&EPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Research and
Development
EPA-600/7-87-OlOa
March 1987
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
OF A WOOD-WASTE-FIRED
INDUSTRIAL FIRETUBE BOILER
Volume I. Technical Results
Prepared for
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Prepared by
Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the participating Federal Agencies, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the Government, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-87-010a
March 1987
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF A
WOOD-WASTE-FIRED INDUSTRIAL FIRETUBE BOILER
Volume I. Technical Results
by
R. DeRosier and L. R. Waterland
Acurex Corporation
Environmental Systems Division
485 Clyde Avenue
P.O. Box 7444
Mountain View, California 94039
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3188
Project Officer: R. E. Hall
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors wish to extend their gratitude to P. B. Wainright of the
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development.
The cooperation of D. B. Harris and J. Montgomery of EPA/AEERL was also
instrumental to the success of the test program. Special recognition is also
extended to the Acurex field test team under the supervision of B. C. DaRos,
assisted by P. Kaufman, R. Best, and J. Holm.
n
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CONTENTS
Section
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
TABLES iv
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2 SOURCE DESCRIPTION 2-1
3 EMISSION RESULTS 3-1
3.1 SAMPLING PROTOCOL 3-1
3.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANTS AND OTHER VAPOR SPECIES
EMISSIONS 3-2
3.3 TRACE ELEMENT EMISSIONS . 3-5
3.4 ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSIONS' 3-9
3.4.1 Ci to GS, TCO and GRAV Analyses 3-9
3.4.2 IR Spectra of Total Sample Extracts 3-12
3.4.3 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Analysis of Total Sample Extracts 3-13
3.5 RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS 3-13
4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 4-1
4.1 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT 4-1
4.2 BIOASSAY RESULTS 4-2
4.3 SUMMARY 4-4
APPENDIX A ~ SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS .... A-l
APPENDIX B ~ TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS ..... B-l
111
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TABLES
Number Page
1-1 Completed Tests During the Current Program 1-4
2-1 Boiler Operating Conditions 2-4
2-2 Ultimate Fuel Analysis (Percent by Weight) 2-4
3-1 Flue Gas Emissions 3-3
3-2 Particulate Size Distribution 3-6
3-3 Trace Element Concentrations (yg/g) 3-7
3-4 Summary of Total Organic Emissions 3-10
3-5 Summary of IR Spectra of Total Sample Extracts 3-12
3-6 Compounds Sought in the GC/MS Analysis and Their
Detection Limits (ng/jil Injected) 3-14
3-7 POM and Other Organic Species Emission Summary 3-15
3-8 Radiometric Activity (pCi/g) of the Composite
SASS Particulate ..... 3-15
4-1 Flue Gas Species in Concentrations Exceeding 0.1
of an Occupational Exposure Limit 4-3
4-2 Bioassay Results (Health Effects) 4-5
4-3 Bottom Ash Bioassay Results (Ecological Effects) .... 4-5
IV
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
This report describes and presents results for a set of environmental
assessment tests performed for the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory/Research Triangle Park (IERL-RTP)* of EPA under the Combustion
Modification Environmental Assessment (CMEA) program, EPA Contract no.
68-02-3188. The CMEA started in 1976 with a 3-year study, the NOX Control
t
Technology Environmental Assessment (NOX EA, EPA contract no. 68-02-2160),
having the following four objectives:
Identify potential multimedia environmental effects of stationary
combustion sources and combustion modification technology
Develop and document control application guidelines to minimize
these effects
Identify stationary source and combustion modification R&D
priorities
Disseminate program results to intended users
During the first year of the NOX EA data for the environmental
assessment were compiled and methodologies were developed. Furthermore,
priorities for the schedule and level of effort for the various
source/fuel/control combinations were identified. This effort revealed major
*Now designated EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory.
1-1
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data gaps, particularly for noncriteria pollutants (organic emissions and
trace elements) for virtually all combinations of stationary combustion
sources and combustion modification techniques. Consequently, a series of
seven environmental field test programs was undertaken to fill these data
gaps. The results of these tests are documented in seven individual reports
(References 1-1 through 1-7) and in the NOX EA final report summarizing the
entire 3-year effort (Reference 1-8).
The current CMEA program has, as major objectives, the continuation of
multimedia environmental field tests initiated in the original NOX EA
program. These new tests, using standardized sampling and analytical
procedures (Reference 1-9) are aimed at filling the remaining data gaps and
addressing the following priority needs:
Advanced NOX controls
Alternate fuels
o Secondary sources
EPA program data needs
Residential oil combustion
-- Wood firing in residential, commercial, and industrial sources
« High interest emissions determination (e.g., listed and
candidate hazardous air pollutant species)
Nonsteady-state operations
As part of the effort to support EPA program needs for data on wood
combustion, two industrial boilers were tested under the CMEA program. For
this test, an industrial firetube boiler burning a mixture of pine, oak, and
hickory with glue and ground up masonite was selected. This boiler can be
considered representative of the wood-fired industrial boiler population
1-2
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within the forest products industries of the southeastern United States. The
objective of this test was to sample stack emissions and solid waste
discharges and identify pollutants of potential concern using standardized
sampling and analytical procedures.
The results of the other wood-fired boiler test, contrasting the
effects of burning dry and green wood waste in an industrial watertube
boiler, are documented in a separate report under the current CMEA program
(Reference 1-10).
Table 1-1 lists all the tests performed,in the CMEA program, outlining
the source tested, fuel used, combustion modifications implemented and the
level of sampling and analysis performed in each case. Results of these test
programs are discussed in separate reports.
1-3
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TABLE 1-1. COMPLETED TESTS DURING THE CURRENT PROGRAM
Source
Description
Test
unit
points
operation
Sampl
i »-»
Ing
protocol
Test
collaborator
Spark Ignited natural
gas-fired reciprocating
Internal combustion
engine
Large bore, 6-cyl1nder,
opposed piston, 186 kW
(250 Bhp)/cy1, 900 rpm,
Model 38TDSO-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Increased air-fuel
ratio aimed at
meeting proposed
NSPS of 700 ppm
corrected to 15
percent 02 and
standard atmospheric
conditions
Engine exhaust:
~ SASS
Method 5
Gas sample (Cj - Cg HO
Continuous NO, HOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Lube oil
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
Compression ignition
dlesel -fired
reciprocating internal
combustion engine
Large bore, 6-cyllnder
opposed piston, 261-kW
(350 Bhp)/cy1, 900-rpm,
Hodel 38TDD8-1/8
Baseline (pre-NSPS)
Fuel injection retard
aimed at meeting pro-
posed NSPS of 600 ppm
corrected to 15 per-
cent 0? and standard
atmospheric conditions
Engine exhaust:
__ SASS
Method 8
~ Method 5
Gas sample
Fairbanks Morse
Division of Colt
Industries
(Cj -
Fuel
HC)
Continuous N07 NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Lube oil
Low-N0x residential
condensing heating
system furnished by
Karl sons Blueburner
Systems Ltd. of Canada
Residential hot water
heater equipped with
M.A.N. low-MOx burner,
0.55 ml/s (0.5 gal/hr)
firing capacity, con-
densing flue gas
Low-N0x burner design
by M.A.N.
Furnace exhaust:
SASS
~ Method 8
~ Method 5
Gas sample (Cj/- Cg HC)
-- Continuous NO, NOX. CO,
C02, 02, CH4, TUHC
Fuel
Waste water
New test
Rocketdyne/EPA
low-NOx residential
forced warm air furnace
Residential warm air
furnace with modified
high pressure burner and
firebox, 0.83 ml/s
(0.75 gal/hr) firing
capacity
Low-N0x burner design
and Integrated furnace
system
Furnace exhaust:
~ SASS
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Method 5
Gas sample (Cj - Ce HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, 02, CH4> TUHC
Fuel
New test
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TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
Pulverized coal-fired
utility boiler,
Conesvllle station
400-I1W tangent1 ally
fired; new NSPS
design aimed at
meeting 301 ng/J
HOX limit
ESP Inlet and outlet,
one test
ESP Inlet and outlet:
~ SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
Continuous NO, NOX, CO,
C02, Og
Coal
Bottom ash
ESP ash
Exxon Research and
Engineering (ER«E)
conducting cor-
rosion tests
Nova Scotia Technical
College Industrial
boiler
i
01
1.14 kg/s steam
(9,000 Ib/hr) flretube
fired with a mixture
of coal-oil-water (COW)
T- Baseline (COW)
+- Controlled SOg
emissions with
limestone Injection
Boiler outlet:
SASS
Method 5
- Method 8
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Ci - Cg HC)
-- Continuous 02, C02,
CO, NO
Fuel
Envlrocon per-
formed partlculate
and sulfur
emission tests
Adelphl University
industrial boiler
1.89 kg/s steam
(15,000 Ib/hr)
hot water
flretube fired with a
mixture of coal-o1l-
water (COW)
Baseline (COW)
Controlled S02
emissions with
N32C03 Injection
Boiler outlet:
SASS
Method 5
Method 8
Controlled condensation
Gas Sample (Ci - Cs HC)
Continuous 0?. CO?, NO,
CO
Fuel
Adelphi University
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center (PETC)
Industrial boiler
3.03 kg/s steam
(24,000 Ib/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture of
coal-oil (COM)
Baseline test only
with COM
Boiler outlet:
~ SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Continuous 02, C02, NO,
TUHC, CO
N20 grab sample
Fuel
PETC and General
Electric (GE)
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TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Description
Test points
unit operation
Sampling protocol
Test collaborator
TOSCO Refinery vertical
crude oil heater
2.54 Ml/day
(16,000 bbl/day) natural
draft process heater
burning oil/refinery gas
Baseline
Staged combustion
using air Injection
lances
Heater outlet:
SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Ci - Cg >IC)
Continuous 0?, NO, CO,
C02, HC
-- N20, grab sample
Fuel oil
Refinery gas
KVB coordinating
the staged com-
bustion operation
and continuous
emission monitoring
Mohawk-Getty Oil
industrial boiler
8.21 kg/s steam
(65,000 Ib/hr) |
watertube burning
mixture of refinery gas
and residual oil
Baseline
Ammonia Injection
using the noncatalytlc
Thermal DeNOx
process
Economizer outlet:
~ SASS
Method 5, 17
Controlled condensation
