United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
(WH-550)
September 1989
EPA 570/9-89-011
Water System
Self-Assessment for
Mobile Home Parks

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Dear Mobile Home Park Owner:

You may not think you are a public water system operator.  But if you regularly supply
water to 15 or more hookups or 25 or more people, that is just what you are.

Many small water systems like yours do not comply with federal and state drinking water
regulations.  Sometimes owners don't understand the rules or don't know enough about
water treatment.  Often they can't afford the extra costs involved.  If your system Is not
complying, you may face:

    • fines from regulatory agencies,

    • lawsuits from consumers who think their health has been endangered, or

    • financial  losses as a result of poor planning.

Drinking water  standards are getting  tougher.  Depending  on your system's particular
problems or characteristics, you may have to start doing some or all of these things within
the next few years:

    • filtering water from surface sources,

    • removing heavy metals and organic chemicals.

    • monitoring for chemical and microbiological contaminants, and

    • controlling corrosion to reduce concentrations of lead and other metals.

The EPA  has put together this  package to help you understand  your financial and
managerial problems and get the help you need.  Why does EPA care about your system's
condition? Because they have found that only sound systems can provide safe water.

This  package is  divided into two parts.   A short pamphlet contains questions and
worksheets that will let you  check whether you need  help with planning,  financing or
operations.  A separate booklet, the 'Resource Guide for Small Drinking Water Systems,"
describes organizations and programs that help  systems like yours.

This package is for your use only; you don't have to show it to anyone outside your system.
Even if you think you understand your operation, you should answer the questions and fill
out the worksheets  If you have an system operator or bookkeeper, It would be a good
idea to go through these materials with them as  well.

You are likely to leam things that will help you put your system-and your entire
business-on a better financial and managerial footing. You may be surprised at the results.

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                    Acknowledgements
This  manual  was  prepared  for  the  U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Drinking Water, by The Cadmus
Group, Inc. under Contract No. 68-03-3348.  The EPA Work
Assignment Manager was Brian Rourke; he was assisted by Dr.
David W. Schnare and Jane Ephremides. The Cadmus Project
Director was Gene E. Fax.  Contributing authors were Vidya
Ganesan, Matthew Pierce, and Laura Paradise.  Gini Egan-
McKenna directed the field  test, and Kenneth Mayo, Robert
John, and Cheryl  Secor typeset and produced the manuals.

The authors wish  to thank the many people who assisted them
with  information and advice, and  particularly those  who
participated in the field test.  They are too numerous to name
individually, but they constitute a cross-section of the nation's
drinking-water community. The organizations with which they
are associated include many  small drinking water systems, the
National Rural Water Association, the American Water Works
Association, the Farmers Home Administration, several Rural
Community Assistance  Programs,  the  National Regulatory
Research Institute, EPA Regional Offices, and State regulatory
agencies. In offering their  advice  they spoke, of course, as
individuals and not as official representatives of their organiza-
tions. Their help is gratefully acknowledged.

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            Water System Self-Assessment

                                  for
                    Mobile Home Parks
Can You Answer These Questions?


     •     Does your water system comply with federal and state safe drinking water
           regulations?

     •     Does the amount you charge for water cover the cost of water system
           operations and improvements?

     •     Do you know where and how to get help financing the costs of water
           system improvements and water quality monitoring?

     •     Do you know how to improve your water system's operations and
           management?


     If you answered "No" to one or more of these questions, you probably need help.
This pamphlet can give it to you.  It is divided into four sections:

     A.    Planning for Safe Water (page 3)

     B.    Pricing Your Water (page 5)

     C.    Getting Financial Help (page 21)

     D.   Improving Your Operations and Management (page 25)


     Some sections contain worksheets to help you gauge your system's financial
condition. These worksheets give only a general idea of how your system is doing. They
are not a substitute for a careful review of your system's condition by an accountant.

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NOTES

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                     A.  PLANNING FOR SAFE WATER
1.     Do you know where to get free information about public drinking water regulations?

