FINAL DRAFT
United States ECAO-CIN-P220
Environmental Protection May 1987
Agency J'
-/EPA Research and
Development
HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS PROFILE
FOR DIRECT SKY BLUE 6B
Prepared for
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE AND
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Prepared by
Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, OH 45268
DRAFT: DO NOT CITE OR QUOTE
NOTICE
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally released
by the U.S. Environmental. Protection Agency and should not at this stage be
construed to represent Agency policy. It Is being circulated for comments
on its technical accuracy and policy implications.
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DISCLAIMER
This report Is an external draft for review purposes only and does not
constitute Agency policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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PREFACE
Health and Environmental Effects Profiles (HEEPs) are prepared for the
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response by the Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment. The HEEPs are Intended to support listings of
hazardous constituents of a wide range of waste streams under Section 3001
of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), as well as to provide
health-related limits for emergency actions under Section 101 of the Compre-
hensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA).
Both published literature and Information obtained from Agency program
office files are evaluated as they pertain to potential human health,
aquatic life and environmental effects of hazardous waste constituents. The
literature searched and the dates of the searches are Included In the
section titled "Appendix: Literature Searched.' The literature search
material 1s current through November, 1985.
Quantitative estimates are presented provided sufficient data are
available. For systemic toxicants, these Include Reference doses (RfDs) for
chronic exposures. An RfD 1s defined as the amount of a chemical to which
humans can be exposed on a dally basis over an extended period of time
(usually a lifetime) without suffering a deleterious effect. In the case of
suspected carcinogens, RfDs are not estimated In this document series.
Instead, a carcinogenic potency factor of q-j* Is provided.. These potency
estimates are derived for both oral and Inhalation exposures where possible.
In addition, unit risk estimates for air and drinking water are presented
based on Inhalation and oral data, respectively.
Reportable quantities (RQs) based on both chronic toxldty and cardno-
genlclty are derived. The RQ 1s used to determine the quantity of a hazard-
ous substance for which notification 1s required 1n the event of a release
as specified under CERCLA. These two RQs (chronic toxldty and carcinogen-
1c1ty) represent two of six scores developed (the remaining four reflect
1gn1tab1l1ty, reactivity, aquatic toxldty and acute mammalian toxlclty).
The first draft of this document was prepared by Syracuse Research
Corporation under EPA Contract No. 68-03-3228. The document was subse-
quently revised after reviews by staff within the Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment: Carcinogen Assessment Group, Reproductive Effects
Assessment Group, Exposure Assessment Group, and the Environmental Criteria
and Assessment Office 1n Cincinnati.
The HEEPs will become part of the EPA RCRA and CERCLA dockets.
Ill
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s a common name for the commercial azo dye Direct
Blue 1, which Is produced by the dlazotlzatlon of o-d1an1s1d1ne with
4-am1no-5-hydroxy-l,3-naphthalened1sulfon1c add under alkaline conditions
(Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a). It 1s very soluble 1n water but
Insoluble 1n most organic solvents. It can be used to dye. stain or print
cellulose, nylon, leather, paper, silk, wool, cotton or biological materials
and to produce writing Inks and pigments (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts,
1971a). In 1980, four U.S. manufacturers produced 0.115 million pounds of
Direct Sky Blue 6B (USITC, 1981), but only one U.S. manufacturer reported
production In 1984 (USITC. 1985). Four U.S. companies currently market
Direct Sky Blue 6B under various tradenames (AATCC, 1985). In 1983, -40.000
pounds of the dye was Imported Into the United States through principal
customs districts (USITC, 1984).
The only available data specifically regarding the environmental fate of
Direct Sky Blue 68 Is a report that sorptlon to activated sludge 1s effec-
tive In removing H from dye wastewaters (Leb1edowsk1 and Przyblnskl, 1980).
If released to water. Direct Sky Blue 6B may be susceptible to significant
adsorption because dyestuffs by their substantive nature (ability to be
exhaustively deposited from aqueous baths to fibers) are likely to be
adsorbed onto both sewage works sludge and silts and sediment of rivers and
lakes (Brown and Laboureur, 1983). Removal of adsorbed Direct Blue 6B may
occur by blodegradatlon since a number or azo dyes have been found to be
substantially blodegraded under anaerobic and aerobic conditions (Brown and
Laboureur, 1983; Leb1edowsk1 and Przyblnskl, 1980). In general, direct dyes
are expected to be relatively stable to direct photolysis In natural waters
1v
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(Porter, 1973), although humlc materials present In natural water may
Indirectly accelerate the photodecomposUlon of azo dyes (Haag and Mill,
1985). In reducing environments, like natural water, reduction of the azo
dyes to the corresponding amines Is possible (Takemura et al.. 1965).
Hydrolysis, volatilization and bloconcentratlon are not expected to be
significant. Therefore, Indirect photolysis, microblal degradation and
adsorption are the most Important processes determining dye fate 1n water.
If released to the atmosphere. Direct Sky Blue 6B will probably be
associated with partlculate matter and dusts that are subject to wet and dry
deposition. Based on Its reactivity with other aromatic amines (Atkinson,
1985), H 1s speculated that oxidation of this dye by HO radical 1n the
atmosphere may be a significant process. If released to soil, Direct Sky
Blue 6B may not leach significantly since It Is significantly adsorbed by
soil. Microblal degradation or transformation within soil may occur.
Photodegradatlon beyond the surface layer of soil 1s not likely.
Occupational exposure to Direct Sky Blue 6B occurs during Us production
and Us use 1n dyeing. Wastewater effluents are probably the major source
of release to the environment. Ambient monitoring data could not be located
1n the available literature as dted 1n the Appendix.
EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977a,b) reported 96-hour LC5Q values of 240
and 290 mg/i for two batches of Dlphenyl Brill Blue FF Supra for blue-
gills. On the basis of CAS number, this 1s the same compound as Direct Sky
Blue 6B. EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977c) also reported that waste treatment
plant bacteria were unaffected by concentrations of <300 mg/l. Kon1sh1
and Hldaka (1969) found that Direct Sky Blue 6B stimulated carp chemo-
receptors ]_n vitro.
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Oral absorption of Direct Sky Blue 68 can be Inferred from toxldty data
(Section 5.6.). Data concerning the distribution of Direct Sky Blue 68
after oral or Inhalation exposure could not be located In the available
literature. Beaudoln and Pickering (1960) gave pregnant rats Intraperlto-
neal Injections of Direct Sky Blue 68 and observed staining of nuclei of
macrophages of maternal tissue. The yolk sac also contained a small amount
of the dye. Lynn et al. (1980) orally dosed rats and dogs with Direct Sky
Blue 68 and observed 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne In the urine of both these
species, and the rat urine also contained N-acetyl-3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne.
