GCA-TR-75-32-G (6)
ASSESSMENT OF ACRYLONITRILE
AS A POTENTIAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM
VOLUME VI
FINAL REPORT
Contract No. 68-02-1337
Task Order No. 8
Prepared For
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27711
January 1976
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS 01730
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CCA-TR-75-32-C(6)
ASSESSMENT OF ACRYLONITRILE
AS A POTENTIAL AIR POLLUTION PROBLEM
Volume VI
by
Robert M. Patterson
Mark I. Bornstein
Eric Garshick
GCA CORPORATION
GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts
January 1976
Contract No. 68-02-1337
Task Order No. 8
EPA Project Officer
Michael Jones
EPA Task Officer
Justice Manning
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Research Triangle Park
North Carolina 27711
-------
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by the
GCA Corporation, GCA/Technology Division, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1337, Task Order No. 8. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not neces-
sarily those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or of the cooperating
agencies. Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an
endorsement by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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ABSTRACT
This report is one of a series which assesses the potential air pollution
impacts of 14 industrial chemicals outside the work environment. Topics
covered in each assessment include physical and chemical properties,
health and welfare effects, ambient concentrations and measurement meth-
t
ods, emission sources, and emission controls. The chemicals investigated
in this report series are:
Volume I
Volume II
Volume III
Volume IV
Volume V
Volume VI
Volume VII
Volume VIII
Volume IX
Volume X
Volume XI
Volume XII
Volume XIII
Volume XIV
Acetylene
Methyl Alcohol
Ethylene Bichloride
Benzene
Acetone
Acrylonitrile
Cyclohexanone
Formaldehyde
Methyl Methacrylate
Ortho-Xylene
Maleic Anhydride
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Adipic Acid
Phthalic Anhydride.
iii
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CONTENTS
Page
Abstract iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables v
Sections
I Summary and Conclusions 1
II Air Pollution Assessment Report 3
Physical and Chemical Properties 3
Health and Welfare Effects 3
Ambient Concentrations and Measurements 8
Sources of Acrylonitrile Emissions 11
Acrylonitrile Emission Control Methods 13
III References 18
Appendix
A Acrylonitrile Manufacturers 20
iv
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FIGURE
No.
Page
Estimated Installed Costs of Acrylonitrile Storage
Tanks (Equipment Costs Assumed to be the Same as
Gasoline Storage Tanks) 17
TABLES
1 Significant Properties of Acrylonitrile 4
2 Acute Response of Animals to Acrylonitrile 6
3 Animal Responses to Single 4-Hour Exposures to
Acrylonitrile 6
4 Animal Response to Chronic Exposure to Acrylonitrile,
4 Hours/Day for 5 Days/Week 7
5 Estimated Acrylonitrile Consumption - 1974 11
6 Sources and Emission Estimates of Acrylonitrile - 1974 12
7 CO-Boiler 15
8 Thermal Incinerator 15
9 Thermal Incinerator and Waste Heat Boiler 16
10 Flare System 16
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SECTION I
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Acrylonitrile is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a characteris-
tic unpleasant, irritating odor. Manufacture in the U.S. is based on a
reaction between propylene, ammonia, and air; and its primary use is in
the production of acrylic and modacrylic fibers such as Acrilan, Orion,
and Courtelle.
Acrylonitrile is toxic when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through intact
skin. It is a severe skin and eye irritant. Its high toxicity is due
to the liberation of free cyanide in the body, which inhibits enzymes
responsible for cellular respiration. The occupational standard for an
8-hour time weighted average is 20 ppm, based on animal studies and
human data on hydrogen cyanide exposure.
Simple diffusion modeling estimates place the likely maximum 1-hour
average ambient concentration at less than 5 ppm. The maximum 24-hour
average ambient concentration might be expected to be less than 3 ppm.
About 1.4 billion pounds of acrylonitrile were produced aU five plants
in 1974, with almost 60 percent of this being used in the manufacture of
acrylic fibers. Production is expected to increase at 9.9 percent per
year through 1978. The primary emission source.s in descending order are
production, end product manufacture, and bulk storage. Total emissions
are estimated to have been about 31 million pounds in 1974.