' Gas Sample (Ci - Cg HC)
-- Ammonia emissions
MgO grab sample
Continuous 02, HO,
CO, C02
Fuels (refinery gas and
residual oil)
New test
Industrial boiler
2.52 kg/s steam
(20,000 Ib/hr) watertube
burning woodwaste
Baseline (dry wood)
Green wood
Boiler outlet:
~ SASS
~ Method 5
Controlled condensation
Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
-- Continuous 02, NO, CO
Fuel
Fly ash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
Industrial boiler
3.16 kg/s steam
(29,000 Ib/hr)
firetube with refractory
firebox burning woodwaste
Baseline (dry wood)
Outlet of cyclone particulate
collector:
SASS
Method 5
Controlled condensation
-- Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
Continuous 02, NOX, CO
Fuel
Bottom ash
North Carolina
Department of
Natural Resources,
EPA IERL-RTP
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TABLE 1-1. CONTINUED
Source
Enhanced oil recovery
steam generator
Description
15 MM (50 million Btu/hr)
steam generator burning
crude oil equipped with
MHI low-NOx burner
Test points
unit operation
Performance mapping
Low NOX operation
Sampling protocol
Steamer outlet:
« SASS
Method 5
Method 8
-- Gas sample (Cj - C6 HC)
Continuous 02 > NOX, CO,
C02
NgO grab sample
Fuel
Test collaborator
Getty Oil Company,
CE-Natco
Pittsburgh Energy
Technology Center
(PETC) industrial
boiler
3.03 kg/s steam
(24,000 Ih/hr) watertube
fired with a mixture ofl
coal-water (CWM)
Baseline test only
with CWM
Boiler outlet:
SASS
Method 5
-- Method 8
--, Gas sample (Cj - Cg HC)
Continuous 02, NOX, CO,
C02, TUHC
N20 grab sample
Fuel
Bottom ash
Collector hopper ash
PETC and General
Electric
Internal combustion
engine -- nonselectlve
NOX catalyst
818 HP Waukesha engine
equipped with DuPont NSER
catalyst
Baseline
15-day emissions
monitoring
Catalyst Inlet and outlet
SASS
NH3
HCN
~ Grab sample ^0
Continuous 02, C02, NOX,
TUHC
Fuel
Southern California
Gas Company
Industrial boiler
180 kg/hr steam
(400 Ib/hr) stoker fired
with a mixture of coal
and waste plastic
Baseline (coal)
Coal and plastic
waste
Boiler outlet
SASS
VOST
Method 5/8
HC1
Continuous 03, NOX, CO,
C02, TUHC
-- «20 grab sample
Fuel
Bottom ash
Cyclone ash
Vermont Agency of
Environmental
Conservation
-------
TABLE 1-1. CONCLUDED
Source
Industrial boiler
Description
7.6 kg/s steam
(60,000 Ib/hr) watertube
retrofit for coal water
mixture firing
Test points
unit operation
» Baseline test with CWS
.. 30-day emissions
monitoring
Sampling protocol
Boiler outlet
-- SASS
VOSI
Method S
Method 8
Gas sample (Ci-C6 HC)
N^O grab sample
Test collaborator
EPRI, OuPont
Continuous NO CO. C02,
02, TUHC. S02
Fuel
Enhanced oil
recovery steam
generator
00
1S-HU (SO Million Btu/hr)
steam generator burning
crude oil, equipped with
the EPA/EER
burner
|OM-NOX
» Low NO, (with burner)
-- 30-day emissions
monitoring
Steamer outlet
SASS
-- vosr
-- Hethod 5
- Hethod 8
Controlled condensation
Anderson Impactor
-- Gas sample (Cj-C6 HC)
-- H20 grab sample
-- Continuous NO,, CO, CO?,
02. S02
Fuel
Chevron U.S.A.,
EEKC
Spark-Ignited natural -
gas-fired reciprocating
Internal combustion
engine selective NQX
reduction catalyst
1.490-kU (2,000-hp)
Ingersoll-Rand lean-burn
engine equipped with
Englehard SCR system
Low NO, (with Cal
catalyst)
-- 15-day emissions
monitoring
Lut
talysl Inlet and outlet
- SASS
- VOST
- NH3
- HCH
- H?0 grab sample
- Continuous Oo, CO?, CO,
NO, NOX, HDK*m3
>e oil
Southern
California Gas
Company
Acronymns used In the table: EERC, The Energy and Environmental Research Corporation; EPA IERL-RTP, The Environmental Protection
Agency's Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory Research frlangle Park; EPRI, Ihe Electric Power Research Institute;
HC, hydrocarbons; NSCR, nonselecttve catalytic reduction; NSPS, new source performance standard; SASS, source assessment sampling
system; SCR, selective catalytic reduction; TUHC, total unburned hydrocarbon; VOST. volatile organic sampling train
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1
1-1. Larkin, R. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification Controls
for Stationary Gas Turbines: Volume II. Utility Unit Field Test,"
EPA-600/7-81-122b, NTIS PB82-226473, July 1981.
1-2. Higginbotham, £. B., "Combustion Modification Controls for Residential
and Commercial Heating Systems: Volume II. Oil-fired Residential
Furnace Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-123b, NTIS PB82-231176,'July 1981.
1-3. Higginbotham, E. B. and P. M. Goldberg, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume I. Tangential Coal-fired Unit
Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124a, NTIS PB82-227265, July 1981.
1-4. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume II.' Pulverized-coal Wall-fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124b, NTIS PB82-227273, July 1981.
1-5. Sawyer, J. W. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Combustion Modification NOX
Controls for Utility Boilers: Volume III. Residual-oil Wall-fired
Unit Field Test," EPA-600/7-81-124c, NTIS PB82-227281, July 1981.
1-6. Goldberg, P. M. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NQX Controls: Volume II. Stoker Coal-fired Boiler Field
Test Site A," EPA-600/7-81-126b, NTIS PB82-231085, July 1981.
1-7. Lips, H. I. and E. B. Higginbotham, "Industrial Boiler Combustion
Modification NOX Control: Volume III. Stoker Coal-fired Boiler Field
Test Site B," EPA-600/7-81-126c, NTIS PB82-231093, July 1981.
1-8. Waterland, L. R., et a!., "Environmental Assessment of Stationary
Source NOX Control Technologies Final Report," EPA-600/7-82-034,
NTIS PB82-249350, May 1982.
1-9. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
1-10. Castaldini, C., "Environmental Assessment of a Wood-Waste-Fired
Industrial Watertube Boiler," EPA Report AEERL-276/7, January 1987.
1-9
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SECTION 2
SOURCE DESCRIPTION
The tests were performed on a McBurney horizontal return tube firetube
boiler designed to fire wood waste. The boiler has a three pass design with
flyash reinjection. Rated capacity is 3.15 kg/s saturated steam
(25,000 Ib/hr) at 1.0 MPa (150 psi). The boiler, located at a furniture
manufacturing plant, was selected because it is representative of the unit
design widely employed in the forest products industries in the southeastern
United States and because it was the site of an organic emissions evaluation
program by the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development (DNR). Results from the CMEA test program on this unit provided
additional data to the DNR program as well as duplicate data allowing for
complete environmental assessment and data validity evaluation to the mutual
benefit of both programs.
Figure 2-1 presents a diagram of the boiler and associated equipment,
noting the sampling locations used. The unit normally burns kiln-dried mill
residue (a mixture of pine, oak, hickory, glue and ground masonite) blown
into the boiler by a pair of wood feeder blowers. After combustion, the flue
gas proceeds through the three heat exchanger passes. Total heat exchange
area is 372 m2 (4,000 ft2). Before entering the stack, the flue gas passes
through a multicyclone which separates the larger particles of flyash for
reinjection.
2-1
-------
From plant
manufacturing
facilities
r EPA continuous
monitors probe
r-Controlled condensation
train, C-j-Cg grab sample
Silo
(pine, oak,
hickory with
glue and
ground up
masonite)
DNR: Modified Method 5
Acurex: SASS, Method 5
Stack
.Induced draft fan
Access-
doors (2)
Flyash reinjection chute
Firetube boiler
(three-pass)
Forced
/~ draft fan
grab sample
Combustion^BHd9ewa11
air ports
Figure 2-1. Boiler schematic,
2-2
-------
Table 2-1 summarizes the boiler operating conditions during the test
performed. The fuel ultimate analysis is given in Table 2-2. The test was
conducted over a 6-hour period with no unusual difficulties. However,
because of the relatively high excess air level over the test period
(160 percent), boiler efficiency was a modest 64.5 percent, based on the ASME
heat loss calculation method. The woodwaste flowrate noted in Table 2-1 is
not a measured value. It was calculated based on measured stack gas flowrate
(Method 5) and 03 level, and the fuel analysis. This value should be treated
with caution. If the expected steam flowrate is calculated based on the fuel
flowrate and heating value, and the boiler efficiency noted in Table 2-1, a
value of 2.4 kg/s (19,400 Ib/hr) results. This contrasts with the control
i
panel steam meter reading of 1.7 kg/s (13,600 Ib/hr). The calculated value
(2.4 kg/s) is more likely to be nearly correct.
2-3
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TABLE 2-1. BOILER OPERATING CONDITIONS
Steam flow, kg/s (1Q3 lb/hr) 1.71 (13.6)
Drum pressure, MPa (psig) 0.841 (122)
Feedwater pressure, MPa (psig) 1.09 (158)
Outlet pressure, kPa (in. 1^0) 0.25 (1.0)
Collector pressure, kPa (in. 1^0) 0.54 (2.1)
Stack temperature, °C (°F) 343 (650)
Ambient air, °C (°F) 25 (77)
Wood feed rate, kg/s (lb/hr)a 0.514 (4,070)
Excess air, percent'5 160
Boiler efficiency, percent0 64.5
|*As fired, calculated from stack gas flow, 0?, and fuel analysis
bCalculated from the Og measurements and fuel analysis
cBased on heat loss method
TABLE 2-2. ULTIMATE FUEL ANALYSIS (PERCENT BY WEIGHT)9
Carbon, C 47.60
Hydrogen, H 5.75
Nitrogen, N 0.18
Sulfur, S 0.04
Oxygen, 0 (by difference) 45.93
Ash 0.50
Moisture5 5.66
Higher heating value, kJ/kg 20,060
(Btu/lb) (8,630)
j^Dry basis, except as noted
bAs received
2-4
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SECTION 3
EMISSION RESULTS
The objective of this test program was to measure flue gas emissions and
pollutant concentrations in the bottom ash stream from a wood-waste-fired
firetube boiler under as-found operating conditions. Emission measurements
were performed in cooperation with the North Carolina Department of Natural
Resources and Community Development (DNR), whose team was onsite to perform a
*
polycyclic organic matter (POM) emissions evaluation (Reference 3-1).
3.1 SAMPLING PROTOCOL
The boiler sampling protocol included the following procedures:
Source Assessment Sampling System (SASS)
Controlled Condensation System (CCS) (S02, 503)
Grab sample for Cj to Cg hydrocarbon measurement
EPA Method 5 (particulate)
Continuous monitors for 03, CO and NOX
Fuel grab sample
Bottom ash grab sample
Sampling and analysis procedures conformed to a modified EPA Level 1
protocol (Reference 3-2). SASS and Method 5 measurements were taken at the
stack. The CCS train, the continuous monitors, and the gas grab samples for
GI to Cg hydrocarbon analysis were taken at the boiler outlet, upstream of
3-1
-------
the mechanical participate collector- The continuous monitoring of flue gas
02, CO, and NOX was performed by EPA-IERL/RTP personnel.
3.2 CRITERIA POLLUTANT AND OTHER VAPOR SPECIES EMISSIONS
Table 3-1 summarizes gaseous and particulate emission measurements
during the test. Continuous monitoring equipment, including a gas
conditioning system, were used to measure 02, CO, and NOX. As shown, flue
gas 02 was quite high during the test, even for wood-fired boilers which
normally operate at high excess air. The-excess air level corresponding to
the average flue gas 02 in Table 3-1 is about 160 percent.
