
emission. During the run with an atomization device the spark
advance was usually close to factory standards; however, the air-fuel
ratio was controlled by the atomization device in the range of the
lowest hydrocarbon emission, Hitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas were
determined by means of a nitrous fume analyzer calibrated by the
phenoldisulfonic acid method. Uriburned hydrocarbon content was
measured by a nondispersive infrared analyzer as ppm. of hexane, and
by a flame ionization detector as ppm. of total H-C bonds. Carbon
monoxide content was measured by a nondispersive infrared analyzer.
The high emissions resulting from engine operation with carburetors
in condition "as is" are due to the fact that the standard carburetor
is limited in its ability to maintain exactly the desired air-fuel
ratio, since it is subject to wear and deterioration. Only a long-
range road testing of the fuel atomization device will show how far
it could be superior in this respect to a standard carburetor.
Exhaust gas recycling devices developed earlier, and installed on
engines equipped with standard carburetors, were limited in their
ability to maintain exactly the desired air-fuel ratio, since they
too are subject to wear and deterioration. - APCA 63-383
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850. Labonde, J., Menetrier, M.L., and Pelletier, M.J.: Atmospheric
pollution in the area of Paris and its effect on health. Pollution
atmospherique No. 28, pp. 530-565 (Oct. -Dec.)
One part of this report describes and discusses some instances
of high carbon monoxide pollution arising from the conjunction
of certain meteorologic factors and automobile traffic.
"Abnormal odors and a sensation of suffocation" were
observed between 6 and 8 p.m. by passerby at the Place de
lf Opera. Other evidence indicated that automobiles might be the
cause of the evening CO pollution. The correlation between high
pollution levels and physiologic observations inspired research
into records accumulation by the Paris Hygiene Laboratory. A
review of measurements made in the center of Paris during 1959-
1964 disclosed that 91 times in 6 years, the level of CO passed
10 p. p.m. during an hour at least and that 44 (48$) of these
episodes happened in September-October. 72 cases (79$) occurred
in the early evening - about 6 p.m. - and 4l times (57$) in
September- October. Very weak or stagnant wind conditions prevailed
at the time of these episodes. Scheduled for 1966 is the
installation of equipment whereby simultaneous measurements will
be made of CO levels at different heights in a narrow street and
of the heavy Parisian traffic. - From French- CBK
851. Larsen, R.I. : Air pollution from motor vehicles. Presented at
the Meeting of the New York Academy of Sciences, April 6, 1966.
Motor vehicles are a major source of urban air pollution. They
emit carbon monoxide that reduces man1 s ability to transport
oxygen to his tissues; lead that increases man's body burden of
this toxic metal; cancerigenic hydrocarbons; and reactive
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that combine with sunlight to
produce eye-irritating, plant-damaging, visibility-obscuring
photochemical smog in New York as well as in California
Present and predicted air pollutant concentrations are
compared with pollutant effects and air quality standards.
Emission-reduction features presently used in new cars sold in
California will improve air quality, but will not completely
solve the problem. Indications are that 95 percent reduction in
emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides
from new cars sold in the united States may be needed by 1975.
Such a "clean-air car" by 1975 is suggested as a research goal
for automobile manufacturers. At present, improved fuel cells
or improved battery power seem to be the most likely means for
achieving this goal. - Author's Abst.
852. Lawther, P.S. : The clinical significance of dirty air. Proc. Conf.
National Smoke Abatement Soc., Oct. 1956.
Driving through London for 3 hours with the windows shut and the
air intake on, investigator reported carbon monoxide concentrations
358
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of 130 ppm In the vehicle, the passengers' carboxyhemoglobin doubling
over their previous control values. Although these levels were not
harmful to the healthy passengers, author is unable to state, as yet,
that they vould cot "be of any significance to ill persons. This work
is continuing. - AGC
853. Lavther, P. J.: Air pollution and the public health. From a lecture
to the Royal Society of Arts. Smokeless Air, Summer 1965, pp. 285-
288.
The following is quoted from a brief review on the problem of motor
vehicle exhaust, presented in this lecture:
"But petrol engines, unlike the properly run dieeel, emit
carbon monoxide and this is the only pollutant which we
have found in city air in concentrations which would not
be tolerated in industry,. On the pavement in Oxford
Circus we once found three and a half times the acceptable
Maximum Allowable Industrial Concentration. Carbon
monoxide is an odourless asphyxiant gas about which much
is known. It is commonly used, in coal gas and from a
car, to commit suicide. The haemoglobin of the blood
seizes it avidly in preference to oxygen and there is a
growing body of evidence that even low concentrations in
the blood, insufficient to cause symptoms, can lead to
impaired judgement.
854. lies, K.H.: Methods and devices for th^ analysis of exhaust gas caused
by internal-combustion engines. Tech. Ubervach. (Essen.) 4:322-325
(Sept.) 1963.
Automatic physical-chemical, or purely physical, methods for the analysis
of motor exhaust gases are superior to conventional manual analysis.
With automatic methods results are continuously available; they are more
exact and reproducible without any waste of time. The extraction facility
is usually the same, only the methods are different. Photographs, and
some working diagrams, are used to illustrate the discussions on disper-
sive and non-dispersive infrared analysis, flame ionization, gas
chromatography, and magnetic analysis. - APCA 6630
II
855. Lohner, K., Muiler, E., Luther, H., and Ihrig, H.: Carbon monoxide
content of the exhaust gases of automobile combustion engines.
Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift (ATZ) 62:311-320 (Dec.) 1960.
After a description of the testing installation of a continuous CO
analysis on the basis of infrared absorption, the results of tests
with regard to CO content in the exhaust of a dies el engine for
motor vehicles and of four Otto engines are given. In addition to
data from stationary tests of characteristics, the study reports
on the behavior at acceleration and deceleration, and at long-
distance travel during a driving test. The scattering ranges of
359
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the test data and the related variation of the CO emission of a
normal engine are given. - Authors' Abst. translated-AGC
856. Ludwig, J.H.: Present status of vehicle exhaust in oar pollution.
Sanitarian's J. Environ, Health 25:20-25> and 29 (July-Aug.") 1962.
A review of the various types of motor vehicles in use today., and
associated power plants, indicates that as a group the spark-ignited
gasoline-powered passenger car accounts for the major share of auto-
mobile exhaust emissions associated with production of photochemical
smog. Satisfactory devices for the control of crankcase ventilation
in gasoline-powered vehicles are not available, and "life testing"
is proceeding on exhaust devices for gasoline-powered vehicles. The
major problems associated with diesel exhaust stem from production of
smoke and odors. The former may be reduced considerably by proper
engine design, maintenance and driving habits; entirely satisfactory
control of the latter requires increased research and development
relative to the nature of the compounds involved, and engine modi-
fications or equipment required to eliminate them, APCA 65^3
857. Luther, H.: Research problem: Exhaust gas. ATZ (Automobiltechnische
Zeitung) 62:326-328 (Dec.) 1960.
This article is a survey of the status of research and development
in the abatement of injurious pollutants from the exhaust gas of
internal combustion engines. Several research groups in Germany,
currently engaged in this endeavor, are cited. Chemical modification
of exhaust gas composition (e.g. carbon monoxide), physiological
effect of exhaust gases and testing of proposed methods of the modi-
fication of engine exhaust gases are reviewed. - A6G
858, Luther, H.: The measurement of automobile emissions. STAUB 21:125-131
(Feb.) 1961.
The determination of the composition of motor vehicle exhaust gases
is of interest in identifying the troublesome and injurious sub-
stances. Therefore, a survey is 1st presented covering analytical
procedures employed and the methods of sampling. Then follows the
description of some measuring arrangements, infrared spectroscopy,
gas chromatography, etc., with which the most important components of
exhaust gas can be continuously measured. Finally, some results of
exhaust gas measurements are given as examples of the application of
the process described. - APCA 4071
360
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859. Lykova, A.S.: The role of motor vehicle exhaust gases in contaminating
the atmosphere of large cities. Trudy Leningrad. Sanit.-Gigien. Med.
Inst. 14:89-102, 1953.
The CO content of air samples taken from various locations in large
Soviet cities, i.e., on and near highways, in residential areas and
in industrial area remote from major highways, at various times of
day is correlated with density of adjacent automobile traffic. Samples
taken in pedestrian breathing zones had CO content (mg./m. ) ranging
from 4 to 164 (0.003 to 0.1312 ppm), averaged ca. 6 with fewer than
1000 cars/hr., 13 at 1000-1500 cars/hr., 25 at 1500-3000 cars/hr. end
reached maximum values at service stations. CO concentration in
residential areas having motor transport wad greater than in indus-
trial areas without motorized transport. CO was more frequently
detected and concentrations were higher in the winter. The "average"
CO content of Soviet cities (17.8 mg./m. ) is much less than correspond-
ing values ascribed to certain other cities (75 for Chicago and 126 for
Paris in 1938, 100-318 for the U.S.A. in 1925-28). Traffic control
personnel show higher blood CO hemoglobin content (as compared with
people not exposed to air containing continual low-level CO) sufficient
to account for general complaints of headaches and dizziness as being
due to chronic CO intoxication. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content
and Oj-capacity data are included for the test personnel. - Kett.
860. McCormick, R.A., and Xintaras, C.: Variation of carbon monoxide
concentrations as related to sampling interval, traffic and
meteorological factors. J. Appl. Meteorol. 1:237-2^3 (June) 1962.
Diurnal variations of carbon monoxide concentrations and traffic
density, exemplified in the literature as common for urban areas,
were observed at "curb-side" studies in Nashville, Tennessee, and
Cincinnati, Ohio.
A new technique is suggested for evaluating the effect of
changes in traffic density on CO concentrations which may be useful
for urban planning purposes and for appreciating the role wind
speed can play to modify these assessments.
Peak to mean ratios of CO concentrations at Cincinnati were
in the same range, 2:1-3:1, as those reported in single- source
experiments in open terrain in which the source and receptor were
located at the same height. In both cities, the decrease of the
average ratios, Xr/X60, (maximum short-period CO concentrations
within the hour to the mean value over the hour) with increasing
r, proceeds at a somewhat slower rate for r>3 min than in
single source cases. Multiple and indefinite sources of CO in
the immediate area of the urban sampling sites undoubtedly
account for this by providing an atmosphere which is never entirely
free of CO contamination, - Authors' Abst.
361
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861. McEarland, R.A.: Human factors In air transportation. McGraw-Hill*
New York, 1953, PP. 301-303.
R.J. Goldsmith and L.H. Rogers are quoted to the effect that "The
importance to automobile drivers of visual sensitivity at night is
obvious. However, it has not teen shown that exposure to automobile
exhaust at the levels found on the freeways of a modern city impairs
the adaptability of eyes to darkness or alters the exchange of vital
respiratory gases, although this is a plausible inference." -
862. McFarland, R.A.and Moore, R.C.: Human factors in highway safety. A
Review and Evaluation. New England J. Med. 256:890-897 (May £} 1957.
This article is the last of a series of three papers appearing in previous
issues dealing with the same subject. The interrelationship between
"lost" and 'environmental" factors are the last subject discussed.
Author states that the possibility of CO poisoning can rarely be
completely eliminated in the operation of motor vehicles. Although
significant concentration of CO in motor vehicles usually is the result
from leaks in the exhaust system, gas from the exhaust of preceding vehicles
may also be drawn in through ventilation systems. The paper points out
that exposure to 0.10 percent CO can be dangerous to life after one hour.
Exposure to even as small a concentration as 0.01 percent should not
be permitted over a long period. CO from other sources may be detrimental
to the driver. The blood of a person who has been smoking heavily may
already contain 5 to 8 percent carboxyhemoglobin from the CO inhaled in
the tobacco smoke. This amount results in sufficient anoxia to reduce
night vision significantly, comparable to the effects of high altitude
of about 800 feet.
This factor is illustrated by a graph. In conclusion , author
states that the physician, in collaboration with other biologic scientists
and engineers, will play an important part in the prevention of accidental
trauma. -AGC.
863. MacKenzie, V.G.: The role of the scientist and the citizen. A
case study: air pollution. U.S. EHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Pollution,
1965, 5 PP.
In examining one important group of pollution sources, namely from
fuel combustion, author sees the following developments by the
year 2000 in regard to carbon monoxide:
Estinated emission will rise to about ^65 tons, almost
four times the 1960 figure.
This figure reflects the growing importance of pollutant discharges
from internal combustion engines, particularly in automobiles. It
also indicates the desirability to pursue the present efforts to
reduce emissions from spark-ignition gasoline fueled engines and
to examine the feasibility of developing vehicular motive power
having less inherent pollution potential. - AGC
362
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864. McMichael, W.F., Smith, R», and Kruse, R.E.: Comparison of auto
exhaust emissions from two major cities. Presented at the 57th
APCA Annual Meeting, June 21-25, 1964, Houston, Texas
Exhaust emissions from automobiles in a low-altitude city will be com-
pared with emissions from autos in a high-altitude city (Denver,
Colorado). The comparison will be based on samples collected from
thirty five cars driven under actual road conditions in each city.
Results will be discussed on the basis of CO, CCj. and hydro-
carbon concentrations versus average route speeds and on pounds of
CO, CO^ and hydrocarbons , emitted per mile, versus average route
speed. - Authors' Abstract
865. McMichael, W.P., and Rose, A.H., Jr.: A comparison of automotive
emissions in cities at low and high altitudes. Presented at APCA
Annual Meeting, Toronto, Canada, June 1965 .
The U. S, Public Health Service, continuing its investigations of
automobile exhaust emissions in large cities, conducted a study in
Denver, Colorado, in cooperation with the Colorado State Department
of Public Health. This study was of particular interest to the
Public Health Service because Denver is unique among large cities
in the United States in that it is situated at an altitude of
approximately 5*000 feet; this study thus provided the opportunity
for observing the effects of altitude on auto exhaust emissions.
This report compares the emissions measured in Denver in
1963* with the emissions obtained in a similar, previously
reported study in Los Angeles, California, and Cincinnati, Ohio.
The survey techniques and the Instrumentation used to
collect and analyze the exhaust samples in Denver were the same
as those used in Los Angeles and Cincinnati and are therefore
described only briefly. Emission measurements were made on test
vehicles driven under actual traffic conditions while equipped
with a proportional sampler. This method produces data that
reflect the effects of traffic density, route, climate, and
altitude. - Authors1 Introduction
866. Matth.es, B. : Air pollution by motor vehicles. Tech. Uberwach. (Essen)
(Nov.) 1961.
Special sampling and analysis procedures are required in studying
motor vehicles as sources of atmospheric pollution. Following a survey
of the composition of exhaust gases and the usual concentrations of
the most important components, present methods for a reduction of
undesirable substances in the gases --which are known and can be tested —
are discussed. In Germany the 1st efforts have been concentrated on
the elimination of smoke development by diesel vehicles, and on decreasing
the amount of CO in the exhaust gas of Otto engines. APCA 6632
363
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867. Methods of Reducing Pollution Caused by Internal Combustion Engines
(Motor Vehicles). (General Report.) European Conference on Air
Pollution, June 24-July 1, 1964. Council of Europe, Strasbourg
(France), 1964, 40 pp.
This General Report, published following the European Conference
on Air Pollution, is presented by Prof. Brunner, Federal Institute
of Technology, Zurich, and Laboratoire fe'de'ral d'essai des Materiaux,
Switzerland; and Mr. Lemaigre, President de 1'Union Technique de
I1 Automobile, du Cycle et du Motorcycle, Paris. The table of
contents lists: Introduction; Organization of action to combat
pollution from motor vehicles; Studies and research: organisation
and results; Ways and means of reducing pollution; Anti-pollution
legislation. Appendix I (13 pages) is entitled Public and private
European bodies concerned with air pollution;. Appendix II (26 pages),
Bibliography; Appendix III (8 pages), Legislation. - APCA 64-26"7
868. Milokostova, L.G., and Prokopenko, K.A.: Rostov-on-Don atmospheric
air pollution with auto-traffic exhaust carbon monoxide 1960. In:
Levine, B.S. (editor and translator): U.S.S.R. Literature on Air
Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases'. A Survey. Vol. 8,
1963, PP. 215-217, CFSTI-TT-63-11570, U.S. Dept. of Commerce,
Springfield, Va.
Air pollution by motor vehicles was investigated at five points on
four major roads in Rostov-on-Don. This city has heavy traffic and
is also an important junction. An average of 600 cars and a maximum
of 800 cars per hour were observed at point one. At point three
there were 700 resp. 1000 cars per hour and at the fourth point
there were 500 resp. 900 cars. Point Itos. 2 and 5 were located at
narrow roads, one was a one way street. An average of 250 and a
maximum of 450 cars were passing point 2. Four hundred and sixty-
seven respectively 700 cars passed hourly at point 5» Sampling
was done in April through September from 8:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. A
total of 1280 samples were analysed. - AGC
868a. Morando, A.E., and Rovida, S.: On the exposure of a sample of the
population policemen, to atmospheric carbon monoxide deriving from
motorized traffic. Giorn. Igiene Med. Prevent. (Genoa) 6:78-90
(Jan.-March) 1965.
The authors carried out this survey among a number of traffic
policemen on duty at different street intersections in Genoa, as a
sampling of a population particularly exposed to the absorption of
carbon monoxide. No indication of variation in the levels of
carboxyhemoglobin in the blood was found. The policemen were
examined before and after their periods of duty. On the other hand
it was once more confirmed that the smoking habit plays a remarkable
role in the study of levels of carboxyhemoglobinemia. - APCA 7255
364
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869. Moureu, H.: The various aspects of pollution by the exhaust gases
of motors of internal combustion. Rev. Pathol. Gen. Physiol. Clin.
(Paris) 61:915-931 (July) 1961.
Although automotive traffic has not reached the density in Paris
that it has in Los Angeles, it is increasing rapidly. Concern
for this type of pollution, especially that from ozone and carbon
monoxide, vas felt for the drivers of automobiles and for
pedestrians involved in heavy traffic. A chart in the text
compares carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) levels of a group (303 persons)
of automobile drivers, another group of professional personnel
(867 persons) exposed to CO, and another of controls (435 persons).
In a range of "blood levels of 0.2 to 2.5 ml./lOO ml. of blood,
a greater number of drivers had levels in the higher half of this
range. At a level marked in the table as "serious" (1.2 ml./
100 ml.), nearly *&% of the drivers, less than 25$ of the workers,
and only about 7% of the controls were higher. The technical
solution of the control of exhaust gases has probably now been
solved by American manufacturers with equipment, developed past
the laboratory stage, which will not be prohibitive in cost. The
controversies over the use of diesel motors have also become
resolved with the decision being that well-run and well-maintained
diesel motors produce little exhaust. The international
colloquium on atmospheric pollution, which was held in
Royaumont in April 1960, included among its recommendations the
dieselization of public transport. It has been established that
the level of CO pollution in the public gardens is 5 times less
than on busy streets. Wide avenues and areas of greenery are
inoperative in control of this type of air pollution. Again the
running conditions of the motor are so important in controlling
the degree of pollution that they should be under official
supervision and inspection. In large cities, especially, the
running of motors at an idling level should be reduced to a
minimum. - APCA ^635
870. Moureu, H.: Carbon monoxide as a test for air pollution in Paria due
to motor-vehicle traffic. Proc. Royal Soc. Vied. 57(Part II): 1015-1020
(Oct.) 1964.
Among the various forms of air pollution that due to mo tor-vehicle traffic
shows the greatest complexity because of the numerous chemical substances
involved. The various aspects of air pollution by motor-vehicles,
especially that from carbon monoxide, are discussed as to the level of such
pollution, degree of pollution related to intensity of traffic, and relation
of such pollution to the level in the blood. The author concludes by saying
that the use of carbon monoxide levels as an indicator of motor-vehicle
pollution may not necessarily be applicable elsewhere. It is quite certain,
for instance, that in some towns in the U.S.A., such as Los Angeles, it
is the concentration o£ oxidant in the air which constitutes the principal
factor characterizing the degree of pollution; carbon monoxide in such
cases may be of only secondary importance. Since pollution by motor-vehicle
traffic shows a tendency to increase in Paris in comparison with the general
365
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pollution, studies have also been carried on to identify by other criteria
the pollution due to exhaust gases. Special attention is being paid to
concentration of nitrogen oxides which, being emitted at high temperature
by combustion processes, may play an essential part in the initiation of
photochemical reactions leading to the 'oxidant1 form of air pollution,
APCA 64-259
871. Payne, J. Q,, and Sigworth, H.W.: The composition and nature of blowby
and exhaust gases from passenger car engines. Proceedings of the 2nd
National Air Pollution Symposium, pp. 62-70, (May 5-6) 1952, Pasadena,
Calif.
Blowby and exhaust rates increase with increasing power output. Engine
mechanical condition has little effect on exhaust rates, but poor
mechanical condition can cause a greater than tenfold increase in the
rate of blowby under some conditions. Materials such as CO, C02, HgO,
H2> Op, and W2 were found to comprise over 99 percent of the composition
of bo€h exhaust and blowby. The remaining less than one percent contains
the noxious materials. Except under decelerating conditions, exhaust
gases contain a lower proportion of noxious products than blotfby gases
and no materials of mass greater than 58. Common conditions of engine
malfunctioning such as misfiring and retarded timing can increase the
concentration of noxious products in the exhaust. The concentration
of noxious products in blowby was affected by fuel type, carburetor
adjustment, and power output. The following classes of compounds
were identified as present or probably present in blowby: Paraffins,
olefins, aromatics, cyclics, acids, alcohols, aldehydes, and an
organic hydroperoxide. No material of mass number higher than 86
was found in greater than trace quantities. Graphs and tables supple-
ment the text. -Authors1 Sum.
872. Pcrtheine, F.: Pollution of air in the streets by exhaust gases
of motor vehicles. Therapiewoche (Karlsruhe) 9:3^8-355 (April)
1959.
The various orographies! and topographical parameters which have
an unfavorable effect on the mass-exchange of the exhaust gases
of motor vehicles, are pointed out. In 1957, 3^55 million tons
of petrol and 3^19 million tons of diesel oil were burned to
provide power for over 8 million motor vehicles. The problem
of exhaust gases is definitely not a problem of carbon monoxide,
since in homogenous masses of air under unfavorable conditions
only 1/3 to 1/4 of MAC value of CO were demonstrated at points
where the traffic was thickest. Attention must be paid to effects
of combined poisons and enzymatic damage. Studies on the amount
of lead in samples of grass from the highways yielded values that
must be checked further and compared with similar studies in
other countries. The values ranged from 15000 ug. of lead/100 g.
of grass at the start of the vegetational period to 100,000 ug.
of lead/g. of older grass. Lead is an enzyme poison. - APuA 3359
366
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873, Primavesi, C.A.: Motor vehicle exhaust and its significance to
human health. Zeitschrift Preventive Medizine 9:1^8-159 (ffey-June)
196U.
The author who is associated with the Hygienic Inst. in Gelsenkirchen,
located in the heart of the Ruhr Valley, which is about the most
polluted area of the European continent, emphasizes the effect of
motor vehicle exhaust on human health. He discusses primarily the
emission of CO, lead compound and carcinogenic agents. Methods for
the determination of pollutants from motor vehicles and their
control are discussed. - AGO
874. Regan, C. J.: Motor fumes and atmospheric pollution. Chem* & Indust.
51:605 (July) 1932.
The author feels that too little attention is given to the pollution of the
air by motor exhaust fumes. Estimates are given of gallons of fuel used
for the years 1911, 1921, 1931, showing the marked increase. Carbon
monoxide is regarded as the most important constituent contaminating the
air. It is released as 6.5 percent of the total exhaust gas, with 72.8
cubic feet produced per hour with a car running at 20 miles per hour.
Reporting on various investigators' determinations of carbon monoxide in
cities, which varied from 3.4 to 17 parts per 100,000, Keeser, Froboese
and Turman wrote that in their investigation the concentrations rarely got
above 20 parts per 100,000 and hence there is "no danger to acute carbon
monoxide poisoning of ordinary street users." Traffic police are considered
to be in a more hazardous position with as much as 30 percent carbon
saturation of hemoglobin being reported at the end of tours of duty of
traffic police. These same authors found that exhaust condensates cause
lung injury in mice, but it is not believed these products would exist in
a high enough concentration in the street to cause injury. - BAAP 298
875« Renzetti, N.A.: Analysis of Air Near Heavy Traffic Arteries. Air
Poll. Foundation Rep. Ho. lo, Dec.1956, Los Angeles, Calif.
Tlia range of concentration of the principal constituents of automobile
exhaust in the vicinity of heavy traffic are discussed in this
report. Six stations were selected on the "basis of heavy traffic.
At these stations, samples were taken at essentially ground level
within 60 to 75 feet of the traffic artery, from 6 AM to 9 PM on
week days of the period from September 6 to October 2, 195&- This
period was characterized by low inversions, low winds, and high solar
radiation, and on a number of these days high o^idant "values and eye
irritation were experienced. The samples vere analyzed for carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and carbon dioxide by infrared spectrometry.
The carbon monoxide values ranged from 4 to 93 EPia; the hydrocarbons
(as hexane), 0.25 to 2.3 ppm; and carbon dioxide fron 0.05 to 0.11$
by volume. Sampling technique, and methods of analysis are described,
and results are tabulated. Other tables show average carbon monoxide
367
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concentrations, severity of eye irritation, and maximum oxidant
concentrations at the monitoring stations of the Air Pollution Control
Department during the period of the testa.
875a. Rispler, L., and Ross, C.R.: Ventilation for engine exhaust gases.
Occupat. Health Rev. 17:19-22, 1965.
The composition and discharge rate of engine exhaust vary considerably,
as they are dependent upon the fuel used, size and type of engine,
operating speed, and maintenance. A comparison is made of the actual
amounts in which the components are emitted from engines. The
difference in ventilation requirements for diesel and gasoline
engines, exhaust gas, emissions, and the toxic effects of carbon
monoxide and nitrogen oxide are discussed. - APCA 7233
876. Rose, A.H.,Jr,, Stahman, E.G., and Stevenson, H.J.R.: Exhaust
Contamination in Passenger Cars. RATSEC OJR AfiL-2, USPHS, Div.
Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 1961.
A small number of tests run were made within a preliminary test
program to investigate some basic factors effecting the
concentration of exhaust gas induced into the passenger compartment
of an automobile by the forced ventilation system. To stimulate
heavy traffic conditions tests were run on grouped moving and
grouped stationary vehicles. Exhaust concentrations in the
passenger compartment of vehicles under moving traffic conditions
were slightly above the background curbside levels. Stationary
traffic conditions with vehicles grouped at average intervals
produce marked increase in exhaust concentrations with the highest
recorded at 0.8$ £370 ppm carbon monoxide (CO)^ of the raw
exhaust value. In moving vehicles, the highest value recorded was
O.Qk% (20 ppm CO) above the curbside level.
The location of the forced ventilator inlet was shown to
exert a significant effect on the exhaust concentration in the
vehicle passenger compartment. Front inlets as contrasted to cowl
and side Inlets consistently gave higher values. Stability and
movement of the air mass circulating around the stationary vehicles
was the second factor exerting a significant influence on passenger
compartment concentration. Ho significant effect was indicated "by
the differences in exhaust tailpipe location as used in present
day automobiles. A vertical exhaust system (extended to car top
level) gave essentially zero passenger compartment concentration.
- Author's Sum. Modified.
877. Rose, A.H., Jr., and Smith, R.: A direct measurement technique for
automobile exhaust. Arch. Environ. Health 5:609-615 (Dec.) 1962.
The latest survey of photochemical air pollution indicates that this
condition occurs in most of the ma^or cities in 19 states, Ontario,
368
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Canada, and the northern regions of Baja California, Mexico. In
1961 studies were made of exhaust emission "based on direct measure-
ment of emissions from operating vehicles. Direct measurement, a
new technique in large-scale studies should provide necessary data
on exhaust emissions during vehicle operation. Data indicate that
acceleration contributes the largest portion of pollutants/average
mile traveled. Cruise and deceleration contribute significant
amounts with relatively minor amounts resulting from idle time.
When sufficient tests have been cade to establish the statistical
soundness of the data, automotive exhaust emissions under actual
driving conditions will be analyzed, and estimates of total
emissions in urban areas will be provided. - APCA 5015
878. Bose, A.H., Jr., Staith, R., McMicnael, W.F., and Kruse, R.E. t
Comparison of auto exhaust emissions in two major cities. J. APCA
15:3^2-366 (/Jig.) 1965.