      Information on public drinking water regulations is available from Regional EPA
offices and state environmental or public health agencies. The attached Resource Guide
contains the names and phone numbers of organizations to contact for up-to-date
regulatory information.
2.    Do you know if the water you distribute meets current federal and state drinking
      water standards?

      If you don't know whether your water meets current standards, ask your state's
regulatory officials.  They will tell you how to find out.  They will also tell you what you
need to do to meet the regulations.

      If your water already complies with current standards, you need to plan for new
requirements of the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments.  Worksheet
#1 (page 11) and Worksheet #2 (page 15) will tell you if you will have to raise your
water charges or get financial help to meet operating expenses.  Worksheet #3 (page
19) will help you prepare a cash flow budget.

      If your water does not meet current drinking water standards, call or write your
state regulatory office and find out what you must do to comply. (Also, see Question 3
below.)  They will help you estimate the costs of needed improvements.  Then use
Worksheets #1, #2 and #3 to find out whether you need to raise water charges or get
financial help.


3.    Do you know how to improve your water's quality to meet current standards?

       Water treatment  is complicated. Sometimes it requires new equipment. Other
times it is better to hook up to a new water source. Sometimes changing your operating
practices is enough.  It may take a trained engineer to  tell what treatments will work
best or cost least.

       Many state drinking water programs employ technicans who can advise small
systems like yours on how to improve their water quality.  Many of these programs are
listed in the accompanying Resource Guide.  Often, state personnel will conduct a "sani-
tary survey" at your request, to spot system problems and suggest solutions.  They can
also advise you on how  to comply with state design and operating standards for water
systems.

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      If your system needs a lot of work, you may have to hire a consulting engineer.
Before you sign an agreement with an engineering firm, you may want to check with
similar systems that have contracted with engineers for similar work.  It's a good idea to
check the firm's references, and make sure it has experience- working with small water
systems. Also make sure that the firm will consider all possible alternatives including
new water sources and better operating practices, not just new treatment equipment.

      You need to make sure that the engineer considers all of the costs involved. For
example, treatment equipment will need to be maintained by a qualified operator.
Finding a new water supply-such as a new well-requires exploration and testing.
Buying water from other systems may require you to build an interconnection line.

      The engineer should give you a list of all  alternatives for bringing your system up
to the standards, and an estimate of each item's  cost and on-going operational and
maintenance costs. He should also be able to tell you how much the annual payments
would be if the improvements were financed by a loan.


4.  Do you  keep records of water quality test results?

       By law, results of bacteriological monitoring tests must be saved for five years;
monitoring results for other contaminants regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act
must be saved for 10 years.  Keeping a notebook of test results will  also help you tell if
water quality has changed. Good records will  also let you know whether your treatment
practices are working and may be useful if you apply for a variance  from the regulations.
If you do not know how to interpret test results,  contact your state environmental or
public health agencies or your local water association.


5.    Do your state's environmental or public health agencies or your  state's Mobile Home
      Park Association (or similar group) give you help or information on water system
       management?

       These agencies  and your state association  can give you information on how  other
mobile  home parks meet drinking water regulations.  Many state associations are
working with state environmental agencies to discuss mobile home park owners'
concerns about meeting the new drinking water standards.

For Further Information See:

       Water Utility Management Practices (MS), American Water Works Association,
 1980.

       Design and Construction of Small Water Systems - A Guide for Managers, American
Water Works Association, 1984.

       See also your state's minimum standards for design, construction, and operation
of mobile home park water systems.

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                         B. PRICING YOUR WATER
1.     Do you know what your water system's operating expenses are?

      You need to find out how much you collect in water charges and what it costs
you to take care of day-to-day system operations. To tell whether you need additional
funding, use Worksheet #1 to calculate the difference between your system's revenues
and expenses. Be careful to include only information about your water system; don't
include any costs or revenues from the rest of your mobile home park operation.  Your
system might be losing money right now without your knowing it.