NOX emissions averaged 154 ng/J. This is at the high end of the range
typically cited for industrial wood-fired units (Reference 3-3), and is
higher than that measured from the other wood-fired boiler tested under the
CMEA program (Reference 3-4). The relatively high NOX emissions from this
unit are most likely explained by the high nitrogen content of the fuel
(0.18 percent). Most wood fuels contain less than 0.1 percent nitrogen.
The CO emissions are of interest in this test because of their extreme
variability and relatively high levels. As noted in Table 3-1, CO emissions
varied from about 40 ppm (dry) to over 2,200 ppm. The variation in CO
emissions with changing flue gas 02 levels is shown in figure 3-1. The
figure shows that when flue gas 02 was below 12 percent, CO emissions were
below 200 ppm (dry at 3 percent 02). However, as flue gas 02 increased above
12 percent, CO emissions rapidly increased, to well over 1,000 ppm (at
3 percent 02) at flue gas 02 above 15 percent. This suggests that, under the
conditions of this test, the flame was being quenched by the large amount of
excess air fired.
3-2
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TABLE 3-1. FLUE GAS EMISSIONS
Uncorrected
02, percent dry
CO, ppm dry
NOX, ppm dry
Moisture, percent
Corrected
NO (average as N0£)
Participate
SASS
Method 5
Solid
Condensible
DNR Method 5e
Solid
Range Average
11.0 to 16.8 13.1
38 to 2,257 NA*
33 to 603 134
b 5.54
ppmc ng/J
305 154
mg/dscm
190 ' 114
180 108
1.9 1.1
200 127
g/kgd
2.96
2.15
2.04
0.021
2.40
aNot applicable, data variability too wide to allow defining
meaningful average
Extractive sample, range not applicable
cAt 3 percent Og, dry
dAs fired (wet) basis
Reference 3-1, average of two runs
3-3
-------
10,000 r;
CM
O
0>
O
S-
O)
a.
p
ro
T3
Q.
O.
O
O
1,000
100
10
8
12
16
20
1,000
ro
J- O
4-J
" C
£
-------
The NOx emissions, also shown in Figure 3-1, exhibit no strong variation
with flue gas 03; NOX emissions essentially stayed in the 200 to 400 ppm
range (dry at 3 percent 02) over the range in 02 of 10 to 16 percent.
S02 or $03 in the flue gas were below a detection limit of 10 ppm using
the CCS method with subsequent wet chemical analyses. This method normally
has a detection limit of below 1 ppm. However, problems encountered in the
laboratory titration of samples collected in the field (see Appendix A)
resulted in an increased detection limit of about 10 ppm. The fact that S02
and $03 emissions were below 10 ppm is not surprising, considering the low
sulfur content of the fuel (0.04 percent). In fact, assuming 100 percent
conversion of the fuel sulfur to S02> maximum S02 concentrations would be
only 26 ppm at stack conditions.
Particulate emissions were measured at 190 mg/dscm by the SASS train,
180 mg/dscm by this program's Method 5 train and 200 mg/dscm by the DNR
Method 5 train, all in good agreement.
The particulate size distribution obtained by the SASS train is
summarized in Table 3-2. Approximately half of the particulate is less than
1 urn, which would be expected from a unit using flyash reinjection.
3.3 TRACE ELEMENT EMISSIONS
Trace element concentrations in the wood fuel, bottom ash, and the SASS
catches were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for mercury,
antimony, and arsenic, and spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) for 62 other
elements. Analysis results on the SASS catches were used to calculate flue
gas concentrations of these elements. These are presented in Appendix B.
However, trace element flowrates and mass balance estimated could not be
established since the bottom ash generation rate was not measured.
3-5
-------
TABLE 3-2. PARTICULATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
Particulate cut size
>10 ym (10 ym cyclone plus probe
wash)
3 to 10 ym (3 ym cyclone)
1 to 3 ym (1 ym cyclone)
<1 ym (filter)
Total
ng/J
26
18
12
58
114
Emissions
mg/dscm
44
29
20
97
190
Percent
of total
particulate
23.1
15.5
10.5
50.9
100.0
Table 3-3 shows trace element concentrations in the wood fuel (as
fired), the bottom ash, and the SASS particulate in two size ranges. The
data in the table show a clear pattern of trace element enrichment in the
coarse (>3 ym) particulate over the bottom ash. That is, the concentration
(yg/g) of most elements analyzed is greater in the coarse particulate than in
the bottom ash. However, this enrichment pattern does not extend into the
fine (<3 ym) particulate; concentrations of most elements noted are less in
the fine particulate than in the coarse particulate, or even the bottom ash.
Similar results were noted in the trace element analysis data obtained in
tests of the other wood-fired boiler tested in the CMEA (Reference 3-4).
This is the opposite of the normal occurrence in coal-fired sources, where
many elements are further enriched in the fine particulate.
3-6
-------
TABLE 3-3. TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS (yg/g)
Particulate
Element
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryl 1 i urn
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Fluorine
Gadolinium
Gal 1 i urn
Germanium
Hafnium
Hoi mi urn
Iodine
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Wood fuel
2.0
a
a
21
<0.010
a
0.20
0.20
0.090
>100
0.60
<0.010
22
0.030
0.090
2.0
a
a
<0.010
0.40
0.010
0.040
0.010
a
a
0.030
12
0.50
0.20
0.070
a
>100
17
<0.050
0.020
Bottom ash
>1,000
a
a
>1,000
0.20
a
280
4.0
0.80
>1,000
66
0.70
110
52
3.0
61
2.0
0.40
1.0
160
2.0
7.0
0.30
0.30
1.0
0.50
>1,000
120
82
65
<0.10
>1,000
>460
<0.050
13
10 + 3 pm
>1,000
a
a
>1,000
0.20
a
570
21
17
>1,000
240
1.0
>1,000
100
17
170
4.0
2.0
2.0
140
5.0
7.0
2.0
a
3.0
3.0
>1,000
240
170
3.0
0.40
>1,000
>920
<1.0
20
1 ym + filter
a
a
a
1,000
a
<0.52
a
a
1.0
>2,100
4.7
<0.52
1,500
4.7
0.52
15
<0.52
<0.52
<0.52
210
<0.52
a
0.52
<0.52
<0.52
a
68
4.7
260
1.0
<0.52
a
>150
<0.43
2.6
aElement not detected
3-7
-------
TABLE 3-3. CONCLUDED
Particulate
Element
Neodymium
Nickel
Niobium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Praseodymium
Rubidium
Samari urn
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodi urn
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantal urn
Tel 1 uri um
Terbium
Thallium
Thori um
Thul i um
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Wood fuel
0.020
0.20
0.010
57
>62
0.060
0.40
0.050
<0.010
0.60
17
<0.010
>13
3.0
6.0
a
<0.010
<0.010
a
a
a
0.020
3.0
a
a
<0.040
a
0.070
3.0
0.30
Bottom ash
22
75
1.0
>1,000
>1,000
10 .
260
9.0
1.0
2.0
>1,000
a
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
a
0.30
0.90
a
0.90
<0.010
2.0
>1,000
25
0.40
15
0.50
15
240
7.0
10 + 3 ym
25
300
2.0
>1,000
>1,000
21
520
19
<0.10
28
>1,000
17
>1,000
>1,000
>1,000
3.0
0.70
2.0
0.60
1.0
0.30
8.0
>1,000
89
<0.60
9.0
2.0
40
>1,000
15
1 ym + filter
1.6
14
1.0
>310
>52
a
51
0.52
a
0.52
a
2.6
a
48
a
<0.52
<0.52
<0.52
a
<0.52
<0.52
1.0
a
21
<0.52
a
<0.52
0.52
520
a
aElement not detected
3-8
-------
3.4 ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSIONS
Organic analyses were performed on flue gas samples according to the EPA
Level 1 protocol (Reference 3-2) as outlined in Appendix A. Volatile organic
gas phase species having boiling points in the nominal Cj to Ce range of
-160° to 100°C (-260° to 210°F) were measured by multiple analyses of flue
gas samples using onsite gas chromatography. This procedure gives total
volatile organics by boiling point range only. SASS samples were extracted
with methylene chloride in a Soxhlet apparatus. Total semivolatile organics
with boiling points in the nominal Cy to CIG range of 100° to 300°C (210° to
570°F) were determined in the laboratory by total chromatographable organic
(TCO) analyses of the organic module sorbent (XAD-2) and condensate sample
extracts. Nonvolatile organic species having boiling points in the nominal
Ci6+ range of greater than 300°C (570°F) were determined by gravimetric
(GRAY) analysis of SASS sample extracts, including filter and cyclone
catches.
Infrared spectrometry (IR) was also performed on GRAV residues to
identify organic functional groups present. In addition, gas
chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis of total sample extracts
was performed to identify specific polynuclear aromatic and other organic
compounds (the semivolatile organic priority pollutants). A discussion of
the analytical results follows.
3.4.1 Ci to Cg, TCO and GRAV Analyses
Table 3-4 summarizes total organic emissions results from the TCO, GRAV,
and onsite GC analyses. Approximately 90 percent of the organic emissions
were in the Cj to C$ boiling point range and over half of those were in the
03 boiling range. TCO emissions were below the detection limit for all
3-9
-------
TABLE 3-4. SUMMARY OF TOTAL ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Volatile organic gases
analyzed in the field
by gas chromatography:
C2
f3
C4
c5
Total Cj to GS
Semi volatile organics
analyzed by TCO:
XAD-2 cartridge
Organic module condensate
Total Cj to Cjs
Nonvolatile organics analyzed
by gravimetry:
Probe wash
10 + 3 ym cyclones
Filter + 1 pm cyclone
XAD-2 cartridge
Organic module condensate
Total C16+
Total organics
mg/dscm
1.2
0.5
2.8
0.5
ND
ND
5.0
<0.01
<0.003
<0.01
<0.2
<0.2
0.4
0.3
0.7
5.7
ng/J
0.72
0.30
1.68
0.30
ND
ND
3.0
<0.006
<0.002
<0.006
<0.12
<0.12
0.24
0.18
<0.06
0.42
3.4
mg/kg
fuel as fired
14
5.7
32
5.7
ND
ND
57
<0.03
-------
samples analyzed, while the GRAY result accounted for the remainder of the
organics emitted.
The organic emission results obtained for the XAD-2 extract have been
compromised somewhat due to the use, in these tests, of XAD-2 resin which had
been inadvertently contaminated by acetone between resin preparation and
eventual use. Thus, several acetone solvent contaminants and acetone
polymerization products (chiefly an acetone dimer), all of low molecular
weight and in the TCO boiling point range, were introduced in the resin.
This resulted in a high TCO blank for the XAD-2 resin. In an attempt to
correct for the high blank, 6C/MS analysis of the extracts was performed to
identify and quantitate specific contaminant species in both the blank and
sample extracts. Subtracting the amount of these contaminant species found
t
in both sample and blank extracts from the TCO levels of each allowed
definition of a corrected TCO value for the sample and the blank. These
corrected values were used to calculate the TCO levels noted in Table 3-4.
It should be noted that all contamination consisted of TCO boiling range
compounds, so gravimetric results should be unaffected.