Emissions from manufacture occur mainly from the main process absorber
vent, which is uncontrolled at most U.S. plants. Four control devices are,
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however, available: CO-boiler, thermal incinerator, incinerator plus
steam generation, and a flare system. The most feasible method of reducing
emissions from existing plants is thermal incineration. Fixed-roof
storage tanks can be controlled by venting to one of these devices, or
they can be converted to floating roof design.
Based on the results of the health effects research presented in this re-
port, and the ambient concentration estimates, it appears that acryloni-
trile as an air pollutant does not pose a threat to th3 health of the
general population. In addition, acrylonitrile does not appear to pose
other environmental insults which would warrant further investigation
or restriction of its use at the present time. However, the acrylonitrile
industry is projected to grow and problems could arise near emission
sources. While the maximum expected ambient concentration estimates are
admittedly quite conservative, these concentrations are a significant
fraction of the occupational standard, especially when the possibility
of continuous exposure is considered. It is suggested that acrylonitrile
be reassessed periodically to ensure that a problem does not accompany
its increased use.
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SECTION II
AIR POLLUTION ASSESSMENT REPORT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Acrylonitrile is a colorless liquid with a characteristic unpleasant,
irritating odor. Most acrylonitrile is manufactured based on the reac-
tion between propylene, ammonia, and air. It is used primarily as a
monomer or copolymer for the production of acrylic and modacrylic fibers
such as Acrilan, Orion, and Courtelle. It is also used for making nitrile
rubbers, in surface coatings, and as a copolymer with butadiene and
styrene in the manufacture of ABS plastics and resins. Significant prop-
erties of acrylonitrile are listed in Table 1.
HEALTH AND WELFARE EFFECTS
Effects on Man
Acute Poisoning - Acrylonitrile is an acute poison as well as a severe
skin and eye irritant. It is toxic when inhaled, ingested, or absorbed
through intact skin. Dose-response data for humans have not been docu-
mented in the literature. Clinical exposure data that do exist note
2
several cases of mild jaundice in workmen handling acrylonitrile. Other
symptoms of exposure included nasal and respiratory oppression, vomiting,
nausea, weakness, fatigue, headache, and diarrhea. One fatal case in-
volved a child who slept in a room fumigated with acrylonitrile, while
adults in the room experienced no discomfort. At death there was pink
discoloration of the face, extensive lividity, hyperemia, and congestion
2
of all viscera. Death was due to respiratory collapse.
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Table 1. SIGNIFICANT PROPERTIES OF ACRYLONITRILE
Synonyms
Propenenitrile, vinyl cyanide, cy.inoethylene
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Boiling point
Melting point
Specific gravity
Vapor density
Vapor pressure
Solubility
Explosive limits
Ignition temperature
Flash point
At 25°C and 760 mm Hg
CH2 = CHCN
53.06
77.3°C
-83°C
0.8004 (25°/4°C)
1.9 (air = 1)
83 mm Hg at 20°C, 110-115 mm Hg at 25°C
7.3% by weight in water at 25°C.
Soluble in all common organic solvents.
3.0 to 17.0% by volume in air at 25°C
481°C
-1°C (closed cup)
1 ppm vapor = 2.17 mg/m
1 mg/ra^ = 0.461 ppm
Acrylonitrile's high degree of toxicity is due to the liberation of free
cyanide in the body. Cyanide easily diffuses to all body tissues and
rapidly inhibits specific enzymes responsible for respiration on the
cellular level, stopping the utilization of molecular oxygen By cells.
The symptoms of acrylonitrile poisoning are typical of hydrogen cyanide
poisoning, but with the onset of symptoms slightly delayed. Higher con-
centrations of acrylonitrile are needed to produce the same toxic effects
as lower concentrations of hydrogen cyanide. A concentration of 270 ppm
hydrogen cyanide is immediately fatal to man, while 18-36 ppm may produce
slight symptoms after several hours. The U.S. Occupational Standard for
an 8-hour time weighted average exposure for acrylonitrile is 20 ppm,
based on animal response data and comparisons made to human data available
on exposure to hydrogen cyanide. A concentration of 20 ppm represents
less than one-half the concentration that produced toxic effects in dogs
after 4 hours, the most susceptible animal studied.
