HUD
EPA
United States
Department of Housing
and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Office of Community Planning and Development
Washington DC 20410
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency-
Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-600/7-78-2296
December 1978
Indoor Air Pollution in the
Residential Environment
Volume II
Field Monitoring Protocol,
Indoor Episodic Pollutant Release
Experiments and Numerical
Analyses
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8, "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide-range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-78-229b
December 1978
Indoor Air Pollution
In the Residential Environment
Volume II. Field Monitoring Protocol,
Indoor Episodic Pollutant Release
Experiments and Numerical Analyses
Edited by
Demetrios J. Moschandreas, Ph.D.
GEOMET, Incorporated
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760
EPA Contract No. 68-02-2294
EPA Project Officer: Steven M. Bromberg
Quality Assurance Branch
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
and
U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development
Office of Policy Development and Research
Washington, DC 20410
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, and non-governmental personnel,
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, or the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development,
nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use. The views, conclusions and
recommendations in this report are those of the contractor, who is solely
responsible for the accuracy and completeness of all information and data
presented herein.
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CONTENTS
VOLUME II
FIELD MONITORING PROTOCOL, INDOOR
EPISODIC POLLUTANT RELEASE EXPERIMENTS
AND NUMERICAL ANALYSES
Figures iv
Tables viii
Chapter 1. Indoor Air Pollution Assessment, Control and
Health Effects 1
1. Background 1
2. Site Selection 13
Site descriptions 21
3. Monitoring Techniques . 65
Continuous monitoring 67
Intermittent sampling 114
4. Data Management System 135
Programs and files
Tape output format 160
Data handling 163
5. Quality Assurance Program: Total Concept . 167
Field program quality control 167
Laboratory quality control 180
Data management quality control .... 187
Total system—Audit function 192
Chapter 2. Data Reports for Episodic Release
Experiments 198
Pittsburgh sample sets 198
Pittsburgh sample sets II and III . . . 208
Chapter 3. The GEOMET Indoor-Outdoor Air Pollution Model—
Numerical Techniques on the Sensitivity
Coefficients 221
iii
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Sectional view of the sampling shelter
program 5
2 Floor plan of the sampling shelter system 6
3 "Preparing mobile laboratory for transit" document . . 8
4 "Daily operational checklist" document 10
5 "Agreement to use property" document 14
6 Monitoring schedule 20
7 Photograph of the Washington, D.C. conventional
house 23
8 Sketch of the test houses in relationship to the
'• Washington, D.C. area 24
9 Floor plan of the Washington, D.C. conventional
house showing sampling probe locations 25
10 Photograph of the Washington, D.C. experimental
house 27
11 Floor plan of the Washington, D.C. experimental
house showing sampling probe locations 28
12 Photograph of the Baltimore conventional house .... 29
13 Sketch of the test houses in relationship to the
city of Baltimore 30
14 Floor plan of the Baltimore conventional house
showing sampling probe locations 31
15 Photograph of the Baltimore experimental house .... 32
16 Floor plan of the Baltimore experimental house
showing sampling probe locations 33
17 Photograph of the Denver conventional house 35
18 Sketch of the test buildings in relationship to
the city of Denver 36
19 Floor plan of the Denver conventional house showing
sampling probe locations 37
IV
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FIGURES (cont'd)
Number Page
20 Photograph of Denver school 39
21 Floor plan of Denver school showing sampling
probe locations 40
22 Photograph of Chicago experimental house 42
23 Sketch of test houses in relationship to
Greater Chicago 43
24 Floor plan of the Chicago experimental house showing
sampling probe locations 44
25 Photograph of Chicago conventional house 45
26 Floor plan of Chicago conventional house showing
sampling probe locations 47
27 Photograph of Pittsburgh mobile home #1 48
28 Sketch of test dwellings in relationship to Greater
Pittsburgh 49
29 Floor plan of Pittsburgh mobile home #1 showing
sampling probe locations 50
30 Photograph of Pittsburgh mobile home #2 52
31 Floor plan of Pittsburgh mobile home #2
showing sampling probe locations 53
32 Photograph of Pittsburgh lo-rise apartments 54
33 Floor plan of lo-rise #1 showing sampling probe
locations 56
34 Floor plan of lo-rise #2 showing location of
sampling probes 57
35 Floor plan of lo-rise #3 showing location of
sampling probes 58
36 Photograph of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartments 60
37 Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartment #1 .... 61
38 Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartment #2 .... 63
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FIGURES (cont'd)
Number Page
39 Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartment #3. ... 64
40 Sampling system for continuous monitors 66
41 Pneumatic flow diagram of the chemilumenizer .... 70
42 Schematic diagram of a typical nondispersive
infrared CC>2 monitor 75
43 Schematic diagram of a typical nondispersive
infrared CO monitor with flow through
reference cell 79
44 Gas flow diagram 85
45 Relative change in SC>2 concentration with increase
in CC>2 concentrations 89
46 Pneumatic flow diagram of the chemilumenizer .... 92
47 Schematic diagram of THC/Methane analyzer 94
48 Special Test No. 1 equipment set-up 98
49 03 and SC>2 comparison charts from Special
Test No. 1 99
50 SO2 and CU comparison charts from Special
Test No. 2 100
51 NOX and NO comparison charts from Special
Test No. 2 101
52 THC and CH4 comparison charts from Special
Test No. 2 102
53 CO and CO2 comparison charts from Special
Test NoT 2 103
54 Special Test No. 3 equipment set-up 106
55 Result of comparison test from Special
Test No. 3 107
56 Collection efficiency curve for dichotomous
samples 119
57 System diagram 136
VI
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FIGURES (cont'd)
Number Page
58 Pollutant analysis input form 138
59 Hourly data form 140
60 24-hour sampling interval form 142
61 Calibration data form 144
62 Miscellaneous data form 146
63 Pollutant summary report 149
64 Physical data report 151
65 Miscellaneous data report 152
66 Calibration data analysis report 153
67 Home owner's activity log 155
68 Energy consumption data sheet 159
69 Data flow of indoor-outdoor air project 164
70 Schedule for data handling 166
71 Spectrophotometer function test form 182
72 Percent deviation and range chart 183
73 Standard reference chart for percent recovery . . . 184
74 Data audit check sheet 196
75 Graph showing how Ay differs from Aay 231
Vll
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Continuous Monitoring Equipment Specifications. . . 68
2 Results of C02 Interference Test 87
3 Results of Special Test No. 1 104
4 Results of Special Test No. 2 105
5 Results of Special Test No. 3 106
6 Intermittent Sampling and Analytical
Methodology 115
7 Operating Characteristics and Calabration
Principles of Continuous Monitors 169
8 Screening Values for Monitoring Data 189
9 Criteria for Completeness for Continuous
Ambient Air Monitors 190
10 Screening Values for Detection of Outliers. .... 191
11 Summary of Audits 193
12 Sample Identification 198
13 Ambient Air 201
14 Living Room 202
15 Bathroom 203
16 Kitchen, A and B Samples 204
17 Hall, A and B Samples 205
18 Summary of Release Related Species 206
19 Sample Identification 209
20 Ambient Air Samples—Outside 210
21 Bedroom-a Samples 211
Vlll
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TABLES (cont'd)
Number Page
22 Bedroom-b Samples 212
23 Living Room Samples 213
24 Bathroom Samples 214
25 Hall Samples 215
26 Sample Identification 216
27 Bedroom Samples 217
28 Summary of Relative Concentrations 218
29 Retention Volumes in Pittsburgh Hi-Rise
Apartment Samplers . 219
30 Nominal Conditions Used in the Sensitivity
Study Examples 227
31 Errors in Cin Due to an Error in CinQ 228
32 Errors in Cin Due to Errors in S 229
33 Errors in C Due to Errors in v 230
IX
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Chapter 1
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION ASSESSMENT, CONTROL
AND HEALTH EFFECTS
Section 1
BACKGROUND
This 24-mo project has been designed as a program of
research intended to produce new data and insights concerning
the occurrence, behavior, and significance of air pollution in
nonworkplace, indoor environments through observation, evalu-
ation, and analysis of 46 weeks of monitoring data. The
project has six specific objectives:
1. To identify the indoor and outdoor pollution
sources that affect indoor air quality.
2. To determine the relative magnitude and concen-
tration of the pollutants from these sources in
the indoor environment.
3. To assess the potential or actual health and
welfare effects of these pollutants upon occu-
pants of indoor structures.
4. To determine the impact and assess the importance
of energy conservation measures (as applied to
existing and new structures) upon the generation,
buildup, and elimination of indoor air pollutants.
5. To identify various control techniques that could
be utilized to reduce the concentration and effects
of indoor air contaminants for the protection of
public health and welfare.
6. To suggest basic alternative techniques or energy
conservation measures that would reduce or eliminate
unacceptable levels of indoor air contaminants.
These six aspects of the project are linked in a broad
objective of optimizing the energy conservation/air quality/
health relationships in indoor spaces through identification
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of causal relations and identification of feasible points of
intervention.
The scope of contract effort has the following principal
elements:
Phase I - A 4-mo literature search and appraisal of the
state of current knowledge about indoor air pollu-
tion, including its occurrence, its behavior, its
health effects, its relationship to energy conserva-
tion measures, and methods for its control. This
work culminates in a Phase I report.
Phase II - A 24-mo effort (beginning simultaneously
with Phase I) to perform the following work:
0 A program of field monitoring for indoor
and outdoor pollutants, meteorology, energy
factors, building occupancy, and building
characteristics to be conducted for at least
46 weeks of continuous measurements in three
experimental dwellings, four conventional
dwellings, one school•, six Hi/Lo Rise apart-
ments, two mobile homes, and a hospital.
0 An empirical analysis of the relationships
between indoor air pollution concentrations
and various pollution control systems, based
upon data from the field monitoring program.
0 The development of a general mathematical
model (or group of models) capable of predict-
ing indoor air pollution concentrations as
a function of independent variables, among
which are outdoor quality; meteorology;
building design, occupancy, and usage; and
energy conservation measures.
The Phase II effort will result in a separate
Final Report of project work.
The data to be gathered, the analyses to be made, and the
models to be developed are to be of general value for the
setting of future research and regulatory policies with respect
-------
to indoor air quality. They must also be of particular value
for the design and execution of a later Phase III program (not
a part of the present project) which has been conceived as an
18-mo prospective epidemiological study of the health effects
of indoor air pollution, using both monitored and modeled
data.
The work of Phases I and II is being undertaken by a
multidisciplinary project team directed by GEOMET, Incorporated,
which provides management as well as the health effects, air
quality analysis, and modeling aspects of the technical
program. GEOMET is assisted by the efforts of two subcon-
tractors; Hittman Associates, Inc., for energy considerations,
and PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., for field monitoring.
This document presents the Field Monitoring Protocol.
0 The Mobile Shelter
PEDCo engineers, who are experienced in mechanical systems
design, explored and evaluated a number of shelter/trailer
types and have chosen a 24-ft, commercially produced, "Wells
Cargo" trailer (Wells Cargo, Inc., Elkhart, Ind.). Features
of this unit include:
0 Superior quality (aircraft grade) aluminum
alloy shell.
0 All welded construction, reinforced metal chassis.
0 The chassis and running gear 1) reduce road vibra-
tion and shock to a level equal to or less than
that which would be received by passengers in a
standard American automobile, regardless of road
conditions, and 2) when parked, provide a rigid
and stable floor, and a means for attaining a level
floor, regardless of terrain.
-------
Based on heating/cooling analyses and experience with
similar systems in the field, provisions to maintain tempera-
tures for human comfort and equipment safety within +1.6 °C
(+_3 °F) during all weather conditions is provided. The high
thermal efficiency of the shelter panel design enables selection
of a low capacity and consequently low power consumption Environ-
mental Control System (ECS). The ECS is comprised of a
compressor/condenser unit, a heating unit, an air handler, and
an automatic heating/cooling thermostatic control. The ECS
will provide 15,500 Btu/h heating and 18,000 Btu/h cooling which
are ample capacities for maintaining 21 +1.6 °C (70 +3 °P)
internal temperature under the most extreme environmental
conditions.
The metal outer shell and doors offer excellent protec-
tion from vandalism. Outside equipment, such as the roof
access ladder and meteorological tower, will be fitted with
covers to discourage children or others from climbing on the
shelter. In order to provide security in case of electrical
storms, lightning protection devices have been installed to
prevent damage to the system.
A conceptualized section view of the shelter system is
presented in Figure 1. Layout of the instrumentation and
support facilities is shown in Figure 2. A humidity chamber
(equilibration chamber) has been built into the trailer so
that particulate filters may be weighed at constant humidity.
-------
d
tz
ULJU*
SlOt VIEW
Figure 1. Sectional view of the sampling
shelter system.
-------
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Figure 2. Floor plan of the sampling shelter system.
6
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Since the mobile unit will be moved from site-to-site
throughout this project (see schedule in Section 2), a
"check-list" document has been prepared to insure proper
preparation of the system prior to each transit. Reference
Document No. 3252-004, titled "Preparation of Mobile Laboratory
for Transit" is attached (Figure 3).
A second general reference document prepared to assist the
field operators, Reference Document No. 3252-003, "Daily
Operational Checklist," is also included in this section
(Figure 4).
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PREPARING MOBILE LABORATORY FOR TRANSIT
1. Check tower hold down mounts and also bolts
on front of tower.
2. Check electric service hold down clamp.
3. Close bathroom vent.
4. Remove fire extinguisher and place on floor
level.
5. Check all cylinder hold downs and insert
lock pins.
6. Tape overhead lites.
7. Check all overhead cabinets for loose gear.
8. Store all loose supplies.
9. Remove pans from auto balance and place the
unit on floor level within foam padded box.
10. Remove ink from wind speed unit.
11. Remove barometer from wall and store properly,
12. Remove drawers from front table and place
on the floor.
13. Remove the water container from bathroom.
14. Check all bolts and nuts on air ride system.
15. Close and lock file cabinets.
16. Check units with pullout electronics
(GC, THC, CO, CO2), short their meters
with shorting clip.
17. Check that all instruments are securely
strapped down and foam rubber is placed
under each instrument.
Doc. Ref. No. J252-004
June 1976
Figure 3. "Preparing mobile laboratory for transit" document,
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18. Tape refrigerator door and front overhead
cabinets.
19. Remove all recorders from their rack and
place on foam rubber in front office of
trailer.
20. Remove MSA THC-CH. Analyzer and place in
rear of truck on 4" of foam rubber.
21. Secure the four extra zero air cylinders
on rear floor of trailer, use polyfoam
between each cylinder.
22. Inflate air ride system to provide a med-
firm ride — Caution: Do not over-
inflate air bags.
23. Lock trailer doors.
24. Check that hitch is locked onto ball.
25. Place torsion bars in 4th chain link.
26. Check turn signals, brake lights, and
driving lights.
Figure 3 (Continued)
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DAILY OPERATIONAL CHECKLIST
DATE OPERATOR
LOCATION ARRIVAL TIME
1. Physical outside inspection remarks.
2. Start 0600 Bubbler sample
3. Electric clock time
4. Battery clock time
5. Electric service status
Remarks:
6. Check operational status of each monitor and
recorder:
Remarks;
Hydrocarbon
CH,
H2 Generator
S02
°3 -
N0x
co2
CO
Pumps
Doc. Ref. No. 3252-003
June 1976
Figure 4. "Daily operational checklist" document.
10
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7. Stamp and time sync recorders.
Record adjustments in instrument logs.
8. Check chart paper supply of each recorder.
9. Check and record cylinder pressures in log book,
10. Switch programmer to calibrate mode and zero
all monitors for five minutes.
11. Record unadjusted zero values in instrument
logs.
12. Adjust zero and record adjustment in
instrument logs.
13. List monitors requiring more than +1%
adjustment:
14. Span all monitors for five minutes and record
unadjusted values in instrument logs.
15. List those monitors which are off by more
than +2% of their calculated value:
16. Adjust span values on those monitors which are
less than +2% of their calculated value.
Record adjustment in instrument log.
17. Return programmer to sample.
18. Dynamically calibrate those monitors which
are in excess of jO.% of zero and/or +2%
of span. Note in instrument log.
19. Cut and file strip charts from midnight
to midnight. Reduce data as time permits.
20. Turn off particulate samplers and record data.
(24-hour samples - noon to noon).
Figure 4. (Continued)
11
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21. Change particulate filters
22. Change aldehyde bubblers per following
sampling schedule: #1 6 a.m. - 10 a.m.
#2 10 a.m. - 2 p.m.
#3 4 p.m. - 8 p.m.
Record data.
23. Change charcoal absorption tubes every
24-hours (noon to noon) and record data.
24. Change dichotomous samplers.
25. Check power recorders.
26. Check streaker samplers.
27. Check and record in logbook door open/close
counter.
28. Check operation of the four hydro-thermographs
29. Check oil level in the five pumps
30. Check daily home occupant's log for complete-
ness
31. Stamp and time sync all recorders before
leaving trailer. Record adjustments in
instrument logs.
32. Make final visual inspection of all samplers,
recorders, and pumps.
33. Turn off all lights, confirm operations of
heating/air-conditioning system, lock both
doors.
Figure 4. (Continued)
' 12
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Section 2
SITE SELECTION
Hittman Associates, Inc. initially selected several
structures of both conventional and experimental design
that appeared compatible with the objectives of the study.
PEDCo then conducted a presurvey to determine possible
physical constraints; for example, the site must have allowed
placement of the mobile laboratory very near the structure
to be monitored. When the most desirable structures had
been selected, a representative of the PEDCo staff inter-
viewed each property owner, explaining the objectives of the
study in layman's terminology. During this meeting, PEDCo
could observe the interior of the structure, the lifestyle
and number of occupants,and any other factors that could
bias the collection of valid data, such as abnormally poor
housekeeping practices or smoking habits of the residents.
In the event that the house and its occupants met the general
criteria for the project objectives and they were willing to
participate in the study, PEDCo provided the owner/apartment
dweller with an "Agreement to Use Property," as shown in
Figure 5, and a monitoring schedule, as presented in Figure 6
13
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AGREEMENT TO USE PROPERTY
This is an agreement between PEDCo-Environmental Special-
ists, Inc. (referred to as PEDCo), an Ohio Corporation,
and (Mr. Homeowner) (referred
to as the Owner) , entered into this (day) day of (month)
1976.
First; PEDCo as a subcontractor for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency is collecting scientific data regarding
indoor ambient air quality.
Second; Owner currently owns and is in possession of a
building located at (Appropriate Address)
(referred to below as
the Building).
In consideration of the mutual covenants and promises set
forth below, PEDCo and the Owner agree as follows:
1. PEDCo may set up and operate on the Building
property an ambient air monitoring system to
measure air quality in the Building. The system
shall consist of a trailer located adjacent to the
Building, for housing certain instrumentation, and
a network of conduits between said trailer and
certain rooms within the Building. Additionally,
particulate and gas sampling equipment and energy
metering devices shall be permitted temporary
installation in the Building. PEDCo shall be
permitted vehicular access to the trailer as
required for its installation, maintenance,
operation, and removal.
2. PEDCo personnel shall be given access to the
Building in accordance with the schedule attached
hereto.
3. PEDCo will bear all expenses of installing,
operating, and removing the monitoring system.
Figure 5. "Agreement to use property" document.
14
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4. PEDCo shall pay the Owner a total of $ ,
payable as follows:
a) $ prior to installation of the
monitoring system.
b) $ within 10 days after termination
of this agreement or within 10 days following
termination of all on-site sampling, which-
ever comes first.
5. The term of this agreement is (month/day) , 1976
to (As required), 1977.
6. At the termination of this agreement the air
monitoring system and all equipment related thereto
will be removed and the property restored to its
original condition at no expense to the Owner.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this agree-
ment to be entered as of the day first above written.
PEDCO-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC.
By
Owner
Figure 5. (Continued)
15
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0 SCHEDULE °
PEDCo will conduct a two-phase sampling program. Based
on best estimates, PEDCo equipment and personnel will be on-
site (on Building property) for approximately eighteen (18)
days during the following periods: , 1976;
, 1977.
During these periods, PEDCo personnel shall be allowed
access to the Building as follows:
1. As required during a three (3) day period prior to
the initiation of active sampling in order to
install a network of sampling lines (conduits)
between the trailer and three (3) rooms in the
Building. Sampling access to and in these three
rooms shall be approved by the Owner. However, it
is required that one (1) of these rooms shall be
the kitchen of the Building. PEDCo will exercise
all possible care in locating interior sampling
lines so as to cause minimal interference with the
Owner's activities and to protect occupant safety.
2. On two (2) occasions during each day of a subse-
quent fourteen (14) day period of active sampling
in order to collect and replace sample media and
to inspect and verify proper operation of the
temporarily-installed indoor monitors. It is
required that one (1) of these occasions be the
same time each day in order to allow collection of
24-hour samples.
3. On twelve (12) successive one-hour intervals of
approximately fifteen (15) minutes each, on three
(3) days during the above noted fourteen (14) day
period in order to monitor Building ventilation
characteristics using "tracer" techniques.
4. As required during a one (1) day period following
termination of active sampling in order to remove
all sampling lines, temporarily-installed indoor
monitors, and return the premises to their original
condition.
The above conditions are based on expected cooperation
between the Owner and PEDCo and recogniae that specific
dates and times required for implementation of this schedule
must be mutually arranged when the air monitoring system
arrives on-site.
Figure 5. (Continued)
16
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AGREEMENT TO USE PROPERTY
(APARTMENT AGREEMENT)
This is an agreement between PEDCo-Environmental Specialists,
Inc. (herein called PEDCo), an Ohio Corporation, located at
11499 Chester Road, Cincinnati, Ohio, and (Apartment dweller),
(herein called Tenant) , entered into this day of ,
1977.
First; PEDCo as a subcontractor for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency is collecting scientific data regarding
indoor ambient air quality.
Second; Tenant currently leases and is in possession of
Apartment No. located at
(referred to below as Apartment).
In consideration of the mutual covenants and promises set forth
below, PEDCo and Tenant agree as follows:
1. PEDCo may set up and operate in the Apartment an ambient
air monitoring system to measure air quality in the
Apartment. The system shall consist of a network of
conduits running into the Apartment from a trailer
located adjacent to the building in which the Apartment
is located. Additionally, particulate and gas
sampling equipment and energy metering devices shall
be permitted temporary installation in the Apartment.
2. PEDCo personnel shall be given access to the Apart-
ment in accordance with the schedule attached hereto.
3. PEDCo will bear all expenses of installing, operating,
and removing the monitoring system.
Figure 5. (Continued)
17
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4. PEDCo shall pay the Tenant a total of $ ,
payable as follows:
a) $ prior to installation of the monitoring
system.
b) $ within 10 days after termination of this
agreement or within 10 days following termina-
tion of all on-site sampling, whichever comes
first.
5. The term of this agreement is ,
1977, to , 1977.
6. At the termination of this agreement the air monitor-
ing system and all equipment related thereto will be
removed and the property restored to its original
condition at no expense to the Tenant.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this agreement
to be entered as of the day first above written.
PEDCo-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC,
By
Tenant
Figure 5. (Continued)
18
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0 SCHEDULE °
PEDCo will conduct a single-phase sampling program.
Based on best estimates, PEDCo equipment and personnel will
be on-site (on Building property) for approximately eighteen
(18) days during the following period: to
During these periods, PEDCo personnel shall be allowed
access to the Building as follows:
1. As required during a three (3) day period prior
to the initiation of active sampling in order to
install a network of sampling lines (conduits)
between the trailer and three (3) rooms in the
Building. Sampling access to and in these three
rooms shall be approved by the Owner. However, it
is required that one (1) of these rooms shall be
the kitchen of the Building. PEDCo will exercise
all possible care in locating interior sampling
lines so as to cause minimal interference with the
Owner's activities and to protect occupant safety.
2. On two (2) occasions during each day of a subse-
quent fourteen (14) day period of active sampling
in order to collect and replace sample media and
to inspect and verify proper operation of the
temporarily-installed indoor monitors. It is
required that one (1) of these occasions be the
same time each day in order to allow collection of
24-hour samples.
3. On twelve (12) successive one-hour intervals of
approximately fifteen (15) minutes each, on three
(3) days during the above noted fourteen (14) day
period in order to monitor Building ventilation
characteristics using "tracer" techniques.
4. As required during a one (1) day period following
termination of active sampling in order to remove
all sampling lines, temporarily-installed indoor
monitors, and return the premises to their original
condition.
The above conditions are based on expected cooperation
between the Owner and PEDCo and recognize that specific
dates and times required for implementation of this schedule
must be mutually arranged when the air monitoring system
arrives on-site.
Figure 5. (Continued)
19
-------
FIELD MONITORING SCHEDULE
1976-1978
Location
Set Up
Start
Monitoring
Finish
Monitoring
and
Calibration
Washington Conv Hse
Washington Exp Hse
Baltimore Exp Hse
Baltimore Conv Hse
Denver Conv Hse
Denver School
Denver Jewish Hosp
Chicago Conv Hse
Chicago Exp Hse
Baltimore Exp Hse
Baltimore Conv Hse
Pittsburgh Mobile Home #1
Pittsburgh Mobile Home #2
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise Apt #1
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise Apt #2
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise Apt #3
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise Apt #1
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise Apt #2
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise Apt #3
Chicago Exp Hse
Chicago Conv Hse
Washington Conv Hse
Washington Exp Hse
1/3/77
1/21/77
2/7/77
2/24/77
3/17/77
4/1/77
4/17/77
5/8/77
5/24/77
6/10/77
7/12/77
7/28/77
12/6/77
1/10/78
7/2/76
7/25/76
8/12/76
8/28/76
9/29/76
10/21/76
11/10/76
11/18/76
12/6/76
1/4/77
1/21/77
2/8/77
2/25/77
3/18/77
4/2/77
4/18/77
5/9/77
5/25/77
6/11/77
7/13/77
7/28/77
12/7/77
1/11/78
7/18/76
8/9/76
8/25/76
9/11/76
10/14/76
11/8/76
11/14/76
12/3/76
12/20/76 12/2
1/20/77 1/20
2/4/77 2/5/
2/23/77 2/24
3/13/77 3/14
3/
4/1/77
4/17/77
5/2/77 5/3/
5/
5/23/77
6/9/77
6/25/77 6/26
7/
7/27/77 7/27
8/5/77 8/6/
0 /
«V
12/21/77 12/2
1/25/78 1/26
Move and
General
Maintenance
3/16/77
7/11/77
27/77
6/77 th]
8/8/77
/22/77
26/78 tl
1/31/78
Figure 6. Monitoring schedule.
