\
EPA-330/2-78-014
PESTICIDE USE OBSERVATIONS
Wareham, Massachusetts
. :. *—:.-. - -.. .,-. -
October 1978
National Enforcement Investigations Center, Denver
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
EPA-330/2-78-014
PESTICIDE USE OBSERVATIONS
Wareham, Massachusetts
October 1978
Robert Campbell
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Denver, Colorado
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CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4
III. BACKGROUND 7
IV. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY 8
V. USE OBSERVATIONS 14
PESTICIDE APPLICATION METHODS 14
SPRINKLE APPLICATION 15
AERIAL APPLICATION 17
CLEANUP 20
CONTAINER DISPOSAL 21
EFFECT OF PESTICIDE 21
VI. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS 22
TREMONT BOG STUDY AREA 22
PIERCEVILLE BOG STUDY AREA 30
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES 33
REFERENCES 37
APPENDICES
A Parathion E-8 Label
B Review of NEIC Procedures
C Analytical Methods
D Massachusetts Water Quality Standards
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FIGURES
1. Cranberry Bog Study Site in Wareham, Massachusetts 2
2. Tremont Bog, Sampling and Fish Exposure Sites, June 1978 ... 9
3. Pierceville Bog, Sampling and Fish Exposure Sites, June, 1978 . 10
4. Nurse Rig Containing Pesticide 19
5. Bell Helicopter Being Loaded From Nurse Rig 19
6. Aerial Pesticide Application at the 3-Meter Flight Level ... 19
TABLES
1. Type of Samples Collected from the Tremont Bog Study Area ... 11
2. Type of Samples Collected from the Pierceville Bog Study Area . 12
3. Analytical Results for Methyl Parathion - Ethyl Parathion,
Tremont Bog 23
4. Results of Analyses of Pre- and Post-Application Water
Samples 25
5. Water Quality Data, Massachusetts Cranberry Bogs 27
6. Survival of Caged Channel Catfish, Tremont and
Pierceville Bog 29
7. Analytical Results for Methyl Parathion - Ethyl Parathion,
Pierceville Bog 31
8. Results of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Analyses 34
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I. INTRODUCTION
The cranberry industry, as well as other fruit producers, has
over the past several decades, become increasingly dependent upon the
use of chemically formulated pesticides to control insect damage, and
thus increase its overall crop production. As a result of this in-
crease in pesticide use and associated hazards, the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has, as part of an ongoing National Pesticide
Use Observation Program, surveyed several agricultural sections of
the Country. In this instance, southeastern Massachusetts was selec-
ted to represent a major fruit producing area using Class I* pesti-
cides to control insects.
Two studies have been conducted by the National Enforcement In-
vestigations Center (NEIC) on cranberry bogs in Wareham, Massachusetts
[Figure 1]. The first took place in the fall of 1977 with the follow-
ing objectives: to determine if pesticide residues were present in
cranberry bogs following a season of treatment with insecticides; and
to determine the extent and effect, if any, of pesticide transloca-
tion from the cranberry bogs to adjacent wetlands and receiving waters.
The results of that study were published in March 19781. The second
investigation, discussed in this report, was conducted in the spring
of 1978 prior to and during the season's first pesticide application.
The primary objective was to determine if the field application of
pesticide on cranberry bogs was performed consistent with registered
labeling, FIFRA** regulations, and appropriate State codes.
The second use observation study was from June 10 to 19, 1978.
NEIC personnel observed the application of parathion to control fruit
Classes defined in FIFRA. ** FIFRA:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,
PL94-140, Nov. 1975.
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ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Figure 1 Cranberry Bog Study Sice in Uarchan, Massachusetts
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worms on two 9.75 hectare (19.7 acre) cranberry bogs. Pesticide was
applied on one bog by a low-gallonage sprinkler system, and a second
bog was sprayed aerially by a helicopter.
Environmental quality information at each study site was obtained
prior to and following the application of pesticide. Water, sedi-
ment, soil and biological samples were collected from several sites
for pesticide analyses. In addition, various types of spray drift
cards were used to characterize pesticide drift beyond the target
area. This allowed comparison of pesticide levels in the environment
before and after application, and supplied relevant information on
application techniques.
On-site studies were made to determine, (a) if the licensed*
applicators read and understood the product labels, (b) if they
followed the directions and precautions on the label, (c) if they
properly cleaned and maintained application and protective equipment,
(d) if pesticides were stored properly, and (e) if the disposal of
excess pesticides and containers was proper and safe.
* Pesticide applicators in Massachusetts are licensed to apply pesti-
cides but not certified to handle "restricted use" insecticides.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
At the request of EPA Region I, a pesticide use study was con-
ducted by NEIC from June 10 to 19, 1978 on two cranberry bogs in
Wareham, Massachusetts. The purpose of the study was to observe and
evaluate the activities associated with aerial and sprinkler applica-
tions of PARATHION E-8* to control an infestation of Sparganothis
fruitworm. The following findings resulted from the NEIC study.
PARATHION E-8 is a "restricted use" pesticide to be sold to, and
used only by, certified applicators. Massachusetts at this time has
no certification program; therefore, the use of PARATHION E-8 by uncer-
tified applicators in Massachusetts^during this study was not consistent
with Federal regulations. This did not, however, constitute a violation
of State regulations.
Although certain chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are no longer
used on cranberry bogs in Massachusetts to control infestations of
insects, their persistence is evident. Dieldrin, DDT and several
other related compounds were found in soil and sediment samples during
this study. Further investigations should be conducted to determine
if chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides occur in the fruit.
Both aerial and sprinkler applications were conducted efficiently.
Every effort was made to contain the pesticide within the bogs. Safety
procedures specified on the label were closely followed by the licensed
applicators during handling and application of the pesticide. Approaches
to the sprayed areas were well posted with adequate poison warning
signs.
* EPA Reg. No. 148-475 (Pierceville Bog); EPA Reg. No. 8590-204
(Tremont Bog)
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Despite precautions by the applicators, it was impossible to
avoid contaminating the drainage water in the irrigation ditches
surrounding and traversing the study sites.
Analytical results of water samples indicated that irrigation
water was not impounded in the irrigation ditches for adequate lengths
of time after spraying (96 hrs or more). One hour after application
of parathion to the Pierceville bog, discharging irrigation ditch
water contained concentrations of ethyl parathion ranging from 130-150
ug/1 over a one-half hour sampling period. This contaminated water
was being discharged into the Sippican River and would eventually
become available to commercially important marine species in the re-
ceiving estuary.
Although parathion uptake was determined in two samples of the
fish exposed _in situ, no harm or adverse effects were observed in the
natural aquatic biota following the insecticide application.
The spray drift cards were effective in determining the pesti-
cide drift patterns during both applications. The sprinkler method
of pesticide application appeared to produce less spray drift than
the aerial application.
Insect counts following the application of PARATHION E-8 showed
the treatment to be 90% effective against fruitworm infestation.
New disposal regulations for used containers of toxic materials
have yet to be promulgated under the January 31, 1978 Massachusetts
Pesticide Control Act. Therefore, regulations under a preceding Act
remain in effect. The present law recommends that used containers of
toxic materials be triple-rinsed, crushed and disposed of in approved
sites. Presently there are no disposal sites in southern Massachusetts
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approved by the Department of Environmental Quality Enforcement. The
toxic containers used in this application were rinsed, crushed and
disposed of in a pit in a local landfill.
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III. BACKGROUND
Since the passage of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), in 1972, and its Amendments in 1975, severe
restrictions have been imposed on the use of pesticides and on appli-
cators. The Act makes it illegal to use a pesticide if it is not
labeled for use with a specific pest. Also the Act classifies pesti-
cides for restricted and non-restricted use. Parathion is categorized
by FIFRA for restricted use. According to Federal regulations, there-
fore, it is necessary to have a certified private applicator license
for applying parathion to land owned or rented by the applicator, or
applying it in trade for services rendered. Furthermore, a certified
commercial applicator license is required for someone who applies
parathion commercially. Massachusetts does not have a certification
program under its 1978 Pesticide Control Act; therefore, any "restricted
use" pesticide applicator in the State violates Federal, but not State,
regulations. Many of the cranberry growers in Massachusetts have profes-
sional applicators to do their spraying if a pest control advisor
indicates the necessity.