Exhaust emissions from automobiles in a low-altitude city will be
compared with emissions from autos in a high-altitude city (Denver,
Colorado). The comparison will be based on samples collected from
thirty- five cars driven under actual road conditions in each city.
Results will be discussed on the "basis of CO, COg and
hydrocarbon concentrations versus average route speeds and on
pounds of CO, C02 and hydrocarbons, emitted per mile, versus
average route speed. - Authors1 Abst.
879(1 Schlipkttter, H.W. : Effects of air pollution on man. In: Luft-
hygiene in Dortmund. Vortragstagung 20. Nov., 196^. Gesellschaft
fur Technik und Wirtschaft E.V., Dortmund, 'Germany, March, 1965,
pp. 26-3^.
The toxic effects of varying concentrations of !K>2, CO, S02,
and 3> ^- benzopyrene in air are discussed. Tables are given
showing the types of particles, inorganic gases, and organic vapors
produced by various industries and by the burning of fuels. The
physical symptoms caused by varying the concentration of N02 in
the air are described from observations made on laboratory mice
and on men. Similar graphical evaluations are given listing the
physiological reactions of man and various experimental animals
observed at varying concentrations of CO and S02 in the air.
The measurement of the dust content in the air is felt to be
instrumental in causing psychological depression, allergic reactions,
and broncho-constrictive irritation. The amount of daylight
reduction by dust in the winter in English industrial towns is
estimated to range from 25 to 55$ of normal. The percentage of
reduction in the Rhine and Ruhr areas can be as great as 50$. The
author shows that concentrations of sulfuric acid and 3^-
benzopyrene appear in the air which can prove harmful to the
health. It is suggested that basic research be carried out on
other air pollution components and the combined effect of two or
more such components. - APCA 65-162
369
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880. Serruys, M.: Noxious materials in exhaust gases of automobiles.
Chimie et Industrie 82:663-675 (Nov.) 1959'
The author studies the nature and importance of atmospheric pollution
particularly "by exhaust gases from combustion engines and Diesel
engines, under all "working conditions".
He then deals with methods used for reducing the amount of
uriburnt gases and comes to the conclusion that the use of a device
(such as the "M.S." regulator for example) which improves the
conditions of combustion inside the motor is preferable to any
other solution. - Author's Abst.
881. Smith, A.M., and Struck, J. H.: A simplified method for character-
izing a motor vehicle's exhaust emissions. J.APCA 11:251-253 and
258 (May) 1961
An absolute technique has been developed for characterizing the exhaust
emissions of an automobile as operated through a complete traffic cycle.
The technique involves the collection of all of the exhaust gases in an
evacuated plastic bag. Subsequent measurements of the composition and
volume of this total sample can be accomplished using any available
laboratory measuring technique.
Plastic bags of Mylar film were shown to result in no change in
hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxida concentrations for one
hour after bag filling. Plastic bags made of polyethylene are considered
usable if measurements are made immediately after filling the bag.
The inherent accuracy, utility, and simplicity of this technique
will eliminate many of the current measurement problems now plaguing
those involved in evaluating automobile exhaust emissions. - Authors'
Sum.
882. Stahman, R.C., and Rose, A.H., Jr.: Emissions from carbureted
and timed port iuel injected engines. J. APCA 16:15-18 (Jan.)
1966.
A comparison was made between the exhaust emission characteristics
of a popular make car when equipped with the stock carburetor and
when equipped with a timed-port fuel injection system. A brief
optimization study was made to adjust the spark timing and fuel
flow characteristics to minimize emissions. Performance and
economy were compared between the fuel injected and carbureted'
versions. Emission measurements of CO, CCU and hydrocarbon were
made in road tests by proportional sampling and through the
California Cycle by continuous nondispersive infrared instrumentation.
- Authors' Abst.
370
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883. Stephens, E.R., Hanst, P.L., Doerr, E.G., and Scott, W.E.: Auto
exhaust: Composition and photolysis products. J. APCA 8:333-335
(Feb. ) 1959-
This paper describes some simple analyses of engine exhaust using
a long-path infrared absorption cell. Some of these samples, di-
luted with oxygen, were irradiated with a mercury vapor lamp
which simulates sunlight. The products of the photochemical re-
actions were determined and are also reported. This was done to
provide information on the products to be expected when the ex-
haust is vented to the atmosphere and allowed to react under the
influence of sunlight. Samples were taken on the road. When the
accelerating, decelerating, and idling samples were taken the mile-
age was 2000 and it was burning a mixture of 2 regular gasolines.
When the cruising sample was taken several months later the
car had a mileage of 3500 and was burning another regular gasoline.
The exhaust gases were sampled directly; they were not passed through
any drying agents or other absorbents. Several points should be noted
concerning the method of sampling used. Since no drying agents are
used and the sample is expanded into the cell the chances of losing
any components of the exhaust are minimized. Since 5 1. of exhaust
were expanded into a cell of 500 1. vol. the dilution was 100-fold.
Similar results could have, been obtained by sampling directly into
a 1-meter cell. - APCA 23^4-7
884. Stern, A.C.: How the United States looks at the auto exhaust problem.
Presented at the Air Pollution Congress of the Swedish National
Clean Air Council, Stockholm, Sweden, May 5, 1965, USDHEW, PHS Div.
of Air Pollution, Washington, D. C., 1065, 31 pp.
The problem of auto exhaust is discussed In this paper under various
subject headings: photochemical smog and its effect; air quality
standards and criteria; pollutant levels in the air of the U. S. and
vehicular emissions. Recent experiences with blow-by systems and
developments affecting afterburners, as well as engine modifications
and new-type engines are discussed. In the section Pollution
Inside Passenger Compartment, author states that in 1961 it was
found in a series of tests that CO concentration in the passenger
compartment under moving traffic conditions was slightly above the
background curbside level, reaching a maximum value of 20 ppm above
curbside level. Stationary traffic conditions with vehicles close
together produced as high as 370 ppm of CO in the passenger compart-
ment. High CO values are frequently recorded in the driver* s seat
in California freeway and street driving. There is also a
bibliography of 20 references and 22 pages of added information.
tables, graphs, and photographic reproductions. - AGC
371
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885. league, M.C.: The determination of carbon monoxicja :vn air contaminated
with motor exhaust gas. J. Indust. & Eng. Chem. lfc:96^-968 (Oct.)
1920.
The iodine pentoxide method for determining low concentrations of
carbon monoxide has been investigated with reference to its use with
dilute motor exhaust gas. The type of apparatus heretofore used was
found to give appreciably high results owing to the presence of small
amounts of uhbumed gasoline. A new iodine pentoxide apparatus
(Type II) has therefore been developed. All of the interfering
gases are first removed at the temperature of liquid air. This
method has been found quite satisfactory for determining carbon
monoxide in small quantities in the presence of gasoline vapor.
A portable iodine pentoxide apparatus has been designed which
should permit a determination to be made in 15 minutes with an
accuracy of from 0.003 to 0.005 per cent carbon monoxide (0»3 to
0.5 part in 10,000). - Author's Sum.
885a. Thiebault, R.: An interesting experiment, made with the vehicles
of the Parisian Prefecture de Police, in order to reduce the rate
of carbon monoxide emitted by petrol engines. Centre international
de documentation sur I1 inspection et la technique des vehicules
automobiles. (CIDITIVA Bulletin) Brussels, No.23, pp. 2.1-
2.11 (Sept.) 19&5
Since 1959, the Municipal Laboratories of the Prefecture de Police
have been systematically measuring atmospheric pollution in Paris,
deducing the general picture from the carbon monoxide.(CO)
percentage. The many recordings made have led to three main
conclusions: (a) Practically no CO during night hours, when motor
traffic is sparse, (b) Definite correlation between density of
traffic flow and CO rate, (c) Increase of each vehicle's
contribution to the CO rate as traffic becomes less fluid, causing
vehicles to stop frequently with motor idling. This, together
with the fact that idling represents 75$ of the time spent on a
Journey in heavy rush hour traffic, led to the idea of adjusting
the relevant arrangements of the carburetor in order to reduce
exhaust toxicity to a minimum, without nampering the engine. The
method for adjusting the idling and slow running arrangements of
the carburetor is described and results obtained are shown in a
table. This method was successfully applied to all 1300 police
vehicles and brought about the additional advantage of a
considerable air pollution abatement in the police garages.
Author suggests an education campaign for mechanics and maintenance
personnel and wide information of the public on this subject and
metfcod. - APCA 65-167
372
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886. WilteLns, E.T.: Exhaust gases from motor vehicles, (b) Some
measurements of carbon monoxide in the air of London. Royal Soc.
Promotion of Health Journal 76:677-684 (Oct.) 1956.
Carbon monoxide vas determined by means of tubes containing silica
gel impregnated with potassium pallado-sulfite which gives an
accuracy of + 20$ at 50 ppm. Samples were collected between 9 A,M.
and 5 P«M. on one day in each month from February through December
(except October and November) 1955 at nine busy street inter-
sections in central London and one near the center of Ifcrde Park.
The concentrations found at the former locations varied between 1
and 50 ppm with an average of 15 ppm; those found in ^rde Park were
consistently below 1 ppm. Tables are given relating carbon
monoxide concentrations to traffic density, the rate varying from
20 or less to 54 vehicles per minute. Eata on the effect of
height above ground level showed a steady decrease with increasing
height, the concentration at 100 feet being about one-third that
at ground level. Concentrations during days of smog in January
1956 showed maximum of 10 to 50 ppm with averages for corresponding
days of k to 14 ppm. Similar data for other English cities during
days of smog in January 1956 are included, the only area where the
London values are exceeded being in Salford with maxima of 16 and
80 ppm and corresponding averages of 9 and 20 ppm.
APCA 1269
887. Wolf son, Z.G.: Atmospheric pollution by motor exhaust gases. Gigiena
i Sanitaria, pp. 46-53, 1948.
The composition of exhaust gases and their toxicity depend on a number
of variable factors, but CO is the principal deleterious constituent
that occurs in toxic concentrations; others (unsaturated hydrocarbons,
aldehydes) are present in too small proportions to affect health. With
increasing motor traffic, the toxic concentration of CO may spread
beyond the line of traffic to the vicinity of main roads. Indirect
effects also have to be considered, for example, absorption of UV rays
and sunlight, disagreeable odor that favors superficial breathing, etc.
The remedy lies in (l) insuring the most complete combustion possible
by proper engine design, adjustment of carburators to poor mixtures
with frequent inspections and overhauls, especially of nozzles, use of
high-grade fuel with frequent quality and purity tests; (2) care in
avoiding fuel and exhaust leaks, smoke due to oil splashes, insuring
proper compression, fitting tractors, buses and trucks with gas absorbers
and ejectors having outlets at 6 to 8 feet above ground level; and (3)
regulations to concentrate main flow of traffic over wide roads with
pedestrian traffic at a safe distance, keeping traffic, garages, etc,,
away from narrow streets and congested districts, suitable official
control to insure observance of aH these points. - BMB 403
373
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Tunnels
Ash, S.H., and Naus,L.L. : Use of dlesel engines in tunnels. Bureau
of Mines Info. Cir. No. ?222, 19^2, 26 pp.
In diesel -engine operations when the exhaust gases contain carbon
monoxide in the amount of 0.01 percent and carbon dioxide to 0.3
percent, visibility in a tunnel in which the diesel is used is poor
and the aldehydes and other irritants are obnoxious after a
relatively short exposure. In general, the irritants, such as
aldehydes, odors, and smoke follow the trend of the toxic gases,
but under improper maintenance they are conspicuously present at
all stages of operation. Proper mechanical condition at all times
is necessary for a diesel engine to insure against its exhaust
containing dangerous concentrations of noxious gases.
The investigation shows the value of field study of diesel
locomotives in actual operation, and it was observations so obtained
that indicated the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas as
a yardstick for the control of atmospheric conditions. The control
of noxious gases in the general air when diesel locomotives are
being used should be based upon a carbon monoxide control value of
10 to 20 p. p. m. - BMB
889. Braja, M., Trompeo, G, : Contribution to the knowledge of
concentrations of carbon monoxide in road tunnels. (Contributo
alia conoscenza dalle concentrazioni di ossido di carbonic nelle
gallerie stradali.) Bass. Med. Ind. (Rome) 33:101-^13 (May-Aug.)
1964.
This issue of the journal contains the proceedings of, and papers
given at, the "Symposium sull'Ossicarbonismo" held at Turin on
April 6, 1963* In this paper are reported the results of studies
made of the carbon monoxide content in an Italian road tunnel
known as the "Trafaro del Pino." The tunnel is located at the
9,600 kilometer point on Strade Statali (State Boad) number 10,
which connects Turin with Villanova and Asti, at an altitude of
about ^95 feet. The tunnel which is slightly more than one-half
mile in length, runs in a northwest to southeast direction and
has a grade of about 2.5$ toward the summit near Chieri. The wind
velocity in the tunnel ranges from less than 2 mph. to less than
6 mph. The temperature within the tunnel had a variation of 2.1+°
to 6.5°C. The intensity of vehicular traffic in the tunnel varied
from 162 to 815 vehicles/hour, with the highest numbers being
recorded on festive days. The carbon monoxide content was
recorded, for several different periods, at five different
observation points twice a day for five consecutive days. The
content was found to vary from 16 to 193 PPm. The factors which
appeared to contribute most to this variation in atmospheric
content of CO were the changes in wind velocity, atmospheric
pressure, and temperature. Increases in temperature within the
-------
tunnel were found to correlate directly with increases in the
number of vehicles per hour. - ^
890. Chovin, P.: Studies of Atmospheric Pollution in the Department of
the Seine, in 1963. Municipal Laboratory Police Headquarters, Paris,
France, 1964.
1963 test results for continuing studies in Paris, France, titled
"Carbon Monoxide," "Policemen 1963," "Seine Loop," and "Smokeless
Zones," are reported. Previous years' results are confirmed.
Surface and underground tunnel measurements of CO in air are
compared. The CO pollution level in the air went from "considerable"
in 1962 to "serious" in 1963, "but in the first 9 months of 196^,
the situation reversed to that of 1962. The increase in 1963 is
ascribed to the number of new roads and concurrent traffic increase.
CO levels in blood vere examined in a CO-exposed population consisting
of industrial employees, auto drivers involved in accidents, and
individuals suffering from CO exposure. Tests for "average real
risk" of carbon monoxide absorption by individuals indicated that
the auto drivers as a group had a much higher level of carbon
monoxide in the blood than that of the rest of the population
studied, including workers exposed professionally. - CBK (from
French)
891. Conlee, C.J., Kenline, P.A., Cummins, R.L., and Kbnopinski, V.J.:
Mator vehicle exhaust studies at three selected sites. Arch.
Environ. Health, in press.
Air quality was studied in relation to motor vehicle densities at
three selected sites: the Sumner Tunnel between Boston and East
Boston, Massachusetts; the International Peace Bridge across the
upper Niagara River between Fort Erie, Ontario, and Buffalo, Hew
York; and Laidlaw Avenue near the Air Pollution Research Facility
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Pollutant concentrations and meteorological findings are pre-
sented for each site. Concentrations of pollutants known to be
associated with auto exhaust were greater at sites of higher
traffic density.
A comparison of particulate pollution levels at the Simmer
Tunnel operated as a one-way tube in 1963 with the tunnel carrying
two-way traffic in 1961, indicates a definite decrease in pollutant
levels..
Other pollutants were assumed to be dispersed in air in the
same way as carbon monoxide in determining the contribution by
motor vehicles to ambient "air for the Sumner Tunnel. Auto exhaust
appears to be a prime contributor ^greater than 50$) for carbon
monoxide, aliphatic aldehydes, benzene-soluble particulate, and
oxides of nitrogen. Lead, benzo(g, h, i)pyrene, and coronene may
also be assumed to be important pollutants from auto exaust, but
they do not meet the requirements for contribution calculations.
- Authors* Absto
375
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892. Cummins, R.L., Konopinski, '/. J. : Motor vehicle exhaust concentrations
in a road tunnel. Presented at the 1964 Conference of the Amer.
Indust. Hyg. Ass., April 29, 196^, at Philadelphia, Pa. USEHEW, PHS,
Division of Air Pollution, RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The contributions of motor vehicle exhaust to ambient air pollution
were studied "by using a vehicular-road tunnel as a sampling site.
An intensive aerometric study was conducted April 20 through 28,
1963, at the Scanner Tunnel in Boston, Massachusetts. The tunnel
is now operated as a one-way tube. Air quality was determined
on the fresh air supplied to the tunnel (inlet air), on the air
exhausted from the tunnel (exhaust air), and at three sites within
the tunnel.
The mean daily concentration of carbon monoxide was 2.3 PP»
in the inlet air and 50.8 ppm in the exhaust air. Mean
concentrations in the tunnel ranged from 20.5 to 5^.2 ppm and
increased with increasing distance into the tunnel. Other pollutants
exhibited a similar gradient. - Authors' Abst. Modified
893. Di Lullo, G. : Pollution by carbon monoxide of urban air in relation
to traffic of vehicles with combustion motors. Kuovi ann. igiene e
microbiol. (Rome) H:lfeU153 (March-April) I960.
Studies were made of the concentration of CO at various locations in
the city of Naples. Tt was found that at three locations with heavy
traffic and in one where it was extremely heavy, the concentrations
ranged from a trace to 150 ppm. In a series of determinations at 19
different locations in the vehicular traffic tunnels of the city
there were a few observations of no CO present but mostly the concen-
trations ranged from 50 to a high (in 3 locations) of 200 ppm. Quoting
from an earlier paper by a co-worker, the author gives CO concentration
ranges of 10-300 ppm. for New York City; 10-60 for Paris; 0-200 for
Berlin; k-kO for Dresden; and 1-200 for Budapest. - APCA 3999
894. Sieldner, A.C., Straub, A.A., and Jones, G.¥.: Ventilation of
vehicular tunnels. Part I: Amount and composition of exhaust gases
from motor vehicles in relation to the ventilation of vehicular
tunnels. J. Amer, Soc. Heating & Ventilating Eng. 32:17-36 (Jan.)
1926, and ibid 32:79-100 (Feb.) 1926.
The road tests on 101 motor vehicles for the purpose of determining
the amount and composition of motor exhaust gas from automobiles
and trucks of various sizes when operated on grades and at speeds
similar to those that will prevail in vehicular tunnels have shown
that:
The exhaust gas composition of individual machines varies
greatly, and that the controlling factor is the air-gasoline ratio
produced by the carburetor adjustment.
The percentage of CO for the majority of cars lies between
5 and 9 per cent.
376
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The average percentage of CO for the first 23 cars tested
was 6.7 per cent, which is practically the percentage of CO
corresponding to an air-gasoline ratio of 12.4 ratio for developing
maximum power.
The average percentage of CO for each class of vehicles under
various conditions of test is given in tables and curves.
The average quantity of CO for each class of motor vehicles
under certain conditions is given in tables and curves.
The combustible gas in the average automobile exhaust from
one gallon of gasoline amounts to 30 per cent of the total heat in
a gallon of gasoline.
The great majority of motor cars and trucks are operated on
rich mixtures suitable for maximum power but very wasteful from
the standpoint of gasoline economy.
On the average, carburetors are set in the winter and not
changed in the summer, as shown by the higher percentages of CO
found in the summer tests.
The largest quantity of CO will be produced in the 3 per cent
grade sections of the tunnel. The CO produced under summer conditions
is somewhat greater than in winter conditions. Summer tests should
be used in computing ventilation of tunnels, owing to the tunnel
becoming heated from the hot exhaust gases. - Authors' Sum.
895. Giubileo, M. : The pollution of city atmospheres caused by motor vehicles.
Rlv. Combustibili (Milan) 11:157-166 (March) 1957.
Atmospheric pollution due to motor vehicle exhausts was investigated
in Milan. Carbon monoxide content in exhaust gases ranged from 0.1 -
8.4$, and compounds from tetraethyl lead were determined. In the
central streets the maximum concentration of carbon monoxide was 80 -
100 ppm. and 80 ppm. in tunnels. Lead in the street air was 2.4 - 7-4,//m.3
of air, and in street and garage dusts 0.23 - 5.22 mg./g. The carbon
monoxide and lead concentrations were due to amount of local traffic.
Pollution from motor vehicles in Milan is comparable to that existing
in other cities, and the present concentrations of CO and Pb in at-
mospheric air are considered harmless. - APCA 1409
896. Giuliani, V., and lelli, R.: Carbon monoxide. Presence in the air of
cities and the possibility of poisoning. Folia Med. (Naples) 38:238-248,
1955.
The carbon monoxide in the air of streets, squares, tunnels, and places
with heavy traffic, in industrial zones, and in the periphery of Naples
was studied. Toxic concentrations were not observed. Persons exposed
occupationally for many hours to the highest concentrations showed a
carbon monoxide content in the blood within physiological limits
and no case of poisoning is on record. - APCA 701
377
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897. Haggard, H.W., and Henderson, Y.: The treatment of carbon monoxide
poisoning. J. AMA 77:1065-1967 (Oct. l) 1921..
In the course of a large series of investigations the authors and
their associates have marked out the following standard for exposure:
"Multiply the time of exposure in hours by the concentration of the
gas in parts per 10,000 of air. If the product equals 3 or less
there is no appreciable physiologic effect. If it equals 6, there
is sometimes slight malaise. If it equals 9, a headache with some
nausea is produced in most people. If it equals 15> the conditions
are dangerous for anything beyond brief exposure. If it is more
than 15 they are extremely dangerous even for brief exposure.
In the proposed vehicular tunnel under the Hudson, carbon
monoxide is not to be permitted to rise above 4 to 5 parts per
10,000, and the time for passage will be from fifteen to thirty
minutes. Fieldner and his associates have shown that an automobile
engine may produce from 1 to 2 cubic feet of carbon monoxide per
minute. Thus, a car warming up in a small closed garage can make
an atmosphere dangerous to life within five minutes. Production
of carbon monoxide increases on a rich, mixture and decreases on a
thin one.
The whcu.e toxicity of carbon monoxide has been shown to
depend upon its union with hemoglobin.
The therapy of carbon monoxide poisoning depends on the
hemoglobin combination and upon the fact that this combination is
readily reversible.
898. Hajek, F.^: How motor vehicles pollute the atmosphere of cities.
Silnicmi Doprava (Prague) 12:it-7, 196*1..
The Transportation Res. Inst. measured CO and CC,» using 2 infrared
analyzers at 8 different locations on heavily-traveled streets in Prague
in Sept. -Get. 1962. The concentrations were recorded on a moving
chart. Wind velocity was also measured every 15 min. at each test site.
The measuring devices were set up on the sidewalk near the curbs at a
level approx. the height of an av. pedestrian. The numbers of auto?
mobiles, trucks and motorcycles passing by the test sites were counted
and the numbers recorded on the charts. The CO? concentration did
not exceed 0. 2% at the peaks and varied in general between 0.1 and 0.15%.
Interesting findings were obtained at the Letensky tunnel, at both the
entrances and exits of the uphill and downhill roadways. Unfortunately
the tunnel is not self-ventilating as its planners had assumed it would
be. In the tunnel where it goes downgrade into the center of the city,
the CO concentrations were found to reach several peaks of 0. 003% to
0.010% (80 to 100 ppm.) during periods of heavy traffic at 9:00 to 1J:00
A.M. and 4:00 to 3:00 P. M. A traffic policeman stationed at
the exit from this tunnel, during a hot and calm day, had to leave his
post because of severe headaches and general malaise. Even during
the heaviest traffic in streets which were along an east-west axis
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(which was that of the prevailing winds) there was no appreciable rise
in CC2 and CO concentrations. In contrast, the heavily-traveled
streets on a north-south axis were badly polluted* The proximity of a
steam locomotive railway station added to the pollution in 1 of these axe as.
Since the max. amounts of CC are produced in automotive exhausts during
deceleration, acceleration, and idling at intersections, the author sug-
gests that the traffic flow should be directed in such a way as to reduce
stopping to a min. by making the streets 1-way speedways during rush
hrs. Automobile carburetors should be properly adjusted. Heavily
polluted areas, where there is not sufficient air circulation—especially
in the hot, windless calm of summer days--should be sprayed with
water from spray trucks. Such a fine water-spray would wash down a
large portion of the pollutant material. - APCA 6794
899. Henderson, Y., Haggard, H.W., Teague, M.C., Prince, A.L., and
Wunderlich, R.M.: Psysiological effects of automobile exhaust
gas and standards of ventilation for brief exposures. J. Indust.
Hyg. 111:79-92 (July) 1921;
This investigation was made in consideration of the construction
of a tunnel for motor vehicle traffic under the Hudson River,
between New York and New Jersey. The problem as to how con-
ditions in a tunnel under the Hudson would affect the health
of the general public needed to be investigated. The total
amount of exhaust gases discharged from motor vehicles was
expected to be considerable and likely to be increased within
the years. Since not only healthy adults, but children and
invalids on their way to hospitals would be transported through
this tunnel several problems had to be solved which had no
- precedent. Although other toxic substances are present in
• .smoke and fumes of-incomplete combustion, CO usually is the
chief course of injury or>death .caused by asphyxia. Author
, states that the. body of an adult man of average weight contains
enough hemoglobin,to hold about 600 c*c. of oxygen. If com-
pletely saturated, it would hold the same amount of carbon
monoxide, one nblecule of carbon monoxide replacing one molecule
• • ''• of oxygen in the blood. The absorption of 6 c.c. of carbon
monoxide from the lungs produces, then, 1 per cent, of
saturation and. abolishes 1 per cent, of the oxygen capacity.
Other studies discussed in this paper are: Experiments on
Men in Six Cubic Meter Chamberj Rate of Absorption of Carbon
. Monoxide and Standards of Allowable Vitiation of the Air;
Concordance of the Standard Here Proposed with the Observations
of Other Investigators; Observations in Large Gassing Chamber;
'Observations in Garages and in the Grand. Central Station, New
York City; Comparative Toxicityof Pure Carbon Monoxide, Illuminating
Gas, Exhaust Gas from Gasoline, Exhaust Gas from Coal Distillate
and Gasoline Vapor; and Principal Conclusions. - From Text -
Modified
379
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900. Henderson, Y., and Haggard, H.W.: The physiological principles
governing ventilation when the air is contaminated with carbon
monoxide. J. Indust. Eng. Chem. 14:229-236 (March) 1922.
With the building of tunnels under the Hudson River between Hew York
and Jersey City for the principal use of motor vehicle problems
have arisen which have never been extensively investigated. The
investigations reported in this paper afford data upon which plans
and designs for the ventilation of tunnels may be based. In the
principal conclusions, authors state that the general standards
agreed upon for periods of a few hours are: When the time in hours
multiplied by the concentration of carbon monoxide in parts per
10,000 of air equals 3, there is no perceptible physiological effect.
When it equals 6, there is a just perceptible effect. When it
equals 9, headache and nausea are induced. When it equals 15 or
more, the conditions are dangerous to life.
If the volume of breathing is increased by exercise (even
by slow walking, and correspondingly more by physical work) the
rate of absorption of carbon monoxide is increased proportionally.
After return to fresh air, the elimination of carbon monoxide
through the lungs proceeds at a rate of 30 to 60 per cent reduction
of the blood saturation per hour.
In the exhaust gas from gasoline, carbon monoxide is the
only considerable toxic constituent. In the exhaust gas from coal
distillate (benzene, etc.), and in illiminating gas, there are
present accessory toxic substances. - Authors' Conclusions Modified
-AGC
901. Henderson, Y., Haggard, H.W., Prince, A.L., and league, M.C.:
Ventilation of vehicular tunnels. Part II. Physiological effects
of exhaust gases from motor vehicles. J. Amer. Soc. Heating &
Ventilating Eng. 32:153-158 (March) 1926,
Standards for the ventilation of tunnels, which will greatly reduce
the expense of ventilation below that of 1 to 10,000 dilution, are
proposed in this paper. Since traffic through the Holland Tunnel
consists of passenger cars which take 10 to 12 min. for the trip,
and trucks taking 35 to ^0 min., the standards worked out afford
according to the authors, absolute safety and freedom from any trace
of discomfort for healthy and vigorous adults exposed for a period
of 1*5 to 60 min. to CO. Thirty-nine experiments involving nine
men and one woman, using a six-cubic meter chamber are described.