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AcryJLonitrile odor can be detected in air without any background inter-
ferences at 21.4 ppm. However, human r<
fatigues and is unreliable as a warning.
ferences at 21.4 ppm. However, human response to its odor rapidly
Chronic Poisoning - 111 effects due to chronic exposure to acrylonitrile
have not been documented in man. However, based on animal inhalation
studies, there is no evidence for the cumulative action of acrylonitrile.
Effects on Animals
Acute Poisoning The effects of single exposures to acrylonitrile are
7 ft ft ''
summarized in Table 2 ' and Table 3. All animals displayed the same
series of symptoms, but at different concentrations. There was an ini-
tial stimulation of respiration followed by rapid, shallow breathing.
Breathing then became slow, with gasping and spasm-like convulsive move-
ments of the abdominal wall. Coma preceded respiratory failure. After
death the skin appeared darkened with the blood very dark red. The mech-
anism of death, as in man, was due to respiratory inhibition by the
cyanide ion except in guinea pigs, where death was caused by pulmonary
edema. Susceptibility varied considerably. In rats, 300 ppm produced
only slight mucous membrane irritation followed by a reddening of the
skin, nose, ears, and feet. At 100 ppm dogs were rendered comatose and
convulsive.
A single nonlethal exposure to acrylonitrile produced no lasting effects
in all animals except dogs and guinea pigs. Guinea pigs died up to
5 days after exposure as a result of pulmonary edema, while dogs showed
toxic effects up to 10 days following exposure due to severe anoxemia,
9
or a deficiency of oxygen in the blood. In another study, histologic
changes characteristic of anoxia were found in the brains of rats ex-
posed for 7 hours to 100 or 75 ppm; of dogs exposed to 100, 75, or 50
ppm; and of rhesus monkeys exposed to 75 ppm.
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Table 2. ACUTE RESPONSE OF ANIMALS TO ACRYLONITRILE
7,8
Animal
Mice
Rats
Concen-
tration,
ppm
690
276
1270
665
1490
1270
665
1260
595
Time ,
hr
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
Response
5/6 died within 24 hours
No fatalities
Marked. No effects in
Moderate, transitory
25% dead 4 hours after
Marked. Recovery in 48
Marked, transitory
24 hours
exposure
hours
Fatal. 100% dead 4 hours after
exposure
Marked, transitory
Table 3. ANIMAL RESPONSES TO SINGLE 4-HOUR EXPOSURES TO ACRYLONITRILE8
Anim.nl
Rats
Guinea pigs
Rabbi ts
Cats
Dogs
Rhesus
monkeys
Wei glit,
gm
295
695
4,530
3,620
5,500
11,400
12,000
5,900
5,000
5,700
4,200
4,800
Concentration,
ppm
635
315
100
575
100
260
135
600
275
100
165
165
100
100
65
30
90
65
Response
Fatal up to 2 to 6 hours after test.
Sone deaths. Survivors recover in 24 hours. Slight
transitory effects.
Slight transitory effects.
Eye and nose irritation during test. Delayed deaths
in 3 to 6 days from lung edema.
Slight to no effects.
Fatal up to 4 to 5 hours after test.
Marked effects; transitory.
Death in convulsions, 1-1/2 hours after test.
Salivation, howling, pain. Marked effects. Recovery
in 24 hours.
Salivation. Slight transitory effects.
Convulsions in 2 hours. Dead 3 hours after exposure.
In coma at end of exposure. Dead within 40 hours.
Severe salivation during test. Recovery in 24 hours.
Convulsions in 2-1/2 hours. In coma at end of test.
Partial paralysis of llind legs for 3 days.
In coma. Died in 8 hours.
Slight salivation. No other effects.
Slight redness of face, genitals, weakness. Normal
In 12 hours.
Slight stimulation of respiration.