The rats and dogs excreted small amounts of 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne after 72
and 48 hours, respectively.
Pertinent data regarding the carclnogenldty of Direct Sky Blue 6B could
not be located In the available literature as cited In the Appendix. How-
ever, 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne (o-d1an1s1d1ne) 1s found In urine of workers
&
occupatlonally exposed to dyes derived from o-dlanlsldlne (NIOSH, 1980;
OSHA/NIOSH, 1980). Positive results were obtained for S. typhlmurlum strain
TA98 with metabolic activation by S-9 (Prlval et al., 1982, 1984; Prlval and
Mitchell, 1982). Mutagenlc activity was enhanced when FHN was added as a
reducing agent. Prlval and Mitchell (1982) found unlnduced hamster S-9
enhanced mutagenlcUy to a greater extent than did Induced rat S-9. Direct
Sky Blue 68 did not Induce UDS j£ vivo or Iji vitro (Joachim and Decad, 1984).
No data regarding the teratogenlc effects of Direct Sky Blue 68 after
oral or Inhalation exposure were available; a few studies by the Intra-
peMtoneal route were available. Beaudoln (1968) observed dose-relaled
Increased resorptlons and malformations In rats at >140 mg/kg/day. Amels et
al. (1977) observed a dose-related Increase 1n ocular malformations In rats
given 1ntraper1toneal doses >100 mg/kg of Direct Sky Blue 68. Maternal
v1
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toxldty was observed In mice given 250 mg/kg/day IntraperHoneally
(Chernoff and Kavlock, 1983). Pertinent data regarding other reproductive
effects or subchronlc and chronic toxldty of Direct Sky Blue 6B could not
be located In the available literature as cited In the Appendix. The oral
LD-- Is >5 mg/kg (M.B. Research Laboratories, 1978), and rats exposed by
Inhalation to 18.94 mg/l for 4 hours were essentially unaffected by Direct
Sky Blue 68, except for hyperact1v1ty (Southwest Foundation for Research and
Education, 1979).
The lack of chronic and subchronlc toxldty and carclnogenldty data
precludes the derivation of an RfD, RQ, q * and F factor. Although
carclnogenldty data In humans and animals are Inadequate, the fact that
3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne, a known EPA Group B2 carcinogen, 1s a metabolite of
the dye warrants placing Direct Sky Blue 6B 1n EPA Group B2: probable human
carcinogen. This category Includes all agents with sufficient evidence on
cardnogenldty In animals and Inadequate evidence or no data of cardno-
genlclty In humans (U.S. EPA, 1986c).
vll
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. STRUCTURE AND CAS NUMBER 1
1.2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 1
1.3. PRODUCTION DATA 2
1.4. USE DATA 4
1.5. SUMMARY 4
2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES 5
2.1, HATER 5
2.1.1. Hydrolysis 5
2.1.2. Oxidation/Reduction .... 5
2.1.3. Photolysis 5
2.1.4. Mlcroblal Degradation 6
2.1.5. Volatilization 6
2.1.6. Adsorption 6
2.1.7. B1oconcentrat1on 7
2.2. AIR 7
2.3. SOIL 7
2.4. SUMMARY 8
3. EXPOSURE 10
3.1. WATER 10
3.2. FOOD . . . 11
3.3. INHALATION 11
3.4. DERMAL 11
3.5. SUMMARY 11
4. PHARMACOKINETCS 12
4.1. ABSORPTION 12
4.2. DISTRIBUTION 12
4.3. METABOLISM 12
4.4. EXCRETION 13
4.5. SUMMARY 13
5. EFFECTS 14
5.1. CARCINOGENICITY 14
5.2. MUTAGENICITY 14
5.3. TERATOGENICITY 14
5.4. OTHER REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS 17
5.5. CHRONIC AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY 17
5.6. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 17
5.7. SUMMARY 18
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)
Page
6. AQUATIC TOXICITY 20
6.1. ACUTE 20
6.2. CHRONIC. 20
6.3. PLANTS 20
6.4. RESIDUES 20
6.5. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION 20
6.6. SUMMARY 20
7. EXISTING GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS 22
7.1. HUMAN 22
7.2. AQUATIC 22
8. RISK ASSESSMENT 23
9. REPORTABLE QUANTITIES 25
9.1. REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ) RANKING BASED ON CHRONIC
TOXICITY 25
9.2. WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE AND POTENCY FACTOR (F=1/ED-|0)
FOR CARCINOGENICITY 25
10. REFERENCES. . - 27
APPENDIX: LITERATURE SEARCHED 34
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
BOD Biochemical oxygen demand
CAS Chemical Abstract Service
DHSO Dimethyl sulfoxlde
DNA Deoxyr1bonucle1c add
FMN Flavin mononucleotlde
GC Gas chromatography
Kow Octanol/water partition coefficient
LCso Concentration lethal to 50% of recipients
LD50 Dose lethal to 50% of recipients
MS Mass sectrometry
ppm Parts per million
RfD Reference dose
RQ Reportable quantity
UDS Unscheduled DNA synthesis
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. STRUCTURE AND CAS NUMBER
Direct Sky Blue 68 1s commonly referred to as Direct Blue 1. The Colour
Index reference number 1s C.I. 24410 (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts,
1971a,b). The current CAS designation for Direct Sky Blue 68 1s 1,3-naph-
thalenedlsulfonlc add, 6,6'-[3,3'-d1methoxy[l,1'-b1phenyl]-4,4'-d1yl)b1s-
azo]-b1s[4-am1no-5-hydroxy-]tetrasod1um salt. It Is a 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1-
dlne (o-d1an1s1d1ne) based dye. Direct Blue 1 Is currently marketed 1n the
United States under the tradenames Atlantic Direct Sky Blue 68 Ex. 300X
(Atlantic Indust.}, Cylcofast Sky Blue (C. Lever Co. Inc.), Direct Brilliant
Sky Blue 6B Concentrate (Crompton and Knoules Corp.) and Elcomlne Sky Blue
68 (International Dyestuffs Corp.) (AATCC, 1985). Various synonyms and
trade names for this compound are Direct Blue 68, Direct Blue 6BS, Direct
Sky Blue 6B. Direct Sky Blue 6BS and Niagara Sky Blue 6B (RTECS,
1981-1982). The structure, empirical formula and CAS- Registry number for
Direct Sky Blue 68 are as follows:
CH.O
PCM,
SO.NI
N-N
SO,Ma
Molecular weight: 992.8
Empirical formula: C04H0.N,01,S.Na,l
34 24 o ID 4 4
CAS Registry number: 2610-05-1
1.2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Direct Sky Blue 68 1s very soluble 1n water where 1t forms a bright blue
solution, slightly soluble 1n ethylene glycol monoethyl ether and Insoluble
In most other organic solvents (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a).