The essential practical results of this investigation is summed
up in a diagram which shows the rate at which CO may be absorbed,
and the amounts at which physiological effects may occur. The
curves are drawn to show the rate of absorption of CO when air
with various concentrations from one to seven parts of CO in
10,000 is breathed. They express the absorption by the blood during
one hour of half the amount of CO that would be taken up after a
prolonged stay in each of these atmospheres. - AGC
380
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902 • Katz, R.H., ELoomfield, .T.J., and Trostel, L.J.: Distribution of
carbon monoxide in tunnel atmosphere. In: Fieldner, A. C., et al.:
Ventilation of Vehicular Tunnels J. Amer. Heating & Ventilation
32:701-718, 1926.
Distribution of carbon monoxide throughout the experimental automobile
tunnel was determined to ascertain the most desirable ventilation
for the Holland tunnel. This appendix presents in detail the
distribution of CO in the tunnel atmosphere under different methods
of ventilation, and describes the essentials of the methods and
apparatus used in determining it.
The work reported under "Ventilation of Vehicular Tunnels"
was inaugurated by the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission
and the New Jersey Interstate Bridge and Tunnel Commission, under a
broad public spirited policy which desired that the problems to be
undertaken should be handled by recognized and authoritative bodies
in order that nothing might be left undone which would contribute
to the success of so important a project as the vehicular tunnel
connecting the states of New York and New Jersey. - Authors' Abst.
903. Katz, M. , Rennie, R.P., and Jegier, Z.: Air pollution hazards from
diesel locomotive traffic in a railway tunnel, A.M. A. Arch. Indust.
Health 20:493-504 (Dec.) 1959
This paper describes the results of an intensive study of a railway
tunnel environment under conditions of fully dieselized train traffic.
Atmospheric sampling tests were conducted around the clock on an
eight-hour working-shift basis during Oct. 18,22, and 23, 1957. In
all, more than 2, 000 observations were made to determine the fluctu-
ations and range of occurrence of contaminant concentrations under a
variety of traffic conditions. - From author's introduction
904. Kinney, S. P.: Atmospheric conditions and physiological effects
produced on trainmen by locomotive smokes in the Aspen and the
Washatch Tunnels of the Union Pacific Railroad. USBMRI 2494, 1923.
Carbon monoxide is the offending gas; temperatures and humidity are
increased; and asphyxiation is possible in passing through tunnels.
Descriptive data on the tunnels are given. Recommendations include
the use of smoke deflectors, the breathing of air from the train's
air lines, the wearing of gas masks, and a reduction of the time
spent in the tunnels by increasing speed. - BMP 290
905. Larsen, E.I., and Kbnotdnski, V. J.: Sumner Tunnel air quality.
Arch. Environ, Health 5:597-608 (Dec.) 1962.
Aerometric studies of the Boston Sumner tunnel were conducted in July
and Sept., 1961. The 35,000 vehicles/day that traveled this 2-way tunnel
381
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produced an average carbon monoxide concentration of 70 ppm. in the tunnel,
with instantaneous peaks as high as 257 ppm. The soiling index values
in Cons/1000 ft. of air were approximately 1 for tunnel inlet air, 2 for
the toll station, and k for tunnel outlet air. The amount of pollutants/
vehicle mile of tunnel travel were: carbon monoxide 60 gm, total suspended
0.36, organic susDended O.l6, and paticulate lead 0.31. The relative
significance of vehicular exhaust on outdoor concentrations was estimated
for the suspended particulates measured. Ranked in order from most to
least significant, the 1st several pollutants were caronene, benzo(a)pyrene;
benzo (g, h, i)perylene, lead total organics, iron, titanium, and total
suspended particulate. - APCA 5026
906. Lawther, P.J., Commins, B.T., and Henderson, M.: Carbon Monoxide
in Town Air. An Interim Report. Ann. Occupat. Hyg. 5:241-246
(Oct.-Dec.) 1962.
When the Suez crisis resulted in the rationing of petrol it was
realized that an opportunity was at hand to measure air pollution
in the city of London in the presence of minimal petrol traffic.
A series of tests was carried on then and until 6 months after
the termination of rationing. When petrol was rationed, CO
virtually disappeared from the street; when car-traffic reappeared,
the CO concentrations rose markedly and on 1 day reached a figure
of 235 ppm. On this calm day, a concentration of 360 ppm. was
also found in samplings taken on the pavement at Oxford Circus.
Carbon monoxide analyses at Oxford on Sept. 1, 1958 > bad shown a
mean concentration for an 8-hour daytime period of "$6 ppm., with
a maximum concentration of 155 PPm. during the evening rush hour.
In the autumn of 19^1, a series of analyses was begun of the air
of fleet Street compared with that of nearly Mitre Court
(relatively uninfluenced by traffic). A figure in the text shows
the mean hourly concentration, on Jan. 29, 1962, to vary from 0
to nearly 60 ppm. and the maximum concentration at ttat same hour
(l8th) to be 100 ppm. Carbon monoxide concentrations in the
Blackwell tunnel have been found to reach a mean hourly
concentration of 295 ppm. in the morning rush hour. At the
Rotherhithe tunnel, a transient peak value of 500 ppm. was
found. In the discussion of this paper the authors state that
they have been lead to conclude that detailed comparison of
carbon monoxide concentration in the air of different cities is
of limited value since they will all depend on the density of
traffic in the streets and the weather. And that it is reasonable
to believe that in congested streets in almost any modern city
concentrations of carbon monoxide exceeding 300 ppm. may be
reached in calm weather and that concentrations exceeding 100 ppm.
nay be found not uncommonly. Also that the significance of these
figures is not clear-cut since in this study they have not been
related to concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood of
people working in the streets. It is stated that the figure of
30 ppm., which has been adopted by the State of California
Department of Public Health as the maximum allowable concentration
382
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in embient air, and the arguments on which this decision was based,
appear to the authors to be sound. - APCA 5364
907. Los Angeles safeguards underpass air purity. American City 68:96-
97 (June) 1953-
Continuously sampling carbon monoxide detectors in the underpass
beneath Los Angeles International Airport will: (l) regulate
aerating fans; (2) signal when air contaroination reaches a safety
limit; and (3) halt traffic entering the underpass when contamination
becomes unsafe. The detector consists of a catalyst and thermocouple
cell, called a hopcalite unit, and a graphic recording potentiometer.
A fan house at each end of the subway contains 2 analyzers, 2
exhaust-, and 2 supply-fans. Fresh air ducts beneath the divided
roadway between the 2 fan houses supply air through vents. Similar
exhaust ducts with intake slits run along the underpass wall.
Contaminated air is discharged through roof stacks at the fan
houses. Exhaust and supply fans are regulated so that the rate of
supply is proportional to the rate of exhaust. Air samplers are
located in wall-recesses, 2 at either end of the underpass. - LC
9080 Massmann, W.: Dangers in railway tunnels from air pollution* Arch.
Gewerbepathol. Gewerbehyg. (Berlin) 14:129-189, 1955.
This lengthy paper on air pollution in railway tunnels gives a mass of
information on the subject and an account of an investigation of 2
railroad tunnels in Germanyo Descriptions are given of accidents
which have occurred through carbon monoxide poisoning and the inhalation
of accumulated smoke. Studies of gas and solid matter concentrations
were made in the 2 tunnels under a variety of circumstances of traffic,
types of fuel used, and of meteorological conditions. The experimental
results are presented in detail. It is considered that definite danger
exists of acute and chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. Poisoning by
hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide is .thought not to be a danger,
although relatively high concentrations of SOg up tp 10 ppm. were found
occasionallyc The precautions which should be taken to prevent carbon
monoxide poisoning in tunnel workers and the provision of adequate first
aid centers are described. - APCA 1018
909. Miranda, J.M., Konopinski, V.J., and Larsen, R.I.: Carbon monoxide
control in a high highway tunnel. Presented May 6, 1965, Houston,
Texas, Annual Amer. Indust. Hyg. Conference. Amer. Indust. Hyg.
Ass. J., in press.
Interstate Highway ?0 is scheduled to be tunneled 1.6 miles through
the Rocky Mountains at a 2-mile-high elevation 60 miles west of
Denver. Both elevation and carbon monoxide in the tunnel will tax
the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood of tunnel employees and
individuals traveling through the tunnel. The combined physiologic
383
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load of elevation and carbon monoxide is evaluated. It is recommended
that carbon monoxide concentration in the tunnel be maintained below
50 ppm. with 1-hour averages no higher than 100 ppm. - Authors' Abst.
910. Pistuiie, fl.: On the installation of ventilation in the road tunnel
of Mante Bianco. Rani & Polveri 3:219-222 (July) 1963.
On Sept. 15, 1962, the Monte Bianco vehicular tunnel through the
Alps was officially opened with combined Italian-French ceremonies.
The over-all length of the tunnel is about 12 km. Because of this
length it was necessary to install a major ventilation system to
carry out the air which has been contaminated by automotive fumes
and to bring in fresh air. Automotive exhaust fumes, especially
those from the heavy lorries, could easily become dense and acrid
if they collected in the tunnel, decrease visibility and cause
irritation to the eyes, and the respiratory system. Of particular
concern would be the building up of the CO level. With a maximum
capacity of 420-450 vehicles/hour, moving at an average speed of
60 km./hour, the level of the CO content in the air could be about
1 part/10,000 parts. A level of 4 times that high, if endured
for an hour, would cause fairly severe physiological disturbances.
Traveling at the velocity of 60 km./hour and in the traffic pattern
now set up for the tunnel, there could be about 80 or 90 vehicles
present at any 1 time in the tunnel. It was calculated that it
would be necessary to provide for 4 changes/hour of air in the
tunnel. On that basis, the admission of fresh air would need to
be 2,160,000 m. /hour, or 600 m. /second. Because of the condensation
of the moisture content of the air, a drainage pipe system was
needed. At each of the 2 centers in the tunnel, there are 4
centrifugal ventilators for the emission of fresh air, 3 for the
extraction of polluted air, and 1 held in reserve. Each ventilator
is supplied with 2 electric motors with 2 speeds for each. The
velocity of the air has to be carefully regulated to prevent areas
of accumulation of pollutants. The 8 motors of the ventilators are
very strong, having a combined strength of 600 cv (1 cv = 0.986
horsepower). Units now being constructed will be of 4000 cv for
each of the 2 centers, or a total of 8000 cv. - APCA 5680
911. Rennie, R.P., Jegier, Z., and Katz, M.: Effect of diesel
locomotive operation on atmospheric conditions in a railway
tunnel. Canadian .T. Chem. Eng. 123-128 (Aug.) 1960.
An extensive study was made over a 7 day period to determine if
it would be feasible, from an air pollution view point, to
operate diesel locomotive powered trains trough the St» dair Tunnel.
The test involved the passage of approximately 200 diesel powered
freight and passenger trains through the tunnel; 3000 air samples
were taken and measurements were made on air flow and smoke
density. Concentrations of carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
total oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes, sulfur dioxide, carbon
384
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dioxide, and oxygen were determined. The sampling methods,
sampling equipment, analytical procedures, and test equipment used
for this particular investigation should "be applicable to a variety
of air pollution problems met in the chemical industry. - APCA
327^
912. Schrenk, H.H. : Results of laboratory tests. Determination of
concentration of carbon monoxide in "blood. Federal Security Agency,
U.S. PHSB No. 278, 19^2, Washington, D. C., pp. 36-57.
The levels of carbon monoxide found in the blood of traffic officers
stationed in the Holland Tunnel during a period of two hours fall
within the range of blood carbon monoxide concentration values
observed in cigarette smokers with no occupational exposure to
carbon monoxide. Amounts of carbon monoxide absorbed during tunnel
duty appear to be added to amounts absorbed as a result of smoking.
No coEplaints of ill health attributable to carbon monoxide exposure
were made by these men. On the basis of earlier work, none was to
be expected.
In the section "Other exposures to CO," author summarizes
the results of the recent survey made and of the data presented in
the literature. It appears that in most workplaces where there is
reason to suspect that CO escapes into the breathing zone of the
workers, the CO concentration usually remains below 1.0 part per
10,000 (100 p. p.m.). The commonest source of greater exposure than
this is the operation of gasoline engines in an unventilated or a
poorly ventilated room. - Author's Sum.
913. Sievers, R.F., Edwards, T.I., and Murray, A.L, : A Medical Study of
Men Exposed to Measured Amounts of Carbon Monoxide in the Holland
Tunnel for 13 Years. Federal Security Agency, U.S. PHSB No. 278,
19U2, Washington, D. C., 7^ PB and J. AMA 118:585-588 (Feb. 21)
Medical examinations of 15& traffic officers on duty at the Holland
Tunnel for 13 years and four months were made as a practical test
of the effectiveness of the medical and engineering control methods
set up for their protection. About half of these officers had been
on tunnel duty every working day of this period. Average carbon
monoxide exposure throughout the tunnel for all hours of the day
was approximately 70 ppm. Results of medical examinations of men
on duty for the first five years showed them to be in excellent
physical conditions. l?o evidence of symptoms attributable to
carbon monoxide intoxication and for sequelae of acute episodes was
found. The effects of both smoking habits and of occupational exposure
to carbon monoxide concentrations in blood samples were analyzed by
the Van Slyke method. The lowest concentration value, expressed as
percent of hemoglobin combined with carbon monoxide, was 0.5; the
highest value was found in a tunnel officer, a heavy smoker, coming
directly from unusually heavy atmospheric exposure, was 13.1. No
signs or symptoms attributable to carbon monoxide were observed
within this range. Concentrations of carbon monoxide in the blood of
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toll collectors on the holiday selected for observation ranged up
to 15.1 percent, expressed as percent of hemoglobin combined with
carbon monoxide.
Authors do not feel that there is reason to assume that pro-
longed exposure to these concentration .Levels -will result in injury
to health. Precautions in force in the Holland Tunnel set up for the
elimination of the possibility of acute exposure is to be extended
in order to protect the health of all persons unavoidably exposed to
carbon monoxide. - Authors' Abst. Modified-AGC
914. Speizer, F.E., and Ferris, B.G., Jr.: The prevalence of chronic nonspecific
respiratory disease in road tunnel employees. Amer. Rev. Resp. Tdseases
88:205-212 (Aug.) 1963.
Results are presented of an epidemiological investigation of the res-
piratory symptoms and pulmonary functions of a group of men exposed
to automobile exhaust in the Summer Road tunnel in Boston. Chronic
nonspecific respiratory disease was more prevalent in men who had worked
in the tunnel for more than 10 years than in those with a shorter time
of employment. Chest colds were also more frequent in this group.
The size of the sample did not permit proper assessment of the effect
of age or cigarette smoking on this population. The maximal ex-
piratory flow rate, as measured with a Wright peak flowmeter, was signi-
ficantly lower in the workers with chronic nonspecific respiratory
disease than in the rest of the workers studied. APCA 5998
915. Tyler, H.W.: Safety stressed in Seattle's vehicular subway. American
City 71:108-109 (Aug.) 1956.
A number of small fans are used in Seattle's vehicular subways to
force in fresh air at a high velocity, and to discharge contaminated
air naturally through openings in the ceiling. In the detector
cells, carbon monoxide is oxidized in a catalytic exothermic reaction
to carbon dioxide and the thermopile produces an electromotive force
in proportion to the carbon monoxide present in the air. Nine fans
are started when the carbon monoxide content reaches 1.5 parts/10,000
in one section; J2 fans operate at 3 parts/10,000; and stop signs
flash in the tunnel at 6 parts/10,000. - LC
916. Waller, R.E., Coamins, B.T., and Lr.wther, P.j.j Air pollution
in road tunnels. British J. Indust. ried. 18§250-259 (Oct.)
1961.
As a part of a study of pollution of tha air by motor vehicles,
measurements have been made in two London road tunnels during
periods of high traffic density. The concentrations of smoke
and polycyclic hydrocarbons found there are much higher than
the average values in Central London, but they are of the
same order of magnitude as those occurring during temperature
386
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inversions on winter evenings when smoke from coal fires
accumulates at a low level.
An attempt has been mads to relate the concentration
of each pollutant to the type and amount of traffic. Both
diesel and patrol vehicles make some contribution to the
amounts of smoks and polycyclic hydrocarbons found in the
tunnels, but in the case of smoke, f luoranthene , 1 s2-
benapyrene, pyrene, and 3 s 4-benzpyr ana , the concentrations
appear to be more closely related to the density of diesel
traffic than to that of petrol traffic. The concentrations
of lead and carbon monoxide have also been determined, and
these are very closely related to the density of petrol
traffic. During the morning and evening rush hours the mean
concentration of carbon monoxide was just over 100 p.p.m, and
peak values up to 500 p. p.m. ware recorded at times. Oxides
of nitrogen were determined in some of the experiments and
there was always much more nitric oxide than nitrogen dioxide.
Eye irritation was experienced but its cause was not investiga-
ted.
Tha concentration of pollution in the tunnels does
not appear to be high enough to create any special hazards
for short-term exposures. The atmosphere at peak periods may
become very dirty and unpleasant and the concentration of carbon
monoxide would be sufficient to produce some effect over
a period of several hours! continuous exposure. The total
emission of pollution from road vehicles must still be small
in comparison with that from coal fires, but the effect of
traffic on the concentration of smoke, polycyclic hydrocarbons,
carbon monoxide, and lead in the air of city streets deserves
continued study. -Authors1 abst-
917. Yant, ¥.P., Levy, £., Frevert, E.W., and Marshall, K.L. : Carbon
monoxide and particulate matter in air of Holland Tunnel and
metropolitan New York, USBMRI 3585, 19kL, &9 PP-
The CO and particulate matter (PM) in the air of the Holland
Tunnel and in the air of metropolitan Hew York at various places
both at and away from the tunnel were studied to determine
whether the tunnel had a significant effect on these contaminants
in the atmosphere in the immediate vicinity. The study was started
in April 1932 and continued at intervals until February 1933- PM
was studied at 2 seasons of the year, spring (April- June 1932) and
winter (February 1933). CO was studied during August and September
1932. Concentration of CO tends to vary with the traffic through
the tunnel and in different parts of the tunnel; it was highest
in the exit or upgrade section. Concentration in the spring in
the upgrade section (average daily traffic 15,000 cars) averaged
ca. 160 ppm during the high-traffic hour (8 a.m. - 8 p.m.); in
the winter, 110 ppm (average traffic 11,000 cars). At all
seasons, CO concentration between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. averaged ca.
50 ppm. From 11:30 a.m. - 10:30 p.m. on spring Sundays (average
traffic 20,000 cars), CO averaged 1?0 ppm. Pb content of both
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suspended and deposited material collected from the intake part
of the tunnel was lower than that of the material from the exhaust
(O.Ol* and 0.9$ in suspended material). Arsenic was higher in
material from the intake than from the exhaust (O.CM and 0.016$
in suspended material). Deposited material from the intake
contained less volatile matter than that from the exhaust (27 and
57$). The composition of the volatile matter and ash in material
from intake and exhaust was similar. Concentration of PM in the
air of the south tube and in the discharge did not exceed that in
the intake air until traffic reached 300 cars/hour and CO ho ppm.
Concentrations of tunnel-added PM varied directly with CO. The
amount of tunnel-added PM in the discharge air was ca. 7 grains/
car. The tunnel air contained ca. 1500 million microscopically
visible particles/mg. PM. The size of particles collected from
intake air was similar to those from exhaust air (geometric mean,
0.^1 and 0.40 u); there were no significant differences in
different seasons. Results of 46 determinations of weight
concentration of PM in the intake air of the tunnel ranged from
0.00-0.82 mg./m.3, with an average of 0.30. Weight concentration
in spring was higher than in the winter. In 1 section spring
concentration was 0.^9-0.86, average 0.66 mg./m.3. Concentration
of tunnel-added CO and PM in the discharged-air streams feU to
ca. 10$ of that at the stack discharge within 30 feet, to ca. 6$
within 100 feet and 2$ within 150 feet. The concentration of CO
and PM in the air in the immediate vicinity of the tunnel did not
differ significantly from that in the air in other parts of
metropolitan New York. - Authors' Abst.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
Books
918. Air Conservation. Rept. Air Conservation Comm. Pub. 80, Amer. Ass.
Advancement Sc., Washington, D.C., 1965, 335 pp.
Contents: I. Air conservation and public policy. II. Summary
of the facts. III. Background reports. 1. Meteorology. 2.
Pollutants and their effects. Sulfur and its compounds.
Carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide. Oxides of nitrogen.
Photochemical air pollution. Particulate matter. Lead and
other deleterious metals. Fluorides. Mr pollution as a
factor in environmental carcinogenesis. Economic poisons as
air pollutants. Radioactive pollution of the atmosphere.
III. Metropolitan organization for air conservation. IV. Air
conservation and the law. V. Air pollution control. VI. Socio-
economic factors. VII. Air pollution and urban development.
This report is the result of the efforts of members of the
commission and a large number of authorities in many fields
of endeavor. - APCA 7201
388
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919. Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network: Analysis
of Suspended Participate Samples Collected 1953-1957* U.S. DREW, PHS,
Div. of Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1958, 259 pp.
Basic data are presented on suspended particulate matter in the air over
the U.S. The following information is included: the U.S. Public Health
Service's National Air Sampling Network, its historical background, and
current operations; the atmospheric pollutants measured; the selection
of station locations, sampling equipment and procedures used; the
sampling scheduling; sampling site descriptions and listings of partici-
pating organizations; directions of how to find data from a particular
city or state; tables containing the data obtained; statistical
interpretations; and a description of analytical methods. Hope is
expressed that comprehensive analysis of these raw data will help
determine trends and patterns of air pollution in the U. S. and
aid the public-spirited citizen in understanding this relatively
new environmental problem. -APCA 2283
920. Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network.
Analyses of Suspended Participates. U.S. DREW, PHS, Pub. No. 978,
Div. of Air Poll., Washington, D.C., 1962, 217 pp.
This publication was prepared for the Natl. Conference on Air Pollution
held in Wash., D.C., on Dec. 10-12, 1962. On Jan. 1, 1957, major
revision of the network operations was initiated. With these revisions
the network became truly "national.1* There are currently 250 sampling
stations in the network, 213 urban and 37 nonurban. Of the urban
stations, 73 sample every yr. and 140 sample every other yr. Thus,
in any 1 yr. there are 180 stations actively collecting samples, 143
urban and 37 nonurban. Every yr. urban sampling stations are usually
located in the largest city, by population, of the 50 states, the
District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico. In addition there are
frequently several every-other-yr. stations in operations, some of
which have been operated during the off yr. by the respective State
agencies. Particulate matter collected by the Natl. Air Sampling
Network is made up of the small particles which remain in suspension
in the air for varying periods of time. The national urban mean 3
concentration of suspended particulates.for 1957-61 was 104 ug./m.
with a max. concentration of 1706 ug./m.. The frequency distribution
of mean concentrations, which for 190 cities ranged from 46 to
224 ug./m. is shown graphically in a figure in the text. This infor-
mation is contained in Part I of the publication. Other parts of the
publication are concerned with Data tables: Sampling site description
and participating organization; Analytic methods; Explanation of
statistical terms. -APCA 5219
389
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921. Air pollution measurements of the National Air Sampling Network.
Analyses of suspended particuiates, 1963. U.S. TSSW, PHS, Div. of
Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1965, pp. 3?.
In 1963, the National Mr Sampling Network (NASN) encompassed some
200 stations. This report presents the results of analyses performed
on samples collected at these stations in 1963 and also results of
analyses performed in 1963 on some samples collected in previous
years. These results are tabulated in the summary tables* The
mean concentration of suspended particulates for 168 urban NASN
stations in 1963 vas 92 ug./m.3 This level is not significantly
different from the mean for the previous 2 years (92 ug./in.3 in
1961; 89 ug./m.3 in 1962). Concentrations in individual samples
ranged from a minimum of 5 ^ug-/30- *° a maximum of 710 jug./m. ^
The mean concentration of b'enzene-soluble organics at urban stations
was 6.5 jjg./m,3; this level also has changed little from the
previous 2 years (6.9 ug./m.3 in 1961; 6.6 ug./m,3 in 1962).
Concentrations in individual samples ranged from'0.2 ug./m.3 to
128.3 Jig-/m.3 The mean concentration of suspended particulates for
the 32 nonurban stations was 27 ug./m.3, a level that has hot
fluctuated significantly in the past 6 years. Analysis of data on
particulate pollutants in 100 selected cities, for the period 1957
through 1963, shows that concentrations of most of the individual
particulate pollutants analyzed are related to the concentration of
total suspended particulates. Benzene-soluble organic matter averages
about 7-1/2$ of urban particulates. The sulfates average about 10$,
iron a little over 3$» and lead less that 1$ of the suspended
particulates in those cities for which data are available* Nitrate
concentrations are an exception, showing little apparent relationship
to the concentration of total suspended particulates and averaging
between 1 and 3 ug*/m* A limited investigation was made of arsenic
concentrations in samples from 10 selected urban stations and 2
nonurban stations. Typical concentrations were of the order of
0.02 ug./m.-^ Concentrations in individual urban samples ranged from
less than 0.01 ug./m.f, the threshold of deteetability, to 1.00
ug./m.3 The maximum arsenic concentration for any individual non-
urban sample was 0.03 ug./m. 3 - APCA 65-33
922. Aviation Toxicology. An Introduction to the Subject and a Handbook
of Data. The KLakiston Co., New York, Toronto, 1953* PP. 120.
This handbook on aviation toxicology provides toxicity data on
chemicals of special interest in aviation.
CO is the only toxic gas for which allowable concentration
limits have been generally prescribed in aviation. The allowable
limit of concentration for CO set by military and civilian agencies
of different countries vary somewhat. The average limit is one part
in 20,000 parts of air (ik b) for civil airplanes in the U.S. In
moderate altitudes carbon monoxide does not have any ill effects.
Author points out, however, that careful laboratory tests have
shown that vision is somewhat impaired at, or even below, this
concentration. The concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the
390
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blood stream at high altitude, and the general properties and
occurrence of CO are discussed in this "book. There are diagrams
showing time-concentration curves of CO toxicity. - AGC
923. Bokonjic', H.: Stagnant Anoxia and Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A
Clinical and Electroencephalographic Study in Humans.
ELectroencephalography & Clinical Neurophysiol., 1963, Suppl. 21.
102 pp.
A detailed description and comparison of clinical and
electroencephalographic symptoms in human suffering from acute
anoxia due to strangulation and carbon monoxide poisoning is
provided in this publication. The important differences of
these two types of anoxia are clinical and electroencephalographic
syndromes^ which require differential prognosis. The association
established between duration of unconsciousness and recovery
prospects, and clarification of the influence of gas and
cardiovascular failure on the final outcome, are of particular
prognostic value. - AGC
924. Drinker, C.K.: Carbon monoxide asphyxia. Cxfor-l University Press,
New Yorkr 1938, 2?6 pp.
The chief purpose of this volume is to supply informatiori to
individuals working in fields of industry in vhich carbon monoxide
is a lively problem. The intricate physiology and biochemistry
of oxygen lack and the problems of carbon monoxide asphyxia are
discussed. There are eight chapters on following subjects:
Respiratory Physiology and Biochemistry of Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia.
Acute Poisoning by Carbon Monoxide and the Problem of the After-
Effects of Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia. What Constitutes Harmful
Exposure to Carbon Monoxide. Some Statistics on Carbon Monoxide
Asphyxia and Common Sources of Carbon Monoxide. The Pathology of
Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia. The Problem of Chronic Exposure to Carbon
Monoxide. Treatment of Carbon Monoxide Asphyxia. Detection and
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Air and Body. - AGC
925, DuBois, K.P., and Ceiling, E.M.K. Taxtbcck of Toxicology. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1959; 302 pp.
This textbook, although intended for studerrcs interested in the general
principles of toxicology and in facts with practical applications, is
also useful to the practical toxicologist and re&earch worker. There
are 15 chapters, tables, figures and an index. The detection, mode
of action, occurrence, pathology, toxicity and symptoms, and
treatment of carbon monoxide are discussed in chapter five: Mr-
Borne Poisons - Gases. - AGC
391
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926.
Edell, G.M.: Determination of small amounts of carbon monoxide in
air. (Abstract of Thesis, Syracuse Uhiv.) Indust. Eng. Chem. 20:
275 (March) 1928.
It seemed desirable to test air for smaller concentrations o.f carbon
monoxide than had previously been reported. Oxidation by means of
iodine pentoxide was selected as the most accurate method in use.
Several test analyses were made from each of four different
concentrations of carbon monoxide in air, using an apparatus modeled
after Graham's portable type with the bromine tube omitted. One-
liter samples of the two more concentrated mixtures and 3-li*e:r
samples of the dilute mixtures were used.
