WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES 11024 EJC 01/71
Selected
Urban Storm Water Runoff
Abstracts
Second Quarterly Issue
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • WATER QUALITY OFFICE
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WATER POLLUTION CONTROL RESEARCH SERIES
The Water Pollution Control Research Reports describe the results and progress
in the control and abatement of pollution of our Nation's waters. They provide
a central source of Information on the research, development and demonstration
activities of the Water Quality Office of the Environmental Protection Agency,
through in-house research and grants and contracts with the Federal, State,
and local agencies, research institutions, and industrial organizations.
Triplicate tear-out abstract cards are placed inside the back cover to facili-
tate information retrieval. Space is provided on the card for the user's
accession number and for additional key words. The abstracts utilize the
WRSIC system.
Inquiries pertaining to Water Pollution Control Research Reports should be
directed to the Head, Project Reports System, Planning and Resources Office,
Research and Development, Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20242.
Previously issued reports on the Storm and Combined Sewer Pollution Control
Program:
11034 FKL 07/70 Storm Water Pollution from Urban Land Activity
11022 DMU 07/70 Combined Sewer Regulator Overflow Facilities
11024 EJC 07/70 Selected Urban Storm Water Abstracts, July 1968 -
June 1970
11020 — 08/70 Combined Sewer Overflow Seminar Papers
11022 DMU 08/70 Combined Sewer Regulation and Management - A Manual
of Practice
11023 — 08/70 Retention Basin Control of Combined Sewer Overflows
11023 FIX 08/70 Conceptual Engineering Report - Klngman Lake Project
11024 EXF 08/70 Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Alternatives -
Washington, D.C.
11023 FDD 09/70 Chemical Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows
11024 FKJ 10/70 In-Sewer Fixed Screening of Combined Sewer Overflows
11024 EJC 10/70 Selected Urban Storm Water Abstracts, First Quarterly
Issue
11023 --- 12/70 Urban Storm Runoff and Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution
11023 DZF 06/70 Ultrasonic Filtration of Combined Sewer Overflows
Continued on inside back cover....
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STORM WATER
RUNOFF ABSTRACTS
Second Quarterly Issue
by
Science Information Services Department
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
Prepared for the
Water Quality Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Contract No. 14-12-904
Program Number 11024EJC
January 1971
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Water Quality Office and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
11
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ABSTRACT
The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER
RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation of abstracts summarizing
articles from a variety of technical literature concerning the
problem of urban drainage published from October 1970 through
December 1970. The 50 abstracts covering a range of ten sections
are arranged alphabetically by author and numerically by
abstract number within each category. Each item includes a
bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing
descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to
individual concepts. An author index and a journal list are
also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 14-12-904
between the Water Quality Office of the Environmental
Protection Agency and the Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories.
Key Words: Combined sewers, overflow, pollution abatement,
sewerage, sewers, storm runoff, urbanization, water pollution
sources, treatment facilities, water pollution control.
iii
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FOREWORD
The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER
RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation of abstracts summarizing
articles from a variety of technical publications covering
subjects pertinent to the problem of urban drainage. There
was no reported material solely related to the storm sewer
sub-section.
The present work includes 50 abstracts of documents published
for the most part from October 1970 through December 1970.
For convenience, the abstracts are classed in ten categories
and arranged alphabetically by author and numerically by
abstract number within each category. Since most of the papers
fit into more than one category, a cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access to individual
concepts and should be utilized for locating all abstracts in
which this concept is significant. The numbers following an
index term are the numbers for the abstracts in which this term
is found. Each item includes a bibliographic citation, an
abstract, and a set of indexing descriptors (subject terms
listed in the WATER RESOURCES THESAURUS' November 1966 edition)
and identifiers (newly suggested index terms). The most
important index terms are marked by an asterisk. An author
index and a journal list are included for the reader's benefit.
Copies of the articles abstracted in most cases can be obtained
from research libraries covering water pollution or public health
engineering literature.
Suggestions concerning the improvement of content and format, or
expansion of subject coverage in future supplements will be
gratefully received.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
ABSTRACT iii
FOREWORD v
SUBJECT FIELDS AND GROUPS vii
1. Construction: Equipment and Materials;
and Instrumentation 1
2. Overflows and Regulation Devices 5
3. Sewer Hydraulics 11
4. Sewer Systems 13
a. Combined
b. Sanitary
c. Storm
5. Stormwater - Quality, Quantity, and Pollution. ... 15
a. Caused from combined overflows
b. Caused from storm runoff
6. Surveys, Policies, and Reports 19
7. Legislation and Standards 25
8. Treatment Methods and Water Reuse 27
9. Hydrology 29
10. Tunnels: Technology and Equipment 33
SUBJECT INDEX 37
AUTHOR INDEX 43
JOURNAL LIST 45
vii
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SECTION 1.
Construction: Equipment and Materials;
and Instrumentation
037
PRIME NEED: INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN FIELD,
Rene J. Bender
Power, Vol 114, No 10, pp 50-53, Oct 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Instrumentation,
*Monitoring, *Administration, Methodology.
As demand for pollution control has increased, so has the need for
adequate instrumentation. Control of water pollution has reached
a standard clearly ahead of air pollution control, and resolves
itself into a matter of cost. Water management is becoming
increasingly popular; monitoring instruments include pH meters,
turbidity indicators, dissolved-solids recorders, DO, BOD, and
COD meters, oxidation-reduction-potential sensors, and chloride-ion
analyzers. The article contains recent developments in the
following areas of methodology and instrumentation: the
carbonaceous analyzer, atomic absorption, sewage treatment
monitors, telemetry, and flow meters.
038
A GROWING MARKET FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT,
K. L. Kollar and William G. Youngwirth
Water Sewage Works, Vol 117, No 9, pp 319-325, Sep 1970. 7 tab,
2 chart, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Treatment facilities, *Equipment, *Analysis,
Evaluation, Construction equipment, Surveys.
This report summarizes and compares two studies (1965 and 1968)
which are based on the response of manufacturers to a questionnaire
on manufacturing plant production capacity and value of shipments
of equipment used only in water and wastewater treatment plants.
Both surveys accounted for about 95% and 70% of equipment sales
to municipal water and wastewater treatment utilities and
industrial water and wastewater treatment respectively. In
1968, $248.4 million was spent for water and wastewater treatment
equipment by municipalities and industry with a 64+% increase in
pollution control equipment. Tabled information includes: total
expenditures, equipment shipments, structures, production capacities,
and GNP comparisons. A list of equipment definitions is given.
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039
PHOTOGRAPHY AND OTHER REMOTE SENSING OF WATER POLLUTION,
R. K. Lane
Water Pollution Control, Vol 108, No 9, pp 20-21, Sep 1970.
Descriptors: *Photography, *Data collections, *Remote sensing,
Effluents, Pollutants.
Identifiers: Water pollution studies.
Photography has long been used as a remote sensing tool for
environmental data collection from aircraft. In water pollution
studies most interest is centered around the need for observing
the behavior of effluents which introduce pollutants to rivers
or lakes. Qualitative examinations of effluents through
photography can be useful to locate effluents, to determine
how their behavior is affected by local characteristics, ambient
flow rates, and meteorological conditions, and to determine
relative intensities of discharges. Techniques for quantitative
assessments of polluted discharges are not yet operationally
effective.
040
PRECAST, REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF
WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS,
V. I. Lerner and I. S. Chumakov
Beton i Zhelezobeton, No 2, pp 8-10, Feb 1970.
Descriptors: *Construction materials, *Concrete construction,
Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Water supply systems, *Sewerage systems, *USSR.
The construction of sewers and water supply tunnels made of large
dimensional and relatively thin-walled reinforced concrete
components has been experimented with by the Soviets. The methods
of construction of reinforced concrete waterproof wall panels for
rectangular and round vessels are discussed.
041
DEVELOPMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF A MOBILE WATER QUALITY MONITOR,
Raymond W. Raible and M. K. Testerman
Advan Instr, Vol 24, Part 3, 1969. 3 fig, 6 ref, 5 p.
Presented at the Instrument Society of America 24th Annual
Conference, Oct 27-30, 1969.
Descriptors: *Instrumentation, *Control systems, *Monitoring.
Identifiers: *Data acquisitions.
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A mobile water quality monitor intended for extended unattended
use in locations where power lines are not available and for
survey use is described. All solid state electronics are
employed. Field tests have been performed for the past 2%
years. Conclusions and problems concerning the monitors and
transducers will be reviewed. Suggestions for future
development are given.
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SECTION 2.
Overflows and Regulation Devices
042
PRIMARY WATER TREATMENT AIDED BY COMPACT SEPARATOR,
Sweco, Inc.
Chem Eng, Vol 77, No 15, pp 48,50, Jul 13, 1970. 1 fig.