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Orally the LD in the mouse is on the order of 35 mg/kg, in the rat
78 mg/kg, and in the guinea pig, about 90 nig/kg body weight. For skin
3
absorption in rabbits, the LD is 280 mg/kg. A dose of 0.05 ml of
acrylonitrile dropped into the eyes of rabbits produced irritation and
an immediate closing of the eye and shaking of the head. After 24 hours,
there was no sign of any eye irritation.
Chronic Poisoning - Table 4 summarizes animal response to chronic expo-
sure to acrylonitrile. The authors concluded that no evidence of cumu-
lative action was observed in any animal which survived. Rats, guinea
pigs, rabbits, monkeys, and cats exposed to 153 ppm, 4 hours/day for
5 days/week for 8 weeks showed varying degrees of eye and nose irritation,
loss of appetite, gastro-intestinal disturbances, and hind leg paralysis
from which recovery was often rapid. Chronic exposure to 56 ppm had a
toxic effect on dogs. One dog died in convulsions, while the other de-
veloped a transitory weakness simulating paralysis of the hind legs.
Table 4. ANIMAL RESPONSE TO CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO ACRYLONITRILE,
4 HOURS/DAY FOR 5 DAYS/WEEK
Animal
Rhesus
monkeys
Dogs
Rats
Guinea pigs
Rabbits
Cats
Number
2
4
2
16
16
16
16
4
3
4
4
Concentration,
ppm
153
56
56
153
100
153
100
153
100
153
100
Response
Sleepiness, weakness, vomiting, salivation.
One died in 6 weeks.
No toxic effects.
One died in convulsions in 4 hours following
first exposure. The other dog developed
only transitory effects.
Loss of weight. Eye, nose Irritation. Five
deaths; survivors poor condition.
Weight gain. Slight lethargy, otherwise no
toxic effects.
Salivation. Eye, nose irritation. Three
deaths; survivors fair.
Gained weight- Slight lethargy, otherwise
no toxic effects. .
Moderate eye and nose irritation. One died.
Listless, otherwise normal.
In severe distress after each exposure.
Marked nasal, eye irritation. One died
after second exposure.
Loss of weight, vomiting. One died after
llth exposure. Others in good condition.
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Effects on Vegetation
Acrylonitrile vapor concentrations above 8246 mg/m3 (3800 ppra at STP) were
toxic to pea seedlings. Concentrations below the toxic level did not
produce any growth irregularities or inhibition.10
Other Effects
Acrylonitrile is considered a severe fire and explosion hazard.
AMBIENT CONCENTRATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS
Ambient Concentration Estimates
The largest installation for acrylonitrile production is located in a
town of about 11,000 population, and it has a capacity of about 460 mil-
lion Ib/yr. Using the 1 percent emission factor presented in a later
section of this report, this converts to an emission rate of:
(0.01 emission factor) (460 x 106 Ib/yr) (453.6 g/lb)
3.1536 x 107 sec/yr
= 66.2 g/sec of acrylonitrile.
Some assumptions must be made regarding this acrylonitrile release to the
atmosphere. First of all, the emissions do not all come from one source
location, but rather from a number of locations within the plant where
acrylonitrile vapor leaks to the atmosphere. Thus, the emissions can be
characterized as coming from an area source which will be taken to be
100 meters on a side. Secondly, the emissions occur at different heights,
and an average emission height of 10 meters is assumed.
Ground level concentrations can then be estimated at locations downwind
of the facility. To do this a virtual point source of emission is
-------
assumed upwind of the facility at a distance where the initial horizontal
dispersion coefficient equals the length of a side of the area divided
by 4.3. In this case:
a Q = 100m/4.3 = 23.3m
Assuming neutral stability conditions (Pasquill-Gifford Stability Class D)
with overcast skies and light winds, the upwind distance of the virtual
point source is approximately 310 meters. With consideration of the plant
boundary, it is reasonable to assume that the nearest receptor location
is thus about 500 meters from the virtual poirat source. Finally, taking
2 m/sec as an average wind speed, the ground level concentration may be
calculated from:
X =
uiroy°z
•* ft)
or
66.2 r,~znR s
x ~ (2)7r(36) (18.5) G u°'3'
= 1.366 x 10"2 g/m3
for a 10-minute average concentration. Over a period of an hour this
-23 -23
becomes (1.366 x 10 g/m )(0.72) = 0.984 x 10 g/m or 4.6 ppm 1-hour
average concentration. Over a 24-hour period, the average concentration
might roughly be expected to be about 2.6 ppm.