It was found that only the purest iodine pentoxide should be
used. Even then there was a constant, though small, liberation of
iodine when pure air was drawn through the tube; the rate of
decomposition, hovever, was nearly uniform. It had to be determined
and corrections made in computing the results of the analyses. One
tube filled with an inferior grade of iodine pentoxide gave untrust-
worthy results due to a high and uneven rate of decomposition.
Water displacement of the gas sample from the reservoir and sampling
bulb gave results fully as accurate as vacuum displacement.
No. of
Deter-
mina-
tions
6
k
5
7
Analytical Results
Carbon Msnoxide
Computed Determined
Per Cent Per Cent
Deviation of Determined Per-
centages from Computed
Average Maximum Minimum
Per Cent Per Cent Per Cent
0.0575
0.0094
0.0018
0.0008
0.0599
0.0109
0.0027
0.0011
+0.0015
+0.0009
+0.0003
+0.0031
+0.0023
+0.0020
+0.0008
+0.0010
+0.0007
+0.0001
+0.0001
The excellent checks obtained on the work of other investigators
and the accuracy of determinations on still more dilute concentrations
marls the method as one having greater refinement than is generally
known, and one whose limit of usefulness has not yet been determined.
- Author's Abst.
927. General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Penna., Capitol Bldg., Harris-
burg, Penna.; Automotive Air Pollution. Joint State Government Commission.
(Feb.) 1963 - 51 pages.
This is a report by the Chairman, B. Royer, of the Panel of Tech.
Advisors on Automotive Air Pollution to the Joint State Govt. Comm.
The report consists of a summary and conclusions, recommendations,
extensive information as assembled in appendix A through E, and appen-
dix P which is a bibliography of 38 references. The Panel recommended
392
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that action be taken on the following points: (l) That means be pro-
vided to conduct an analytical survey of atmospheric contaminant con-
centrations from the automotive source in selected localities of the
Commonwealth. This should be of sufficient tcope to include Seasonal
and annual variations. (2) That a small technical group be established
for an additional 2 years to advise concerning any technical prograns,
such as are recommended in later paragraphs. (3) That positive crank-
case ventilating devices be required as factory-installed equipment
on all new cars registered in Penna. beginning Jan. 1, 1964. (4) That
the established automobile inspection system in Penna. be utilized to
extend the regular required semiannual inspections to include several
specific items having to do with the ignition system, air clearner,,
carburetor, and any blow-by device on cars so equipped. However, the
Panel recommends that action be postponed pending the outcome of studies
outlined in the next 2 paragraphs. (5) That, although in the opinion
of the Panel a system requiring regular maintenance would be effective
in substantially reducing emissions, provision be made to undertake
a corroborating test program on passenger cars representing a cross
section of makes and models. (6) That concurrently with the testing
program recommended in paragraph 5 the Secretary of Revenue be consulted
with respect to the practicability of expanding the non-existing inspection
service to include the items listed in paragraph U. (?) That the
Motor Vehicle Code be amended to cite such motor vehicles as operate
on the highways with continuous visible emissions other than water vapor
and to require the owners of such vehicles to correct the situation
by such adjustments or repairs as may be necessary. - APCA 6601
928. Grollman, A.: Pharmacology and Therapeutics. A textbook for
students and practitioners of medici 2 and its allied professions,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, I960.
It has been estimated that once equilibrium is established between
"body and atmospheric concentrations of CO - a matter of some hours
- each part per million of CO in the air up to 100 ppm. will inactivate
one-sixth of 1% of hemoglobin, fhus, a man exposed for some time
to 100 ppm of CO - the industrial threshold limit - might be
expected to have as much as 15$-blood saturation with this gas.
There is considerable individual variation ia the percentage of
carboxyhemoglobin at which symptoms appear and atmospheric levels
of 100 ppnt are not ordinarily associated with symptoms; at *K>0 ppm,
headache, weakness, nausea, and dizziness appear; at 600 ppm,
tachycardia vrith danger of collapse; at 800 ppm, fainting; and at
1,000 ppm, coma, convulsions, and death. - AGC
929. Grut A.: Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, a Study in Ccetqjaticnal
Medicine! Ejnar Munksgaard, Copenhagen, 19^9, 229 PP-
The following topics are discussed in twelve chapters: 1. Introduction,
2. Exposure to Carbon Monoxide, 3. Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,
k'. Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 5- Hyperthyroidism Following Exposure
to Carbon Monoxide, 6. Diagnosis of Chronic Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,
393
-------
7. Aggregate Result of Examinations of Producer Gas Drivers and Other
Workers Exposed to Carbon Monoxide, 8. The Individual Working Processes
Ccncected with Producer Gas Driving, 9- Development and Course of Chronic
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning, 10. Variations in Susceptibility to Carbon
Monoxide, 11. Pathogenesis and Pathological Anatomy, and 12. (Treatment
and Prophylaxis.
Various methods to determine the CO content of the air and of
COHb are described. Exposures are ascertained by the detection of a
pathological COHb$ of CO in the air of places of work or by examination
of the working process.
The occurrence and severity of chronic CO poisoning of drivers and
mechanics of motor vehicles, respectively of fuel trucks, of traffic
policemen and workers in tunnels are discussed.
Acclimatization to CO has been experimentally verified in animals
but experiments with man are not convincing. Pathologic neurological
symptoms and histological changes have been found in the brains of dogs
exposed to 0.01$ CO, but only slight histological changes have been
described in human beings after chronic CO poisoning. The bibliography
contains 180 references. - AGC
930. Henderson, Y., and Haggard, H.W.: Noxious Gases and the Principles
of Respiration Influencing Their Action. Beinhold Pub. Corp.,
Hew York, N.Y., 19^3, PP-
This is the second edition of probably the first monograph in this
special field. It contains 18 chapters, each followed by bibliographical
references; of supplementary statement on breathing machines, a
foreward and an index. The titles of the chapters are: 1. General
survey of the field. 2. Elements of respiration. 3« Ihe
respiratory functions of the blood and their laws. k. Practical
applications of the laws of gases and vapors. 5. Principles
determining absorption, distribution and elimination of volatile
substances. 6. The significance of standards for physiological
response to various concentrations of gases and vapors.
7« Classification of noxious gases and vapors. 8. Group I.
Irritant gases. 9- Group I (cont'd. ). Special characteristics
of various irritant gases. 10. Group IIA. Asphyxiation and
simple asphyxiants. 11. Group IIB. Chemical asphyxiants.
12. -15- Group III. Volatile drugs and drug -like substances.
16. Group IV, Inorganic and organcmantalli c gusea. 17. Metbods
of resuscitation and cociparioon of various treatments. First aid.
and 18. Prevention of poisoning by noxious gases. - AGC
930a. Levlne, B.S. (translator): Demidov, A.V., and Ifokhov, L.A. : Sapid
Methods for the Determination of Harmful Gases and Vapors in the Air.
Medgiz, Moscow, 1962. U.S. S.R. Literature on Air Pollution and
Related Occupational Diseases, Vol. 10, 1964, 108 pp., U.S. Dept.
Commerce, CFSTI - TT6k - 11767.
Following a short discussion of the bases of the rapid methods and
of suggestions on the collecting of samples, information is given
-------
in considerable detail on various inorganic substances and on various
organic substances in the air. The inorganic substances are: carbon
monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, hydrogen peroxide (H^D2)> ozone (0-a)>
chlorine (C12), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen sulfide (HpS),
carbon bisulfide (CSp)> annonia and aliphatic amines, arsenic hydride
or arsine (AsHo), antimonous hydride (SbH,), fluorine (F2), sulfur
dioxide (sulfurous anhydride, or sulfur dioxide, S0p)> mercury vapor
(Hg), hydrocyanic acid (HCN), nickel tetracarbonyl £ (Bi(CO)2J>
carbon dioxide (C02). The organic substances are: formaldehyde
(HCOH), ethyl alcohol vapor (CpHcOH), liquid fuel vapor, phosgene
(COC12), acetylene (CgHg), benzene vapor, ethylene oxide
aniline (C^H3H2), acetone (CHg— -CO--^). There are six appendices
which give such information as volume, percent, and veight conversion
formulas and tables; tables of ready calculated factors; and specific
gravity equivalent concentrations for some acids. - APCA 6V 293
931. Levin, L. : Die Kohlenoxydvergiftung. Bin Handbuch fur Medizirier,
Techniker und Uhfallrichter. (Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. A
Manual for Physicians, Engineers and Accident Investigators.)
Julius Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1920, 370 pp.
This comprehensive treatise written in German, covers various fields
of CO poisoning. Author considers CO, a product of many sources
most closely related to human activity, to be one of the most widely
spread poisons, scourging mankind with the instant fire became
known to man. Author begins the first part entitled Chemical,
Technical and General Toxicology, with a history of CO. He describes
its natural occurrence and also the chemical formation. The second
part consists of clinical discussions: Acute and Chronic CO
Poisoning and its Consequences. The pathological, anatomial,
forensic and therapeutic problems are discussed in the last part
which also includes sections on statistics, prevention and on
treatment of CO poisoning. - AGC
931a Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Health. Part I. Summary - A
Review of the Problem. II. Effects of Motor Vehicle Pollution on
Health. III. Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles. A Report of
Surgeon General to the U.S. Congress in compliance with Public Law
86-^98, The Schenck Act, June 1962. USDHEW, U.S* Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C., 1962.
The report is the result of 2 yrs. intensive research conducted by
the Div. Air Poll., U.S. Public Health Service, following legislation
introduced by Congressman Paul F. Schenck (Ohio) and signed into law
June 8, I960 as PL 86-493. This law directed the Surgeon General of
the PHS to conduct "a thorough study for the purpose of determining,
with respect to the various substances discharged from the exhausts
of motor vehicles, the amount and kinds of such substances which,
from the standpoint of human health, it is safe for motor vehicles
to discharge into the atmosphere under the various conditions under
395
-------
which such vehicles may operate." It further directed the Surgeon
General to report back to the Congress his findings and recommen-
dations not later than June 8, 1962. Although much of the information
in the report is based on studies still in progress, it indicates
clearly that pollutants from automobiles, trucks, and buses have
harmful effects on man, vegetation, and many materials. - APCA
932 Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. Report of the Environmental
Pollution Panel of the President's Science Advisory Committee. The
White House. Washington, D.C., Nov. 1965, pp. 317-
The information in this very extensive monography is assembled under
the major headings of: Effects of pollution. Sources of pollution.
In which direction should we go? Recommendations. Under effects of
pollution, consideration is given to health effects; effects on other
living organisms; impairment of water and soil resources; pollution
effects of detergents; deterioration of materials and urban environ-
ments; climatic effects of pollution. Sources of pollution discussed
are: municipal and industrial sewage, animal wastes, urban solid
wastes, mining wastes, consumer goods wastes, and unintentional
releases. Information is given, concerning recommendations, under the
following headings: principles, actions, coordination and system
studies, baseline measurement programs, development and demonstration,
research, manpower, and incompleteness of recommendations. There are
11 extensive appendixes (39-291) and a fairly detailed subject index
(293-317). - APCA
933. Sayers, R.R., and Davenport, S. J.: Review of Carbon
Poisoning. U.S. Pub. Health Bull. No. 195, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. C., 1930, pp. 97.
The literature on the toxicity of carbon monoxide, covering the period
of the late 1900's to the late 1920's, is reviewed in this publication.
Occurrence, symptoms, methods of detection, the threshold limits,
pathology, prevention and treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
are discussed. There is also a short history of the poisonous effect
of CO in ancient times, and 195 references. - AGC
933a Six Years of Research in Air Pollution. A Review of Grants-in-Aid,
Contracts, and Direct Operations Sponsored by the Division of Air
Pollution, Bureau of State Services, July 1, 1955 to June 30, 1961.
USBHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Pollution, Washington, B.C., 1961, 290 pp.
This review of 6 yrs. of research in air pollution sponsored by the
Div. of Air Pollution, USPHS has been assembled as a narrative summary
under the following chapter headings: Engineering research in air
pollution; Meteorologic research in air pollution; Chemical research
in air pollution; Development of air monitoring; Research in air
pollution instrumentation; Bio-medical research in air pollution;
396
-------
Development of technical assistance; Dissemination of research
knowledge. There is also a bibliography of 623 references.
934. The Sixth Annual Air Pollution Medical Research Conference.
San Francisco, Jan. 35-29, 1963. Arch. Environ. Health Vol. 8,
(Jan.)
Each year the air pollution conferences have directed concentrated
attention to a fundamental problem. This year the problem vas
the body burden of pollutants. The body burdens of carbon monoxide
and of lead have already been used as criteria for air quality.
The acessions on respiratory disease brought together for
the first time reports which suggest that chronic pulmonary
disease in man has a number of counterparts in experimentally
exposed animals. In these experiments, exposure to nitrogen
dioxide, adsorbed on activated charcoal, produced destructive
alveolar lesions resembling emphysema. Long-term low-level
exposures to nitrogen dioxide also can produce changes resembling
chronic bro^hitis vith voluminous lungs. The possibility that
immunologic mechanisms are significant in emphysema and the
applications of immunologic techniques to the study of asthma due
to air pollution also represent a new and promising development
in medical research.
Perspectives on the effects of air pollution as well as
distinguished scientific reports were presented from Japan and
Wales. The findings that chronic respiratory symptoms and
impairment of pulmonary function are related in school children
to community air pollution exposure represent an important new
approach to the study of air pollution effects. The finding
that physiologic alterations may occur from experimental exposure
to realistic levels of pollutants also is a powerful new discovery.
- AGC
935. Smoking and Health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon
General of the PHS, USEHEW, PHS, PHSP Ho. 1103, pp.
The following is a quote from the section "Smoking and Accidents,"
contained in this comprehensive report.
"It has been shown that a level of carboxyhemoglobin
of 5 percent — a level which is not uncommon among heavy
cigarette smokers— depresses visual perception to as
great an extent as anoxia at 8,000 to 10,000 feet
altitude."
936. Stem, A. C. : Air pollution. Vol. I., Academic Press, N. Y., 1962, 656 pp.
Contents: Pt. 1. --Air pollution and its dispersion. Classification and
extent Of air pollution problems, L, A. Chambers. Residual pollution
products in the atmosphere, B. D. Tebbens. Reactions in the atmosphere.
397
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A. J. Haagen-Smit. Air ions. B. J. Steigerwald. Diffusion and stirring
in the lower troposphere. R. C. Wanta. Atmospheric dispersion of
stack effluents. G. H. Strom. Pt. II.—The effects of air pollution.
Effects of air pollution on materials. J. E. Yocom. Effects of air
pollution on visibility, E. Robinson. Effects of air pollution on plants.
C. S. Brandt. Effects of air pollution on animals. H. E. Stokinger,
Effects of air pollution on humans. J. R. Goldsmith. Ft. III. Measuring
and monitoring air pollution. --Air sampling. E. R. Hendrickson. Source
testing and monitoring. B. D. Bloomfield. Air analysis. M. B. Jacobs.
Production of controlled test atmospheres. J. P. Lodge, Jr. Odor and its
measurements. E. R. Kaiser. Meteorological measurements. E. W. Hewson.
Automatic instrumentation. N. A. Renzetti. The air pollution survey.
A. T. Rossano, Jr. Appendix: Characteristeics of particles and particle
dispersoids. Indexes. This book is concerned with the cause, effect,
transport, measurement, and control of air pollution. It is intended for
professionals, those trained in as vide a variety of callings as are
represented among its authors: engineers, chemists, physicists, physicians,
meteorologists, lawyers, agronomists, and toxicologists. This is a 2-vol.
work, and it may be helpful to the reader who does not find the subject
of his interest in vol. I to outline the contents in vol. II. It covers
k major areas: the emissions to the atmosphere from the principal air
pollution sources; the control techniques and equipment used to minimize
these emissions; the applicable laws, regulations, and standards; and the
administrative and organizational procedures used to administer these
laws, regulations, and standards. - APCA 14-389
937. Stern, A. C.: Air pollution. Vol. II. Academic Press, New York,
196a, 586 pages.
Contents: Pt. IV.—Air pollution sources. Combustion in furnaces, in-
cinerators, and open fires. R. B. Engdahl. Automotive exhaust emissions.
A. H. Rose, Jr. Mineral and metallurgical industry emissions. J. P.
Sheedy and C. A. lindstrom. Manufacture of the major inorganic acids and
alkalis. A. N. Heller. Petroleum refinery emissions. H. F* Elkin.
Sources of radioactive pollution. M. Eisenbud. Natural sources of air
pollution. A. R. Jacobson. Pt. V.—Control methods and equipment.
Process and source control. T. Hatch. Efficiency and selection of collectors
A. C. Stern. Source control by centrifugal force and gravity. K. J. Kaplan.
Source control by filtration. C. Orr, Jr. and J. M. Dalla Valle. Source
control by electrical, thermal, and sonic forces. C. F. Gottschlich.
Source control by liquid scrubbing, ¥. E. Ranz, Nuisance abatement by
combustion. R. J. Ruff. Source control by solid adsorption. A. Turk.
Water pollution potential of air pollution control devices. F. E. Gartrell.
Pt. VI,--Air pollution control. Air pollution control administration;
planning and zoning. J. J, Schueneman. Air pollution control legislation.
S. M. Rogers and S. Edelman. Air pollution standards. A. C. Stern.
Source inspection and survey. C. Gruber. Source approval and registra-
tion. P. W. Purdom. Public education, cooperation, and voluntary con-
trol activities. J. A. Ifega. Air pollution personnel. Qualifications
and training. E. T. Chanlett. Pt. VII. Air pollution literature resources.
J. S. Bader. Appendix I: list of potential air pollution producing
398
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industrial uses and operations. II. Petroleum refinery emission and loss
factors. - APCA
938. Vol'fson, Z.G. : Limits of allowable concentration of carbon
monoxide in atmospheric air. In: Levine, B.S. (translator) and
Ryazanov, V.A. (editor): Limits of Allowable Concentrations of
Atmospheric Pollutants. U. S. Office of Technical Services,
Washington, D. C., B^ok 1, 1952, pp. 56-64. OTS 59-21173.
The TT.S.S.R. literature on studies concerning CO in the atmosphere
is reviewed in this paper. Based on clinical and experimental
evidence 20-30 mg/n?of CO are considered maximum levels at which
disturbances in the central nervous system are noticeable. The
recommendation for the adoption of standards was made after
thorough study of results of investigation and experiments. The
population surveyed consisted of children, aged, sick, and
generally feeble persons. Following recommendations were made:
The Tnaximal allowable "limit of average daily CO concentrations
in the city atmosphere is not to be above 2 mg/m3. Maximal
single concentration of CO in the atmospheric air must not exceed
6 mg/m3. - AGO
939. Von Oettingen, W.F. : Carbon Monoxide: Its Hazards and the Mechanism
of its Action. Federal Security Agency, U.S. Public Health Service,
PHSB No. 290, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
PP. 257-
Investigations by the author show that CO poisoning is characterized
by the formation of CO hemoglobin and that the amount of CO hemoglobin
formed depends upon the concentration of CO in the air, the duration
of the exposure, and the rate of respiration of the individual
exposed. An increase in the temperature, humidity, and CO- content
of the air or a decrease in the concentration of Oo will stimulate
the respiration and hence favor the absorption of CO. But if such
variations are eliminated, certain cohcentre.ui.onG of CO in air will
convert only a definite percentage of oxyheracglobin into CO hemoglobin
until an equilibrium is reached. The speed with which the maximal
concentration is reached depends upon the concentration of CO in air,
so that with high concentrations of CO maximal saturation may occur
very rapidly.
CO may also react with other "heme"- containing pigments and
enzymes, but, of all pigments mentioned, only the pseudohemoglobin
has a greater affinity to CO than hemoglobin, and at present it appears
impossible to Judge on the physiological importance of this phenomenon.
The question as to whether or not CO affects the functioning of other
pigments such. as myoglobin or cytochrome appears to need further
study, and the same holds true regarding information on tha effect
of CO on certain pigments found in the brain.
Regarding the relation between toxic symptoms and the concen-
tration of CO hemoglobin in the blood, it appears that concentrations
399
-------
below 20 percent cause only moderate subjective complaints and that
these become serious with concentrations up to 30 percent and alarm-
ing with higher concentrations. It appears impossible to state which
concentration of CO hemoglobin in the blood will be fatal because
this will vary considerably with the type of exposure and the 02
need of the organism at the time of the closure, but it appears
that concentrations between 60 and 80 percent will be dangerous to
life.
Analysis of the clinical picture and the pathological findings
in CO poisoning, especially in regard to the behavior of the
circulatory apparatus and the central nervous system as well as the
metabolism, appears to indicate that the sequelae of CO poisoning
are more serious than would be expected from mere anoxemia of a
similar degree. In spite of the impressive parallelism between the
effects of CO poisoning and those produced by lack of 0^ it cannot
be denied that there are a number of reactions and phenomena which
may indlcate""a specific priciary or secondary effect of CO on certain
"heme"-containing pigments or enzymes of the organism. - Author's
Conclusions Modified.
940, White, A. J.: Carbon Monoxide, Your Car and You. Motor Vehicle
Research, 1952, pp. 35
This monograph consists of seven chapters. Carbon monoxide and its
effects on health is described in Chapters One and Two. Chapter Four
discusses the environment in relation to CO, Chapters Five and Six
are discussing exposure to CO in garages, its relationship to other
exhaust gases and how to reduce CO hazards. How to avoid CO is sug-
gested in the summary. A.G.C.
Legislation
941. Air Pollution* Hearings before a Special Subcommittee on Air and
Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works, United States
Senate, 89th Congress, 1st Session on S. 306, April 1965. U. S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C,, 308 pp.
A Bill to amend the Clean Air Act to require standards for
controlling the emission of pollutants from gasoline-powered or
diesel-powered vehicles, to establish a Federal air pollution
control laboratory, and for other purposes. - AGC
kQO
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942. Automotive Air Pollution. A Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to the United States Congress Pursuant to
Public Lav 88-206, the Clean Air Act, 89th Congress, 1st Session,
Senate Doc. no. 7 (Jan) 1965. U. S. Government Printing Office.
1965, 22 pp.
By the provisions of a section of the Clean Air Act, the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare of the U. S. is to report to
the Congress one year after enactment of the section and
eemlanrmally thereafter on measures taken toward the resolution
of the vehicle exhaust pollution problem and efforts to improve
fuels. This report, dated December 196k, discusses current
automotive air pollution problems under the headings of:
Incidence of photochemical smog; Effects of automotive air
pollution; Vehicle use trends; and Becognition by State governments.
Progress in the resolution of the problem is considered under the
headings of: Exhaust emission control; Crankcase emission control;
Fuel evaporation loss control; Maintenance; Fuels; and Diesels.
There is a bibliography of 107 references to the current literature.
- APCA 65-lj.
943. Automotive Air Pollution. Second Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to the United States Congress pursuant to
Public Law 88-206, the Clean Air Act. Senate Document No. 1*2.
89th Congress, 1st Session. 1965. 13 pp.
Progress in the reduction of automotive e:&aust emissions of
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is indicated by the scheduled
availability of control-equipped vehicles in a limited geographical
area late this year and by industry suggestions that similarly
equipped vehicles can be supplied nationally in the 1968 model
year. Although several of the passenger-car-type exhaust emission
control systems have not been fully demonstrated to comply with
existing standards (California) regulating hydrocarbon and carbon
monoxide emissions, their ability to do so appears to be virtually
assured. Knowledge is not available yet, however, regarding the
effectiveness of these systems in the reduction of specific organic
components of the exhaust nor has it been determined broadly if
the performance and durability characteristics are fully consistent
with public expectations. The U. S. Public Health Service in
cooperation with the General Services Administration is arranging
to test the current production-type exhaust emission control
systems. General Services Administration has advised that most
of the 1966 model vehicles purchased for use by Federal agencies
will be equipped with exhaust control systems of the type to be
made available in California. The tests will be concerned
primarily with the effectiveness of the controls and with
variations in their effectiveness associated with geographic
and climatic factors. In addition, any effects of the pollution
control systems on vehicle performance and isaintenance will be
evaluated. Of major importance, particularly in relation to the
lj-01
-------
promulgation of national emission control requirements, are on-
going programs of the Public Health Service. Uncontrollable
variables are under study and some of their effects have been
noted. For example, vehicle operation under low temperature
and at high altitudes tends to increase exhaust hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide. That marked additional progress should be forth-
coming is indicated by the generally greater interest in other
facets of automotive emissions. Diesel emissions, evaporative
losses, and fuels effects are being examined more closely both by
individual investigators and in group study. Instrumentation and
measurement procedures also appear to be receiving greater
attention. Other areas of research still appear to require
increased emphasis: biological effects, effect of hydrocarbon/
nitrogen oxides ratios, reactivity of hydrocarbons, community air
monitoring, emission control methods, and effects of ecgine deposits
on emissions. - APCA 65-179
Automotive Air Pollution. Third Report of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare to the United States Congress pursuant to
Public Law 88-206, The Clean Air Act. Senate Document No. 83, 98th
Congress, 2nd Session, 1966, 13 pp.
Reduced exhaust emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide have
become a reality in California with the introduction of the 1966-
model passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. Recognition of
the need for still further control measures is evidenced by the
adoption of nitrogen oxide standards by the California Board of
Health.
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is
implementing the new responsibilities and authorities conferred by
the Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act. Standards for the
control of emissions from gasoline -fueled vehicles are being
developed accordingly, to become effective with the 1968 models.
Some additional technical information has become available.
Further studies of the effect of ambient temperature on exhaust
emissions indicate that low temperatures tend to increase exhaust
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, particularly following cold-
engine starts. Preliminary results obtained from a study of the
effect of leaded fuels indicate that combustion chamber deposits
may not significantly affect the quantities of hydrocarbons and
carbon monoxide emitted in exhaust gases. A survey being conducted
to measure carbon monoxide levels in urban communities suggests
that human exposure to carbon monoxide may be greater than routine
atmospheric monitoring data had indicated.
A number of new projects are being initiated by the
Government to study the performance characteristics of production-
type exhaust emission controls in varied environments, to develop
more definitive data on exhaust emissions from small cars and
diesel -powered vehicles, to learn more about human tolerance of
lead and carbon monoxide, and to effect control of oxides of
nitrogen. An expansion of industry research in automotive air
402
-------
pollution and its control is indicated by the recent activities
of technical associations.
945o Caplan, J.D.: Causes and control of automotive emissions. In:
Air Pollution Control. Hearings before a Special Subcommittee on
Air and Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works, United
States Senate, 89th Congress, 1st Session on S 306, April 1965,
U. S, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., pp. 160-171.
The sources and composition of emissions from gasoline-engine
vehicles are described, the causes are elucidated, and the
importance of specific components of the emissions is discussed.
Methods of reducing the emissions from the various sources are
presented along with an evaluation of their respective merits and
limitations. In addition, the need for additional research
concerning the importance of specific emission components Is
explained, finally, the Automobile Manufacturers Association's
co-operative programme for vehicle emission control is discussed.
- Author's Abst.
946. Clarkson, D., and Middleton, J.T.: The California control program for
motor vehicle created air pollution. J.APCA 12:22-28 (Jan.) 1962.
California was assigned a new role in the battle against air pollution
in 1960 when legislation was enacted which established the Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board and a program to control air pollution created
by the motor vehicle. The legislation extended the State's role in air
pollution control beyond its traditional one of research and assistance
to local governmental agencies to one of direct control. The State thus
is now responsible for controlling moving sources of pollution while
local agencies retain their long-standing responsibility for control of
stationary industrial and domestic polluters. Whereas local agencies
have instituted programs designed to control the stationary sources which
vary in number, kind, and importance as polluters in various areas of
California, a technically sound and administratively feasible program
of control of vehicular emissions can be achieved only by the state
level of government. Uniformity in the requirements for control
throughout the State is necessary because of the mobility of motor
vehicles without regard to local political boundaries and because they
are an air pollution factor common to all densely populated areas of
the State. A State program insures equitability in the application of
control requirements and ease of administration.
This paper discusses the program instituted by the Motor Vehicle
Pollution Control Board, which represents a first attempt to control
air pollution created by motor vehicles, an essential step to achieve
satisfactory air quality throughout California. -Authors' introduction
-AGC
403
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947. The Clean Mr Act December 17, 1963 - Public Law 88-206. As:
Amended October 20, 1965 - Public Law 89-2J2. U. S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare; Public Health Service;
Washington, D. C. 20201, 1965, I**- PP.