All direct dyes are water soluble and form anlons by dissociation (Kuehnl et
0854p
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04/29/87
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al., 1979). In aqueous solution, the molecules of direct dyestuffs are
linked by hydrogen bonds forming larger agglomerates or colloidal solutions,
which reduces their solubility and promotes disposition on celluloslc
fibers. The structure of these agglomerates allows firm linkage to the
cellulose molecule by multiple hydrogen bonds (Kuehnl et al., 1979).
Physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, vapor pres-
sure, density and log K could not be located In the available litera-
ture. Lack of appropriate parameter values precluded the computer calcula-
tion of log KQW (U.S. EPA, 1986a). The air conversion factor for Direct
Sky Blue 6B 1s 1 ppm = 41 mg/m3.
The manufacture and testing of Direct Sky Blue 6B probably do not
conform to rigid chemical specifications, and Us composition may vary In
order to meet shade and Intensity requirements.
1.3. PRODUCTION DATA
Direct Sky Blue 68 1s produced by coupling o-d1an1s1d1ne to 2 mol of
Chicago add (4-am1no-5-nydroxy-l.3-naphthalened1sulfon1c add) under
alkaline conditions (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a).
In 1980, four U.S. manufacturers produced 0.115 million pounds of Direct
Sky Blue 6B (USITC, 1981), the most recent production figure available; In
1984, Atlantic Industries was the only manufacturer listed (USITC, 1985).
Four U.S. companies currently market Direct Sky Blue 6B under various trade-
names (AATCC, 1985). The production data available from the public portion
of the U.S. EPA TSCA production file for 1977 are listed 1n.Table 1-1.
0854p -2- 04/29/87
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TABLE 1-1
Direct Sky Blue 6B Production Data for 1977*
Producer/Location
Manfacturer
or Importer
Production Range
(thousands of pounds)
FabMcolor Inc.
Paterson, NJ
Hobay Chemical
Bayonne. NJ
Atlantic Chemical
Nutley, NJ
American Research Products
South Euclid. OH
Toms River Chemical
Toms River, NJ
Hilton-Davis Chemical
Cincinnati, OH
Harshaw
Lowell. NC
GAF Corp.
Rensselaer, NY
DuPont
Deepwater. NJ
Marubeni American Corp.
New York, NY
Uglne Kuhlmann of America
Paramus, NJ
American Hoechst
BMdgewater, NJ
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
manufacturer
Importer
Importer
Importer
none
confidential
10-100
confidential
confidential
none
1-10
10-100
none
confidential
confidential
confidential
'Source: U.S. EPA, 1977
0854p
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Importation of Direct Sky Blue 68 through principal U.S. customs
districts 1n recent years was reported as follows (USITC, 1982, 1983, 1984):
Import Volume
Year _ (pounds)
1983 39,991
1982 13,229
1981 14,189
1.4. USE DATA
Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s a dye that can be used to dye cellulose, nylon,
leather and paper; print cellulose and nylon; stain silk, wool, cotton and
biological materials; and produce writing Inks and pigments (Society of
Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971b).
1.5. SUMMARY
Direct Sky Blue 6B Is a common name for the commercial azo dye Direct
Blue 1, which Is produced by the dlazotlzatlon of o-d1an1s1d1ne with
4-am1no-5-hydroxy-l,3-naphthalened1sulfon1c add under alkaline conditions
(Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a). It Is very soluble 1n water but
Insoluble In most organic solvents. It can be used to dye, stain or print
cellulose, nylon, leather, paper, silk, wool, cotton or biological materials
and to produce writing Inks and pigments (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts,
1971b). In 1980, four U.S. manufacturers produced 0.115 million pounds of
Direct Sky Blue 6B (USITC, 1981), but only one U.S. manufacturer reported
production 1n 1984 (USITC, 1985). Four U.S. companies currently market
Direct Sky Blue 68 under various tradenames (AATCC, 1985). In 1983, -40,000
pounds of the dye was Imported Into the United States through principal
customs districts (USITC, 1984).
0854p -4- 04/29/87
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES
2.1. WATER
2.1.1. Hydrolysis. Experimental hydrolysis data could not be located In
the available literature; however, Direct Sky Blue 68 does not contain
functional groups that are readily susceptible to environmental hydrolysis.
Therefore, hydrolysis 1s not expected to be environmentally relevant.
2.1.2. Oxidation/Reduction. Specific experimental data on oxidation/
reduction of Direct Sky Blue 68 could not be located In the available
literature. Takemura et al. (1965) reported that bubbling H_S through a
pure azo-dye solution yields aromatic amines and suggested that azo dyes 1n
wastewater may be reduced at the azo linkage (by H.S or S02 In the
water) to form Intermediates such as benzldlne or naphthylamlne from which
the dye was produced. One possible source of aromatic amines detected In a
polluted river water In Japan was speculated to be due to the reduction of
azo dyes discharged In the river by H^S or SO- 1n the river (Takemura et
al., 1965).
2.1.3. Photolysis. Porter (1973) examined the photodegradatlon rate In
aqueous solution of 8 direct dyes and 12 other azo dyes In artificial light
and 1 direct and 1 add dye In natural sunlight. Based on the experimental
results, the author concluded that direct dyes are relatively stable to
direct photolysis 1n natural waters. Although Direct Sky Blue 68 was not
one of the dyes studied, Us structure 1s similar to several dyes that were
tested.
Haag and Mill (1985) examined the aqueous photodegradatlon rate of 15
azo days by simulated or natural sunlight. Significant direct photolysis
was observed for some dyes; however, humlc materials In natural water were
0854p -5- 03/25/87
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found to strongly accelerate the Indirect photodecomposltlon rate of all the
dyes. Therefore, Indirect photolysis may be an Important removal mechanism
for azo dyes In the aquatic environment.
2.1.4. M1crob1al Degradation. Mlcroblal degradation data specific to
Direct Sky Blue 6B are limited. An abstract of a Polish study {Lebledowskl
and Przyb1nsk1, 1980) reported that activated sludge treatment of dyeing
wastewaters containing this dye reduced the BOD by 30-50% In 2-2.5 hours.
Brown et al. (1981) reported that Direct Sky Blue 6B Is not likely to have a
significantly Inhibiting effect during sewage treatment.
Brown and Laboureur (1983) reported that a number of azo dyes were
substantially blodegraded under anaerobic test conditions and suggested that
the breakdown of dyestuffs 1n the environment may be Initiated under
anaerobic conditions.