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Acrylonitrile Measurement: Techniques
Two analytical methods for measuring acrylonitrile in air are the potas-
12 l"}
sium permanganate method and the sulfuric acid method. The first
method is sensitive to approximately 10 ppm and the second method is
sensitive to approximately 0.5 ppm. Descriptions of the techniques are
given below.
In the potassium permanganate method the air sample is drawn through a mid-
get impinger and is bubbled into a solution of potassium permanganate,
sodium hydroxide and telluric acid. Approximately 200 ml of air is pulled
through the impinger until the permanganate changes color from pink to
bluish-green. The concentration is then determined from a calibration
curve showing air volume versus parts per million.
Interferences may result from compounds containing double-bonded carbon
atoms. This method may not be suitable for air pollution work but is
satisfactory for industrial hygiene field x;ork. This procedure requires
about 30 minutes for completion.
The sulfuric acid method involves drawing the air sample into an absorber
containing sulfuric acid and glass beads. Usually two absorbers in
series are used to increase the collection efficiency. After the sample
is collected in the absorber, it is refluxed with copper acetate. The
sample is then made alkaline with sodium hydroxide and oxidized with
hydrogen peroxide while refluxing gently. After 30 minutes the sample
is distilled and titrated with sodium hydroxide. The concentration of
acrylonitrile is then calculated.
The sampling rate for this method should not exceed 0.4 liters per minute,
and approximately 6 mg of acrylonitrile should be collected for an accurate
determination. Interferences will result from many nitrogen-containing
compounds. This method requires about 2 hours for completion and is
suitable for air pollution work.
10
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SOURCES OF ACRYLONITRILE EMISSIONS
Acrylonitrile Production and Consumption
14
The production of acrylonitrile in 1974 was almost 1,400 million pounds,'
and it is expected to increase at 9.9 percent per year through 1978. If
plastic bottles made from acrylonitrile are readily accepted by the con-
sumer, the expected growth rate could be appreciably higher. Acrylonitrile
is primarily used in the production of acrylic fibers for apparel, carpets,
blankets, etc., accounting for 57 percent of total production. The second
largest use for acrylonitrile is in the production of acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) resins.
The major markets for ABS resins are pipe and pipe fittings, automotive
components, refrigerator door linings, and housings for business machines.
SAN resins are used primarily in houseware items, automotive instrument
panels and instrument lenses. Four companies at five locations are cur-
rently manufacturing acrylonitrile. See Appendix A for names and loca-
tions. The consumption of acrylonitrile for final products is shown in
Table 5. This table also presents the expected growth rates for each
sector of the market.
Table 5. ESTIMATED ACRYLONITRILE CONSUMPTION - 1974
15
Acrylic fibers
ABS resins
SAN resins
Nitrile elastomers
Exports
Adiponitrile
Acrylamide
Miscellaneous
Total
Million
pounds
791
240
28
66
110
80
27
57
1399
% annual
growth
7.5
15.5
11.0
3.5
1.0
20.0
8.5
27.0
9.9
11
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Acrylonitrile Sources and Emission Estimates
Primary sources of emissions of acrylonitrile occur from acrylonitrile
production, end product manufacture, and bulk storage. Total emissions
from these categories are estimated to be 31.1 million pounds, represent-
ing 2.2 percent of total production. The breakdown by source is given
in Table 6.
Table 6. SOURCES AND EMISSION ESTIMATES
OF ACRYLONITRILE - 1974
Source
Acrylonitrile production
End product manufacture
Bulk storage
Total
Million
pounds/year
14.1
13.0
4.0
31.1
Although a number of chemical routes are available to produce acryloni-
trile, only one, ammoxidation of propylene, accounts for all of the acry-
lonitrile now produced in the United States. "?he Sohio process uses
refinery propylene, fertilizer grade ammonia, and air in the fluidized-
bed catalytic reactor. The reaction is presented below.