20
-------
The occupants were required to schedule their activities,
such as vacation trips, so as to not to conflict with the
monitoring schedule. It was important that activities within
the home during the monitoring period were typical of normal
family routine.
After the property use agreement was executed, PEDCo
performed the necessary logistics, arranging for power require-
ments with the local utility company and a certified electrical
contractor.
SITE DESCRIPTIONS
For each sampling location selected, PEDCo prepared a
description of the site. Each site description included as
a minimum, but is not limited tor the following information:
0 Address of the structure
0 Structure type
0 Size of family within dwelling
0 General information pertaining to heating, air
conditioning/ cooking facilities, and other
energy-related parameters
0 Photograph of residence
0 Geographical sketch of the structure location with
respect to the urban area in the vicinity
0 Floor plan of the structure showing the location
of the sampling probes.
Site descriptions for the selected sampling locations are
given in the following pages.
21
-------
Washington Conventional, Detached
0 Silver Spring, Maryland
During the first monitoring session, occupants of this
dwelling consisted of four adults: husband, wife, son, and
full-time maid. The maid does not sleep at the residence but
is present 5 d per week. The residence is a tri-level brick
dwelling without storm windows, is heated with a gas forced-
air furnace, and is equipped with conventional electric air
conditioning. Figure 7 is a photograph of the residence.
This residence is located very close to the Capital Beltway,
as shown in the sketch presented in Figure 8. Location of
the sampling probes in the kitchen, master bedroom, and living
room is shown in Figure 9.
During the second monitoring period, the occupants of this
residence consisted of two working women. One worked at a
full-time job away from the residence, while the other ran an
office located within the home. The structure type and
facilities within remained unchanged. However, the location
of two sampling probes were changed to the dining room and
bedroom 1.
Washington Experimental, Detached
0 Silver Spring, Maryland
This family consists of four adults: husband, wife, and
two teenage children. The residence is a two-story brick
home utilizing a solar panel system for heating, supplemented
by an oil-fired boiler as required. The house also has
central air conditioning, which is used only during periods
22
-------
Figure 7. Photograph of the Washington, D.C.,
conventional house.
23
-------
WASHINGTON
EXPERIMENTAL
HOUSE
WASHINGTON
CONVENTIONAL HOUSE^ySILVER SPRING
WASHINGTON
at
V
NATIONAL
AlRPOl
Figure 8. Sketch of the test houses in relationship
to the Washington, D.C., area.
24
-------
Living Room
19VOxl5-6" :
: Dining Room
10-10*xl7-6"
I
Bedroom 1
10-10x11-5"
Bedroom 2
9'-9xll'-5"
M. Bedroom
14-:fxll-5"
• - Sampling Probe Locations
• - Sampling Probe Locations
1st period
2nd period
Figure 9. Floor plan of the Washington/ D.C., conventional
house showing sampling probe locations.
25
-------
of extreme heat. Under normal summer conditions, heat is
removed from the house by a large attic exhaust fan, in con-
junction with open screened windows. Figure 10 is a photograph
of the experimental residence. Cooking is performed with an
electric stove. The residence is approximately 3.2 km (2 mi)
north of the Capital Beltway. (A sketch of the residence
with respect to the city of Washington, D.C., was presented
in Figure 8.) Location of the sampling probes in the kitchen,
master bedroom, and living area is shown in Figure 11.
Baltimore Conventional, Attached
0 Baltimore, Maryland 21236
The family in the Baltimore Conventional Home consists
of two adults and two children. This residence is a two-story
attached duplex unit of wood frame and aluminum siding.
Figure 12 is a photograph of the residence. The house is
heated with a gas forced-air system and is equipped with a
conventional central air conditioning system. The house is
approximately 3-4 y old and was constructed without storm
windows or thermal pane glass. This residence is located in
a small subdivision a few miles north of the Baltimore Beltway
on U.S. Route 1; a sketch of the location with respect to the
City of Baltimore is presented in Figure 13. The floor plan
of the residence, Figure 14, illustrates the positioning of
the sampling probes.
26
-------
Figure 10.
Photograph of the Washington, D.C.,
experimental house.
27
-------
I
Storage
M. Bedroom
12'-2" x 23'-l"
Bedroom
3,
9'-6''xi2' -7
CD
Bedroom
1
10' -0" x 12 '-7
SECOND FLOOR
Ueh
10'-11" x 11
Bath
1
Porch
Dining Rm
12'-5" x 10'-'
K i t c h e n
18'-4" x 12'-0"
Gar a yc
21' x 27
FIRST FLOOR
•- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 11. Floor plan of the Washington, D.C.,
experimental house showing sampling probe locations
28
-------
Figure 12. Photograph of the Baltimore conventional house.
29
-------
BALTIMORE
EXPERIMENTAL HOUSE
BALTIMORE
CONVENTIONAL HOUSE
BALTIMORE-WASHINGTON
INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
Figure 13. Sketch of the test houses in relationship
to the city of Baltimore.
30
-------
N
CL
BEDROOM # 1
15'xlO'8"
BEDROOM #2
13'6"x9'
KITCHEN
17'4 x 10'
LIVING/DINING
19'xl4'
SECOND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
•- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 14. Floor plan of the Baltimore conventional
house showing sampling probe locations.
31
-------
Baltimore Experimental, Attached
Baltimore, Maryland 21236
A mother and her two children reside in the attached
two-story duplex unit of frame/aluminum siding construction.
Figure 15 is a photograph of the experimental residence. This
unit is heated and cooled by a General Electric heat pump
forced-air heating and cooling system. This structure is
identical in size to that of the Baltimore conventional
residence, but is a newer structure. Its construction
incorporates additional insulation and storm windows. The
residence is located within a block of the conventional
residence as shown in Figure 13. The floor plan in Figure 16
depicts the sampling locations.
Figure 15. Photograph of the Baltimore experimental house
32
-------
u>
oo
3" M
O CTi
c; •
CO
"3
H-
O
CD
tr
9
s:
H-
3
U2
w
0)
H- ft
a tr
tQ (D
T3 a
H 0>
0 M
er rt
(D H-
O H
O 0>
D>
ft fl>
O tJ
en
H-
(D
3
ft
I
V*
0>
H-
3
O
cr
o
o
p
ft
p-
o
3
Room
8'4"xl2'9"
Living Room
16'0"xir8"
FIRST FLOOR
Bedroom 1
11 '6"xlV8"
Dn
Bath(s,
(R
Bedroom 2
8'0"xlO'l"
CL
CL
Bedroom 3
8'0"xlO'l"
SECOND FLOOR
N
t
-------
Denver Conventional, Detached
Denver, Colorado 80218
A mother and her 5-y-old daughter are the primary residents
of this house. A friend of the family is a frequent visitor to
the home in the evening and on weekends. The friend's daughter,
also 5-y-old, usually stays overnight throughout the week.
The house, shown in Figure 17, is constructed of wood and
brick and is one of the few single-family dwellings within a
few blocks of downtown, most streets in the area are heavily
traveled, especially during morning and evening rush hours.
Heating is provided by a natural gas forced air furnace.
No air conditioning is used in the house. Both cooking and hot
water heating are also done with gas.
The location of the house in respect to downtown Denver
is presented in Figure 18. The floor plan of the residence,
Figure 19, illustrates the positioning of the sampling probe.
34
-------
Figure 17. Photograph of the Denver conventional house,
35
-------
STAPLETON
INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
N
*
• • DENVER JEWISH HOSPITALW->
DENVER SCHOOL ;\
LOWRY
Figure 18. Sketch of the test buildings in relationship
to the city of Denver.
36
-------
I
Bedroom 3
11'8" - 10'2"
>- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 19. Floor plan of the Denver conventional house
showing sampling probe locations.
37
-------
Denver School
The Denver School is attended by approximately 250
students in grades I through 6. The brick, two-story
structure is the oldest building in the Denver Public School
System. A photograph of the structure is provided in Figure
20. It is located within a few blocks of downtown Denver
in a residential neighborhood. The school lies between two
streets that serve as major traffic arteries into and out of
the central business district; consequently, traffic is heavy,
particularly in the morning and evening rush hours.
The building is heated with hot water provided by a
natural gas-fired boiler. No air-conditioning system exists.
The location of the structure with respect to downtown
Denver is presented in Figure 18. Floor plans depicting
the location of the sampling probes may be found in Figure 21.
Denver Jewish Hospital
The Denver Jewish Hospital was added to the sampling
program by Dr. David Shearer, former Project Director for EPA,
as a special 3-d project. No photographs or floor plans
are available. However, the location of the hospital in the
Denver metropolitan area is shown in Figure 18.
38
-------
Figure 20. Photograph of Denver School
39
-------
III
J
» I
I
P. - j
lli
I li
I^B ?
I1©
n i
L> !
y
S L
Figure 21. Floor plan of Denver School showing
sampling probe locations.
-------
Chicago Experimental/ Detached
0 Lansing, Illinois
The residents of this recently constructed split-level
house consist of a husband, a wife, and two children. The
children are of high school age and are away from home from
early morning until late afternoon. The father is also gone
most of the day. The house, as shown in Figure 22, is con-
structed of wood and brick. All of the energy requirements
for cooking, heating, etc. are provided by electricity.
The location of the house with respect to the metropolitan
Chicago area is provided in Figure 23. The floor plan of
the residence, Figure 24, illustrates the position of the
sampling probes.
Chicago Conventional, Detached
0 Lansing, Illinois
During the first monitoring period, the house was occu-
pied by a husband, wife, and their two children, ages 1 and 4.
The wife and the children are usually at home throughout the
day. The house, as pictured in Figure 25, is a single-family,
two-story, frame structure located on a residential street in
Lansing, Heat for the residence is provided by a natural gas
forced-air furnace. Energy for cooking and heating water is
also natural gas. The house is not air-conditioned. The
location of the house with respect to the Chicago area is
41
-------
Figure 22. Photograph of Chicago experimental house
42
-------
LAKE MICHIGAN
CHICAGO CONVENTIONAL HOUSE
CHICAGO EXPERIMENTAL HOUSE
Figure 23. Sketch of test houses in relationship
to Greater Chicago.
43
-------
''IT^
j
BEDROOM 2
ir-9"xlO'-4"
s/
rr>
r
.BEDROOM 1
H'-9"xlO-0"
CL CL
al<
S
M. BEDROOM
15'-2"xlO'-4"
• rs)
1
CL
L-T-
CL
[
CL
•
r
BATh
0
*N
LIVING ROOM
12'-8"x2r-0"
£)
L
T^l (rh
i\J ^k
/-\
i i ,
— "\-J ull Upl
1 — "^ f
IcL FOYER^
(?) 1 | . yP 1
^io
DEN
11 '-8"xlO'-8" _
(s>
•
r
X K
s^pBATH 2 ,
a om
yft . dn
/I
§ o°^^~
KITCHEN
13'-2"xlO' U
"^ 7 ^ •
w /
/
^
DINING ROOM
3'-2"x9'-0"
Q
FIRST FLOOR
•Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 24. Floor plan of the Chicago experimental house
showing sampling probe locations.
44
-------
Figure 25. Photograph of Chicago conventional house
45
-------
provided in Figure 23. A floor plan of the house showing
the location of the sampling probes is presented in
Figure 26.
During the second monitoring session, the house was occu-
pied by the field team operating the monitoring instruments.
This occurred because the previous family was transferred to
another area and the residence was left vacant. The major
appliances and heating equipment/ as well as sampling probe
location, remained the same for the second session.
Pittsburgh, Mobile #1
0 Baden/ Pennsylvania
A photograph of the mobile home is provided in Figure 27.
The home is occupied by two retired women/ both of whom are
approximately 75 y of age. Both of the occupants are in
the residence throughout the day. The home is situated in a
mobile home sales center on the east bank of the Ohio River
directly across from a Jones and Laughlin Steel plant near Baden,
Pennsylvania (see Figure 28). A major highway, approximately
27 m (89 ft) from the residence, carries heavy traffic volume
throughout the day. Energy from heating is supplied from a
kerosene-fired, forced-air furnace. A propane cylinder supplies
energy to the stove and water heater. Air-conditioning require-
ments are met with a conventional, central air-conditioning
unit. A floor plan of the mobile home showing sampling probe
locations is provided in Figure 29.
46
-------
CL
BATHl
s> CL
t
CLOSET
N
'S'
FAMILY ROOM
14'72"xl5'-3"
M. BEDROOM
SECOND FLOOR
BEDROOM 2
10'-6"x9"-6"
S'-10"x
12'-8"
DINING AREA
71-3"x9'-T1
BEDROOM 1
lD'-6"xl2'-9"
CL FOYER
FIRST FLOOR
•Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 26. Floor plan of Chicago conventional house
showing sampling probe locations.
47
-------
Figure 27. Photograph of Pittsburgh mobile home #1
48
-------
PITTSBURGH MOBILE HOME #2
PITTSBURGH
MOBILE HOME #1
PITTSBURGH
LO-RISE
APARTMENTS
PITTSBURGH
HI-RISE
APARTMENTS
MCKEESPORT
Figure 28. Sketch of test dwellings in relationship
to Greater Pittsburgh.
49
-------
en
o
•Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 29. Floor plan of Pittsburgh mobile home #1
showing sampling probe locations.
-------
Pittsburgh/ Mobile #2
0 Baden, Pennsylvania 15005
The mobile home, as shown in Figure 30, is located on a
hill above the Ohio River near Baden, Pennsylvania. Figure 28
locates the site in relation to Pittsburgh. The home is
occupied by two adults and one child. A kerosene-fired,
forced-air furnace supplies heat. Energy for cooking is
supplied by an electric stove. A floor plan, Figure 31,
depicts sampling probe locations.
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise
The apartment complex is located on the edge of a hill
overlooking the Ohio River approximately 6.5 km (4 mi) from
downtown Pittsburgh (see Figure 28). The surrounding structures
are apartment complexes and single-family dwellings. Thus,
the neighborhood is primarily residential. A photograph of
the complex is shown in Figure 32. Each of the 36 apartments
has a separate, individually controlled, gas, forced-air
furnace.
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise #1 —
0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
A mother and her three children are the primary residents.
All of the family members are away from home during the day since
the mother works and the children are in elementary school (the
children range in age from 9 to 5). The apartment is on the
51
-------
Figure 30. Photograph of Pittsburgh mobile home #2
52
-------
MASTER BEDROOM
a
hri:
KITCHEN
d
r
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
8 LIVING ROOM H
N
•Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 31. Floor plan of Pittsburgh mobile home #2
showing sampling probe locations.
53
-------
t'-
Figure 32. Photograph of Pittsburgh lo-rise apartments
-------
second level and has two exterior walls facing northeast and
northwest. The apartment is equipped with an electric stove
and a gas furnace. The apartment is not air-conditioned. A
floor plan, Figure 33, depicts sampling locations.
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise #2 —
0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
A husband and wife occupy the apartment with their two
children, ages 8 and 2. At least part of the family is at
home at all times. The apartment is on the third level and
has two exterior walls facing northeast and northwest. The
apartment is equipped with an electric stove and gas forced-
air furnace. The unit is not air-conditioned. A floor plan,
Figure 34, depicts sampling locations.
Pittsburgh Lo-Rise #3 —
0 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
A husband and wife occupy the apartment with their two
children. The apartment is on the second level and has one
experior wall facing northeast. The apartment has an electric
stove and a gas forced-air furnace. A floor plan, Figure 35,
shows sampling probe locations.
55
-------
LIVING AREA
12'-0"X15'-7"
DINING AREA
8'-10"x6'-8"
BEDROOM 3
8'-0"X10'-0"
K|
KITCHEN
9'-7"x8'-6"
JKT
BS BATH
BEDROOM 2
a'-9"X9'-8"
BEDROOM 1
12'-0"X9'-10"
- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 33. Floor plan of lo-rise #1 showing
sampling probe locations.
56
-------
LIVING AREA
12'-0"X15'-7"
DINING AREA
8'-10"X6'-8"!
N
BEDROOM 3 S
8'-0"X10'-0"
KITCHEN
BEDROOM 1
12'-0"X9I-10"
BEDROOM 2
8'-9"X9'-8"
ES
- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 34. Floor plan of lo-rise #2 showing
location of sampling probes.
57
-------
LIVING AREA
12'-0"xl5'-7"
- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 35. Floor plan of lo-rise #3 showing
location of sampling probes.
58
-------
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise
The apartment complex is located on a hill overlooking
the Monongahela River approximately 18 km (11 mi) from downtown
Pittsburgh (see Figure 28). The structure, located in down-
town McKeesport, is an 11-story building surrounded by other
residential and commercial structures. A photograph of the hi-
rise complex is shown in Figure 36. Each apartment has an
individually controlled gas, forced-air furnace heating system
and an electric central cooling system.
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise #1 —
° McKeesport, Pennsylvania
A retired husband and wife, the primary residents of this
apartment, remain at home throughout the day. The unit has one
exterior wall which faces to the west. The apartment is equipped
with all electric appliances and electric cooling system. The
heating system is a gas forced-air type furnace. A floor plan of
the apartment showing sampling probe location is provided in
Figure 37.
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise #2 —
o McKeesport, Pennsylvania
The apartment is occupied by a retired couple, both of
whom are over 60 y of age. Both occupants are in the resi-
dence throughout the day. Energy for heating is supplied by
59
-------
Figure 36. Photograph of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartments
60
-------
BEDROOM 2
ll'-Z'^U'-S"
P
ras
CL
D
FURNACE
AIR/CQN
B R
BEDROOM 1
2S 9'-4"xU'-8"
CL
CL
CL
LIVING/DINING ROOM
IS'-KTxlB'-l"
D
Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 37. Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise
apartment #1.
61
-------
a gas-fired, forced-air furnace. Air conditioning is supplied
by an electric central air conditioning unit. All kitchen
appliances are electric. A floor plan, Figure 38, depicts
sampling probe locations.
Pittsburgh Hi-Rise #3 —
0 McKeesport, Pennsylvania
A retired couple, both of whom are over 60 y of age,
are the primary residents of this apartment. Both occupants
remain in the residence most of the day. The unit is equipped
with electric appliances and an electric central air-conditionincr
system. The heating system is a gas-fired, forced-air furnace.
A floor plan of the unit showing sampling probe location is
provided in Figure 39.
62
-------
BEDROOM 2
n'-a"xH'-8"
CL
D
FURNACE
AIR/CQN
IE1 R
BEDROOM 1
g'-4"xl4'_8"
CL
CL
CL
LIVING/DINING ROOM
16'-10"xl5'-r
a
- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 38. Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartment #2,
63
-------
BEDROOM 2
ir-2"xl4'-8"
CL
D
FURNACE
AIR/CQN
H R
BEDROOM 1
S 9'-4"xl4'-8"
CL
CL
CL
LIVING/DINING ROOM
D
- Sampling Probe Locations
Figure 39. Floor plan of Pittsburgh hi-rise apartment #3,
64
-------
Section 3
MONITORING TECHNIQUES
The indoor/outdoor monitoring program incorporated con-
tinuous, intermittent, and grab-sampling techniques for
measurement of airborne pollutants, together with sensors for
the recording of wind speed and direction, temperature, and
relative humidity. In addition to these measurements, energy
consumption parameters, such as the total dwelling energy
usage and the energy specifically required for heating and
air-conditioning, were measured on a continuous basis.
The sampling system is schematically presented in
Figure 40. Air samples from each of four locations (three
indoor, one outdoor ambient) were carried through 9.5 mm
(3/8 in.) o.d. Teflon tubing at a rate of 10 1/min. At the
trailer each sample line was connected to a Teflon pump and
three-way Teflon solenoid valve. When the Teflon solenoid
valve was activated, the sample was introduced into a 91.4 cm
by 12.7 mm i.d. (3 ft by 0.5 in.) glass manifold. When the
valve was in its nonactivated position, the Teflon pump purged
the sampling line. Each valve was activated by a programmer-
timer system in a predetermined sequence. This system allowed
the air in the manifold to be changed in less than 1 s, and
provided for continuous flushing of the sampling lines.
The instruments sampled from the manifold for 60 s prior
to the recording of 4 continuous min of data. After the
4 min of data were recorded, the valve on the next sampling
65
-------
Sample Inlet
From
Calibrator
Teflon
Pumps
T-^J
3-way
Teflon
Solenoid
Valves
^ Exhaust ^
To Instruments
(•) Solenoid Valve Non-activated (in vent mode)
Solenoid Valve Activated
Figure 40. Sampling system for continuous monitors,
-------
line in the sequence was activated by the programmer-timer.
The first sample line then returned to its normal purge con-
dition. The process was repeated for each sampling location,
four in all, producing a sampling cycle time of 20 min. Thus,
three 4-min segments of continuous data were obtained each hour
for all continuously monitored pollutants at each of the four
sampling locations.
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
Continuous monitoring equipment employed for monitoring
indoor-outdoor pollutants is presented in Table 1. A more
detailed discussion of the individual instruments and the theory
of operations is presented in the following subsections. Detailed
instrument descriptions and operating procedures are presented
in the operator's manuals.
Nitric Oxide - Total Oxides of Nitrogen (NO-NO )
H-
The Meloy CHEMILUMENIZER NA 520 performs continuous dry
analysis of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO-) and
total oxides of nitrogen (NO , NO and NO0) in gas mixtures.
X ^
It utilizes the highly sensitive chemiluminescent reaction
between NO and ozone (O_). A high degree of specificity in
«J
detecting NO is achieved with the basic reaction and the
optical filtering techniques utilized in transmitting the
chemiluminescent radiation to a light detector.
The design of the NA 520 was focused on obtaining stable
and reliable performance and ease of service and maintenance.
Precise pneumatic and thermal control of critical parameters,
67
-------
rABLE 1. CONTINUOUS MONITORING EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
EMPLOYED FOR MONITORING INDOOR-OUTDOOR POLLUTANTS
Pollutant
NO
NO
A
co2
^
CO
°3
so2
CH4
•f
THC
Wind/speed
direction
Temperature/
relative
humidity
Principle of
detection
Chemilumi-
nescent
Chemilumi-
nescent
Nondispersive
infrared
Nondispersive
infrared
with flowing
ref. cell
Chemi lumi-
nescent
Flame photo-
metric
Flame ioniza-
tion with
selective
TCH oxi-
dizer
Flame ioniza-
tion with
selective
THC oxi-
dizer
Direction-
syncho
speed-d.c.
magneto
Bimetallic
strip/
human hair
Manufacturer
model
Meloy-
NA-520-2
Meloy-
NA-520-2
Beckman-865
Beckman-865
Meloy-
OA- 350-2
Meloy-
SA-185-2A
MSA- 11- 2
MSA- 11-2
Bendix
Arovane
141/120
Weather
measure
H-311
Concentration (ppm)
Range (s)
0-0.5
0-1.0
0-2.0
0-5.0
0-0.5
0-1.0
0-2.0
0-5.0
0-2,500
0-50,000
0-50
0-0.5
0-0.5
0-5
0-20
0-5
0-20
0-100 mph
0-540°
Adjustable
0-100*
Limit of
detection
0.005
0.005
25
500
0.50
0.005
0.005
0.05
0.20
0.05
0.20
0 . 5 mph
5°
i "F
1% RM
Response time to
90% or greater
100 sec.
100 sec.
2.5 sec.
2.5 sec.
15 sec.
60 sec.
15 sec.
15 sec.
—
—
Precision
+ 1% Full
scale
+ 1% Full
scale
+ 1% Full
scale
+_ 1% Full
scale
+_ 2% Full
scale
+ 1% Full
scale
+ 1% Full
scale
+_ 1% Full
scale
+ 1% Full
Scale
+ 1% Full
Scale
CD
-------
and the utilization of proven solid-state circuitry contribute
to the performance characteristics of the instrument.
The NA 520 operates from ambient air entirely. A fixed
pneumatic sampling system is utilized with an internal pump;
the system does not require flow adjustments by the operator.
All flow rates are controlled to within +0.5% throughout the
entire range. Its O_ requirements are generated from dried
ambient air. Most of the solid-state electronic systems are
mounted on easily accessible plug-in cards.
When ambient air or a mixed gas is introduced to the NA
520, it is separated into two gas flow channels, each of which
produces a direct readout of a constituent NO compound (see
J^
Figure 41). One gas flow channel for NO is passed to a reactor
where it is mixed with 0_. The NO. of the mixture remains light
passive in the reactor, but the NO reacts with the 03 to pro-
duce high energy, excited NO * molecules:
NO + 03 *• N02* + 02
Almost instantly these N02* molecules revert to a lower
energy state NO_ and at the same time produce light in the
near infrared region (0.6 to 3.0 ym):
N02* ^ N02 + light.
This light is measured by a photomultiplier tube and elec-
tronic circuit in the instrument, the light produced being directly
proportional to the NO concentrations of the sample gas stream.
The specially designed reactor chamber operates at reduced
pressure, minimizing flow effects and producing maximum light.
69
-------
SAMPLE
ZERO
SPAN
AIR/02
PARTICULATE
Fl LTER
SV- SOLENOID VALVE
CHARCOAL
FILTER
I
DETECTOR
PARTICULATE
FILTER
OZONE
GENERATOR
REACTOR
CHAMBER
VACUUM
RFGULATOR
VACUUM
PUMP
REACTOR
CHAMBER
DETECTOR
CAPILLARY
OVEN
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
Figure 41. Pneumatic flow diagram of the chemilwenizer.
-------
An electrical discharge ozonator produces high concentration
ozone from introduced ambient air for the mixing process.
A cutoff filter is used between the reactor and the photo-
multiplier tube to avoid interference from other chemi lumines-
cent reactions occurring at lower wavelengths , such as the
reaction between 03 and ethylene, which produces blue light.
The filtered light passes through a chopper assembly
ahead of the photomultiplier tube where a rotating blade
periodically blocks the light radiation from the reactor
chamber. At this blocking instant, the output of the photo-
multiplier tube equals its "dark current." As the blade
moves away, the light increases to an amount proportional to
the light intensity in the reactor chamber. This transforms
the chemiluminescent signal into a pulsed d.c. light signal to
the photomultiplier tube, which is passed through a signal
amplifier and demodulator to convert it to a d.c. analog signal;
this signal may be conditioned by an output amplifier to provide
a 1 V and 100 mV signal that may be read or recorded. Thus,
the NO measurement is a continuous measurement through a single
channel.