The total organic species emissions in the flue gas from this unit at
3.4 ng/J are lower than the range typical from wood-fired boilers
(14 to 320 ng/J, Reference 3-3), and in fact are at the low end of the range
noted in the other unit tested under the CMEA (65 mg/kg wood fired for this
unit, 60 to 3,000 mg/kg for the other CMEA-tested unit, Reference 3-4).
The total TCO and GRAV organic content of all samples analyzed was
sufficiently low, that further Level 1 analyses of the samples (i.e., liquid
chromatography separation and low resolution mass spectrometry) was not
warranted.
3-11
-------
3.4.2 IR Spectra of Total Sample Extracts
IR spectrometry was used to Identify organic functional groups present
in GRAV residue of the SASS sample extracts. The results of the IR analysis
for the total extracts are summarized in Table 3-5. All spectra were
relatively weak, consistent with the relatively low GRAV content of the
extracts. The spectra of the 1 ym + filter and the XAD extracts suggest only
the presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The spectra of the other samples
were too weak to interpret.
3.4.3 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Total
Sample Extracts
Capillary GC/MS analyses of the extracts of the flue gas samples
collected by SASS were performed to detect and quantify specific POM and
other organic compounds (the semivolatile organic priority pollutants). The
TABLE 3-5. SUMMARY OF IR SPECTRA OF TOTAL SAMPLE EXTRACTS
Sampl e
Probe
10 + 3ym
1pm + filter
Filter blank
XAD-2
OMC
Wave number
(cm-1)
2,900
2,900
2,820
Intensity
S
S
S
Possible
assignment
No peaks
No peaks
C-H stretch
No peaks
C-H stretch
C-H stretch
No peaks
S = Strong
3-12
-------
species sought In the analyses and their respective detection limits are
listed in Table 3-6. The results of the GC/MS analyses are summarized in
Table 3-7. The POM and other species listed were detected in measurable
quantities only in the XAD extract, although phenol was also detected in the
organic module condensate.
As shown in Table 3-7, five POM species were detected in the flue gas
from the boiler test. Naphthalene was emitted in by far the greatest
concentrations. Table 3-7 also notes the results obtained by the
North Carolina DNR in simultaneous tests of this boiler (Reference 3-1). The
sampling equipment employed by DNR was based on the modified EPA Method 5
technique developed by Battelle Columbus Laboratories (Reference 3-5).
Collected samples were analyzed in the DNR^ tests by a capillary column
GC/flame ionization detector (FID) technique. Table 3-7 shows remarkably
good agreement in emission levels of the species analyzed in both test
programs.
3.5 RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS
Radiometric activities of the composite particulate catch from the SASS
train cyclones and filters are presented in Table 3-8. The sum of the alpha
plus beta activities for the particulate, when converted to emission rate,
corresponds to 820 pCi/kg fuel. By comparison, the radionuclide emissions
(excluding radon) calculated for a coal-fuel powerplant range from
170 to 800 pCi/kg coal (Reference 3-6).
3-13
-------
TABLE 3-6. COMPOUNDS SOUGHT IN THE GC/MS ANALYSIS AND
THEIR DETECTION LIMITS (ng/yl INJECTED)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
p-chloro-m-cresol
2-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
2,4-dimethylphenol
Acid Compounds
5 2-m"trophenol
5 4-nitrophenol
5 2,4-dinitrophenol
5 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
5 pentachlorophenol
phenol
Base Neutral Compounds
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 1
1,2-dichlorobenzene 1
1,2-di phenylhydrazi ne 1
(as azobenzene)
1,3-dichlorobenzene 1
1,4-dichlorobenzene 1
2,4-dinitrotoluene 1
2,6-dinitrotoluene 1
2-chloronaphthalene 1
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine 5
3-methyl cholanthrene 40
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether 1
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether 1
7,12-dimethyl benz(a)anthracene 40
N-nitrosodi-n-propylanrine 5
N-nitrosodimethylamine NA
N-nitrosodiphenylamine 1
acenaphthene 1
acenaphthylene 1
anthracene 1
benzo(ghi)perylene 5
benzidine 20
benzo{b)fluoranthene 1
benzo(k)fluoranthene 1
benzol a)anthracene 1
benzo(a)pyrene 1
benzo{c)phenanthrene
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
chrysene
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
di benzo(a,h)anthracene
dibenzof c,g)carbazole
diethy! phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
fluoranthene
fluorene
hexachlorobenzene
haxachlorobutadi ene
hexachl orocyclopentadi ene
hexachloroethane
i ndeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
isophorone
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
perylene
phenanthrene
pyrene
5
20
20
20
5
1
40
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
40
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
40
1
1
3-14
-------
TABLE 3-7. POM AND OTHER ORGANIC SPECIES EMISSION SUMMARY
Compound
Acenaphthylene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Phenol
Detection limit
This
yg/
dscm
0.30
0.08
3.3
0.30
0.20
0.38C
0.04
study
yg/kg
fuel5
3.4
0.9
37.5
3.4
2.3
4.3
0.5
DNR
yg/
dscm
NA
ND
6.34
ND
ND
NA
0.12
*t
la
yg/kg
fuel5
NA
ND
83.2
ND
ND
NA
1.6
DNR
yg/
dscm
NA
ND
0.85
ND
0.30
NA
0.08
2a
yg/kg
fuel5
NA
ND
12.1
ND
4.3
NA
1.2
NA ~ Compound not analyzed
ND -- Compound not detected above detection limit
^Reference 3-1
&Dry basis
C60 percent of phenol noted detected in the organic module
condensate; all other results from XAD-2 extract only
TABLE 3-8. RADIOMETRIC ACTIVITY (pCi/g)a OF
THE COMPOSITE SASS PARTICULATE
Sample Alpha Beta
Particulate composite 53.3 ± 37.2 328.1 ± 98.3
aThe ± values are the 2 sigma Poisson standard
deviation of the counting error
3-15
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3
3-1. Wainwright, P. B., et al., "A POM Emissions Study for Industrial
Wood-Fired Boilers," North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development, Raleigh, North Carolina, April 1982.
3-2. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual, Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
3-3. Lips, H. I., and K. J. Lim. "Assessment of Emissions from Residential
and Industrial Wood Combustion," Acurex Draft Report FR-81-85/EE,
April 1981.
3-4. Castaldini, C. "Environmental Assessment of a Wood-Waste-Fired
Industrial Watertube Boiler," EPA Report AEERL-276/7, January 1987.
3-5. Jones, P. W., et al., "Measurement of Polycyclic Organic Materials and
Other Hazardous Compounds in Stack Gases State of the Art,"
EPA-600/2-77-202, NTIS PB274013, October 1977.
3-6. "Radiological Impact Caused by Emissions of Radionuclides into Air in
the United States -- Preliminary Report," EPA-520/7-79-006,
NTIS PB80-122336, August 1979.
3-16
-------
SECTION 4
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
This section discusses the potential environmental impact of the
wood-fired industrial boiler tested, and also discusses the results of the
bioassay testing of the flue gas and bottom ash stream samples collected.
The potential environmental impact is evaluated by comparing flue gas stream
species concentrations to occupational exposure guidelines. These
comparisons are made to rank species discharged for possible further
i
consideration. Bioassay analyses were conducted as a more direct measure of
the potential health and ecological effects of the effluent streams. Both
these analyses are aimed at identifying potential problem areas and providing
the basis for ranking pollutant species and discharge streams for further
consideration.
4.1 EMISSIONS ASSESSMENT
To obtain a measure of the potential significance of the discharge
streams analyzed in this test program, discharge stream concentrations were
compared to indices which reflect potential for adverse health effects. For
the flue gas discharge, the indices used for comparison were occupational
exposure guidelines, specifically the time-weighted-average Threshold Limit
Values (TLV's) defined by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) (Reference 4-1).
4-1
-------
The comparisons of the flue gas stream species concentrations to these
occupational exposure guidelines are only performed to rank species emission
levels with respect to potential for adverse effects. Conclusions concerning
absolute risk associated with emissions are not, and should not, be drawn.
These evaluations are only presented to place different species emitted into
perspective and to rank them for further consideration.
Table 4-1 lists those pollutant species emitted in the flue gas at
levels greater than 10 percent of their occupational exposure guideline.
Emissions of NOX (as N02) were almost two orders of magnitude higher than its
(N02) occupational exposure guideline. CO, nickel, and phosphorus were
emitted at levels exceeding their respective occupational exposure
guidelines.
4.2 BIOASSAY RESULTS
Bioassay tests were performed on the organic sorbent (XAD-2) extracts,
the particulate flyash collected by the SASS, and the bottom ash. Bioassay
results reported here are for both health and ecological effects tests
(Reference 4-2). The bioassay tests performed on the XAD-2 extracts were
health effects tests only. These were:
Ames assay, based on the property of Salmonella typhimurium mutants
to revert due to exposure to various classes of mutagens
Cytotoxicity assay (CHO) with mammalian cells in culture to measure
cellular metabolic impairment and death resulting from exposure to
soluble toxicants
In addition to the Ames test, health effects bioassay tests performed on the
bottom ash and the particulate collected by the SASS included:
4-2
-------
TABLE 4-1. FLUE GAS SPECIES IN CONCENTRATIONS EXCEEDING 0.1 OF AN
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT
Species
NO
CO
Nickel, Ni
Phosphorus, P
Barium, Ba
Lead, Pb
Chromium, Cr
Potassium, K
Silver, Ag
Copper, Cu
Iron, Fe
Flue gas
concentration
(pg/dscm)
2.56 x 105
4.4 x 104 to 2.63 x 106
190
>120
>190
45
15,
>400
1.9
32
>140
Occupational
exposure
guidelines
( ug/m3 ) a
6,000
55 ,000
100
100
500
150
50
2,000
10
200
1,000
threshold Limit Value (Reference 4-1)
The rabbit alveolar macrophage (RAM) cytotoxicity assay which gives
a toxicity evaluation measured by the reduction in cell viability
and adenosine triphosphate content of the cultures after several
hours exposure to the test material
The whole animal acute toxicity test in live rodents (WAT) to
identify in vivo toxicity of samples
4-3
-------
Table 4-2 summarizes the results from the Ames, CHO, RAM, and WAT
assays. The results suggest that the partlculate and bottom ash were of
nondetectable to low toxicity and mutagenicity. The XAD-2 extract showed
moderate toxicity and mutagenicity.
The bottom ash was also tested for acute toxicity to freshwater
invertebrates (Daphnia magna). freshwater fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales
promelas) and freshwater algae (Selenastrum capricornutum). Table 4-3
summarizes the results of these tests. Results of these assays suggest that
this sample was also of nondetectable to low toxicity to aquatic organisms.
4.3 SUMMARY
Comprehensive emission characterization tests were performed on a
wood-waste-fired horizontal return tube firetube industrial boiler. Flue gas
NOX, CO, and particulate emissions were measured (S02 and $03 were sampled
for, but not detected). In addition, flue gas emissions of 65 inorganic
trace elements, total organics in three boiling point ranges, and ROM's and
selected other organic species (the semivolatile organic priority pollutants)
were also measured. The boiler bottom ash was also analyzed for trace
element composition.