Presently, two methods are used to apply pesticides to a cran-
berry bog: through a sprinkler system or by airplane. Bogs equipped
with sprinklers have a multi-use system which also provides for irri-
gation and fertilization. More remote bogs that maintain irrigation
ditches for water supplies use aerial application for fertilizer or
pesticide.
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IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY
The cranberry bogs selected for the study were identified by the
grower as the north piece of the Tremont Bog and the middle portion
of the Pierceville Bog. Both sites are in Wareham, Massachusetts
[Figures 2 and 3] and consist of approximately 9.75 hectares (19.7
acres) each. The Pierceville Stream flows through the middle of the
Tremont Bog and contributes to the reservoir supplying the Pierceville
Bog. A spring adjacent to the Pierceville Bog also provides irrigation
water. The Pierceville Stream joins the east branch of the Sippican
River, which eventually discharges into Buzzards Bay south of the
Cape Cod Canal [Figure 1]. Water for flooding, sprinkler irrigation,
and pesticide applications through the sprinkler system is obtained
from the Pierceville Stream.
Background information was collected on each bog prior to pesti-
cide application. To determine possible pesticide contamination from
upstream locations, pre-application samples of water and sediments
were collected from the reservoir upstream of the Tremont Bog (Station
01) and the water intake to the Pierceville Bog (Station 14). To
assess the presence of pesticide residues on the study sites, water
and sediment samples were collected from the Pierceville Stream (Sta-
tion 04), and soil samples were collected on and adjacent to both
bogs (Stations 06-13 and 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 25). At the
southern extremity of the Tremont Bog (Station 05) and the discharge
sluice gate at Pierceville Bog (Station 20), samples of water and
sediment were collected to determine pesticide translocation from the
bogs. Following the initial sampling, daily samples were collected
and i_n situ water quality data were obtained from the water intakes
and discharges on both application sites until the completion of the
investigation [Tables 1 and 2].
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Reservoir
01
'/?
^7^>£
Pierceville Strewn
'£§Ly>u
LEGEND
O Water Samples
D Sediment Samples
O Soil Samples
Fish Exposure Sites £< Water
Quail
?a£t£*Cards
07
06
SCALE
0.4 cm = 90 meters
Sampling and Fish
Exposure Sites
June, 1978
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O ' • • . ..; ^ ti S
O Sediment Samples
O Soil Samples
Fish Exposure Sites and Water
Quality
PIERCZVILLE BOG
Sarr.plin?; and Fish Exposure Sites
June, 1978
SCALE
0.4 cm ~ 90 meters
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11
Table 1
TYPE OF SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE TREMONT BOG
STUDY AREA
Water
Station No. Water Soil Sediment Card Fish Quality
Pre-Application - June 10 to 15, 1978
01 X X XX
04 X XX
05 X X XX
06 X
07 X
08 X
09 X
10 X
11 X
12 X
13 X
Post-Application - June 15 to 17, 1978
01 X
04 X
05 X
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
On-site elevations required the elimination of several sampling
stations. The original station numbering system remained, which
accounts for absent station numbers on several tables.
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12
Table 2
TYPE OF SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM THE PIERCEVILLE BOG
STUDY AREA
Station No.a
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
30a
Water Soil Sediment
Pre-Application - June
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
Post-Application -
XXX
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
Card Fish
10 to 17, 1978
X
X
June 17, 1978
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Water
Quality
X
X
X
X
a Sippican River
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13
The sampling procedure following the pesticide application was
similar to that used for pre-application data collection except that,
just prior to application, spray cards were placed close to the soil
sampling stations at both sites.
During the spraying operations NEIC and Region I personnel eval-
uated the mixing, loading, and application procedure used at each
cranberry bog.
Throughout the study, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
(Rafinesque), were held in submerged cages to monitor acute physio-
logical effects of pesticide exposure. In Tremont Bog these were
placed in the storage reservoir (Station 01), in Pierceville Stream
upstream of the first sluice gate (Station 04), and at the third
sluice gate in the lower bog (Station 05). Two stations were located
on the Pierceville Bog: at the water intake (Station 14) and at the
water discharge (Station 20).
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V. USE OBSERVATIONS
PESTICIDE APPLICATION METHODS
A major distinctive feature associated with the cranberry bogs
under investigation was the method adopted to apply the pesticide.
Sprinklers were used to dispense the chemical on the Tremont Bog
which entailed direct injection into the system; while the applica-
tion on the Pierceville Bog involved the use of a nurse rig to trans-
fer dilution water and pesticide into helicopter tanks for subsequent
aerial spraying. The only practices common to both sites were the
similar methods for detecting pest infestations, impounding irrigation
waters, use of parathion E-8, and the posting of the properties.
In the cranberry producing area of Massachusetts, the growers
receive agricultural information, advice, counseling, and other assis-
tance from the University of Massachusetts Cranberry Experiment Station
located in East Wareham. This Station issues a yearly chart detailing
the general schedule for insect control.2 This publication provides
cautions and notes relating to pesticides or other treatments applied
to the bog. The publication emphasizes the necessity to apply pesticides
in such a manner as to prevent contamination of streams, ponds and
public ways and confine irrigation ditch water as long as possible
after application. Furthermore, it strongly suggests that insecticides
be applied only if damaging numbers of insects are present.2 Finally,
the need to read and follow all directions and safety precautions
printed on pesticide labels is strongly emphasized. Informative pub-
lications such as these have not only contributed to the production
of higher cranberry yields, but have made the growers more cognizant
of the dangers associated with pesticide use.
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15
On June 10, the consulting entomologist estimated that the harm-
ful insect population density on each bog was approaching infestation
level and pesticide application was essential when the weather per-
mitted. The injurious insects infesting the bogs were Sparganothis
fruitworms. The Cranberry Experiment Station suggested that parathion
be used as a control agent and that it be applied at the rate of 0.18
kg/ha (1 Ib/acre) on the Tremont Bog and 0.14 kg/ha (0.75 Ib/acre)
on the Pierceville Bog.
SPRINKLER APPLICATION
The Tremont Bog was selected for the initial spraying which was
scheduled for the evening of June 12. In preparation, the bog owner
tested the sprinkler system and adjusted or replaced faulty spray
heads. All access roads and immediate areas were posted with appro-
priate poison warning signs. Moderately strong winds on the selected
evening and on several following evenings prevented spraying. How-
ever, on the evening of June 15, weather conditions were proper for
spraying operations. The wind was calm, the air temperature was 18°C
(65 °F) and the relative humidity was 52%.
Prior to spraying the field, EPA obtained water samples from the
upstream reservoir (Station 01) and the irrigation discharge (Station
05). Also, approximately 15 minutes before application, the survey
team placed spray cards, consisting of Linagraph (10 x 25 cm) Kromcote
and Thermofax (10 x 12.5 cm) cards fastened horizontally to cardboard,
around the field perimeter at Stations 06 to 11.
Team members were stationed at strategic locations near the field
to observe the application. Other observers were located near the
pumping area to observe mixing and injection of pesticide into the
system. All team members were wearing appropriate safety equipment
* EPA Reg. No. 148-475 (Pierceville Bog); EPA Reg. No. 8590-204
(Tremont Bog).
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16
as outlined on the pesticide label [Appendix A] and in the NEIC Pro-
ject Plan.
Pesticides, such as PARATHION E-8, must remain on the plant for
several minutes to be effective. When using a sprinkler system,
caution must be used to hold the application time to a practical min-
imum to prevent washing of the pesticide from the plant.3 The low-
gallonage systems used on these bogs applied water at a rate of 170
liters (45 gal) per minute; hence ten minutes proved a satisfactory
time to obtain complete wetting of the cranberry plants.
After the licensed applicator determined the dispersion effect
of the sprinkler heads, he injected the pesticide into the system.
To do this, a large bucket was used for mixing and injecting the
pesticide. Two hoses were connected to small gate valves in the
pump, one on the discharge side and the other on the suction side.
The discharge hose was used to fill the bucket and the suction hose
to draw the mixed pesticide from the bucket into the pump and sub-
sequently into the irrigation system. The application commenced at
1945 hours and was completed at 2000 hours.