The NO measurement is performed in a similar gas path
J^
channel where a catalytic converter has been inserted ahead
of the reactor chamber. This converter reduces the
«
molecules in the ambient air or sample gas mixture to NO in
order that it might become active in the mixing process with
0.,. In this fashion not only is the NO of the sample chemi-
luminescing but the NO2 which has become NO provides an
71
-------
additive chemiluminescence; the total is then measured in
the same manner as by the NO channel. Thus continuous NO
x
readout is provided by the second channel.
The NO2 concentration is then continuously provided by
electronically subtracting the measured NO from the measured
N0x.
The NA 520 provides continuous readout of NO, NO , and
NO- without any switching.
x
SPECIFICATIONS
Performance Specifications
Ranges:
Minimum Detectable
Sensitivity:
Noise:
Lag Time:
Rise Time to 90%:
Fall Time to 90%:
Precision:
Accuracy:
Zero Drift:
Span Drift:
0 to 0.5 ppm
0 to 1.0 ppm
0 to 2.0 ppm
0 to 5.0 ppm
0.005 ppm
+0.005 ppm
1 s
100 s (all channels)
100 s (all channels)
+1%
+1%
+0.005 ppm per 24 h
+0.010 ppm per 7 d
+0.010 ppm per 24 h
+0.015 ppm per 7 d
72
-------
SPECIFICATIONS (Continued)
Linearity: ±1%
Operational Specifications
Unattended Operation:
(No adjustment of
flow or electrical
systems)
Sample Flow Rate:
Power Requirements:
watts
Outputs:
7 d
Relative Humidity Range:
Ambient Temperature Range:
800 to 1000 ml/min
115 + V a.c., 50/60 Hz, 300
a) Meter in ppm units, selector
switch to read NO, NO- or NO
channel.
b) Recorder outputs (for each
channel): 0-1 V, 0-100 V
10 to 95%
10° to 40° C for specified
specifications
x
Configurational Specifications
Weight:
Case Dimensions:
Mountings Available:
Sample Pump:
27.2 kg (60 Ibs)
48 cm (19 in)W x 50.8 cm (20 in)L
x 31 cm (12.25 in)H
a) Bench
b) Rack (optional)
Internal
Carbon Dioxide (CQ.J
The Beckman Model 865 Infrared Analyzer automatically and
continuously determines the concentration of C02 in a flowing
mixture. The analysis is based on a differential measurement
of the absorption of infrared energy. The instrument has a
wide range of applications, subject only to the limitation that
the analysis must involve determination of a single component,
73
-------
which must absorb infrared energy. Within the analyzer, two
equal-energy infrared beams are directed through two optical
cells: a flowthrough sample cell and a sealed reference cell.
Solid-state electronic circuitry continuously measures the
difference between the amounts of infrared energy absorbed
in the two cells. This difference is a measure of the con-
centration of the component of interest in the sample. Read-
out is on a front-panel meter with O-to-100 scale. In
addition, a field-selected output for a potentiometric /
(voltage) recorder is provided. The analyzer utilizes an
optional plug-in linearizer circuit board to give linear read-
out of concentration values on the meter and on a potentio-
metric recorder.
The electronic circuitry utilizes plug-in printed circuit
boards with solid-state components. This feature provides the
ultimate in reliability, facilitates servicing, and permits the
inclusion of various options, such as current output, by
addition of the appropriate circuit boards.
As shown in Figure 42, the Model 865 produces infrared
radiation from two separate energy sources. Once produced,
this radiation is beamed separately through a chopper which
interrupts it at 10 Hz. Depending on the application, the
radiation may then pass through optical filters to reduce back
ground interference from other infrared-absorbing components
The infrared beams pass through two cells; one a referenc
cell containing a nonabsorbing background gas, the other a
sample cell containing a continuous flowing sample.
74
-------
_u_
INF
SO
RA
JR
RED
CE
_U_
^T
CHOPPER-2^
REFERENCE I
CELL
RECORDER
O*° SAMPLE IN
ooo
SAMPLE
CELL
°*
o°o o SAMPLE OUT
ABSORBS I.R. ENERGY
IN REGION OF INTEREST
O OTHER MOLECULES
CONTROL UNIT
Figure 42. Schematic diagram of a typical nondispersive
infrared C02 monitor.
75
-------
Range:
Accuracy:
Span Drift:
Zero Drift:
Ambient Temperature
Range:
Line Voltage:
Line Frequency:
Power Consumption:
Electronic Response
Time (0 to 90%
of full scale):
Output:
SPECIFICATIONS
0-50 ppm
0-2500 ppm
0-50,000 ppm
1% of full scale
+1% of fullscale in 24 h
+1% of fullscale in 24 h
30 ° to 120 °F (-1 ° to 49 °C)
115 +15 V rms.
50/60 +0.5 Hz.
400 w
Switch selection of fast or slow response
FAST - Switch position provides
5.0-s response (optional l.Q-s
response obtainable by cliprn-.,
t \ "-C^AJU
jumpers).
SLOW - Switch position provides 2.5-s
response.
Standard (Potentiometric) - 0 to 10, 0 to
100 mV, 0 to 1, 0 to 5 V d.c. (field-.
selectable).
Optional (Current) - 4 to 20 and 10 to
50 mA, d.c. (field-selectable).
or,
Linearized (Potentiometric) - 0 to
10, 0 to 5 V, d.c. (field-selectable)
76
-------
During operation, a portion of the infrared radiation is
absorbed by the component of interest in the sample, with
the percentage of infrared radiation absorbed being proportional
to the component concentration. The detector is a "gas
microphone" on the Luft principle. It converts the difference
in energy between sample and reference cells to a capacitance
change. This capacitance change, equivalent to component
concentration, is amplified and indicated on a meter, and
used to drive a recorder.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
The Beckman Model 865 Infrared Analyzer automatically and
continuously determines the concentration of CO in a flowing mix-
ture. The analysis is based on a differential measurement of the
absorption of infrared energy. The instrument has a wide
range of applications, subject only to the limitation that
the analysis must involve the determination of a single component,
which must absorb infrared energy.
Within the analyzer, two equal-energy infrared beams are
directed through two optical cells: a flowthrough sample
cell and a flowthrough reference cell. Air passing through
the reference cell is first passed through a scrubber to
remove any CO present. Solid-state electronic circuitry con-
tinuously measures the difference between the amounts of
infrared energy absorbed in the two cells. This difference
is a measure of the concentration of the component of interest
in the sample. Readout is on a front-panel meter with 0-to-
100 scale. In addition, a field selectable output for a
77
-------
potentiometric (voltage) recorder is provided as standard.
A field-selectable output for a current-type recorder or con-
troller is obtainable through use of an optional plug-in
circuit board. The analyzer utilizes an optional plug-in
linearizer circuit board to give linear readout of con-
centration values on the meter and on a potentiometric
recorder.
The electronic circuitry utilizes plug-in printed circuit
boards with solid-state components. This feature provides the
ultimate in reliability, facilitates servicing, and permits
the inclusion of various options, such as current output, by
addition of the appropriate circuit boards.
As shown in Figure 43, the Model 865 produces infrared
radiation from two separate energy sources. Once produced,
this radiation is beamed separately through a chopper which
interrupts it at 10 Hz. Depending on the application, the
radiation may then pass through optical filters to reduce back-
ground interference from other infrared-absorbing components.
The infrared beams pass through two cells; one a flow-
through reference cell containing CO-free air, the other a
sample cell containing a continuous flowing sample.
During operation, a portion of the infrared radiation is
absorbed by the component of interest in the sample, with
the percentage of infrared radiation absorbed being propor-
tional to the component concentration. The detector is a "gas
microphone" on the Luft principle. It converts the difference
in energy between sample and reference cells to a capacity
78
-------
SAMPLE IN
INFRARED
SOURCE
CO SCRUBBER
RECORDER
CO FREE AIR OUT 0°00oOo°BO'
SAMPLE OUT
ABSORBS I.R. ENERGY
IN REGION OF INTEREST
O OTHER MOLECULES
CONTROL UNIT
Figure 43. Schematic diagram of a typical
nondispersive infrared CO monitor with flowthrough
reference cell.
79
-------
SPECIFICATIONS
Range:
Accuracy:
Span Drift:
Zero Drift:
Ambient Temperature
Range:
Line Voltage:
Line Frequency:
Power Consumption:
Electronic Response
(0 to 90% full
scale)
Output:
0-50 ppm
1% of full scale
+1% of full scale in 24 h
+1% of full scale in 24 h
30 ° to 120 °F (-1 ° to 49 °C)
115 +15 V rms.
50/60 +0.5 Hz.
400 W
Switch selection of fast or slow response
FAST - Switch position provides 0.5-s
response (optional 1-s response
obtainable by clipping jumpers).
SLOW - Switch position provides 2.5-s
response
Standard (Potentiometric)
0 to 10, 0 to 100 mV, 0 to 1,
0 to 5 V d.c. (field-selectable).
Optional (Current)
4 to 20 and 10 to 50 mA, d.c.
(field-selectable) or Linearized
(Potentiometric)
0 to 10, 0 to 100 mV, 0 to 1,
0 to 5 V, d.c. (field-selectable).
80
-------
change, equivalent to component concentration, is amplified
and indicated on a meter, and used to drive a recorder.
Ozone (0-)
The Meloy Model OA 350-2 Ozone Analyzer provides con-
tinuous and precise measurement of the concentration of
ozone in gas streams. Its operation is based on the chemi-
luminescent reaction between ozone and ethylene. Model OA
350-2 is a sensitive and economical analyzer with a minimum
detectable limit of 1 ppb of 03 in air. It is intended
for continuous service under rugged field conditions. The
OA 350-2 is equipped with a built-in calibrator, which
allows the user to perform a zero and span calibration on
site without need of an external calibration system.
Design of the OA 350-2 was focused on obtaining
stable and reliable performance and ease of service and
maintenance. Thermal control of the critical elements
of the pneumatic and detector systems and temperature-
compensated electronic circuits provide stable operation
through an ambient temperature range of 10 ° to 40 °C. The
use of plug-in boards with proven solid-state circuits pro-
vides dependable performance which can easily be maintained.
Operation of the analyzer is based on the gas phase
chemiluminescent reaction between 0_ and ethylene mole-
cules, which produces light energy in the 300 to 600 nm
range (see Figure 41). In the presence of excess ethylene,
81
-------
the intensity of light produced is proportional to the
concentration of 0.,. This reaction has been found to be
free of interferences from other gas present in ambient air.
The 03 concentration is measured by introducing sample
air into the reactor chamber where a special nozzle arrange-
ment Nixes the air with an ethylene stream. The light emitted
is detected by a photomultiplier tube which converts this
energy into an electrical current. This in turn is converted
to a voltage, amplified, and displayed on the panel meter.
SPECIFICATIONS
Performance Specifications
Range:
Minimum Detectable
Sensitivity:
Noise:
Lag Time:
Rise Time (95%)
Fall Time (95%)
Precision:
Zero Drift:
0 to 0.01 ppm
0 to 0.1 ppm
0 to 0.5 ppm
0 to 1.0 ppm
0 to 5.0 ppm
0 to 10.0 ppm
0.0005 ppm
+0.3% on 0.5 ppm scale
less than 10 s
less than 15 s
less than 15 s
+2% F.S.
+1% F.S. per day on 0.5
ppm scale
+2% F.S. per day on 0.01
ppm scale
+2% F.S. per 3 days on 0.5
ppm scale
82
-------
Span Drift:
less than _+!% per day on 0.5 ppm scale
less than +2% per 3 days on 0.5
ppm scale
Linearity: +1% F.S.
Operational Specifications
Unattended Operation: 7 d
(No adjustment of flow
or electrical systems)
Sample Flow Rate:
Ethylene Flow Rate:
Power Requirement:
Outputs:
Relative Humidity Range:
Ambient Temperature
Range:
Configuration Specifications
Weight:
Case Dimensions:
Mounting Available:
Sample Pump:
Approximately 500 ml/min
Approximately 30 ml/min
115 V a.c., 50-60 Hz, 250 W
(a) Meter: 0-10 ppm
(b) Recorder: 0-100 mV and 0-1 V
10 to 95%
10 -40 °C for specified
specifications
Approximately 18.1 kg (40 Ib)
48 cm (19 in.) w x 50.8 cm
(20 in.) L x 31 cm (12.25 in.)
(a) Bench (Standard)
(b) Rack (Optional)
Internal
Sulfur Dioxide (SO.,)
The Meloy Model SA 185-2A PFD Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer per-
forms real time and continuous dry analysis of sulfur dioxide
in gas mixtures. It uses the unique Flame Photometric Detection
(FPD) technique, U.S. Patent No. 3,489,498, which involves moni-
toring the intensity of light emitted by sulfur species passing
83
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through a hydrogen-rich flame. The high detection specificity
and sensitivity of the analyzer are achieved by a special
geometrical arrangement of the burner, and by use of a 394 nm
narrow band pass filter and a hydrogen sulfide scrubber.
The SA 185-2A was designed to provide stable and reliable
performance and ease of service and maintenance. Precise pneu-
matic and thermal control of critical elements and the utiliza-
tion of proven solid-state circuitry contribute to the performance
characteristics of the instrument.
Sample air is drawn through the H^S scrubber and into
the detector block by means of a vacuum pump. Hydrogen is
supplied to the block under a slight pressure from a cylinder
or hydrogen generator (see Figure 44). Both of these gas streams
are controlled and regulated to provide a stable diffusion flame
while also minimizing the interference from background light
produced by the flame. In addition, a 394 nm narrow band pass
filter passes the chemiluminescent emission to provide more
detection specificity. The emission intensity is measured by
a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The PMT is protected from over-
heating by shields and heat sinks and is regulated by a high
voltage power supply which stabilizes the PMT output. The cur-
rent output of the PMT is converted to a voltage by an electro-
meter amplifier, which is used as the instrument output.
84
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GAS
CONNECTORS
DILUTION
AIR
EXHAUST
HYDROGEN
INLET
METERED
INLET
NEEDLE
VALVE
/
£ THERMOELECTRIC
X COOLER
/>
SV3
'OVEN CHAMBER "I''-L1 BURNER
BLOCK
TEMP CONTROLLED
EXHAUST ASSEMBLY
PM TUBE
CAPILLARY
PRESSURE
REGULATOR
ROTAMETER
AIR
ROTAMETER
Figure 44. Gas flow diagram.
85
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SPECIAL C02 INTERFERENCE TEST FOR MELOY SO2 ANALYZER
SO- concentrations for the GEOMET indoor/outdoor air
sampling program were measured using a Meloy Model SA 185 S00
analyzer employing a Flame Photometric Detector. Although
assured by Meloy Laboratories that variations in CO, con-
£•
centrations do not interfere with S02 readings, some ques-
tion as to the validity of this statement existed since indoor
CO- readings far exceed ambient concentrations. In order
to verify or disprove the question of C02 interference, a
C02 interference test was conducted and its results are pre-
sented here.
Procedure
CO- interference tests were conducted by first generat-
ing SO- concentrations by the dilution of 45 ppm S0_ span
gas with zero air. After a stable reading was obtained with
the S02 analyzer, C02 (40,900 ppm) was added to the gas
mixture. CO- concentrations were monitored with a NDIR CO
analyzer. Test were run at four different SO- concentrations.
At each SO,, concentration four levels of CO- were added.
All values obtained are presented in Table 2.
86
-------
TABLE 2. RESULTS OF CO^ INTERFERENCE TEST
Actual SO2 (ppm)
Test 1 -.050
.050
.050
.050
Test 2 .095
.095
.095
.095
Test 3 .23
.23
.23
.23
.23
Test 4 .330
.330
.330
.330
.330
Read SO_ (ppm)
.050
.040
.030
.023
.095
.075
.055
.045
.25
.23
.18
.14
.115
.373
.330
.265
.205
.165
C02 (ppm)
312
875
1525
2088
308
850
1500
2038
0
300
833
1450
1975
0
300
813
1450
1975
Near ambient concentration of 300 ppm C02 was used as a base line
87
-------
Results
Results of the test show that interference of SO- con-
centrations does occur with variation of CO- concentrations.
This interference takes place over the range of CO- concen-
trations normally found during the indoor/outdoor air sam-
pling program. The magnitude of the interference is shown in
Figure 45 where the relationship between resulting S00 con-
centrations and increases in CO- levels are plotted on semi-
log paper.
Correction Factor
Excellent correlations between all four tests permit-
ted the development of a mathematical correction factor. The
following equation can be applied to convert field SO- con-
centrations to SO- concentration at zero CO- levels pro-
vided C02 concentration present in the air sample is
known during sampling. Throughout the entire study the SO,
analyzer was calibrated with S0_ containing zero CO-.
A = concentration of C0_ (ppm)
Zf
B = reported concentration of S02 (ppm)
C = true concentration of SO- (ppm)
In C = In B + .000425 A
C = Cln c
88
-------
CO
ID
1500
2000
2500
C02 (PPM)
Figure 45. Relative change in S02 concentration with increase
in CO2 concentrations.
-------
SPECIFICATIONS
NOTE: Use of this analyzer under EPA designation as an
Equivalent Method requires operation on the 0.5
ppm full scale range within a temperature range
of 20 ° - 30 °C and line voltage range of 105 to
125 V a.c.
Analyzer Performance Specifications*
Range:
Noise (RMS) 0% URL:
80% URL:
Minimum Detectable Limit:
0-0.5 ppm
0.002 ppm
0.003 ppm
0.004 ppm
Interference Equivalent:
Zero Drift:
(12 and 24 h)
Span Drift: 20% of URL:
(24 h) 80% of URL:
Lag Time:
Rise Time (95%) :
Fall Time (95%):
Precision:
20% of URL:
80% of URL:
Linearity: a) With Linearizer Output
(Option S-l)
b) Without Linearizer
Output
(Log-Linear Output)
+0.02 ppm each inter-
ferent max.
0.06 ppm total inter-
ferent max.
+ 0.005 ppm
+10% max.
+ 5% max.
10 s max.
3 min max.
3 min max.
0.005 ppm
0.005 ppm
+ 1% Full Scale
+ 1% Full Scale
*The definition and the method of determination of these specifi-
cations are given in 40 CFR 53 and the Federal Register (1975).
90
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Analyzer Operational Specifications
Unattended Operation: 7 d
(No adjustment of flow
or electrical systems)
Sample Flow Rate: Approx. 200 ml/min
Hydrogen Flow Rate: Approx. 125 ml/min
Outputs: a) Meter: 0-0.5 ppm
(Linear with Option S-l;
Log-linear without option) b) Recorder: 0-100 mV
0-1 V
Relative Humidity Range: 0-95%
Ambient Temperature Range: 20 ° to 30 °C (EPA approved),
10 ° to 40 °C*
Voltage Range: 115 +10 V a.c., 60 Hz
Power Requirements: 250 W
Analyzer Configuration Specifications
Weight: 18 to 22 kg (40 to 50 Ibs)
depending on options included
Case Dimensions: 43.2 cm (17 in.)W x 50.8 cm (20 in.)L
x 31.1 cm (12-1/4 in.)H
Mountings Available: a) Bench
b) Rack (optional), 48 cm (19 in.)
wide
Sample Pump: Internal
*Use of this analyzer under EPA designation as a reference method
requires operation within a temperature range of 20 ° to 30 °C
and 105 to 125 V a.c. However, the analyzer will operate over
10 ° to 40 °C with only a small increase in the noise, precision,
and drift specifications stated.
91
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SAMPLE-}
ZERO
SPAN
AIR/0? -f
PARTICULATE
FILTER
SV- SOLENOID VALVE
CHARCOAL
FILTER
DETECTOR
PARTICIPATE
FILTER
OZONE
GENERATOR
REACTOR
CHAMBER
VACUUM
REGULATOR
£^± VACUUM
PUMP
REACTOR
CHAMBER
DETECTOR
CAPILLARY
OVEN
CATALYTIC
CONVERTER
Figure 46. Pneumatic flow diagram of the chemilumenizer.
-------
SCRUBBER SPECIFICATIONS
Life:
Scrubbing Efficiency:
Sample Lines:
Size:
a) In excess of 9000 h at typical
ambient H^S level of 5 ppb.
b) In excess of 450 h for H2S
concentration levels not
exceeding 0.1 ppm.
98% H2S while passing 98% or
greater SO_.
3.175 nun (0.125 in.) o.d. Teflon
Tubing
10 cm (4 in.)L x 1.6 cm
(0.625 in.) i.d.
THC/Methane
The (MSA) Mine Safety Appliance Co. THC/Methane Analyzer
Model 11-2 is used to continuously register levels of both
pollutants. This dual Hydrogen Flame lonization Detector is
designed to continuously and simultaneously analyze ambient air
for methane and total hydrocarbons minus methane. A dual flame
head is closely coupled with individual electrometers whose out-
put is directed to an electronic system to obtain continuous in-
dividual signals for the two measurements. An equal output signal
is set on each electrometer output. The sample containing hydro-
carbons including methane is fed by a self-contained pump to a
parallel inlet system (see Figure 47). Burner #1 is fed the
unaltered sample. In Burner #2, the sample is passed through a
cutter catalyst bed. The catalyst oxidizes all hydrocarbons except
93
-------
T/HC
HFID 2
fi
ELECTROMETER
SUBTRACTOR
T/HC
CH,
FUEL
SO ON
ELECTROMETER
CH4
'FUEL
ONLY v,n*
CUTTER
CATALYST
INVERTING
AMPLIFIER
(IN s POSITION)
T/HC—CHA '
——* J> •*
. T/HC
(IN N POSITION)
-a—T/HC
CH,
Figure 47. Schematic diagram of THC/Methane analyzer.
94
-------
methane. More than 99% of all other hydrocarbons is removed,
while methane passes through unaltered. Thus, one burner de-
tects all hydrocarbons including methane, while the other
burner detects only methane. By electronic subtraction the
output signals then indicate total hydrocarbons, less methane,
through Burner #1, and methane only through Burner #2.
SPECIFICATIONS
Accuracy/Reproducibility:
Speed of Response:
Noise Level:
Zero Stability/Drift:
Span Stability/Drift:
Linearity:
Sample Flow Rate:
Fuel Flow Rate:
Sample Treatment Range:
Ambient Operating Range:
Warm-up Time
Dimensions:
Weight/Analyzer: Shipping:
+1% of full scale
15 s for 100% of final
reading
+0.5% of full scale
+1% of full scale in
24 h
+1% of full scale in
24 h
Less than 1% of full
scale (measured at
mid-scale) for both
ranges
10 cm /min/burner
100% hydrogen, .approxi-
mately 20 cm /min/
burner
4.44
4.44
4 h
- 43.33
- 43.33
C (40
C (40
- 110 °F)
- 110 °F)
83.8 cm (33 in.)H x 50.8 cm
(20 in.)W x 33 cm (13 in.)i.d.
Analyzer 27.2 kg (60 Ib) ;
shipping 54.4 kg (120 Ib)
95
-------
SPECIAL TEST TO DETERMINE EFFECTS OF LONG SAMPLING LINES ON AIR
SAMPLING CONDUCTED DURING INDOOR/OUTDOOR AIR MONITORING PROGRAM
Prior to the start-up of the indoor/outdoor air sampling
program, concern was expressed that long lengths of sampling
line might cause decreases in concentrations of certain pol-
lutants. To determine if any decreases might occur and to
what extent, a series of three special tests was conducted.
These tests were conducted at the beginning, midway and at
the end of the useful life of the sample line.
0 Special Test No. 1 was conducted prior to the
sampling program. The effect of long and short
sampling lines on 0., and S02 concentrations
was compared.
0 Special Test No. 2 was conducted under actual
sampling conditions. A comparison of long and
short sampling lines on all pollutants continu-
ously measured was made.
0 Special Test No. 3 was conducted on a used sam-
ple line that had been replaced. A comparison of
a new short sample line and a long sample line,
in use for 11 mo, on S02, NO, and NO pol-
lutants was made. x
RESULTS
Tests results indicate that when an air sample is pulled
through 65 to 100 ft length of 3/8 in. Teflon sample line at
a rate of 13 liters per min, the concentration of pollutants in
the air sample are not decreased or changed. A slight decrease
of 0.001 ppm S02 was observed with a 100 ft section of sample
96
-------
line used for 11 mo, as compared to a 10 ft section of new sam-
ple line.
0 Special Test No. 1 showed that long lengths of new
Teflon sample line had no effect on the concentra-
tions of CU and S02 samples.
0 Special Test No. 2 showed slight changes between
readings caused by changes in ambient concentra-
tions during the 35 min test period. This trend
was noted for all pollutants. None of the pol-
lutants measured showed differences between 20 ft
and 100 ft sampling lines.
0 Special Test No. 3 showed slight decreases in S02
and NO concentrations between the new 10 ft sample
line and the old 100 ft sample line. SO- decrease
was 0.001 ppm at a concentration of 0.02 ppm. No
changes observed (-0.002 ppm) are possibly due to
instrument noise.
Descriptions of individual test procedures and all test
results are presented on the following pages.
Special Test No. 1 - Possible decrease in pollutant
concentrations by long sample lines.
Prior to the start-up of the indoor/outdoor air sampling
program, a special test was conducted to determine if concen-
trations of 0., and S02 would be decreased when air samples
passed through lengths of 3/8 in. Teflon sample lines. Tests
were conducted using the same sampling system that was to be
used through the sampling program (Figure 48).
97
-------
Teflon
-Air Sanple
D—
Teflon
Solenoid
Valve
Glass
Manifold
-R
65 ft Sanple Line
ItfT
Analyzer
Figure 48. Special Test No. 1 equipment set-up.
Sample concentrations of each pollutant were generated
and passed through the sampling system. The analyzer sam-
pling line was attached to the manifold and a sample was taken
until a stable trace was recorded. A 65 ft length of the sam-
ple line was then placed in series between the source and
the pump and the resulting trace recorded. Reproductions
of the resulting strip charts are shown in Figures 49 - 53.
A summary of the results obtained is presented in Table 3.