2     Are some of your residents not paying their bills?

      You should not increase  rates to make up for residents who regularly do not pay
their water bills. If you have customers who are not paying their bills, figure out how
much money each of them owes.  Consider setting up a payment schedule for these
residents or sending them a shut-off notice. Before you shut off service, however, check
with your state's Public Utility Commission about conditions and procedures you need to
follow.
3.     Do you charge a separate fee for water use?

       It will be easier to estimate your system's revenues and expenses if water use fees
are separate from other fees that you charge your residents. You should also keep your
water system's cost records separate from the costs of the rest of your operation. You
may find that some state funding programs will not consider your application unless you
charge a separate fee for water use.


4.     Do you use meters to monitor each resident's water use?

       Water meters will let you know how  much each resident uses. Once you have
that information, you can set up a rate schedule based on actual water use. Rates based
on use may help you increase the amount of money you collect in water charges. You
may also find that meters save you money, because they can help you determine if there
are leaks in the system.

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5.     Have your residents been able to pay any recent increases in water charges?

      Use the worksheets to calculate whether you need to increase rates. If your
operating expenses are higher than what you collect in water charges, Worksheet #1 will
help you determine how much to increase rates. If you are concerned that residents
cannot afford the amount of increase needed, consider raising the rates gradually-say,
every two years-to give them time to budget for increases.

      Ask similar water system  owners or your state's Moblie Home Park Association
how much mobile home park water systems in your area charge for water.  When you
apply for a rate  increase or  answer residents' questions about the rate change, it will
help if you know whether your rates are similar to others in the area.

      In most states, privately owned water utilities must apply to the Public Utility
Commission or Public Service Commission for a rate change.  The  Commission  will
review your financial  condition and  ask for information that supports the need for a  rate
increase. The attached Resource Guide includes addresses and phone numbers for rate
reviewing agencies.
 For Further Information See:

       Managing Water Rates and Finances, American Water Works Association, 1979.

       Water Rate: Criteria, Types, Pros, Cons, National Rural Water Association, 1987
 (to be revised in 1989).

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            IS YOUR WATER SYSTEM MAKING OR .LOSING MONEY?
               FIND OUT FOR YOURSELF USING WORKSHEET #1
Instructions for Using Worksheet #1:

       Water charges are the main source of revenue for operating and maintaining
your system.  You should collect enough in water charges to meet your operating
expenses. If you can't meet your expenses, you may need to raise rates or look at
ways to reduce operating expenses that wont harm water quality.

       Worksheet #1  is  an Income Statement.  It calculates income from water system
charges and the expenses of running the system.  Use information from the past year's
financial records to fill out the form.  Use only records relating to your water system,
not from your other mobile home park operations.  This Worksheet gives only a
rough picture of your system's financial condition; see an accountant for more accurate
information.

       You should copy this Worksheet (and the others, also) from the manual and
work on the copies, not the originals.


I.  Operating Revenue:

       Water Sales include all money you received for supplying water service, whether
       you charged at a flat rate or for water actually used.

       Fees and Services include all other fees you charge your customers.


II. Operating and Maintenance Expenses:

       These items are self-explanatory, except for payments to a reserve fund:

       Payments to reserve fund are made in order to  build up a cash reserve for
       dealing with extraordinary events.  Examples of such events might include
       repairing serious damage or meeting unforeseen regulatory requirements. A
       cash account separate from your normal checking account should be set up to
       accumulate these funds.
    General and Administrative Expenses'

        Most of the items are self-explanatory, but depreciation needs some explanation

        Depreciation refers to the loss in value of property, plant, and equipment over
        time. The depreciation used in this Income Statement is what accountants call
        "book* depreciation. It is often different from the depreciation used for
        calculating your income tax, so don't use your old tax returns as a guide.

        If you have never included depreciation on your books before, figure your
        depreciation expense by taking the following steps:

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       (1)  For each building and piece of equipment the system uses:

                   Find out (from your records) how much it originally cost, including
                   installation;

                   Estimate how many years of useful life it has left; and

                   Divide the original cost by the years of useful life left to get the
                   depreciation expense for each item.

       Do not include the value of any land in this calculation.