Descriptors: *Sewage treatment, *Waste water treatment,
*Sewage, *Storm runoff, Pollution abatement.
Identifiers: *Wastewater concentrator.
A new kind of primary wastewater treatment has been introduced
to help pollution abatement specialists solve two of their
most recurrent headaches: inadequate acreage for large enough
settling basins, and excessive wastewater loads resulting from
heavy rainfalls. The wastewater concentrator, as this unit is
called, was designed primarily for municipal sewage treatment.
043
FINE-MESH MECHANICAL SCREEN CONCENTRATES PEAK WASTE LOADS,
Filtration Eng, Vol 1, No 10, pp 8-10, Jun 1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Wastewater treatment, *Pollution abatement,
*0verflow, *Sewers, Storm runoff, Equipment.
Identifiers: *Wastewater concentrator.
A new product known as the wastewater concentrator uses a
mechanical screening principle to reduce pollution caused by
the overflow from combined storm and sanitary sewage systems
during periods of heavy rainfall. In storm overflow service,
the concentrator can augment a treatment process via high-rate,
fine mesh centrifugal screening which relieves the existing
system of its hydraulic overload. It was demonstrated that
the concentrator is capable of removing 99 percent of the
floatable and settleable solids, 34 percent of the suspended
solids, and 27 percent of the COD from sanitary waste. A
description of the operation, apparatus, and maintenance
involved in the concentrator's performance is given.
044
MICROSTRAINING AND DISINFECTION OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Cochrane Division, Crane Company, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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FWQA Contract No 14-12-136, Program No 11023EVO, Jun 1970.
76 p, 16 fig, 7 tab, 12 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Storm runoff, *Filtration, *Water
pollution control, *Cost comparisons, Water quality, Ozone,
Chlorine, Biochemical oxygen demand.
Identifiers: *Microstraining, *Combined sewer overflow,
*Suspended solids removal.
A micros trainer screen of a nominal aperture of 23 microns was
used to remove up to 98% of the suspended solids from a
combined sewer overflow. The sewer in a residential area of
Philadelphia has an average dwf of 1,000 gph. The maximum
combined sewer flow during rainstorms in one year of operation
was 304,000 gph. Volatile suspended solids removals with the
above screen have averaged 68% and 71% during different test
periods. Results indicated that there was a slightly better
kill of coliform group bacteria with chlorine than with ozone
in the micros trainer effluents when both were used at an initial
nominal concentration of 5 ppm, with 5 to 12 minutes detention
time. Chlorine was applied at slightly higher levels and with
better control than ozone. Preliminary estimates of the costs
of treatment via this process, using tentatively-established
throughput rates, show that the capital costs per acre of
drainage would be approximately $10,200 for micros training
alone, $11,200 for micros training plus chlorination, and
$19,800 for micros training plus ozonation. Of eight other
currently-proposed schemes, whose costs were estimated, only
surface impoundment appears competitive.
045
ROTARY VIBRATORY FINE SCREENING OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS;
Primary Treatment of Storm Water Overflow from Combined Sewers
by High-Rate, Fine-Mesh Screens,
Cornell, Rowland, Hayes and Merryfield Consulting Engineers
and Planners
Federal Water Pollution Control Admin., Publication No
DAST-5, Mar 1970. 6 tab, 18 fig, 3 append, 4 modifications.
Descriptors: *Investigations, *Screens, Overflow, Separation
techniques, Waste water treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, *Rotary screens, Treatment
method, Combined sewers.
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility,
effectiveness, and economics of employing high-rate, fine-mesh
screening for primary treatment of storm water overflow from
combined sewer systems. The final form of the screening unit
stands 63 inches high and has an outside diameter of 80 inches.
The unit is fed by an 8-inch pipe carrying 1700 gpm which is
distributed to a 60-inch diameter rotating stainless steel
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collar screen having 14 square feet of available screen area and
a 165 mesh. The screen is backwashed at the rate of 0.235
gallons of backwash water per 1000 gallons of applied sewage.
The unit is capable of 99% removal of floatable and settleable
solids, 34% removal of total suspended solids, and 27% removal
of COD. The screened effluent is typically 92% of the influent
flow. The estimated cost of treatment is 22c/1,000 gal on the
basis of a scale-up design.
046
CHARACTERIZATION AND TREATMENT OF COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS,
Engineering-Science, Inc., Arcadia, California
City and County of San Francisco, Calif, Nov 1967. 202 p, 59 fig,
24 tab, 21 ref. FWPA Grant WPD-112-01-66.
Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, *Discharge, *0verflow,
*Water pollution, *Sewage effluents, Flotation, Chlorination,
Aeration, Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, San Francisco, California,
San Francisco Bay.
This publication is the final report of a study made by the
City and County of San Francisco to develop workable systems to
manage overflows from the combined sewers of San Francisco. The
ultimate objective is to alleviate pollution of the Bay and the
Pacific Ocean caused by sewer overflows. The Selby Street sewer
system and the Laguna Street system were used as study sites.
Storm overflows were monitored for quantity and quality
characteristics. Rain gage measurements were also recorded. A
coliform survey of the municipal marina was made, and laboratory
tests were conducted to select suitable methods for treating
combined sewer overflows. The project findings were: 1)
concentrations of various constituents in the overflows follow
a distinct pattern; 2) the delay time is constant; 3) separation
in sewers would not result in any significant reduction in the
pollution of receiving waters; 4) coliform levels in receiving
waters are significantly affected by wet weather discharges; and,
5) treatment of the combined sewer overflows, using the dissolved
air flotation process in conjunction with chlorination, appears
to be the most feasible solution.
047
PROPOSED COMBINED SEWER CONTROL BY ELECTRODE POTENTIAL,
Merrimack College, North Andover, Massachusetts
FWQA , Program No 11024DOK, Feb 1970.
69 p, 20 fig, 10 tab, 38 ref.
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Descriptors: *Pollution abatement, *Laboratory tests,
*Measurement, *Sewage disposal, *Investigations, *0verflow.
Identifiers: *Discharge modulation, *Electrode potential.
The objective of the report was to investigate the effectiveness
of electrode potential measurements to modulate discharge from
combined and storm sewer overflows thus reducing stream and
estuarine pollution. The analysis of experimental results,
using predominantly stale, domestic sewage in the laboratory,
shows a high degree of correlation between the electrode
potential of the sewage and its strength. The 3/8-inch
diameter Ag, AgCl-Pt flow through cells, showing no polarization
during the ten months of sewage experimentation, were found to
yield the most stable, reproducible, and accurate readings.
Based on these limited investigations it appears that the addition
of a buffer to sewage may be helpful in stabilizing the potential,
although the influence of a strong reductant may be masked. It
was demonstrated that the potential will be more negative the
greater the S= concentration, except when a small amount of DO
is present which exerts an attenuating influence.
048
DISPATCHING SYSTEM FOR CONTROL OF COMBINED SEWER LOSSES,
James J. Anderson
An Interim Report to the Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, Minneapolis, Minn, May 1969. 115 p, 76 fig,
20 tab.
Descriptors: *Flow control, *Control systems, *Pollution
abatement, *Remote control, Surface runoff, Sewers, Urbanization,
Monitoring, Minnesota.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *0verflow regulators.
The report describes a $1,741,000 demonstration project initiated
as part of a national program designed to find alternatives to
the costly method of sewer separation for reducing pollution of
receiving waters from overflows of combined sewers. Key combined
sewer regulators in the Minneapolis-St. Paul sewer system were
modified. A system for remote control of these regulators and a
system for monitoring liquid levels in major sewers are operational,
using a small process control computer and leased telephone lines.
Remote reading rain gages were connected to the system to permit
using a mathematical model in the computer to predict storm flows
in the interceptors and to guide operation of the regulators.
Significant reduction of pollution in the Mississippi River from
overflows are attributed to: manual-remote monitoring of sewer
levels, regulator modifications, and improved regulator maintenance.
The program has demonstrated that overflow regulators can be
remotely controlled using a computer-based telemetry system.
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049
A RE-EXAMINATION OF THE STORM TANK PROBLEM,
L. B. Escritt
Water Waste Treat J, Vol 12, pp 298-300, 1969.
Descriptors: *Storage, *Treatment, Storms, Sewerage.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Storm tanks, Combined sewers.
The author discusses current practices and recommendations
concerning the storage and treatment of storm sewage from combined
or partially separated sewerage systems, and suggests that tanks
of large capacity should be installed to provide adequate storage
for all storm periods. Spillage volumes from storm sewage tanks
of various detention periods are tabulated for storms of various
durations assuming full treatment of 6 times the dry-weather flow
and an average impermeable area for a combined sewerage system.