98
-------
Cu comparison chart
S0« comparison chart
Figure 49. 03 and S02 comparison charts
from Special Test No. 1.
99
-------
.,i.; ;::r|:;r|.:-H:nir^!;|i.M!!M|il!i
11
i!
-V-7
,*:!
Uh |i}i
•!1 i'c! r! '
6
O -
-S»t
i ' 4 '
I
Jir
lit
ill
l^i
hm
I
>~r
1 I
comparison chart
—
I
; .
" ! '
< ' 1
% • ':
X ' '
•; '. .' .
v'
-» -
a
~*
*%
!:
, ;j:
:'!
•;
- —
i
i —
I
t"\
•* :
7.
1 "*
i
9
:: -f- •
0
T
i !
M
i
i
D : i i
' ' !
— -
: • ;
l
i
i
:i-i
:
:
J
i
- -i>
t
N
*'
1
1
I
1
1
1
i
1
i *
i »
i
i
0 .
5s-
U
1
i
l
"
I
1 :
—
r
ii
i
j
r:
;
1 ;,:
1 i . : '•
'
—
,
.
i
"T7|
03 comparison chart
Figure 50. SO,, and 0., comparison charts
from Special Test No. 2.
100
-------
fid
— I I
> i I
I LL_—l
•i :-*••
t
r
ll
....
11
f-
r* •,—
• 1
.'
._j_
iS/IS
SS/
NO comparison chart
A
l
Ml
•9 i
J
i i
->-
LclL
!t
ill
M •
il
si
-
NO comparison chart
Figure 51. NO and NO comparison charts
from Special Test No. 2.
101
-------
rzr
Ltitk
I
-£
I t»
If
i_
n i
. . t
1 ; :'
1 .
: •
' i i '
M; j
i'l'i
•vj
• ' .
. i . !
I !
r
1
>
....
J\J
! ;
. 1 .
• • i .; •
•
i
i
. i !
•
s*.
1
1
t
1
1
<^
i
THC comparison chart
-f-
I
CO
•5
~r~
!
•*
••i»-t
rr
J
CH. comparison chart
Figure 52. THC and CH4 comparison charts
from Special Test No. 2.
102
-------
"T
~r
I D
I "
0_
~l
1
CO comparison chart
rr.'i' "I"'I" '1 I ' I : I i j ! I ' "! I ' :|
i-
i
ffli
(LL
t
i '
.
.'I-!
U.
r
.i.
LLU
111
ii
CO
2 comparison chart
Figure 53. CO and CO« comparison charts
from Special Test No. 2.
103
-------
TABLE 3. RESULTS OF SPECIAL TEST NO. 1
Length of line 03 (ppm) S02 (ppm)
1 ft 0.200 0.02
65 ft 0.200 0.02
Special Test No. 2 - Possible decrease in pollutant
concentrations by long sample lines.
A second special test was conducted to determine if con-
centrations of pollutants measured would be reduced when pas-
sing through long lengths of sample line under actual sampling
conditions. The two sampling lines compared were the 20 ft
ambient sample line and the 100 ft bedroom sample line. Tests
were conducted by removing the bedroom line from indoors and
allowing it to sample ambient air. Reproductions of the resultin
strip charts were shown in Figures 50, 51, 52, and 53. A sumniarv
of the results obtained is presented in Table 4. Slight changes
in concentrations obtained are due to the change in ambient con-
centrations over the 35 min test period.
104
-------
TABLE 4. RESULTS OF SPECIAL TEST NO. 2
Pollutant
(ppm)
SO 2
°3
N0x
NO
THC
CH4
CO
co2
20 ft
0
0.120
0.025
0.005
5.2
3.12
0.65
300
Length of
100 ft
0
0.108
0.030
0.005
5.2
3.12
0.65
300
sample line
20 ft
0
0.108
0.023
0.002
4.6
2.90
0.60
293
100 ft
0
0.098
0.020
0.005
4.6
2.90
0.60
293
Special Test No. 3 - Possible decrease in pollutant
concentrations by long sample lines.
A third special test was conducted to determine if concen-
trations of S0~, NO or NO were reduced when passing through
<£ X
long lengths of 3/8 in. Teflon sampling line (see Figure 54).
For test purposes, a new 10 ft section of sampling line was com-
pared to a 100 ft section of sampling line which had been in use
for the previous 11 mo and had been replaced.
The following equipment set-up was used in conducting com-
parison tests:
105
-------
Teflon
Punp
O
10 ft Sample Line
—:r5r •«_
Glass
Manifold
100 ft Sanple Line
Glass Chantoer
0
Teflon
Solenoid
Valve
Analyzer
Figure 54. Special Test No. 3 equipment set-up.
Test procedure was to reduce the concentration of the span
gas to the desired concentration by dilution with 20 liters of
zero air. The test gas passed into the glass mixing chamber;
then a sample was removed at a rate of 3 liters per min from
the chamber through the test sample line by the pump and exhaust d
through the solenoid valve and manifold. In this way, the air
sample passed from the source to the analyzer in the same manner
as under normal sampling conditions. After the desired concen-
tration was generated, the two lengths of sample line were
alternated. Results of this test are shown in Figure 55.
TABLE 5. RESULTS OF SPECIAL TEST NO. 3
Length of line
10 ft
100 ft
S02 (PPm)
.020
.019
NO ( ppm )
.033
.083
N0x (PPm)
.097
.095
106
-------
£
HE
4tt
-iTFt
±+:tE
a
4t
f
fW
-R-H-
m
3ff
4m
W
SO- comparison chart
NO comparison chart
A
NO comparison chart
Figure 55. Results of comparison test
from Special Test No. 3.
107
-------
Wind Speed/Direction
The Bendix Aerovane Wind Transmitter, Model 120, which is
a dual-purpose instrument for measuring wind speed and wind
direction, was used. The transmitter is 76.2 cm (30 in.) long,
weighs approximately 5.9 kg (13 Ib), and is designed to be
mounted on a support tower as described. The system operates
on 115 V a.c., 60 Hz power and does not emit radio frequency
interference.
Wind speed is measured by a three-bladed impeller
fastened to the armature of a tachometer magneto located in
the nose of the instrument. The speed or rotation is
directly proportional to the speed of the wind striking the
impeller blades; thus, the voltage generated by the magneto
is a function of wind speed. This voltage is electrically
transmitted to a remotely located voltmeter which is cali-
brated to indicate wind speed in terms of knots or miles per
hour for immediate visual observation. Electrical output
into 1150 ohm load is:
0.1056 V d.c. per mi/h
0.1215 V d.c. per knot
0.0656 V d.c. per km/h
Wind direction is measured by a streamlined vane,
coupled to the rotor of a type 1 HC synchro. This synchro
electrically transmits the vane position to a remotely
located companion synchro which interfaces with the data
collection system.
108
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Temperature-Relative Humidity
Weather Measure H-311 Hygrothermograph--
This instrument is built to meet professional meteorolog-
ical and industrial needs. The instrument can be used either
indoors or outdoors. When used outdoors, the instrument is
normally placed in a louvered shelter or under a thermal screen
to eliminate the effects of solar radiation.
The Model H-311 utilizes a bimetallic strip for tempera-
ture measurements and a human hair bundle for relative humidity
measurements.
Temperature and relative humidity are recorded simultane-
ously on a 17.8 cm (7-in.) chart mounted on a clock drive drum.
Temperature is recorded on the upper half of the chart; relative
humidity is recorded on the lower half.
A combination l-d/7-d and a 31-d chart drive—both spring
wound and electric—can be provided. The l-d/7-d clock comes
factory-equipped with two gears, one for each chart speed. No
external power is required to operate this instrument.
All major internal components are chrome-plated brass;
pivots are stainless steel; the instrument base is an aluminum
alloy, and the case is steel. Openings in the sides and end
of the case allow free movement of air to the sensing elements.
The temperature-sensing element is a curved bimetal strip
that has been properly aged to remove internal stresses. One
end of the strip is attached to the instrument base, and the
109
-------
other end is attached to the pen arm linkage. Temperature
variations deflect the bimetal strip to an expanded or con-
tracted position that is directly proportional to the tem-
perature. These changes are translated to the pen arm through
mechanical linkage. Temperature measurements may be made over
a total span of 43.3 °C (110 °F). The span may be adjusted upward
or downward to cover a 43.3 °C (110 °F) range of common interest
in meteorological sciences.
Relative humidity is measured by means of a bundle of human
hair attached securely to the case at both ends and looped
through the pen linkage. Changes in relative humidity cause
the hair to expand and contract, thereby moving the pen arm
linkage.
The length of hair increases by about 2-2.5% when the
relative humidity changes from 0-100%. Since human hair has a
nonlinear response to changes in humidity, this is compensated
for by the use of two opposed quadrants to provide linear re-
sponse to the pen arm. For relative humidities above 20%, the
elongation is approximately proportional to the logarithm of
the relative humidity.
The response of any given hair to fluctuations in humidity
is not as simple as the response of a thermometer to changes in
temperature. It is found that the ratio (du/dt)/(U-Uf), where
U is the instantaneous indicated humidity, and Uf the final
or true value of the humidity, is not a constant for a given
110
-------
instrument. Variations depend not only on the ventilation,
but also on the actual indicated humidity U, temperature,
positive or negative value of dU/dt, tension of the hair, and
previous treatment of the hair.
SPECIFICATIONS
Temperature Sensor;
Range:
Sensor:
Temperature Scale:
Accuracy:
Chart Scale
Divisions:
Humidity Sensor;
Range:
Sensor:
Accuracy:
Sensitivity:
Chart Scale
Divisions:
37.8 °C (100 °F) (adjustable)
Aged bimetallic strip
-20 °C to +40 °C, +10 °F to +120 °F or
-30 °F to +80 °F (can be adjusted to
any 110 °F range of interest in meteo-
rological sciences)
+1%
1 °C or 2 °F
0 to 100%
Human hair bundle
+1% between 20 and 80%, approximately
3% at extremes
Less than 1%
1%
111
-------
General;
Chart Size: 17.8 cm (7 in.)H x 29.2 cm (11.5 in.)L
Chart Drive: 1-1/2V d.c. or spring wound
Drum Rotation: l-d/7-d, or 31-d
Size: 31.75 cm (12.5 in.)L x 29.2 cm (11.5 in.)H
x 15.2 cm (6 in.)W
Weight: 4.87 kg (10.75 Ib)
Energy Consumption Measurements
Total Power Consumption Measurements—
Measurement of the total energy consumption were made by
employing two recording ammeters. Each ammeter was connected
such that both ungrounded legs of the power lines to the house
were monitored. The instrument range normally employed for this
measurement is 0-50 A; however, during the winter heating season,
often a 0-250 A range is employed. The recording ammeter chart
has five 12-min divisions per hour. The average percent chart
deflection for each 12-min period was estimated for each strip
chart, and five 12-min periods were added together for each hour.
This average percent chart was then multiplied by the instrument
range, which resulted in the average current reading per hour.
The average current reading per hour was then multiplied by the
voltage of the ungrounded line. A figure of 120 V was used
since this is the nominal line voltage for residential use. The
net result was watt-hours. Kilowatt-hours (fQQQS) were reported
for each hour.
In addition to the above measurement, daily readings of the
electric watt-hour meter were made. These data are reported in
112
-------
kilowatt-hours per day and is normally measured from 1600 to
1600 each day. The primary purpose of these data was to pro-
vide a daily quality control check for the ammeter measurements.
Heating and Air Conditioning Measurements—
Four basic types of furnace measurements were made; they
are:
0 Electric Furnace
For an electric furnace, the current was monitored with
the recording ammeter. This ammeter was connected to the power
line of the resistance coil. Should more than one resistance
coil be employed within the furnace, and if they were wired
separately, the current of each line was monitored. Since all
electric home heating units are 240 V, only one of the two
ungrounded 240-V lines was monitored. The average percent
chart from each recording ammeter was determined for each hour,
added together, multiplied by 2 to account for the 240 V supply,
then multiplied by the ammeter range to obtain kilowatt-hours.
Kilowatt-hours are reported.
0 Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners
Energy consumption for heat pumps and air conditioners
was monitored the same, with the exception that heat pumps nor-
mally have auxiliary resistance coils. The energy consumption
for these coils was monitored as described for the electric fur-
nace. A heat pump or central air conditioner was monitored
employing a recording ammeter on one leg of the 240-V supply
line. The calculations to obtain kilowatt-hours are the same
as described above for the electric resistance furnace.
0 Oil Furnaces
To determine the hourly consumption of heating oil, a
recording ammeter was attached to one leg of the 120-V power
line of the furnace oil pump. Each time the pump was activated,
the duration of its on-time was recorded on the recording
ammeter. The oil pumping time per hour was determined from
this recording. This time was then multiplied by the pump rate
specification which was supplied by the furnace manufacturer
to obtain the volume of oil consumed per hour. A daily measure-
ment of the oil consumption was made by measuring the volume of
the oil tank and the daily replacement employing a dip stick.
This measurement was used as a quality control check for the
hourly measurements.
113
-------
0 Gas Furnaces
Gas consumption rates from gas furnaces were monitored
by employing a recording ammeter on the furnace blower. This
recorded results only in the time duration the blower was on
per hour. The thermostat was set at a fixed temperature
setting during the study and the furnace operated on the fol-
lowing cycle:
1. Gas ignited to heat furnace bonnet to a set tempera-
ture (time for this activity was measured and was
constant for each cycle).
2. When the bonnet blower reached its proper tempera-
ture, the activated recording ammeter measurement
began.
3. Gas combustion continued until the thermostat reached
desired temperature, then the gas valve was electri-
cally closed.
4. Blower continued to operate until the furnace bonnet
cooled to a predetermined temperature, then the blower
was deactivated. This portion of the time cycle was
measured and was constant. The gas consumption per
minute, while the furnace was in operation, was read
from the gas meter.
From the above data, the gas usage per hour was calculated.
Electrical consumption for air conditioning was monitored as
described above.
INTERMITTENT SAMPLING
Intermittent sampling techniques and their related analyt-
ical methodology as employed for the measurement of indoor-
outdoor pollutants are presented in Table 6. A detailed
discussion of the indoor sampling and analytical techniques
is given in the following subsections.
114
-------
TABLE 6. INTERMITTENT SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
FOR INDOOR-OUTDOOR POLLUTANT MONITORING
Pollutant
Total suspended
particulates
Respirable par-
ticulates
(3.5 urn)
Organic vapors
Alphatic
aldehydes
Ammonia
Sulfates from TSP
samples
Nitrates from TSP
samples
Lead from TSP
samples
Elemental analysis
atomic No. 16
through 35 plus
No. 82
Sampling rate
(1/mln)
100
50
0.2
0.5
0.5
100
100
100
1
Sampling period
(h)
24
24
24
4*
1
24
24
24t
Continuous
Analytical Method
Filtration/gravimetric
Dochotomous/gravimetric
Charcoal absorption/gas
chromotography
Bubble r/MBTH
Bubb 1 er/phena te
Filtration/methyl-
thymol blue
Filtration/brucine
Filtration/atomic
absorption
Streaker sampler/PlXE
Limit of detection
(working)
0 . 1 ug/m
0.1 pg/m
ppb as CH .
1.5 yg/m3
5 ug/m
0.5 ug/m
0.1 pg/m
0.005 ug/m
ppb to ppt
U1
•The three indoor sampling lines sample for 4 h, the ambient coupline line samples for 24 h.
tLead analysis is performed on 25% of the samples collected.
-------
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
TSP were collected on 47-mm glass fiber filter material
for a period of 24 h at a sampling rate of 84-112 1/min
(3-4 ft3/min). The filters were initially equilibrated at
25 °C and 40% RH for 24 h prior to weighing to the nearest
0.01 mg. After sampling the filters were removed from their
holders, equilibrated for 24 h, and weighed. The filters were
then placed into petri dishes, sealed, and shipped to the PEDCo
Lab in Cincinnati for chemical analysis of nitrate and sulfate.
SAMPLING PROCEDURE
1. Inspect new equilibrated filter for creases,
holes, etc. which could affect its ability to
collect particulate material (Note: Do not touch
filters with fingers, use tweezers).
2. Record the filter number on the Intermittent Data
Sheet.
3. Weigh and record the filter weight to the nearest
0.01 mg on the Intermittent Data Sheet.
4. Place the filter in its appropriate filter holder
and record its location on the Intermittent Data
Sheet.
5. Record the initial air volume and barometric
pressure on the Intermittent Data Sheet.
6. Activate pump and record the initial time and the
exit gas temperature after 15 min of sampling on
the Intermittent Data Sheet.
7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 for the other three sampling
locations.
8. After 24 h of sampling, turn off pump and record
the final time/ the final air volume/ and the
temperature of exit gas from dry gas meter on
the Intermittent Data Sheet.
116
-------
9. Remove the filter from its holder and place it
into a plastic petri dish. Put the sample, with
the petri dish lid removed, into the constant
humidity equilibration chamber.
10. After 24 h of equilibration, weigh samples to
the nearest 0.01 mg and record the weight on the
Intermittent Data Sheet.
11. Place filter in plastic petri dish, seal and
return the filter and data sheet to the PEDCo
Laboratory for chemical analysis.
12. Calculate the total suspended particulate concentra-
tion as follows:
TSP
-------
eliminated. Particles above the cut-point size flow directly
through nozzles of two stages and are collected on a filter
at a rate one-fiftieth of the sampling flow rate. The major
fraction of the air is deflected around the nozzles of each
stage and flows through a second filter where the particles
smaller than the 50% cut-point of the sampler are collected.
The primary advantage of the sampler is that the particles
are uniformly deposited on low mass filters, which is most
suitable for the assessment of their mass and chemical
composition. The dichotomous sampler can be run continu-
ously between changes of filter. The sampler is also supplied
with a third filter for filtering the total aerosols without
size fractionation.
SPECIFICATIONS
Performance: See collection efficiency curve, Figure 56.
Flow Rate =14 1/min through virtual
impactor
14 1/min through total aerosol
filter
50% Cut-Point: 2.5 ym, mmd
Concentration Ratio = 50:1
Filters: 37 mm
Power Requirement: 115 V a.c., 60 Hz, 1/4 HP
Dimensions: 27.9 cm (11 in.) x 71 cm (28 in.)
x 45.7 cm (18 in.) (subject to change)
Shipping Weight: 27.2 kg (60 Ib)
Options: Other flow rates and cut-points are
available.
118
-------
00
90
80
i i i i i i i i i i—i—r
70
-
60
8
w
50
40
30
:
20
10
EJ - Concentrated
Q - Penetrated
- Lost
i i i i i i i i i i
12^15678
UNIT DENSITY PARTICLE DIAMETER, ym
Figure 56. Collection efficiency curve for dichotomous sampler,
119
-------
Organic Vapors
The collection of organic vapors on charcoal absorption
tubes was conducted daily for a period of 24 h at a sampling
rate of 200 cm /min. Flow control was achieved by the use of
calibrated hypodermic needles operated at critical flow condi-
tions. The needles were recalibrated employing a soap bubble
meter after each sampling session. After sampling, the char-
coal tubes were refrigerated and returned to the PEDCo labora-
tory for analysis. Upon completion of the laboratory analysis,
the data were entered on the 24-h sampling interval computer
load sheets expressed in yg/m .
Sampling Procedure--
1. Record date, tube number, sampling location, start
time, start flow rate, barometric pressure, and
temperature on the Intermittent Data Sheet.
2. Connect the charcoal tube to the sampling manifold
and activate the pump.
3. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 for the other 3 sampling
locations.
4. After 24 h of sampling, record the ending time,
final flow rate, barometric pressure, and the
the temperature on the Intermittent Data Sheet.
Remove the tube from the sampling manifold, and
place it in the refrigerator.
5. Calibrate the hypodermic needle using the soap
bubble meter and correct the flow rate to stan-
dard conditions using the following calculation:
1/2
1
OQ — O^
pl v 298 K
760
mm Hg
' T, + 273 K
120
-------
where:
Qs = flow rate corrected to standard
conditions.
Qs = flow rate at field conditions.
P, = barometric pressure at field conditions
(mm Hg).
T.^ = temperature at field conditions (C°).
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 for the other sampling
locations.
7. After each 2-week sampling program, the charcoal
tubes and data sheets are hand carried to
the PEDCo Laboratory for analysis.
Analytical Procedures—
Gaseous organic materials in ambient air were collected and
concentrated on activated carbon. After an adequate sampling
period, the organic materials were desorbed using carbon disul-
fide. Aliquots of the carbon disulfide solution were injected
into a gas chromotograph. Qualitative identification was deter-
mined by observing the retention times of discernible components
and comparing them with known retention times of specific organics,
Quantification was accomplished by comparison with known standards
of the identified compounds.
Desorption—Fill a glass-stoppered graduated cylinder to
the 25-ml mark with carbon disulfide. Stopper and cool in an
ice bath. Remove the cap and glass wool plug from the carbon
absorption tube and rapidly add the activated carbon to the
carbon disulfide. Restopper the graduated cylinder and mix
121
-------
thoroughly. Allow the mixture to stand for 30 min in the ice
bath. Draw off the supernatant solution and completely fill
a small vial (2 to 5 ml capacity).
Analysis—Precondition the chromatographic column accord-
ing to recommended procedures. Adjust the carrier gas to the
proper flow rate, and inject an aliquot of the sample (2.5 yl)
into the gas chromatograph. Mark the injection time on the
recorder. From the recorder chart, calculate the retention
times of all identifiable peaks. Compare against retention
times of known organics for identification. Inject aliquots
of the identified materials into the gas chromatograph to verify
and
Calculation—
/ 3 yg/yl found • 25,000 • 1/000
Mg/m = —a
F • T
where:
F = sampling flow rate in liters/minute
T = time of sampling in minutes
ppm= yg/m3 . 24.45
1,000 • MW
where:
24.45 = liters occupied by one gram molecule at
25 °C and 760 mm Hg.
MW = molecular weight of identified compound.
Aliphatic Aldehydes
Aliphatic aldehydes in ambient air were collected in
a 0.05% aqueous solution of 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone
122
-------
hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH). Aliphatic aldehydes react
with MBTH in the presence of ferric chloride (Fed-) to form
a blue cationic dye in an acidic medium which is measured at
628 nm. The blue color is stable for at least an hour, and
a linear relationship is exhibited over the range of 0 to 10
yg/ml of test solution thorugh a 19 mm (0.75 in.) light path.
Sampling was conducted daily during the following periods at
the three inside locations:
4-h sample: 0600 - 1000
4-h sample: 1000 - 1400
4-h sample: 1600 - 2000.
At the fourth location ambient air was sampled for a 24-h
period daily. Two impingers, operated in series at a flow
rate of 500 cm /min, each containing 25 ml of absorbing reagent,
were employed for the collection of the aliphatic aldehydes.
Equipment—
Spectrophotometer—Any instrument capable of measuring
absorbance up to 700 nm is acceptable.
Impingers—Capacity of 75-100 ml with 40-70 ym porosity
fritted bubblers (Corning coarse frit).
Air metering and flow control devices--Any device capable
of measuring and regulating airflows with a +2% accuracy is
acceptable.
Air pump—Any pump capable of pulling air through a
sampling train at a rate of 500 ml/min is acceptable.
123
-------
Reagents—
Collecting solution, 0.05% MBTH—Dissolve 0.500 g 3-Methyl-
2-benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride (MBTH) in 900 ml dis-
tilled water in a 1-liter volumetric flask. Dilute to volume.
If turbid, gravity filter through a fine retentive paper. The
solution is stable for one week, but stability can be increased
by storing in a dark bottle in a refrigerator.
Oxidizing reagent, 1.0% FeCli in 1.6% sulfonic acid—
Dissolve 8.0 g sulfamic acid in 400 ml distilled water in a
500-ml volumetric flask. Add 5.0 g FeCl. and dissovle. Dilute
to volume with distilled water.
Dimedon—Dissolve 0.535 g 5,5-dimethylcyclohexane-dione-
1,3 (Dimedon) in 200 ml distilled water in a 250-ml volumetric
flask. Dilute to volume.
Formaldehyde solution, standardJ2ed—Dilute 2.7 ml of
reagent grade 37-39% HCHO to a liter with distilled water.
Into each of three stoppered 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks
containing 50 ml of Dimedon solution, add 10 ml of the
aqueous formaldehyde solution. Shake the mixtures and allow
to stand overnight or preferably over a weekend. Quantita-
tively transfer and filter through previously tared sintered
glassed crucibles. Vacuum-dry over phosphorus pentoxide
(P-O-) to constant weight. g/ml 37-39% HCHO - average
weight of precipitate x 0.1027 x 100/2.7.
124
-------
Sampling Procedure—
1. Add 25 ml of absorbing reagent to each bubbler
tube.
2. Fill out the intermittent sampling record sheet as
depicted in the example attached for each bubbler
train.
3. Activate the bubbler train for the prescribed
sampling period.
4. After sampling, record the stop time, transfer the
sample from each bubbler tube into a sealed con-
tainer, and stack in the refrigerator for analyses.
5. Rinse the bubblers with absorbing reagent and repeat
sampling sequence with Step #1, according to the
designated schedule.
Field Analysis—
1. Each day analyze all samples collected (both front
and rear portions of the bubbler train).
2. Pipette 10 ml of each sample blank and standard
saturators into 19 mm (0.75 in.) spectrophotometer
cells.
3. Add 2 ml of the ferric chloride oxidizing reagent
and mix well.
4. After 12 min but before 60 min, read and record
the absorbance at 628 mm in the Field Analytical
Log Book for each sample and standard employing
the reagent blank for the spectrophotometer blank.
Plot absorbance (ordinate) versus micrograms of
formaldehyde (abscissa), and calculate the line
of best fit.
125
-------
Calculations—
VC- 24 * 45*
1. Aldehydes as HCHO, ppm = F.T.30.04 +
V-C-24-45**
F-T'30-04
where:
V = total volume of collecting solution
C = Mg/ml of formaldehyde determined
F = sampling rate in liters/min
T = sampling time in minutes
30.40 = molecular weight of formaldehyde
24.45 = liters occupied by a gram molecular weight
at 20 °C and 760 mm Hg
2. Record values in Field Analytical Log Book.
* Calculation for aldehyde content in first
bubbler.
** Calculation for aldehyde content in second
bubbler.