2.1.5. Volatilization. Experimental volatilization data could not be
located In the available literature; however, since Direct Sky Blue 6B Is
soluble In water (Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a) and Is expected to
have a relatively low vapor pressure because of Its lonlzatlon ability, a
relatively small Henry's Law constant 1s expected. Therefore, volatiliza-
tion from water Is not expected to be significant In the environment.
2.1.6. Adsorption. Oyestuffs by their substantive nature (ability to be
exhaustively deposited from aqueous baths to fibers) are likely to be
adsorbed onto both sewage works sludge and onto silts and sediments of
rivers and lakes (Brown and Laboureur, 1983). In conventional biological
waste treatment systems, soluble dye removal usually occurs when the dye 1s
adsorbed onto sludge (Porter, 1973). It was reported that the sorptlon
properties of activated sludge contribute to the purification of Sky Blue 68
from dyeing wastewaters (Lebledowskl and Przyblnskl, 1980). Sewage works
sludge Is usually treated by anaerobic digestion or landfllUng.
0854p -6- 03/25/87
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Removal of dye from the sludge must therefore occur by anaerobic blodegrada-
tlon. Similar anaerobic conditions exist 1n many lakes and rivers with
respect to adsorbed material on silts and sediments and, therefore, adsorbed
dyes may be subject to anaerobic blodegradatlon 1n the environment (Brown
and Laboureur, 1983).
2.1.7. B1oconcentrat1on. Experimental bloconcentratlon data could not be
located 1n the available literature. Since Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s water
soluble {Society of Dyers and Colourlsts, 1971a), bloconcentratlon 1n
aquatic organisms Is not expected to be significant.
2.2. AIR
Direct Sky Blue 6B 1n the atmosphere Is most likely to be associated
with partlculate matter and dusts, especially from atmospheric effluents
resulting from Us production and use. These partlculate matter and dusts
are subject to wet and dry deposition. Aromatic amines are known to be very
reactive (half-life of a few hours) with HO radical' In the atmosphere
(Atkinson. 1985). Therefore, since this dye also contains aromatic amlne
groups, H may also react with atmospheric HO radical.
2.3. SOIL
Pertinent experimental data on the fate of Direct Sky Blue 6B 1n soil
could not be located 1n the available literature. Chemical degradation may
not occur significantly since dyes, 1n general, are resistant to common
oxldants such as ozone, chlorine and nitrogen oxides (Porter, 1973) and
hydrolysis Is not expected to be environmentally relevant. If significant
removal cf Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s to occur 1n soil, mlcroblal degradation may
be the environmental fate process Involved. A number of azo dyes have been
shown to be susceptible to anaerobic blodegradatlon (Brown and Laboureur,
1983). Photodegradatlon of Direct Sky Blue 68 beyond the surface layers may
not be significant.
0854p -7- 03/25/87
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Since Direct Sky Blue 68 Is water soluble (Society of Dyers and Colour-
1sts, 1971a), leaching In soil might be expected; however, the substantive
nature of dyestuffs (Brown and Laboureur, 1983), Including the direct dyes
(Kuehnl et al.t 1979), Indicates that significant adsorption to soil may
occur. Therefore, significant leaching In soil may not occur.
2.4. SUMMARY
The only available data specifically regarding the environmental fate of
Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s a report that sorptlon to activated sludge 1s effec-
tive 1n removing 1t from dye wastewaters (Leb1edowsk1 and Przyblnslcl, 1980).
If released to water, Direct Sky Blue 6B may be susceptible to significant
adsorption because dyestuffs by their substantive nature (ability to be
exhaustively deposited from aqueous baths to fibers) are likely to be
adsorbed onto both sewage works sludge and onto silts and sediment of rivers
and lakes (Brown and Laboureur, 1983). Removal of adsorbed Direct Blue 6B
may occur by blodegradatlon since a number of azo dyes have been found to be
substantially blodegraded under anaerobic and aerobic conditions (Brown and
Laboureur, 1983; Lebledowskl and Przyblnskl, 1980). In general, direct dyes
are expected to be relatively stable to direct photolysis In natural waters
(Porter, 1973), although humlc materials present In natural water may
Indirectly accelerate the photodecompos1t1on of azo dyes (Haag and Mill,
1985). In reducing environments, like natural water, reduction of the azo
dyes to the corresponding amines Is possible (Takemura et a!., 1965).
Hydrolysis, volatilization and bloconcentratlon are not expected to be
significant. Therefore, Indirect photolysis, mlcroblal degradation and
adsorption are the Important fate processes In water.
0854p -8- 03/26/87
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If released to the atmosphere, Direct Sky Blue 68 will probably be
associated with partlculate matter and dusts that are subject to wet and dry
deposition. Based on Its reactivity with other aromatic amines (Atkinson,
1985), H Is speculated that oxidation of this dye by HO radical In the
atmosphere may be a significant process. If released to soil, Direct Sky
Blue 68 may not leach significantly since dyestuffs are susceptible to
significant adsorption. M1crob1al degradation or transformation within soil
may occur. Photodegradatlon beyond the surface layer of soil Is not likely.
0854p -9- 03/25/87
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3. EXPOSURE
Direct Sky Blue 68 has not been reported to occur In nature; therefore,
exposure from natural sources 1s not expected to occur. Occupational
exposure to Direct Sky Blue 6B occurs during Us production and use for the
dyeing of various products. Likely routes of exposure are Inhalation of
partlculates and dermal exposure. A National Occupational Hazard Survey
conducted during 1972-1974 estimated that 1141 U.S. workers are potentially
exposed to Direct Sky Blue 6B 1n an occupational setting (NIOSH, 1984).
3.1. HATER
Pertinent monitoring data for Direct Sky Blue 68 could not be located In
the available literature as cited 1n the Appendix. For the organic dye
Industry, In general, H was estimated that -90% of the dye Is taken up by
the fabric, while 10% 1s lost to wastewater effluents during dye operations
(Porter, 1973; Brown et al., 1981). Loss of dyes to wastewater effluents
during manufacture were estimated to be 1-2% (Brown et al., 1981). Haste
streams from dye manufacture contain dissolved Inorganic salts and small
amounts of dye and dye Intermediates (Steadman et al., 1977). Hastewater
effluents are therefore the major source of release to water; the efficiency
of wastewater treatment operations will determine the amount of dye that
reaches natural water.
Release of dye from textile fabrics may occur from commercial or
consumer washing; however, dyes In most finished products are considered to
be essentially "fast* (they do not migrate or wash out) (Jones, 1979).
Various after-treatments are commonly applied to fabrics dyed with direct
dyes to Improve their colorfastness (Kuehnl et al., 1979).