              Example: Your system has three items:  a pump with attached piping, a
              pumphouse. and a distribution network. The pump cost $4,000 installed
              and has 10 years of life left. Its annual depreciation expense is $400.
              The pumphouse cost $12,000 to build and has 20 years left. Its annual
              depreciation expense is $600. The distribution system cost $15,000 to
              install, and has 30 years left. Its depreciation expense is $500.

       (2)     Add the annual depreciation expenses of all the items to get the total for
              the year.

              Example: For the items in the system described above,

                      Pump and piping:             $400
                      Pumphouse:                  600
                      Distribution system:            500

                   TOTAL depreciation expense:    $1500

       If you have Included book depreciation in the past, follow the same  steps but
       with the following change: for each building and piece of equipment, subtract
       accumulated depreciation expenses claimed previously from the original
       installed cost before you divide by the years of life remaining.


IV.  Total Operating Expenses:

       Add Operating and Maintenance Expenses (total from Section II) and General
and Administrative Expenses  (total from Section III).


V.  Income from Operations:

       Subtract Total Operating Expenses (total from Section IV) from Total Operating
Revenue (total from Section I).


VI.  Other Revenues and Expenses:

       Interest Income Includes, for example, Interest on any deposits that you make in
       bank accounts.

       Interest Expense refers to interest payments on loans or merchant credit
       accounts.  Do not include payments of principal on loans.


                                       8

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       Miscellaneous Expense includes any expense Item not already accounted for.
       (Again, do not Include payment of principal on loans.)

       Subtract the expense items from the interest income. Depending on whether
income is greater than expenses, you may get a net gain or a net loss.


VII. Net Income:

       If Total Other Revenues and Expenses (total from Section VI) shows a net gain,
add it to Income from Operations (Section V).  If it is a net loss, subtract it from Income
from Operations. The result is your system's Net Income.

       If revenues are less than expenses, your Net Income is negative  and you
are losing money on your water system.  You should consider increasing your
water charges to meet your operating expenses.  If your Net Income is positive, the
water system is operating at a profit.

       To keep it as simple as possible, the Worksheet shows Net Income before
income taxes.  This does not affect the final result about whether your profits are positive
or negative.


Vila.  Adjustments to Net Income

       The  Net Income shown above does not Include any expenditures for  meeting
drinking water standards.  If you already meet current standards, this cost will be zero.
If you do not meet current standards, you should have a state technical assistance
person or a  consulting engineer estimate the annual cost of these improvements and
use that number here (see Question 3 on page 3).  Subtract  this amount from Net
Income (Item VII) to obtain Adjusted Net Income.

       You should consider raising your rates to cover any  needed compliance
measures as well as current operating expenses.

       As new standards are proposed in the future, you should have your engineer
estimate their annual costs to you.  You can then insert these annual costs in this line to
determine their effects on your Net Income.

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NOTES
  10

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                                         Worksheet #1

                              Mobile Home Park Water System
                                       Income Statement

                         For the year ending	, 19_

I.   Operating Revenue
      Water Sales
      Fees and Services

     Total Operating Revenue

II.   Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Expenses

      Salaries. Wages, and
       Benefits (Operator)
      Power and Other Utilities
      Chemicals and Supplies
      Transportation
      Repairs/Parts
      Payments to Reserve Fund

     Total O&M Expenses

 III.  General and Administrative (G&A) Expenses

       Administrative Salaries
       and Benefits
       Office Supplies and Postage
       Insurance
       Legal and Accounting
       Property Taxes
       Depreciation
      Total G&A

  IV.  Total Operating Expenses (Total O&M plus Total G&A)

  V.   Income from Operations (Op. Revenue minus Op. Expenses)

  VI.  Other Revenues and Expenses
        Interest Income
        Interest Expense
        Miscellaneous Expense
        Total Other Revenues and Expenses

  VII.  Net Income

  Vila. Adjustments to Net Income

  Vllb Adjusted Net Income
                                                   11

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NOTES
 12

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                IS YOUR WATER SYSTEM FINANCIALLY VIABLE?
                       FIND OUT USING WORKSHEET #2
Instructions for Using Worksheet #2:

       Worksheet #2 is a Balance Sheet.  A Balance Sheet shows the financial
standing of your water system.  It is used to answer two questions:

       1.     Does your system owe more than It owns?  Businesses that have
              more liabilities than.assets are losing money.