050
STORM-WATER RETENTION CAN WORK...and Prevent the Heavily Polluted
"First Flush" from Overflowing to Damage the Receiving River,
Gerald Remus
Am City, Vol 85, No 10, pp 68-69, Oct 1970. 2 fig.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Sewers, *Monitoring, *Control
systems, Sewerage, Data collections.
Identifiers: *Detroit, Michigan, *0verflow abatement.
An intense thunderstorm over Detroit, Michigan dropped about
one billion gallons of water with about 450 million gallons
entering the sewer system that processed 365 million gallons in
excess of average flow during the following 30 hours. The
system retained so much storm water that the overflow outfalls,
which normally discharge into the Detroit and Route Rivers,
had very little to do. The sewer monitoring and remote control
system, briefly discussed, efficiently compiled rainfall and
sewer-level data every five minutes.
051
CAN POLYMERS HELP YOUR COLLECTION SYSTEMS?,
I. W. Santry
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 7, No 11, pp 47-48, Oct 1970. 2 fig,
1 ref.
Descriptors: *0verflow, Sewers, Flow rate, Peak loads.
Identifiers: *Polymers, Capacity.
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The use of polymers, formed by chain grouping of similar organic
molecules being cationic, anionic, or nonionic, reduce fluid
flow friction resulting in an increased velocity in a sewer during
application for varying distances downstream. What happens in
the system is that the long chains of high molecular organic
material dampen the eddy viscosity conditions making greater use
of streamlining and the extension of the laminar boundary layer
into the turbulent flow region. At present polymers appear to
be limited to short time uses that occur because of peak flows
and other emergencies.
052
STORM WATER/SEWAGE CONTROL,
Walter J. Talley
Effluent Water Treat J, Vol 10, No 10, pp 592-595, Oct 1970.
3 fig, 4 ref.
Descriptors: *Screens, Equipment.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Storm overflows, *Wastewater
concentrator.
The combined sewer overflow problems affect approximately 36
million people in England and Wales, and 51 million people in
the United States. Over a year's period, estimates on the
percent of liquid sanitary sewage that overflows with the storm
overflow in combined sewer systems vary from 2% to 10%. High-rate,
fine-mesh screens and the wastewater concentrator, which are the
products of research basically directed at finding means for
storage and treatment of storm/sanitary overflows, are discussed
briefly.
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SECTION 3.
Sewer Hydraulics
053
EFFECT OF RAIN COLLECTING BASINS ON THE YEARLY INFLUX OF
POLLUTANTS INTO A SEWER MAIN: FUNDAMENTALS OF DIMENSIONING
COLLECTING BASINS,
Walter Munz
Gas-Wasserfach, Vol 109, No 30, pp 823-827, Jul 26, 1968,
4 fig, 1 tab, 8 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Infiltration, *Water pollution sources,
Mathematical studies.
Identifiers: *Collecting basins.
The International Water Protection Commission for Lake Constance
was faced with the question of the magnitude of the effect of an
individual measure on the yearly influx of pollutants into the
sewer main. To provide an answer, the author worked out a
procedure for computations of material flows for different
combinations of measures of differing effectiveness under given
conditions. Such computations were carried out at the Zurich
Technical University and the Baden-Wurttemberg Hydrological
Administration. The results of the computations relating to
the elimination of BOD by various combinations of pertinent
measures are presented in graphs and briefly discussed. The
author also presents a systematic classification of all
possible kinds of rain collecting basins according to basin
type and the relative altitude of the basin outlet with respect
to its inlet.
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SECTION 4.
Sewer Systems
4a. Comb ined
054
THE CARDIFF EASTERN DISTRICT DRAINAGE SCHEME,
S. R. Salt
Inst Munic Engrs, London, Vol 97, No 9, pp 246-254, Sep 1970.
8 fig, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewerage, *Sewers, *Planning, *Drainage systems,
Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Great Britain.
The area around Cardiff, Wales is serviced by three sewerage
systems which have continued in use from the latter half of the 19th
century until recently, with only one major change, despite expansion
of the city. It was clear that a major renewal was required if
further development on the east side of the city was not curtailed.
The new plans would: 1) eliminate three storm overflows, 2) ensure
far off-shore discharge, 3) provide for the screening of the total
flow, and 4) maintain existing sewers. Thus the scheme, which is
detailed herein, would include two runs of duplication sewers, a
new pumping station, and a new sea outfall.
4b. Sanitary
055
ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF SEWER OVERFLOW PROBLEM; A Detailed
Investigation Into the Cause and Effect of Sanitary Sewer Overflows
and Recommended Remedial Measures for Roanoke, Virginia,
Hayes, Seay, Mattern & Mattern Architects - Engineers
FWQA Contract No 14-12-200, Program No 11024DMS, May 1970.
250 p, 10 plate, 101 fig, 60 tab, 31 ref, 8 append.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *0verflow, Infiltration, Storm runoff,
Water pollution, Surveys, Computer programs, Flow measurement,
Sampling, Construction costs.
Identifiers: *Roanoke, Virginia, *Sanitary sewers.
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Three study areas, representing 25% of the area served by the
City of Roanoke, Virginia's separate sanitary sewerage system,
were used in an analysis of stream pollution resulting from
rainfall infiltration and sanitary sewer overflows. Data from
rainfall gauges were correlated with historical rainfall data to
establish precipitation frequencies. Flows in the sanitary sewers
and streams were gauged during storm events to measure infiltration
and runoff quantities and to establish their relation to rainfall
intensities and durations. Samples were obtained during storm
events to assess the quality of sewer overflows and storm runoff.
A computer program was developed to permit the analysis of the
sewerage system under various rainfall frequencies and durations,
to calculate the overflow quantities discharged to the watercourses,
and to assess the sewer overflow problem for the entire urban area.
Rates of infiltration in the sanitary sewers were found to be as
high as 24,000 gallons per inch of pipe diameter per mile per day
which produced overflows from a single event equivalent to 14% of
the daily untreated sewage. Various remedial measures were
investigated and a program, based primarily on reducing infiltration
by at least 80%, was presented. The cost would be about $61 per
capita.
4c. Storm
THERE ARE NO ABSTRACTS FOR THIS SUB-SECTION OF THE SECOND QUARTERLY
ISSUE DUE TO A LACK OF INFORMATION PERTINENT TO THIS CATEGORY.
14
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SECTION 5.
Storm water - Quality, Quantity, and Pollution
5a. Caused from combined overflows
056
POLLUTION FROM COMBINED SEWERS; CINCINNATI, OHIO,
Arthur D. Caster and William J. Stein
Am Soc Civil Engrs Meeting, Preprint No 1090, 1970. 39 p, 13 fig,
5 tab.
Descriptors: *Sewage, *Storm runoff, *Waste treatment, Treatment
facilities.
Identifiers: *Combined sewer overflow, *Cincinnati, Ohio.
The sampling and gaging program was designed to provide basic
data to estimate the magnitude of combined sewage pollution in
and from the Mill Creek Basin, and by extrapolation, the Cincinnati
Service Area. The description of the Service Area, the background
hydrological and water quality data, the field investigation program,
the analysis of the data, and conclusions are presented herein.
057
ASSESSING THE QUALITY OF URBAN DRAINAGE,
W. Viessman
Public Works, Vol 100, No 10, pp 89-92.
Descriptors: *Water quality, Model studies, Cities.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Urban runoff, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The author reviews literature on the composition of urban
storm sewage, including determinations at Cincinnati, Ohio and
work on sediment loads, and considers ways of constructing water
quality models for runoff from urban areas.
5b. Caused from storm runoff
058
STORM WATER POLLUTION FROM URBAN LAND ACTIVITY; Development of
Analytical Procedures for Predicting Storm Water Pollution from
Urban Areas by Use of Selectively Defined Urban Characteristics,
Avco Economic Systems Corporation
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FWQA Contract No 14-12-187, Program No 11034FKL, Jul 1970.
325 p, 66 fig, 89 tab, 28 ref, 14 append.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Water pollution, *Water pollution
sources, *Investigations, *Urbanization, *Pollutants, *Sampling,
Cities.
Identifiers: *Tulsa, Oklahoma.
An investigation of the pollution concentrations and loads from storm
water runoff in an urban area was conducted in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The
scope of the project included: a field assessment of the storm water
pollution by obtaining samples of the water resulting from
precipitation and surface runoff from selected test areas within
the metropolitan area; development of an analytical procedure for
correlation of storm water pollution with selectively defined
variables of land uses, environmental conditions, drainage
characteristics, and precipitation; and development of a plan for
implementing remedial measures necessary to abate or control sources
of pollution in an urban area. Runoff samples were analyzed in
terms of quality standards for BOD, COD, TOG, organic kjeldahl
nitrogen, soluble orthophosphate, chloride, pH, solids, total
coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus pollutants.