0854p -10- 03/25/87
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3.2. FOOD
Pertinent monitoring data regarding exposure to Direct Sky Blue 68
through food could not be located 1n the available literature as dted In
the Appendix.
3.3. INHALATION
Ambient air or occupational monitoring data could not be located 1n the
available literature as dted 1n the Appendix.
Ambient atmospheric emissions may occur from ventilation of effluents at
production and use sites. In addition, air effluents from production opera-
tions, such as spray drying, may be sources of release. Partlculate emis-
sions from these sources are usually filtered at plant sites, which should
reduce significantly the amount of partlculate matter actually reaching the
ambient atmosphere.
3.4. DERMAL
Pertinent dermal exposure data could not be located 1n the available
literature as dted .In the Appendix. The general public 1s exposed mainly
to finished dyes after they have been applied to the product; however,
according to one author there 1s little chance of dyes coming off 1n
perspiration, saliva or washings 1f label Instructions are followed (Jones,
1979).
3.5. SUMMARY
Occupational exposure to Direct Sky Blue 6B occurs during Its production
and Us use 1n dyeing. Hastewater effluents are probably the major source
of release to the environment. Ambient monitoring data could not be located
In the available literature as cited In the Appendix.
0854p -11- 04/29/87
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4. PHARHACOKINETICS
4.1. ABSORPTION
Pertinent data regarding the absorption of Direct Sky Blue 6B could not
be located In the available literature as cited In the Appendix. Oral
absorption can be Inferred from toxUHy data (Section 5.6.).
4.2. DISTRIBUTION
Beaudoln and Pickering (1960) studied the distribution of Direct Sky
Blue 6B In pregnant Sherman rats. Fifteen rats were Injected Intraperlto-
neally on gestation day 8 with a dose of 14 mg/100 g (140 mg/kg) In a 2%
aqueous solution. Rats were sacrificed on day 20 of gestation, and maternal
lungs, liver, uterus, ovary, spleen, lymph nodes, kidneys and placenta were
examined for the presence of dye. Direct Sky Blue 6B was sparsely distrib-
uted 1n the macrophages of the tissues, often staining the nuclei, rather
than being present as granules In the cytoplasm. In the kidney, all nuclei
were stained Including the nuclei of the glomerull and Bowman's capsule.
The yolk sac contained a small amount of Direct Sky Blue 6B.
4.3. METABOLISM
Lowry et al. (1980) observed dlmethoxybenzldlne In the urine of workers
occupatlonally exposed to 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne-based dyes. Similar
results were reported by Genln (1977). Lynn et al. (1980) studied the
metabolism of Direct Sky Blue 6B In rats and dogs. Four male Sprague-Dawley
rats were given a single 100 mg/kg dose of Direct Sky Blue 68 by gavage.
Urine was collected at 24-hour Intervals and analyzed for 3,3'-dlmethoxy-
benzldlne by GC-MS. Two female mongrel dogs were given a single dose (100
mg/kg) of Direct Sky Blue 68 In the dtet. Urine was collected at 24-hour
Intervals for 3 days and analyzed for 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne. Control
urine was collected from all rats and dogs used 1n the study before they
0854p -12- 09/26/86
-------
were dosed. Urine from dosed rats and dogs contained 3,3'-dlmethoxy-
benzldlne, and the rat urine was found to contain N-acetyl-3,3'-dlmethoxy-
benzldlne.
4.4. EXCRETION
After 72 hours rats excreted 0.55*0.37% (meanfSD from four animals) of
the Direct Sky Blue 6B administered as 3.3'-dlmethoxybenzldlne (Lynn et al.,
1980). In dogs, 0.08X (mean from two animals) of the administered dose was
excreted as 3.3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne 48 hours after dosing.
4.5. SUMMARY
Oral absorption of Direct Sky Blue 6B can be Inferred from toxldty data
(Section 5.6.). Data concerning the distribution of Direct Sky Blue 6B
after oral or Inhalation exposure could not be located 1n the available
literature. Beaudoln and Pickering (I960) gave pregnant rats Intraperlto-
neal Injections of Direct Sky Blue 6B and observed staining of nuclei of
macrophages of maternal tissue. The yolk sac also contained a small amount
of the dye. Lynn et al. (1980) orally dosed rats and dogs with Direct Sky
Blue 6B and observed 3.3'-dlmethoxybenz1d1ne 1n the urine of both these
species, and the rat urine also contained N-acetyl-3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne.
The rats and dogs excreted small amounts of 3,3'-dlmethoxybenzldlne after 72
and 48 hours, respectively.
0854p -13- 03/25/87
-------
5. EFFECTS
5.1. CARCINOGEMICITY
Pertinent data regarding the carclnogenldty of Direct Sky Blue 66 to
laboratory animals could not be located In the available literature as cited
1n the Appendix. Direct Sky Blue 6B was not scheduled for testing by the
National Toxicology Program (NTP, 1986).
Genln (1977) found five cases of bladder tumors In an unspecified number
of workers occupational^ exposed to dyes with a latency period of -18-43
years. 3,3'-01methoxybenz1d1ne 1n quantities from trace amounts to 0.3
yg/mi were measured 1n the urine of 3/22 workers exposed to dlmethoxy-
benzldlne-based dyes. Direct Sky Blue 6B was not specifically mentioned,
however.
5.2. MUTAGENICITY
Direct Sky Blue 6B has been tested for mutagen1c1ty and genotoxlclty;
details of these tests are summarized 1n Table-5-1. PMval et al. (1982,
1984} and PMval and Mitchell (1982) found that the presence of FHN was
required for Direct Sky Blue 6B to produce at least a 2-fold Increase of
mutants compared with the control. Prlval and Mitchell (1982) found that
unlnduced hamster S-9 greatly enhanced the number of mutations compared with
Induced rat S-9.
Joachim and Decad (1984) found that Direct Sky Blue 6B was negative 1n a
rat hepatocyte UDS assay, both after the compound was given to rats by
gavage and after the compound was Introduced Into the cell cultures.
5.3. TCRA7C6ENICITY
Pertinent data regarding the teratogenlc effects of Direct Sky Blue 68
after oral or Inhalation exposure could not be located 1n the available
literature as cited 1n the Appendix.
0854p -14- 04/29/87
-------
TABLE 5-1
Hulagenlctty Testing of Direct Sky Blue 6B
Assay
Reverse
•illation
Reverse
oulalton
Reverse
•utatton
UDS
UOS
Indicator
Organ Urn
Salconella
typhlaur lua
TA98
S. typhlnurlua
TA9B
S. tvDhlaurlua
TA1538
rat
hepatocytes
rat
hepatocytes
Purity
coonerctal
grade
connerclal
grade
technical
grade
technical
grade
technical
grade
Application
plate
Incorporation
plate
Incorporation
plate
Incorporation
cell culture
gavage.