This is the legal statement of the Clean Air Act of 19^3 as
amended, on October 20, 1965, to become Public Law 89-2?2. -
APCA 65-185
948. Comparison of National Laws and Regulations; Possibility of
Standardizing These and Drawing up Technical and Legislative
Agreements and European Conventions on Air Pollution. (General
Report) European Conference on Air Pollution, June 24- July 1,
1964. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, (Prance), 19&4* 12 PP-
This General Report, published following the European Conference
on Air Pollution, is presented by Professor Hogger, University of
Zurich, who is Chairman of the Commission Fe'de'rale de 1' Hygiene
de I1 Air. The table of contents lists the following subject
headings: Dangers, inconvenience, and damage caused by air pollution;
Remedies; General principles of legislation (prohibition of
unpleasant and dangerous emissions, limitation of emissions); How
far should clean air requirements go?; Special provisions (industry,
domestic fires, motor vehicles); Application of regulations;
European cooperation; Conclusions; and an Appendix in which are
outlined several points to be settled in national legislation
according to the conditions in each country, relating to domestic
fires, industry, motor vehicles, and sanctions and controls. -
APCA 64-248
949. A Compilation of Selected Air Pollution Emission Control Regulations
and Ordinances. Tech. Rep. A65-34. U.S. PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Jfey 11, 1965, 123 PP.
The introduction states that this compilation contains selected
sections of many emission control regulations and ordinances. It
has been prepared to provide state and local air pollution control
agencies, industries, and other interested people with selected
examples of the many types of regulations and ordinances in use today*
All sections of regulations and ordinances included have been copied
directly from the original text of individual state and local laws.
The regulations and ordinances have been arranged in such a manner
that each section of this report is a compilation of laws pertaining
to a specific type of pollutant or pollutant source. These sections
include Smoke Emissions and Ecjuivalent Opacity Regulations, Regulations
Pertaining to Particulate Emissions from Fuel Burning Plants,
Regulations Pertaining to Particulate Emissions from Refuse-Burning
Equipment, Regulations Pertaining to Particulate Emissions from
Jfenufacturing Processes, Regulations Pertaining to Sulfur Compound
Emission Control, Regulations Pertaining to Hydrocarbon Emission
Control, Regulations Pertaining to Fluoride Emission Control,
404
-------
Regulations Pertaining to Motor Vehicle Emission Control, Regulations
Pertaining to Odor Emission Control, and Zoning Ordinances. The
regulations and ordinances compiled were selected to represent the
different methods of controlling emissions "by law and to represent
varying degrees of control. The definitions used were for the most
part taken directly from existing regulations and ordinances. Some
were picked selectively to provide what were felt to be very good
definitions while others were picked "because of their wide use by
many states and communities. - APCA 65-73
950. Control of air pollution from motor vehicles and new motor vehicle
engines. Proposed Rules. Federal Register Part II, 30:17192-17199
(Dec. 31) 1965.
The maximum allowable rates for discharge of two major automotive
air pollutants are similar to standards adopted by California for
1966, and provide: 1. Vehicles with engine displacement of 1^0 cu.
in. or less: (a) hydrocarbons - 375 PPm as hexane (0.165 mole
percent carbon atoms) and (b) carbon monoxide - 2.0% by
-------
The final standards call for no change in the limitations
on engines in the over-1^0 cubic inches size range, hut significant
modifications have been made in the requirements applicable to
smaller engines. These have now been placed in two separate
categories. For those of 50 to 100 cubic inches cylinder dis-
placement, which include the engines used in most small imported
cars, the limitations are now an average of 410 parts per million
of hydrocarbons and 2.3 percent carbon monoxide. For engines of
100 to IkO cubic inches, the limitations are an average of 350
parts per million of hydrocarbons and 2.0 percent carbon monoxide.
952. Lawther, P.J.: Air Pollution. Bull. New York Acad. Med. 41:214-216
(Feb.) 1965,
Following the Beaver report and the pollution control activities which
came about following the passage of the Clean Air Act of 1956, smoke
is slowly disappearing from the air of Britain but other pollutants are
left, notably SO2. Pollution in Britain is due overwhelmingly to the
combustion--both complete and incomplete--of coal and oil, much of
which contains compounds of sulfur as impurities. The commonest
pollutant, CC>2, is accepted as innocuous; smoke (from incomplete
combustion) and SC^ are measured routinely and are used as indices of
pollution. These 2 pollutants vary widely in concentration and are
present in roughly the same amounts in New York and London. It is
well that in neither city does the topography and climate favor the for-
mation to any significant extent of the photochemical haze which plagues
the citizens of Los Angeles, especially since CC from motor vehicle
exhausts has been found at levels as high as 360 ppm. on the pavement
at Oxford Circus in London. After much hard work it can be said with
a degree of certainty that high concentrations of urban pollution, meas-
ured in terms of SO? and smoke, aggravate existing chronic nonspecific
pulmonary disease and may prove to be an intolerable stress to those
in a community who are aged or suffering from severe illness. The
implementation of the Clean Air Act has radically altered the smoke/
SC^ ratio and it is hoped that it may now be possible to distinguish be-
tween the effects of these 2 main pollutants. Studies of daily varia-
tions in morbidity and mortality undertaken in London and New York
City (which is low in smoke content of the air) may add much to the
knowledge of these 2 pollutants. Laboratory findings of sensitivity to
SO2 and the response of the individual to varying pollution levels, often
do not correlate well. Air pollution is, of course, still suspect as an
etiological factor in the production of chronic bronchitis but it will be
hard to indict it with certainty since it is but 1 of many noxious factors
in urban life. Current work would lead to the belief that "classic" car-
cinogens, such as 3,4-benzpyrene, may have claimed too much atten-
tion in recent yrs. to the detriment of the search for more sophisticated
mechanisms by which lung cancer may develop. The manner in which
-------
asbestos produces neoplasms may have much to teach us with respect
to the wider problems of carcinogens sis. - APCA 6773
953- MacKenzie, V.G., and Flieger, K.: The Clean Air Act. Amendment and
Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 (P.L. 89-272). HEW Indicators,
Nov. 1965, pp. 17-29.
With the signing by President Johnson on Oct. 20, 1965, P.L. 89-272,
the Federal Government assumed major new responsibilities for the
prevention and control of air pollution. This legislation amends the
Clean Air Act of 1963 (P.L.88-206) by giving the Secretary of Health,
Education and Welfare authority to: (l) control air pollution from new
motor vehicles; (2) take action to abate air pollution which originates in
the U.S. and endangers the health'or welfare of persons in neighboring
countries; (3) investigate and seek to prevent new sources of air pollution
from coming into being; (4) construct, staff, and equip facilities needed
by the Dept. to carry out its increased responsibilities under the amended
Clean Air Act. The President's signature also brought into being the
Solid Waste Disposal Act, which authorizes the Dept. of Health, Education,
and Welfare and the Dept. of the Interior to invest more than $92 million
over the next 4 yrs. in research and development activities, demonstration
projects surveys, technical and financial aid to State, regional, and local
agencies to assist in the planning, development and conduct of solid waste
disposal programs. This paper discusses the history of the legislation
and various features of the Act. - APCA
954. Motor Vehicles, Air Pollution, and Health. Part I. Summary - A
Review of the Problem. II. Effects of Motor Vehicle Pollution on
Health. III. Air Pollution from Mbtor Vehicles. A Report of
Surgeon General to the U.S. Congress in compliance with Public
Law 86-498, The Schenck Act, June 1962. USDHEW, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1962, pp. 112-125.
Contained in this comprehensive report, which is the result of two
years intensive research conducted by the Division of Air Pollution,
is a section on CO, discussing the environmental levels; contribution
of automotive emissions; the effect on health including a review of
studies on the' toxicology of GO and chronic CO poiconinG; experimental
studies on man and aninal; and a survey of traffic exposed persons.
- AGC
955I'Status report on cost factors in exhaust control. TA-10 Vehicular
Exhaust Committee (Jansen, D., Chairman). J. APCA 14:427-429 (Oct.)
1964.
The problems of controlling automotive exhaust and of estimating costs
are exceedingly complex. Questions still exist as to the actual level
of emissions and the degree of controls required. As yet, no exhaust
device or control system is in production.
407
-------
This report, published as Informative Report No. 5 of the Air
Pollution Control Association's TA-10 Vehicular Exhaust Committee,
began to move through the fourteen-step approval procedure on March 25,
1964. Comments made by members of the Technical Council vere used
in the preparation of the final report. It is now published as
representing the "best thinking of the Association." It is an
extremely timely and formative report. - Authors' Abst. Modified.
Review Papers
956. Altshuller, A.P.: Air pollution. Anal. Chem. 37:11-20 (April) 1965.
The work covered In this review was presented or published between
1962-64. Methods of analysis for inorganic and organic pollutants
in urban atmospheres are of interest and the greater amount of work
has been toward analyses for inorganic sulfur compounds, oxidants,
C--C.Q hydrocarbons, and polycyclic hydrocarbons. A wide variety of
biological substrates are being used to detect air pollutants in the
laboratory. Plants, particularly varieties of tobacco wrapper,
petunia, and pinto bean are used in both laboratory and field.
Photosynthesis morphological or biochemical changes in bacterial
cultures, immobilization of paramecium, inhibition of cell growth
in vitro, and human eye irritation have been used as indicators of
various pollutants. Sampling and calibration methods, particulates
and aerosols, organic particulate, inorganic gases, carbon monoxide
and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and oxidants, fluorides, organic
gases and vapors, atmospheric reactions, and analyses of sources of
pollutants are discussed. Field studies and results are also
discussed. 305 references. - APCA 6724
957. Baetjer, A.M.: Chronic exposures to air pollut&nts and acute infectious
respiratory diseases. Arch. Tndust. Hyg. & Occupat. Med, 2:^00-406
(Oct.) 1950.
Data in this review, obtained from studies of the health of persons
who had been exposed to specific chemical contaminants of the air
have not yielded any definite evidence that chronic inhalation of
such chemical contaminants in low concentrations affects susceptibility
to acute infections of the respiratory tract. Author states that
the data available at present are entirely insufficient to enable
one to draw any definite conclusions, and suggests further fundamental
research along the following four subjects: 1. Basic studies on
the physiologic effects of air pollutants on the body tissues;
2. animal experimentation on the effects of these substances on
susceptibility to infectious diseases; 3* industrial morbidity studies
in relation to known exposures andA. well controlled epidemiologic
studies. Not until such data become available can any positive
statement be made concerning the effects of chronic inhalation of
408
-------
atmospheric contaminants on acute infections of the respiratory tract.
- Author's Conclusions Modified - AGO
958. Breysse, P.A.: Chronic Carbon monoxide poisoning. Indust. Med. &
Surg. 30:20-22 (Jan.) 1961.
Author summarizes this review of eleven papers with the following:
"Some of the attitudes that have been encountered are reflected in
this review. At once it "becomes apparent in some instances that
what has been termed chronic carbon monoxide poisoning is not other
than repeated episodes of acute poisoning. This indicates chronic
exposure rather than chronic poisoning. Other situations that have
been characterized as chronic poisoning relate to the well-known
sequelae that sometimes follow severe acute poisoning. Notwith-
standing, there is warrant to iterate the statement contained in
the 1930 International Labor Office publication: The question of
the existence or not of chronic CO poisoning has been much discussed
and is not yet settled." - quoted from text-AGC
959. Caplan, J.D.: The automobile manufacturers vehicle emissions
research program. J.APCA 13:105-108 (March) 1963
The broad program of the AMA is outlined and discussed. AM A re-
mains in close contact with the U.S. PHS and the California authorities.
-AGC.
960. Carbon monoxide poisoning and the automooile exhaust. From the review of
literature by the Special Sub-conanittee of the. CoraMttee on Public Health
Relations. Bull. New York Acad. Med. 2:402 (Au,j.} 1926.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is closely related to the history of mankind.
Carbon monoxide is so dangerous because it is colorless, tasteless, and
practically odorless. The weight of opinion favors carbon monoxide as
causing anoxemia, which, in turn, causes death. Clinical symptoms, both
acute and chronic, are reviewed. The individual's idiosyncrasy will
determine whether he will receive permanent damage from carbon monoxide
or none at all. Tolerance or immunity to carbon monoxide will protect
some frcra.large atrx>unts of the gas, and yet c risers will be overcome by
the same amount of carbon monoxide gas.
Effects of the gas have been noted by traffic officers on busy Chicago
street corners. All writers appear to agree that slow, gradual gassing
is far more serious to a man than to be suddenly exposed to a high
concentration. In gasoline engines there will be from 2-13 percent,
or even higher, of carbon monoxide in the exhaust. Carbon monoxide
density is practically the same as air density. The composition of
exhaust gas is tabulated. Carbon monoxide from car exhaust lies in a
layer about 5 to 15 feet above the street, and the concentration depends
atmospheric conditions. On damp, still days the carbon monoxide
lt-09
-------
content of the street mounts during heavy traffic to a point where a
distinct health menace is created. Some writers accredit some accidents
to the mental dullness of drivers due to carbon monoxide. Headache,
dizziness and reduced vision and coordination are common complaints of
motorists in a slow moving line of traffic. Traffic police report
fatigue, dryness in the throat, headaches and bronchial irritation
after directing traffic at a busy intersection. - BAAF 168
961. Carbon Monoxide: Its Toxicity and Potential Dangers. Pub. Health
Rep. 56:421-433 (March 7) 194l.
Author, in reviewing the pertaining literature, describes sources
of exposure to CO in industrial enterprises and exposure of workers
to CO in these industries. Methods of sampling and the determination
of CO concentrations under various conditions, methods to determine
CO in blood and the relation between concentrations of CO in air
and toxic systems, as well as the physiological response to various
concentrations of CO are discussed. Measures for the prevention
of CO poisoning are outlined.
The maximal permissible concentration of CO in air is accepted
as 100 parts per million or 0.01 percent by volume (0.11 mg per liter
at 25° C. and 760 mm. Hg.) for exposures not exceeding a total of
8 hours per day, and as 400 ppm or 0.04$ by volume (0.46 mg. per
liter at 25° C. and 760 mm Hg.) for exposures not exceeding a
total of 1 hour daily. - AGC
962. Castellino, N., and Perla, V.: Carbon monoxide concentration in the
blood. Folia Med. 42:209-222 (March) 1959.
Slood concentrations of carbon monoxide was measured in 302 patients:
46 with diabetes, 66 with gastrointestinal and hepatic disturbances,
38 with anemia, 30 with cardiac conditions, 74 with respiratory
ailments, and in a group of patients with occupational diseases:
24 with caisson disease and 14 with lead poisoning. The readings
were compared with those obtained from 100 normal subjects. In
only a very few patients with uncompensated cerdiocirculatory
disturbances or respiratory diseases x/as any increase in the hematic
CO level noted. The high concentration in these particular morbose
conditions is attributed to incomplete CO elimination through the
lungs, with a consequent build-up in the blood, rather than, as
others have argued, to oxygen insufficiency, with a consequent
failure to oxidize carbon to carbohydrate. Hence the presence of CO
in the human bloodstream must bs considered as of foreign origin.
The wide variations observed, under normal as well as pathological
conditions, simply reflect heavier absorption or a lowered elimination
rate as a result of individual or environmental differences. -
Authors' Sum.
410
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963* Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning, ™ew Engl. J. Med. 261:1248-1249
(Dec. 10) 1959.
In this review it is noted that carbon monoxide poisoning in the acute
form has long been recognized but that the slower and more insidious
form of intoxication, with intermittent symptoms and vague relations
to the sources of poisoned atmosphere, is only now being brought into
prominence. The basic facts were mostly gathered in Europe and about
1.0 years ago were published in a Danish monograph by Grut (Copenhagen,
Ejnar Mjnksgaard, 19^9). Recently the subject has been activated with
reports from health authorities in the state of Connecticut. Carbon
monoxide poisoning in a chronic form, because of psychiatric and
neurologic symptomatology, is frequently incorrectly diagnosed as
epilepsy. It is possible that some people are more susceptible to
this form of attack than are others, but the timing of attacks, their
nature, the mental changes, and the intermittent symptoms should lead
to a diagnosis in all persons exposed to carbon monoxide whether
inside or out-of-doors. - APCA 39^9
Clemens, J.B., and Thompson, ¥.G.: Carbon monoxide poisoning and
the automobile exhaust. Review of literature by the Special Sub-
Committee of the Committee on Public Health Relations. Bull. Hew
York Acad. Med., pp. U02-440, 1926.
The literature on effects of carbon monoxide on health, in garages
and repair shops, the chemical properties of exhaust gas and smoke,
is reviewed in this paper. The different opinions expressed as
to the basic nature of the problem have been noted. One group
maintained that the poisonous manifestations of the gas are due
solely to oxygen deprivation caused by the affinity of CO for
hemoglobin, while another group holds that the gas has a specific
toxic action on the nerve tissues and cells. Further studies to
reduce CO content in exhaust gases and frequent exposure to very
low concentrations of CO in the inspired air and its effect upon
the human system are recommended. - AGO
965. Enrich, W.E., Bellet, S., and Lewey, F.H.: Cardiac changes from CO
poisoning. Amer. J. Med. Sc. 208:511-523, 19^-
All experiments were performed upon dogs. Acute CO poisoning was
produced in some animals by inhalation of the gas and in others by
intravenous introduction of erythrocytes saturated with CO; while
chronic poisoning was effected by exposure to 0.01 vol. $ CO for 5 3 A
hours daily over- a period of 11 weeks. As a control, chronic anoxia
was produced in other animals by exposure to an atmosphere containing
only 10 vol. 5* ^2*
The electrocardiographic changes observed were inversion of the
T wave, elevation of the R-T segment, atrioventricular dissociation,
and A-V heart block. The morphologic changes included certain
degenerative changes of individual muscle fibers, as well as hemorrhages
and necroses of the myocardium. While the changes in the T wave
-------
and R-T segment and the degenerative changes appeared as early as
at 1*0$ COHb in acute experiments, or at 21% COHb or an equivalent
02 deficiency in chronic exposure, heart block and myocardial hemor-
rhages and necroses -were observed only when the COHb level exceeded
75$ for 1 hour or longer.
It was noted that the electrocardiographic and morphologic
changes.of the heart in CO poisoning closely resemble those observed
in anoxia due to other causes. Authors also give a brief review of
the literature on cardiac changes. - Authors' Sum.
966. Engstedt, L.: Endogenous formation of Carbon Monoxide in Hemolytic Disease.
With Special Regard to Quantitative Comparisons to Other Hemolytic Indices.
Acta Medica Scandinavica, Vol. 159, Suppl. 332, pp. 61, 1957.
During the last fifteen years the knowledge of erythrocyte and hemoglobin
catabolism has rapidly increased. New isotope techniques have been useful
tools, but other methods, for instance the old principle of differential
agglutination of transfused erythrocytes, have also contributed to a great
extent.
Bile pigments have long been known as end products of hemoglobin
catabolism, and they have been used as an index of erythrocyte break-
down. A few years ago it was shown that there is a continuous formation
of small amounts of carbon monoxide in man and that at least the greatest
part of the exhaled carbon monoxide is formed during the break-down of
hemoglobin. The formation of carbon monoxide during hemoglobin catabolism
was also confirmed by studies in vitro.
However, it is not known to what extent carbon monoxide formation
gives a quantitative estimation of hemoglobin break-down in clinical cases
with increased hemolysis, or if increased carbon monoxide formation is a
constant finding in such cases. uErythrokinetiCu studies have been done with
various other methods, but determinations of carbon monoxide production have
not been utilized for such investigation.
The present paper deals with quantitative comparisons between carbon
monoxide formation and some other indices of hemoglobin break-down, and be-
sides an evaluation of the practical value of the carbon monoxide method is
made. - Author's Introduction
967. Fisher, M.B.: A summary of previous carbon monoxide studies. In:
Conference Proc.: Health, Medical and Drug Factors in Highway
Safety. Second Highway Safety Research Correlation Conference,
April 5 & 6, 195^, Washington, D. C. Wat. Acad. Sc.-Wat. Res.
Council Pub. 328, Sept. 1951)-, pp. U.l-4.6.
Author relates the generally accepted physiological description of
carbon monoxide poisoning, which basically is a process of anoxemia.
The hemoglobin of the blood can take up either oxygen or carbon
monoxide or a number of other materials. The problem arises
because hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for CO than for
oxygen. The ratio of these affinities is of the order of 210 to 1
with the result if there is any CO present in the atmosphere it
will be taken up by the hemoglobin. Author states that the extent
-------
of variability in human "behavior in response to various levels of
CO in the atmosphere and to various levels of COHb in the blood as
well as chronic CO poisoning needs further investigation. - AGC
968. Frederick, R.C.: Carbon monoxide poisoning: Its detection, and the
determination of percentage saturation in "blood, by means of the
Hartridge Reversion Spectroscope. Analyst 56:561-568 (Sept.) 1931.
The history of CO poisoning is "briefly reviewed. Physiological
responses to various concentrations of CO as studied and summarized
by earlier investigators are shown in tables. The application of
the Hartridge Reversion Spectroscope which is a reliable tool for
the detection of small amounts of CO in ths blood is described in
detail. - AGC
969. Gramer, L.: Various methods for the determination of CO in blood.
Das Arztliche Laboratortem Heft 12, pp. 373-380, 1961.
Author states that because a margin of errors are possible in all
methods to determine CO in blood, that at least two different
methods should be employed for each test. The following five methods
are described in detail: 1. The manual spectroscopic test which
is a qualitative analysis showing positive only from 26$ CO-Hb.
2. Quantitative reaction method according to Wolff, giving
sufficiently correct results if instructions are rigidly followed*
3. Roughton and Scholander's microgas analysis, which was found
very useful. ^. The turbidimetric method developed by the author,
the appliance of which is easy and simple and sufficiently
correct. 5. There is only a short comment on the Grosskopf and
Sachs method since an extensive review was published in the
"Drager Hefte" No. 235, Oct. 1958/March 1959- - From German-AGC
970. Hayashi, S.: Present situation of the control of public hazards
in Japan. Kaki Seijo (Tokyo) 1:8-12 (March) 19^.
Accompanying the rapid economic growth of Japan since 1959> there
has been the establishment of 19 public agencies for the control
of hazardous environmental conditions. Previous to this time there
were only 2 such agencies. In this review are discussed various
legislative measures, some statistics on the number of hazardous
happenings during the years 1962 and 19&3, an(i some °? the kinds
of public hazards. Among the latter are enumerated noise, water
pollution, Eiining dust and gases, agricultural chemicals, dust
pollution, and vibration. The amounts of deposited soot, measured
nalnly in 19^1, at various places in Japan are tabulated. The
maxlEum was 137 tons/km, /month at Wakamatsu. At Kaiaaishi it was
116 tons/km.2/month and at Yahata it was 113 tons/kn.2/avonth. The
maximum amount of SOg, expressed as 803, was 6,hk mg./lOO cm./day
at Kawasaki. The amount of CO and NOg in car exhaust gases, in the
air of some large cities reached values of 10-20 ppn. and 0.02-0.05
-------
ppm., respectively. The general trend of air pollution is that the
amount of deposited soot is decreasing while the amount of SOg is
increasing; the amount of suspended dust is retaaining constant. -
.APCA 6*17
HeLhaann, C.S0: Initial Survey of Published Work in the Field of
Carbon Monoxide or Other Diatomic Molecular Gases with Particular
Reference to Possible Sensing Systems. Douglas Aircraft Co., Inc.,
Calif., Sept. 25, I96l, 1961, 75 pp. DDC AD 277157.
The provision of a carbon monosdde sensor as a novel and necessary
new item of research equipment is discussed. Primary emphasis is
placed on possible means of achieving a practical sensor design;
appendices include the basic derivations and terminology peculiar
to the fields of chemical and molecular physics, with accent on
molecular spectrograohy.
Bi«-physical aspects and ^ther possible uses are noted. A
complete table of constants as a possible design basis is- included
in the main text and amplified in the appendices. - Author's Abst.
971. Hurtado, A., Merino, C., and Delgado, E. : Influence of anoxemia on
the hemopoietic activity. Arch. Internet. Med. 75:284-323,
The investigations to be reported in this paper concern the
morphologic and other characteristics of the circulating blood under
the influence of temporary, intermittent and chronic anoxic anoxia
(anoxemia). Most of the work has been carried out at high altitudes
and the results obtained have been compared with those observed in
the study of healthy subjects at sea level and; in previous related
investigations. No attempt has been made to cover all the vast
literature accumulated in this field* - Authors' Abst.
972. Lars en, R.I. : Motor vehicle emissions and their effects. Pub. Health
Rep. 77:963-969 (Nov.) 1962.
The findings from current research, on quantities and types of air
pollutants from motor vehicles and the effects of these pollutants
on the health of man, plants, and laboratory animals, are briefly
summarized from papers given at 2 conferences held in Los Angeles in
Dec. 1961. The 5th Air Poll. Med. Research Conference, on Dec. 4,
was sponsored by the Calif. State Dept. of Health. The Joint Research
Conference on Motor Vehicle Emissions and Their Effects, on Dec. 5-7,
was sponsored by the Calif. State Dept. of Health and the Public Health
Service's Div. of Air Foil, The information is given under the subject
headings of atmospheric reactions, carbon monoxide, eye irritation,
lung effects, plant damage, effects on laboratory animals, air quality
standards, and vehicle exhaust control. Copies of some of the conference
papers are available from Dr. John R. Goldsmith, Head, Air Poll. Med.
Studies, Calif. Dept. of Public Health, Berkeley 4, Calif. -APCA 5051
41 h
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973. Lilienthal, J.L., Jr.: Carbon monoxide. Pharmacol. Rev. 2:32*4-354
(Aug.) 1950.
In the recent years steady progress has been made in filling in the
details of veil -grounded concepts of the action of CO; and newer
observations have led into unexpected developments. A wide spectrum
of biological processes not dependent on hemoglobin have been found
to be impaired by CO. Skeletal and cardiac muscle, and the intact
animal as well, have been shown clearly to possess the capacity of
oxidizing CO to COg. The basic relations of CO, Og and Hb both in
static and dynamic systems have been explored with profitable
clarification of the fundamentals. More precise measurements are
available now to define those factors which modify the rate of
uptake and elimination of CO in man. The higher resolution of
technics for assessing function in man have provided evidence of
the impairment produced by small amounts of CO. The phenomena
associated with acclimatization have been under study but the
mechanisms are unexplained. A large number of special systems are
altered by exposure to CO, but in many it is not clear yet whether
these effects are specific for CO or rather simply general reactions
to any restriction in the normal delivery of 02 to tissues. Therapy
available for CO poisoning is based primarily on the fundamental
relations of CO, 02 and Hb.
This report is a review of the world literature of the last
60 years and discusses following topics: Analytical Methods. Effects
of CO Not Mediated by its Action on Hemoglobin. Metabolism. Intake
and Elimination of CO in Man. General Symptomatology. Tolerance
and Acclimatization. Respiratory and Circulatory Effects. Peripheral
and Central Neural Effects, and Sjpecial Effects of CO. There are
references. - Author's Sam. -AGC
974. Luther, H. : Research problem: Exhaust gas. ATZ (Automobiltechnische
Zeitung) 62:326-328 (Dec.) I960.
This article is a survey of the status of research and development
in the abatement of injurious pollutants from the exhaust gas of
internal combustion engines. Several research groups in Germany,
currently engaged in this endeavor, are cited. Chemical modification
of exhaust gas composition (e.g. carbon monoxide), physiological
effect of exhaust gases and testing of proposed methods of the modi-
fication of engine exhaust gases are reviewed. - AGC
975. Pf render, R.E. : Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning. A critical
resume. Indust. Med. & Surg. 31:99-103 (March) 1962.
Author discusses CO combinations with other substances,
pathological effects attributable to CO per se, and the
nature and extent of acceleration to the gas. Pertaining
literature is also reviewed. -From author's sum. -AGC.
-------
976. Polluted air linked anew to disease. ArlA News, Oct. 30, 1961.
This editorial discusses three scientific reports linking
polluted air with cardiac and respiratory diseases. A survey
in Los Angeles showed that motor vehicles are the major sources
of air pollution. An analysis of air contaminants in Los
Angeles showad that sach day 965 tons of hydrocarbons, 250
tons of NC, 19 tons of SC>2, 6850 tons of CO, and 27 tons of
aerosols are released from motor vehicles alone. Tha first
device for reducing smog producing hydrocarbon emissions from
motor vehicles has been accepted. This device is a "positive
crankcase ventilation system,*' and said to eliminate a third
of the pollutants in the blowby gasas from the crankcase.