Selected land use parameters, environmental conditions, drainage
and precipitation data, along with storm water pollution factors,
provided input data for functional relationships enabling assessment
of pollution from storm water runoff.
059
THE EFFECTS OF URBAN DRAINAGE ON LAKE McILWAINE, RHODESIA,
J. McKendrick and R. K. Williams
Water Pollution Control, Vol 68, pp 523-528, 1969.
Descriptors: *Water quality, Water treatment, Effluents,
Investigations, Water pollution sources.
Identifiers: *Rhodesia, *Urban runoff, Algal growth.
From 1953 to 1959 there was little change in the quality of the
water in lake Mcllwaine, which is the main source of supply for
Salisbury, Rhodesia, but from 1960 trouble began to be experienced
with heavy algal growths which interfered with treatment of the
water. When the lake water intake level was lowered to avoid the
algae, problems were caused by manganese and iron in the lower
waters of the lake. Studies on conditions in the lake showed that
the algal growths were caused by high concentrations of phosphate
and nitrogen brought into the lake by the rivers to which the
effluents from the city's sewage works and oxidation lagoons
were discharged; algal growths were most severe during periods
of low rainfall when less dilution was available.
16
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060
DETERMINATION OF THE POLLUTIONAL EFFECT OF SURFACE RUNOFF,
N. A. Pravoshinsky and P. D. Gatillo
In: Advances in Water Pollution Research, Proceedings 4th
International Conference on Water Pollution Research, Prague,
Czechoslovakia, Apr 21-25, 1969, Pergammon Press, Ltd, pp 187-
195, 1969. 3 fig, 1 tab, 27 ref.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *Cities, *Storm runoff,
*Surface runoff, *Urbanization, Water pollution effects, Foreign
research.
Identifiers: *USSR.
Pollution by urban surface runoff depends on the intensity of
movement of street traffic and use by pedestrians, type of cover
of catchment, duration and intensity of rain, standards of water
discharge of watering and washing, the amount of dust deposition,
the elevation of the catchment water basin, duration of preceeding
dry weather period, quality and technology of town cleaning, and
the means of dust control. Data were compiled from samples collected
in the well-built-up districts of Minsk, USSR, remote from big
industrial enterprises and Soligorsk, a rapidly developing town.
The value of 5-day HDD was used as a primary index of runoff
pollution. In addition the concentrations of suspended solids,
chlorides, oil-products, and bacterial pollution were determined.
061
URBAN DRAINAGE AS A FACTOR IN EUTRCPHICATION,
S. R. Weibel
Paper presented at the International Symposium on Eutrophication,
Madison, Wisconsin, Jun 11-15, 1969. 20 p, 2 fig, 9 tab, 31 ref.
Descriptors: *Sewage, *Storm runoff, *Water pollution sources,
Urbanization, *Nutrients, *0verflow.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Urban drainage.
In this article the topic of urban drainage includes sewage as
well as storm water runoff and combined sewer overflows. Since
current research activities on the control of nutrients in
connection with sewage treatment seem well documented, this paper
is devoted to storm water runoff and combined sewer overflows
as sources of water pollution, including nutrient contributions,
an area of study where much work is needed. The urbanization
explosion means that more people, more demands for water for all
purposes, more wastes, more storm water runoff—all are impressed
upon existing time, space, facilities, and habits already
representing huge investments.
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SECTION 6.
Surveys, Policies, and Reports
062
METROPOLITAN BOSTON'S WASTEWATER QUALITY CONTROL PROGRAM,
Water Sewage Works, Vol 117, No 9, pp 300-304, Sep 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution sources, *0verflow, legislation,
*Treatment facilities, Pollution abatement, Water quality control.
Identifiers: *Stonn overflows, *Boston, Massachusetts.
This paper traces the historical factors contributing to the
sewage problems in Boston, Massachusetts and accredits the general
causes for the pollution conditions to: 1) the raw sewage discharge
into Boston Harbor, and 2) mixed sewage and storm water overflow
into tributary rivers, streams, and basins. Pertinent sections of
legislation authorizing pollution control construction as well as
associated legislative acts are mentioned. A description of
existing sewage treatment plants and important features of the
improvement programs is given. A new anti-pollution installation
on the Charles River, expected to be undergoing acceptance and
evaluation tests in late 1970, will accumulate, detain, and
chlorinate overflow from combined sewage and surface drainage
occurring during heavy storms.
063
COMBINED SEWER REGULATOR OVERFLOW FACILITIES; Report,
American Public Works Association
FWQA Contract No 14-12-456, Program No 11022DMU, Jul 1970.
139 p, 38 fig, 29 tab, 4 append.
Descriptors: *0verflow, *Regulation, Design, Operations,
Maintenance, Control systems.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, Tide gates, Overflow quantity,
Overflow quality.
Current design, operation, and maintenance practices used by
local jurisdictions in the United States and Canada were determined
by personal interviews and compiled in this report. Particular
attention was given to the performance of various types of
regulators, the use of tide gates, new designs, European practices,
and the systems concept of combined sewer regulation. Thirty-seven
drawings and photographs of regulators are included. 17
recommendations are made, the adoption of which would upgrade
regulator facilities and tend to reduce receiving water pollution
from combined sewer overflows.
19
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064
COMBINED SEWER REGULATION AND MANAGEMENT; A Manual of Practice,
American Public Works Association
FWQA Contract No 14-12-456, Program No 11022DMU, Jul 1970.
134 p, 41 fig, 1 tab.
Descriptors: *0verflow, *Regulation, Design, Operations, Maintenance,
Control systems.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, Tide gates, Overflow quantity,
Overflow quality.
Design application, operation, and maintenance of combined sewer
overflow regulator facilities are detailed in this Manual of
Practice, developed in conjunction with a report prepared on
combined sewer overflow regulators. Design calculations are given
for various types of regulators and tide gates. A sample regulator
facility control program is given to illustrate the development
of a control system. Operation and maintenance guidelines are
also given. Thirty-eight sketches and photographs are included.
065
AREAWIDE WATER AND SEWER PLAN, COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING STUDY,
HARRISON, ARKANSAS,
Harrison City Planning Commission, Arkansas
Jun 1970. 27 p.
Descriptors: *Sewers, *Urbanization, *Project planning, Water
supply, Sewage treatment.
Identifiers: *Storm sewers, Harrison, Arkansas.
This water and sewer study is based on earlier volumes of a
comprehensive plan concerning public utility improvement projects
in a specific planning area.
066
REPORT TO THE CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN ON SANITARY AND STORM
SEWER SYSTEMS,
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts
Report to Department of Public Works and Utilities, City of Flint,
Michigan, Sep 12, 1969. 159 p, 11 fig, 12 tab, 11 ref.
Descriptors: *Sanitary engineering, *Sewers, *Sewerage, *Infiltration,
*Drainage systems, Urbanization, *Pollution abatement, *Storm
runoff, *Water pollution control, Separation techniques, Sewage
treatment, Treatment facilities, Future planning.
Identifiers: *Combined sewers, *Sanitary sewers, *Storm sewers,
*Flint, Michigan.
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The report describes the study procedures and presents the
findings, conclusions, and recommendations of an engineering
investigation of the adequacy of the sanitary sewer and storm
sewer systems and the wastewater disposal facilities of the
City of Flint. The sewer systems performed their present functions
satisfactorily; however, major problems were: 1) basement flooding,
2) river pollution, and 3) potential flooding from future storm
water discharges from adjoining townships. In addition to
recommendations for system improvements and expansion of
existing facilities, several far-reaching and unconventional
recommendations were made. Special field investigations of surface
and groundwater infiltration into existing sewers are also
recommended. The need for cooperation between Flint and Genessee
County is stressed, particularly for rainfall and runoff data
collection and flood plain conservation.
067
STORM WATER POLLUTION, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA,
New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board, Louisiana
Supplementary Report, Jun 1970. 56 p, 52 fig. Repair work in
conjunction with Community Renewal Program Project No La-R-6 (CR.) .
Descriptors: *Repairing, *Sewers, *Leakage, *Water pollution
control, *Pollution abatement, *Drainage systems, *Storm drains,
*Municipal wastes, *Sewerage, *Water quality control, Waste water
treatment, Path of pollutants.
Identifiers: *Sewer repairs, *Storm water pollution, *Sewer
inspection, *Sewer leakage, *New Orleans, Louisiana, Televised
inspection.
The results were evaluated of sewer repairs that were made by
the New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board to correct major leaks
and defects found using television equipment. Field inspection
work was conducted in 1969 to determine how and to what extent the
storm waters discharged to Lake Pontchartrain are being polluted
by domestic sewage. The results were published in a basic report
having the same title as this supplementary report. Upon completion
of the repairs of 47 major defects, exfiltration tests were made
on the repaired lines. The results indicated excessive leakage
still existing. Television photographs of pipe leakage and
exfiltration data are included.