During the spraying operation, the applicator followed the label
requirements for mixing and safety which resulted in a clean and effi-
cient operation. However, spray did enter the Pierceville Stream
along its entire length in the upper Tremont Bog. The stream had
been partially dammed pending the application, but because the Com-
pany did not wish to flood the bog at this growth stage, a small
volume of water was passing over the lower sluice gate, which was
contrary to the 96-hour holding time. Additionally, some spray did
extend outside the bog (3 to 4 m) in some areas but fell harmlessly
onto the surrounding road and adjacent bogs. Negligible drift was
observed.
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17
Shortly after spraying ceased, spray-drift cards were retrieved.
Further sampling was postponed until the following morning because of
darkness.
Post-application sampling on Tremont Bog was completed on June
16. Water and sediment samples were collected at Stations 01, 04,
and 05. The caged fish (Stations 04 and 05) and other aquatic fauna
in irrigation ditches were examined and no ill effects from the pesti-
cide were visually noted during this time. Soil samples were obtained
at Stations 06 to 13.
AERIAL APPLICATION
The morning of June 17 was selected for the aerial application
of parathion on approximately twenty acres (9.75/ha) of the Pierceville
Bog. On June 16, the Cranberry Experiment Station issued a warning
that growers should prepare for a possible frost that night or during
the early morning hours of June 17. Because the section of Pierceville
Bog selected for spraying was not equipped with a sprinkler system,
it was necessary for the Company to increase irrigation water level
with flow from the adjacent reservoir. When EPA observers arrived at
the site on the morning of June 17, the ditch water level had been
raised so that it caused fog just above the bog, thus providing pro-
tection against frost damage. This fog was allowed to dissipate before
spraying began and the excess water in the ditches was allowed to
drain off the bog into the Sippican River. Water samples were obtained
at Stations 14 and 20 before the discharge sluice gate was opened. A
small amount of water was still draining from the bog both during and
after the spraying operation.
Approximately 15 minutes before spraying operations began, the
survey team placed drift cards, Kromcote, Linagraph and Thermofax
cards which were fastened horizontally to cardboard, on and around
the field perimeter at Stations 15-19, 22, 23, and 25. Two drift
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18
cards were also placed about 300 m east on County Road adjacent to a
residential area (Stations 21, 26).
At 0430 hours on June 17 the day of the scheduled pesticide appli-
cation, the nurse rig arrived at the mixing and loading site adjacent
to the bog. The nurse rig consisted of a large flatbed truck carrying
a 3 m fiberglass sphere containing the water supply and two 210-liter
(55-gal) drums containing the parathion, attached horizontally. The
exposed ends of the drums displayed the PARATHION E-8 label [Figure 4].
The pesticide loading apparatus used by the applicator was an
open system consisting of two nozzled rubber hoses; one connected
from the water supply and the other from the pesticide drum to the
helicopter spray tank. Each liquid was metered to the helicopter
tank and mixed simultaneously. During the loading operation, no
water or pesticide solution was spilled at the site. Three appli-
cator employees comprised the team performing the loading operation,
but only one member loaded the helicopter spray tank. All employees,
including the pilot, wore proper safety equipment consisting of hat,
long-sleeve coveralls, boots, gloves, glasses and respirator. The
workers appeared to be very conscientious, neat and familiar with
their jobs.
The application began at 0530 hours and was completed at 0600
hours. The wind was calm, air temperature was 7.0 °C (45 °F) and the
relative humidity was 93 percent.
The aircraft used was a Bell 47 63B2 helicopter. The 7.3 m spray
boom was equipped with 19 No. 08 nozzles evenly spaced [Figure 5].
Boom pressure was set at 2.5 to 2.8 kg/cm2 (36-40 psi). The aircraft
operated at a speed of 61 to 64 km/hr (38 to 40 mph) approximately
3.6 m (12 ft) above the bog surface [Figure 6]. The pilot made passes
southwest and northeast, paralleling the main irrigation ditches and
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Figure 4
Nurse rig containing
pesticide.
Figure 5
Bell helicopter being
loaded from nurse rig.
Figure 6
Aerial pesticide ap-
plication at 3-meter
flight level.
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20
then trimmed the edges and more difficult indentations. It was im-
possible for the pilot to avoid spraying pesticides into the irriga-
tion system because of bog configuration.
Two tank loads of pesticide mix were needed to complete the operation.
Before leaving for another bog, the pilot filled the pesticide tank
on the helicopter with water and dispensed it over the site.
Shortly after spraying operations ceased, the spray cards were
retrieved from the outside perimeter of the bog, and further sampling
was delayed for one hour to allow the moisture to dissipate.
When sampling resumed, water and sediment samples were collected
at Station 14 (intake), and a sediment and three water samples, at 15
minute intervals, were collected at the water discharge sluice gate
(Station 20). Caged fish examined at these stations did not appear
to have been affected by the pesticide. The remaining spray drift
devices were gathered from the interior of the bog and the post-ap-
plication field work was completed when soil samples were taken at
Stations 15-19, 22, 23 and 25. To determine if irrigation water con-
taining parathion had been discharged from the Pierceville Bog, a
water sample was collected 2-1/2 hours after application from the
Sippican River (Station 30) about a quarter mile downstream from the
application site at Pierceville Road bridge.
CLEANUP
The helicopter used in the aerial application was not observed
during the cleanup operation. However, an officer of the contracted
firm stated that, at the end of the day, the helicopter spray tanks
are filled with water and flushed over a previously treated area.
This method of cleaning the spray tanks is normal following parathion
applications.
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21
At the Tremont Bog, discussed earlier, the method used for
cleanup of the spinkler apparatus after pesticide application was to
flush the system with clean water for several minutes.
CONTAINER DISPOSAL
To date, disposal regulations for used toxic material containers
have not been promulgated under the January 31, 1978 Massachusetts
Pesticide Control Act. Therefore, the regulations established under
the preceding Act remain in effect. For used containers of toxic
materials, the existing law recommends that they be triple-rinsed,
crushed and disposed of in an approved site. Presently, there are no
disposal sites in southern Massachusetts approved by the Department
of Environmental Quality Enforcement. The toxic containers used in
this application were rinsed, crushed and placed in a pit in a
local landfill.
EFFECT OF PESTICIDE
Insect counts conducted by the company entomologist several days
following the PARATHION E-8 application on both sites indicated that
the treatment was 90% effective in controlling the fruitworm infesta-
tion, and therefore was considered acceptable.
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VI. DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
During the period of this pesticide use observation study a total
of eighty-eighty (88) samples were collected from both sites. Thirty-
two (32) of these samples were selected to assess the effects of the
pesticide applications on the surrounding environment.
The analytical results from each site are discussed separately
below and in the sequence in which the pesticide would probably
follow in passing through the local ecosystem. The spray drift cards
were examined to provide immediate indications of likely drift settle-
ment. From this examination, site selections were determined for later
soil sample analyses. Translocation of the pesticide will be discussed
relative to its presence in water, stream bottom sediments and uptake
by fish. [See Appendix C for Analytical Methods].
During the analyses of soil and sediment samples, traces of chlor-
inated hydrocarbon pesticides were also detected. The locations and
relative persistence will be discussed later.
TREMONT BOG STUDY AREA
Microscopic examination of drift cards exposed on the boundary of the
study site revealed that pesticide droplets drifted beyond the north side
of the treated field (Station 10). Chemical analysis of the thermofax por-
tion of the card array revealed that 0.1 ug ethyl parathion spray drift
contacted the card surface. No methyl parathion was detected* [Table 3].
* Methyl parathion was not applied to the cranberry bogs during the
PARATHION E-8 applications. However, during chemical analyses of
samples, methyl parathion is often detected with ethyl parathion
and is considered an impurity in the pesticide formulation.
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23
Table 3
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
METHYL PARATHION - ETHYL PARATHION
TREMONT BOG
Station Date
Number June 1978
Location
Type
Sample
Methyl
Parathion
Ethyl
Parathion
Pre-Application June 10 to 15, 1978
04 10 7.5 m South Sediment3 <0.01 <0.01
05 10 Lower bog Sediment <0.01 <0.01
06 10 30.5 m East Soil <0.01 <0.01
10 10 15 m N.W. of bog Soil <0.01 <0.01
Post-Application June 15 - 17, 1978
10
04
05
04
01
15
16
16
18
18
a Sediment, soil
b Spray card rep<
15 m N.W. of bog Cardb
7.5 m South of bog Sediment
Lower bog Sediment
Middle Gate of bog Fish
Reservoir Fish
and fish reported in ug/g.
jrted in ug/card.