Discussions—
Sampling at the prescribed rate of 0.5 1/min will result
in a collection efficiency of approximately 85% in the first
impinger. Using a backup impinger and analyzing each solu-
tion separately will result in an overall collection effi-
ciency of greater than 97%.
tmmonia
Ammonia was collected in an impinger using 0.1 N H~SO,
— 2 4
as an absorbing solution. An aliquot was withdrawn and treated
vith hypochlorite and phenol. Indophenol, the reaction product
126
-------
of ammonia, hypochlorite, and phenol, forms an intense blue
color which is read at 603 mm. The color is linearly propor-
tional to ammonia concentration. The method is applicable to
a range of 0-25 yg NH-.
Reagents —
Ammonium chloride, stock — Dissolve 3.141 g anhydrous
NH.C1 in a liter of ammonia-free water (1,000 mg/1
Ammonium chloride, sstandard — Dilute 10.00 ml of stock
solution to 2 1 with ammonia-free water (5 mg/1
NH3) .
EDTA, 5% — Dissolve 50 g EDTA, disodium salt, in 800 ml
ammonia-free water. Add sufficient NaOH pellets
to aid dissolution. Dilute to one liter.
Sodium hydroxide — 50% solution.
Sodium hypochlorite — Dilute "Clorox" 1:1 with aramonia-
free water. Available chlorine should approximate
2-3%.
Sodium nitroprusside, 0.05% — Dissolve 0.5 g sodium nitro-
prusside [Na2Fe(CN)5 • 2H.) ] in one liter of ammonia-
free water.
Sodium phenolate — Dissolve 83 g phenol in 600 ml of
ammonia- free water. Dissolve 32 g NaOH in 200 ml
ammonia- free water. Carefully add the NaOH solu-
tion to the phenol solution with mixing and cooling.
Dilute to one liter.
Procedure —
1. Transfer 10.0 ml of sample to 50-ml test tube.
2. Add two drops of 50% NaOH and mix.
3. Add 4 ml EDTA solution and mix.
4. Add 3 ml sodium phenolate solution and mix.
127
-------
5. Add 3 ml 1:1 sodium hypochlorite solution and mix.
6. Add 4 ml 0.05% sodium nitroprusside solution and mix,
7. Place in a 37 °C water bath or oven for 15 min.
8. Cool and read at 630 ym in a 1-cm absorption cell.
Calibration--
1. Transfer 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 5.0, ml of the standard
ammonia solution (5 mg/1) to each of four test tubes,
Dilute to 10 ml with ammonia-free distilled water.
2. Continue with steps 3-8 as above.
3. Plot absorbance (ordinate) versus yg NH3 (abscissa).
Note
1. Steps 4 through 7 should be performed without
undue delay.
2. Zero optical density against distilled water.
3. Run reagent blank using 10.0 ml of ammonia-free
water. Sodium phenolate darkens on standing.
Prepare fresh whenever the optical density of
the reagent blank becomes excessive.
Calculation—
yg NH_/n3 = V ' C * 1,000
J F ' T
where:
V = total volume of absorbing solution
C = yg NH_/ml found
P = sampling rate in liters/minute
T = sampling time in minutes
1000 = conversion of liters to m .
128
-------
Water-Soluble Sulfate
Particulates were collected on a 47-itun diameter fiber-
glass filter, and the water soluble sulfate was dissolved in
distilled water. Since metal cations which precipitate sul-
fate interfere, they are removed using a cation-exchange
column; an aliquot is treated with Methyl Thymol Blue (MTB)-
barium chloride solution. Barium reacts with the sulfate,
liberating an equivalent amount of the free dye which is
measured colorimetrically at 460 nm. The method is appli-
cable to sulfate concentration from 0 to 20 mg/1 (200 yg SCte).
Higher concentration can be determined by taking a smaller
aliquot (<10 ml) and diluting to a final volume of 10 ml.
Color response is not linear with sulfate concentration.
Reagents—
Barium chloride solution—Dissolve 2.50 g (BaCl- • 2H-0)
in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml in a volu-
metric flask.
Hydrochloric acid (1IJ)—Dilute 8.3 ml cone HC1 to 100 ml.
Methyl thymol blue—Weigh out 0.050 g MTB into a 50-ml
beaker.Add 5.0 ml of the BaCl2 solution, 2.0 ml
of IN HC1, transfer to a 100-ml volumetric flask,
and clilute to volume with 95% ethanol. Prepare
fresh each day.
Sodium hydroxide (0.07N)—Dissolve 1.3125 g NaOH in dis-
tilled water and clilute to 500 ml.
Sulfate standard, 20 mg/1—Dilute 10.0 ml of a certified
sulfate stock solution (1000 mg/1) to 500 ml in a
volumetric flask.
129
-------
Sample Preparation—
Place an aliquot of a Hi-Vol filter or the entire 47-mm
glass fiber filter in a 59 ml (2 oz) glass bottle. Add 50 ml
of water and seal the bottle using a polyseal cap. Place the
sample in a sonic bath filled with cold water to a level
equal to the sample level in the bottle. Operate the sonic
bath for 30 min. Vacuum filter the extract in a plastic
bottle and seal with a polyseal cap.
Procedure—
1. Slowly pass a 15-ml aliquot of the water soluble
leachate through a small cation resin exchange
column (IR-120 [H+]) .
2. Transfer a 10.0 ml aliquot of the eluate to a 25-ml
test tube.
3. Add 4.0 ml of the MTB solution and mix.
4. Add 2.0 ml of the NaOH solution and mix.
5. Transfer the solution to photocell of 10 mm light
path.
6. Read absorbance against distilled H2
-------
Calculation—
rr CO Ar,3 V'C-1000
yg S04/m = —jj^
where:
V = total volume of dissolved particulate
C = yg/ml of determined sulfate
F = sampling rate in liters/minute
T = sampling time in minutes
1000 = convers-on of liters to m .
Soluble Nitrates
Principle of Method—
Particulates were collected on a 47-nun diameter fiberglass
filter. Water soluble nitrates were dissolved in hot distilled
water. Nitrates react with brucine in strong fulfuric acid to
develop a yellow color, measured at 410 nm. Absorbance is not
linear with nitrate concentration. Standards must be run simul-
taneously with the samples. The method is applicable over the
range of 5-250 yg for a 5-ml sample aliquot.
Reagents—
Brucine-sulfanilic acid—Dissolve 1.0 g of brucine sul-
and 0.1 g sulfanilic acid in 70 ml of water. Add
3 ml of concentrated HC1. Cool and dilute to 100 ml.
This solution is stable for several months.
Nitrate standard, 1000 mg/1—Dry potassium nitrate at
105 °C for 24 h. Dissolve 1.631 g in water, and
dilute to a liter. Alternately, a certified
1000-mg/l standard may be purchased. Prepare
working calibration standards of 1, 2, 5, 10,
20 mg/1. Using a microliuret, transfer 100, 200,
500, 1000, 2000 yl volumetric flask. Dilute to
volume.
131
-------
Sulfuric acid—Carefully add 400 ml concentrated sulfuric
acid to 60 ml of water. Cool and store in a tightly
stoppered container.
Sample Preparation—
Place an aliquot of a Hi-Vol filter on the entire 47-mm
fiberglass filter in a 59 ml (2-oz) glass bottle. Add 50 ml
of water and seal the bottle using a polyseal cap. Place the
sample in a sonic bath filled with cold water to a level equal
to the sample level in the bottle. Operate the sonic bath
for 30 min. Vacuum filter the extract in a plastic bottle
and seal with a polyseal cap.
Procedure—
1. Transfer 5.0 ml of sample to a 50 ml beaker.
2. Transfer 5.0 ml of each of the nitrate working
standard solutions to 50-ml beakers.
3. Add 1.0 ml of the brucine-sulfanilic acid solu-
tion to each of the beakers.
4. Prepare another 50 ml beaker containing 10.0 ml
of the sulfuric acid solution, one for each
sample and standard.
5. Transfer the contents of the beaker containing
the sample to the beaker containing the sulfuric
acid. Pour the mixture back and forth between
the two beakers for a total of six transfers.
6. Store in the dark for 10 min for color development.
7. To each of the empty 50-ml beakers, add 10 ml
water.
8, After the 10-min development time, transfer the
water to the mixture and pur the mixture back
and forth between the two beakers for a total
of six transfers.
9. Allow the solution to cool in the dark for 20-30 min.
132
-------
10. Prepare blank by mixing 15 ml of water and 10 ml
of the sulfuric acid solution and allow to cool.
11. After cooling, read absorbance at 410 nm, zeroing
the instrument with the blank using a 1.0-cm photo-
cell.
12. Plot absorbance of the standards (ordinate) versus
micrograms of nitrate added (abscissa), and draw
a smooth curve through the data points.
13. Determine micrograms of nitrate in the samples from
the calibration curve.
14. Compute concentration vg/ml by dividing the mass of
nitrate determined (Step 13) by the 5.0 ml sample
aliquot.
Calculation—
am /m3 - v-c-iooo
ugN03/m = —^
where:
V = total volume of dissolved particulate
C = yg/ml of determined nitrate
F = sampling rate in liters/minute
T = sampling time in minutes
1000 = conversion of liters to m .
Lead Analysis
One-half of the 47-mm glass fiber filter was placed in a
10-ml, standard-taper-stopper centrifuge tube along with 5 ml
of constant-boiling acid. This acid was prepared by mixing one
volume of 19% HC1 with four volumes of 40% HNO-. The filter was
leached at 105° C in the stoppered tube for one hour. The solu-
tion was then analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
using a heated graphite furnace. Standard lead solutions were
prepared in the same acid matrix.
133
-------
Streaker Sampling
Five streaker samplers were employed on a continuous basis;
two sampled ambient air, while three were monitoring the indoor
locations. These units sample particulate material at the
rate of 1 liter/min on Nuclepore filter media. The vacuum head
traverses across the filter strip at the rate of 17.8 cm (7 in.)
per week. These strips are removed and stored for future anal-
ysis employing proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis
techniques. Two-hour average concentrations can be determined
simultaneously for elements of atomic nos. 16 through 35 [plus
82 (lead)] with this method.
Periodically, specific sampling periods (8-24 h) were
selected for analyses. These periods coincided with specific
indoor activities which were concurrently monitored by the con-
tinuous equipment. The analyses were performed by the Florida
State University.
134
-------
SECTION 4
DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The computer system that supported the Indoor-Outdoor
Air Pollution Project consisted of 13 programs, 4 permanent
disk files, and 5 major input forms. These are specified
in detail in the following sections.
PROGRAMS AND FILES
Figure 57 illustrates the programs and file interac-
tions.
Files
File 1 (1J0001)* —
This file was used for the continuous data storage.
Each 96 work record stored one hour of continuous data.
File 2 (10002) —
File two was the storage location for the physical data
(temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction),
This 96 word record stored 1-d block of data per sampling
point.
File 3 (1J0003) —
The 24-h sampling data was stored in File 3. A maxi-
mum of 14 parameters for 4 sampling points could be stored
in each 64 word record.
* 0 = letter 0
135
-------
CZI
1
r
GMT
01 "
Figure 57. System diagram.
-------
File 5 (10005)--
File 5 was used for miscellaneous data storage with
records 1 and 2 being reserved for sampling dates. Record
1, Integer format; Record 2, Floating point format; Records
3-80, open.
3252-1 Pollutant Analysis Input (Figure 58) —
This form was used for transcribing strip chart data
:o a usable data analysis format.
Site Columns 1-10
Code for site identification
Date Columns 11-16
Month, Day, Year, MMDDYY
071576
Time Columns 17-20
Hour, Minute, HHMM 0120
CO Columns 22-23
Percent of chart
S02e Columns 24-25
Percent of chart
NO Columns 26-27
Percent of chart
NO Columns 28-29
Percent of Chart
03 Columns 30-31
Percent of chart
CH4 Columns 32-33
Percent of chart
THC Columns 34-35
Percent of chart
137
-------
POLLUTANT ANALYSIS INPUT
|4 5 IS 7 I 9|10
LOCATION
DATE
It
liz
13
14
15
,6
1 1 1 1 1
TIME
17 11 10 [20
1
1 1
I |
1 1
I |
I |
I |
1 1 J
1 1
I 1.
1 I
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 I
1 I
1 t
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 I
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 I
1 I
| 1
1 1
1 1
1 1_
1 1
I 1
1 1
I_l
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 (
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 !
1 1
1 1
LOC
21
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
V
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
CO
22 23
I
1
1
1
1
so2
2-1 25
NO
20 27
•
NOjj
28J2D
!_
_1
°3
i°lil
l_
_l
CH4
32 33
l_
THC
34 35
1_
co2
30JJ7
J_
l_
1
1
1
_J_
Figure 58. Pollutant analysis
input form.
138
-------
CO2 Columns 36-37
Percent of chart
-8 was used to indicate equipment in calibration.
-9 was used to indicate equipment breakdown.
3252-2 Hourly Data Form (Figure 59)—
The main purpose of the Hourly Data Form was for the physical
data transcription.
Site Columns 1-10
Code for site identification
Year Columns 15-16
YY Example 76
Month Columns 17-18
MM Example 08
Year Columns 19-20
DD Example 09
ST HR Columns 21-22
Start Hour
00 AM
01 PM
Parameter Code - Column 27
11' Temperature
2 Relative humidity
3 Wind speed
4 Wind direction
LOG - Columns 31
Location of reading
numeric 1, 2, 3, or 4
RDG 1 - RDG 12
Integer values and right justified
Temperature to nearest degree
Relative humidity to nearest percent
Wind speed to nearest mph
Wind direction to nearest degree
139
-------
LESS THAN 24-HOUR SAMPLING INTERVAL
PEDCo- ENVIRONMENTAL
SUITE 13 • ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
S13 177 1-433O
SITE
^ AGENCY
CITV NAME
SITE ADDRESS
PROJECT
PATWHFTE1T
TIME
HOURLY DATA FORM
"OBSERVED METHOD
INVERVAL
OF
DBS. UNITS OF OBS.
1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 3456719 10
YEAR MONTH
PARAMETER „
CODE IS 16 LOG 17 1»
D n
27
31
DAY
19 [23
|
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
i 1
ST
HR
2l|z2
|
1
I
1
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41 42 43 44
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45 46 47)48
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RDG 5
flsJFo 51 52
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411
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53 54 55 55
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RDG 7
57]5S|5D 60
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61 62 S3 54
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65 70 71 72
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RDG 11
73 74 75|7:
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I
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RDG 12
77 73]79 80
1 1 1
1 1
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1 1 1
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1 1
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1 1 1
. • .
SSt-2 (5-76)
Figure 59. Hourly data form.
-------
IF ST HR equal 0
Hours 0-11
IF ST HR equal 1
Hours 12-23
3252-3 24-Hour Sampling Interval (Figure 60)
Site Columns 1-10
Site identification
Parameter Code Columns 11-13
005 Total suspended particulates
006 Sulfates
007 Nitrates
008 Aldehydes
009 Lead
010 Acetone
Oil Benzene
012 Carbon tetrachloride
013 Chloroform
014 P-Dioxane
015 Ethyl acetate
016 Ethylene dichloride
017 Methyl ethyl ketone
018 Styrene
019 Tetrachloroethylene
020 Toluene
021 1,1,1 Trichloroethane
022 1,1,2 Trichloroethane
023 1,1,2 Trichloroethene
024 Trichlorotrifluoroethane
025 Xylene
026 Respirable suspended particulates
Month
Year
Day
Location 1
Location 2
Location 3
Location 4
Columns 14-15
Columns 16-17
Columns 21-22
Start time
Column 33-36
Column 37-40
Column 41-44
Column 45-48
141
-------
24-HOUR SAMPLING INTERVAL
SITE.
CITY.
ADDRESS.
1 \2\3 |4
1 1 1
SI
s
TE
s
7
8
9
10
ii|ii|i3
j i
PARAMETER MONTH YEAR
CODE
DAY
19
0
0
2
1
2
Ol3
0|4
0|
c
Oj6
Ol
7
Q|8
0|9
1|0
li
ll
1
f
1|3
1|4
1(5
1,6
1|7
1|8
1,9
2,0
2|
1
2|2
2|3
2,4
*i$
2,6
2,
7
2,8
2|9
3,0
3.1
ST HR
21
22
LOCATION
1
33
34
35
36
LOCATION
2
3)
3!
1 39 [40
1
1
1
1
LOCATION
3
41
42
.'
43
1
44
LOCATION
4
45
4C
1
47
48
DF
43210
43210
43210 43210
Figure 60. 24-hour sampling interval form.
142
-------
3252-4 Calibration Data (Figure 61)--
This data form was used to record data for a linear
regression analysis of instrument calibration data. The
form is divided into three parts.
1 Original calibration input
2 Daily zero and span
3 Final calibration input
Card 1
Equipment Columns 1-2
Equipment Co.
Date Columns 3-8
MMDDYY (071476)
Concentration Columns 9-13
17-21
25-29
33-37
41-45
49-53
57-61
Concentration of the standard
Decimal place assumed at the very end of field (F5.0)
If decimal values are needed, use one field for the
decimal (71.73) (.0153)
Chart displacement columns 14-16
22-24
30-32
38-40
46-56
62-64
Percent of chart to the nearest tenth of a percent
305 = 30.5
010 = 01.0
Column 80 = 'I1
143
-------
CM.UDATION OAT*
iqulPHENT i | i BATf i i , | ...
CONCENTRATION UNITS CHART DISPLACEMENT
• i i < | j L l, , . A . i
f U 14 16
* ; ; : ,' * * . ; *
* ! ! ! *!9 . . ^
A '37 & * 40
«"l ' ' ' ' 45 46 48
. . i . . i ''It
A 53 »« 56
i i , . i ii».
»7 61 7ERO « 64 ZERO
DATE READ ADJUSTED
a k u 12
i i » i i i
• i • • i • > i
^ i i i i i _i i i i i i i i i
L ,* * ' 1 ' ' l ' ' ' l ' •>'
1_ * * ' 1 ' ' 1 ' ' 1 1 ' 1 '
l_ ' • < ' ' -1 1 1 F f L',1 f
1 i i i i i t | 1 „ ' , f 1 ' ' '
I i i i | j i i | i f | i 1 . . . ,1
t J I i i i l i ill | i |f
| i i • 1 i 1 i I l l • > t i
i i 1 i f p t \ i 1 l i i | j
t. . . . i . 1 . . t . . . , .
1 i l i 1 r J i i i i - 1 t i t
\ * 1 P l P ' * i ' i 1 ' • *
i*ii.iJiiif|i ii
t t
i i ' • i » i • * 1 j i • i r
tiiiiiiiiij^j^t
,
i**itiiiit«iiii
it. ; . ,
i • • * i • f i • • _t \ t i /
EQOrWEKT i j t DATE 1,1,1,.
CHART
CONCENTRATION DISPLACEMENT
U 19 20 22
i i i . i . ^ i i f
, , ,, . , , , ,i
• i i i i i j i i i
i i • * • i • i • t
, , i
ii i i i f f i i i
i . i i i i i • i
i . i § • i i i i
• i i i i • . i i
. i . i i i i . i i
§ i i i i f t i i i
• i i i i . i i i i
i i i i i . i i i i
ii . i i • i . i i
• i i . i i t i i i
(
t
• i . i . i i i i ^
i, i . i n ' 1 , ' II
t . i . i i i i i l
>>s(ais
t' j
60
, 2 ,
80
CONCENTRATION UNITS
i i i I i
I $
IT: :. \ \ *
1^1 3'
/I''''45
«y-t-r-^^3
»1 ' ii
CHART DISPLACEMENT
ill ' * fe
t I f, I
ft 22
38 ' 40
ii f i
46 48
54 ^6
Jr-^-A
Figure 61. Calibration data form.
144
-------
Card 2
Equipment Columns 1-2
Equipment Number
Date Columns 3-8
MMDDYY (071476)
Zero Read Columns 9-11
Percent of chart to the nearest tenth
of a percent
351 = 35.1
Zero adjusted Columns 12-14
Percent of chart to the nearest tenth of
a percent
Concentration Columns 15-19
Concentration of standard
Decimal place assumed at the very end of field
(F5.0)
If decimal values are needed, use one field for the
decimal (71.73) (.0153)
Chart displacement columns 20-22
Percent of chart to the nearest tenth of a percent
351 - 35.1
Column 80 = '2'
Card 3
Same as Card 1 except Column 80 = '3'.
3252-6 Miscellaneous Input (Figure 62)--
The 3252-6 form was used for the remaining data that was
without data forms. All data fields should have followed
SAROAD coding format.
145
-------
STTF
CITY
ADORE
SS
Name
PARAMETER
Code
23 2M 25 76 2
Method Units
Day
1 n pn
—
—
—
St Hr
?1 2?
OP -»
1
20
l
?9 30 31
33 3 '• 3 S 1
—
3
-
—
2
7
OP
D
32
f,
I
0
Name
PARAMETER
Code
37 38 39 MO m
Method Units
mm
1,7 US l<9 50
—
—
0
"46
« 3 2 1 0
Si tr>
1
2 3
•* 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time Year
n m
1>* 15 16
Name
PARAMETER
Code
c
51 52 S3 5'i 55
Method Units
1
56
DP
57 58 59
Cl 62 63 6U
—
k 3
2
60
0
Month
17 16
Name
PARAMETER
Code
65
Met
D
70
66 67 68 69
lod Units OP
nmn
71 72 73 71,
75 7f, 77 76
—
< 3 2 o
Figure 62. Miscellaneous data form.
146
-------
Site Columns 1-10
Site identification
Time See SAROAD codes
Year Columns 15-16
(76)
Month Columns 17-18
(08)
Day Columns 19-20
(09)
ST HR Columns 21-22
Start Hour (02) (15)
Parameter Code See SAROAD Code
Method See SAROAD Code
Units See SAROAD Code
DP Decimal Point (0-4)
Programs
GMT01
This program read in the dates for use by the
GEOMET System and puts these dates in File 5, records 1 and
2.
GMT02
This program initialized Piles 1-2, all records
and all fields to -1's.
GMT03
Program GMT03 used the data form 3252-1 plus
linear regression analysis values and File 5 dates to enter
the continuous data onto File 10001.
GMT05
This program produced a report that indicated the
missing data in File 1.
GMT06
This program produced a final report of the Con-
tinuous Data stored in File 1 with hourly averages and daily
averages by pollutant by probe.
147
-------
GMT07
This program loaded the data from form 3252-2 into
File 2 using File 5 dates for validation.
GMT08
This program loaded File 3 with data from form
3252-3 using File 5 dates for validation.
GMT09
This program created the formatted tape for GEOMET.
GMTlO
This program was a utility program for listing File
1-3 for validation checking.
GMT 11
This program produced a final report of the
Physical Data from File 2.
GMT 12
This program produced the final report of the
Miscellaneous Data from File 3.
GMT 14
This program provided the statistical analysis for
the GEOMET System plus it produces the Calibration Analysis
Report.
GMT 15
Equipment efficiency report.
Final Reports
Pollutant Summary Report
Physical Data Report
Miscellaneous Data Report
Calibration Anaylsis Report
Home Owners Activity Log
Energy Consumption Data
Report
Figure 63
Figure 64
Figure 65
Figure 66
Figure 67
Figure 68
148
-------
POLLUTANT SUMMARY
.ANALYSIS
PLDCO ENVIRONMENTAL
SPECIALISTS COURTYAKO TES
DATE: s-is-76
TIKE
0-00
0-05
0-10
0-15
C-20
0-25
0-30
0-40
0-45
0-50
0-55
LOCATION
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
f
1
2
3
4
CO
7
5
22
47
12
12
12
12
17
17
17
17
SO (2)
1
1
4
9
2
2
2
2
-.3
3
3
3
T
NO
11
5
47
lOb
23
23
23
23
35
35
3£
35
N0(2)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C(3)
2
1
6
14
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
CM<4)
15
iO
45
94
25
25
25
25
35
35
35
35
THC-CH(4)
30
20
90
138
50
50
50
50
70
70
70
70
C012)
150
100
450
94Q
250
250
250
250
350
350
3bO
350
HOUR AVERAGE
1
2
3
4
12
11
17
25
2
2
3
4
23
21
35
54
0
0
0
0
3
3
4
7
25
23
35
51
50
46
70
102
250
233
350
513
vo
1-00
1-05
1-10
1-15
1-?,G
1-25
1-30
1-35
1-40
1-45
1-bO
1-55
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
7
7
7
7
-1
-1
-1
-1
7
7
7
7
1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
11
11
11
11
-1
-1
-1
-1
11
11
11 .
11
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
-1
-1
-1
-1
2
2
2
2
15
15
15
15
-1
-1
-1
-1
15
15
15
15
30
30
30
30
-1
-1
-1
-1
30
30
30
30
150
150
150
150
-1 .
-1
-1
-1
150
•150
150
150
HOUR AVERAGE
1
2
3
NOTES <-!> - NO DATA WAS
<-9) - EQUIPMENT
7
7
7
7
REPORTED.
IN CALIBRATION.
1
1
1
1
11
11
11
11
0
0
0
o
2
2
2
2
. 15
15
15
15
30
30
30
30
150
150
150
ISO
Figure 63. Pollutant summary report.
-------
POLLUTANT SUMMARY ANALYSIS
PAGE &5
PE.DCO ENVIRONMENTAL
SPFTIALISTS COURTYAKD TES
T
DATE 5-?U-7(=>
HAY AVEPAGE.
LOCATION CO
1 18
3 ia
<* 18
S0(2)
3
3
3
3
NO
38
38
33
N0<2)
0
0
0
0
0(3)
5
5
5
5
CH<«0
37
37
37
37
THC-CHCO
75
75
75
75
C0(2)
375
375
375
375
in
o
Figure 63. (cont'd)
-------
HEOCO ENVIRONMENTAL
SPECIALISTS COURTYARD TES
T
•
DATE 5-lb-7f>
01234 56789 10 11 12
LOCATION 1
TEMPERATURE (F)
REL HUMIDITY
LOCATION 2
TEMPER ATUPI
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10
10
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
10 10 10 10 10 1C 10 10 10 10 10
11111-111111
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
LOCATION! 3
TEMPERATURE IF)
REL HUMOITY
WIND SPEED (MPH)
WIND DIRECTION
LOCATION 4
TEMPERATURE (F)
REL HUMIDITY
DATE 5-16-76
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
15 30 45 60 75 $0 105 120 135 150 165 160
la ic 10 10 10 10 io io 10 10 lo 10
10
SO
195
10
0123156789 10 11 12
LOCATION 1
TEMPERATURE
WIND SPEED (KPH>
L?i!"n riTRrrTir.N
LOCATION 4
TEf-iPETRATURE (F)
REL HUMIDITY
: .1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
25 25 2b 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
-1 -1 -i -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1
-1
25
.1
-1
-1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
30 3o 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 3o
210 225 240 255 270 265 3flO 315 ^30 345 36& '
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2Q 2l 22 23
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
25 25 -25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Figure 64. Physical data report.