068
STORM WATER POLLUTION, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA
New Orleans Sewerage and Water Board, Louisiana
Final Report, Jun 1970. 117 p, 19 fig, 49 tab, 14 ref. Community
Renewal Extension Project No La-R-6 (CR) .
Descriptors: *Pollutant identification, *Water pollution, *Path
of pollutants, *Water pollution control, *Pollution abatement,
*Storm drains, *Drainage systems, *Sewers, *Municipal wastes,
21
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*Sewerage, *Water quality control, Repairing, Design standards,
Installation.
Identifiers: *Storm water pollution, *Sewer leakage, *Televised
inspection, *Sewer inspection, *New Orleans, Louisiana.
The findings are presented of field inspections of the operating
condition of sanitary sewers and storm sewers in New Orleans to
determine how, and to what extent, the storm waters discharged to
Lake Pontchartrain are being polluted by domestic sewage.
Television cameras were pulled through sewers to view leakage into
sewer pipes at open joints, fractures, and house connections. It
was found that the major source of storm water pollution came from
accidental cross flows between sanitary sewer house connections
and storm sewers at points of crossings, particularly where house
sewers cross beneath storm sewers. The fractures are attributed
to the weight of the overlying storm sewer on the house connections
beneath. Recommendations are given for the design and installation
of sanitary sewers, house connections, and storm sewers.
Explanation of field inspection procedures and television
inspection data are included.
069
FINAL REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON STORM OVERFLOWS AND
THE DISPOSAL OF STORM SEWAGE,
J. T. Calvert
Inst Civil Engrs (London), Vol 47, pp 305-308, Oct 1970.
Descriptors: *Sewage disposal, Costs, Water pollution sources,
Sewers.
Identifiers: *Storm overflows, Great Britain.
An informal discussion on the Committee's findings shows that:
1) the abolition of all storm overflows was not recommended because
the enormous cost could not be justified and pollution from surface
water sewers could still occur; and 2) a new formula, in which the
amount of sewage to be contained in the system downstream of the
overflow would vary only slightly with water consumption and the
formula would broadly ensure that the polluting matter from each
person was diluted by a fixed amount of rainwater before spill
commenced, were recommended.
070
THE OPTIMIZATION OF STORM-HOLDING TANKS: A PROBLEM OF WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL,
Charles Albert Kohlhaas
Dissertation, Feb 1970. 321 p.
Descriptors: *0ptimization, *Storm drains, *Economics, Mathematical
models, Chlorination, Infiltration.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Combined sewers, Effluent tax, San
Francisco Bay.
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A literature review of the hydrology, quality, effect on the
environment, and control technology of combined sewer overflows
and overflows from sewers subject to heavy infiltration is made.
An analysis of water pollution externalities and remedies for
dealing with them, including the use of effluent tax in particular,
is given. The relationship between the pollution caused by
storm-sewage overflow and competing urban needs is investigated.
Two mathematical programs for optimizing control facilities from
storm-sewage overflows are defined: one achieves economic
efficiency by means of the effluent tax, the other incorporates
water quality goals by means of stream standards. The stream
standards program is applied to a practical problem of storm-sewage
overflow in East San Francisco Bay, California. Water quality
regulations for controlling overflows are formulated and treatment
processes based on the use of holding tanks are defined. The
effect of a holding tank on input discharge, BOD, and coliform
concentrations is described. Graphs relating BOD load and average
coliform concentration of holding tank effluent to tank capacity are
employed to size holding tanks capable of meeting effluent standards.
The mathematical program is solved as a separate non-linear program.
Detention times needed to satisfy BOD limitations were more than
adequate to meet limitations on coliform concentrations. For most
cities the high cost of solutions to storm-sewage overflow problems
will prevent the implementation of control measures in the near
future. An effluent tax may be used as a means of financing
alternative recreation and as an incentive for implementation of
control measures. Requirements concerning maximum coliform
concentrations are best met by limitations on the minimum size
of holding tanks. Optimization models capable of incorporating an
almost infinite number of holding tanks and over 2,000 water quality
requirements may be constructed.
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SECTION 7.
Legislation and Standards
071
CITY OF PERU V CITY OF LA SALLE (RIGHT TO HAVE SURFACE WATERS
NATURALLY DISCHARGED),
255 NE2d 502-507 (111 Ct App 1970)
Descriptors: *Illinois, *Cities, *Drainage water, *Storm drains,
Storm runoff, Water rights, Surface runoff, Legal aspects,
Drainage systems, Sewers, Outlets, Natural steams.
Plaintiff City of Peru sought an injunction to restrain defendant
City of La Salle from draining water through a storm drain from
the city limits of La Salle into a ravine which ultimately drained
onto property belonging to plaintiff. Plaintiff contended that in
the absence of a natural watercourse draining the dominant land onto
the serient land, defendant had no right to drain its land through
the tile system onto plaintiff's land. Plaintiff also claimed a
prescriptive right to be free from the drainage water since
defendant's sewer system had drained water away from Peru for the
past twenty years. The court denied the injunction stating that
even in the absence of a natural watercourse, surface water may be
drained into the same point of discharge where it would normally
have found its way and the servient landowner cannot complain.
The court also held that any prescriptive right that plaintiff
asserted would be limited to the amount of water actually diverted
by defendant and would not involve other surface water. Plaintiff
failed to establish any such amount.
072
METHODOLOGY IN ESTABLISHING WATER-QUALITY STANDARDS,
Robert 0. Sylvester and Carl A. Rambow
Water Resources Management and Public Policy, University of
Washington Press, pp 110-122, 1968. 2 tab, 3 ref.
Descriptors: *Water quality, *Standards, *Washington,
*Methodology, *Water quality control.
The methodology for establishing water quality criteria as
presented here was done for the state of Washington where most
waters do not suffer from damaging pollution. Some aspects of
the methodology may be more difficult to apply to regions where
most waters are more severely damaged by pollution. A comparison
of the goal and standard values, with present water quality and
minimum recorded water quality in forty principal stream reaches
in the state of Washington gave the following results for nine
parameters: in the case of present quality about 92% exceeded
goal values, 6% lay between goal and standard values and about 2%
fell below standard values; in the case of minimum recorded water
quality, about 73% fell above goal values, 11 between goal and
standard values, and 16% below standard values.
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SECTION 8.
Treatment Methods and Reuse
073
INDUSTRIAL RE-USE OF COMBINED SEWAGE-TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENT,
E. R. Hamilton and C. F. Gurnham
International Conference on Water for Peace, Vol 4, 1967 and 1968.
12 p.
Descriptors: *Storm runoff, *Bypasses, *Water pollution sources,
^Treatment facilities, Overflow, Sewage disposal, Water reuse.
Identifiers: *Storm sewage, *Chicago, Illinois, *Treatment method.
After reviewing the increasing water demands of the United States
and the problems of future water shortage, the authors describe
the steps taken at East Chicago, Illinois, to overcome problems
of pollution and water shortage. Excess storm sewage which
bypasses the sewage works enters Grand Calumet river and thence
the southern part of Lake Michigan, causing serious restriction
on the use of water for recreational purposes, particularly
swimming. It is financially impossible to replace the combined
sewerage system by a separate system; also, storm runoff is highly
polluting. A scheme was therefore developed which will receive
effluent from the existing sewage works and overflows of storm
sewage from about one-third of the city, providing treatment by
equalization, sedimentation, oxidation, and biological processes.
In dry weather there will be a detention period of at least 10 days;
and at peak storm periods there will be a minimal detention period
of 24 hours. Discharge from the detention basins will be chlorinated
and held in the overflow channel for the customary disinfection period
of 15 minutes before entering the Grand Calumet river. It is
proposed that flows up to 20 mgd will pass from the detention basin
to a new tertiary treatment plant, on which pilot-scale studies are
being made. The quality of the effluent will not only meet the
anticipated standards for discharge to the Grand Calumet river, but
will approach requirements for potable use and will be acceptable
for use as cooling water and often as industrial process water.
The plant will be flexible in operation, and water of almost any
desired quality could be tapped off at various points for sale to
indus try.
074
TERTIARY TREATMENT OF SEWERAGE WATER,
Shozo Miyahara and Tokiya Ando
Sangyo Kogai, Vol 6, No 8, pp 454-461, Aug 25, 1970. 46 ref.
Descriptors: *Tertiary treatment, *Water purification, *Water
resources, *Feasibility.
Identifiers: *Sewerage water, *Japan.
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Because of the increasing water need, the feasibility of sewerage
water reuse is being investigated both technically and chemically.