<0.1
<0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.1
<0.03
<0.01
1.4
2.0
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24
Analyses of soil samples collected prior to the pesticide appli-
cation (Stations 06, 10) revealed no traces of ethyl parathion. A
soil sample from Station 10 (north of the bog) collected after the
application contained ethyl parathion at a concentration of 0.01
ug/g. No additional post application soil samples were committed to
analyses [Table 3]. This indicated spray drift beyond the north edge
of the bog.
Several days of adverse weather delayed parathion application to
this bog and for this reason more water samples were collected than
were scheduled. During this delay six water samples were obtained at
the reference station (01) and six at the point where the Pierceville
Stream discharged from the bog (Station 05). Water samples from
Station 05 collected on June 12 and 13 contained ethyl parathion at
concentrations of 0.5 and 0.3 ug/1, respectively. Samples obtained
from reference Station 01 and the bog discharge Station 05 on the
evening of June 15, just before the spraying operation, contained
traces of ethyl parathion [Table 4]. The source of parathion in
Pierceville Stream and the upstream reservoir prior to the June 15,
1978 pesticide application was not determined.
Analyses of post-application water samples showed an increase in
parathion levels for both the reference station (01) and the station
downstream of the treated area (05). Water samples from Station 01
collected at 12 and 36 hours after the application contained 0.4 and
8.4 ug/1 of ethyl parathion, respectively [Table 4]. This implies
that intensive pesticide use was occurring on bogs upstream of the
reservoir. At approximately the same time intervals, water samples
collected at the bog discharge (Station 05) contained levels of ethyl
parathion ranging from 8.4 to 9.0 ug/1. A single water sample col-
lected June 16, 1978 just downstream from the treated section of the
bog (Station 04) contained 2.3 ug/1 ethyl parathion. With such a
widespread distribution of parathion throughout the water system, it
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TABLE 4
RESULTS OF ANALYSES OF PRE AND POST
APPLICATION WATER SAMPLES
Site Station #
Date
Pesticide Cone. (M9/T)
Methyl Ethyl
Time Parathion Parathion
TREMONT BOG
Pre-Appl ication
Appl ication
Post-Appl ication
05
05
05
01
01
05
04
05
01
6/12
6/13
6/15
6/15
6/15
6/16
6/16
6/16
6/17
6/17
1430 <0.1
0914 <0.1
1905 <0.1
1850 <0.1
1945-2000
0806 <0.1
0830 <0.1
0847 <0. 1
0850 <0.1
0915 <0.1
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
9.0
2.3
8.4
8.4
PIERCEVILLE BOG
Pre-Appl ication
Application
Post-Application
Sippican River
20
20
14
20
20
20
20
14
30
6/12
6/14
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/17
6/17
1445 <0.1
0920 <0.1
0450 <0.1
0510 <0.1
0530-0600
0700 0.4
0715 0.3
0730 0.3
0800 <0.1
0820 0.1
0.1
0.1
<0.1
0.2
150
140
130
0.4
37
-------
26
is not possible to determine the contribution attributable to this
particular application.
Sediment samples were obtained from three locations near the
study site prior to and following the pesticide application. The
analytical results for Stations 04 and 05 showed neither methyl or
ethyl parathion contaminated the stream bed [Table 3].
A record of the water quality and fish conditions throughout the
exposure time is contained in Tables 5 and 6. [See Appendix 0 for
Massachusetts Water Quality Standards]. Station 04 on the Tremont
Bog was not monitored as closely since it was bracketed by Station 01
upstream and Station 05 downstream.
The water supply sources of each application site caused dis-
tinctive ranges for the water quality parameters measured. The large
reservoir supplying Tremont Bog caused the water temperature to be
higher and the pH range at Station 01 to be slightly lower in com-
parison to the spring-fed water supply flowing past Stations 14 and
20 at the Pierceville site. Heavy growth of aquatic plants in the
main irrigation ditches caused the dissolved oxygen (DO) content on
both bogs to remain high during the daytime sampling. Most of the 00
readings were well above 100% saturation.
On June 18, 1978 the J_n situ exposed fish were retrieved, frozen
and returned to the NEIC laboratory for chemical analyses of pesti-
cide uptake. Fish from Station 01 (Reference) and Station 04, im-
mediately downstream from the treated area, were the only samples
analyzed. An ethyl parathion concentration of 2.0 M9/9 was detected
in fish from the reference site (station 01) and 1.4 ug/g from the
fish exposed at Station 04. No methyl parathion was evident in either
sample [Table 3]. There was no indication of harm or stress to the
local aquatic biota resulting from this application.
-------
Table 5
WATER QUALITY DATA MASSACHUSETTS CRANBERRY BOGS
June 10 - 19, 1978
Date Station 01 Station 05 Station 14 Station 20
D.0.(mg/l) D.0.(mg/l) D.0.(mg/l) D.0.(mg/l)
June Time Temp (°C) pH (% sat) Temp (°C) pH (% sat) Temp (°C) pH (% sat) Temp (°C) pH (% sat)
10 1000 18.5 5.5 16.5 (175)
1030 20.0 5.4 13.7 (149)
11 0850 17.5 5.0 12.7 (132)
0940 19.5 5.2 13.6 (146)
1025 15.5 5.3 19.3 (191)
1055 15.5 5.2 16.2 (160)
12 1000 20.0 5.3 13.2 (143)
1015 19.5 5.1 13.6 (146)
1035 17.0 5.9 21.5 (222)
1050 15.5 5.6 16.5 (163)
13 0845 20.5 4.6 13.7 (150)
0915 19.0 5.7 12.8 (136)
0940 16.5 5.5 20.8 (211)
0955 15.0 5.0 15.6 (153)
14 0840 18.5 4.8 14.3 (151)
0900 17.0 5.5 15.2 (157)
0920 12.5 5.9 21.1 (197)
0945 12.0 5.0
15 1950 22.5 4.9 14.3 (163)
1905 20.5 5.1 15.4 (169)
16 0805 17.0 5.4 14.5 (149)
0820 15.0 5.6 13.3 (130)
17 0450 9.0 5.1 13.3 (115)
0510 15.0 5.0 11.2 (110)
0800 10.5 5.6 15.0 (134)
0830 14.0 — 16.2 (156)
0850 16.0 -- 12.7 (127)
0905 18.5 — 13.9 (147)
-------
Table 5 (Cont.)
WATER QUALITY DATA MASSACHUSETTS CRANBERRY BOGS
June 10 - 19, 1978
Date
June Time
18 0815
1000
1050
1115
19 0415
0515
Range
Temp.
Station 01
D.O.
Temp (°C) pH (%
18.5 — 14.
17.0 - 22.5
Station 05
(mg/1) D.0.(mg/l)
sat) Temp (°C) pH (% sat) Temp
2 (150)
15.5 — 14.5 (144)
12.
11.
15.0 - 20.5
Station 14
D.O. (mg/1)
(°C) pH (% sat)
0 — 15.9 (141)
5 — 11.3 (103)
9.0 - 15.5
Station 20
D.0.(mg/l)
Temp (°C) pH (% sat)
14.0 — 18.7 (180)
13.5 — 9.8 (93)
12.5 - 17.0
pH 4.6 - 5.4 5.0 - 5.7 5.0 - 5.7 5.0 - 5.9
D.O. 13.2 - 14.5 12.7 - 16.5 11.3 - 16.5 9.3 - 21.5
Sat (143 - 163) (127 - 169) (103 - 163) (93 - 222)
ro
CO
-------
TABLE 6
SURVIVAL OF CAGED CHANNEL CATFISH
TREMONT BOG - PIERCEVILLE BOG
June 10 - 19, 1978
29
Station
Number
Description
Date in Date out
Remarks
01
04
Tremont Reservoir 6/10 6/18
Middle Sluice Gate 6/10 6/18
Tremont Bog
Cage overturned on
6/15, replaced
6/16; 4 day survival
All fish survived
8 days
05
14
20
Lower Sluice Gate 6/10 6/18
Tremont Bog
Water Intake 6/11 6/19
Pierceville Bog
Water Discharge 6/11 6/19
Pierceville Bog
All fish survived
8 days
All fish survived
9 days
6/16 basket and
fish gone, replaced,
4 day survival
-------
30
PIERCEVILLE BOG STUDY AREA
The spray drift cards exposed on and around this study site were
retrieved shortly after the pesticide application to prevent possible
interference from local mist conditions. Seven of the ten sets of
cards examined on-site appeared to have droplets from the aerial appli-
cation. Microscopic examination later confirmed this. Chemical an-
alysis for parathion on five of the contaminated Thermofax cards
showed that heavier and more consistent overspray occurred along the
southern border of the treated bog. This was attributed to the bog
irregularities in this sector which apparently caused spray overlap
by the aerial applicator. Ethyl parathion on the Thermofax portion
of cards placed around the southern boundary ranged from 2.0 to 4.2
ug/card [Table 7]. The Thermofax cards at Stations 23 and 25, lo-
cated on the bog, received ethyl parathion dosages of 400 and 140
ug/card, respectively; methyl parathion (a formulation impurity) was
detected at 0.5 and 0.2 ug/card. Drift cards at Stations 21 and 26
located east of the site on County Road received no spray or droplet
drift from the aerial application.