In vitro
Concentration
or Dose
0.1-1.0
lAol/plate
100-1000
vg/plale
50-500 Mg/«t
SOO «g/kg
Activating
System
»S-9. tfNN;
»S-9. -ItW
»S-9. »FHN
iS-9
none
NA
Response Connents
» FHN Increased nuta-
» genlc activity
» rat S-9 Induced or
hamster S-9 unlnduced
used; hamster S-9
enhanced autagentc
activity
^ no reduction systea
used
•Icroscoplc exam
Indicated that dye
did not enter the
cells
only one dose tested
Reference
Prlval el al..
198?. 1984
Prlval and
Mitchell. 1982
Joachln and
Oecad. 19U4
Joachla and
Decad. I9U4
Joachla and
Decad. 19U4
HR . Hot reported; NA - not applicable
-------
A study by Beaudoln (1968) showed DUect Sky Blue 68 to be teratogenfc
In Hlstar rats after Intraperltoneal Injection. Groups of 5-18 rats were
Injected Intraperltoneally with a 2% aqueous solution of Direct Sky Blue 68
on gestation day 8 at doses of 70, 140 or 200 mg/kg. At the same time, 15
control rats were Injected with distilled water. Dams were killed on day
20, uteri were removed and the number of resorptlon sites and live fetuses
were counted. Fetuses were fixed In Bouln's fluid or 95% alcohol for later
examination. The resorptlon rate of the low-dose group was similar to that
of the control, while the two highest dose groups showed a dose-related
Increase In resorptlons. No malformed survivors were found In the lowest
dose group, while the 140 and 208 mg/kg groups showed dose-related Increases
1n the number of malformations. Anomalies Included anophthalmla, hydro-
cephalus, exencephaly, m1crophthalm1a and megalophthalmla. Fetal weights
were significantly (p=0.01) reduced 1n the 200 mg/kg dye-treated group as
compared with controls. Exposure to the highest dose caused maternal death.
Eleven dams receiving an unspecified dose of Direct Sky Blue 68 showed a
decrease 1n weight gain, which was most significant during days 8-13.
Chernoff and Kavlock (1983) Injected 30 pregnant CD-I mice Intraperlto-
neally on gestation day 8 with 250 mg/kg Direct Sky Blue 6B In distilled
water. At the same time, 40 control mice received Injections of distilled
water. Dams were allowed to give birth naturally, but dams that did not
give birth by postnatal day 3 were sacrificed, and their uteri examined for
Implantation sites. Mice treated with Direct Sky Blue 68 did not give birth
to live offspring. The dose level used leu to maleinal death and a decrease
In maternal weight gain.
Amels et al. (1977) Injected an unspecified number of pregnant Hlstar
rats and Houdet rats IntraperHoneally with 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg Direct Sky
0854p -16- 09/26/86
-------
Blue 68 In aqueous solution on day 9 of gestation. Rats were killed on days
12-18 and 20 of pregnancy. Fetuses were examined for abnormalities,
particularly for ocular malformations. Treatment of control animals was not
specified, and results were tabulated without the day of sacrifice speci-
fied. The number of ocular malformations showed a dose-related Increase.
Only two other unspecified structural abnormalities were noted In the 133
fetuses examined. No Information concerning maternal toxlclty was provided.
5.4. OTHER REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS
Pertinent data regarding the reproductive effects of Direct Sky Blue 6B
could not be located 1n the available literature as cited 1n the Appendix.
5.5. CHRONIC AND SUBCHRONIC TOXICITY
Pertinent data regarding the chronic and subchronlc toxUHy of Direct
Sky Blue 6B could not be located In the available literature as dted 1n the
Appendix.
5.6. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
The acute oral toxUHy of Direct Sky Blue 6B was Investigated by M.B.
Research Laboratories (1978). Five male and five female Wlstar rats
received 5 g/kg Direct Sky Blue 6B by oral Intubation, and were observed for
14 days after dosing. No rats died during the study. Indicating that the
acute oral LD5Q In rats 1s >5 g/kg.
The acute Inhalation toxldty of Direct Sky Blue 6B was Investigated by
Southwest Foundation for Research and Education (1979). Five male and five
female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for 4 hours to the highest airborne
concentration obtainable (18.94 mg/i). The rats were observed for 14 days
after exposure. No deaths occurred, but nine of the rats appeared hyper-
active. At necropsy, no abnormalities that could be considered chemically-
related were observed.
0854p -17- 09/26/86
-------
Acute dermal toxUHy of Direct Sky Blue 68 was studied 1n New Zealand
HhHe rabbits by M. B. Research Laboratories (1978). A dose of 2.0 g/kg
Direct Sky Blue 6B was placed on the clipped and abraded backs of four
rabbits and covered with gauze and Impervious material. After 24 hours, the
dye was washed off with warm tap water; 1 hour later the sites were graded.
Direct Sky Blue 68 was found to be minimally Irritating. Rabbits were
observed for 14 days, then necropsled. At necropsy, no abnormalities were
observed.
Eye Irritation of Direct Sky Blue 68 was studied In six New Zealand
White rabbits (M.B. Research Laboratories. 1978). A dose of 0.1 g was
placed In the lower conjunctiva! sac of one eye of each rabbit and the lid
shut for 1 second. The eyes were graded at 1, 24, 48 and 72 hours after
dosing according to accepted protocol. The results of this study classified
Direct Sky Blue 68 as moderately Irritating.
5.7. SUMMARY
Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenlcHy of Direct Sky Blue 68 could
not be located In the available literature as cited In the Appendix. Posi-
tive results were obtained for £. typhlmurlum strain TA98 with metabolic
activation by S-9 (Prlval et al., 1982, 1984; Prlval and Mitchell, 1982).
Mutagenlc activity was enhanced when FMN was added as a reducing agent.
Prlval and Mitchell (1982) found unlnduced hamster S-9 enhanced mutagenlclty
to a greater extent than did Induced rat S-9. Direct Sky Blue 6B did not
Induce UDS In. vivo or Vn vitro {Joachim and Decad, 1984).
No data regarding the teratogenlc effects of Direct Sky Blue 6B after
oral or Inhalation exposure were available; a few studies by the Intra-
perltoneal route were available. Beaudoln (1968) observed dose-related
Increased resorptlons and malformations In rats at >140 mg/kg/day. Amels et
0854p -18- 04/29/87
-------
al. (1977) observed a dose-related Increase In ocular malformations )n rats
given Intraperltoneal doses >100 mg/kg of Direct Sky Blue 68. Maternal
toxldty was observed In mice given 250 mg/kg/day IntraperHoneally
(Chernoff and Kavlock, 1983). Pertinent data regarding other reproductive
effects or subchronlc and chronic toxldty of Direct Sky Blue 68 could not
be located In the available literature as cited 1n the Appendix. The oral
LD-Q 1s >5 mg/kg (M.B. Research Laboratories, 1978), and rats exposed by
Inhalation to 18.94 mg/8. for 4 hours were essentially unaffected by Direct
Sky Blue 6B, except for hyperactWHy (Southwest Foundation for Research and
Education. 1979).