This new advanced method of utilization, tertiary treatment, is
aimed at higher level purification of sewerage water beyond the
secondary treatment stage. Due to projected water demand sewerage
water has a great potential as a new water resource if advanced
technology is employed. Some problems involved in sewerage water
reuse are associated with water quality including: generation of
corrosion, slime scale and ABC foaming, higher seasonal temperatures,
and chloride ion concentration. Sewerage water reuse is presently
limited in its application to cooling and washing uses. Discussed
herein are several types of tertiary treatment for sewerage water
primarily involving removal of suspended solids, nitric or phosphoric
compounds, organic substances, and chlorine contained in sewerage
water after secondary treatment.
075
PLANNING OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER RENOVATION PROJECTS,
J. W. Porter
J Am Water Works Assoc, Vol 62, No 9, pp 543-548, Sep 1970.
3 fig, 2 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Water reuse, *Economics, *Cost comparisons, *Project
planning, Water pollution control.
Increasing interest in water renovation and reuse rather than
simply waste treatment and discharge is due to the severity of
pollution control laws and localized shortages of water resources.
Economic considerations concern cost comparisons between the water
pollution control/water supply functions of a water renovation
facility, and the same functions in separate facilities. Technical
considerations in planning a water renovation project are largely
a function of the planned use of the product water. Several
technical aspects are discussed including: process selection
and water quality criteria, renovation system reliability, public
health considerations, aid pilot - demonstration work. The
functions of water pollution control and water supply should be
recognized institutionally, which involves cooperation between
parties concerned. Five guidelines are included as suggestions
in planning for public acceptance of water renovation.
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SECTION 9.
Hydrology
076
A RECURSIVE PROGRAMING MODEL FOR NONSTRUCTURAL FLOOD DAMAGE
CONTROL,
John C. Day
Water Resources Res, Vol 6, No 5, pp 1262-1271, Oct 1970. 17 ref.
Descriptors: *Flood plains, *Flood damage, *Flood control, *Land
use, *Urbanization, *Storm runoff, Land management, Economics,
Design criteria, Computer programs, Model studies.
This paper deals with flood plain land use management approaches
for urban flood damage control. These alternatives are important
because traditional flood control projects, such as levees, channel
improvements, and reservoirs, are not always capable of correcting
the physical and economic conditions that give rise to flood damage.
It is expected that land use management will complement engineering
works and lead to a more effective use and development of flood
plain lands. The paper presents a computational technique for
evaluating alternative land use assignments based upon the economic
value a community gains from its land. A linear programming model
is developed that identifies economically efficient combinations of
1) spatial and temporal planning of urban land use, 2) site elevation
through landfill, and, 3) flood proofing of buildings.
077
PROBABILITIES FOR SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF FLOODS IN THE DANUBE
AND INN RIVERS BEFORE AND AFTER COMPLETION OF STRUCTURES IN THE
DANUBE RIVER,
Gert A. Schultz
Wasserwirtschaft, Vol 9, pp 293-296, 1970. 9 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
Descriptors: *Floods, *Flooding, *Flood forecasting, Synthetic
hydrology, Hydraulic structures.
Identifiers: *Danube River, *Inn River.
The flood statistics for the city of Passau reveal that whenever
one of these two rivers carried a flood wave the other produces a
flood several days after. The Danube peak usually follows the Inn
peak. Based on 67 independent flood events between 1926 and 1967,
the probability for the "critical case" (the simultaneous occurence
of flood peaks of the Danube and Inn Rivers' confluence) has been
investigated and reported herein. An attempt has been made to
estimate the influence of hydraulic structures in the Danube river
upstream of the confluence on the "critical case" probability. If
this influence can be determined then it is possible to investigate
the future tendency of a synthetic flood frequency analysis for the
Danube river downstream of the confluence.
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078
PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF RATE OF MOVEMENT OF STORM RUNOFF THROUGH
THE ZONE OF AERATION BENEATH A RECHARGE BASIN ON LONG ISLAND,
NEW YORK,
G. E. Seaburn
In: Geological Survey Research 1970, Chapter B, pp B196-B198, 1970.
3 fig, 1 tab, 2 ref.
Descriptors: *Infiltration, *Artificial recharge, Groundwater
movement, Storm runoff, Urbanization, Cities.
Identifiers: *Long Island, New York.
A study of recharge basins on Long Island has provided information
on the rate of movement of water through the zone of aeration.
Pertinent data were collected during 38 storms from a basin in
Central Nassau County, where the depth to the water table is 35 ft
below the bottom of the basin. In this basin the apparent downward
rate of movement averaged 5 feet per hour; it ranged from an average
of 3 feet per hour for storms in November through March to an
average of 6 feet per hour for storms in April through October.
079
URBANIZATION AND THE WATER BALANCE,
Andrew M. Spieker
In: Proceedings of Symposium on Water Balance in North America,
Jun 23-26, 1969, Alberta, Canada, American Water Resources Assoc,
Urbana, Illinois, pp 182-187, 1969. 2 fig, 8 ref.
Descriptors: Urbanization, *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Water
pollution sources, Cities, Time lag, Sediment load, Waste disposal,
Floods, Hydrographs, Peak discharge.
Identifiers: Urban hydrology, North America.
Urbanization modifies the hydrologic balance by causing changes in
the distribution and quality of water in time and place. The
overall quantity of water, however, remains essentially unchanged.
In extreme cases, the lack of adequate management measures can
result in catastrophic events. Several examples are cited. In
1969 floods in southern California were intensified by uncontrolled
urban sprawl in alluvial fans and canyons. Sewering of urbanized
areas on Long Island has caused an increase in direct runoff and
flood peaks, and a lowering of groundwater levels. Detailed studies
of storm runoff in Fairfax County, Virginia, have shown that
urbanization in small watersheds increases peak flow by 2 to 3
times, and shortens the lag time by about 8 times. Intensive
construction in urbanizing areas can result in sharply increased
sediment loads In streams and lakes. Chemical and bacterial
quality of water are also affected by urbanization. Studies of
Salt Creek, a small stream in suburban Chicago, indicate high
coliform and.BOD levels at both low and high flows. Coliform
counts are greater at high flows, resulting from combined sewer
overflows.
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080
MEAN ANNUAL RAINFALL/RUN-OFF RELATIONSHIP,
L. H. Young
J Ind Water Engrs, Vol 24, No 7, pp 423-430, Oct 1970. 1 fig, 3 tab.
Descriptors: *Rainfall-runoff relationships, *Cities, Analysis,
Water loss.
Identifiers: *Urban hydrology.
World wide data are analyzed to investigate the relationship between
the mean annual runoff, rainfall, and temperature of cities. Other
parameters considered are found to have little independent effect.
For non-arid climates the relationship is a striaght line for
which the slope is unity for 50 degrees F, steeper for lower
temperatures, and flatter for higher temperatures. Water loss is
found to be independent of rainfall only in the region of 50
degree F. A general runoff formula is developed for the overseas
data, and a separate formula for the British Isles.
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SECTION 10.
Tunnels: Technology and Equipment
081
CUSTOM DESIGNED SHIELD LEAVES NO SPACE BEHIND AS IT SETS TUNNEL
RINGS ,
Construct Methods Equip, Vol 52, No 8, pp 64-67, 70, 72, Aug 1970.
Descriptors: *Drilling, *Tunnel construction, *Tunneling machines,
Tunnel design.
Identifiers: *Tunneling shield, *Mexico.
A tunneling shield used to drive a 30-ft diameter bore at shallow
depths in soft, unstable ground, was designed to progress through
drive cycles without leaving an annular space behind the shield
after the shove had been made. The tunnel was driven up a
constant incline having profile variations of from 0.8 to 7% at
depths ranging from 52*s feet to 16 feet below street level.
Guidance made use of a laser and target system; excavation was
performed by a dozen miners working from the shield's six breasting
tables with pneumatic spades and rock breakers. A description of
the tunneling cycle is given.
082
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO TUNNELING,
Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, Paris,
France
In: Advisory Conference on Tunneling of the Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development, Aug 1970. 108 p.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Research and development, Construction,
Underground structures.
Identifiers: Questionnaire.
The document is concerned with the status of applied research and
development relating to tunneling technology. Applied research
and development means theoretical and experimental studies of
new design methods and construction techniques, including studies
of the properties, character and behavior of tunnel structures,
and of the ground mass in which they are constructed.
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083
BOSTON STILL FACES A POLLUTION CONTROL PROBLEM; Deep Tunnel Plan
Proposed as Solution,
Joseph Cazzaza
Water Wastes Eng, Vol 7, No 9, pp 44-47, Sep 1970.
Descriptors: *Water pollution control, *Pollution abatement,
Sewers, Sewerage, Treatment facilities.
Identifiers: *Deep tunnel plan, *Boston, Massachusetts.