Four of the six soil samples collected on the southern boundary
of the bog (Stations 17, 18, 19, 22) prior to the pesticide applica-
tion were chemically analyzed. Station 19 soil samples, south of the
bog, contained 0.03 ug/g ethyl parathion which could not be explained.
Analyses of five post-application soil samples, also on the southern
boundary, indicated no ethyl parathion present. Two post-application
soil samples were obtained from the bog (Station 23 and 25) and the
results of their analyses showed a concentration of 0.06 ug/g of ethyl
parathion in only one, Station 25. None of the above analyzed soil
samples contained traces of the impurity, methyl parathion [Table 7].
Fifteen water samples were collected from the Pierceville study
site; ten before and five following the pesticide application. All
-------
31
Table 7
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
METHYL PARATHION - ETHYL PARATHION
PIERCEVILLE BOG
Station Date
Number June 1978
17 10
18 10
19 10
22 10
14 11
20 11
Location
Pre-Application
30.5 m S.W. of bog
26 m South of bog
26 m South of bog
61 m East of bog
Intake of bog
Discharge of bog
Type
Sample
- June 10 to
Soil3
Soil
Soil
Soil
Sediment
Sediment
Post-Application - June 1
14 17
16 17
17 17
18 17
18 17
19 17
19 17
20 17
22 17
22 17
23 17
23 17
25 17
25 17
a Sediment and soi
b Drift cards repo
Intake of bog
Edge of Reservoir
30.5 m S.W. of bog
26 m South of bog
26 m South of bog
26 m South of bog
26 m South of bog
Discharge at bog
61 m East of bog
61 m East of bog
NE in 21 m of bog
NE in 21 m of bog
SE in 18 m on bog
SE in 18 m on bog
1 reported in ug/1.
rted in ug/card.
Sediment
Card0
Card
Card
Soil
Card
Soil
Sediment
Card
Soil
Card
Soil
Card
Soil
Methyl
Parathion
17, 1978
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
7, 1978
<0.01
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.01
<0.1
.<0.01
<0.01
<0.1
<0.01
0.5
<0.01
0.2
<0.01
Ethyl
Parathion
<0.01
<0.01
<0.03
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
0.7
3.9
4.2
<0.01
2.0
<0.01
<0.01
0.2
<0.01
400
<0.01
140
0.06
-------
32
water samples were collected from a supply tributary to the bog
(Station 14) and from an irrigation ditch discharging from the bog
(Station 20) with the exception of one water sample obtained at the
conclusion of the study from the Sippican River (Station 30). All
pre-application samples contained traces of ethyl parathion from
unknown sources [Table 4]. A series of water samples taken at
Station 20 showed that ethyl parathion steadily decreased in the
irrigation ditch water [Table 4]. Continued drainage from the bog
during this sampling period was the probable cause of this decrease
in concentration of pesticide. The intake water at Station 14 still
contained a measurable concentration two hours following application
(0.4 |jg/l). Further indication that the discharge irrigation ditch
at Station 20 was grossly contaminated was the presence of methyl
parathion in the samples. A water sample from the Sippican River
about a quarter mile downstream from the Pierceville Bog discharge
contained an ethyl parathion concentration of 37 ug/1 and a methyl
parathion concentration of 0.1 ug/1. Since there was no apparent
damage resulting from this pesticide concentration, the Massachusetts
Water Quality Standards were not violated [Appendix D]. Whether this
level is related to the application on the Pierceville Bog or the
results of contamination from upstream bog discharges can only be
speculated.
Sediment samples were obtained from two locations on the study
site before and following the pesticide application. Results of
chemical analysis of sediment from Stations 14 and 20 showed that no
methyl or ethyl parathion was found in the stream bed at these loca-
tions [Table 7].
No indication of harm or stress to the indigenous aquatic biota
or to caged fish was visually evident resulting from this application.
Therefore, the jjn situ exposed fish retrieved on June 19, 1978 from
Stations 14 and 20 were not analyzed for pesticide uptake. A record
of the water quality and fish condition throughout the exposure time
is contained in Tables 3 and 4.
-------
33
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES
Chemical analyses of soil and sediment collected during the
June 1978 pesticide study at Tremont and Pierceville bogs, revealed
the presence of chlorinated pesticides. These pesticides were not
detected in the October 1977 study done by EPA. Analyses of the
October 1977 samples were completed using a gas chromatograph
equipped with an alkali flame ionization detector (AFID), which was
specific for phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, but did not respond
to chlorinated compounds. During the June 1978 study, soil and
sediment samples were analyzed using an AFID and an electron capture
(EC) detector. The EC detector is extremely sensitive to chlorinated
compounds, and therefore the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
present were detected. The chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds
detected were p,p', DDE; o,p', ODD, p.p1, ODD, Dieldrin and Technical
DDT [Table 8].
Because organochloride pesticides were detected incidently and
not as an objective of the pesticide use observation study, the full
significance of their presence, concentration and distribution on and
off the study sites cannot be determined fully.
Of the sixteen soil samples from the Tremont study site, two of
the three from the bog perimeter contained traces of chlorinated com-
pounds. At this time, there is no analytical evidence that chlori-
nated hydrocarbon pesticides are present in the bog soil. The soil
samples obtained off the bog [Station 10] contained the following
concentrations of organochloride pesticides: p,p', DDE (<0.01 and
0.20 ug/g), o,p', ODD (<0.01 and 0.40 ug/g), p.p', ODD (<0.01 and
1.5 ug/g). Dieldrin and DDT (<0.01 ug/g) [Table 8]. The same
chlorinated compounds, except Technical DDT, were detected in sedi-
ment from two stations (04 and 05) located in the Pierceville Stream
which flows through the Tremont study site.
-------
34
Table 8
RESULTS OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDE ANALYSIS
PESTICIDE CONCENTRATION (»jg/g) BASED ON DRY WEIGHT
Study Site
Soil
On Bog
Off Bog
Sediment
p.p'DDE o.p'DDD p,p'DDD Dieldrin Tech DDT
TREMONT BOG
.. ..
<0. 01-0. 20 <0. 01-0. 40 <0.01-1.5 <0.01 <0.01
Sediment
<0.01-0.09 0.01-0.16 0.03-0.59 <0.01-0.02 <0.01
PIERCEVILLE BOG
Soil
On Bog <0.01
Off Bog 0.02-0.30
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01-0.03 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01-0.72 <0.01-1.1
0.02-0.28 <0.01-0.33 0.04-1.6 <0.01-0.09 <0.01-0.09
-- = No sample analyzed
-------
35
Two soil samples obtained from the bog sector of the Pierceville
bog and analyzed for chlorinated pesticide compounds. One contained
a detectable amount of Dieldrin (0.03 ug/g). The remaining compounds
were present in less than detectable amounts in both samples. Soil
samples from the perimeter of the bog contained detectable concentra-
tions of p, p', DOE Dieldrin and Technical DDT. Four sediment samples
collected from two stations (14 and 20) in the irrigation ditches con-
tained detectable concentrations of all five chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides [Table 8].