CO emissions from the unit were quite variable and often quite high over
the duration of the tests performed. Emissions ranged from about 100 to
almost 10,000 ppm (dry, 3 percent 03). The relatively high CO emission
levels were a direct consequence of the relatively high excess air level at
which the boiler operated. Stack gas 02 ranged from 11 to 17 percent over
the test duration, with an average level of about 13 percent (corresponding
to 160 percent excess air). CO emissions were below 200 ppm (3 percent
when 02 was below 12 percent; however CO emissions increased to well over
4-4
-------
TABLE 4-2. BIOASSAY RESULTS (HEALTH EFFECTS)
Bioassay
Sample
Bottom ash
Composite participate
XAD-2 extract
Ames3
NO
ND
M
CHOb
NP
NP
M
RAMb
L/ND
L
NP
WATb
ND
NP
NP
ND ~ Nondetectabl e
L ~ Low
M Moderate
NP ~ Assay not performed
fMutagenicity test
bToxicity test
TABLE 4-3. BOTTOM ASH BIOASSAY RESULTS
(ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS)
Freshwater
Algal Daphnia fish
L/ND ND
L Low toxicity
ND Nondetectable toxicity
4-5
-------
1,000 ppm (3 percent 03) when flue gas 03 was above 15 percent.
Corresponding boiler efficiency was a modest 65 percent.
NOX emissions from the boiler, at about 300 ppm (dry, 3 percent 02)
equivalent to about 150 ng/J heat input, or about 3 g/kg wood, were
relatively high for a wood-fired unit. However, the wood waste fired had a
relatively high nitrogen content (for wood) at 0.18 percent nitrogen.
The total organic emissions from the boiler at 3.4 ng/J (65 mg/kg fuel)
were relatively low for a wood-fired boiler. Almost 90 percent of the
organic emissions were of volatile (boiling point less than 100°C) organics;
the remaining 10 percent were of nonvolatile (boiling point greater than
300°C) organics. Several POM species were emitted in the flue gas at levels
in the several pg/kg fuel range; naphthalene was emitted at greatest (almost
40 yg/kg) levels.
Compared to coal-fired industrial boilers in the same capacity range,
NOX emissions from the wood-fired unit are comparable, though at the low end
of the 300 to 400 ppm range (3 percent 02) typical of coal-fired stokers.
S02 emissions from the wood-fired unit was lower than would be typical of a
coal-fired unit, reflecting the very low sulfur content of wood.
Typical coal-fired boiler CO emissions are in the several hundred ppm
or less range. Comparable emissions from the wood-fired unit tested were
achievable, provided the excess air level was held below that corresponding
to flue gas 02 of 12 percent. However, over most of the wood-fired boiler
test duration, CO emissions were higher.
Total semivolatile and nonvolatile (SASS train) organic emissions from
this boiler were at the low end of the range typical for industrial wood
4-6
-------
firing. They were also at the low end of the range typical of industrial
coal firing.
Emissions of several POM species (acenaphthylene, fluoranthene,
phenanthrene, and pyrene) were measured in the 0.1 to 0.3 yg/dscm range, from
the wood-fired unit tested. Naphthalene emissions were measured at
3.3 yg/dscm. Emissions of the same POM species, and in the same emission
level range are not uncommon from industrial coal-fired sources, although
even naphthalene is rarely emitted at levels greater than about 1 yg/dscm
from such sources. The data suggest that POM emissions from the wood-fired
industrial boiler may have been slightly higher than typical for other
industrial fuels, but only slightly.
4-7
-------
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 4
4-1. "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in
the Work Environment with Intended Changes for 1982," American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio,
1982.
4-2. Brusick, D. J., and R. R. Young, "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment, Biological Tests," EPA-600/8-81-024,
NTIS PB82-228966, October 1981.
4-8
-------
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS METHODS
Emission test equipment was provided by Acurex and the Office of
Research and Development of EPA. Continuous monitoring analyses for 03, CO,
and NOX emissions were provided by EPA personnel using an EPA mobile emission
monitoring laboratory. Onsite equipment provided by Acurex included a sulfur
oxides analysis train (controlled condensation equipment), the SASS train for
particulate sizing and trace element and organic species collection, EPA
Method 5 sampling train for total particulate emissions, and a gas
chromatograph with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) for gaseous
(Ci to Cg) hydrocarbon analyses. Source testing by Acurex and EPA was
performed simultaneously with polycyclic organic matter (POM) emissions
testing by the North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development (DNR). The equipment used by the DNR consisted of an EPA
Method 5 sampling train modified for the collection of semivolatile organic
species as described by Battelle-Columbus Laboratories (Reference A-l). SASS
and Method 5 sampling was performed at the stack. The controlled
condensation train, the continuous monitors, and the gas grab samples for Cj
to Cs hydrocarbon analysis were taken at the boiler outlet, upstream of the
unit's mechanical particulate collector. Wood fuel samples and bottom ash
waste stream samples were taken by Acurex.
A-l
-------
The following sections briefly describe the equipment and sampling
procedures used by Acurex and EPA during the source evaluation of the
wood-fired industrial boiler -
A.l CONTINUOUS MONITORING SYSTEM FOR GASEOUS EMISSIONS
The continuous monitors for flue gas analysis were furnished by EPA in
their mobile sampling van. The gas samples were taken from the flue gas duct
upstream of the induced draft (ID) fan. One sampling probe, located at the
average centroid of the stack, was used in sampling the flue gas. Flue gas
03, CO, and NOX were measured using the instrumentation summarized in
Table A-l; the calibration gases are listed in Table A-2. Figure A-l
illustrates the flue gas sampling system. The sampling probe is equipped
with an in-stack filter for removal of particulate matter. The heated
interface box, containing pneumatically operated valves, permitted the
operator to transport calibration gas to the box and compressed air for
"back-flushing" of the sampling probe and filter. The interface box is
connected to the gas conditioning system by self-regulated heat-traced Teflon
tubing. A two-stage condensation unit removes the water vapor from the
sample prior to delivery to the distribution panel and analysis.
A.2 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
Particulate mass emission tests were conducted in accordance with EPA
Reference Methods 1 through 5. The Acurex High Volume Stack Sampler (HVSS),
illustrated schematically in Figure A-2, was used in this program. A 1.52m
(5-ft) heated stainless steel glass-lined probe was used to isokinetically
extract samples from the stack. Probe temperature was maintained at 120°C
(250°F) as required by EPA Method 5. A glass fiber 142-mm (5.59-in.)
diameter filter was used to capture the particulates. The impinger train
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l. MOBILE LABORATORY INSTRUMENT COMPLEMENT
Analyzer
Oxygen (Og)
Oxides of nitrogen (NOX)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Manufacturer
MSA
TECO
* Horiba
Model
number
802
10AR
PIR2000
TABLE A-2. CALIBRATION GASES
Standard
NO
NO
CO
CO
02
02
Zero
Diluent
gas
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Compressed air
Nitrogen
Standard
concentration
148 ppm
202 ppm
258 ppm
1,020 ppm
11.1 percent
20.9 percent
Zero gas
A-3
-------
FILTER
STACK
r
PROBE
HEATED INTERFACE BOX
\
HEATED
SAMPLE
LINE
WATER-VAPOR
REMOVAL
TO DISTRIBUTION
PANEL AND ANALYZERS
DRAIN
DRAIN
Figure A-l. Sample acquisition and conditioning system.
-------
Smi th-Greenberq Impinger
7pm
Stack temperature T.C.
<"
\s
Probe temperature T.C.
"S" type J
pi tot tube
Pi tot AP
magnehel 1 c
f©^
I
" cyclone
)
s
(F
^^v
MNMI
T
J
)vcn
T.C.. >
-
*^
^" u"a
ii
Modified Smith-Greenberg
impingers
pressure gages
AH orifice pi ate 7
Orifice AH
magnehelic gage
^
Gas
^**f*'\ I
meter ^jlOOml (each) Empty ALice bath
2 Fine adjustment
pass
^VN NX /- '
« K< r ^
U 4. '
i i eJ«a i c
Dry test n:oter
Vacuum
Gauge
'Coarse
adjustment
valve
Air tight
vacuum
pump
Silica gel
dessicant
Vacuum
line
Note: T.C. = Thermocouple
Figure A-2. Particulate sampling train.
A-5
-------
consisted of four glass impingers equipped with Teflon caps and 316 stainless
steel stems, collector tubes, and fittings. The first two impingers
contained 100 ml of distilled water, the third was empty, and the fourth
contained a known amount of silica gel. The control module is equipped with
magnehelic gauges and digital thermocouple readouts, and a dry gas flowmeter
for monitoring pressure and temperature in the stack and total gas sampled.
Sample collection took place in the uninsulated stack above the ID fan.
The particulate tests were performed at 48 sampling points in accordance with
EPA Method 1. Each test point was sampled for 2.5 min, hence a 120-min total
sample time. Figure A-3 illustrates the Method 5 sample recovery protocol
utilized to measure total particulate mass collected with the HVSS train.
Solid particulate matter is defined as all particulate mass collected in the
front half of the train; that is the filter, probe, and nozzle. Condensible
particulate matter is obtained from gravimetric analyses of impinger liquids
and impinger rinses.
A.3 SULFUR EMISSIONS
Sulfur emissions (S02 and $03) were measured using the controlled
condensation system Illustrated in Figure A-4. This sampling system,
designed primarily to measure vapor phase concentration of $03 as ^$04,
consists of a heated quartz probe, a Goksoyr/Ross condenser (condensation
coil), impingers, a pump, and a dry gas test meter. Using the Goksoyr/Ross'
condenser, the gas is cooled to the dew point where 503 condenses as ^$04.
S02 interference is prevented by maintaining the temperature of the gas above
the water dew point. Sulfur dioxide is collected in a 3 percent hydrogen
peroxide solution. A more detailed discussion of the controlled condensation
sampling system is given in Reference A-2.
A-6
-------
FILTER
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
PROBE. NOZZLE
AND FILTER WASH
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
MEASURE VOLUME
TO »1 ml
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
EXTRACT WITH
3 i 25 m
ETHYL ETHER
EXTRACT WITH
3 x 25 ml
ETHYL ETHER
EXTRACT WITH
3 x 25 ml
CHLOROFORM
FILTER THROUGH
47 mm TYPE A
GLASS FILTER
EVAPORATE AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
AND PRESSURE
DESICCATE AND
WEIGH TO
CONSTANT WEIGHT
FILTER THROUGH
CONSTANT WEIGHT
ROOM TEMPERATURE
CONSTANT WEIGHT
NOTES.
1) ALL WEIGHTS ARE TO NEAREST OOlg
2) DESICCATE ALL SAMPLES FOR 24 HOURS PRIOR TO WEIGHING
Figure A-3. Sample analysis scheme for participate sampling train,
A-7
-------
>
00
1/h"
-------
Both S02 and $03 (as ^$04) were measured by titration with a
0.02 N NaOH using bromphenol blue and barium/thorin as the indicators.
Results of the titration with bromphenol blue indicator were considered
questionable due to pH imbalances in the blanks and samples. Most of the
samples analyzed required the addition of acid to swing the indicator color
to yellow for titration to a basic end point. Although S02 and $03 analyses
using this indicator showed concentrations in the range of 3 to 8 ppm
respectively, the results were considered of questionable validity because of
problems associated with pipette errors and varying end points.