0854p -19- 09/26/86
-------
6. AQUATIC TOXICITY
6.1. ACUTE
EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977a,b) reported 96-hour LC5Q values of 240
and 290 mg/i for two different batches of Dlphenyl Brill Blue FF Supra
(CAS No. 2610-05-1) for bluegllls, Lepomls macrochlrus.
6.2. CHRONIC
Pertinent data regarding the chronic toxlclty of Direct Sky Blue 6B to
aquatic organisms could not be located 1n the available literature as cited
In the Appendix.
6.3. PLANTS
Pertinent data regarding the effects of Direct Sky Blue 68 on aquatic
plants could not be located 1n the available literature as cited 1n the
Appendix.
6.4. RESIDUES
Pertinent data regarding Direct Sky Blue 6B residues In aquatic biota
could not be located 1n the available literature as cited In the Appendix.
6.5. OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION
•i
Kon1sh1 and Hldaka (1969) reported that Direct Sky Blue 6B stimulated
carp, Cyprlnus carplo. chemoreceptors In vitro. Klyohara et al. (1984)
reported that Direct Sky Blue 68 was used as a selective stain for tastebuds
1n various fish species. EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977c) reported that
Dlphenyl Brill Blue FF Supra had no effect on waste treatment plant bacteria
at concentrations <300 mg/i, the highest concentration tested.
6.6. SUMMARY
EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977a,b) reported 96-hour LC5Q values of 240
and 290 mg/l for two batches of Dlphenyl Brill Blue FF Supra for blue-
gllls. On the basis of CAS number, this Is the same compound as Direct Sky
0854p -20- 03/25/87
-------
Blue 6B. EN CAS Analytical Labs (1977c) also reported that waste treatment
plant bacteria were unaffected by concentrations of <300 mg/i. Konlshl
and Hldaka (1969) found that Direct Sky Blue 6B stimulated carp chemo-
receptors hi vitro.
0854p -21- 09/26/86
-------
7. EXISTING GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS
7.1. HUMAN
OSHA/NIOSH (1980) concluded that 3,3'-dimethoxybenzldlne dyes may
present a cancer risk to humans and recommend caution In handling and
minimum exposure. U.S. EPA (1981) In response to ITC recommendations
decided not to require testing of 3,3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne-based dyes.
7.2. AQUATIC
Guidelines and standards for the protection of aquatic biota from the
toxic effects of Direct Sky Blue 68 could not be located In the available
literature as cited In the Appendix.
0854p -22- 09/26/86
-------
8. RISK ASSESSMENT
Pertinent data regarding the cardnogenlcHy of Direct Sky Blue 68 could
not be located 1n the available literature as cited 1n the Appendix. Posi-
tive results were obtained for S_. typhlmurlum strain TA98 with metabolic
activation by S-9 (PMval et al.. 1982, 1984; PMval and Mitchell, 1982;
Joachim and Decad, 1984). Mutagenlc activity was enhanced when FHN was
added. Prlval and Mitchell (1982) found unlnduced hamster S-9 enhanced
mutagenldty to a greater extent than did Induced rat S-9. Direct Sky Blue
6B did not Induce UDS \r± vivo or hi vitro (Joachim and Decad, 1984).
No data regarding the teratogenlc effects of Direct Sky Blue 6B after
oral or Inhalation exposure were available; a few studies by the 1ntra-
perltoneal route were available. Beaudoln (1968) observed dose-related
Increased resorptlons and malformations In rats at >HO mg/kg/day. Amels et
al. (1977) observed a dose-related Increase In ocular malformations 1n rats
given IntraperUoneal doses >100 mg/kg of Direct Sky Blue 6B. Maternal
toxldty was observed In mice given 250 mg/kg/day 1ntraper1toneally
(Chernoff and Kavlock, 1983). Pertinent data regarding other reproductive
effects and subchronlc or chronic toxldty of Direct Sky Blue 6B could not
be located 1n the available literature as cited In the Appendix. The oral
LDrQ 1s >5 mg/kg (M. B. Research Labs, 1978), and rats exposed to 18.94
mg/i were essentially unaffected by Direct Sky Blue 6B except for hyper-
actlvlty. Thus, data are Insufficient to derive an RfD.
Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s a 3-3'-d1methoxybenz1d1ne-based dye. 3,3-01-
methoxybenzldlne, a recognized animal carcinogen (IARC. 1982). Is also a
metabolite of the dye and was Identified In workers occupatlonally exposed
to dyes (Lowry et al., 1980). Genln (1977) found several bladder cancer
0854p -23- 09/26/86
-------
cases upon examination of plant records of workers occupatlonally exposed to
dyes, but Direct Sky Blue 86 was not specifically mentioned. Thus, Direct
Sky Blue 68 may present a carcinogenic risk to man.
0854p -24- 09/26/86
-------
9. REPORTABLE QUANTITIES
9.1. REPORTABLE QUANTITY (RQ) BASED ON CHRONIC TOXICITY
No subchronlc or chronic oral or Inhalation toxldty studies of Direct
Sky Blue 6B were located; therefore, data are Insufficient for deriving an
RQ (Table 9-1).
9.2. WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE AND POTENCY FACTOR (F»1/ED1Q) FOR CARCINOGENICITY
Pertinent data describing the carclnogenlclty of Direct Sky Blue 68 by
the oral or Inhalation routes were not available. Genln (1977) found five
cases of bladder tumors In an unspecified number of workers occupatlonally
exposed to dyes, but Direct SKy Blue 6B was not specifically mentioned.
Lowry et al. (1980) and Genln (1977) detected 3,3'-dlmethoxybenzldlne 1n the
urine of workers occupatlonally exposed to dyes. 3,3'-Dlmethoxybenzldlne Is
a known carcinogen with an IARC ranking of 2B and a EPA ranking of B2 (IARC,
1982; U.S. EPA, 1986b). Thus, Direct Sky Blue 6B may present a carcino-
genic risk to humans; however, human and animal data are Inadequate. Since
there 1s Inadequate evidence 'that Direct Sky Blue 6B 1s carcinogenic In
humans or 1n animals, this dye could be classified In the EPA D category
(U.S. EPA, 1986c), but the fact that Us metabolite Is a known carcinogen
more appropriately places this dye In EPA Group B2.