       2.     Can you afford to replace your plant and equipment when they wear
              out?

Banks and government funding  agencies will want to know the answers to both of these
questions when you ask them for loans.

       The Balance Sheet is divided into three categories:  Assets, Liabilities, and Net
Worth. Using information from your financial records, fill in your Assets  (what you own
or what you are owed) and your Liabilities (what you owe).  The difference is the  Net
Worth of the system.  Balance Sheets are reviewed by loan officers when they make
lending decisions and by regulatory agencies when they decide on rate  increases.

       Some of the items on the Balance Sheet are self-explanatory.  Others are
explained briefly  below.
        Current Assets are those that are likely to turn into cash within a year.  Fixed
        Assets are long-lived Items that are used to produce water (or other goods) for
        use or sale.

        Accounts Receivable are water charges or other bills that you are owed.

        Prepaid Expenses include insurance, permit fees, and any other expenses paid
        in advance.

        Plant and Equipment includes the pumping station, distribution pipes, storage
        tanks, treatment plant, and other buildings and equipment valued at their original
        installed cost.

        Accumulated Depreciation accounts for the reduction in value of plant and
        equipment over time.  If you have never included depreciation on your  books
        before, this number is  zero. If you have included book depreciation, this
        number is the sum of the annual depreciation amounts over all previous years.

        Land and Water Rights should be valued at the price originally paid, without any
        depreciation. Also, do not include any appreciation in their value, even if they
        are worth much more  now than when you paid for them.  Banks or other lenders
        will make their own adjustments to account for such appreciation when you
        apply for credit.  Accounting for water rights can be very complex. If these are
                                       13

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       a major asset of your system, you should consult an accountant familiar with
       local law and practice.

       A Capital Improvements or Reserve Fund should be maintained to cover the
       cost of equipment replacement, system repairs,'and other emergencies.

Liabilities:

       Accounts Payable are bills that you have received but not yet paid.

       Accrued Payroll and Payroll Taxes are what you owe your employees plus PICA,
       withholding, and other payroll taxes.

       Short-term Debt includes the principal on any loans that must be paid back
       within one year or less.

       Long-term Debt includes the  principal of any loans that can be paid back more
       than one year in the future.


Net Worth:

       This is the difference between Assets and Liabilities.  If Assets are less than
Liabilities, your system's Net Worth is negative. You should consider raising your
rates or trying some of the suggestions in Parts C and D of this pamphlet.  You
may also wish to look into a joint management arrangement with a larger, more stable
water system.  As a last resort,  It may be necessary to sell the water system to someone
has the resources to operate It effectively.

       If your Assets are greater than your Liabilities, your Net Worth is positive, and
the water system is solvent. The larger your system's Net Worth, the more likely it is
that you will be able to get bank or government loans to help with system
improvements.
                                       14

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                                       Worksheet #2

                            Mobile Home Park Water System
                                       Balance Sheet

                       For the year ending	, 19_

     Assets

     Current Assets
      Cash
      Accounts Receivable
      Materials and Supplies on Hand
      Prepaid Expenses
     Total Current Assets

     Fixed Assets

      Plant and Equipment
       less Accumulated Depreciation
      Land
      Water Rights

     Total Rxed Assets

     Other Assets

        Reserve Fund

     Total Assets

II.    Liabilities

     Current Liabilities

      Accounts Payable
      Accrued Payroll & Payroll Taxes
      Accrued Rnes or Penalties
      Short-term Debt

     Total Current Liabilities

     Long-term Debt

     Total Liabilities

III    Net Worth

     Total Assets minus Total Liabilities
                                             15

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NOTES
 16

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           WILL YOUR SYSTEM HAVE ENOUGH CASH TO OPERATE?
                       FIND OUT USING WORKSHEET #3
Instructions for Using Worksheet #3:

       Worksheet #3 is a Cash Flow Budget.  A Cash Flow Budget tells you when you
will need extra cash and how much you will need.