In 1975 the national average for Dieldrin in crop soil was
0.03 |jg/g. This average is exceeded on the Pierceville study site
both off the bog (<0.0.1-72 ug/g) and in the irrigation ditch sediment
(<0.01-0.09 ug/g) [Table 8]. Records are not available to determine
whether the insecticide was applied as Dieldrin or as Aldrin and con-
verted to epoxide dieldrin by air, bacteria or plant and animal en-
zymes.6 The average time required for 95 percent "breakdown" of
dieldrin is estimated at 9.7 years.4
The concentration of Technical DOT in the soil surrounding the
Pierceville study site and in sediment from the irrigation ditch ex-
ceeded amounts reported by the National Soils Monitoring Program in
1969 for soils in Illinois.5 Technical DDT was reported in a range
of 0.06-0.12 ug/g. Residues of Technical DDT found on the Pierceville
study site were <0.01-0.09 ug/g for the sediment and <0.01-1.1 ug/g
for soils adjacent to the study site. It is estimated that 11 years
is needed to attain 95 percent "breakdown" of DDT in soil.6
The above analytical results lend credence to the claim that
organochlorine insecticides persist in the environment. Application
records of chlorinated compounds are not readily available for these
particular study sites.
-------
36
Further investigations during the harvest time should be con-
ducted to determine if chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are present
in the fruit.
-------
37
REFERENCES
1. Environmental Protection Agency. 1977. A Pesticide Residue
Study, Wareham, Massachusetts. EPA, NEIC, Denver, CO.
2. Tomlinson, W. E., Jr., B. M. Zuckerman and I. E. Demoranville.
1978 Cranberry Insect and Disease Control, Revised January 23,
1978. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Pub., 1978.
3. Norton, J. S. 1975, Low Gallonage Sprinkler Systems and Their
Use. Mass. Agr. Exp. Sta. Publ. 112, p. 8.
4. Edwards, C. A. 1965. Effects of Pesticide Residues on Soil
Invertebrates and Plants. Pages 239-261 j_n G. T. Goodman,
R. W. Edwards, and J. M. Lambert, eds., Ecology and the
Industrial Society. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
5. Carey, A. E., G. B. Wiersma, H. Tai, and W. G. Mitchell.
1973. Pesticides in Soil. Pesticides Monitoring Journal
6:369-376.
6. Metcalf, R. L., J. R. Sanborn. 1975. Pesticides and
Environmental Quality in Illinois. Illinois Nat. History
Bull. Vol. 31, Art. 9.
-------
APPENDIX A
PARATHION E-8 LABEL
-------
co MOT TIXCM
POISONOUS BY SKIN CONTACT
Poisonous if touched by hands or spilled or
sploshed on skin, in eyes or on clothing
(liquid goes through clothes).
POISONOUS IF BREATHED
Breathing vapors, spray-mist or dust may
be fatal.
TdTsoNot: TO FISH AND WILDUFF
This product is toxic to fish, shrimp, crob.
birds jnd other wildlife. Birds and other
wildlife in treated areas may be killed. Keep
out of lakes..streams, ponds, tidal marshes
and estuaries. Shrimp'and crab may be killed
at application rates recommended on the
label. Do not apply where these are impor-
tant resources. Do not apply where runoff
is likely to occur Do not apply when weath-
er conditions favor -drifr from areas treated.
Do not contaminate water by cleaning of
equipment, or dispoal of wastes. Apply this
product only as specified on this label.
USE ONLY WHEN WEARING THE FOLLOWING
'ROTECTTVT-EQLHPMENT AND CLOTHING
(I) Wear waterproof ponti, coot, hot, "rubbfc'r—troou ur rubber—OCcT-
jhi-.i-i (2) Wear ialcly goggles (3) Wear mask or respirator.approved
by the U S. Bureau of M.nci lor parolhion protection. (4) Wear
duly, natural rubber gloves. '
. WORK SAFETY RULES
Keep ell unprotected persons and children away from treated area
or where there is donger of drift
Do nor rub eyes or mouth with hands If you feel sick in 'any woy,
STOP work ond get help nt)ht away. Call a doctor (physician), clinic
or hospital—immediately E«plom thot the victim hos been exposed
10 parothion ond describe his condition. After first aid is given (sec
First Aid Treatment Section) ond if o doctor cannot come, take
victim to clinic or hospital..
IMPORTANT! Before removing gloves, wosh them »;j(h soap ond
water. Always wosh hands, face and arms with w,(> and water
before smoking, eating or drinking.
AFTER WORK, lake off art work clothes ond shoes. Shower, using
soap cr.d water. Wear only clean clothes when leaving job. Do. not
wear contammaled clothing. Wash protective clothing ond protec-
tive equipment with soap ond water after each use. Respirator
should be clcjncd ond filler replaced according to instructions in- ,
eluded w.rh respirator.
. 'P* rOISOM SIGMS (Symptoms)
Poiathion is o very dangerous poison. It rapidly enters the body on
contact with all skm surfjics ond eyes. Clothing wet with this
material must be removed immediately. Exposed persons must re-
ceive prompt rr.coical Ircblmfnt or they may die.
Sorre c.t :he signs and syrVij/Ioms of poisoning are: Hco-oche. nausea.
von linQ, crort-.pj, weakness, blurred vision, pin point pupils, light-
ness in chest. 'ot>crcd ljreo:hing, nervousness, sweating, watering
of i". .. drcjlirvg or. frothing ol mouth ond nose,' muscle sposms
and C'-ho.
5co Side Panels
for Antidote &
Precautions
«.«r VT V V \
\\~'?"^j v~f >
OAWGE;
Keep Out of
Reach of
Children
CONTAINS 8 POUNDS PARATH1ON PER GALLON
ACTIVE INGREDIENT:
Parathion: O. 0-dicthyl O-p-nitrophcnyl thiophosphatc
INERT INGREDIENTS
EPA Rctf. No. M8-475
CC—«-75
. 80.0%
200%
"100.0%
EPA Est. No. M3-CA-I
FIRST AID TREATMENT
Coll a doctor (physician), clinic or hospital immediately. Explain
that the victim has been expoicd to porothion ond deurrib* his
Condition.
If bieofHinj Kai tloppcd. start artificial respiration immediately ond
maintain until doctor sees victim.
II iw«ll«*cd ond victim is awoke (conscious) moke him vomit quickly.
Induce vomiting by sticking finger down throat or by giving soopy
or strong salty water to drink. Repeat until vomit is clear. Never
give anything by mouth to on uncomciou* person. Have victim lie
down ond keep quiet. See doctor immediately.
IA C«M of contact, immediately flush eyei or skin with plenty of
water tot at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing
and shoes. See doctor immediotely.
00 NOT REUSE EMPTY CONTAINER. DESTROY IT DY PER-
FORATING OR CRUSHING. BURY OR DISCARD IN A SAFE
C..ACE AWAY FROM WATER SUPPLIES.
NOT FOR HOME USE
Refer to Rinse and Drain Procedures
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
Antidote—odmimstcr otrdomc sul'orc m large doici, TWO 10 F(
mg. introvcnGuily or inlrarnu&Ciila.ly ai *oon a, cyano&n ••. o-crc.
Repeat or 5 10 10 minute infivols unnl si^ns o( olr<.pto<(c
'Oppcor 2-PAM chloride is olio 'onhtlofal ond moy t>c oJmmi'.ii
m conjuncrton wiih atfopinc. LX> NOT GIVE MORPHINE OR TK,
QUILI^EKS. Pocolhion it o itrong choltPCvrcroic inhibitor olfi-c
the cei'ilral and ptTiphcral ne'vcus s/vTCrrts and producing CCM
ond rcvpiroton/ dtrprCS&iOn. At t>fil ii.jn uf pulmonucy I'Jrmo
poiicnt should be given kupplcmcntol o»yg^n end Irculcd iy"'
motiCQiiy Continued ab.crpncn o* ihe po.kon may occu' on
-------
Reduce Hazards!
Rins-8 and Drain
tor Pesiicida
Emoty container into
spray tank Tnen dram
in vertical position
for 30 seconas
Rinse container
thoroughly, oour into
tank, and drain 30 sec.
Reo«at three limes.
Add enough tiuid to
bring tank LP to level.
Add a measured amount
of rinse water [or
other diluent) so
container is 1/4 to 1/5
full. For enamole. one
ouart in a one-gallon
container
Crush sesticide
container immediately.
Sell as scrap for
recycling or bury.
Do not reuse.