-------
Ul
ro
PA6F 1
MISCELLANEOUS DATA REPOKT
PEDCO ENVIRONMENTAL
SPf.riil.ISTS COURTYARD TES
i oc
DATE
1
2
3
4
DATE
1
2
3
u
OATE
1
2
"
DATE
I
2
3
DATE
1
2
3
4
DATE
1
2
3
5/15/76
2
16
3D
44
5/16/76
2
16
30
4H
5/19/76
2
16
44
5/22/76
2
16
30
44
5/24/76
2
16
3C
44
5/25/76
2
16
30
44
T
.
3
17
31
45
3
17
31
•rb
5
17
31
45
3
17
3i
45
3
17
31
45
3
17
31
45
11,0
100 -
100
100
16
32
4
16
32
46
4
10
32
"46
4
16
32
46
4
13
32
46
5
19
33
47
5
19
33
47
5
33
47
5
19
33
47
5
33
47
5
19
33
47
6
20
34
48
6
20
34
4fl
6
20
34
48
6
20
34
48
fa
20
34
48
6
20
3t
48
100
100
100
100
7
21
49
7
21
35
49
7
21
35
49
7
21
35
49
7
21
35
49
8
22
36
50
8
36
50
6
22
36
50
22
36
50
&
22
50
8
22
50
9
23
37
51
9
23
37
bl
9
23
37
51
9
23
37
5i
9
13
37
51
9
23
37
51
10
24
38
52
10
38
52
10
24
52
10
24
38
52
10
24
• 52
10
24
38
52
11
25
39
53
11
25
39
53
11
25
39
53
11
25
39
53
11
25
39
53
11
25
39
53
I'd
26
40
54
12
26
40
54
12
40
54
12
26
54
12
26
40
54
12
26
40
54
13
27
41
55
13
27
55
13
27
41
55
-
13
27
41
• 55
13
27
41
55
27
41
55
14
28
42
56
26
56
If
2fl
42
56
14
28
42
56
If
28
42
56
14
28
42
56
15
29
43
57
15
29
57
15
29
43
57
15
29
43
57
la
43
57
15
29
43
57
Figure 65. Miscellaneous data report.
-------
_DATE T_
CONCENTRATION
UNITS ( J
CALIBRATION DATA ANALYSIS REPOKT
EQUIPMENT NO'. 01
CHART" '"' CALCULATED DELTA"
DISPLACEMENT CONCENTRATION
0.0000
t.oooo
7.SOOO
11.6000
16.2000
0.0000
20.00UO
i9.0000
59.0000
75.0000
-0.0366
3.9613
7.ab03
11.620
-------
7
**
7
»*
7
»*
7
**
7
**
7
**
13 76
THE; DELTA
14 76
THE DELTA
15 76
THE DELTA
16 76
THE OELTA
17 76
THE OELTA
ia 76
THE DELTA
4.8
VALUE
6.0
VALUE
7.0
VALUE
7.0
VALUE
6.0
VALUE
4.0
VALUF
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
5.0
GRtATER
5.0
GREATER
5.0
GREATER
5.0
GREATER
5.0
GREATER
5.0
GREATER
THAN
THAN
THAN
THAN
THAN
THAN
2.3000
2-bIbMA
2.3000
2-SIliMA
2.3000
2-SIGMA
2.3000
2-SIGMA
2.30UO
2-SIGMA
2.3000
2-SIGMA
1
1
1
1
1
1
.7301
.6696
.6698
.6696
.6095
.6095
0
0
0
0
0
0
.5696
.6301
.6301
.6301
.690*1
.6904
13.8
13.5
13.5
13. t>
13.2
13.2
** FINAL STANDARDS
DATE L_7 1Q 7b
CONCENTRATION
UNITS ( )
CHART CALCULATED
DISPLACEMENT CONCENTRATION
"DELTA—
0.0000 0.0000
4.0000 20.0000
7.8000 35.0000
11.6000 56.0000
15.2000 70.0000
0.2296
4.2642
7.6953
11.5264
14,3506
-0.227)6 " ' — '
-O.t642
-0.09b3 ~
0.0735
- 0.6193
SLOPE = 4.9571
INTERCEPT = -1.1363
SIGM.A = 0.3166
** SAMPLE
_SLpPE_ _=_
INTERCEPT =
-1.1363
SIGj1A_ _ _= 0.377 8 _ _
THE SIGMA'VALUE IFOR THE SEC'OND SET OF" STANDARDS 6.3776
HAS MORE THAN A 101 DEVIATION FROM THE FIRST SET OF STANDARDS
0.1347
Figure 66. (cont'd)
154
-------
ACTIVITY RECORD
Residence of.
Address
Sampling Period Start Date.
End Date
Please list all cleaning materials, aerosols, cigaretts, air
fresheners, deoderants or other such materials that you use
in your house, Give the brand name and what it is used for.
Example, Dawn - dish washing detergent. When refering to
these materials in the daily activities record you need only
list the code letter.
Code Letter Description
A
B. ___
C ,
D .
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
Figure 67. Home owner's activity log.
155
-------
DAILY ACTIVITY RECORD
Daily activity record of the.
for the day of
residence
1. Did you cook breakfast? Yes ( ) No ( )
What did you cook? :
What time did you start?
2. Did you cook lunch?
What did you cook? _
What time did you start?.
How long did you cook?
Yes ( ) No ( )
How long did you cook?
3. Did you cook dinner?
What did you cook?
What time did you start?.
Yes ( ) No ( )
How long did you cook?
Did you cook or bake any thing other than regular
meals? Yes ( ) No { )
What did you cook or bake?.
What time did you start?
.How long did you cook?.
Did you turn on the range hood fan while cooking?
Yes ( ) No ( )
What time did you turn it on? off
6. Did you wash dishes today? Yes ( ) No ( )
At what times? For how long?.
7. Did you have guest today? Yes ( ) No ( )
How many guest did you have?_
What time did they arrive? Leave
Figure 67. (cont'd)
156
-------
8. Was there any period of time that nobody was home?
Yes ( ) No ( )
What time? From To
9. Did you, your family or your guest smoke? Yes ( ) No ( )
What was smoked? cigarettes ( ) cigar ( ) pipe ( )
How many or how often? What times.
In what rooms?
10. Did you do any cleaning today? Yes ( ) No ( )
What rooms did you clean?
What time did you start? Stop
Was cleaning continuous? ( ) Intermittent (
List cleaning materials used?
11. Did you vacuum clean today? Yes ( ) No ( )
At what time did you start? Stop
Was vacuuming continuous? ( ) Intermittent ( )
What rooms did you clean?
12. Did you do the laundry today? Yes ( ) No ( )
What time did you start? Stop
How many loads did you do?
13. Did you use the clothes dryer? Yes ( ) No (
What time did you start? Stop
Did the dryer run continuous? Yes ( ) No ( )
14. Did you use any air freshener today? Yes ( ) No (
At what time? What brand did you use?
In what room did you use it?
Figure 67. (cont'd)
157
-------
15. Did you use any aerosols today? Yes ( ) No ( )
At what time? What brand did you use?
In what room did you use it?.
16. Did you open any windows today? Yes ( ) No ( )
At what time were they opened? Closed?
In what rooms were they opened?
17. Did you use a fireplace? Yes ( ) No ( )
What time did you use it? Start Stop
18. Please list any additional activities that may have
taken place in the house that have not been listed.
This would include activities related to hobbies,
repairs, painting etc. A short description of the
activity, any materials used if any, room in which the
activity had taken place, and time of starting and
ending should be included. If there are any questions
on what should be included please ask the PEDCo person-
nel for assistance.
Activity record completed by —Date
Activity record checked by . Date
Figure 67. (cont'd)
158
-------
ENERGY CONSUMPTION DATA
City N
Address
Projec-
Site
Year Month .
Parameter, Units.
Location of neasurerr.ar.t.
Dav
HOURS
CCCO 0100
1
0200
0300
C4C3
0500
1 0500
1
}
1
i
i
1
i
i
1
0700
1
0800
09CO
1000
i
1100
-
•'
1200 1300
i
I
1400
1500
1
!
I
1600 1700 1SCO
!
i
I
!
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1900
200C 2100
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1
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1
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VD
Figure 68. Energy consumption data sheet.
-------
TAPE OUTPUT FORMAT
The transmission tape to GEOMET was:
9 track
800 bpi
EBCDIC Code
No label
Record size 110 characters
Block size 10 records/block
Each record will follow a basic format of
Columns 1-2 Record code
Columns 3-22 Site code
Columns 23-110 Data
Record codes:
1 Comments
2 Continuous Data
3 Physical Data
4 24-h Data
6 Miscellaneous Data
98 End of Data Type
99 End of Data
Record Code 1 Data
Columns 24-100 Study Comments
160
-------
Record Code 2 Data
Field
Columns Format
Date
Time
Location
CO
SC-2
NO
NO 2
03
CH4
THC
C02
24-29
30-33
34
35-40
41-46
47-52
53-58
59-64
65-70
71-76
77-82
83-110
16
14
11
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
Blank
Comment
MMDDYY
HHMM
Record Code 3 Data
Field Columns
Date
Location
Parameter
Midnight
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23-29
29
30-31
32-34
35-37
38-40
41-43
44-46
47-49
50-52
53-55
56-58
59-61
62-64
65-67
68-70
71-73
74-76
77-79
80-82
83-85
86-88
89-91
92-94
95-97
98-100
101-103
Format
16
Comment
MMDDYY
161
-------
Parameter
01 Temperature
02 Relative Humidity
03 Wind Speed
04 Wind Direction
Record Code 4 Data
Field Columns
Date 23-28
Parameter Code 29-30
START HR 31-32
Location 1 33-36
2 37-40
3 41-44
4 45-48
49
Date
Parameter Code
START HR
Location 1
2
3
4
Record Code 6 Data
Field
Time interval 23
Date 24-29
ST HR 30-31
Parameter Code* 32-36
Location 37-38
Units 1 39-40
Decimal
Point 1 41
Data Value 1 42-45
Parameter
Code 2 46-50
Format
16
12
12
14
14
14
14
14
50-55
56-57
58-59
60-63
64-67
68-71
72-75
76
77-110
16
12
12
14
14
14
14
11
Blank
Columns Format
II
16
12
15
12
12
II
14
15
15
Comment
MMDDYY
Decimal places to
the left
Comment
YYMMDD
Start Time
Decimal point
* Parameter code the same as for 24-h sampling codes,
162
-------
Field Columns Format Comment
Location 2 51-52 12
Units 2 53-54 12
Decimal Point 1 55 II
Data Value 2 56-59 14
Parameter Code 3 60-64 15
Location 3 65-66 12
Units 3 67-68 12
Decimal Point 3 69 II
Data Value 3 70-73 14
Parameter Code 4 74-78 15
Location 4 79-80 12
Units 4 81-82 12
Decimal Point 4 83 II
Data Value 4 84-87 14
Two backup copies of this tape will be maintained by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc. One tape will remain on-site at
the computer center and one placed in a local bank vault for
backup security.
DATA HANDLING
The indoor-outdoor air pollution project required a consider-
able amount of data handling. Figure 69 breaks the data handling
flow down to eight major functions and shows area of responsi-
bility of these functions.
Due to departmental interaction and reporting deadlines,
a schedule for data handling (Figure 70) is used to keep tabs
on data handling progress. The 6-week schedule illustrates the
duration of function, starting with the remote lab startup and
ending with mailing of the data tape to the client.
163
-------
Field Staff
Data
Collection
Field Sbaff
;0ffice Staff
Lab Staff
Data
Reduction
Data .
Reduction
Lab Analysis
Data Clerk
Data
Coordination
Keypunching
Figure 69. Data flow of indoor-outdoor air project.
164
-------
Data Clerk
Data
Loading
Data Clerk
Report
Generation
Quality
Control
Check
.Data Clerk
Tape
Generation
Figure 69. (cont'd)
165
-------
-------
SECTION 5
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM: TOTAL CONCEPT
FIELD PROGRAM QUALITY CONTROL
Introduction
Regardless of the magnitude of scope of any air moni-
toring program, it is imperative that actual sampling be
performed within specified guidelines to insure the quality
and accuracy of the data. It is with these objectives in
mind that this section has been developed.
Specifically, this section is addressed to the field
sampling quality assurance program with respect to the fol-
lowing parameters:
0 NO/NOX
0 C02
0 CO
03
0 SO2
0 THC/CH4
0 Wind speed/wind direction
0 Temperature/relative humidity
0 Total suspended particulates
0 Organic vapors
0 Aliphatic aldehydes.
Eight continuous gas analyzers were used in conjunc-
tion with a programmable solenoid switching mechnisn> to
collect 5-min samples at each of four locations. One
complete sampling cycle required 20 min, resulting in
167
-------
three 4-min samples per hour from each location. For
a detailed explanation of the sampling methodology, refer
to Section 3 of this document.
Wind speed and direction measurements were continuously
made at a height of 9.1 m (30 ft) and remotely recorded in
the trailer. A hygrothermograph was placed in the vicinity
of the sampling probe to constantly measure and record temper-
ature and relative humidity at each location. Total sus-
pended particulates were collected daily on 47 mm glass fiber
filters at a sampling rate of 84-112 1/min (3-4 ft3/min)
for a period of 24 h. Organic vapors were collected daily on
charcoal adsorption tubes for a period of 24 h at a flow
rate of 200 cm /min. Flow rates were regulated with cali-
brated hypodermic needles. Aliphatic aldehydes were col-
lected in two impingers, operated in series, each containing
25 ml of absorbing reagent. A sampling train for each loca-
tion was set up in the trailer. Flow rates of 500 cm /min
were obtained by the use of calibrated hypodermic needles.
Table 7 lists pertinent operating characteristics of this
instrumentation.
Specific Quality Control Techniques
NO/NO —
ji
A Meloy Model NA-520-2 chemiluminizer was used to con-
tinuously monitor and record NO/NO levels. The analyzer
j\
operated on the principle of chemiluminescence and was oper-
ated at a 0 to 0.5 ppm measuring range.
168
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TABLE 7. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS AND CALIBRATION
PRINCIPLES OF CONTINUOUS MONITORS
Concentration (ppm)
Principle of Manufacturer
pollutant
NO
NOV
X
CO,
£
CO
°3
J
SO.
£
CH4
-------
At the beginning of each 2-week sampling session, the
analyzer was dynamically calibrated. This calibration tech-
nique was based upon the rapid gas phase reaction between NO
and O_ to produce NO-. The quantitative nature of the reaction
was used in a manner such that, once the concentration of reacted
NO is known, the concentration of NO' is determined. Ozone was
added to excess NO in a dynamic calibration system, and a chemi-
luminescence NO analyzer was used to measure changes in NO con-
centration. Upon the addition of 0^, the decrease in NO
concentration observed on the calibrated NO analyzer was equi-
valent to the concentration of NO- produced. The amount of
N0~ generated was varied by changing the concentration of 0_
added.
During each day of the sampling session/ the analyzer was
zeroed and spanned to detect any change in calibration. A
source of chemically zero air was sent to the inlet of the
analyzer for a period of approximately 5 min. If the value
obtained from the analyzer differed by more than +^1.08% of
full scale from the zero point established by the previous
reference calibration, the unit was declared "inoperable," and
remedial maintenance was immediately undertaken. Once the unit
had been repaired, a new reference calibration curve was gen-
erated, and the unit was declared "operable." To conduct the
span check, the certified NO span gas was sent to a dilution
system where it mixed with a source of zero air. The flow
rate of each gas was kept constant so that the same concentra-
tion of NO would be obtained each day. The NO/NO analyzer
170
-------
sampled this gas stream of diluted NO for 5 min. If the value
obtained at the recorder was greater than +2.0% of full scale
from the span point established by the previous reference cali-
bration, the unit was declared "inoperable." Remedial mainte-
nance procedures were activated, and, when completed, the unit
was recalibrated and declared "operable."
At the end of the sampling program, the analyzer was dyna-
mical.'.y calibrated with Meloy CNOS40 calibrator.
Carbon Dioxide—
The C02 analyzer employed in this study was a Beckman
Model 865 infrared analyzer. The operation of this monitor
is based on a differential measurement of the absorption of
infrared energy. The measuring range of the analyzer was set
at 0 to 2500 ppm.
Prior to the start of actual sampling, the C02 analyzer
was dynamically calibrated by using a certified tank (aluminum)
of compressed CO- traceable to NBS primary standards and a
source of zero air. The streams of C02 and zero air were
mixed in a glass chamber to the desired concentration, then
injected into the sampling manifold where the analyzer took
its sample. A five-point calibration curve was then produced
and recorded.
On a daily basis, a one-point zero and span check was
conducted. The analyzer was challenged with a concentration
of C02 or zero air. If the zero level had drifted by more
than +1.0% of full scale, or if the span had changed by more
171
-------
than +_2.0% of full scale from their respective reference cali-
bration points, the analy2er was removed from the system,
repaired, recalibrated, and placed back on line. At the con-
clusion of the sampling session, a final dynamic calibration
was performed.
Carbon Monoxide—
Concentrations of CO were measured and recorded with a
BecJcman Model 865 infrared analyzer. The instrument operates
on the principle of differential measurement of the absorption
of infrared energy. The CO analyzer operated in the 0 to 50 ppm
measuring range.
The first step in the Q/A program was the dynamic calibra-
tion of the analyzer before the actual sampling began. This
was accomplished by employing zero air and three EPA-certified,
compressed-gas tanks containing known concentrations of CO.
A four-point calibration curve was then produced and recorded.
As the sampling program began, the analyzer was zeroed
and spanned daily. The zero check was accomplished by intro-
ducing a source of zero air to the analyzer. A zero drift of
more than +_1.0% of full scale from the reference calibration
point would result in repair and recalibration of the instru-
ment. A span check was conducted by diluting CO from a certi-
fied, compressed, aluminum tank with zero air to a known
concentration. A span drift of more than +2.0% of full scale
from the reference calibration point was unacceptable. If the
172
-------
span differed by this margin, the monitor was declared "inoper-
able," repairs were made, and a new reference calibration curve
was generated.
At the conclusion of each 2-233k sampling session, the
analyzer was dynamically calibrated with the zero air and the
three EPA span gas tanks.
Ozone—
Concentrations of 0_ were constantly detected and recorded
with a Meloy Model OA 350-2 analyzer. Its operation is based
on the chemiluminescent reaction between 0_ and ethylene. The
analyzer has a detection limit of 1.0 ppb and was operated in
the 0 to 0.5 ppm range.
J.t the beginning of each sampling session, the analyzer
was dynamically calibrated with the Meloy Model CNOS40 cali-
brator. This calibration established a zero and four up-scale
concentrations of 0_. Test concentrations of O- were generated
using an ultraviolet O3 generator calibrated by gas phase
titration of NO.
As with the other continuous analyzers, the 0- monitor
was zeroed and span checked daily. This instrument was equipped
with internal zero and span modes. Therefore, no external sour-
ces of span gas were necessary. Fluctuations of zero greater
than +1.0% of full scale or changes of span greater than +2.0%
of full scale from the reference calibration points required
immediate maintenance and recalibration of the analyzer.
A dynamic calibration was performed on the analyzer at the
conclusion of each 2-week sampling interval.
173
-------
Sulfur Dioxide—
A Meloy Model SA 185-2A PFD SO2 analyzer was employed in
the study to measure and record levels of SO-. This monitor
provided continuous dry analysis of SC>2 through the use of the
Flame Photometric Detection (FPD) technique. This patented tech-
nique monitors the intensity of light emitted by sulfur
species passing through a hydrogen-rich flame. The manu-
facturer claims a detection unit of 0.004 ppm. The analyzer
in this study operated in the 0 to 0.5 ppm measuring range.
Before the sampling session began, the S02 analyzer was
dynamically calibrated with the Meloy Model CNOS40 calibrator.
The calibrator contained an NBS traceable SO2 permeation tube
in a temperature-controlled environment. Output concentrations
of SO2 were dependent on the permeation rate of the tube and
the flow rate of dilution air. Zero and four up-scale concen-
trations of S02 were established for this calibration.
Zero and span concentrations of S0_ were introduced to
the analyzer each day to determine changes, if any, in the cali-
bration relationship. A certified (aluminum) cylinder of com-
pressed SO-, traceable to NBS standards, was the source of the
daily span. This concentrated span gas was diluted to a con-
stant daily concentration with a source of chemically zero air.
A zero drift of greater than +1.0% of full scale or a change in
span of more than +2.0% of full scale from the reference cali-
bration points required immediate maintenance and recalibration.
174
-------
A dynamic calibration was repeated after the 14-d session
had been completed.
Total Hydrocarbons/Methane—
Total hydrocarbon and methane levels were detected with
an MSA model 11-2 THC/CH. continuous analyzer. This analyzer
operates on the principle of flame ionization. The instrument
operates in the 0 to 100 ppm range for both parameters.
As with the other continuous gas analyzers, the THC/CH.
monitor was dynamically calibrated before each sampling session.
The calibration procedure was standard gas dilution. The cali-
bration gas was certified by the manufacturer, AIRCO, as being
traceable to NBS standards. It consisted of compressed CH.
in an aluminum cylinder. This gas stream was mixed with zero
air at variable flow rates to arrive at suitable concentrations
A calibration relationship was then constructed from the zero
and four up-scale concentrations.
The analyzer was also zeroed and span checked daily. A
known, constant concentration of methane was introduced to the
analyzer after the zero check. The analyzer sampled this gas
stream for 5 min. Zero and span variations of greater than
+1.0% and +2.0% of full scale, respectively, were treated as
described for the other analyzers.
When each sampling session was complete, the analyzer was
again dynamically calibrated.
175
-------
Wind Speed/Wind Direction—
Wind speed and wind direction measurements were made at
a height of 9.1 m (30 ft) with a Bendix Aerovane Model 141/120,
A signal was sent to a recorder inside the trailer, which con-
stantly recorded both parameters.
Upon arrival at the sampling site, the mast was erected
and secured. By using a compass, the north coordinate was
determined, and the directional indicating vane was oriented
in this direction. The wind speed indicator was checked for
bearing wear and free, unbound movement. After the sampling
session was complete, the orientation of the directional indi-
cator was verified.
Temperature/Relative Humidity—
Temperature and relative humidity were constantly measured
and recorded at each of the four sampling locations. These
measurements were made with Weather Measure Corporation
Model H-311 hygrothermographs. Temperature measurements
were made by the use of a curved, bimetal strip that expanded
or contracted as temperature fluctuated. Relative humidity
was sensed by a bundle of human hair that expanded or con-
tracted as relative humidity changed.
To insure collection of accurate data, the temperature
sensors were calibrated against an ASTM (American Society of
Testing and Materials) mercury thermometer before and after
each 2-week sampling program. Likewise, the relative humidity
176
-------
indicators were calibrated with a sling psychrometer before
and after the sampling session. During the actual sampling
activities, the recorder pens were visually inspected for
proper alignment and ink supply.
Total Suspended Particulates—
Total suspended particulates were collected on 47-iran glass
fiber filters at a flow rate of 84-112 1/min (3-4 ft3/min) for
a period of 24 h. The filters were equilibrated at 25 °C and
40% RH for 24 h before they were weighed. The Perkin-Elmer
auto balance was first zeroed, then calibrated with an NBS-
certified 100-mg weight before each use. The filters were
visually inspected for holes, tears, and creases and weighed
to the nearest 0.01 mg. After the collection period, the fil-
ters were returned to the equilibration chamber for 24 h. When
the equilibrium period was complete, the balance was zeroed
and calibrated, and the filters were weighed to the nearest
0.01 mg. The data were then recorded in a logbook, and the
filters were placed in sealed petri dishes and forwarded to
the lab for additional analysis.
As an additional quality control step, a conventional
high-volume sampler had been installed on the roof of the
mobile lab. The sampler was operated every other day, and
the results were compared against the ambient 47-mm filter.
177
-------
Organic Vapors—
Organic vapors were collected daily on charcoal absorption
tubes for a period of 24 h at a sampling flow rate of 200 cm /min.
A vacuum manifold in the mobile lab allowed for sampling at each
of the four locations. At the completion of each 24-h sample,
the charcoal tubes were placed in a refrigerator until they were
shipped to the lab.
Flow control was achieved with calibrated hypodermic needles,
For the purpose of quality control, the needles were calibrated
after each sample with a soap bubble meter. The flow was cor-
rected to standard conditions using the following equation:
n Pl 298K" H/2
= QS
760 mm Hg ~ T1 + 273
where:
Qs = flow rate corrected to standard conditions
Qs = flow rate at field conditions
P, = barometric pressure at field conditions (mm Hg)
T, = temperature at field conditions (C°).
Aliphatic Aldehydes—
Sampling for aliphatic aldehydes was conducted daily at
three interior locations per the following schedule:
0600 - 1000
0 1000 - 1400
0 1600 - 2000.
178
-------
In addition, a fourth sampling train sampled the ambient
location continuously. Two impingers, operated in series at
a flow rate of 500 cm /min, each containing 25 ml of MBTH,
were used to collect aliphatic aldehydes. These needles were
calibrated after each sample with a soap bubble meter. Flow
rates were corrected to standard conditions using the fol-
lowing equation:
_ 1 - f Pl 298K ll/2
Qs = Qs ndf, „ x '
mm Hg ~ ^ + 273
where:
Qs = flow rate corrected to standard conditions
Qs = flow rate at field conditions
P, = barometric pressure at field conditions (mm Hg)
T.. = temperature at field conditions (C°).
General Quality Assurance (Q/A) Guidelines—
::n addition to the specific Q/A procedures for each param-
eter, general procedures exist for maintaining the peripheral
sampling equipment to further insure valid data.