       To prepare a Cash Row Budget, start with the Cash Balance on the first day of
the current month.  ("Cash" means the contents of all checking accounts, savings
accounts, and cashboxes.)  Then estimate all cash receipts and payments for the month.
Combine them to get the Total Cash Generated (net gain) or Used (net loss) in the
month.  Then add the gain to (or subtract the loss from) the Beginning Balance  to get
the Ending Balance for the month. This Ending Balance then becomes the Beginning
Balance for the next month, and the whole process repeats. It is a good Idea to do a
Cash Flow Budget for several years into the future.

        If-the Ending Balance for any future month is negative, you will not have enough
cash to operate in that month.  There are several ways to address this problem.  You
can step up collections in earlier months to build  up cash.  You can ask your vendors to
let you delay payments to months when cash will be more available.  You may take a
short-term loan, as long as the budget shows you will be able to pay it back (with
interest). If the budget shows that you will usually be short of cash, however, you
should raise your water charges to compensate.

        The Cash Flow Budget counts all cash  transactions. The terms in Worksheet #3
are defined just as they were in Worksheet #1,  except that General & Administrative
Expenses must  not include depreciation, because that is not a cash transaction.

        In the example on the next page, the system operator plans to pay $2,500 for a
new piece of equipment In April, which would drive the system's cash balance negative
by $1,066.  The operator may want to take a short-term loan for $1,500. so as not to
draw cash completely down  to zero in April. The proceeds from this loan would be
entered in April  under "New Borrowings". Each future month's principal repayment
would be entered under "Payments of Debt Principal". Interest payments would  be
subtracted from "Net Cash from Other Revenues and Expenses". Note that the Ending
Balance at the bottom of each month's column is entered as the Beginning Balance at
the top of the next month's column.
                                      17

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Beginning Cash Balance
Collections from Water
Sales, etc.
Payments for O&M and
G&A Expenses
Net Cash from Other
Revenues and Expense
Payments of Debt
Principal
Payments for Capital
Assets
Other Balance Sheet Cash
(prepaid expenses,
customers' deposits.
payments to reserve
funds)
Total Cash Generated
or (Used) for Month
New Borrowings
Ending Cash Balance
Monthly Cash
March
1.082
m

( 8411

128

( 1221

( 	 Q)

	 63




216

	 Q
1.298
Flow Budget:
April
1.298
801

( 4981

( 	 8Z)

( 1221

i 2.5001

42




( 2.3641

	 Q
M.0661
EXAMPLE
May , June
( 1.0661 ( 3751
1.025 	

f 5251 ( 	 )

208

( 1221 ( 	 )

( 	 Q) ( 	 )

105




691 	

	 Q 	
( 3751 	
18

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\o
                                                                      Worksheet #3

                                                             Mobile Home Park Water System
                                                                Monthly Cash Flow Budget

                                                     For the year beginning	,  19	


                            Month     Month     Month    Month    Month     Month     Month      Month     Month     Month    Month     Month
                               1          2345          67          8          9         10        11         12
       Beginning Cash Balance	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	

       Collections from Water   	 _____ _____ _____  _____ 	 _____ 	 	 	  	 	
       Sales, etc.

       Payments for O&M and   (	\ 1	I 1	I 1	)  (	\. I	I I	I J	1 (	I I	I  I	J (	L
       G&A Expenses
       Net Cash from Other
       Revenues and Expenses
       Payments of Debt       (	I ]	] j	) J	I [	J J	\ J	1 [	\ [	I ]	)  £	J (	[
       Principal

       Payments for Capital    j	) i	) 1	I (	I J	) 1	I J	) |	\ (	I (	I  [	\ (	
       Assets
       Other  Balance  Sheet
       Cash (Prepaid expenses.
       customer's deposits)

       Total Cash Generated
       (Used) lor Month

       Net Borrowing!