It does not reduca exhaust emissions. Nine devices to cut
exhaust emissions are currently being studied. -AGC.
977. Report on dies el smoke. Information Report No. 2. (Vehicular Ex-
haust Committee, Chairman: Jensen, D.A.) J. APCA 13:290-291
(June) 1963.
The purpose of this report is to present a summary of factors that in-
fluence the production of exhaust smoke in diesel engines. Also pro-
vided is information relating to known methods for reducing or elimina-
ting diesel smoke. It is, in effect, a report on the current state of the
art in the area of diesel smoke and is intended to be used as a supple-
ment to the results of the laboratory research being carried on to deter-
mine the chemical composition of diesel engine exhaust.
Included in this report are discussions of diesel fuel properties,
engine adjustment and maintenance procedures, engine operation and
driver procedures, and features of engine devices. All of these items
have an important bearing on the smoke properties of diesel engines
installed in motor vehicles. - Author's Introduction
978. Rowan, T., and Coleman, F.C.: Carbon monoxide poisoning. Review
of the literature and presentation of a case. J. Forensic Sc. 7:
103-130 (Jan.) 1962.
A case of carbon monoxide poisoning is presented which illustrates
some of the difficulties encountered in assessing the severity of
poisoning, especially where compensation is a factor. The literature
is reviewed to demonstrate the protean manifestations that may be
found. Blood samples should be taken from patients as soon as
possible where the possibility of CO poisoning exists and if possible,
a sample of the supposedly vitiated atmosphere. - Authors' Sum.
416
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979. Ryazanov, V.A. : New data on limits of allowable atmospheric air
pollutants. In: Levine, B.S. (translator and editor): U.S.S.R,
Literature on Air Pollution and Related Occupational Diseases. A
Survey. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, OTS 64-11574, Washington, D. C.,
Vol. 9, 19&, pp. 1-8.
This is a review of papers presented at the Meetings of the
Committee on Sanitary Air Protection in 1959 and 1960. The air
pollution standards under discussion and the conclusion reached are
not to be considered as final. The aim and purpose of the Committee
is to stimulate research. In the section on carbon monoxide the
papers by L.S. Gorsheleva, and T.M. Shul'ga, are discussed.
Animals exposed for six hours to air containing 20-30 mg/m3 Of CO
disturbed the conditioned reflexes activity. The Committee adopted
1/10 of this concentration, or 2 mg/nP as the MA.C average for 24
hours, or three times the average of 24-hour concentration as the
maximal allowable single concentration of CO.
The paper by Shul'ga discusses the previously adopted limit
of concentration of 6 mg/m^ of CO •':••---. in accordance with the
definition of a maximal single concentration. The electroencepholo-
graphic method which is considered to be most sensitive was used.
Results show that 20 mg/m^ CO had no effect on the reflex reaction
of brain biocurrents either directly or through the formation of
conditioned electro cardial reflexes. Tested on humans, the maximal
allowable single concentration for CO as accepted by the Committee,
when inhaled for a brief period of time, had no effect on the
human organism. The Committee in regard to Shul'ga's recommendations
lowered the average 24-hour concentration limit to 1 mg/nP,
retaining the previously adopted 6 mg/m3 value as the limit of
allowable single CO concentration. - AGC
980. Shumway, E.A. : Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning an increasing danger
to municipalities from automobile traffic. Med. J. & Record 121:657-
659 (June) 1925-
This paper reviews and discusses the literature on CO and as author
states serves to impress upon the general practitioner the importance
of going into the living conditions of his patients, and making
inquiries as to the possibility of chronic poisoning by carbon
monoxide in those suffering from headache, gastrointestinal
disturbances, anemia, lowered nutrition and neurasthenia. -
Author's Sura.
081.
Smith. C.: Therapeutic applications of oxygen at two atmospheres
pressure. Die. Chest 45:15-23 (Jan.) 1964.
Author describes in the paragraph on CO animal studies of anoxia.
The results obtained indicated that two atmospheres pressure of
Oxygen -were enough to dissolve in the plasma and to correct the
anoxia immediately. - AGC
417
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982. Tope, c.s Health effects from oxhsuat w? <-h consideration of
special vehicles and motorized equipment. Stadtehygiene.
2/1965.
The noxious components of exhausts from combustion engines are
discussed in this paper. Author states that the most dangerous
component, the carbon monoxide, causes already in low
concentrations symptoms of poisoning. The maximal allowable
concentration for carbon monoxide is about 0.01 percent
per volume, however repeated concentrations below 0.01%
cause pathogenic symptoms. Literature review shows that small
amounts of CO may cause chronic poisoning. One investigator
established that very low CO concentrations lower the physical
and mental capacities of animals. The effect of CO is quite
treacherous because symptoms of acute poisoning appear only
when a considerable percent of hemoglobin has been changed to
carboxyhemoglobin. This leads to disturbance of the orienta-
tion and judgment ability in drivers, and driver may fall
asleep while driving. Also, the ability to see is impeded,
content of the exhaust gas depends very much $n the
condition of the engine. Author recommends a revision of
the construction of combustion engines and the application
of electric energy in order to eliminate the potential
danger of auto exhaust. -AGC.
983. Wechsler, I.S.: Partial cortical blindness with preservation of
color vision. Arch. Ophthalmol. 9:957-965, 1933.
This is a report of a case following possible CO asphyxiation,
whereby the patient suffered a brain lesion in which the cortex was
extensively aifected. It has been established by clinical observation
and pathologic studies that cortical and subcortical lesions may
give rise to dissociation of color perception from visual acuity,
namely, loss of former without impairment of the latter; it is also
well known that in impairment of vision, whether peripheral or
central, the first to be lost and the last to be regained is the
perception of color.
Author points f»ut that CO has a predilation for the basal
ganglious, especially causing lenticular softening, and for the
•peripheral nerves, but no part of nervous system is immune to the
poison. Parkinsonian syndromes and peripheral nerve palsies
frequently characterize CO poisoning* Mental deterioration and
psychotic manifestations so commonly encountered attest the additional
cortical involment, as well as Parkinsonian syndromes and peripheral
nerve palsies. - AGC
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STATE, CITY-COUNTY, AND INTER-STATE REPORTS
The State, City-County, and Inter-State reports are listed alphabetically by geographic
location and some are briefly annotated.
These reports nearly always include a section dealing with the method of sampling
and analysis of carbon monoxide. Some carry only a short reference but often there are
graphs and charts of interest to the reader.
State Reports
Palomba, J., Jr., and Wromble, R.F.: An
Appraisal of Air Pollution in Colorado.
A report on cooperative survey by the
Colorado State Dept. of Public Health
and U.S. DHEW, Public Health Service,
Nov. 1961-June 1962. Colorado State
Dept. of Public Health, Denver, Colo,,
1962, 27 PP.
Carbon monoxide emissions from
internal combustion engines.
McCaldin, R.O., Kenline, P.A., and
Wiggin, D.C.: Air Pollution in
Connecticut. Report of a cooperative
survey by the U.S. PHS and the Conn.
State Dept. of Health, April-Sept. 1956,
U.S. DHEW, PHS, RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1957, 111 PP.
Motor vehicle registration and
comparative fuel usage 1922-1955•
Bell, F.A., Jr., Beck, W.J., Shimp, J.H.,
and Welsh, G.B.: A Pilot Study of Air
Pollution in Washington, D. G. Dept. of
Public Health, District of Columbia and
U.S. PHS, Div. Air Poll., Washington,
D. C., Dec. 1960, 13 pp. and appendix.
Variations for gaseous (CO) and
particulate matter constituents in
comparison with meteorological conditions
are given.
Welsh, G.B.: Air Pollution in the
National^ Capital Area. An appraisal made
at the request of the D. C. Dept. of
Public Health, with cooperation of the
Maryland State Dept. of Health and U.S.
DHEW, PHS, Div. Air Poll., PHSP No. 955,
July 1962, 41 pp.
Pollution from motor vehicles are
discussed.
Lewis, R.P., McKee, S.B., Bell, F.A.,
and Carter, H.S.: Air Pollution in
Georgia. A Cooperative Statewide Survey.
Georgia Dept. of Public Health and U.S.
DHEW, PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 19°2,
35 PP-
Air pollution measurement;
maximum pollution levels (CO).
Metzler, D.F., Strella, G.G., and Doughty,
L.C.: The Air of Kansas. A report on a
survey by the Kansas State Board of Health
with cooperation of the U.S. DHEW, PHS,
Kansas State Board of Health, Topeka,
Kansas, Sept. 1962, 91 pp.
Automotive fuel; control techniques.
An Appraisal of Air Pollution in Minnesota.
A report on a survey by the Minnesota Dept.
of Health with cooperation from the U.S.
DHEW, PHS, Oct. 1959-July 1960. Minnesota
Dept. of Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota,
Jan. 196l.
Motor vehicle registration and gas-
oline consumption. Emission of air
contaminants from gasoline powered
vehicles.
A Study of Air Pollution in Seven Montana
Cities July 196!-July 1962. The Montana
State Board of Health, Division of Disease
Control with partial support from Div. of
Air Poll., U.S. DHEW, PHS, 104 pp.
Quantities of automobile and truck
pollutants - yearly contributions are
listed.
Air Pollution.Control in Mew Jersey. A
Progress Report of the New Jersey Air Poll.
Control Commission including A Report of
the Dept. of He'alth, Air Sanitation
Program for the Period July 1, 195& to
Oct. 31, 1957. The New Jersey State Dept.
of Health, Air-D8, 28 pp.
A Review of Air Pollution in New York
State. New York State Air Pollution
Control Board, July 1958, 76 pp.
Various special studies have been
conducted suporadically throughout the
State to investigate localized air pollu-
tion problems.
Blakeney, B., and High, M.D.: Cleaner Air
for North Carolina. A Report of a
Cooperate Survey. North Carolina Board of
Health, Raleigh, North Carolina, Sept.
1959, 62 pp.
Motor vehicle registration and gas-
oline consumption growth in North Carolina.
-------
McHard, J.D., and Wromble, R.F.: OK Air
for the OK State. A Report on the
Appraisal of Air Pollution in Oklahoma.
Oklahoma State ttept. of Health in
cooperation with U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of
Air Poll. Oklahoma State Dept. of Health,
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, Jan. 1965.
NSA data depict Oklahoma as "being
one of the states with the least air
pollution.
Anderson, D.M., Lieben, J., and Sussman,
V.H.: Pure Air for Pennsylvania. A
joint study of the extent and nature of
air pollution in Pennsylvania. Pennsyl-
vania Dept. of Health and U.S. PHS, Nov.
1961, 136 pp.
Combustion emissions, including CO
are discussed.
Carl, C.E., and Christensen, G.L.:
Appraisal of Air Pollution in South
Dakota. A cooperate survey by the South
Dakota State Dept. of Health and the U.S.
PHS, Oct. 196l-May 1962. South Dakota
State Dept. of Health, Pierre, South
Dakota, Aug. 1962.
Amounts of pollutants emitted from
automobiles for each 1000 gallons of gas-
oline burned are listed.
Kenline, P.A.: Appraisal of Air Pollution
in Tennessee. Report of a Cooperative
Survey by the U.S. PHS and the State of
Tennessee Dept. of Public Health, Dec.
1956-July 1957. U.S. DHEW, PHS,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Fuel usage by type of fuel, class
of consumer, and geographic area is
discussed,
Paganini, 0., High, M.D., and Kenline,
P.A.: Appraisal of Air Pollution in
Texas. Report of a cooperative survey by
the Texas State Dept. of Health and the
U.S. DHEW, PHS, Dec. 1957 through July
1958. Texas State Dept. of Health,
Austin, Texas, 1958, 107 pp.
Purpose of this study, among
others, was to determine the status of
current air pollution problems and bring
into proper perspective the overall
situation.
Air Resources of Utah. A Report Sub-
mitted to the Utah Legislative Council of
the Utah State Legialture. Utah Legisla-
tive Council, Air Pollution Advisory
Committee, June 1962, 32 pp.
Survey of CO (tons/day) emitted by
motor vehicles, industry and miscella-
neous sources.
Hendrickson, E.R., Keagy, D.M., and
Stockman, R.L.: Evaluation of Air Poll-
ution in the State of Washington. Report
of Cooperative Survey made July-Nov. 30,
1956. U.S. DHEW, PHS - State of Washing-
ton Dept. of Health. RATSEC, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1956, 1^5 pp.
Automobiles are the major contributor
of pollution by transportation activities.
City-County Reports
Kreichelt, T., and Dahle, E.: Air Poll-
ution Measurements in Baltimore, Md.
March-April 196k. U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of
Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 1964,
60 pp.
Measurements were made at the TAB
Mobile Lab in Baltimore by a continuous IR
analyzer. Hourly averages ranged from 0.6
to 19.8 ppm CO. Frequency distribution are
given.
Hochheiser, S., Horstman, S.W., and Tate,
G.M., Jr.: A Pilot Study of Air Pollution
•*-n Birmingham, Alabama. A joint study by
the City of Birmingham, Jefferson County
Dept. of Health and U.S. PHS, Cincinnati,
Ohio, RATSEC TR A62-22, May 1962, 5^ pp.
Tabulation of carbon monoxide levels
and meteorological measurements.
Keagy, D.M., and Schueneman, J.J.: Air
Pollution in the Birmingham, Alabama Area.
Prepared at the request of the Jefferson
County, Alabama Dept. of Health and the
City of Birmingham, Alabama and U.S. DHEW,
PHS, RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 1958,
71 PP.
Emission of pollutants from public
-consumption of fuel.
Basbagill, W.J., and Delias, J.L.: Air
Quality in Boston, Massachusetts, Nov.-Dec.
1963. U.S. DHEW, Div Air Poll., Cincinnati,
Ohio, Nov. 1961+, 51 pp.
Section on gaseous contaminants.
U20
-------
Welch, G.B., and Kreichelt, T.E.: Clean
Air for Chattanooga. In cooperation with
City of Chattanooga, Tenn. and the Tenn.
Dept. of Public Health, Nashville, Tenn.
U.S. DREW, PHS, Div. of Air Poll.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 196U, ^9 pp. and
appendix.
Air-monitoring activities are
recommended to indicate trends in
community air quality.and to provide a
better basis for development of pollutant
emission regulations.
Kenline, P.A.: Mr Pollution in
Charleston, South Carolina. TR A60-6,
U.S. PHS, Div. of Air Poll., Cincinnati,
Ohio, I960, 12 pp.
Report on Bi-State Study of Air Pollution
in the Chicago Metropolitan Area.
Conducted by Illinois Dept. of Public
Health with technical assistance from
U.S. DHEW, PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1957-
1959; 1^ PP-
Medalia, N.Z., and Finkner, A.L.:
Community perception of air quality: an
opinion survey in Clarkston, Washington.
PHSP No. 999-AP-10, 1965, 106 pp.
Mathews, D.S.: Management of Dade County's
Air Resources. U.S., DHEW, PHS, in
cooperation with Florida State Board of
Health and Dade County Dept. of Public
Health. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Eng.
Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct. 1962, 39 pp.
Carbon monoxide emissions are
discussed.
Schueneman, J. J.: The Denver Area Air
Pollution Problem. With cooperation of
City and County of Denver Dept. of Health
and Hospitals and Building Dept. and the
Tri-County Health Dept. and U.S. DHEW, PHS,
RATSEC, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1957* 78 PP-
Use of automobiles and automotive
fuels - Denver Metropolitan Area - are
discussed.
Schrenk, H.H., Heimann, H., Clayton, G.D.,
Gafafer, W.M., and Wexler, H.: Air
Pollution in Donora, Pennsylvania.
Epidemiology of the Unusual Smog Episode
of Oct. 19^. Preliminary Report PHB 306,
U.S. PHS, Washington, D. C., 19^9> 173 PP-
Investigation of atmospheric
contaminants.
Hochheiser, S., Nolan, M., and Dunsmore,
H,J.: Air Pollution Measurement in
Duquesne, Pennsylvania Sept.-Oct. 1963.
Allegheny County Health Dept., Bureau of
Air Pollution Control, U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div.
of Air Poll., Oct. 196*1., pp. 3!)., CFSTI PB
167678.
This report deals with a detailed
study conducted in and around Duquesne, Pa.
Analysis was made by an IR unit in the
Field Studies Branch Mobile Laboratory.
Hourly averages in both studies ranged from
highs of 20-25 PPm to 2-3 ppm baseline.
Frequency distributions are given.
Air Pollution in EL Paso, Texas Area. El
Paso City-County Health Unit. Report on a
Two Year Study Under a Community Air Poll-
ution Demonstration Project Grant, U.S.
DHEW, PHS, 1957-1959, 97 PP.
Tests for CO were made with a field
test kit, using the "hoolamite" (activated
iodine pentoxide) tubes which are sensitive
to as low as five parts per million. Re-
sults of sampling for CO are shown in
table.
Air Pollution in Erie County. Comprehensive
Area Survey Report Number Two. State of
New York, Mr Pollution Control Board,
Albany, W. Y., 19^3, 101 pp.
Survey includes an inventory of
emissions, studies of area meteorology,
atmospheric contaminant concentrations,
effects of air pollution and other factors.
Fresno Mr Pollution Study. A Joint State-
Federal Project. State of California
Dept. of Public Health, Bureau of Mr
Sanitation^ and Mr and Industrial Hyg. Lab.,
Berkeley, California, July 1960, 20 pp.
Motor vehicle registration, gasoline
consumption and pollution level of CO are
discussed.
Mr Pollution in Greater Elmira. A Survey
Report. Area Survey No. 1. New York State
Dept, Health, Mr Pollution Control Board,
& pp.
Comprehensive survey.
Kenline, P.A.: Mr Pollution in Hamilton,
Ohio. RATSEC TR AoO-8, U.S. PHS, Div. of
Mr Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1960, 12 pp.
Statistics on motor vehicles, sam-
pling and measurement, industrial sources,
commercial and domestic fuel consumption
are discussed.
14.21
-------
Welsh, G.B.: An Appraisal of Air Pollution
in Huntsville, Alabama. In cooperation
with City of Huntsville, Alabama, Madison
County Health Dept., Alabama State Health
Dept. and U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of Air
Poll., Washington, D. C., May 1963, 21 pp.
Pollution from motor vehicles is
discussed. Report is based on evaluation
of existing data, observation of certain
industrial operations and discussions with
local officials.
Hochheiser, S., and Welzel, G.: Air Poll-
ution Measurements in Indianapolis. June-
July 1963. U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of Air
Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, July 1.96k, 6k pp.
Measurements were made in the
stationary transportable laboratory of the
Technical Assistance Branch by manual de-
tector tubes. Values for 30 minute
periods of up to 48 ppm were recorded.
Values were highest during morning rush
hour (8 AM).
Sheehy, J.P., Henderson, J.J., Harding,
C.I., and Danis, A.L.: A Pilot Study of
Air Pollution in Jacksonville, Florida,
U.S. DHEW, PHS Pub. No. 999-AP-3> Div.
of Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, April
1963, 65 PP.
Estimated emissions of carbon
monoxide in the Jacksonville area from
various sources are discussed.
A Study of Air Pollution in the Inter-
State Region of Lewiston,i Idaho, and
Clarkston, Washington. PHS Pub. Ho. 999-
AP-8, Dec. 1964, 154 pp.
The purpose of the study was to
determine the nature and extent of air
pollution in the two-city area and to
assemble information to be used as a
basis for technical and official action
needed to conserve air quality in the
area.
The Air Over Louisville. Summary of a
Joint Report by the Special Air Pollution
Study of Louisville and Jefferson County,
Kentucky, 1956-1957- U.S. PHS, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 1958, 57 PP.
The Louisville Air Pollution Study. A
Technical Report on the Joint Study of
Air Pollution in Louisville and Jefferson
County, Kentucky, 1956-1957. RATSEC TR
A61-4, U.S. PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961,
172 PP.
Dyksterhouse, G.: Air Pollution in
Lynchburg, Virginia. U.S. DHEW, PHS,
Washington, D. C., Oct. 1961, 22 pp.
Air pollution emission rates.
A Pilot Study of Air Pollution in Lynchburg,
Virginia, Feb. 9-15. 19^1. A Cooperative
Study by the City of Lynchburg and U.S. PHS,
Lynchburg, Va., Feb. 1961, 22 pp.
Among others, sampling of carbon
monoxide from motor vehicles and combustion
processes. Adaptation of National Bureau
of Standards detector tube technique.
Basbagill, W.J.: Air Contaminant
Measurements at Roosevelt Field, Nassau
County, New York. U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of
Air Poll., July 1965, 48 pp.
Measurement of CO.
Hochheiser, S., and Burchett, M.: Air Poll-
ution Measurements in Pittsburgh, Jan.-Feb.
1963. Allegheny County Health Dept.,
Bureau of Air Pollution Control and U.S.
DHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Poll., Nov. 19^3,
50 pp.
Gaseous pollutants - carbon monoxide
are discussed. Concentration of this gas
from motor vehicle exhaust varies from less
than 1 to 10%.
Air Pollution in the Portland Metropolitan
Area. A Report of the Oregon State Sanitary
Authority - A Division of the Oregon State
Board of Health, Sept. 1963, 43 pp.
No direct reference to CO. However
pollution from fuel usage and motor vehicles
are discussed and statistics given.
High, M.D., Slater, R.W., Jr., and
Costantino, G.G.: A Pilot Study of Air
Polltuion in Providence, Rhode Island. TR
A62-15, U.S. PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, June
1962, 44 pp.
The KBS detector tube technique was
adapted as method of measurement for CO from
motor vehicle exhaust and from combustion
processes. Lowest CO level during sampling
period 1 ppm, highest reading 6 ppm.
Air Pollution Measurement Study in Richmond,
Virginia, Jan. 18-24, 1962. A cooperative
study by Richmond1 s Bureau of Air Pollution
Control, Virginia's State Dept. of Health
and U.S. DHEW, PHS, Washington, D, C., 17 pp.
One of the 7 constituents of the air
sampled was CO from motor vehicle exhaust.
Adaptation of NBS detector tube technique;
30 minute samples at 0.1 1/min. taken every
two hours.
422
-------
Tabor, E.G., Meeker, J.E., and Leavitt,
J.M.: Air Pollution in St. Bernhard,
Ohio. RATSEC, TR A58-5> U.S. DHEW, PHS,
Div. of Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 1956,
15 PP.
A two month study of atmospheric
pollution in a residential area of
St. Bernhard.
Welsh, G.B.: An Appraisal of Air Poll-
ution in Spartariburg, South Carolina. A
cooperative study by the City of
Spartariburg, the South Carolina State
Board of Health and U.S. DHEW, PHS,
Washington, D. C., April 1962, kl pp.
Emissions from motor vehicle are
considered to add a significant portion
to the total air pollution load. CO
measurements are reported.
Schueneman, J.J., and Rogers, S.M.: The
Air Pollution Program in Steubenville,
Ohio. U.S. DHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Poll.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 1956, 2k pp. and
appendix.
Mees, Q.M., and Wortman, R.L,: Air Poll-
ution Surveillance Study Tucson, Arizona.
Preliminary Report. Arizona State Dept.
of Health and U.S. PHS, Aug. 1960. Eng.
Experiment Station Bull. No. 13, Project
No. 59-CE-2, 26 pp. and appendix.
The NBS detector tube method was
used for determination of carbon monoxide.
Results are discussed.
DeMarrais, G.A.: Meteorology for Land
Development Planning in the Tulsa
Metropolitan Area. RATSEC, TR 61-5, U.S.
PHS, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961, 28 pp.
Meteorology in relation to air
quality is discussed.
Mecham, R.L., Ameen, J.S., and Slater,
R.W., Jr.: A Pilot Study of Air Quality
in Winston-Salem, North Carolina Nov. 28-
Dec. 5, 1962. Forsyth County Health Dept.,
North Carolina State Board of Health, U.S.
DHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Poll., Cincinnati,
Ohio, April 19^3* 25 pp.
Measurement of oxidants, nitric
oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and
particular matter are reported.
Inter-State Reports
Report of the International Joint
Commission United States and Canada on
the Pollution of the Atmosphere in the
Detroit River Area (including Report of the
Technical Advisory Board to the Interna-
tional Joint Commission on Air Pollution
and in the Detroit-Windsor Area).
Washington, D. C., 1960, 2^1 pp.
Motor vehicles and equipment are the
largest industry in this study area, with
large plants in the U.S. and Canada.
Nature and composition of pollution.
Smoke and Air Pollution. New York-New
Jersey. A Report by the Inter-State
Sanitation Commission New York-New Jersey-
Connecticut on a Study of Smoke and Air
Pollution in the New York Metropolitan Area,
Feb. 1958. Inter-State Sanitation
Commission, 10 Columbus Circle, New York
19, N. Y.
Monthly variation in maximum and
average concentration of carbon monoxide in
Manhattan. Fuel consumption and effects of
motor vehicle exhaust are discussed.
Farmer, R.: Inter-State Air Pollution
Study. Air Quality Measurements, Feb. 1965.
St. Louis - East St. Louis, Metropolitan
Areas, 208 North Broadway, St. Louis, Mo..,
156 pp.
Lynn, D.A., Steigerwald, B.J., and Ludwig,
J.H.: The November-December 1962 Air Poll-
ution Episode in the Eastern United States.
U.S. DHEW, PHS Pub. No. 999-AP-7, Div. of
Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, 196k, 23 pp.
This report documents the subject
"episode" with respect to meteorology, air
quality, and public reaction. Particulate
and gaseous air quality data are reported
and discussed with reference to the Public
Health Service program of Air Pollution
Potential Forecasts. Epidemiologies!
aspects are not considered.
A Study of Air Pollution in the Inter-State
Region of Lewiston, Idaho, and Clarkston,
Washington. U.S. DHEW, PHS Pub. No. 999-AP-
8, DivT of Air Poll., Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec.
19ft, 15k PP.
Emissions from motor vehicles.
k23
-------
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Petrilli, F.L. National Society for
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Mr Pollution Control District, County of
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Mr Pollution Effects of Irradiated
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Mr Pollution in New York City. Council
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Atmospheric Pollution of American Cities
for the Years 1931 to 1933 with Special
Reference to the Solid Constituents of the
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Atmospheric Pollution. Its Origin and
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Report AlHL-1, Calif. State Dept. Public
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Burning kinetics of carbon monoxide.
Zeldovich, Y.B., and Barsky, G.A. Zh. fiz.
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Catalytic oxidation of automobile exhaust
gases - an evaluation of the Houdry
catalyst. Nebel, G.J., and Bishop, R.W.
Society of Automotive Engineers, New York,
N. Y., Jan. 1959, 1-20 pp.
The changing scene in gas. Redman, M. J.
Inst. Fuel 36:329-3^1 (Aug.) 1963.
Clean air, an achievable asset. Meller,
M.B. J. Franklin Inst. 2717:709-728 (June)
-------
Combustibility of Simulated Automobile
Exhaust Giases. Greifer, B., and Friedman,
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Calif., Report No. 25, Sept. 1958.
A Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors for Combustion Processes, Gasoline
Evaporation, and Selected Industrial
Processes. Mayer, M. USDHEW, PHS, Div.
of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, May
1965, 51 PP.
Continuous Air Monitoring Program in
Cincinnati 1962-1963. USDHEW, PHS, Div.
of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan.
1965.
Control of Air Pollution. Gilpin, A.
Butterworth and Co., London, 1963, 51^ pp.
Book Review in Internat. J. Air & Water
Poll. 8:389 (July) 1964.
The current state of pollution of air of
cities by motor transport and the
problems of control. Nedogibchenko, M.K.
Gigiena i Sanitaria 23:6-9 (Aug.) 1958.
Determination of carbon monoxide and
carbon dioxide in air. Scheddel, R.T.
Anal. Chem. 30:2066 (Dec.) 1958.
Dynamic Irradiation Chamber Tests of
Automotive Exhausts. Korth, M.W. PHSP
Wo. 999-AP-5, 1963, 54 PP.
The effect of carbon monoxide on plants.
Zimmerman, P.W., Crocker, W., and
Hitchcock, A.E. Contrib. Boyce Thompson
Inst. 5:195-211, 1933.
Effects of diesel exhaust. Battigelli,
M.C. Arch. Environ. Health 10:165-167
(Feb.) 1965.
Estimation of carbon monoxide. Minchin,
L.T. Gas J. 260:719-720 (Dec. 21) 19^9.
Europe cracks down on diesel exhaust.