In this article the related development of combined sewerage systems
in the Boston metropolitan area is traced and some of the major
attempts to abate pollution in the harbor and its estuaries are
discussed. Presently, the sewage from the area south of the old
Boston Main Drainage District is treated at the Nut Island plant,
while most of the sewage from the remaining Metropolitan Sewerage
District is treated at the Deer Island plant. The two plants
provide primary treatment and chlorination for all dry-weather
flows from the metropolitan area, yet they cannot handle the enormous
quantities of mixed flows during storm conditions. A description of
the deep tunnel plan, with an estimated construction cost of $430
million, is included.
084
DESIGN OF TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEM,
U. D. Deere, R. B. Pack, and J. Monsees
Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research
Board, Jan 1970. 18 p, 1 fig, 4 tab, 10 ref.
Descriptors: *Tunnel design, *Supports, Tunnels, Excavation, Gunite,
Economics, Tunnel linings, Rock bolts, Tunneling, Tunnel construction,
Identifiers: *Tunnel supports, Rock breakage.
Selection and design of the support system are two of many
interrelated factors in the overall design of a serviceable and
economical tunnel. The type of support, method of excavation, and
character of the ground are inseparable considerations. Factors
pertinent to good design of tunnel supports are: 1) types and
functions of tunnel support systems; 2) types of primary support
systems; 3) planning and design of tunnel support systems; 4)
modern concepts of the design of tunnel support systems; 5)
guidelines for selecting primary support systems for rock and soil
tunnels; and, 6) improvement in support systems for high-speed
tunneling. Results of studies conducted at the University of
Illinois on various aspects of design of support systems for
tunnels are described.
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085
HARD ROCK TUNNELING,
T. E. Howard
In: Advisory Conference on Tunneling of the Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development, Aug 1970. 74 p.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Construction, Underground structures,
Drilling.
Identifiers: *Hard rock tunneling, Technological improvement,
Ques tionnaire.
The report is intended to facilitate the orderly development of
tunneling technology by focusing attention on the inadequacies
of rock tunneling and the improvements that are needed. The data
presented were derived from the results of a comprehensive
questionnaire that was completed by individuals and organizations
in 17 countries.
086
IMMERSED TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION,
H. C. Wentink
In: Advisory Conference on Tunneling of the Organization for
Economic Co-Operation and Development, Aug 1970. 42 p.
Descriptors: *Tunneling, *Construction, *Underground structures.
Identifiers: *Immersed tunnels, Technological improvement,
Ques tionnaire.
The document is concerned with tunnels composed of elements
constructed in a dry-dock or on a slipway and subsequently
transported to the construction site, where they are sunk, placed
on a foundation, and connected together under water. The
questionnaire dealing with immersed tunnels brought in replies
from twelve countries, many of which were based only on a
theoretical knowledge of the subject or on experience with tunnels
of very small cross-section.
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SUBJECT INDEX
Adminis tration
037
Aeration
046
Algal growth
059
Analysis
038, 080
Artificial recharge
078
Computer programs
055, 076
Concrete construction
040
Construction
082, 085, 086
Construction costs
055
Construction equipment
038
Biochemical oxygen demand
044
Boston, Massachusetts
062, 083
Bypasses
073
Capacity
051
Chicago, Illinois
073
Construction materials
040
Control systems
041, 048, 050, 063, 064
Cost comparisons
044, 075
Costs
069
Danube River
077
Chlorination
046, 070
Chlorine
044
Data acquisitions
041
Data collections
039, 050
Cincinnati, Ohio
056, 057
Cities
057, 058, 060, 071, 078
079, 080
Collecting basins
053
Combined sewer overflow
044, 056
Combined sewers
045, 046, 048, 049, 052
061, 063, 064, 066, 070
Deep tunnel plan
083
Design
063, 064
Design criteria
076
Design standards
068
Detroit, Michigan
050
Discharge
046
37
-------
Discharge modulation
047
Floods
077, 079
Drainage systems
054, 066, 067, 068, 071
Drainage water
071
Flotation
046
Flow control
048
Drilling
081, 085
Economics
070, 075, 076, 084
Effluents
039, 059
Effluent tax
070
Flow measurement
055
Flow rate
051
Foreign research
060
Future planning
066
Electrode potential
047
Equipment
038, 043, 052
Evaluation
038
Great Britain
054, 069
Groundwater movement
078
Gunite
084
Excavation
084
Hard rock tunneling
085
Feasibility
074
Harrison, Arkansas
065
Filtration
044
Hydraulic structures
077
Flint, Michigan
066, 067
Flood control
076
Hydrographs
079
Illinois
071
Flood damage
076
Immersed tunnels
086
Flood forecasting
077
Flooding
077
Infiltration
053, 055, 066, 070, 078
Inn River
077
Flood plains
076
Installation
068
38
-------
Instrumentation
037, 041
Investigations
045, 047, 058, 059
Japan
074
Laboratory tests
047
Model studies
057, 076
Monitoring
037, 041, 048, 050
Municipal wastes
067, 068
Natural streams
071
Land management
076
Land use
076
Leakage
067
Legal aspects
071
Legislation
062
Long Island, New York
078
Maintenance
063, 064
Mathematical models
070
Mathematical studies
053
Measurement
047
Methodology
037, 072
Mexico
081
Micros training
044
Minnesota
048
New Orleans, Louisiana
067, 068
North America
079
Nutrients
061
Operations
063, 064
Optimization
070
Outlets
071
Overflow
043, 045, 046, 051, 055,
061, 062, 063, 064, 073
Overflow abatement
050
Overflow quality
063, 064
Overflow quantity
063, 064
Overflow regulators
048
Ozone
044
Path of pollutants
067, 068
Peak discharge
079
39
-------
Peak loads
051
Rock breakage
084
Photography
039
Planning
054
Pollutant identification
068
Rotary screens
045
Sampling
055, 058
San Francisco, California
046
Pollutants
039, 058
Pollution abatement
042, 043, 046, 047, 048
062, 066, 067, 068, 083
Polymers
051
Project planning
065, 075
Ques tionnaire
082, 085, 086
Rainfall-runoff relationships
079, 080
Regulation
063, 064
Remote control
048
Remote sensing
039
Repairing
067, 068
Research and development
082
Rhodesia
059
San Francisco Bay
046, 070
Sanitary engineering
066
Sanitary sewers
055, 066
Screens.
045, 052
Sediment load
079
Separation techniques
045, 066
Sewage
042, 056, 061
Sewage disposal
047, 069, 073
Sewage effluents
046
Sewage treatment
042, 065, 066
Sewerage
040, 046, 049, 050, 054,
066, 067, 068, 083
Sewerage systems
040
Roanoke, Virginia
055
Rock bolts
084
Sewerage water
074
Sewer inspection
067, 068
40
-------
Sewer leakage
067, 068
Sewer repairs
067
Sewers
043, 044, 048, 050, 051,
053, 054, 055, 065, 066,
067, 068, 069, 071, 083
Standards
072
Storage
049
Storm drains
067, 068, 070, 071
Storm overflows
045, 052, 062, 069
Storm runoff
042, 043, 044, 050, 055,
056, 058, 060, 061, 066,
071, 073, 076, 078
Suspended solids removal
044
Synthetic hydrology
077
Technological improvement
085, 086
Televised inspection
067, 068
Tertiary treatment
074
Tide gates
063, 064
Time lag
079
Treatment
049
Treatment facilities
038, 054, 056, 062, 066,
073, 083
Storms
049
Storm sewage
049, 057, 070, 073
Treatment method
045, 073
Tulsa, Oklahoma
058
Storm sewers
065, 066
S torm tanks
049
Storm water pollution
067, 068
Supports
084
Tunnel construction
081, 084
Tunnel design
081, 084
Tunneling
082, 084, 085, 086
Tunneling machines
081
Surface runoff
048, 060, 071
Tunneling shield
081
Surveys
038, 055
Tunnel linings
084
Tunnels
084
41
-------
Tunnel supports
084
Underground structures
082, 085, 086
USSR
040, 060
Urban drainage
061
Water purification
074
Water quality
044, 057, 059, 072
Water quality control
062, 067, 068, 072
Water resources
074
Urban hydrology
079, 080
Urbanization
048, 058, 060, 061, 065,
066, 076, 078, 079
Urban runoff
057, 059
Washington
072
Waste disposal
079
Water reuse
073, 075
Water rights
071
Water supply
065
Water supply systems
040
Water treatment
059
Waste treatment
056
Wastewater concentrator
042, 043, 052
Waste water treatment
042, 043, 045, 067
Water loss
080
Water pollution
046, 055, 058, 068
Water pollution control
037, 044, 066, 067, 068,
075, 083
Water pollution effects
060
Water pollution sources
053, 058, 059, 060, 061,
062, 069, 073, 079
Water pollution studies
039
42
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Anderson, James J.