       Ending Cash Balance

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NOTES
 20

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                      C.  GETTING FINANCIAL HELP
1.     Do you know how much it will cost to make necessary water system improvements?

      Determine how much it will cost to meet current drinking water standards.
Estimate the cost by contacting similar water systems and state technical assistance staff,
or by hiring a consulting engineer  (see Question 3 on page 3).

      Find out which activities must be done first.  You may find that work needed to
meet the regulations cannot be done before you have upgraded the water  system. Get
help from regulators or technical assistance programs to develop a priority list for system
improvements.


2.     Can you raise the money you need from your members?

      As a first step, see whether your residents can afford a one-time  assessment to
raise the funds needed for system  improvements.  If not, you may need  to turn to
outside sources of funding.


3.    Do you know that you may be able to get financial help from government agencies?

      Privately owned systems such as yours are eligible for funding assistance from
some government programs.

      Small Business Administration.  The SBA provides two types of loan assistance to
      small businesses.  It guarantees loans made by local banks, thus providing a
      reduced interest rate to the borrower.  It also provides direct loans  to businesses
      that are unable to  get an SBA-guaranteed loan through a bank.  Funds for direct
      loans are limited, and are often available only to firms owned by or serving
      disadvantaged groups.

      Community Development Block Grants.  These grants, which are given by the U.S.
      Department of Housing and Urban Development, must be applied for and
      administered by the town in which your system is located. The funds, however,
      may be used to make improvements in private water systems.

 More details of these programs are given in the accompanying Resource Guide.
                                       21

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      Banks and government funding agencies usually provide money for "hardware
costs" such as treatment facilities, distribution lines, and water source development.
Other costs, such as operation, maintenance, and water quality monitoring, must be paid
for out of water charges. Remember that if you get a loan, you may have to increase
water charges to meet the loan payments.

      Before you apply for funding, find out what each source will pay for and what
information they will need  to consider your application.  Most lending and granting
agencies will want to see financial statements similar to  the three Worksheets in this
manual.
4.    Do you know what lenders will look for?

      Banks and government lending agencies will look at:

             Your repayment ability (your assets and water charges)

             Your "creditworthiness" (your balance sheet and the value of your assets)

             Your credit history (your record of loan repayment and current debt)

In judging your system's finances, lending and granting institutions will want to consider
your mobile home park as  a whole. They will look at ratios of various items on the
financial statements of your entire operation, not just those of the water system.  Two of
the most important ratios are:

       Pretax interest coverage.  This measures your company's ability to meet its debt
       costs.  It is calculated by adding Depreciation to Income from Operations and
       dividing the sum by  Interest Expense.

       Return on equity. This measures the basic profitability of your business. It is
       computed by dividing Net Income after Taxes by Net Worth.


5.     Is your system regulated by your state's Public Utility Commission?

       Some states may require small privately owned water systems, such as yours, to
notify the Public Utility Commission when applying for a loan. Check with your state's
environmental or public health agency to find out if this applies to you.  If it does, the
Commission will  review your financial records to determine whether your current water
charges can cover loan payments or a rate increase is needed.  Bank officers are often in
communication with the PUC. If you have applied for a rate  increase to cover loan
payments, the bank may approve your loan based on  the expected change in rates.
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For Further Information See:

      Barry R. Sagraves, John H. Peterson, and Paul C. Williams, Financing Strategies
for Small Systems, AWWA Journal, August 1988, pp. 40-43. •

      Water Utility Capital Financing, American Water Works Association, Manual M29,
First Edition, 1988.

      See your state's PUC or PSC rules and regulations for small private water
systems.
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       D.  IMPROVING YOUR OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
      Operations, maintenance, and management of water systems are complex topics.
This section covers only a few ideas you may wish to consider.  For more detailed
information, see the sources cited below.
1.     Do you have accurate system maps and records ?