Chem. Eng. News, Sept. 20, 1965, PP. 84
and 86.
Evaluation of Carbon Monoxide Indicators.
DeVera, E.R. Air and Indust. Hyg. Lab.
Report A1HL-13, Calif. State Dept. Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., June 19&, 4 PP«
Feasibility of Control Methods for
Automobile Exhaust. Southwest Res. Inst.
Air Pollution Foundation, San Marino,
Calif., Report No. 10, Aug. 1955.
Gas analysis - a review of articles pub-
lished during 1947. Miller, C.A. Inst.
Petrol. J. 36:164-183 (March) 1950.
Health and the urban environment. Air
pollution and family illness: II. Two
acute air pollution episodes in New York
City. Ingram, W., McCarroll, J.R.,
Cassell, E.J., and Walter, D. Arch.
Environ. Health 10:364-366 (Feb.) 1965.
Health effects of air pollutants in the
Bay Area. Feldstein, M., and Wohlers, H.C.
BAAPCD, San Francisco, Calif., 1964, 18 pp.
Homogeneous reaction kinetics and the
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of Automotive Eng., New York, N. Y., Jan.
1959, PP. 1-6.
Investigation of the burning of carbon
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Medical Biometeorology. Weather, Climate,
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(editor). Elsevier Publishing Co., New
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Method of Analysis for Carbon Monoxide in
Air. Moore, H. Air and Indust. Hyg. Lab.
Report AlHL-10, Calif. State Dept, Public
Health, Berkeley, Calif., Oct. 26, 1961,
3 PP.
Method of Analysis for Carbon Monoxide in
Blood. Schuette, F.J. Air and Indust.
Hyg. Lab. Report A1HL-9, Calif. State
Dept. Public Health, Berkeley, Calif.,
Oct. 4, 1961, 6 pp.
Methods for the Measurement of Air Pollu-
tion. Part 2. Determination of
Concentration of Suspended Matter.
British Standard 1747:Part 2, 1964,
British Standards Institution Inc.,
London, England, 16 pp.
The mode of action of toxic gases and
vapors. Gaisbfick, F. Wiener klin.
Wochschr. 44:937-939* 1931.
425
-------
national Air Sampling Network. Air Quality
Data 1962. USDHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Pollu-
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National Conference on Air Pollution
Proceedings. November 18-20, 1958,
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of Air Pollution, U.S. Government Printing
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National Conference on Air Pollution
Proceedings. December 10-12, 1962, Wash-
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Air Pollution, U.S. Government Printing
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Oxidant and. Weather - Oct. 1965. Air
Analysis Section, Bay Area Air Pollution
Control District, 1^80 Mission St., San
Francisco, Calif.
Preliminary Meteorological Analysis of
National Air Sampling Network Data. Vol.
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Comparison and Interpretation of Results,
TRC-19, January 1962. Hilst, G.R., and
Bryan, J.G. A Cooperative Program with
the USWB and the USPHS. The Travelers
Research Center, Inc., Hartford, Conn.
Quarterly Contamination Report. Air Pollu-
tion Control District, County of Los
Angeles, ^3^ South San Pedro St., Los
Angeles, Calif., 90013.
Rapid determination of low concentrations
of carbon monoxide in air. Katz, M., and
Katzmann, J. Can. J. Research 26F:3l8-
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Register of Air Pollution Analyses as of
January 1, 1956. USDHEW, PHSP 610, Div.
of Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1958.
Register of Air Pollution Analyses,
January 1, 1956-June 30, 1959. USPHSP
610i Div. of Air Pollution, Cincinnati,
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The relationship "between alveolar and
blood concentrations during "breath-
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Clin. Med. 51:553, 1958.
A semi-micro gas analysis apparatus for
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Six Years of Research in Mr Pollution.
A Review of Grants-in-Aid, Contracts, and
Direct Operations Sponsored, lay the Div.
of Mr Pollution, Bureau of State Ser-
vices, July 1, 1955 to June 30, 19°1-
USDHEW, PHS, Div. of Air Pollution,
Washington, D. C., 196l.
Technical tfemual No. 2 - Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, Pa.,
1965, 62pp.
Transportation sources of air pollution
- the automobile. In: Proceedings -
National Conference on Air Pollution.
USDHEW, PHS, Washington, D. C., Nov. 18-
20, 1958, pp. 170-185.
Vehicle Exhausts and Health. Royal
Society of Health Symposium. Smokeless
Air, Spring 1966, pp. 198-202.
426
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Numbers after each entry refer to the corresponding abstract, dates in parentheses to
publication year.
Abe, M., 1ft (1963)
-, Abe, T., 8^8 (1963)
Abramson, E., ^73 (19M-)
Abt, I.A., 165 (1922)
-, Accomazzo, M.A., 727 (1961)
Adams, E.G., 2 (1951)
Adler, A., ^55a (19^)
-, -, Aeberly, J.J., 21 (1928)
-, A^uriaguerra, D., 320 (!9 Begeman, C.R., 20 (1965)
Beghe, R., 168 (19ft)
Behnke, A.R., 25^ (19^3), -, -, -, 262
Bell, M.A., 312 (1961)
-, Bellet, S., 302
-, Belli, R., 896 (1955)
Belza, J., 335 (1955)
Berger, L.B., 7 (1938), 8 (1^7), 772
(19to), -, 780 (19^1), -, -, 56 (1923),
802 (19*), -, -, -, 163 (1930)
-, Bergeron, M., 337 (1963)
Bernhard, W.F., 271 (196^)
-, Bertin, M., 178 (19ft)
Besson, A., 807 (1962)
Birren, J.E., 755b
(19ft)
-, -, Bishop, J.M., 356 (I960)
Bjerver, K., 215 (19^8)
-, -, Blakemore, W.S., 368 (1955),
-, -, -, 350 (1955)
-, Block, W*D., 16 (1937)
Bloomfield, J.J., 808 (1928), -, 902 (1926)
-, Boerrna, M., 809 (1966)
Bogatkov, P.I., 25lj-a (1961)
Bokhoven, C., ^16 (1961)
Bokonjid, H., 327 (1963)
Bolt, J.A., 809 (1966)
Boor, A.K., 569 (1930)
Borman, M.C., 171 (1926)
Bowden, C.H., 570 (19ft)
Braja, M., 889 (19ft)
-, Braverman, M.M., 51)- (1959)
Breysse, P.A., 2l6 (1961)
Brice, R.M., 810 (1965)
Brief, R.S., 8ll (1960)
BrLeger, H., H81 (19^)
-, -, Briscoe, W.A., 350 (1955),
-, -, -, 351 (1957)
Broering, L.C., Jr., 9 (1966)
-, Brubacher, M.L., 83^ (1962)
Brumbaugh, I.V., 786 (1922)
-, Brunk, U., 297 (19ft)
-, Bruno, P., 328 (1963)
Bryan, R.J., ft2 (1965), 682 (1963)
-, Bulycheva, A.I., 118 (1956)
-, Bunker, N.V., IftL (1959)
Burck, H-C, 172 (19ft)
-------
Burda, A.S., 123 (1963)
Burrell, G.A., 147 (1914), 787 (1919)
-, -, Burton, J.E., 36l (1963)
-, Busch, K.A., 531 (i.P-)
-, -, Byrne, J.J., 360 (1965)
Byrom, R.D., 812 (1957)
-, -, Cadigan, J.B., 366 (1957),
-, 582 (1957)
-, Cahill, J.M., 360 (1965)
-, Calvert, J.G., 59a (1965), 80 (1964)
Gambler, R., 738 (1928)
-, Cambruzzi, S., 192 (1958)
Cansbell, J.A., 148 (1933), 149 (1935),
272 (1929), 438 (1930), 439 (1932)
Camp-bell, J.M., 621 (19610
Cang?bell, O.F., 622 (1955)
-, -, Gander, L., 351 (1957), 370 (1957)
Candura, F., 124 (1961), 124a (196k)
Canter, H.G., 255 (1964)
-, Capellaro, F., 238 (1964)
Caplan, J.D., 813 (1965), 959 (1963)
Carey, G.C.R., 686 (1957), -, -, 372
(I960)
Carlo, S., 328 (1963)
Carlsen, E., 273 (1958)
Carlsten, A., 483 (1954)
-, Carrier, E.B., 568 (1921)
-, Carroll, D.C., 128 (1925)
Cartigny, S., 774 (1957)
Castellino, N., 484 (1959)
Castrop, V.J., 740 (1955)
-, Catcott, E.J., 518 (1962)
Chalupa, B., 38! (1960)
-, Chapek, A.V., 757 (1964)
Chass, R.L., 10 (I960)
Chernov, V.M., 150 (1947)
Chinn, H.I., 417 (1944), 571 (19^),
572 (1955)
Chiodi, H., 126 (I94l), 269 (1941)
Chapman, J.C., 74l (1960)
Cholak, J., 11 (1952), 12 (1952), 13
(195*0, !*• (1956), I4a (1957)
Chovin, P., 15 (1964), -, 77 (1958)
Chornyak, J., 127 (1931), -, 3M (193^)
-, -, -, Chrlstensen, M.K., 332 (1961)
Christanan, A.A., l6 (1937), 573 (1933)
Cier, 17 (1958)
Ciocatto, E., 17^ (196U)
Ciuhandu, G., 18 (1957)
-, -, Clark, F., 3^0 (1961)
Clark, R.T., 151 (19^9), 152 (1952),
-, U15 (1959), ML (1959) -, -, 162
(1959)
-, Clarke, E.R., 322 (19^5)
Clarkson, D., 62^ (19^2)
Clayton, G.D., 19 (1960), 19a
-, Cobb, D.M., 442 (1932)
-, Cole, J.W., 92 (19^7)
-, Commins, B.T., 120 (1965),
Connolly, J.I., 21 (1928)
-, Cook, W.A., 19a (1964)
Clemens, J.B., 9^4 (1926)
-, Conn, J.E., 350 (1955)
-, Cole, J.W., 92 (19^7)
-, Coleman, F.C., 978 (1962)
Coimnins, B.T., 574 (1965), 788 (1957),
-, 66 (1962)
-, Comroe, J.H., Jr., 273 (1958)
Conlee, C.J., 89! (i.p.)
Colucci, J.M., 20 (1965)
Colvin, L.T., 366 (1928)
-, Consolazio, W.V., 26l (1944), 262
(1946), -, -, 126 (1941), 254 (1943)
-, Cook, W.A., 19 (I960)
Cosby, R.S., 337 (1963) , ^
Coscia, G.C., 273a (1964), -, 201 (1964)
Cotes, J.E., 345a (1962)
Courville, C.B., 176 (1964), 314 (1957)
-, Crane, R.A., 72 (1947) ;
-, Craveri, A., 124 (1961), 124a (1964)
Cribb, G.S., 626 (1959)
-, -, -, Criscuolo, D., 44l (1959)
Crosby, W.H., 575 (1954)
-, Grouse, W.R., 37 (1963)
-, -, -, Cruz, W.O., 6l6 (1946)
-, Cugell, D.W., 366 (1957)
Cumming, A.P.C., 627 (1951)
Cvunmins, R.L., 892 (1964), -, -, 891
(1966)
Curphey, T.J., 488 (1965)
-, Dahlstrora, H., 677 (1958)
Dales, S., 274 (1959)
-, Dallas, J.L., 737 (1964)
-, D'Arca, S., 22 (1956)
-, Darling, R.C., 549 (1944)
Datsenko, I.I., 275 (1964), 276 (1965) _
-, Davenport, J.E., 31 (1935)
-, Davenport, S.J., 933 (1930)
Davies, G.M., 746 (1965)
-, -, -, Dawson, W.T., 250 (1926)
De Boer, S,, 128 (1925)
De Bruin, A., 489 (1965)
-, -, De Graff, A.C., Jr., 358 (1965)
-, Degueldre, G., 774 (1957)
-, -, Delgado, E., 519 (1945)
-, -, DeLong, P.L., 531 (i.p.)
DelVecchio, V., 22 (1956), 23 (1958)
Demidov, A.V., 930 (1964)
-, -, De Silva, H., 498 (1937)
Desoille, H., 153 (1964)
-, Mil, D.B., 498 (1937), *, 126 (1941)
Di Lullo, G., 814 (I960)
428
-------
-, Dodge, B.F., 106 (1947)
•> -, Doerr, R.C., 883 (1959)
Dollery, C.T., 346 (1960)
-, -, Domanski, T.J., 407 (1963)
Dominguez, A.M., 407 (1963), 503 (1959)
Dorcus, R.M., 256 (1929)
Douglas, C.G., 491 (1911), 492 (1912)
Douglas, T.A., 129 (1962), 577 (1962)
Drabkin, D.L., 578 (1948), 579 (1949),
-, 155 (1944)
Drawin, H.W,, 815 (1960)
Drinker, O.K., 924 (1938), -, 341
(1938), 396 (1936), 397 (1936)
DuBois, K.P., 925 (1959)
Dubois, L., 26 (1966)
Dunham, A.R., 692 (1934)
-, Qmlap, J.W., 467 (1953)
Dunlap, R., 420 (1961)
Duvoir, M., 219 (1946)
-, Dyson, N.A., 346 (1960)
Edell, G.M., 29 (1928)
Edwards, H.D., 628 (1960)
-, Edwards, T.I., 913 (1942)
Effenberger, E., 30 (1957), 8l6 (1958)
Enrich, W.E., 302 (1944), 338 (1944)
-, Eilmann, H.J., 449 (1932)
-, -, Ellicott, M.F., 582 (1957)
Elliott, M.A., 775 (1955), -, 772
(1940), 777 (1941)
Ellis, J.P., 441 (1959)
End, E., 131 (1942)
Engstedt, L., 496 (1957)
Erdran, H., 817 (I960)
Evans, R.N., 31 (1935)
Evreux, R., 32
Faith, W.L., 695 (1963), 818 (1963)
Farre-Rius, F., 33 (1964)
Fassina, L., 34 (I960)
-, Fati, S., 159 (1959), 284 (1957)
Fejer, G., 457 (1924)
Feldstein, M., 277 (1965), -, 68 (1964)
Fenimore, C.P., 630 (1957)
Fenn, W.O., 442 (1932)
-, Ferris, B.G., Jr., 9l4 (1963)
Fiandaca, S., 220 (1964)
Field, F., 35 (1962)
Fieldner, A.C., 894 (1926)
Filley, G.F., 347 (1954)
Fink, A.I., 458 (1951)
-, -, -, Finn, R., 593 (1962)
Fisher, B.M., 385 (I960)
-, Fisher, K.C., 274 (1959)
Fisher, M.B., 967 (1954), -, 755b
(1964), -, -, 767a (1945)
Fitton, A., 821 (1955)
-, Flieger, K., 953 (1965)
Florentin, D., 36 (1928)
Flynn, N.E., 37 (1963)
-, Fodor, G., 394 (1963)
Forbes, J.J., 632 (1954)
Forbes, W.H., 498 (1937), 499 (1945)
-, Fort, ¥., 209 (1925)
-, Fournier, Et., 329 (1964)
-, Fowler, W.S., 348 (1954), 349 (1954)
-, Frank, E.R., 711 (1962)
-, -, -, Franke, R.E., 529 (1946), 530
(1946)
Frederick, R.C., 580 (1931)
-, -, Frederick, W.G., 19 (I960), 19a
(1964)
-, Freimuth, H.C., 502 (1943)
-, -, Frevert, H.W., 705 (1926), 917
(1941)
Friberg, L., 651 (1965), 651a (1965)
-, Froboese, V., 845 (1930)
-, -, -, Fulton, W.B., 263 (1929)
Furlong, N.B., 581 (1957)
-, -, Furth, F.W., 575 (1954)
Gaensler, E.A., 351a (1966), 582 (1957),
-, -, -, 360 (1965), 366 (1957)
-, Gaido, P.C., 797 (1964)
-, -, Garcia, R., 425 (1961)
-, Gardner, G.R., 101 (1965)
-, Gates, I., 250 (1926)
-, Gauger, A.W., 787 (1919)
Gaultier, M., 329 (1964), -, 219 (1946)
Gemzell, C.A., 500 (1958)
Gerard, P., 756 (1963)
Gettler, A.O., 501 (1933)> 502 (1943)
Giacorao, P., 583 (1956)
-, Guillot, M., 583 (1956)
-, Giannelli, S., Jr., 476 (1965)
Gilbert, G.J., 386 (1959)
-, Glaser, G.H., 386 (1959)
-, Gilardi, F., 543 (1952)
Gilinskiy, V.A., 757 (1963)
-, Girbal, E., 807 (1962)
Giubileo, M., 823 (1957), 824 (1958)
Giuliani, V., 896 (1955)
Glantz, W.M., 503 (1959)
Goftnekler, V.A., 653 (1964), 825 (1963)
-, Goldbaum, L.R., 454 (1957)
-, Goldberg, L., 215 (1948)
Gonzales, T.A., 584 (1954)
Goosens, J.F., 827 (1958)
Gorbatow, 0., 132 (1948)
Goldsmith, J.R., 40 (i960), 4l (1961), 42
(1963), 43 (1963), 44 (1964), 505
(1962), 655 (1964), 826 (1959), -, 47
(1961), 593 (1962), 66l (1960)
.porster, R.E., 348 (1954), 349 (1954). 350 (1955), 351 (1957), -, 368 (1957), 370 (1957), -, -, 369 (1957),
357, (1962),'-, -, -, 356 (I960)
**Francois, R.Ch., 178 (1964)
429
-------
Gramer, L., 585 (1961)
-, Grant, E.P., 842 (1964)
Grant, G.A., 697 (1951)
-, Greeriburg, L., 53 (1955)
-, -, Gregersen, M.I., 288 (1953)
Greig, J.D., 698 (1957)
Grigor'ev, Z.E., 388 (1955)
-, Grimes, M.D., 81 (1957)
-, Groff, W.A., 158 (I960)
Grollman, A., 928 (I960)
-, Grove, G.W., 632 (1954)
Gruber, C.W., 656 (1965)
Grudzinska, B., 330 (1963)
Grut, A., 223 (1949)
-, Guiochon, G., 33 (1964)
Gunderman, K.O., 828 (1964)
-, Gussey, P., 635 (1964)
Haagen-Smit, A.J., 646 (1965), 829
(1964)
Hackney, J.D., 506 (1961), 507 (1962),
-, -, 43 (1963)
Haddon, W., Jr., 425 (1961)
Hagen, D.F., 830 (1962)
Haggard, H.W., 303 (1921), 445 (1922),
509 (1921), -, 516 (1922), 792 (1923),
899 (1921), 901 (1926), 930 (1943)
-, -, Haines, R.L., 697 (1951)
Hajek, F., 83! (1964)
Haldane, J., 510 (1895), 511 (1895), 586
(1895)
Haldane, J.B.S., 466 (1927), 512 (1913),
-, -, 492 (1912)
-, Haldane, J.S., 491 (1911), 492 (1912)
Hall, D.A., 791 (1957)
-, Hall, G.V., 304 (1964)
-, Hall, R.L., 464 (1955)
-, -, Hall, W.A., 467 (1953)
Halperin, M.H., 46o (1947), 46l (1959)
-, Halstead, J.R., 407 (1963)
Hama, G.M., 832 (1950)
Hamilton, L.H., 352 (1965)
Hamming, W.J., 46 (1960)
-, -, Hanley, A., 713 (1959)
Hanson, H.B., 426 (1933)
Hanson, J.3., 353 (19&-)
-, Hanst, P.L., 883 (1959)
-, Kara, Y., l64 (1963)
Hartridge, H., 515 (1912)
Hass, G.C., 833 (1961), 834 (1962),
-, -, 644 (1961), 660 (1960)
-, Hastings, A.B., 426 (1933)
Hatch, T.F., 354 (1952)
Hayashi, S., 633 (1964)
Hayes, J.M., 304 (1964)
Hayhurst, E.R., 226 (1926)
Hechter, H.H., 47
Helm, J,W., 758 (1939)
Heinen, C.M., 835 (1962)
-, -, -, Heinrich, B.J., 81 (1957)
Heller, A.N., 48 (1965)
Hellmann, C.S., 700 (1961)
Helmchen, H., 331 (1964)
Helminen, T., 462 (1954)
-, -, Helpern, M., 584 (195*0
-, -, Helvig, H.L., 593 (1962).
Henderson, M., 587 (I960), -, -, 66
(1962)
Henderson, Y., 179 (I9l6), 5l6 (1922),
792 (1923), 399 (1921), 901 (1926),
930 (19^3), -, 509 (1921) ,
-, Killer, A., 6l6 (1946)
-, Isbell, H.S., 808 (1928)
Ito, M., 278 (I960)
Jackson, B.C., 181 (1959)
Jackson, W.E., 840 (1965)
Jacobs, M.B., 53 (1955), 54 (1959)
-, Jacobs, W.A., 802 (1924)
Jay, B.E., 355 (1960), 618 (1960)
-, -, Jegier, Z., 903 (1959), -, 911
(I960)
Jeney, E., 55 (1959)
Jensen, D.A., 84l (1964), 842 (1964)
Jerzykowski, T., 134 (1963)
Joels, N., 279 (1961), 521 (1958)
Johnson, B.L., 703 (1965)
Johnson, D.M., 182 (1961)
Johnson, R.L., Jr., 356 (1960), 357
(1965), 358 (1965), -, 375 (1962)
-, Jones, A.R., 8ll (1960)
Jones, G.W., 56 (1923), -, 630 (1957),
786 (1922), -, -, 598 (1923), 600
(1923), 894 (1926)
Jones, J.G., 523 (1962), -, 746 (1965)
-, -, -, Jones, R.H., 582 (1957)
Jones, R.S., 359 (1960)
Jouasset-Strieder, D., 360 (1965)
Jutze, G.A., 749 (1963)
Kanter, C.V., 57 (1964), -, -, 638 (1960)
Kaskan, W.E., 58 (1959)
Kattwinkel, R., 704 (1941)
Katz, M., 59 (1956), 228 (1958), 705
(1926), 902 (1926), 903 (1959), -, 697
(1951), -, -, 911 (1960)
-, Kaufman, G.A., 507 (1962)
Kauper, E.K., 843 (1965)
Kaye, S., 844 (1957)
Keeser, E., 845 (1930)
Kelly, R.G.C., 464 (1955)
430
-------
-t Kenline, P.A., 891 (i.p.)
-, Kerr, D.H., 375a (1966)
Kerr, J.A,, 59a (19^5)
-, Khrustaleva, VA., 736 (1962)
Kilburn, K.H., 361 (1963)
-, -, RLlday, M.V., 100 (1955)
KLllick, E.M., 229 (1948), 524 (1940)
-, King, B.G., 767a (1945),
-, -, -, 755b (1964)
King, W.J., 846 (1962), -, -, 109 (1963)
Kinney, S.P., 904 (1923)
-, Kinsey, J.L., 7^1 (1953)
Klrichinskaya, I.A., 390 (1958)
Kirsberg, V.A., 60 (1961)
-, Kltzes, G., 108 (1958)
KLein, W.J., 706 (1948)
KLing, A., 8^7 (1939), -, 778 (1938)
Khapp, H., 465 (i860)
Eobayashi, Y., 848 (1963)
Kbnecei, E.B., 280 (1955)
-, Konopinski, V.J., 892 (1964), 905
(1962), 909 (1965), -, -, -, 891
(i.p.)
Kopa, R.D., 849 (1963)
Korenevskaya, E.J., 525 (1955)
Korth, M.W., 61 (1963), 62 (1964)
Kovnatskyy, M.A,, 391 (1961)
Kraft, D., 63 (1963)
Kraut, H., 526 (1939)
Kreukniet, J., 362 (1962)
-, -, -, -, Kreuzer, p., 351 (1957)
Krogh, A., 363 (1910)
Krogh, M., 364 (1915), -, 363 (1910)
-, Kruger, P.D., 252 (I960)
-, -, Kruse, R.E., 726 (1964), 864
(1964), -, -, -, 878 (1965)
Kuley, C.J., 64 (1963)
-, Kunkel, H., 331 (1964)
Labonde, J., 850 (1965)
-, Lafontaine, A., 827 (1958)
Lamb, A.B., 708 (1919)
LambertBen, C.J., 658 (1953)
Lamon, H.J., 759 (i960)
Lampert, F.F., 65 (1959)
-, Larson, A.T., 708 (1919) t , v
Larsen, R.I., 85! (1966), 905 (1962),
972 (1962), -, 676 (1965), -> -, 909
(1965)
-, Lashier, H., 506 (I96l), -, -, 507
(1962)
Lastochkin, P.H., 709 (1928)
-, -, Lawson, D.D., 129 (1962)
-, -, Lawson, W.H., Jr., 357 (1965
Lavther, P.j!, 66 (1962), 67 (1965), 588
(1955), 852 (1956), 853 (1965), -, 57
(1965)1 -, -, 120 (1965), 788 (1957),
916 (1961)
Leclerc, E., 589 (1946)
-, Ledlngham, I., 129 (1962)
-, Lemoan, G., 112 (1959)
Lentz, E.G., 318 (1965)
-, -, Lesnini, D.Q., 103 (1958)
Letourneau, L.S., 590 (1959)
-, -, Leung, S.W., 151 (1949)
Levaggi, D.A., 68 (1964)
Levine, B.S. (editor and translator),
Book 1 (I960), 107, 113, 525, 709,
716, 751
Book 2 (I960), 102
Book 5 (1961), 286, 388, 390, 781
Book 7 (1962), 118, 298, 561, 799
Book 8 (1963), 105, 868
Book 9 (1964), 667, 669
Book 10 (1964), 930a
-, -, Levy, D., 332 (1961)
-, Levy, E., 917 (19^1), -, -, 263 (1929)
Levey, F.H., 155 (19^), -, -, 302 (1944)
Lewin, L., 931 (1920)
Lewis, B.M., 364a (1959)
Lhermitte, J., 320 (1946)
-, liberman, S.S., 150 (1947)
Lies, K.H., 854 (1963)
Liesegang, V., 69 (1928)
Likhachev, A.D., 70 (1963)
Lilienthal, J.L., Jr., 528 (1945), 529
(19^6), 530 (1946), 973 (1950)
Linderiberg, R., 332 (1961)
Linderholm, H., 365 (1957)
Lindgren, S.A., 230 (1961)
Lindsley, C.H., 710 (1949)
-, Linn, R.A., 300 (i960)
Linville, W., 638 (I960)
Litzner, St., y>6 (1936)
-, Liu, S.H., 605 (1929), 606 (1930)
Lodge, J.P., 711 (1962)
L&nner, K., 712 (i960)
-, Long, C.W., 131 (1942)
-, Luche, R.G., 10 (1960)
-, Luchsinger, P.O., 255 (1964)
Ludwig, J.H., 856 (1962), -, 810 (1965)
Lumio, J.S., 231 (1948), 232 (1954)
-, Lunche, R.G., 57 (1964)
Luther, H., 857 (I960), 858 (1961)
Lutiner, R.F., 531 (i.p.)