048
McKendrick, J.
059
Ando, Tokiya
074
Miyahara, Shozo
074
Bender, Rene J.
037
Monsees, J.
084
Calvert, J. T.
069
Munz, Walter
053
Caster, Arthur D.
056
Cazzaza, Joseph
083
Pack, R. B.
084
Porter, J. W.
075
Chumakov, I. S.
040
Day, John C.
076
Deere, U. D.
084
Pravoshinsky, N. A.
060
Raible, Raymond W.
041
Rainbow, Carl A.
072
Escritt, L. B.
049
Gatillo, P. D.
060
Remus, Gerald
050
Salt, S. R.
054
Gurnham, C. F.
073
Santry, I. W.
051
Hamilton, E. R.
073
Schultz, Gert A.
077
Howard, T. E.
085
Seaburn, G. E.
078
Kohlhaas, Charles Albert
070
Spieker, Andrew M.
079
Kollar, K. L.
038
Lane, R. K.
039
Stein, William J.
056
Sylvester, Robert 0.
072
Lerner, V. I.
040
Talley, Walter J.
052
43
-------
Testerman, M. K.
041
Viessman, W.
057
Weibel, S. R.
061
Wentink, H. C.
086
Williams, R. K.
059
Young, L. H.
080
Youngwirth, William G.
038
-------
JOURNAL LIST
Abb r ev i atig_n_
1. Advan Instr
2. Am City
3. Beton i Zhelezobeton
4. Chem Eng
5. Construct Methods Equip
6. Effluent Water Treat J
7. Filtration Eng
8. Gas- Wasserfach
9. Inst Civil Engrs (London)
10. Inst Munic Engrs, London
11. J Am Water Works Assoc
12. J Ind Water Engrs
13. Power
14. Public Works
15. Sangyo Kogai
16. Wasserwirtschaft
17. Water Pollution Control
18. Water Pollution Control
19. Water Resources Res
20. Water Sewage Works
2i. Water Wastes Eng
22. Water Waste Treat J
Full Title
1. Advances in Instrumentation
2. The American City
3. Beton i Zhelezobeton
4. Chemical Engineering
5. Construction Methods and Equipment
6. Effluent and Water Treatment Journal
7. Filtration Engineering
8. Das Gas- und Wasserfach
9. Institution of Civil Engineers (London)
10. Institution of Municipal Engineers, London
11. Journal of the American Water
Works Association
12. Journal of the Industrial Water
Engineers
13. Power
H. Public Works
15. Sangyo Kogai
16. Die Wasserwirtschaft
17. Water and Pollution Control
18. Water Pollution Control
19. Water Resources Research
20. Water and Sewage Works
21. Water and Wastes Engineering
22. Water and Waste Treatment Journal
45
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts (Second
Quarterly Issue) EFA/WQO Publication No.11024EJC01/71
ABSTRACT: The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED
URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation
of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of
technical literature concerning the problem of
urban drainage published from October 1970 through
December 1970. The 50 abstracts covering a range
of ten sections are arranged alphabetically by author
and numerically by abstract number within each cate-
gory. Each Item includes a bibliographic citation,
an abstract, and a set of indexing descriptors and
Identifiers. A cumulative subject index at the end
of the volume provides the necessary access to indi-
vidual concepts. An author index and a Journal list
are also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
14-12-904 between the Water Quality Office of the
Environmental Protection Agency and the Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewers
Overflow
Pollution abatement
Sewerage
Sewers
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Water pollution
sources
Treatment facilities
Water pollution
control
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts (Second
Quarterly Issue) EPA/WQO Publication No. 11024EJC01/71
ABSTRACT: The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED
URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation
of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of
technical literature concerning the problem of urban
drainage published from October 1970 through
December 1970. The 50 abstracts covering a range
of ten sections are arranged alphabetically by author
and numerically by abstract number within each cate-
gory. Each item includes a bibliographic citation,
an abstract, and a set of indexing descriptors and
Identifiers. A cumulative subject index at the
end of the volume provides the necessary access to
individual concepts. An author index and a Journal
list are also Included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
14-12-904 between the Water Quality Office of the
Environmental Protection Agency and the Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewers
Overflow
Pollution abatement
Sewerage
Sewers
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Water pollution
sources
Treatment facilities
Water pollution
control
BIBLIOGRAPHIC: Franklin Institute Research Laboratories.
Selected Urban Storm Water Runoff Abstracts (Second
Quarterly Issue) EPA/WQO Publication No.11024EJC01/71
ABSTRACT: The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED
URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS is a compilation
of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of
technical literature concerning the problem of urban
drainage published from October 1970 through
December 1970. The 50 abstracts covering a range
of ten sections are arranged alphabetically by
author and numerically by abstract number within
each category. Each item includes a bibliographic
citation, an abstract, and a set of indexing descrip-
tors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at
the end of the volume provides the necessary access
to individual concepts. An author Index and a
Journal list are also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
14-12-904 between the Water Quality Office of the
Environmental Protection Agency and the Franklin
Institute Research Laboratories.
KEY WORDS
Combined sewers
Overflow
Pollution abatement
Sewerage
Sewers
Storm runoff
Urbanization
Water pollution
sources
Treatment facilities
Water pollution
control
-------
1
5
X r<'€J.s ^ ton /VumbtT
2
Subjei-f Fii'/d & Group
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS
INPUT TRANSACTION FORM
Or^anj2afion
TK/a "P-^-^T-iVI-frk Trtc3-*--i*-tth£» PAGO afr-H T.aVnTr-af-rkY^ <» c 9n<-"h Qt-varfat- X. Th a P a-v-T^T.TaxT
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
Title
SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS (Second Quarterly Issue)
1Q Authors)
The Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories
16
21
Project Designation
EPA/WQO Program No
11024EJC01/71
Note
22
Citation
EPA/WQO Contract No 14-12-904, Oct 1970. 45 p.
23
Descriptors (Starred First)
*0verflow, *Pollution abatement, *Sewerage, *Sewers, *Storm runoff, Urbanization,
*Water pollution sources, Treatment facilities, Water pollution control.
25
Identifiers (Starred First)
*Combined sewers.
27
Abstract
The second quarterly supplement to SELECTED URBAN STORM WATER RUNOFF ABSTRACTS
is a compilation of abstracts summarizing articles from a variety of technical
literature concerning the problem of urban drainage published from October 1970
through December 1970. The 50 abstracts covering a range of ten sections are
arranged alphabetically by author and numerically by abstract number within each
category. Each item includes a bibliographic citation, an abstract, and a set
of indexing descriptors and identifiers. A cumulative subject index at the end
of the volume provides the necessary access to individual concepts. An author
index and a journal list are also included.
This work was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 14-12-904 between the Water
Quality Office of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories.
Abstractor
Dorothy A. Ortner
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
WR:<02 (REV, JULY IS69I
WRSI C
SEND TO: WATER RESOURCES SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
WASHINGTON. D. C 20240
• GPO: 1969- 399-339
-------
Continued from inside front cover.
11022 —- 08/67
11023 — 09/67
11020 --- 12/67
11023 --- 05/68
11031 --- 08/68
11030 DNS 01/69
11020 DIM 06/69
11020 DES 06/69
11020 — 06/69
11020 EXV 07/69
11020 DIG 08/69
11023 DPI 08/69
11020 DGZ 10/69
11020 EKO 10/69
11020 -- 10/69
11024 FKN 11/69
11020 DWF 12/69
11000 — 01/70
11020 FKI 01/70
11024 DDK 02/70
11023 FDD 03/70
11024 DMS 05/70
11023 EVO 06/70
11024 — 06/70
Phase I - Feasibility of a Periodic Flushing System
for Combined Sewer Cleaning
Demonstrate Feasibility of the Use of Ultrasonic
Filtration in Treating the Overflows from Combined
and/or Storm Sewers
Problems of Combined Sewer Facilities and Overflows,
1967, (WP-20-11)
Feasibility of a Stabilization-Retention Basin in Lake
Erie at Cleveland, Ohio
The Beneficial Use of Storm Water
Pnllii-Hnn flcnortc nf Itrhan RlJDOf f , (WP-20-15)
Imp
Se
Se
St
(V
PC
Ra
De
Cc
Cr
St
Bi
Cc
St
Jc
Di
Q\
Pi
Re
0\
Er
Re
F"
C
c
(WP-20-18)
racts, (UP-20-21)
imping, (DAST-9)
>ewer Overflows,
)-22)
jlator, (DAST-13)
-e Sewers, (ORD-4)
ver Overflows, (DAST-4)
jined Sewer Overflows-
•age
Projects -
>mbined Sewer
:trode Potential
)ined Sewer
•flow Problem -
ined Sewer
)logy
------- |