The results of the barium/thorin titration seemed to be much more
definitive. For the most part end points were easily determined and the
results consistent. Using this titration method the analysis indicated that
there was no detectable oxidized sulfur species in the sampled flue gas
stream.
A.4 TRACE ELEMENTS AND ORGANIC EMISSIONS
Emissions of inorganic trace elements and organic compounds were sampled
with the source assessment sampling system (SASS). Designed for Level 1
environmental assessment (Reference A-3), the SASS collects large quantities
of gas and solid samples required for subsequent analyses of inorganic and
organic emissions as well as particle size measurement.
The SASS, illustrated in Figure A-5, is generally similar to the system
utilized for total particulate mass emission tests (HVSS) with the exception
of:
Particulate cyclones heated in the oven with the filter to 230°C
(450°F)
A-9
-------
Heated oven
Filter
I
(-»
o
Stainless
steel
sample
nozzle
Stack T.C.
Organic module
Gas temperature T.C.
1/2" Teflon line
Stack
velocity
AP magnehelic
gauges
Teflo
1 ine
Isolation
ball valve
Stainless steel
probe assembly
Oven T.C.
Sorbent cartridge
Heater controller
W" Tef bn li
_ Condensate
collector vessef
Imp/cooler trace
element collector
Coarse adjustment
\
Orifice All
magnehelic
gauge
Implnger
T.C.
Ice bath
600 grams
ilica gel
deslcant
500 ml
0.2 H AgNOj
0.2 M (NH4)2 S208
500 ml
30% H202
Fine adjustment
valve
, Vacuum pumps
1(10 ft3/min each)
Heavy wall
vacuum line
I ^ iNTVX Dry test mei
I Control modules~-^l '
Note: T.C. = Thennocouple
Figure A-5. Source assessment sampling system train schematic.
-------
The addition of a gas cooler and organic sampling module
The addition of necessary vacuum pumps
Schematics outlining the sampling and analytical procedures using the
SASS equipment are presented in Figures A-6 and A-7. The following briefly
describe analytical procedures used in measuring stack outlet trace elements
and organic emissions.
Inorganic analyses of solid and liquid samples from the SASS train were
performed with spark source mass spectroscopy (SSMS) for most of the trace
elements. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for analyses of
volatile mercury (Hg), antimony (Sb), and arsenic (As).
Quantitative information on total organic emissions was obtained by gas
chromatography for total chromatographable organics (TCO) and by gravimetry
(GRAV) of particulate, sorbent module (XAD-2), and condensate trap organic
extracts. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) was used for identification of organic
functional groups and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) was used
to quantitate POM and other organic species in extract samples. Figure A-8
illustrates the organic analysis methodology followed during the current
program.
A.5 G! TO C6 HYDROCARBON SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Samples of flue gas were collected for GI to Cg hydrocarbon analysis
using a grab sampling procedure. Flue gas was extracted from upstream of the
induced draft fan at the same location used for the controlled condensation
sampling system.
Samples for gaseous hydrocarbon analysis were collected using the
apparatus illustrated in Figure A-9. The equipment consisted of a heated,
0.64-cm (1/4-in.) OD pyrex-lined, stainless-steel probe fitted with a glass
A-ll
-------
SAMPLE
rnUoc WASH, ETC.
SQRBENT CARTRIDGE
AQUEOUS CONOENSATE
CtRCT IMPtwrCR
M
Ul
V)
So
-" ""e
U Ul §
42 0 a
* *£
>- to U
< si
5 o <
P u. o
X U C
uj o o
COMBINE
SPLIT \
SCRAMS
\
<
O
<
K
T X
2
T
- S
0 «
.-. A A
V-^SpJlT
^^^^
v . ./
> *^ SPLIT
IT ^^^
__^ *
>.
/
AQUEOUS PORTION
ORGANIC EXTRACT
§
(9
O
I §
> * *
ff u 6 < S
O »- _i o. wi
i*
_ jm. ...
««
_ A _
A. aft
A
COMBINE
... \
V)
<
^
a
§
Cfl
OB
A
SECOND AND THIRD
IMPINGERS COMBINED
TOTALS
2 5
6 1
* If riauir«d, itmpl* should b» wt »lid« (or bioloqicil aiulyia at this point.
This jno a rtquirtd to d*fin* th* total mass of partieulau catch. If ih* campl* »c««ds T0% of (K« total eyelon* and
(liter sampla weight proeavd to analysis. If th* sarnpU it tai than 10% of th» catch, hold in rtsarva.
Figure A-6. Flue gas analysis protocol for SASS samples.
A-12
-------
CO
Figure A-7. Flue gas analysis protocol.
-------
Organic Extract
or
Neat Organic Liquid
TCO Analysis
Concentrate
Extract
GC/MS Analysis,
POM, and other
organic species
Infrared Analysis
Gravimetric
Aliquot containing
15-100 mg
Repeat TCO
Analysis
if necessary
Solvent
Exchange
Infrared Analysis
Liquid
Chromatographic
Separation
t T ? ? ?
Seven Fractions
Mass Spectra
Analysis
TCO
Gravimetric
Analysis
Figure A-8. Organic analysis methodology.
A-14
-------
Heated Pyrex-
lined probe \
Glass wool
i-»
tn
AC line
Proportional
voltage
controller
Probe
T/C
Bulb
T/C
Temperature
indicator
Heated 300 ml
sample bulb
Gas -
tight
septum
Teflon
stopcock
Heavy wall
vacuum
line
Teflon diaphrams
vacuum pump
Note: T/C = Thermocouple
Figure A-9. diagram of Ci to Cs hydrocarbon sampling system.
-------
wool filter at the probe inlet. The outlet of the probe was directly
attached to a 300-ml pyrex sampling bulb. The bulb was equipped with Teflon
gas-tight stopcocks at each end and a septum port for sample removal. The
sampling bulb was insulated with heat tape powered by a varying voltage
controller. The heating jacket kept the sample gas above the dew point to
minimize sample loss due to water condensation.
Prior to sampling, the gas bulb was purged with stack gas for 3 min and
then sealed. The trapped flue gas was then analyzed onsite with a Carle 8500
gas chromatograph (GO equipped with a flame ionization detector. Table A-3
lists the design specifications of the Carle GC. A 1.85-m (6-ft) long,
0.32-cm (1/8-in.) diameter stainless-steel column packed with Porapak Q 60/80
mesh was used to separate the hydrocarbons into their respective components
(Ci to GS). The GC was calibrated with repeated injections of a standard gas
containing GI to C$ hydrocarbons (each having a concentration of 15 ppm).
The chromatographic responses for the standards and the samples were recorded
on a Hewlett-Packard Model 3390A reporting integrator.
A.6 FUEL AND BOTTOM ASH SAMPLING
Wood fuel samples were collected at the outlet of the storage silos.
Multiple samples were taken over the duration of each test. The final sample
used in proximate and ultimate analyses and inorganic trace element analysis
represented a composite of all samples taken. Bottom ash was collected from
the furnace downstream of the bridgewall, the day after the test.
A-16
-------
TABLE A-3. GAS CHROMATOGRAPH SPECIFICATIONS
(CARLE INSTRUMENTS, INC. MODEL 8500)
Sensitivity:
Suppression range:
Noi se:
Time constant:
Gas required:
5 x 10-12 A for 1 mV output
10-9 A
0.5 percent peak to peak on most
sensitive range
100 ms on all ranges except "1" range
which is 200 ms
Carrier gas (helium)
Combustion air
Fuel gas (hydrogen)
A-17
-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX A
A-l. Jones, P. W., et al., "Measurement of Polycyclic Organic Material and
Other Hazardous Organic Compounds in Stack Gases State of the Art,"
EPA-600/2-77-202, NTIS PB274013, October 1977.
A-2. Maddalone, R., and N. Gainer, "Process Measurement Procedures:
Emissions," EPA-600/7-79-156, NTIS PB80-115959, July 1979.
A-3. Lentzen, D. E., et al., "IERL-RTP Procedures Manual: Level 1
Environmental Assessment (Second Edition)," EPA-600/7-78-201,
NTIS PB293795, October 1978.
A-18
-------
APPENDIX B
TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS
The following tables present sample trace element analysis results and
trace element discharge streams concentrations. The table labeled "ppm"
represents element analysis results (microgram per gram) for each sample
analyzed. Compositions for the wood fuel, the bottom ash, and all SASS train
samples (probe wash, 10 and 3 pm particulate, filter and 1 pm particulate,
XAD-2 resin, first impinger, and second and third impingers) are noted.
The table labeled "mass/heat input" gives calculated trace element
concentrations in units of {microgram per dry standard cubic meter) heat
input for the fuel and all SASS train samples. The column labeled "boiler
outlet" represents the appropriate sum of -SASS train samples.
The table labeled "concentration" gives the calculated flue gas
concentration (pg/dscm) of each element corresponding to each SASS train
sample, and the SASS train sum (labeled "boiler outlet").
Symbols appearing in the tables:
OSCM Dry standard cubic meter at 1 atm and 20°C
MCG Microgram
PPM Parts per million by weight
NG/J Nanogram per Joule heat input
< Less than
> Greater than
B-l
-------
N Element not analyzed
U Unable to determine
Trace elements having concentrations less than the detectable limit or
having a blank value greater than the sample value were given an arbitrary
concentration of zero. Values in the form A < x < B were determined by
letting elements reported as less than a certain concentration be represented
by a concentration of zero for the low value and the reported (less than)
concentration as the high value.
Detectability limits for the various samples were the following:
Particulate (cyclones and filter) <0.1 yg/g
XAD-2 <0.1 yg/g
Impinger and organic
module concentrate <0.001 yg/ml
Wood <0.01 yg/g
Bottom ash <0.1 yg/g
Standard conditions: 20°C (68°F) and 1 atm. One molecular weight of an
ideal gas occupies 24.04 1 at standard conditions.
Fuel feedrate kg/s 0.514
(Ib/hr) (4,070)
Heat input MW 9.71
(million Btu/hr) (33.1)
Stack gas flowrate dscm/s 5.84
(dscfm) (12,380)
Gas collected (SASS) dscm 28.78
(dscf) (1,016)
Stack gas molecular weight dry 29.77
wet 29.08
Water in stack gas (percent) 5.54
02 (percent dry) 13.1
B-2
-------
PPM
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM .
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE
BURLING
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
UOLMIUM
IODINE
IRON
LANTHANUM
LEAD
LITHIUM
LUTETTUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
HERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEI1DYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
TERBIUM
THALLIUM
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN . .
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM .
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM .
PPM
FUEL: UDQD
.200E+01
N.OOOE+OO
N.OOOE+OO
.210E+02
<.100E-01
.OOOE+00
.200E+00
>llOO£+03
.600E+00
< . 100E-01
.220E+02 .
.300E-01
.90QE-01
.200E+01
.OOOE+00
.. ..OOOE+00 ... .
<.100E-Ol
.. .400E+00
.100E-01 ..
.400E-01
.100E-01
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.300E-01
. 120E+02
.500E+00
.200E+00
-70QE-01 . . .
.OOOE+00
>.100E+03
.170E+02
<.500E-01
.200E-01
.20OE-O1 .
.20OE+00
.100E-01
.570E+02
.OOOE+00
. >.620E»02
.eooE-oi
.400E+00
.500E-01
<.100E-Ot
.600E-01 .