Upon arrival at the lab, the field operators visually
inspected all sampling lines for obstructions or kinks that
would impair sampling efficiency. All pumps were inspected to
insure that they were in proper operating condition. Recorders
were checked for paper supply and ink capacity and were time-
synched twice a day. All maintenance on each instrument was
detailed in an instrument log. These additional Q/A proce-
dures were vital to collecting accurate, constant data.
179
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LABORATORY QUALITY CONTROL
Introduction
The laboratory Q/A program employed acceptable techniques
to assure long-term accuracy and precision of methods and data.
This program monitored and measured reliability in both method-
ology and instrumentation. Methodology was monitored by the
continuous measurement of a standard reference material wherever
practical and by replicate analysis of samples on a randomly
selected basis. In addition, "standard reference" materials
were obtained from the EPA Audit Program in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, for sulfates, nitrates, and lead anal-
ysis. These reference materials were analyzed at a rate of
one per seven samples in the case of sulfate and nitrates, and
two per seven samples for lead, since the total number of lead
samples analyzed at one time was considerably less than for
the other two components. Instrumentation was monitored by the
daily evaluation of performance standards.
Instrumental Reliability
Since all methods with the exception of lead and organic
determination employed colorimetric procedures, the spectro-
photometer was monitored by the measurement of a special spectro-
photometric function test solution. The absorbency as a
function of relative color intensity was measured, and the
slope and intercept were determined by linear regression anal-
ysis. The slope and intercept were plotted on a performance
180
-------
chart (Figure 71). Past experience has shown that the slope
does not vary by more than +2% and the intercept by more than
+0.002 absorbency units. Whenever the slope and/or intercept
varied by more than these values on two consecutive days, the
spectrophotometer was serviced by cleaning the optical system.
If no improvement was effected by in-house preventive mainte-
nance, the instrument was serviced by the manufacturer or his
representative.
No reliability techniques are available that can be
applied to the day-to-day operation of the gas chromatograph
for the determination of organics or the atomic absorption
spectrometer for the analysis of lead.
Accuracy and Precision of Methods
Accuracy and precision of the analytical methods were
evaluated by the use of standard reference solutions and by
the results of duplicate analysis of randomly selected samples.
Duplicate analyses were outdone on a 10% basis; that is, 1 of
every 10 samples was duplicated. Accuracy of each method was
charted on a performance chart evaluating percent recovery of
the standard reference solution. Precision was charted on a
performance chart evaluating both percent deviation of the mean
and range of duplicates (see Figures 72 and 73).
181
-------
SPECTROPHOTOMETER FUNCTION TEST
INSTRUMENT.
WAVELENGTH.
.NM
DATE
REL.INT.
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
ci npr
ol_Ur c.
NTERCEPT
LU
CL.
n
LiJ
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Fiqure 71. Spectiror»V\ofcomet«r €vir\c:tiori test form.
-------
PERCENT DEVIATION AND RANGE CHART
PROJECT NAME
ANALYSIS.
UNITS
DATE
VALUE 1
VALUE 2
RANGE
MEAN
% DEVIATION
00
to
i_ O
o
cc
CD
:1_
Figure 72. Percent deviation and range chart,
-M
-------
STANDARD REFERENCES CHART
PERCENT RECOVERY
PROJECT NAME.
ANALYSIS
UNITS.
DATE
CONTROL VALUE
DETERMINED VALUE
PERCENT RECOVERY
115%
110%
105%
00
•u
o
o
o
LU
Q.
100%
95%
90%
Figure 73. Standard reference chart for percent recovery
-------
Standard reference solutions utilized in this study were
prepared from primary standard grade materials. Whenever a
standard reference solution could not be utilized because of
deterioration of it or its substrate, such as in the case of
aldehydes in which the trapping solution (MBTH) is unstable
for prolonged periods, a dilution of the highest reference
standard was prepared by a person other than the analyst and
introduced into the analysis scheme as a reference solution.
The result of this value was handled in the same manner as a
standard reference solution.
Specific Procedures
Ammonia—
The accuracy of the ammonia method was measured by the con-
tinuous analysis of an ammonium sulfate standard reference solu-
tion. A stock solution in the range of 1-3 mg/1 ammonia as
ammonium sulfate (Primary Standard) was prepared. An aliquot
of this standard was measured at least once with every set of
ammonia analyses. A continuing record of ammonia found to
ammonia added (percent recovery) was maintained.
Nitrate—
The accuracy of the nitrate procedure was evaluated by the
continuous analysis of a potassium nitrate standard reference
solution. A stock standard reference solution in the range of
2-4 mg/1 of nitrate as potassium nitrate (Primary Standard) was
prepared. An aliquot of the standard reference solution was
measured at least once with every set of nitrate analyses.
185
-------
A continuing record of nitrate found to nitrate added (percent
recovery) was maintained.
Sulfate--
The accuracy of the sulfate method was established by the con-
tinuous analysis of a sulfate standard reference solution. A stock
solution in the range of 5-15 mg/1 sulfate as ammonium sulfate was
measured at least once with every set of sulfate analyses. A con-
tinuing record of sulfate found to sulfate added (percent recovery)
was maintained.
Aldehydes—
No long-term standard reference material could be prepared that
would monitor the accuracy of the method on a long-term basis. At
best, a standard solution of these organics of interest was always
run concurrent with each batch of samples. Duplicate analyses were
performed on a random basis to determine the precision of the method
Organics—
No standard reference material could be prepared that would
monitor the accuracy of the method on a long-term basis. At best
a standard solution of these organics of interest was always run
concurrent with each batch of samples. Duplicate analyses were
performed on a random basis to determine the precision of the method
Lead—
An aliquot of a certified reference solution of 1,000 mg/1
was diluted with the acid to achieve a concentration range of
the order of 1-5 mg/1. This standard reference material was
run once with every set of unknown samples. Percent recovery
was charted on a performance chart. Duplicate analyses of
randomly selected samples were made on a 10% frequency rate.
186
-------
DATA MANAGEMENT QUALITY CONTROL
In order to eliminate as many potential errors as pos-
sible, certain checks and procedures were built into the data
management phase of this project. Following is a brief descrip-
tion of the procedures employed in order to assure the quality
of the data produced.
Continuous Data
The strip charts for NO, N0x, C02, CO, 03, SO2, CH4, THC,
wind speed/direction, temperature, and relative himidity were
reduced by the field operator, and the percent of scale was
listed on the Pollutant Analysis Input Form (Figure 58). The
form was screened for completeness by the data coordinator
prior to auditing. After the form had been screened, an indi-
vidual other than the person who reduced the strip chart per-
formed an audit of the data as it appeared on the strip chart
versus the value that appeared on the reduction form. For the
eight continuously monitored gaseous pollutants, the auditor
selected the maximum value and a random value for each param-
eter from each 24-h period and compared his interpretation of
the strip chart with the original value. A difference of
+_2.0%, or greater, initiated a reevaluation of the entire
chart. The temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and
wind direction charts were audited in the same manner. The
control limits for these parameters were as follows:
0 Temperature +2.0°
0 Relative humidity +2.0%
187
-------
e Wind speed +J53.6 m/s (2.0 mph)
0 Wind direction +10.0°.
As part of the keypunching process, the cards were verified.
This is a process whereby the cards are fed through another
keypunch machine and a different person keypunches the data
listed on the Pollutant Analysis Input Form. The machine elec-
tronically compares what is being keyed with the information
already on the card. If a difference occurred, the machine
"jammed" and the discrepancy was checked and corrected. Once
fed into the computer, the data were automatically screened
for outliers. The minimum values were the detection limits
of the analytical method; the maximum values were arbitrary
concentrations somewhat higher than the levels expected for
monitoring in the planned environments. Table 8 lists the
minimum and maximum values anticipated for this project.
Outliers were not necessarily incorrect, but this system of
flagging them prevented inclusion of data that could bias the
statistical computations.
To eliminate as much human error as possible, the computer
calculated the slope and intercept of the standard curve, using
the method of least squares, from the calibration data from
(Figure 61). The difference between the observed and calcu-
lated concentrations was determined, and the standard deviation
computed. All differences greater than twice the standard
deviation were rejected, and a new slope, intercept, and stan-
dard deviation were determined (see Figure 66). Using these
188
-------
values, the percent of scale supplied by the operator was
converted to a concentration (either ppm or ppb).
TABLE 8. SCREENING VALUES FOR MONITORING DATA
Parameter Detection limit
NO 5 ppb
N02 5 ppb
CO- 25 ppm
CO 0.5 ppm
03 5 ppb
SO2 5 PPb
CH4 0.2 ppm
THC 0.2 ppm
Maximum expected
200 ppb
200 ppb
2000 ppm
10 ppm
100 ppb
100 ppb
10 ppm
10 ppm
Since the data were summarized to some extent in the data
output/ requirements were set for the amount of valid data
required for summarization. Table 9 lists the required cri-
teria for summarizing data.
The wind speed/direction, temperature, and relative humi-
dity charts were reduced by the field operator and submitted
to the data coordinator on Form 3252-2 (Figure 59). The pro-
cedures previously described were followed except that no
conversion from one unit to another was required for the data.
189
-------
TABLE 9. CRITERIA FOR COMPLETENESS FOR CONTINUOUS AMBIENT AIR MONITORS
Time Interval
Minimum number of observations
1 h running average
3 h running average
8 h running average
24 h running average
Monthly
Quarterly
Yearly
10
o
3 Consecutive 20 min observations
3 Consecutive hourly observations
6 Hourly observations
18 Hourly observations
21 Daily averages
3 Consecutive monthly averages
9 Monthly averages with at least
two monthly averages per quarter
-------
Intermittent Data
The analytical results of intermittent samples were sub-
mitted to the data coordinator on the 24-h sampling interval
form (Figure 60). As with the continuous data, the data
coordinator checked the form for completeness prior to key-
punching. The keypunched cards were verified, and the data
were screened by the computer for outliers. Table 10 illus-
trates the minimum and maximum limits for the indicated param-
eters.
TABLE 10. SCREENING VALUES FOR DETECTION OF OUTLIERS
Detection Maximum value
Parameter limit expected
Total suspended par- O.lyg/m 500 yg/m
ticulate
Respirable particulate O.lyg/m 500 yg/m
Orgcinic vapors ppb as CH.
Alaphatic aldehydes 1.5 -5 yg/m 100 yg/m
3 3
Ammonia 5 yg/m 100 yg/m
Sulfates from TSP 0.5 yg/m 20 yg/m
samples
.trates J
samples
>ad from
samples
Nitrates from TSP 0.1 yg/m 5 yg/m
Lead from TSP 0.005 yg/m 5 yg/m
191
-------
TOTAL SYSTEM—AUDIT FUNCTION
To realize maximum benefits from an auditing program, it
must necessarily be conducted independently of the routine
operation of the sampling network. Furthermore, the audit
should be a true check of the measurement process under normal
operation, i.e., without any special preparation or adjust-
ment of the system. Independence can be achieved by having
the audit made by an operator/analyst different from the one
conducting the routine field measurements.
The Guidelines for Development of a Quality Assurance
Program promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
contain auditing procedures for those ambient parameters
having primary and secondary standards. Since some of the
parameters of interest in this study do not have prescribed
auditing procedures, we have tried to extrapolate the estab-
lished procedures for all of the parameters.
Field Audits
Table 11 summarizes the parameters and the type of
audits to be performed relative to each measurement. Since
a particular audit type is the same for all parameters, we
will discuss them by audit type.
Flow Rate Audit—
During each approximate 2-week sampling period, the mon-
itors for total suspended particulate had the measured flow
checked by means of a calibrated dry gas meter. The percent
192
-------
TABLE 11. SUMMARY OF AUDITS
NO/NO
X
CO/CO 2
°3
SO,,
2
CH4/THC
Wind Speed/Direction
Temperature
Relative humidity
Total suspended particulate
Organic vapors
Aldehydes
Nitrate
Lead
Sulfate
-P
•H
T3
3
*d
0)
.p
id
M
o
•H
X
-P
•H
-a
3
irJ
IT1
c
•rH
(A
to
0)
O
o
fa
p.
-p
(0
a
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•p
•H
tJ
3
(t
0
r-1
ex
(0
to
iH
o
c
o
CJ
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4*
•o
3
ti
a)
o
c
0)
n)
X
•p
•H
•o
3
a)
Cr*
C
•H
x:
tn
•H
(1)
l^
O
-p
•H
U-l
C
m
0)
iH
o
X
•tJ
•d
3
rt
^
C
•H
X!
>r^
-------
difference was calculated by means of the following equa-
tion:
D = X 100
where:
D = difference (percent
Fm = the flow measured by the routine
operator
Fa = the audit flow measured with the
calibrated dry gas meter.
Any difference greater than 7% required a complete recalibra-
tion of the entire sampling train including the rotameter and
critical orifice, when applicable. Organic vapors and aldehyde
monitors use critical orifices that require calibration before
every sampling period.
Clean Filter Weighing Audit—
Normally, about 20 clean filters are weighed in one lot.
The other technician in the trailer reweighed 4 out of each lot
of 50 or less. The audit weights were recorded in the filter
log book alongside the original weights. Any difference greater
than +0.2 mg required that all filters in the lot be reweighed.
Exposed Filter Weighing Check—
Normally/ exposed filters are weighed in lots of four.
Each time, the other technician reweighed one of the four fil-
ters and recorded the audit weight alongside the original
weight in the filter record book. Any difference greater
than +0.5 mg required that the entire lot be reweighed.
194
-------
Control Sample Audit—
For the continuous monitors, NO/NO , CO/CO,, 0_, S00, and
X £ 3 £
CH./THC, a reference sample audit was performed by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency during the initial phase of the
project. For organic vapors and aldehydes, there was no tech-
nique for our application. For analysis of nitrate, lead, and
sulfate, a sample prepared by the laboratory was introduced
into the regular lot of samples. This control sample was
analyzed in the same manner as the "field" samples, and the
results reported to the supervisor of the laboratory. If any
difference greater than 10% occurred, the analysis was stopped,
checks were made to determine the assignable cause(s), and
corrective action was taken. The frequency was 7 audits for
lots of 100 samples or 4 for lots of 50 samples or less. Con-
trol charts, such as Figure 73, were maintained for each of
the three parameters.
Post-Sampling Audits
Data Processing Audits—
Data processing audits were performed at a level of 4
per lot of 50. For continuous data, it is generally acceptable
to check two 24-h periods from each day rather than four 24-h
periods out of each 50 d. An independent technician read the
highest and one other nonzero value from each 24-h period and
recorded the results in a log as illustrated in Figure 74.
The check was made starting with the strip chart record and
195
-------
DATA AUDIT CHECK
City.
Site No.
Sin locition
Oiti
Checker.
Pollutant
Operator.
Date
Hour
Reading
Original
Check
Zero baseline
Original
Check
Difference
Original
Check
Add + 5
Original
Check
ppm
Original
Check
Commenti:.
City
Site location.
Datt
Checker.
Site No..
Pollutant.
Operator.
Date
Hour
Reading
Original
Check
Zero baseline
Original
Check
Difference
Original
Check
Add + 5
Original
Check
i
I
I
ppm
Original
Check
Comments:
Figure 74. Data audit check sheet.
196
-------
continuing through the actual transcription of the concentra-
tion in ppm on the computer printout. If either one of the
two checks differed by as much as +l ppm from the respective
original value, all hourly averages for that sampling period
were checked and corrected.
197
-------
Chapter 2
DATA REPORTS FOR EPISODIC RELEASE EXPERIMENTS*
PITTSBURGH SAMPLE SETS
Sampling
The methodology for collecting organic contaminants asso-
ciated with the episodic release experiments was developed by
the IIT Research Institute under the direction of Dr. A. Dravnieks
with the support of ASHRAE Research. The samples taken from the
release of a scented oven cleaner in the Pittsburgh Hi-Rise
Apartment I are identified in Table 12. Solid abosrbent sampling
was employed. The samplers contained 90 mg of Tenax GC sorbent.
TABLE 12. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
Location Air volume sampled (cm )
Set I - Started Simultaneously
Living Room 2000
Bath Room 2000
Kitchen3 340
Halla 360
Ambient3 2000
Ambientb 2000
Set II - Started 15 min later
Kitchen^ 370
350
* Prepared by IIT Research Institute, Project Manager - Dr. Andrew Dravnieks.
a
Background components contributed to the total peak area.
Estimated concentration; integrator malfunction.
198
-------
Analysis
All samples were analyzed by the combined technique of gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The sampler was
injected into the carrier gas flow of the GC at the injection
port. By rapidly heating the sampler (240 °C) while reverse
flushing with carrier gas, the sample was injected directly onto
the GC column for analysis. A 15.25 m (50 ft) x 0.5 mm (0.020 in.)
i.d. SP 1000 SCOT column was used, under a temperature program
of 50 ° to 200 °C at 6 °C/min.
The column effluent was split (1:1) between a flame
ionization detector and the mass spectrometer. The FID
response was used to obtain the quantitative sample data.
The FID signal was integrated by a Hewlett-Packard 2380
electronic integrator and calibrated with n-alkane standards
covering the range of the sample chromatogram, Cg-C^?-
The other portion of the column effluent passed through
a two stage Biemann-Watson separator and into the ion source
of the mass spectrometer, a Varian MAT 311A. The mass
spectrometer was operated in a continuous, repetition scan
mode for the duration of the analysis with computer data
acquisition (Spectro System 100MS).
A particular concern in survey analysis by GC-MS of very
small samples, 350-2000 cm , is the background contributed by
the analysis system. The principal source of the background
for the analysis is the Tenax GC material. The species
contributed by Tenax GC during thermal sample elution are
minimal, nanogram amounts, but organic species in air are at
the same concentration, generally ppb by weight or nanograms
per liter. Thus the analysis background is not negligible
for samples of this size. Several background analyses
were run with each sample set, under conditions identical
to those used for the sample analyses. These data were used
to evaluate sample data and eliminate background artifacts.
199
-------
Results
Sample analysis data are presented in Tables 13 to 18.
Several factors should be noted in evaluating the results
presented:
1. Concentration estimates in parentheses are species
whose retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded
by the volume of air sampled. Therefore, they are
not quantitatively collected. This is most apparent
with the concentrations reported for the butane
propellant. The smaller samples (350 cc), extrapola-
ted to lOOOcc concentrations, represent more accurate
values. Since the light aliphetic hydrocarbons, up
to ~Cg, are of minimal interest, neither the sampling
techniques nor the analysis technique was designed
to emphasize this lower range of the organic air
component survey.
2. Concentration estimates with the superscript "a"
denote peaks containing multiple components. Often
the other species were background components.
Multiple components are detected from the mass spectral
data but exact quantitative relative concentrations
cannot be determined.
3. At least 13 components can be directly related to the
scented oven cleaner. They are summarized in Table 18.
Most of these, the terpenes, are components of the
odorant. In both the Hall and Kitchen samples, higher
concentrations were detected in the samples taken
15 rain later.
4. The four Hall and Kitchen samples were ^350-cm samples,
and the concentrations of many of the odorant species
were below detection limits. The data were extra-
polated to 1000 cnr for comparison with the 2000 cm3
samples. Comparable 200 cm3 samples in the Hall and
Kitchen would have provided better qualitative surveys.
5. Benzene and toluene are two of the main Tenax-
contributed artifacts. They obscure sections of
the chromatogram for quantitative data on other
components. The background concentrations of these
species are higher than normal ambient sample
concentrations, so their presence in the samples is
difficult to ascertain.
200
-------
TABLE 13. AMBIENT AIR
Retention Time Concentration Estimate
(min.) (10-9 g/l) Mass Spectral Data
Ce alkane
Cg alkane
C, alkene
Cy alkanes
Cj alkenes
CQ alkene
(benzene)
(toluene)
3.6
-5.0
-5.8
-6.0
6.8
7.5
7.9
9.0
9.8
10.7
11.2
11.5
11.8
12.8
14.2
14.5
10a
0.4
3
4
2
0.2
0.5
0.8
2
0.5
0.2
<0,2
0.3
4a
<0.1
0.1
tetrachloroethylene
C, Q alkane
ethylbenzene
xylene
xylene
n-propylbenzene
CU alkylbenzene
(me thy le thy 1- or
isopropyl-)
t rime thy Ibenzene
C* and C, alkylbenzenes
C/ alkylbenzene
C13 alkane
possible furfural
C- alkylbenzene
Pyrrole
possible methylpyrrole
possible methylfurfural
aComponent mixture present; some background contribution to
total peak area.
201
-------
TABLE 14. LIVING ROOM
"~
Retention
(rain)
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
.
3.
1
_/ •
4.
5.
5.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
8.
9.
9.
10.
11.
12.
12.
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
19.
19.
6
9
3
5
6
4
A
\J
4
1
4
6
8
48
9
6
9
4
5
7
1
6
6
7
6
9
1
5
1
8
5
0
9
20.6
Time Concentration Estimate
(10~9g /I)
(197)
(24) \
V **^ /
(21)
\ *. j- y
(24)
(13)
i
(23)
\ *- -' /
1 Q
-i- -7
20a
0.4
10
3
1
0.6
7 unresolved
) shoulders
main 11
component
144
7
12
4
2
12
0.3
0.2
2
est ~150b
2
5a
1
6
3
2
-11
98
5
0.5
Mass Spectral Data
n- and -iso-butanes , trace of Freon 11
C5 alkane
C, alkane
C^ alkene
CT alkane
Cy alkene
CQ alkane
furan
Co alkene
o
_ acetone
C0 alkene
Q
methylfuran
(benzene)
tetrachloroethylene
| (toluene)
[terpene, 136 M+
terpene, 136 M
3-pinene
ethylbenzene
xylene
terpene and alkane
xylene
terpene - probable myrcene
"T
unidentified, 154 M
limonene
C alkylbenzene
terpene - possible phellandrene or
terpinene
t-butylbenzene
trimethylbenzene
terpinolene
C, alkylbenzene
C and C. alkylbenzenes
C, alkylbenzene and probable alkane
dichlorobenzene (trace of furfural)
C-|, alkane
pyrrole
methylpyrrole
C,, alkane, trace of methylfurfural
terpene or derivative
probable terpene oxygenate
naphthalene
unidentified oxygenate (possible
dioxolane derivative or oxy alcohol)
methylnaphthalene
methylnaphthalene
Component mixture present; some background contribution to total peak area.
ronrpntration
mnl funrf-f on.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
202
-------
TABLE 15. BATHROOM
Retention Time
(min)
Concentration Estimate
(10"* g/D
Mass Spectral Data
0.7
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.1
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.4
5.2
5.5
5.7
6.6
7.0
7.7
8.0
8.4
8.6
8.7
9.2
9.6
10.
11.
12,
,7
,7
.7
14.6
16.3
16.8
17.5
19.1
(347)
(2)
(15)
3
a
11
- est. 1
2
10
3
unresolved
shoulders
main
component
9
122
3
7
3
1
12
<0.5
<0,5
2
393
1
2
1
2
-10
87
n- and iso-butanes, main component
C, alkene
C_ alkene
alkene
alkane
alkene
alkane
acetone
CR alkane
c" alkene
alkene
alkene
I -
terpene,
(Benzene)
tetrachloroethylene
\ (toluene) ,
1 terpene, 136 M
C1f) alkane, trace of (
terpene, 136 K4"
(5-pinene
ethylbenzene and xylene
xylene
alkane
136 M
myrcene
xylene
unidentified, 154 K4"
limonene
C alkylbenzene
terpene, 136 M
C, alkylbenzene
C_ alkylbenzene
terpinolene
C. alkylbenzene
C. alkylbenzene
C._ alkane
dichlorobenzene
C , alkane
C-- alkane
C , alkane
probable terpene oxygenate
naphthalene
unidentified oxygenate (possible
dioxolane derivative or oxy alcohol)
aComponent mixture present; some background contribution to peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
203
-------
TABLE 16. KITCHEN, A AND B SAMPLES
Retention Time Concentration Estimate
(min)
(10~* g/1)
Mass Spectral Data
Kitchen b - 370 cm3
0.7
1.3
1.6
2.1
3 A
• \j
4.3
5.3
5.7
| unresolved
j shoulders
i 6.7 main
component
7.2
7.4
8.2
8.6
8.9
11.9
13.1
14.4
17.7
19.4
19.7
— ,
Kitchen a - 340 cm
0.7
2.5
5.3
6.3
7.4
8.7
9.0
9.7
12.0
13.0
(2400)
(47)
(114) J
59
,, a
n 1
\j -L.
-0.5
5
-1
1
22 I
189
5
19
22
14
246
14
5
7
14
7
(2300)
(120)
<1
<1
25
~1
~1
~1
26
8
n- and iso-butanes
C7 alkene
C, alkene
D
acetone
C_ alkene, possible methylfuran
(benzene)
tetrachloroethylene
. terpene, 136 MT
(toluene)
terpene, 136 M+
3-pinene
xylene
terpene
xylene
unidentified, 154 M
liraonene
C_ alkylbenzene
terpene and C. alkylbenzene
C alkylbenzene
terpinolene and C, alkylbenzene
dichlorobenzene, trace of furfural
pyrrole
methylpyrrole
naphthalene
unidentified oxygenate
methylnaphthalene
n- and iso-butanes
acetone
terpene, 136 M
CL alkylbenzene
limonene
aromatic
terpene
C, alkylbenzene
dichlorobenzene
tetrachloroethane and pyrrole
Background components contributed to the total peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
204
-------
TABLE 17. HALL, A AND B SAMPLES
Retention Time
(min)
Concentration Estimate
do"9 g/D
Mass Spectral Data
Hall b - 350 cm"
0.7
1.3
1.5
2.3
4.5
4.9
5.7
6.6
6.9
7.4
8.3
8.7
9.4
11.7
12.7
14.0
16.2
(2600)
(80)
(90)
-------
TABLE 18. SUMMARY OF RELEASE RELATED SPECIES
ro
o
do"9 g/u
Living Room
(2000 cm3)
A Terpene
B Terpene
C 3-pinene
D Terpene
E Terpene-myrcene
F 154 K4", unidentified
G Limonene
H Terpene terpinene
I Terpene-terpinolene
J Dichlorobenzene est.