      Get your water system records together: a map of the system, including dis-
tribution mains, service connections, valves, and shut-offs\ equipment records (including
the names and phone numbers of equipment manufacturers); records of repairs and
replacements; and financial books.  Set up a filing system for these items.  Being  able to
reach them when you need them will help you plan your system's improvements and
apply for the funding you need. If no records exist, you may want to hire a consulting
engineer to do a system survey.


2.     Do you know whether your system is losing water?

      Most water systems in mobile home parks are not metered; nevertheless this is
something you should consider. Meters will  not only assist you in  knowing how much to
bill your customers; they can help you to determine whether there are leaks in your
system.

      If your system has meters at the customers' locations, you should compare the
gallons billed with the gallons pumped.  This will tell you if you have water leaks.
Besides wasting water, leaks  can damage pipes and nearby structures.  Industry groups
such as the American Water Works Association and the National Rural Water
Association have developed booklets and training courses on how to find and fix water
leaks.  In addition, Rural Community Assistance Programs (RCAPs) have water audit
programs.


3.    Do you follow a regular timetable for maintenance, repair,  and replacement of
      equipment and pipe?

       Set up a schedule for  regular maintenance to prevent problems before they occur.
Review your repair  schedule and find out which repairs and replacements need to be
done now.

       It is important that your schedule include all  the activities that are part of taking
care of your  water system. As you think about what needs to be done to meet drinking
water regulations, you need to consider how the regulations will affect your operations


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and management responsibilities. If you have an operator, you should discuss with him
how the regulations will affect his work.


4.     Is the operator of your system properly trained and/or certified?

      Find out about the different levels of operator training and certification.  Make
sure that the person in charge of your system is qualified.  If you have to upgrade or
install new treatment equipment, find out what operator certification is required to run
and maintain that equipment and when training for certification will be available.
5.     Is your operator qualified to handle new treatments that might be required in the
       future?

       You or your system operator must understand what current and future state and
federal drinking water regulations require.  Talking with state officials or attending
workshops on new procedures or programs is a good way to learn about upcoming
drinking water regulations.


6.     Do you discuss your water system's needs with other mobile home park owners?

       You ought to see if you can share maintenance expenses with other mobile home
parks.  It might be possible to share equipment or staff. Talk to other mobile home
park owners  about your operating and maintenance needs and see if they might want to
cooperate.

       You can set up a water management authority with one or more water systems.
This authority would  then be responsible for the operations and management of all of
the  member  systems.  This can be done by incorporating an association or authority, or
by selling your system to a larger water system with more staff and financial  resources.
You should consider  this option if you find it hard to afford the time and money
involved in water system management. Talk to your  state drinking water office about it.

       Many private and public organizations put on  training programs for water system
operators. Contact your state drinking water office or a local chapter  of the  American
Water Works Association or the state Rural Water Association for information on
training programs in your area.


7.     Do you take monthly water samples to test for bacteriological contamination?

       All public water systems are required to test monthly for  bacteriological con-
tamination.  You should make sure that one person is responsible for taking  samples
and having them tested by a certified  laboratory.  If you have had problems with
bacteriological contamination, be sure that the person taking samples has been trained

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in water quality monitoring.  Call a water testing laboratory or your state regulatory
office to find out how and where to  take water samples.
&     Do you share physical plant, staff, or other items with other water systems to reduce
      costs?

      You may be able to share costs and staff with another water system.  You should
look at the cost of purchasing water from another system, sharing the cost of a
treatment plant operator, or sharing equipment to reduce repair and maintenance costs.
Review your  needs and talk with other system managers. Working with another system
may be less expensive than improving your own  system.

For Further Information See:

      Basic Management Principles for Small Water Systems,  American Water Works
Association, Data Processing Department,  1982.

      Decision Makers Guide in Water Supply Management, U.S. EPA, Office of
Drinking Water, EPA Number 570/9-80-003.

       Regionalization Options for Small Water Systems, U.S. EPA, Office of Drinking
Water.

       Water and Revenue Losses: Unaccounted for Water, American  Water Works
Association,  1987.
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