. 170E+02
<.100E-01
> . 130E+02
.300E+01
.600E+01
.OOOE+00
. <.100E-01 ...
< . 100E-01
.OOOE+00 . .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.200E-01
.300E+01
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 . .. .
.400E-01
.OOOE+00
.700E-01
.300E+01
.300E+00
BOTTOM ASH
>.100E+04
N.OOOE+OO
N.OOOE+OO
> . 100E+04
.200E+00
.OOOE+00
.280E+03
-400E+01
.800E+00
>.100E+04
.660E+02
.700E+00
.110E+03
.S20E+02
.300E+01
.610E+02
.200E+01
. . .400E+00
. 100E+01
.160E+03
.200E+01
.700E+01
.300E+00
.300E+00
.100E+01
.500E+00
> . 100E+04
.120E+03
.820E+02
.650E+02
< . lOOE+00
> . 100E+04
>.460E+03
<.500E-Ot
'.130E+02
.220E+O2
.750E+O2
.100E+01
> . 100E+04
.OOOE+00
>.100E+04
. 100E+02
.260E+03
.900E+01
.lOOErOl
.200E+01
> . 100E+04
.OOOE+OO
> . 100E+04
>.100E+04
X100E+04
.OOOE+00
.30OE+00
.9OOE+OO
. .OOOE+00
.. . .900E+00
<.100E+00
> ! 100E+04
.250E+02
..4OOE+OO
. 150E+02
500E+00
.150E+02
.240E+03
.700E+01
10U
.150E+02.
B-3
-------
BURLINGTON
PPM
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM. .
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE .
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE
GADOLINIUM
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
HOLMIUM
IODINE . .
IRON
LANTHANUM
LEAD
LITHIUM
LUTETIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER . .
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
TERBIUM
THALLIUM
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM .
PPM
1U * FILTER
U.OOOE+00
N.OOOE+00
N.OOOE+00 .
.102E+04
.OOOE+00 . .
S..520E+00
.OOOE+00
" 104E+O1
> .208E+Q4
.468E+01
<.520E+00
.153E+04 ..
.468E+01
.520E+00
145E+02
<.520E+00
< .52QE+00
<.520E+00
208E+03 .. .
<.520E+00
.OOOE+00
520E+00 ..
<.520E+00
< .520E+00
... .OOOE+00 ... .
.676E+02
.468E+01
.259E+03
.104E+01
<.520E+00
.OOOE+00
> . 154E+03
<.431E+00
.26QE+01
. . 156E+01
.135E+02
.J04E+01
>.312£+03
.OOOE+00
>.52QE+02
.OOOE+00
. . .S14E+02
.520E+00
.OOOE+00.
.520E+00
U.OOOE+00
.. .260E+01 . . .
U.OOOE+00
.47BE+02
> OOOE+00
<.520E+00
< .520E+00
<.520E+00
.OOOE+00
< -520E+00
<.S20E+00
.104E+01
.OOOE+OO
.208E+02
<.520E+00
.OOOE+00
. <.520E+00
.520E+00
.516E+03 . . .
OOQE+00 .
SASBLJNE
PROBE WASH
>.JOOE+04
N.OOOE+00
N.OOOE+00 . .
> . IOOE+04
< . 100E+00
.100E+00
.310E+03
.110E+02
.100E+02
.>. IOOE+04
. . .170E+03
.SOOE+00
>.100E+04
.120E+03
100E+02
.780E+02
.600E+01
.100E+01
.300E+01
>. IOOE+04
.400E+01
.400E+01
.IOOE+01
.800E+00
.200E+01 .
.200E+01 .
> . 100E+04
.140E+03
.240E+03
. 100E+01
.300E+00
> . 100E+04
>.100E+04
<.886E+00
.150E+02
.140E+02
. 120E+03
.200E+01
> . IOOE+04
.OOOE+00
> . IOOE+04
.270E+02
.110E+03
. 120E+02
.SOOEtOO
.700E+01
> . IOOE+04
. . .24OE+02 .
> . IOOE+04
930E+03
>. IOOE+04
< . 100E+01
. .OOOE+00
. 100E+01
.310E+02
...iOOE+01
:400E+00
.500E+01
> . IOOE+04
.400E+01
<.900E+00
.250E+02
IOOE+01
.190E+02
.>.JOOE+04 .
.800E+01
XAD-2
.IOOE+01
N.OOOE+00
<.nOE-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 .
OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.610E+02 ,
.OOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
320E+02 ... .
. IOOE+01
.OOQE+00 .
.200E+01 .. .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.40QE+00 . ..
. . . lOOOE+00 .
.OQOE+00
.OOQE+00 .
.OOOE+00
.130E+02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOQE+00
.OOOE+00
<'440E-01
.OOOE+OO .
.350E+02
.OOOE+00
.260E+01
.OOOE+00
720E+02
.OOOE+00
"OOOE+00
.OOQE+00
.OOOE+00
.4SOE+02
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
. .OOQE+00
.500E+01
.OOOE+00
OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOQE+00
.. . .OOOE+00
:OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
."OOOE+OO
. . ..OOQE+00
-iOQE+01
FIRST IMPINGE
.OOOE+00
N. OOOE+OO
N.OOOE+00
. ! OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
U.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
< . 100E-02
250E+00
.250E-01
OOOE+00
197E+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
! OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.JOOE-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.200E-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.200E-01
. 100E-01
<.960E-03
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. 180E+00
.200E-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
... .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.300E-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
<.300E-O1
.OOOE+00
.200E-02
U.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
> .793E+01
.OOOE+00
.400E-02
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
'. OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.100E-02
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. . .780E+00
OOOE+00
2ND £ 3RD IMPINGERS
N.OOOE+00
B-4
-------
MASS/HEAT INPUT
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE
GADOLINIUM ....
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
BOLMIUM
IODINE
IRON
LANTHANUM
LEAD
LITHIUM
LUTETIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
JNEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
I PLATINUM
i POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
msr
SILVER ...
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
TERBIUM
THALLIUM .
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
HG/J
FUEL: UOQD .
. 106E+00
N .OOOE+00
N .OOOE+00
.111E+01
< .529E-03
.OOOE+00
.106E-01
. ..106E-01
.476E-02
> .529E+01
. ..318E-01
< .529E-03
.116E+01
. 159E-02
476E-02
.106E+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
< 529E~03
I212E-01
.529E-03
.212E-02
. . .529E-03
.OOOE+00
.. . .OOOE+00
..159E-02
.635E+00
.26SE-01
. 106E-01
. -371E-02
.OOOE+00
> .529E+01
. 900E+00
< 265E~02
.106E-02
. 106E-02
. 106E-01
.529E-03
.302E+01
.OOOE+00
> .328E+01
.318E-02
, . .212E-01
. * .1318E-02
.900E+00
. < .529E-03
> .888E+00
.159E+00
.318E+00
.OOOE+00
. X -S29E-03
< .S29E-03
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.. . .106E-02
. 159E+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.212E-02
. ...OOOE+00
.371E-O2
.159E+00
BURLINGTON
BASEL!KE
. 10U
N
H
>
>
I
>
.;;'<
. .
<
"-
+ 3U
.236E-01
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.236E-01
.473E-OS
.142E-04
.135E-01
.496E-03 .
.402E-03
.236E-01
.567E-02
.236E-04
..236E-01 ...
.236E-02
.402E-03
.402E-02
.945E-04
.473E-04
.473E-04
.331E-02
118E-03
. 165E-03
.473E-04
.OOOE+00
.709E-04
.709E-04
.236E-01
.567E-02
.402E-02
.709E-04
.945E-05
.236E-01
.217E-01
.241E-04
.473E-03
.S91E-03
.709E-02
.473E-04
.236E-01
.OOOE+00
.236E-Ot
.496E-03
.123E-01
.449E-03
.236E-OS
.662E-03 ..
.236E-01
.402E-03 ...
.236E-01
..236E-01. ..
..236E-01
.709E-04
...165E-04
.473E-04
...142Er04
236E-04
!236E-Ol
.210E-O2 ..
. 142E-04
.213E-03
.473E-04 ...
.945E-03
.236E-01
1U + FILTER
U .OOOE+00
N .OOOE+00
N .OOOE-00
.717E-01
.OOOE+00
. < .384E-04
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.728E-04
> -146E+OO
.328E-03
< .364E-04
. 107E+00
.328E-O3
.384E-04
. 102E-02
< .364E-04
< .364E-04
< .364E-04
146E-01
. < .384E-04
.OOOE+00
.364E-04
< .364E-04
< .364E-04
...OOOE+OO
.473E-O2
.328E-03
. 181E-01
. 728E-04
... < .384E-04
.OOOE+00
> -108E-01
< .302E-04
. .182E-03
. 109E-03
.947E-03
.728E-04
> .218E-01
.OOOEMX)
> .364E-02
.OOOE+00
.360E-02
.364E-04
.OOOE+00
.364E-04
U .OOGE+00
. 182E-03
U .OOOE+00
.335E-02
. > .OOOE+00
< .364E-04
. . .. C .364E-04
< .364E-O4
.OOOE+00
< -364E-04
< .364E-04
.728E-04
.OOOE+00
. ..146E-02
< .364E-04
.OOOE+00
< .364E-04
.364E-04
.362E-01
ZIRCONIUM
-1S9E-01
.354E-03
..OOOE+00
B-5
-------
MASS/HEAT INPUT
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH . .
BORON
BROMINE
CADMIUM
CALCIUM . ..
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE
GADOLINIUM
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
HOLMIUM
IODINE . . .
IRON
LANTHANUM . .
LEAD
LITHIUM
LUTETIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE .
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEDDYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM . .
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUM
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM ....
TERBIUM
THALLIUM
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
HP./
HI*/
PROBE WASH
> .204E-01
N .OOOE+00
N .OOOE+00
> .204E-01
< .204E-05
. .204E-05
. 224E~Q3
204E~03
> .204E-01
. .346E-02
. 183E-04
.. . > .204E-01
.245E-02
204E-03
. 159E-02
.122E-03
204E-04
.611E-04
> .204E-01
815E-04
204E-04
. 163E-04
408E-04
408E-04
285E~02
!489E-02
. . .204E-04
.611E-05
> .204E-01
> .204E-01
< .181E-04
.30SE-03
.285E-03
.245E-02
.. .408E-04
> .204E-01
.OOOE+00
> .204E-01
.5SOE-03
.224E-02
.245E-03
. 163E-04
143E-03
> .204E-01
.489E-03
> .204E-01
189E-OL
> .204E-01
< .204E-04
.OOOE+00
.204E-04
.632E-03
.815E-05
102E-03
> .204E-01
.815E-04
< .183E-04
.509E-O3
204E-04
.387E-03
..>...204E-01
BURLINGTON
BASELINE
XAD-2
FIRST IMPIMGER 2ND I 3RD IMPINGERS BOILER OUTLET
ZIRCONIUM
.163E-03
.272E-02
N .OOOE+00
< .299E-OS
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OQOE+00
.OOOE+00
.166E+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .869E-01 .. .
.272E-02
.OQOE+OO .
.S43E-02
.OOOE+OO
OOOE+00 . .