2CH2 = CH-CH3 + 2NH3 + 302 - f 2CH2 = CH-CN + 6H 0
propylene ammonia oxygen acrylonitrile
In 1967 a catalyst (trade name Catalyst 21), based on depleted uranium,
was used which increased the rate of conversion and produced fewer by-
products. In 1972 another catalyst (trade name Catalyst 41), which is
uranium free, was introduced and is reported to have increased the yield
of acrylonitrile while decreasing emissions. In a recent study concern-
ing acrylonitrile manufacture it is reported that emissions of acryloni—
trile from manufacturing processes are approximately 248 pounds per hour
12
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based on a 200 million pound per year plant, or 0.0101 pounds emitted
per pound produced. Using this factor and the current production figure
(1399 million pounds), emissions of acrylonitrile are 14.1 million pounds
per year.
In order to estimate emissions from end product manufacture it is assumed
that the same emission factor is applicable. End product consumption of
acrylonitrile is approximately 1288 million pounds, resulting in 13.0
million pounds of acrylonitrile emitted.
Because of the moderate vapor pressure of acrylonitrile, storage tanks
are considered to be fixed roof tanks and are vented directly to the
atmosphere. Emissions estimates based upon factors found in AP-42
are 4 million pounds per year.
ACRYLONITRILE EMISSION CONTROL METHODS
Emissions from the manufacture of acrylonitrile occur mainly from the
main process vent absorber. Presently, most of the U.S. plants do not
have any significant emission control facilities on the absorber vent
stream. All plants, however, do use a mist eliminator at the top of the
absorber to prevent liquid carryover to the atmosphere. Unfortunately
this inexpensive device does not reduce hydrocarbon emissions.
The most practical method of reducing hydrocarbon emissions (and acry-
lonitrile emissions) in the absorber vent gas is by using one of the
following methods, none of which is currently in use at acrylonitrile
plants.
1. CO-boiler
2. Thermal incinerator
3. Incinerator plus steam generation
4. Flare system
13
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Cost data presented in the following tables indicate that employing dual
CO boilers is not an economical method of reducing emissions. However,
if a stand-by boiler is not necessary, this type of control device is
about as economical to operate as other combustion devices.
It has been reported that the best control system for new acrylonitrile
plants would include a thermal incinerator with a waste heat boiler on
the absorber vent. The most feasible method of reducing air emissions
from existing plants would be the addition of a thermal incinerator.
Cost data for the four control systems are provided in Tables 7, 8, 9 and
10.
Control of emissions from storage tanks requires the use of floating-roof
tanks or the venting of emissions to the previously mentioned control
equipment. If these systems are not available, fixed roof tanks can be
switched to floating roof tanks resulting in a 69 percent reduction of
emissions. Figure 1 provides estimated costs of various gasoline storage
•I O
tanks. These equipment cost estimates can also be applied to acry-
lonitrile. As can be seen, conversion of fixed roof tanks to floating
roof tanks by installation of internal floating covers is more economical
than the installation of new pontoon floating t?nks.
14
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Table 7. CO-BOILER'
a,16
Number of units required
Total flow
440,742 Ib/hr
100,550 scfm
Purchased cost
Installation
Total capital
Operating cost
Steam production (credit)0
Total annual cost
Efficiency
$1,000,000
$1,500,000
$2,500,000
$1,237,000
. (785,000)
$ 452,000
Costs updated to first quarter 1975.
Includes depreciation, interest, mainte-
nance, labor and utilities.
•75C/1000 ibs (450 psig 750°F).
Table 8. THERMAL INCINERATOR
a,16
Total flow
Purchased cost
Installation
Total capital
b
Operating cost
Total annual cost
Efficiency
304,444 Ib/hr
69,440 scfm
$222,000
$222,000
$444,000
$173,000
$173,000
98%
Costs updated to first quarter 1975.
Includes depreciation, interest,
maintenance, labor and utilities.