-------
APPENDIX B
REVIEW OF NEIC PROCEDURES
-------
REVIEW OF NEIC PROCEDURES
PESTICIDE USE OBSERVATIONS
Wareham, Massachusetts
Records regarding the Pesticide Use Observation Study were
evaluated against the established NEIC sample and document control
procedures. Field data records, log books, sample tags, and
chain-of-custody records were reviewed by the Project Coordinator and
audited by the Enforcement Program Specialist to determine if there
were any deviations from the procedures. The examination detected no
deviations from procedures.
Chemical analyses of thirty-two (32) samples collected from the
study sites were completed within the prescribed holding limits.
The analyses for fish brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition
related to organophosphate poisoning were not performed, as outlined
in the Project Plan, because of a malfunction of the analytical equipment.
As an alternative, samples of fish were returned to the NEIC laboratory
and analyzed for pesticide uptake. The procedural change did not
affect the survey results.
Deviations from the Project Plan occurred when on-site obser-
vations required the elimination of several sampling stations.
The original station numbering system remained which accounted for
absent station numbers on this report. This Project Plan altera-
tion did not affect the results of the study.
-------
APPENDIX C
ANALYTICAL METHODS
-------
APPENDIX C-I
METHODOLOGY - THERMOFAX SPRAY DRIFT CARDS
I. Collection:
1. Three types of spray drift cards are attached to a sheet
of cardboard during sampling. The types and sizes are:
Thermofax (10 x 12.5 cm or 4 x 5 in); Kromcote (10 x 12.5
cm or 4 x 5) and Lingaraph (10 x 25 cm or 4 x 10 in).
2. After sampling, the large sheets are placed in a plastic
bag and transported to the laboratory.
II. Extraction:
1. Remove the Thermofax card from the large sheet of cardboard.
2. Pour 110 ml of hexane into an 8" square Pyrex dish.
3. Submerge the Thermofax card in the hexane. Keep the card
in contact with the hexane for 5 minutes, turning the
card frequently.
4. Remove the card from the Pyrex dish and discard.
5. Filter the hexane extract into a Kuderna-Danish evapor-
ative concentrator by pouring the extract through a
funnel containing Whatman #3 filter paper filled with
Na2S04. The filter paper and Na2S04 are prewashed
with hexane.
6. Rinse the dish with hexane several times and add these
rinses to the Kuderna-Danish evaporative concentrator
through the Na2S04.
7. Concentrate the extract to 10 ml.
III. Analysis:
1. Analyze the extract using a gas chromatograph equipped
with an electron capture (EC) or an alkali flame ioniza-
tion (AFID) detector. The conditions for analysis follow:
Instrument: Tracer MT-220 Varian series 2700
Detector: EC AFID
Column: 6', glass, 3% OV-17 6', glass, 3% OV-101
on 60/80 GC Q on 60/80 GC Q
Temperature: 200° 180°
Carrier Gas: Argon/methane (P-10) nitrogen
Flow: 80 ml/min 27 ml/min
Detector Temp.: 350 °C 225 °C
Injector Temp.: 235 °C 225 °C
-------
C-2
APPENDIX C-II
METHODOLOGY - WATER
I. Collection
Water samples are collected in pre-washed 1 quart glass
jars equipped with Teflon-lined screw caps.
The samples are preserved in the field by saturating the
sample with chloroform and shaking them vigorously.
Samples are shipped to the laboratory for analysis and,
upon arrival, stored in a refrigerator.
II. Extraction
1. Transfer the entire sample to a 2 liter separatory funnel
and adjust the pH to 7 with 6N NaOM.
2. Extract the sample serially with 3 x 60 ml of 15% methylene
chloride in hexane.
3. Pass the combined extracts through a funnel containing
glass wool topped with Na2S04 and into a Kuderna-Oanish
evaporative concentrator. The glass wool and Na2S04 are
prewashed with hexane.
4. Concentrate the extract to 10 ml.
5. Add 50 ml of hexane to the extract and concentrate to
10 ml on a hot plate under a gentle stream of air. This
removes the last traces of chloroform from the extract.
III. Analysis
1. Analyze the extract using a gas chromatograph equipped
with an electron capture (EC) or an alkali flame ion-
ization (AFID) detector. The conditions for analysis
follow:
Instrument Tracor MT-220 Varian series 2700
Detector: EC AFID
Column: 6', glass, 3% OV-17 6', glass, 3% OV-101
on 60/80 GS Q on 60/80 GC Q
Temperature: 200° 180°
Carrier Gas: argon/methane (P-10) nitrogen
Flow: 80 ml/min 27 ml/min
Detector Temp.: 350 °C 225 °C
Injector Temp.: 235 °C 225 °C
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C-3
APPENDIX C-III
METHODOLOGY - FISH
I. Collection
1. Fish are wrapped in aluminum foil and frozen.
2. The samples are transported to the laboratory and
stored in a freezer until analyzed.
II. Extraction
1. Cut the whole fish into small pieces and mix well.
2. Weight 10 gm of the sample into a 250 ml Erlenmeyer
flask.
3. Add 150 ml of 15% methylene chloride in hexane and
blend for 1 minute with a Polytron sample mixer at a
setting of 6-7. Rinse down the mixing barrel with
additional hexane and remix for 1 minute.
4. Filter the extract through Whatman #1 filter paper.
5. Pass the extract through Na2S04 which has been pre-
washed with hexane and into a Kuderna-Oanish evaporative
concentrator.
6. Concentrate to 10 ml.
III. Cleanup - Acetonitrile Partition
1. Transfer 10 ml extract to a 125 ml separatory funnel and
adjust volume to 15 ml with hexane.
2. Add 30 ml of hexane saturated acetonitrile and shake it for
1 minute. Collect the acetonitrile. Repeat this extract-
ion a total of four times.
3. Combine the acetonitrile extracts and discard the hexane
remaining in the separatory funnel.
4. Transfer the acetonitrile to a 1 liter separatory funnel.
Add 650 ml water and 40 ml of saturated NaCl. Shake the
sample.
5. Extract the H20/acetonitrile solution with 100 ml of hexane,
and repeat the extraction. Combine the hexane extracts and
discard the water/acetonitrile.
6. Transfer the combined hexane extracts to 1 liter separatory
funnel. Wash the extract twice with 100 ml of water. Dis-
card the water.
7. Pass the hexane extract through Na2S04 which has been
prewashed with hexane and into a Kuderna-Danish evapora-
tive concentrator.
8. Concentrate to 10 ml.
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IV. Analysis
1. Analyze the extract using a gas chromatograph equipped
with an electron capture (EC) or an alkali flame ioniza-
tion (AFID) detector. The conditions for analysis follow:
Instrument Tracor MT-220 Varian series 2700
Detector: EC AFID
Column: 6', glass, 3% OV-17 6', glass, 3% OV-101
on 60/80 GC Q on 60/80 GC Q
Temperature: 200° 180°
Carrier Gas: argon/methane (P-10) nitrogen
Flow: 80 ml/min 27 ml/min
Detector Temp.: 350 °C 225 °C
Injector Temp.: 235 °C 225 °C
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C-5
APPENDIX C-IV
METHODOLOGY - SOIL AND SEDIMENT
I. Collection
1. Soil and sediment are collected with a sediment core sampler
and placed in aluminum foil and refrigerated until analyzed.
II. Sample Preparation
1. Pass the sample through a 2mm sieve. Sediment samples
may have to be air dried before sieving to facilitate the
procedure.
2. Weigh approximately 10 gm of sampling into a tared beaker.
Record the weight. Place in a 105 °C oven overnight and
reweigh to determine moisture.
III. Extraction
1. Weigh 25-50 gm of the sieved sample into a 500 ml Erlemyer
flask. Add water, if necessary, to adjust the moisture
content of the sample to 15% minimum.
2. Add 40 ml of acetone and shake the sample on a wrist action
shaker for 20 minutes. Add 80 ml of hexane and shake the
sample an additional 10 minutes.
3. Decant the solvent into a 1 liter separatory funnel.
4. Add 20 ml more of acetone to the sample and shake it for 20
minutes. Add 80 ml of hexane and shake the sample for 10
minutes.
5. Add this solvent to the solvent already in the 1 liter
separatory funnel.
6. Add 500 ml of water to the separatory funnel and gently
mix for 1 minute. Collect the hexane layer.
7. Back extract the water layer with 25 ml of hexane. Com-
bine this hexane with the hexane collected in (6).
8. Pass the combined hexane extracts through prewashed Na2S04
and into a Kuderna-Danish evaporative concentrator.