.OOOE+00
..109E-02 . .
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.. .OOOE+00 ...
OOOE+00
.353E-01
.. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.. . .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
< .120E-03
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.951E-01
. .OOOE+00
.7O6E-02
.OOOE+00
. .196E+00 .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.122E+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.I36E-01 ...
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
....OOOE+00. .
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 . .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
272E-02
.OOOE+00
N .OOOE+00
N ..OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
QOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. U .OOOE+00
OOOE+00
< .376E-04
940E~02
.940E-03
. .OOOE+OO
.741E-02
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00 ...
.OOOE+00
. . .OOOE+00
,752E~03
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00 .
. .376E-04
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
.752E-04
. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
"752E-03
376£~03
< .361E-04
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.677E-02
.752E-04
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .U3E-03
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
<. .113E-02
.OOOE+00
. .752E-04
U .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 ...
. .. > .298E+00
.OOOE+00
150E-03
.OOOE+00
QOOE+00
OOOE+00 . .
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00 ....
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
OOOE+00 .
.376E-04
.OOOE+00 ..
.OOOE+00
293E-01
.OOOE+00 .
u
<
N
N
N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
.. . N
N
N
. N
N
N
N
. . N
N
N
U
... N
. N
N
N
N
N
. N
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
... H
N
N
N
. . N.
. N
N
N
N
N
N..
.OOOE+00
.239E-04
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00 ...
..OOOE+00 ...
. OOOE+00
OOOE+00
IOOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.239E-04
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00 ..
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.'OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00
..OOOE+00 ...
> .467E-01
< .239E-04
< .299E-05
> .116E+00
-473E-O5OK . 676E-05
. . 162E-O4OU . 526E-04
-198E-01
.720E-03
.678E-03
> .355E+00
946E-02
. 420E-04 .247E+00 .
.879E-02
842E-03
19SE-01
.217E-O34E-03
. 108E-03 .393E-01
.. .200E-03OK.236E-03
.999E-03
104E-03
. 163E-04 -841E-01
.885E-02
.271E-01
.164E-03
.156E-040K.520E-04
> .448E-01
< ,252E~03
[960E-03
.985E-03
. 1 12F.+00
.236E-03
> .729E-01
.OOOE+00
> .243E-00
. 105E-02
.182E-01
.730E-03
.163E-04OU.187E-04
.841E-03 .166E+00
115E-02
> .440E-01
> .459E-01
> .356E+00
.709E-04 .440E-01
364E-02
< 689E-04
.760E-03
676E-04 ^ 109E+00
323E-02
B-6
-------
CONCENTRATION .
ELEMENT
ALUMINUM
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH ... .
BORON
BROMINE
CALCIUM
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE
GADOLINIUM
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
HOLMIUM
IODINE
IRON
LANTHANUM
LEAD
LITHIUM
LUTETIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE . . .
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM
NEODYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUM
SAKARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
TERBIUM
THALLIUM .
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC
ZIRCONIUM
DUIU~Lnil
MCG/DSCi
... 10U + 3U
> .393E.+02
H .OOOE+OO
N ..OOOE+OO
> .393E+O2
.785E.-02 ..
236E-01
.224E+02
825E*00
> '393E+02
.943E+01
.393E-01
> .393E+02
.393E+01
.668E+00 .
.eesE+ot
.157E+00
.785E-01
.785E-01
550E+01
196E+00
.27SE+00
.78SE-01
.OOOE+OO
. .. ...118E.+00 .. ..
118E+00 ...
> .393E+02
943E+01
.668E+01
. U8E+00
.157E-01
> .393E+02
.. > .361E+02
< .400E-01
.982E+00
. 118E+02
-785E-01
> .393E+02
.OOOE+OO
. ' . > .393E+02
.82SE+00
. .204E+02 .
.746E+00
< -393E-02 ..
.110E+01
> .393E+02
668E+00
> .393E+02
> .393E+02
> .393E-K32
.118E+00
.275E-01 ...
.785E-01
-236E-01
393E-01
.118E-01
.. ..314E+00
> .393E+02
.350E+01 . ..
.. .. < ..238E-01
.353E+00
785E-01
.157E+01
> .393E.+02
589E+00
iUtl
SEUNE ..... ...
. 1U + FILTER
U .OOOE+OO
N .OOOE+OO
N .OOOE+OO
.119E+03
OOOE+OO
< .605E-01
.OOOE+OO
OOOE+OO
. 121E+00
545E+00
< .605E-01
178E+03 . ..
.545E+00
60SE-01 ... .
169E+01
< .605E-01
< .605E-01. . ..
< .605E-01
242E+02
< 605E-01
iOOOE+OO
.605E-01
< .605E-01
< ..605E-01
OOOE+OO
.787E+01
.545E+OO
.30IE+02
121E+00
.. < .605E-01 . .
^ *£02E~ 01
1303E+00
.182E+00
.157E+01
.121E+00
> .363E+02
.OOOE+OO
... > .605E+01 .
.OOOE+OO
'OOOE+OO
.ieosE-oi
U .OOOE+OO
303E+00 ... .
U .OOOE+OO
557E+01 .
. > .OOOE+OO ... .
< .605E-01
< .605E-01
< -605E-01
... .OOOE+OO
^ 605E~01
;i21E+00. ...
.OOOE+OO
242E+01
... < .605E-O1 ....
.OOOE+OO
.. ...< ..605E-01 .. ..
.605E-01
6O1E+02
OOOE+OO .
PROBE WASH
> .339E+O2
N .OOOE+OO
N .OOOE+OO
> 339E+O2
< .339E-O2
-339E-02
. 10SE+02
.373E+00
.339E+00
576E+01
!305E-01
... > .339E+O2
.406E+01
-339E+OO
.264E+01
.203E+OO
.339E-01
. 102E+00
> 339E+02
135E+00
?13SE+00
339E-01
.27JE-01
. . -677E-OI ...
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.339E-01
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< .305E-01
.847E+00
.339E-01
.644E+00
>..339E+02
-2Z1E+00 ...
XAD-2 .
.452E+01
N .OOOE--OO
....<. .497E-O2
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.OOOE+OO
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. . UlAJC.'TJU
.OOOE+OO
145E+03
.452E+O1
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181E+OL
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325E+03
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B-7
-------
BURLINGTON
CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT 2ND
ALUMINUM ...
ANTIMONY
ARSENIC
BARIUM
BERYLLIUM
BISMUTH
CADMIUM
CALCIUM . .
CERIUM
CESIUM
CHLORINE
CHROMIUM
COBALT
COPPER . . ...
DYSPROSIUM
ERBIUM
EUROPIUM
FLUORINE . .
GADOLINIUM
GALLIUM
GERMANIUM
HAFNIUM
HOLMIUM
IODINE
IRON
LANTHANUM
LEAD
LITHIUM
MAGNESIUM
MANGANESE . .
MERCURY
MOLYBDENUM . . .
NEDDYMIUM
NICKEL
NIOBIUM . .
PHOSPHORUS
PLATINUM . . .
POTASSIUM
PRASEODYMIUM
RUBIDUK ... .
SAMARIUM
SCANDIUM
SELENIUM
SILICON
SILVER
SODIUM
STRONTIUM
SULFUR
TANTALUM
TELLURIUM
ffifflb
THORIUM
THULIUM
TIN
TITANIUM
TUNGSTEN
URANIUM
VANADIUM
YTTERBIUM
YTTRIUM
ZINC . ..
ZIRCONIUM
X 3
N
N
N
N
. N
N
..N
g
M
N
N
N
N
.N
N
N
N
. N
. 8
N
. N
N
K
N
N
H
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
II
N
N
N
N
N
.H
N
.X
..a
.X
N
N
.8
N
.H
M
N
N
..X
N
N
MCG/
R£ IMPINGE!
.OOOE+00
.397E-01
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.QOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
i OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..OOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..QOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.QOOE+00
..OOOE+00 .
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..QOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.397E-01
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOF.+OO
...OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
..QOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
. .OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
OOOE+00
.OOOE+00
.OOOE+OO
..OOOE+OO
.OOOE+00
.QOOE+00
..OOOE+00
BASFI.THE
DSCM
IS BOILER OUTLET
> ..777E+02 ... .
< .397E-O1
. .. . < .497E-02 . . .
> .192E+03
785£-02 .591E+03
. 157E+02 . .
.698E-OKX<.193E+00
> ..411E+O3
. 146E+02
107E+01
324E+02
.360E+00 . .6S4E+02
332E+00 .140E+03
147E+02 ....
.451E+02
.273E+00
2S9E-OKX<.864E-01
> .744E+02
> .886E+02
< .419E+00
.160E+01 . ..
. 164E+01 .. .
. 187E+03
392E+00 ....
> . 121E+03
.OOOE+00
. . > .404E+03
. 174E+01
. . . .303E+02 ....
.121E+01
.271E-OKX<.310E-01
140E+OKX< . 327E+OL
> .276E+03
.191E+01
> .731E+02
> ..763E+02
> .592E+03
.118E+00 .731E+02
605E.+01
< .115E+00
. 126E+01
112E+00 . 182E+03 , , , ,
S38E.+01
B-8
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-87-010a
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Environmental Assessment of a Wood-Waste-Fired
Industrial Firetube Boiler; Volume I. Technical
Results
5. REPORT DATE
March 1987
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
R. DeRosier and L. R. Waterland
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TR-83-123/ESD
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Acurex Corporation
P. O. Box 7555
Mountain View, California 94039
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3188
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final; 1/81- 3/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES AEERLpro;jectofficerisRobei.tE>
2477. Volume II is a data supplement.
MailDrop65, 919/541'
16. ABSTRACT Tne report gives emission results from field tests of a wood-waste-fired
industrial firetube boiler. Emission measurements included: continuous monitoring
of flue gas emissions; source assessment sampling system (SASS) sampling of the
flue gas with subsequent laboratory analysis of samples to give total flue gas orga-
nics in two boiling point ranges, compound category information within these ranges,
specific quantitation of the semivolatile organic priority pollutants, and flue gas con-
centrations of 65 trace elements; Method 5 sampling for participates; controlled con-
densation system (CSS) sampling for SO2 and SOS; and grab sampling of boiler bot-
tom ash for trace element content determinations. Flue gas CO emissions were
quite variable during the tests, and often quite high (attributed to the high excess air
level at which the unit operated). NOx emissions were relatively high for a wood-
fired boiler, although the fuel nitrogen content was relatively high for a wood fuel.
SO2 and SOS emissions were less than 10 ppm, in keeping with the low sulfur content
of the wood-waste fuel. Total organic emissions from the boiler were 5.7 mg/dscm,
about 90% of which consisted of volatile compounds. Emission levels of five poly-
cyclic organic matter species and phenol were quantitated: except for naphthalene,
all were emitted at less than 0.4 microgram/dscm.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFlERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATi Field/Group
Pollution Sulfur Oxides
Wood Wastes Nitrogen Oxides
Fire Tube Boilers Trace Elements
Flue Gases Carbon Monoxide
Assessments Organic Compounds
Particles Polycyclic Compounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Environmental Assess-
ment
P articulate
13B
11L
13A
21B
14B
14G
07B
06A
07C
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
68
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Perm 2220-1 (9-73}
B-9
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