15
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Table 9. THERMAL INCINERATOR AND WASTE HEAT BOILER3'16
Total flow
Purchased cost
Installation
Total capital
Operating cost
Steam production (credit)'
Total annual cost
Efficiency
304,444 Ib/hr
69,440 scfm
$432,000
$534,000
$966,000
$300,000
$152,000
$148,000
98%
Costs updated to first quarter 1975.
Includes depreciation, interest, main-
tenance labor and utilities.
C75c/1000 Ib (450 psig 750°F).
Table 10. FLARE SYSTEM3'16
Total flow
Total capital cost
Operating cost
Total annual cost
Efficiency
60,000 Ib/hr
$190,000
$787,000
$787,000
89%
aCosts updated to first quarter 1975.
Includes depreciation, interest,
maintenance, labor and utilities.
16
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500
400
'o 300
x
O
U
^ 200
_i
<
Z
Totol Coil Cono Roof Tonic Converted
with Inlernol Flooling Roof
Pontoon Floating
Roof Tank
Cono Roof Tank
Inlernol Flool Cover on Existing Cone
Roof Tank (Incremental Cos! - Conversion)
100
till 1 II
50 100
CAPACITY, barrels x 1
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SECTION III
REFERENCES
1. Fassett, D. W. Cyanides and Nitriles. In Patty, F. A. (ed).
Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology. Interscience Publishers,
New York, Vol. 2, 1963 p 2009-2012.
2. Wilson, R. H. Health Hazards Encountered in the Manufacture o£
Synthetic Rubber. JAMA. 124:701-03, 1944.
3. The NIOSH Toxic Substances List 1974 Edition. HEW Publication No.
(NIOSH)74-134, p 31.
4. Wilson, R. H., W. E. McCormack. Acrylonitrile. Its Physiology and
Toxicology. Indus Med. 18:243-45, 1949.
5. Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. In Lund, H. F. (ed).
Industrial Pollution Control Handbook. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
New York, 1971. p 14-17.
6. Dudley, H. C., T. R. Sweenery, J. W. Miller. Toxicology of Acry-
lonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide). II. Studies of Effects of Daily
Inhalation. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 24:255-58, 1942.
7. McOmie, W. A. Comparative Toxicity of Methacrylonitrile and Acry-
lonitrile. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 31:113-16, 1949.
8. Dudley, H. C., P. A. Neal. Toxicology of Acrylonitrile (Vinyl Cyanide)
I. A Study of the Acute Toxicity. J Ind Hyg Toxicol. 24:27-36, 1942.
9. Brieger, H., F. Rieders, W. A. Hodes. Acrylonitrile. Spectrophoto-
metric Determination, Acute Toxicity, and Mechanism of Action.
10. Burg, S. P., E. A. Burg. Molecular Requirements for the Biological
Activity of Ethylene. Plant Physiol. 42:144-152, 1967.
11. Turner, D. Bruce. Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates.
U.S. EPA Report AP-26, January 1973.
18
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12. Gisclord, J., D. Robinson, P. Kuczpt. A Rapid Empirical Procedure
for the Determination of Acrylonitrile and Acrylic Esters in the
Atmosphere. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 19,
43, 1958.
13. Gunther, F. , R. Blinn. Analysis of Insecticides and Acaricides,
Interscience Publishers. 1955.
14. U.S. International Trade Commission, Preliminary Report on U.S.
Production of Selected Synthetic Organic Chemicals. February 5, 1975,
15. Chemical Economics Handbook, Stanford Research Institute, June 1974.
16. Engineering and Cost Study of Air Pollution Control for the Petro-
chemical Industry, Volume 2: Acrylonitrile Manufacture
EPA-450/3-73/006b, February 1975.
17. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors U.S. EPA Supplement
No. 1, July 1973, AP-42.
18. Hydrocarbon Pollutant Systems Study, Vol. 1, MSA Research Corp.
October 1972.
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APPENDIX A
ACRYLONITRILE MANUFACTURERS15
American Cyanamid
Dupont
Dupont
Monsanto
Vistron Corp.
New Orleans, Louisiana
Beaumont, Texas
Memphis, Tennessee
Chocolate Bayou, Texas
Lima, Ohio
Total
Capacity,
million
pounds
200
300
250
460
390
1,600
20
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