K Terpene or derivative
L Terpene-oxygenate
M Unidentified oxygenate
313
0.4
10
0.6a
11
144
123
12
150
3
2
98
Bathroom
(2000 cm3)
II3
2
10
6
9
122
7
12
393
-
2
87
Kitchen-a Hall-a Kitchen-b
' (340 cm3) (360 cm3) (370 cm3)
61a
0.5
<1 - 5
_
22
25 28 189
19a
<1 - 14
26 44 246
_ -
_
14
Hall-b
(350 cm3)
-
-
2
-
6
111
-
9
122
-
-
-
a
'Component mixture present; some background contribution to total peak area.
-------
Discussion
The concentration data are presented as estimates. These
analyses are primarily concerned with obtaining good qualitative
surveys. Their primary objective is not absolute quantitative
data. It is suggested that the quantitative data be taken
as reliable to within an order of magnitude of the absolute
value for any component.
These data indicate that the analysis technique is
suitable for detecting species at ppb concentrations. If
components in the range of 1-10 ppb are of interest, the
•3
2000 cm sample size is required.
207
-------
PITTSBURGH SAMPLE SETS II and III
Sampling and Analysis
Tables 19-29 contain sample data from the Pittsburgh Hi-
P.ise Apartments II and III. The Pittsburgh II Sample Set,
taken after release of an unscented aerosol deodorant, is
identified in Table 19. Table 25 lists the samples of the
Pittsburgh III Set, where a scented aerosol furniture polish
was released. The experimental details of the analysis pro-
cedures employed were described earlier in this chapter.
Results
Tables 20 through 25 contain the data from the Pittsburgh II
_Q
samples. All concentration estimates are given in 10 g/1 for
relative comparison of data from the 2-1 samples and the smaller
samples (280-350 cm ). The extrapolated concentration values
— Q
for the small samples are less accurate in the 1-10 x 10 g
range since this is close to the detection limit of the analysis.
The values in parentheses are those species for which the volume
of air sampled exceeds the specific retention volume. In these
cases, the smaller samples represent more accurate values.
The "a" superscript denotes instances where background components
identified from "blank" analyses and detected in the samples
from the mass spectral data, contribute to the area of a sample
component peak.
As reported previously, concentration estimates are calculated
using the flame ionization detector response to the series of
n-alkanes covering the range of the chromatograms. Since the
n-alkane response is significantly different from the FID response
to Freons, the specific response factor for Freon 11 was obtained
and used to calculate the concentration estimates.
The sample data from the Pittsburgh-Ill samples are listed
in Tables 27 and 28. Table 27 presents the data from the 2-1
208
-------
TABLE 19. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
(Pittsburgh-II Sample Set)
Location Air volume sampled (cm )
Started simultaneously, 2:12 pm:
Bedroom3 2000
Living Room 2000
Bathroom 280
Hall8 350
Ambient-Outside 2000
Started 2:34 p.m.:
Bedroom 350
Started 2:39 p.m.:
Hallb 340
£
Background components contributed to the total peak area.
Estimated concentration; integrator malfunction.
209
-------
TABLE 20. AMBIENT AIR SAMPLES—OUTSIDE
(2000 cm3)
Retention time
(min)
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.1
3.3
3.5
5.3
5.5
6.4
6.9
7.1
7.4
7.8
8.6
10.1
10.8
12.2
13.0
Concentration estimate
do"9 g/i)
(24)
(5)
(2)
CD
-
-
-
0.4
2
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
3
2
0.4
0.2
5
4
Mass spectral data
Cg alkane, Cg alkene, Cj alkane
07 alkene, CR alkane
acetone
Cg alkene
(benzene)
trace tetrachloroethylene
(toluene)
ethylbenzene, xylene
xylene
xylene
chlorobenzene
n-^propylbenzene
Cg alkylbenzene (methylethyl- or isopropyl-)
trlmethylbenzene
t r ime t hylb enz ene
C^ alkylbenzene
€3 and C^ alkylbenzenes
furfural
pyrrole and furylmethylketone
( ) Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
210
-------
TABLE 21. BEDROOM-a SAMPLES
(2000 cm3)
Retention Time Concentration Estimate
(min)
0.8
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.7
5.4 1
5.7 j
6.2
6.9
7.2
7.7
8.0
8.4
8.5
9.1
9"3 «
9.6
9.8
10.1 "
10.5
10.8
11.2
11.6
11.8
12.2
1:5.0
l-t.2
16.2
IV. 5
19.6
20.2
(10-9 g /i)
(6100)
(21)
(26)
(36)
12
14a
10
-
~
•*•
22
6
27a
4
3
0.8
0.3
4
2
2
2
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.9
5
5
4a
1
2
3
1
0.3
Mass spectral data
Freon 11 (trichlorofluoromethane)
Cc alkene, C, alkane, C, alkene, C, alkane,
3 O O /
C7 alkene
Cg alkane, Cy alkene
Cg alkene, acetone, Cg alkane
Cg alkene
(benzene), Cg alkane, Cg alkene
CIQ alkane
trace trlchloroethylene
trace tetrachloroethylene
(toluene)
xylene, C^ alkane, trace terpene (136 M )
xylene
limonene
C3 alkylbenzene (methylethyl- or isopropyl-)
trlmethylbenzene
C3 alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
trimethylbenzene
C, alkylbenzenes
C3 and C^ alkylbenzenes
C, alkylbenzene, C_ alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
C, and C alkylbenzenes
C. alkyloenzene
C, alkylbenzene
dlchlorobenzene , trace C, alkylbenzene
furfural
pyrrole
alkane
C-, alkane
naphthalene
methylnaphthalene
methylnaphthalene
Background components contributed to the total peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
211
-------
TABLE 22. BEDROOM-b SAMPLES
(350 cm3)
Retention Time Concentration Estimate
(rain) (10~9 g /I) Mass Spectral Data
0.9
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.6
5.5
5.8
6.4
7.2
7.6
7.9
8.7
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
10.3
12.3
13.1
14.2
14.7
(30,000)
(44)
C49)
*-
49a
-
-
-
2
7
~2
a
~2
3
5
~1
~1
~1
~1
~1
7
11
3a
<0.5
Freon 11 (trichlorof luoromethane) , trace
of Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane)
Cg alkene, C, alkene, Cg alkane
Cg alkene, acetone
(benzene)
Cg alkane
Cg alkane, Cg alkene
trace trichloroethylene
(toluene)
ethylbenzene
xylene, trace C-,, alkane
xylene
limonene
C- alkylbenzene, C^2 alkane
03 alkylbenzene
C3 alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
C3 alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
furfural
pyrrole, furylmethylketone
methylpyrrole
methylfurfural
——————— .. . . . _ . . — .
Background components contributed to the total peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
212
-------
TABLE 23. LIVING ROOM SAMPLES
(2000 cm3)
Retention Time
(min)
Concentration Estimate
do"9 g/i)
Mass Spectral Data
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.0 (
2.3 J
2.6
3.2
3.5
5.2
5.5
6.4
7.0
7.4
7.9
8.6
9.0
9.2
9.7
10.2
10.3
11.3
11.8
12.3
13.0
14.2
14.3
16.3
17.5
19.6
20.2
(3400)
(13)
(11)
(31)
15
23a
~4
5
21
8
16
8
9
5
2
4
1
2a
_a
5
6
5a
0.4
2a
~2
4
1
0.6
Freon 11 (trichlorofluororaethane)
C., alkane
C-j alkene, Cg alkane
Cg alkene, acetone
Cg alkene
(benzene)
Cg alkane
trace trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
(toluene)
ethylbenzene
xylene main, Cj_]_ alkane, GH alkene, trace
terpene (136 M+)
xylene
limonene
03 alkylbenzene (methylethyl- or isopropyl-)
trimethylbenzene, alkane
trimethylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
CA alkylbenzene (n- or isopropyl-)
€3 and C^ alkylbenzenes
0^3 alkane
C^ alkylbenzene
C, and C,. alkylbenzenes
dichlorobenzene
furfural main, Cj^ alkane
pyrrole main
methylpyrrole
C- _ alkane
probable alkane
naphthalene
methylnaphthalene
methylnaphthalene
aBackground components contributed to the total peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
213
-------
TABLE 24. BATHROOM SAMPLES
(280 cm3)
Concentration estimate
Retention time _g
(min) <10 g/1) Mass spectral data
0.8
1.4
2.0
3.4
5.2
5.5
6.4
6.9
7.2
7.8
9.0
9.4
(376,000)
(2)
(34)
-.
-
6
2
2
7
1
1
3
Freon 11 (trichlorof luoromethane) , trace
of Freon 12 (dichlorodif luoromethane)
acetone
dichlorome thane
(toluene)
62 alkylbenzene
xylene
C. alkylbenzene
04 alkylbenzene
C_ alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
dlchlorobenzene
furfural
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
214
-------
TABLE 25. HALL SAMPLES
Retention Time Concentration Estimate
(min) (10" g/1) Mass Spectral Data
Hall-a (350 cm3)
0.8
1.4
2.1
2.8
3.4
5.2
5.5
6.3
7.4
7.9
8.6
8.9
11.8
12.5
13.0
0.8
1.1
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.8
3.5
5.2
5.5
6.4
7.0
7.4
7.8
8.6
9.0
9.4
10.4
11.8
13.0
16.0
(29,000)
(27)
-
-
•!-
2
3
3
2
14
7a
3
39
3
11
(22,000)
(40)
(62)
-
32a
-
0
1
12
1
-
2
lla
4
1
1
1
3
8
50
Freon 11 (trlchlorof luoromethane) , trace of
Freon 12 (dichlorodif luoromethane)
Cg alkene, acetone
(benzene)
trace trichloroethylene
(toluene)
ethylbenzene
xylene
xylene
Cg alkylbenzene
C. and C, alkylbenzenes
Cg alkylbenzene
Cg and C^ alkylbenzenes
dlchlorobenzene
furfural
pyrrole
Hall-b (340 cm3)
Freon 11, trace of Freon 12
C7 alkene, Cg alkane, Cfi alkene
CQ alkene, acetone
(benzene)
Cg alkane
trace trichloroethylene
(toluene)
ethylbenzene
xylene
xylene
trace limonene
Cg alkylbenzene
Co alkylbenzene
C^ alkylbenzene
CA alkylbenzene
C_ alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
dlchlorobenzene
possible furfural and pyrrole
C, , alkane
ID
aComponent mixture present; some background contribution to total peak area.
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
215
-------
TABLE 26. SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION
(Pittsburgh-Ill Sample Set)
Location Air volume sampled (cm )
Started Simultaneously:
Bedroom 2000
Hall 2000
Living room-a 180
Living Room Series:
Living room-b . 230
started 15 min after -a
Living room-c 200
started 15 min after *-b
Living room-d 220
started 15 min after -c
216
-------
TABLE 27. BEDROOM SAMPLES
Retention time
(min)
0.6
0.9
1.0 I
1.2 j
1.4
1.7
3.7
4.9
5.6
6.6
7.1
7.3
7.5
8.4
8.7
9.1
9.5
11.9
12.1
12.9
14.1
Concentration estimate
do"9 g/i)
(77)
(1470)
(1760)
(440)
C240)
4
3
23
6
28
0.6
0.3
6
7
0.7
0.3
15
8
26
17
Mass spectral data
2-^methylpropane
C.. alkane
7
CQ alkane, C_ alkene
o o
C_ diene or cycloalkene
branched alkane
trace tetrachloroethylene, trace terpene
(136 tf*")
terpene (136 M*")
ethylbenzene
xylene
limonene
C, alkylbenzene (n-propyl-)
C- alkylbenzene (methylethyl- °r
C, alkylbenzene
C alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene (n- or isobutyl-)
dichlorobenzene
alkane
pyrrole
C-5 alkane main, methylpyrrole
isopropyl-)
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
217
-------
TABLE 28. SUMMARY OF RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS
(Pittsburgh III Sample Set)
K)
M
oo
-9
Concentration Estimate (10 g/1)
2-methyl propane
C7 alkane
C- alkane, C alkene
C_ diene or cycloalkene
branched alkane
terpene, 136 M+
ethylbenzene
xylene
limonene
C_ alkylbenzene
C_ alkylbenzene
C. alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
C, alkylbenzene
dichlorobenzene
alkane
pyrrole
C1 _ alkane, methyl pyrrole
Bedroom,
2000 cm3
sample
(77)
(1470)
(1760)
(440)
(240)
3
23
6
28
0.6
0,3
6
7
0.7
0.3
15
8
26
17
Hall
2000 cm3
sample
(78)
(2920)
(303)
(212)
(48)
3
14
5
57
0,6
0.6
8
6
0.6
0.3
4
0.9
8
3
Living Room-a Living room-b
3 3
180 cm sample 230 cm sample
(2280) NA
{(14500 NA
J NA
(980) NA
20
25
7
61 84
8
11
0,3
0.1
7
3
26
14
Living room-c
3
200 cm sample
^(630)
1(8810)
J
(750)
3
6
2
30
-.1
~1
Living room-d
3
220 cm sample
(8)
(350)
(8200)
(806)
3
14
0.6
42
3
1
() Retention volumes in the sampler are exceeded by the volume of air sampled.
-------
TABLE 29. RETENTION VOLUMES IN
PITTSBURGH HI-RISE APARTMENT SAMPLERS
3
(Sample volume in cm )
n-hexane 250
n-heptane 520
n-octane 2000
3,5-dimethylhexane 150
cyclohexane <100
3-hexyne 900
benzene 450
toluene 1950
ethanol 150
1-propanol 650
1-butanol 2800
allyl alcohol 600
acetone 160
2-butanone 750
diacetyl 1600
isobutanal ~100
n-pentanal >2000
diethylether -,100
p-dioxane 1500
acetic acid 500
ethylacetate 950
ethyl sulfide 1250
diethylamine 220
n-butylamine 700
acetonitrile 250
pyridine 3200
nitromethane 700
chloroform 400
trichloroethylene 1000
219
-------
bedroom sample with retention time identification for comparison
with the other data formats. The data from the other samples
are compiled in Table 28. The small sample sizes taken (180-
230 cm ) preclude obtaining much information on components at
_q
levels below 10 x 10 g/lf most of the ambient organics. The
higher levels of release-related species are detected.
Discussion
Table 29 has been included to give an idea of specific
retention volumes for a variety of chemical classes in the
samplers used. If the specific retention volume for a compound
is exceeded by the volume of air sampled, it is not quantitatively
collected by the sampler. It can be seen that the propellants
for all the sampling studies fall into this category. It was noted
that the smaller samples represent a more accurate quantitative
estimate of these species. Although the specific retention volume
for Freon 11 has not been studied, the values obtained for Freon 11
from the small samples represent the most accurate propellant
values. The propellant from the aerosol furniture polish
(Pittsburgh III Set) is a mixture of at least six aliphatic hydro-
hydrocarbons. The 200 cm samples are most likely reasonable
concentration estimates. The butane propellant concentrations
in the previously reported sample set are subject to greater
error due to the specific retention volume effect.
220
-------
Chapter 3
THE GEOMET INDOOR-OUTDOOR
AIR POLLUTION MODEL
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES ON THE SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS*
DERIVATION OF THE GIOAP MODEL SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENTS
A sensitivity study involves analyzing the change in the output(s)
of a model resulting from a change in the parameter(s). When a function
such as
y1 - f(tr F) (3-1)
where
t^ » time, i * 1, ... , n
F a CP-J » ...» P|<} » vector of parameters
FQ a {p-| , ...» Pk > • fixed value of F
is to undergo a sensitivity analysis, the procedure 1s straightforward:
evaluate the first partial derivatives of f with respect to the parameter(s)
at a specified condition (i.e., 3f/3p* ( + . p" \, j • 1, . .. , k) 1n order to
J v 1 § 0'
determine how variations in the parameter(s) affect the output. However,
when the function 1s of the form
t F§ y) 0-2)
where
tj * time, i » 1, ... , n
y0 » initial value of the output variable
?1 • ^(t-() • (Put .... Pki>» 1 * T» •••» " * vector of time
dependent parameters
F« « (PH f ...t PIH > " fixed value of ^, 1 » 1, ..., n
'0 0 0
* Prepared by GEOMET, Incorporated - Mr. John W. C. Stark.
221
-------
the analysis becomes considerably more involved. This is due to the fact
that at t = t.j, f is not only a function of P^ but also of all the previous
parameter vectors, P~., j = 1, ..., i-1, and y« as a result of the dependence
on y.j_-|. Thus the sensitivity coefficients that must be determined are
3f
(tj* V'M
j = 1, ..., n
(3-3)
and
3f
1» .... k, j a 1, ..., n.
(3-4)
The sensitivity coefficients will be derived below by first obtaining a
general expression for the total differential, then taking the sensitivity
coefficients to be the coefficients of the parameter differentials. Before
proceeding with the derivation of the sensitivity coefficients for equation
(3-2), the following additional notation is required:
dP~(t.» ) a(dpi * » • • • t dpkj ) » 1 a 1 , .
time-dependent parameter variations
1 , . . • , n * vector of
dP~,-
IQ
dy1
—
3l5r.
(dp™ , .... dpn ) » fixed value of dP~<, i * 1, ..., n
llQ KlQ 1
the change in the dependent variable at time, t< ,
1 » 1, ..., n, due to a change 1n the parameter(s)
the vector of partial derivatives of the function
with respect to the parameters) evaluated at
3y
3f
the dot product of the two vectors,
and
222
-------
The general expression for dym, 1 <_ m ^ n, 1s derived 1n the following set of
equations:
(3-5)
3y2 3y1
^v
v» ^
-*•• dF.
(3-6)
3y3
dy. • -5TT- *y>.
* dP> " dy
—-_. .
3y2 aF 2o
(3-7)
(m 3y,
A
m
+ -S. • dF_
m
'm 0
(3-8)
223
-------
In order to obtain the coefficients of the parameter differentials, expand
the dot products in equation (3-8)
dyn
m ay. \ k m-1 / m ay. \ / 3f \
n av ) dyn + £ £ n gTT^J (g=- /t p- „ J dp
«i 3yi-i/ ° i«i 1=1 Vj-i+i 3yj-i/ vpi ur pin« yi-iy
k
5
(3-9)
Now the desired sensitivity coefficients may be easily obtained from equa-
tion (3-9). For a given value of m, 1 <_ m <_n, the sensitivity coefficients
are as follows:
m
(3-10)
3p.
1 a 1 k
where
j • 1, ..., n
1, j = m
m _.,
-------
Similarly, equation (3-11) for j » 1,..., m-1 Illustrates the dependence of
f on past parameter vectors and shows how an error in a parameter 1s propa-
gated: at the time the error appears, the change In the dependent variable
1s due to the change in the parameter; however, at subsequent points In time,
this error 1s manifested as a change 1n the dependent variable resulting
from a change in the y-f.i term. Finally, equation (3-11) at j » m shows that
when an Initial error occurs 1n a parameter, the change in the dependent
variable 1s due only to the parameter error.
In order to apply equations (3-10) and (3-11) to the GEOMET Indoor-
Outdoor Air Pollution model, let t^ » t^, t-j_-j » tQ, and evaluate the expres-
sions defined by equations (4) and (16) through (22) of Section 2 at t * tf.
Equation (3-10), when applied to the 6IOAP model at t • t^ 1 <. m <_ n,
becomes
m
3f
3CQ
1-1
'm- V V V V V'
(3-12)
Similarly, the following sensitivity coefficients are obtained by applying
equation (3-11) at t « tm to equations (17) through (22):
_3f
am
1
bm'Sm»°m' V> V
(3-13)
3f
(tm«
V«
225
-------
3f
357
V bm' V
* V Cm-l
1 - e
-(v.,+0.)
(3-15)
3f
« Sm» Dm' V« v
S. 2m
S.
* T -
(3-16)
3f
w
(3-17)
3 Vj
j V V Dm* V« ym'
Vl
s
(3-18)
226
-------
NUMERICAL SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS EXAMPLES FOR THE GIOAP MODEL
In this chapter, three examples are presented that will Illustrate
the use of the sensitivity coefficients given in Section 3 of Vol. 1 of
this report. The data used in these examples are taken from actual model
calculations (CO data for the Baltimore Conventional House, first visit,
hours 0800-1500). Table 30 gives the nominal values for all parameters
used in the examples.
TABLE 30. NOMINAL CONDITIONS USED IN THE SENSITIVITY STUDY EXAMPLES
HOUB«J Baltimore Conventional (VUit *1)
Po lint ant: CO
Vobun«; 13,575 ft3
Hour
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
<=*
(ppm)
1.33
2.23
1.04
0.31
0.68
1.02
1.01
0.30
C«tt
(ppm)
1.33
1.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
s
(mg/h)
_
677.77
0.00
0.00
440.14
619.13
528.17
0.00
V
(air exchanges /h)
m
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
The first example deals with the case in which an error is made when
a parameter value is estimated initially, but, after that initial error, no
other errors are introduced. This situation is most likely to arise in the
estimation of the initial indoor air pollutant concentration, C0, because
it is estimated only once, unlike some other parameters (e.g., S and v), which
must be estimated for each hour. Using Equation 23 of Vol. 1, Table 31 gives the
approximate error (dC1n) and actual error UCin) for each hour due to an error
in CQ. Here it should be noted that since the GIOAP model is a linear func-
tion of CQ, dC1n » AC-tn; however, this does not show up in some of the entries
in the table due to the fact that some values were rounded off. As mentioned
227
-------
in Section 3 of Vol. 1, since the sign of 3C. /3C. is positive, a decrease
1 n i f"\
(increase) in CQ will cause a decrease (increase) in C which can be seen in
Table 31. Finally, for this particular case, it is seen that by the llth
hour the effects of the error in CQ on C are minimal.
TABLE 31. ERRORS IN C DUE TO AN ERROR IN C
in in
House: Baltimore Conventional (Visit #1)
PoUutaat: CO
Hour
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
^tao
(ppm)
-0.665
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
dCjn
3^
^
0.3012
0.0907
0.0273
0.0082
0.0025
0.0007
0.0002
dC^
(ppm)
—
-0.2003
-0. 0603
•0. 0182
-0.0055
-0.0016
-O.OOOS
-0.0001
*=!»
(ppm)
—
-0.20
-0.06
-0.01
-0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
The next example deals with the case in which the parameter errors vary
with time and are recurrent. This situation can occur in any number of the
GIOAP parameters (e.g., m, b and v) which must be estimated. For this example
the internal source rate parameter (S) was chosen and aSf » - 0.3 S-j, i = 9,
..., 15 (i.e., a negative 30% error in S). The data for this example are
presented in Table 32. Here, as in the previous example, dC1n = AC1n, because
the GIOAP model is linear with respect to S. As pointed out in Section 3
of Vol. 1, the sign of 3C./9S is positive; thus a decrease (increase) in S
results in a decrease (increase) in C1n. This is illustrated in Table 32.
Also, the error term consists not only of the error due to the current per-
turbation of S but also of the error due to the past perturbations of S which
are transmitted via the Cj-i term (see equation (5)). Notice that during
hours 0900 through 1100, the situation is similar to that of the previous example
(i.e., an initial error with no errors introduced subsequently) and that the
228
-------
effect of the error in S has diminished by the llth hour. However, during
hours 1200 through 1400, errors in S occur each hour, so, even though the
effects of previous errors in S begin to dissipate, the overall error in
C. is not reduced appreciably.
TABLE 32. ERRORS IN C DUE TO ERRORS IN S
in
HOUM: Baltimore Cosratloaal (Visit #1)
Pollutant; CO
Hour
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
* Inti
AS
(mg/h)
^ ,
.203.331
0.000
0.000
.132.042
-185.739
.158.451
0.000
IMS* tables, c
!§i
(ppm/mg/h)
—
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
0.0015
iC<«(CoL Slwas
3C
^^
^
-
0. 3012
0.3012
0. 3012
0.3012
0.3012
0.3012
comnutad
dC *
(ppm)
m
-0.2690
-0.0810
-0.0244
-0.1820
-0.3005
.0.3001
-0.0904
lusdna the f
AC
(ppm)
„
-0.27
-0.08
-0.02
-0.18
-0.30
-0.30
-0.09
bUowinc
formula!
aC*.dCul +SidSlt 1.9 15
-------
to dissipate. Also, this case gives an idea of how well dC1n approximates
AC1n when the model is not linear 1n the parameter being studied. Here, the
approximation 1s fair since dCin, In most cases, agrees with ACin, in the
first decimal place. Ideally, Av should be small enough so that the GIOAP
model is approximately linear in the Av-neighborhood about the nominal point.
This is Illustrated by Figure 75 which shows how, for y = f(x), Ay =
f(x+Ax) - f(x) differs from the approximation of Ay, Aay, found using the
formula Aay » f'(x)Ax. In this case, if AV were much larger, the validity
of using dCin to approximate AC^n would be questionable. Finally, in this
case, 3C^n/3v is negative, which means that a decrease (increase) in v
results in an increase (decrease) in Cip. This is intuitively plausible;
however, due to the complexity of 3Cin/3
-------
Figure 75. Graph showing how Ay cHftes from &ay (th« approximation to Ay computed u A^y * f (XQ)AX).
231
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
•(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION IN THE RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT
Volume II - Field Monitoring Protocol, Indoor Episodic Pollutant
Release Experiments and Numerical Analyses
5. REPORT DATE
September 20, 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Demetrios J. Moschandreas (Editor)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GEOMET Report Number EF-688
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GEOMET, Incorporated
IS Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2294
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. E.P.A. U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban
Environmental Research Center Development
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Office of Policy Development
and and Research
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVEREO
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This second volume of the two-volume series on "Indoor Air Pollution in the Residential Environment" contains three
chapters. Chapter 1 describes the experimental monitoring design for obtaining continuous and intermittent air samples
under "real-life" conditions. The site selection criteria, monitoring techniques, data management system and quality
assurance program are discussed in detail. Chapter 2 refers to specific experiments of episodic contaminant release in
the indoor residential environment. The monitoring technique, developed by IITRI, and the data obtained are presented
in this section. Finally, in Chapter 3 numerical techniques used to determine the sensitivity coefficients of the GEOMET
Indoor-Outdoor Air Pollution (GIOAP) model, see Volume I, are detailed.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Residential Air Quality Monitoring
Residential Site Selection Criteria
Monitoring Techniques
Data Management System
Quality Assurance Program
Instantaneous Pollutant Release
Sensitivity Coefficients
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Monitoring
Numerical Techniques
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. Of PAGES
240
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thtipage/
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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