0854p -25- 04/30/87
-------
TABLE 9-1
Direct Sky Blue 66
Minimum Effective Dose (MED) and Reportable Quantity (RQ)
Route:
Dose:
Effect:
Reference:
RVd:
RVe:
Composite Score:
RQ: Data are not sufficient for deriving an RQ
0854p -26- 09/26/86
-------
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0854p -31- 03/25/87
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U.S. EPA. 1977. Computer print-out of non-confidential production data
from TSCA Inventory. OPTS, CIO, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1981. Benzldlne, o-to!1d1ne and o-d1an1s1d1ne-based dyes
response to the Interagency Testing Committee. Federal Register. 46(214):
55004-55006.
U.S. EPA. 1986a. GEMS (Graphical Exposure Modeling System). CLOGP
(Octanol Water Partition Coefficient) data base. U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1986b. Health and Environmental Effects Profile on 3,3'-01-
methoxybenz1d1ne. Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental
Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for
the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1986c. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Federal
Register. 51(185): 33992-34003.
0854p -32- 03/25/87
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USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1981. Synthetic Organic
Chemicals. U.S. Production and Sales, 1980. USITC Publ. 1183, Washington.
DC. p. 67.
USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1982. Imports of Benzenold
Chemicals and Products 1981. USITC Publ. 1272, Washington, DC. p. 52.
USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1983. Imports of Benzenold
Chemicals and Products 1982. USITC Publ. 1401, Washington, DC. p. 50.
USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1984. Imports of Benzenold
Chemicals and Products 1983. USITC Publ. 1548, Washington, DC. p. 51.
USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1985. Synthetic Organic
Chemicals. U.S. Production and Sales, 1984. USITC Publ. 1745,. Washington,
DC. p. 66.
0854p -33- 03/25/87
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APPENDIX
LITERATURE SEARCHED
This profile Is based on data Identified by computerized literature
searches of the following:
GLOBAL
TSCATS
CASR online (U.S. EPA Chemical Activities Status Report)
CAS online STN International
TOXLINE
TOXBACK 76
TOXBACK 65
RTECS
OHM TADS
STORET
SRC Environmental Fate Data Bases
SANSS
AQUIRE
TSCAPP
NTIS
Federal Register
These searches were conducted 1n Hay, 1986. In addition, hand searches were
made of Chemical Abstracts (Collective Indices 6 and 7). and the following
secondary sources were reviewed:
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyglenlsts).
1986. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological
Exposure Indices, 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH.
ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hyglenlsts).
1985-1986. TLVs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances
and Physical Agents In the Workroom Environment with Intended
Changes for 1985-1986. Cincinnati, OH. 114 p.
Clayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton, Ed. 1981. Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd rev. ed.. Vol. 2A. John Wiley and
Sons, NY. 2878 p.
Clayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton. Ed. 1981. Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd rev. ed., Vol. 28. John Wiley and
Sons, NY. p. 2879-3816.
0854p -34- 09/26/86
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Clayton, G.D. and F.E. Clayton, Ed. 1982. Patty's Industrial
Hygiene and Toxicology, 3rd rev. ed., Vol. 2C. John Wiley and
Sons, NY. p. 3817-5112.
Grayson, H. and D. Eckroth, Ed. 1978-1983. K1rk-0thmer Encyclo-
pedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, NY. 23
Volumes.
Hamilton, A. and H.L. Hardy. 1974. Industrial Toxicology, 3rd ed.
Publishing Sciences Group, Inc., Littleton, MA. 575 p.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). IARC Mono-
graphs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to
Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyons, France.
ITII (International Technical Information Institute). 1982. Toxic
and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual for Handling and
Disposal with Toxldty and Hazard Data. ITII, Tokyo, Japan. 700 p.
Jaber, H.H., W.R. Mabey, S.T. L1u, T.W. Chow and H.L. Johnson.
1984. Data aqulsltlon for environmental transport and fate screen-
Ing for compounds of Interest 1n the Office of Solid Waste. EPA
600/6-84-010. NTIS PB84-243906. SRI International. Menlo Park, CA.
NTP (National Toxicology Program). 1986. Toxicology Research and
Testing Program. Chemicals on Standard Protocol. Management
Status.
Ouellette, R.P. and J.A. King. 1977. Chemical Week Pesticide
Register. McGraw-Hill Book Co.. NY.
Sax, N.I. 1979. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 5th
ed. Van No-strand Relnhold Co.. NY.
SRI (Stanford Research Institute). 1984. Directory of Chemical
Producers. Menlo Park, CA.
U.S. EPA. 1985. Status Report on Rebuttable Presumption Against
Registration (RPAR) or Special Review Process. Registration Stan-
dards and the Data Call In Programs. Office of Pesticide Programs.
Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1985. CSB Existing Chemical Assessment Tracking System.
Name and CAS Number Ordered Indexes. Office of Toxic Substances,
Washington. DC.
USITC (U.S. International Trade Commission). 1983. Synthetic
Organic Chemicals. U.S. Production and Sales, 1982, USITC Publ.
1422. Washington, DC.
Verschueren, K. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals. 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Relnhold Co., NY.
0854p -35- 09/26/86
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Wlndholz. M.. Ed. 1983. The Merck Index, 10th ed. Merck and Co.,
Inc., Rahway, NJ.
Worthing, C.R. and S.B. Walker, Ed. 1983. The Pesticide Manual.
British Crop Protection Council. 695 p.
In addition, approximately 30 compendia of aquatic toxldty data were
reviewed, Including the following:
Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. 1971. Water Quality Criteria
Data Book. Volume 3. Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Life.
Selected Data from the Literature through 1968. Prepared for the
U.S. EPA under Contract No. 68-01-0007. Washington, DC.
Johnson, W.W. and M.T. Flnley. 1980. Handbook of Acute Toxldty
of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. Summaries of
Toxlclty Tests Conducted at Columbia National Fisheries Research
Laboratory. 1965-1978. U.S. Dept. Interior, F1sh and Wildlife
Serv. Res. Publ. 137, Washington, DC.
HcKee, J.E. and H.W. Wolf. 1963. Water Quality Criteria, 2nd ed.
Prepared for the Resources Agency of California. State Water
Quality Control Board. Publ. No. 3-A.
Plmental, D. 1971. Ecological Effects of Pesticides on Non-Target
Species. Prepared for the U.S. EPA, Washington, DC. PB-269605.
Schneider, B.A. 1979. Toxicology Handbook. Mammalian and Aquatic
Data. Book 1: Toxicology Data. Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S.
EPA, Washington. DC. EPA 540/9-79-003. NTIS PB 80-196876.
0854p -36- 09/26/86
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