Lykova, A.S., 859 (1953)
Lynn, D.A., 7^9a (1966)
-, -, Lynn, K., 506 (1961), -, -, -, 507
(1962)
Lysyj, I., 713 (1959)
McBay, A.J., 183 (1965)
McCabe, L.C., 71 (1955)
MoConnell, J.W., 184 (1912)
McCormick, R.A., 860 (1962)
McCullough, J.D., 72 (1947)
-, McElroy, J., 4l3 (1957)
431
-------
McFarland, R.A., 429 (1957), 430 (1964),
466 (1944), 1^67 (1953), 463 (1953),
-, 385 (1960), 461 (1959), -, -, 460
(1947)
-, McGuire, J.K., 35 (1933)
-, Macintosh, D.J., 347 (1954)
MacKenzie, V.G., 659a (19^5), 863 (1965),
953 (1965)
McMichael, W.F., 864 (1964), 865 (1965),
-, -, 878 (1965)
-, -, MacMillan, F.P., 197 (1965)
-, McMullen, T.B., 749a (1966)
-, McNeill, R.S., 369 (1957)
-, MacPhee, R.D., 46 (1960)
Maga, J.A., 644 (1961), 660 (1960), 66l
(I960)
Mainardl, M., 339a (1964)
Malorny, G., 394 (1963)
Manita, M.D., 56! (i960), 825 (1963)
Want, A.K., 185 (I960)
Mantell, C.D., 431 (1964)
Marchiaro, G., 135 (1964), -, 136 (1964)
-, Marcy, F., 738 (1928)
-, Margaglia, F., 139 (1964)
-, Margaria, E., 135 (1964)
Marks, A., 366 (1957), -, -, -, -, 582
(1957)
Marsh, A., 73 (1958)
-, Marsh, J.D.F., 626 (1959)
-, -, -, Marshall, K.L., 917 (1941)
Marshall, R., 367 (1958), -, 344 (1961)
-, Martinek, M.J., 21 (1928)
-, Massey, F., 239 (1962)
-, Massey, M.T., 74l (1960)
Massmann, ¥., 908 (1955)
Matthes, B., 866 (196l)
-, Mattice, M.R., 501 (1933)
Maurin, Gen., 778 (1938)
Mayer, J., 591 (1956)
Mayers, M.R., 534 (1946)
-, Mazza, V., 267 (1959)
-, Meade, F., 359 (I960)
Meda, E., 535 (1964)
Medaglini, E., 281 (1962)
Mehrstens, J.H., 74 (1907)
Meigs, J.W., 186 (1952), 536 (1948)
-, Menetrler, M.L., 850 (1965)
-, Merino> C., 519 (1945)
-, Meriwether, F.V., 24l (1922)
-, Middleton, D.C., 76 (1962)
Middle-ton, G.D., 340 (196l)
Middleton, J.T., 76 (1962), 714 (1963),
-, 624 (1962)
-, Milijic, B., 243 (1959)
-, Miller, F.A., 791 (1957)
-, Miller, H.A., 3^1 (19^3)
Millikan, G.A., 592 (1942)
Mills, C.A., 307 (1957), 434 (1957)
Milokostova, L.G., 868 (1960)
Minchin, L.T., 715 (1947)
-, Mingle, J.G., 722 (19^6)
Miranda, J.M., 9°9 (19^5)
Mokhov, L.A., 716 (1957), 930 (1964)
Molfino, F., 187 (1964)
Monaco, B., 795 (1964)
-, Monkman, J.L., 26 (1966)
Morando, A.E., 868a (19^5)
Moore, H.E., 717 (1955)
-, Moore, R.C., 429 (1957)
Morgan, J.L., 537 (1955)
-, -, -, Morton, J.W., 368 (1957)
-, Moseley, A.L., 430 (1964)
Mosinger, M., 282 (1940)
Moureu, H., 77 (1958), 869 (1961), 870
(1964)
Mulay, A.G., 78 (1961)
-, Mullaney, O.C., 395 (1940)
-, MUller, H., 712 (1960)
-, Muller, R., 806 (1961)
-, Munn, J.I., 575 (1954)
Murphy, E.J., 79 (1961)
Murphy, S.D., 157 (1964)
-, -, Murray, A.L., 913 (1942)
-, Murray, C.D., 478 (1925)
Musselman, N.P., 158 (19&0
Nagarjunan, T.S., 80 (1964)
-, Kaus, L.L., 771 (1942)
Navrotskii, V.K., 283 (1960)
-, Nehel, G.J., 775 (1955)
-, Nefedov, Yu.G., 254a (1961)
-, Neil, E., 279 (1961)
Nelson, K.H., 8l (1957)
-, -, Nerheim, N.M., 51 (1964)
-, Neslaitt, R.E.L., 425 (1961)
Neubuerger, K.T., 322 (1945)
Nevers, G.F., 796 (1959)
-, Ng, YU-Sim, 679 (1966)
Nichols, G., Jr., 761 (1953)
Nicloux, M., 189 (1921)
-, Niessen, H.J., 4l6 (1961)
-, Niven, J.I., 46o (1947), -, -, 46l
(1959)
-, -, -, Norman, J.N., 129 (1962)
Noro, L., 190 (1945), 132 (1948)
-, Novak, S., 134 (1963)
-, -, -, -, -, Oberst, F.W., 158 (1960)
-, Ohorin, N.A., 123 (1963)
O'Brien, H.R., 196 (1922), 598 (1923)
Ogilvie, C.M., 368 (1957)
-, O'Hara, C.L., 119 (1955)
Oppenheim, U.P., 719 (1958)
-, -, Orahovats, D., 478 (1925)
432
-------
-, Otis, A.B., 151 (1949), 152 (1952)
-, -, Owen, H.R., 250 (1926)
Pace, N., 261 (1944), 262 (1946), 663
(1945), -, 545 (1945), -, -, -, 254
(1943)
-, Pannaln, B., 333 (1963)
Parin, V.V. (editor), 757 (1963)
Paris, J., 191 (1964)
Parmeggiani, L., 192 (1958), 543 (1952)
Pattono, R., 136 (1964), -, 174 (196*1.)
-, Patty, P.A., 163 (1930), -, -, 144
(1934), 740 (1955)
-, -, Paul, w.H., 722 (1966)
Paulin, P., 83 (1959)
-, Pavel, N.E.B., 572 (1955)
Payne, J.Q., 87! (1952)
Pecora, L., 138 (1964), 284 (1957), 544
(I960)
Pecora, L.J., 285 (1959), 261 (191*)
Peffek, R., 193 (1965)
Fennels, N.E., 720 (1957), -, 622 (1955)
-, -, Perkins, N.M., 488 (1965)
-, Perla, V., 484 (1959)
-, Pernell, M.L., 617 (1955)
Perrelli, G., 84 (1964), -, 273a (1964)
Petri, H., 85 (1965)
Pfrender, R.E., 237 (1962)
-, Phair, J.J., 686 (1957), -, -, -, 372
(I960)
-, Pine, M.B., 528 (1945)
Pistone, S., 910 (1963)
Pitts, G.C., 545 (1945), -, -, 261
(1944)
-, -, Pcmerat, C.M., 451 (1962)
-, -, Pomp, H., 394 (1963)
Porter, K., 86 (1962)
Porter, M.M., 307 (1957), 434 (1957)
Portheine, F., 87 (1959), 546 (1954),
872 (1959) / ^ ^
-, Portwich, F., 172 (1964)
-, Preziosi, T., 332 (1961)
-, Pribram, K., 755a (1964)
Priraavesi, C.A., 873 (1964)
-, -, Prince, A.L., 901 (1926),
-, -, -, 899 (1921)
-, -, Proenmel, D.D., 529 (1946), 530
(1946)
Prokhorov, IU.D., 286 (1959)
-. Pugh, L.G.C.E., 521 (1958)
Pukhov, V.A., 287 (1964)
Querci, M., 139
Ramsey, T.L., 449 (1932)
-, Randall, E.L., 573 (1933)
Rankin, J., 369 (1957)
Raskin, H., 395 (1940)
-, -, Redmond, R.F., 572 (1955)
Regan, C.J., 874 (1932)
Reid, R.3., 722 (1966)
Rennie, R.P., 911 (1960), -, 903 (1959)
Renzetti, U.A., 875 (1956), -, 8l8 (1957)
-, Reynolds, D.A., 705 (1926)
-, -, -, Rhodes, R., 361 (1963)
-, Riberdy, R., 59 (1956)
Ricci, C., 238 (1964)
Rice, E.¥., 89 (1952)
Rihm, A., Jr., 90 (1965)
-, -, Riley, E.G., 791 (1957)
-, Riley, R.L., 529 (1946), 530 (1946),
-, -, -, -, 350 (1955)
Ringold, A., 593 (1962)
Rispler, L., 875a (1965)
-, Robbe, H., 500 (1958)
Roberts, W.C., 548 (1952)
-, -, Robertson, I.W., 147 (1914)
-, Robscheit-Robbins, F.S., 615 (1927)
-, Rochette, J., 282 (194o)
-, Rogers, L.H., 826 (1959), -, -, Sl8
(1963)
Rokaw, S.N., 239 (1962)
Root, w.s., 288 (1953), -, 3 (1955), 551
(1945), 596 (1945) , f %
Rose, A.H., Jr., 876 (1961), 877 (1962),
878 (1965), -, 726 (1964), 865 (1965),
882 (1966)
-, Rosettani, E., 84 (1964)
-, Ross, C.R., 875a (1965)
Roughton, F.J.W., 290 (1945), 370 (1957),
549 (1944), 550 (1945), 551 (1945),
595 (1934), 596 (1945), -, 351 (1957),
466 (1944), 602 (1942), 603 (1943),
-, -, 499 (1945), -, -, -, 464 (1947),
46l (1959)
Rounds, D.E., 451 (1962), -, -, 775
(1955)
-, Rovida, S., 868a (1965)
Rowan, T., 978 (1962)
Rozera, G., 159 (1959)
-, Rozov, A.A., 286 (1959)
Rubino, G.F., l4l (1964)
Ryazanov, A.V,, 665 (1959), 666 (1962),
667 (I960), 751 (1952)
Rylander, R., 65! (1965), 651a (1965)
Sakabe, H., 91 (i960)
Sakurai, Y., 552 (1963)
Salen, E.B., 240 (1946)
Salsbury, J.M., 92 (1947)
-, Saltzman, B.E., 5 (1959)
433
-------
-, Salvesen, H.A., 6l4 (1919)
-, -, -, Sands, J., 478 (1925)
-, Sargent, F., 499 (19^5)
Savicevic, M., 243 (1959)
Sayers, R.R., 196 (1922), 24l (1922),
263 (1929), 597 (1923), 598 (1923),
599 (1923), 600 (1923), 601 (1925),
933 (1930), -, 127 (1931),
-, -, -, -, 3M (193*0
-, Schafer, L.J., 12 (1952), 14 (1956),
lite (1957)
-, -, -, Scherberger, R.F., 791 (1957)
-, -> -> -3 -, Schiette, F., 593 (1962)
Schleusing, G., 452 (1964)
Schlipkoter, H.W., 879 (1965)
Schmitt, F.O., 453 (1934)
-, -, -, Schneider, G.R., 51 (1964)
Scholander, P.F., 602 (1942), 603 (1943)
Schoribauer, L., l6o (1963)
Schrenk, H.H., 94 (1950), 6o4 (1942),
780 (1941), -, 7 (1938), -, -, 144
(193*0, 163 (1930), -, -, -, 772
-, Schuhoann, S., 100 (1955)
Schulte, J.H., 555 (1963), 762 (1961),
763 (1900
-, -, Schultz, J., 16 (1937)
Schtttze, w., 291 (1927)
-, Schwartz, R.G., 717 (1955)
-, Scott, M.G., 453 (193^)
-, -, -, Scott, W.E., 883 (1959)
-, Seanlin, J.R., 841 (1964)
-, Seddon, H., 448 (1966)
-, Seibert, F.M., 147 (19lM
-, Semerak, C.B., 317 (1918)
-, -, Senderikhina, D.Ya., 751 (1952)
Sendroy, J., Jr., 605 (1929), 606 (1930),
6o6a (1932)
Serra, C., 333 (1963)
Serruys, M., 723 (1959), 724 (1963)
Shafer, N., 197 (1965)
-, -, -, Shaffer, N.R., 10 (1960)
Shapritskii, V.N., 96 (1964)
-, Sharp, G.R., 199 (i960)
Sharrah, J.S., 752 (1954)
Shaughnessy, T.J., 3^1 (1938), 396
(1936), 397 (1936)
-, Shaw, B.B., 378 (1964)
Shav, J.H., 97 (1953), 98 (1959)
Shepherd, M., 99 (19^7), 100 (1955)
Shephard, R.J., 371 (1958), 372 (1960),
-, -, 686 (1957)
Shlllito, F.H., 396 (1936), 397 (1936)
Shtrum, I.Ya., 292 (1938)
Shulga, T.M., 669 (1961), 670 (1965)
Shuinway, E.A., 244 (1925)
Sievers, R.F., 913 (19^2)
Sigsby, J.E., Jr., 62 (1964)
-, Sigworth, H.W., 871 (1952)
Silverman, L., 101 (1965)
-, Simmons, W.T., 2 (1951)
-, -, Sinclair, J.D., 346 (1960)
Si6steen, S.M., 607 (1951)
SjBstrand, T., 293 (19^9)» 294 (1952),
295 (1952), 296 (1952), 609 (1951),
-, 607 (1951), -, -, -, W3 (195^)
Sklenovsky, A., 325 (1964)
Sktild, G., 297 (1964)
Skvortzova, N.N., 102 (1960)
Slusher, G.R., 764 (1964)
-, Smilay, M.G., 197 (1965)
Smith, A.M., 881 (1961)
-, -, Smith, D.E., 81 (1957)
Smith, G., 199 (I960), 98! (1964)
-, -, Smith, H.P., 568 (1921)
-, Smith, J.R., 352 (1965)
Smith, P.K., 557 (19^5)
Smith, R., 726 (1964), 864 (1964), 877
(1962), 878 (1965)
Smith, R.N., 103 (1958)
-, -, Sobecki, M.F., 326 (i.p.)
Sobolev, G.K., 104 (1958)
-, Soda, R., 91 (I960)
-, Sokolova, T.I., 298 (1957)
Solvsteen, P., 373 (1965), 371* (1965)
Sorakina, S.F., 105 (1963)
Sourirajan, S., 727 (I96l)
Spector, H.A., 106 (1947)
Speert, H., 766 (1946)
Speizer, F.E., 912*- (1963)
Spencer, T.D., 142 (1962)
Spicer, W.S., Jr., 375 (1962), 375a
(1966), -, 356 (I960)
-, -, -, Spier, C., 506 (1961)
-, Spiller, W.G., 184 (1912)
Stahman, R.C., 882 (1966), -, 876 (1961)
Stearns, W.H., 3«H (1938)
Stembridge, V.A., 454 (1957), -, 503
(1959)
Stepanovich, A., 107 (1955)
Stephens, E.R., 883 (1959)
-, Stephens, J.F., 7^0 (1955)
Stern, A.C., 671 (1964), 672 (1965), 673
(1965), 728 (1963), 753 (1963), 884
(1965), 936 (1962), 937 (1962)
Sterz, H., 558 (1963)
Stevens, A.M., 246 (1926)
-, -, Stevenson, H.J.R., 876 (1961)
-, Storlazzi, M., 701 (1965)
-, Straub, A.A., 8g4 (1926)
Strecker, E.A., 398 (1927)
-, Strong, A.A., 703 (1965)
-, Struck, J.H., 881 (1961)
Strzelczyk, P,, 247 (1964)
Sturrock, P.E., 108 (1958)
-, Suter, G.M., 301 (1938)
-------
-, Suter, G.M., 301 (1938)
Swartz, D.J., 109 (1963), -, -, 846
(1962)
Sweeney, M.P., 729 (19^5)
-, Swinehart, J., 103 (1958)
-, Szendrey, S., 55 (1959)
-, TabafcLn, B.S., 353 (1961)
~, Tabor, E.G., 749 (1963)
-, Taft, A.E., 398 (1927)
Takabashi, K., 342 (1961)
Tamas, A., 413 (1957)
-, Tanner, C.W., 754 (1952)
Taylor, G.J., 110 (1964)
-, Taylor, H.F., 357 (1965), 358 (1965)
-, Taylor, J.R., 642 (1965), -, -, 46
(I960)
-, Taylor, W.F., 280 (1955)
Teague, M.C., 885 (1920), -, -, 899
(1921), -, -, -, 901 (1926)
Tebbett, R.W., 111 (1962)
-, -, -, Terrill, R.E., 326 (i.p.)
-, -TerzagM, J., 43 (1963)
Thiebault, R., 885a (1965)
-, Thompson, ¥.G., 964 (1926)
-, -, -, Thomson, M.L., 686 (1957)
Tiunov, L.A., 298 (1957), 299 (1963)
-, Tomashefski, J.F., 162 (1959)
Tope, 0., 248 (1965)
-, -, Tow, P.S., 10 (I960)
Trinkina, I.A., 4l4 (1960)
Tronipeo, G., 797 (1964), 798 (1964),
-, 889 (1964)
Tronzano, L., 201 (1964)
-, -, Trostel, L.J., 902 (1926)
-, Truffert, L., 153 (1964)
Truhaut> R., 112 (1959), 674 (1964)
Turkel'taub, N., 113 (1950)
-, Turletti, G., 798 (1964)
Turner, J.W.A., 202 (1964)
-, Turner, M.E., 372 (1960)
Tyler, H.W., 915 (1956)
-, Ulrich, C.E., 326 (i.p.)
Ulrich, S.S., n4 (1953)
-, -, -, Ifiriberger, C.J., 584 (1954)
Val'ehuk, U.K., 799 (1959)
-, Vance, M., 584 (1954)
Vanderwerf, D., 115 (19^4)
-, -, -, Van Deventer, F.M., 498 (1937)
' - -, Van Lingen, B., 3*9 (195*)
Van Slyke, D.D., 6l4 (1919), &5 (1927),
616 (1946), 731 (1917), 732 (1918),
., -, 605 (1929)
-, Vasil'ev, G.A., 299 (1963)
Vasil'eva, A.A., 5&- (19^0)
Vaskevlch, D.U., 118 (1956)
-, Vecchione, C., 544 (i960)
-, Vercellotti, E., 220 (19&.)
-, Visser, B.F., 362 (1962)
Vol'fson, Z.G., 675 (1952)
Vollmer, E.P., 264a (1945), 767a (1964),
-, -, 214 (1964), 755b (1964)
-, Volman, D.H., 86 (1962)
Von Oettingen, W.F., 939 (1944)
-, Vroege, D., 489 (1965)
Vylomov, V.S., 733 (19^8)
Vyskocil, J., 203 (1957)
Waggoner, J., 617 (1955)
Walker, J.K., 119 (1955)
Waller, R.E., 120 (1965), 9l6 (I96l),
-, 788 (1957)
-, Walters, D.F., 48 (1965)
-, Walters, D.H., 523 (1962)
Walters, F.M., l6l (1927)
-, -, Warner, C.G., 746 (19^5)
Wechsler, I.S., 470 (1933)
-, -, -, -, Weeks, M.H., 158 (1960)
-, Weigand, G.E., 256 (1929)
-, -, Weisiger, J.R., 6l6 (1946)
-, -, -, -, Weiss, R., 478 (1925)
West, J.B., 376 (1962)
-, -, -, Whipple, G.H., 568 (1921)
White, A.J., 940 (1952)
White, J.J., 563 (1932)
-, White, W.A., 254 (19^3), -, -, 262
(19*6)
-, -, -, Wilinski, P.T., 158 (1960)
Wilke, H., 122 (1962)
Wilkins, E.T., 886 (1956)
Wilks, S.S., 162 (1959), 415 (1959), 769
(1963), 770 (1963), -, -, 280 (1955),
441 (1959)
-, -, Willey, G.F., 398 (1927)
-, Williams, G.C., 51 (1964)
Williams, L.A., 300 (1960)
Wilmer, W.H., 471 (1921)
Wilson, E.D., 250 (1926)
-, Wilson, K., 846 (1962)
-, Wilson, K.W., 109 (1963)
Wilson, R.H., 6l8 (1960), -, 355 (1960)
-, Witt, D.B., 165 (1922)
Wolfson, Z.G., 887 (1948)
-, -, Wong-Woo, H., 644 (1961)
-, Woodhall, W.R., 570 (1964)
Woodruff, R.S., 564a (1960)
Woolf, G.R., 377 (1964)
-, Wright, G.W., 351a (1966), -, -, 347
(1954)
-, -, -, -, Wunderlich, R.M., 899 (1921)
435
-------
Xintaras, C., 326 (i.p.), -, 860 (19&2),
-, -, 518 (1962)
Yanov, A.P., 6kQ& (1961)
Yant, W.P., iMt. (193^), 163 (1930), 802
(192^), 917 (19^1), -, 56 (1923),
263 (1929), 597 (1923), 599 (1923),
600 (1923), 601 (1925), -, -,
(1922), -, -, -, 589 (1923)
Yarrow, T.J., Jr., 251 (1902),
(1900)
Yeager, D.W., Ik (1956), 3Aa (1957)
-, -, Yevich, P.P., 158 (19&)
-, -, Yoder, J.D., 811 (i960)
Yoe, J.H., 92 (19^7), 710 (19^9)
Young, W.A., 378 (19&0
-, -, -, Younker, W.J., 1^ (1957)
Zaffiri, 0., 204
-, -, Zak, B., 300 (I960)
-, Zannini, D., 18? (196^)
-, Zarembo, J.E., 718 (1959)
-, Zenk, H., 2^7 (196^)
Zimer, C.E., 676 (1965)
Zorn, H., 205 (19#0, 252 (i960), 253
(196*0
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GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION INDEX
Numbers after each entry refer to the corresponding abstract, dates in parentheses to
publication year.
United States
California, 57 (1964), 71 (1955), 110
(19^), 451 (1962), 619 (1955), 624
(1962), 636 (19^), 643 (I960), 644
(1961), 654 (1962), 660 (I960), 661
(I960), 662 (1962), Til). (1963), 735
(1962), 740 (1955), 742 (1965), 842
(19ft), 843 (1965), 846 (1962)
Colorado, 865 (1965)
Illinois, 21 (1928)
Massachusetts, 905 (1962)
Michigan, 19 (I960), 19a (19ft), 20
(1965), 740 (1955).
New York, 53 (1955), 534 (1946), 773
(1936), 899 (1921), 917 (1941)
Ohio, 12 (1952), I4a (1957), 97 (1953),
98 (1959), 744 (1965)
Pennsylvania, 840 (1965)
U.S. Cities, 749a (1966), 86k (19ft),
865 (1965), 878 (1965)
Washington, 915 (1956)
Foreign
Austria, 160 (1963)
Belgium, ftO (1965), 827 (1958)
Canada, 59 (1956), 180 (1963), 228 (1958),
727 (1961), 911 (I960)
Czechoslovakia, 193 (1963), 3&L (I960),
831 (19ft)
England, 52 (1957), 58 (1959), 67 (1965),
73 (1958), 104 (1959), 111 (1962),
120 (1965), 142 (1962), 166 (1962),
181 (1959), 199 (I960), 200 (1962),
202 (19ft), 229 (1948), 268 (1925),
448 (1966), 574 (1965), 527 (1956),
588 (1955), 627 (1951), 628 (I960 ,
691 (1962), 803 (1956), 821 (1955 ,
853 (1965), 886 (1956), 916 (1961)
Finland, 236 (1945) , , %
France, 15 (19ft), 17 (1958), 32 (1963),
& (I960), 36 (1928), 77 (1958), 83
(1959), H2 (1959), 153 (19ft , 191
(19ft), 219 (19^6), 320 (1946 , 3|9
(19ft), 539 (1961), 583 (1956 , 589
1946), 626 (1959), 639 1964 , 723
1959 724 (1963), 738 (1928 , 774
1957 788 (1957), 807 (1962 , 850
(1965), 869 (1961), 870 (19ft), 885
(1965)
Germany, 27 (1960), 30 (1957), 49 (1963),
63 (1963), 69 (1928), 74 (1907), 85
(1965), 87 (1959), 122 (1962), 172
(19ft), 203 (1957), 205 (19ft), 247
(19ft), 248 (1965), 282 (191*0), 291
(1927), 306 (1936), 331 (19ft), 452
(19ft), 465 (1880), 526 (1939), 546
(1959), 558 (1963), 567 (19ft), 585
(1961), 681 (1959), 704 (1941), 712
(I960), 805 (I960), 816 (1958), 817
(I960), 845 (1930), 854 (1963), 857
(1960), 858 (1961), 866 (1961), 872
(1959), 873 (19ft), 879 (1965), 908
(1955), 931 (1920)
Holland, 33 (19ft), 362 (1962), 4l9
(1965)
Hungary, 55 (1959)
Italy, 22 (1956), 23 (1958), 84 (19ft),
124 (1961), 136 (19ft), 137 (I960),
138 (19ft), 139 (19ft), 141 (19ft),
159 (1959), 168 (1964), 174 (19ft),
178 (19ft), 187 (19ft), 192 (1958),
201 (19ft), 204 (19ft), 220 (19ft),
235 (1962), 238 (19ft), 267 (1959),
273a (1964), 284 (1957), 285 (1959),
328 (1963), 339a (19ft), 482 (19ft),
484 (1959), 533 (19ft), 535 (19ft),
543 (1952), 544 (1960), 795 (19ft),
797 (19ft), 798 (19ft), 814 (1960),
823 (1957), 868a (1965), 889 (19ft),
896 (1955), 910 (1963)
Japan, 91 (i960), 164 (1963), 278 (1960),
342 (1961), 343 (1961), 552 (1963),
633 (19ft), 848 (1963), 970 (19ft),
Jugoslavia, 243 (1959)
New Zealand, 427 (1962), 678 (1965)
Poland, 134 (1963), 330 (1963), 733
(1948)
Romania, 690 (1957)
Scandinavian Countries, 4 (1958), 223
(1949), 231 (1948), 236 (1945), 240
(1946), 293 (1949), 294 (1952), 295
(1952), 296 (1952), 297 (19ft), 363
(1910), 3ft (1915), 365 (1957), 456
(1954), 483 (1954), 607 (1951), 608
(1948), 609 (1951)
Switzerland, 33 (1955), 806 (1961)
U.S.S.R., 24 (1962), 60 (1961), 65
(1959), 70 (1963), 96 (19ft), 102
(I960), 105 (1963), 107 (1955), 113
(1950), 118 (1956), 123 (1963), 150
(1947), 276 (1965), 283 (I960),
437
-------
U.S.s.R. (cont.), 286 (1959), 287 (19614-),
292 (1938), 298 (1963), 390 (1958),
391 (1961), klh (I960), 525 (1955),
561 (I960), 640a (1961), 653 (1965),
66k (1952), 665 (1959), 666 (1962),
667 (I?*), 669 (1961), 670 (1965),
675 (1952), 709 (1928), 716 (1957),
736 (I960), 757 (1963), 781 (1959),
799 (1959), 825 (1963), 859 (1953),
868 (1960), 887 (19118)
1*38
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GLOSSARY OP ABBREVIATIONS
A.
AFB
A* I. Ch, E. J.
AIME
AISI
APCA
APCD
API
ASCB
ASHRAE
ASME
ASTME
ATZ
BAAP
CBK
CBGB
CERL
CFSTI
CIDITVA
CSIR
DDC
Dept.
Dept. Pub. Health
Div.
JEE
1. p.
IR
ISA
KTT
LC
LBPS
Association
Air Force Base
American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal
American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and
Petroleum Engineers (Metallurgical Society).
American Iron and Steel Institute
Air Pollution Control Association Abstracts.
Published by the Air Pollution Control Association
in Cooperation with the U.S. Public Health Service
and the library of Congress*
Air Pollution Control District
American Petroleum Institute
American Society of Civil Engineers
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and
Air-Conditioning Engineers
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers
Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift (journal of Motor
Vehicle Technology)
Biological Aspects of Air Pollution, an Annotated
Bibliography by Heimann, H., Brooks, H.M., Jr.,
end Schmidt, D.G. Federal Security Agency, PHS,
Div. of Industrial Hygiene, Washington, D.C.,
April 1950.
Davenport, S.J., and Morgis, G.G. : Air Pollution.
A Bibliography. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 537, 1954.
Clara B. Kirkman
Central Electric Generating Board
Central Electric Research Laboratory
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical
Information
Center international de documentation sur 1*inspection
de la technique des vehicules automobiles.
Council on Scientific and Industrial Research
Defense Documentation Center
Department
Department of Public Health
Division
Institute of Electrical Engineers
In Press
Information Report
Instrument Society of America
Annotated Bibliography. The Effects of Atmospheric
Pollution on the Health of Man, 1957* The
Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Library of Congress
Laboratory of Physical Sciences (U.S. DREW, PHS,
Div. Air Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio)
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NASA National Aeronautic and Space Agency Bibliography
Nat. Acad. Se. National Academy of Sciences
NBS National Bureau of Standards
NBSR National Bureau of Standards Reports
NCI National Cancer Institute
Nat. Res. Council National Research Council
PHS Carbon Monoxide and its Relation to Traffic
Accidents. U.S. PHS Grant RG 5676., 1964
PHSB Public Health Service Bulletin
PHSP Public Health Service Publication
Proc. Proceedings
KE Report of Investigation
Res. Research
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SME Society of Mining Engineers
SPE Society of Petroleum Engineers
SRI Stanford Research Institute
TR Technical Report
USBM U.S. Bureau of Mines
USBMRI U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Information
USBMTP U.S. Bureau of Mines Technical Paper
USDAB U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin
USDATB U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin
USDC U.S. Department of Commerce
USDHEW U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
USDI U.S. Department of the Interior
USNBS U.S. National Bureau of Standards
USPHS U.S. Public Health Service
WHO World Health Organization
WSL Warren Spring Laboratory
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