9. Concentrate the extract to 10 ml.
III. Analysis
1. Analyze the extract using a gas chromatograph equipped
with an electron capture (EC) or an alkali flame ioniza-
tion (AFID) detector. The conditions for analysis follow:
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C-6
Instrument: Tracer MT-220 Varian series 2700
Detector: EC AFID
6', glass, 3% OV-17 6', glass, 3% OV-101
on 60/80 GC Q on 60/80 GC Q
Temperature: 200° 180°
Carrier Gas: Argon/methane (p-10) nitrogen
Flow: 80 ml/min 27 ml/min
Detector Temp.: 350 °C 225 °C
Injector Temp.: 235 °C 225 °C
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APPENDIX D
MASSACHUSETTS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
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D-l
MASSACHUSETTS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
(Water Resources Commission Rules and Regulations for (he Establishment of
Minimum Water Quality Standards and for the Protection of the Quality and Value of
Water Resources; Adopted April 11, 1974; Effective May 2, 1974)
REGULATION I Definitions
The terms used in the following regulations are defined
as follows:
I. Appropriate Treatment — means that degree of
treatment required for the waters of the Commonwealth
to meet their assigned classifications or any terms, condi-
tions, or effluent limitations established as part of any
permit to discharge issued under the provisions of the
Massachusetts Clean Waters Act, or any effluent stand-
ard or prohibition established by the Division under
authority of Section 27 (6) of the Massachusetts Clean
Waters Act.
2. Division — means the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts, Division of Water Pollution Control.
3. Peison — means any agency or political subdivision
of the Commonwealth, public or private corporation or
authority, individual, partnership or association, or other
entity, including any officer of a public or private agency
or organization, upon whom a duty may be imposed by
or pursuant to any provision or Sections 26-53 inclusive,
of Chapter 21 of the General Laws.
4. Sewage — means the water-carried waste products
or discharges from human beings, sink wastes, wash
water, laundry waste and similar so-called domestic
waste.
5. Th« "Waters of the Commonwealth" and
"Waters" — means all waters within the jurisdiction of
the Commonwealth, including, without limitation, rivers,
streams, lakes, ponds, springs, impoundments, estuaries.
coastal waters, and ground waters.
6. Fresh Waters — moans waters not subject to the
rise and fall of the tide.
7.. Salt Waters — means all waters subject to the rise
and full of the tide.
8. Cold Water Stream — means a stream capable of
sustaining a population of cold water fish, primarily
Salmonids.
9. Seasonal Cold Water Stream — means a stream
which is only capable of sustaining cold water fish during
the period of September IS through June 30.
10. Waste Treatment Facility — processes, plants, or
works, installed for the purpose of treating, neutralising,
stabilising or disposing of wastuwater.
II. Pollutant — means any clement or property of
sewage, agricultural, industrial, or commercial waste,
run-off, leachate, heated effluent, or other matter in
whatever form and whether originating at a point or non-
point source, which is or may be discharged, drained or
otherwise introduced into the waters of the Com-
monwealth. • •
12. Discharge —- means the flow or release of any
pollutant into the waters of the Commonwealth.
13. Wasiewatcr — means sewage, liquid or water
carried waste fiom industrial, commercial, municipal,
private or other sources.
14. Zone of Passage — means a continuous water
route of the volume, area and quality necessary to allow
passage of free-swimming and drifting organisms with no
significant effect produced on the population.
REGULATION II — Water Quality Standards
1 _ The Water Quality Standards adopled by the
Massachusetts Division of Water Pollution Control on
March 3, 1967 and filed with the Secretary of State on
March 6, 1967 arc hereby repealed, except that existing
"River Basin Classifications" based on the 1967 Stan-
dards will remain in full force and effect until rcclassificd
in accordance with the following standards.
2 — To achieve (he objectives of the Massachusetts
Clean Waters Act and the Federal Water Pollution Con-
trol Act Amendments of 1972 and to assure the best use
of the waters of the Commonwealth the following stan-
dards arc adopted and shall be applicable to all waters of
the Commonwealth or to different segments of the same
waters:
3 — Fresh Water Standards
Class A — These waters are designated for use as
sources of public water supply in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter 111 of the General Laws.
Water Quality Criteria
Item: 1. DissoUcd oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 75% of saturation during at
least 16 hours of any 24 hour period and not less than 5
mg/l at any lime. For cold water streams the dissolved
oxygen concentration shall not be less than 6 mg/l. For
seasonal cold water streams the dissolved oxygen concen-
tration shall not be less than 6 mg/l during the season.
Items: 2. Sludge deposits-solid refuse-floating
solids-oil-grcasc-i,cum.
Criteria: None allowable.
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//t'jii; 3 Color and turbidity.
Critcrni None other than of natural origin.
fuin 4 Touil Coliform bacteri.'. per 100 ml.
Crtictia Not to exceed an average value of 50 during
any monlhl) sampling period.
Iii-ms- 5 Taste and odor.
Criteria. None other than of natural origin.
Item- 6. pH.
Criteria: As naturally occurs.
Item. 7. Allowable temperature increase.
Criteria: None other than of natural origin.
Item: 8. Chemical constituents.
Criteria: None in concentrations or combinations
which Mould be harmful or offensive to humans, or harm-
ful to animal or aquatic life.
Item 9. Radioactivity.
Criteria: None other than that occurring from natural
phenomena.
Class B — These waters are suitable for bathing and
recreational purposes, water contact activities, accep-
table for public water supply with treatment and disinfec-
tion, are an excellent fish and wildlife habitat, have ex-
cellent aesthetic values and are suitable for certain
agricultural and industrial uses.
Item: \. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria- Not less that 75% of saturation during at least
16 hours of any 24 hour period and not less than 5 mg/l
a: :;ny time. For cold water streams the dissolved oxygen
concentration shall not be less than 6 mg/l. For seasonal
cold water streams ihe dissolved oxygen concentration
shall not be less than 6 mg/l during the season.
Items: 2. Sludge deposits-solid refuse-floating
solids-oil-grcjse-scum.
Criteria: None olher than of natural origin or those
amounts which may result from the discharge from waste
treatment facilities providing appropriate treatment. For
oil and grease of petroleum origin the maximum
allowable concentration is 15 mg/l.
Items: 3. Color and turbidity.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned to this class.
Item- 4. Coliform bacteria per 100 ml.
Criteria- Not to exceed an average value of 1000 nor
more than 1000 in 20% of the samples.
Items: 5. Taste and odor.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned to this class and none
that would cause taste and odor in edible fish.
Item: 6. pH. '
Criteria: 6.5 — 8.0.
Item- 7. Allowable temperature increase
Criteria- None except where the increase will not ex-
ceed the recommended limit on the most sensitive receiv-
ing water use and in no case exceed S3 degrees F in warm
Mater fisheries, and 68 degrees F in cold water fisheries,
or in any case raise the normal temperature of the receiv-
ing water more than 4 degrees F.
Item- S. Chemical constituents.
Criteria: None in concentrations orcombinations which
would be harmful or offensive to human, o; harmful to
aninr.il or aquatic life or any \satcr use specifically
av>i2nal to this class
Q-2
Iiem'9 Radioactivity.
Criteria None in concentrations or combinations in
excess of the limits specified by the United Slates Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
Class RI — The use and criteria for Class Bl shall be
the same us for Class B with the exception of the dis-
solved oxygen requirement which shall be as follows for
this class:
Item: I. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 5 mg/l during at least 16 hours of
any 24 hour period, nor less than 3 mg/l at any time. For
seasonal cold water fisheries at least 6 mg/l must b:
maintained during the season.
Class C — These walcis aic suitable for rrrrr.ilionnl
boating and secondary water contact recreation, as a
suitable habitat for wildlife and fish indigenous to the
region, for certain agricultmal and industrial uses, have
good aesthetic values, and under certain conditions are
acceptable for public water supply with treatment and
disinfection.
Item: \. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria- Nol less than .S mg/l tluiing at least 16 hours
of any 24 hour period, not less than '< mg/l at any time.
For seasonal cold walci fisliciics at least 6 ing/1 must be
maintained during the season.
Items: 2. Sludge deposits-solid refuse-floating
solids-oil-grease-scum.
Criteria: None other than of natural origin or those
amounts which may result fiom the discharge from waste
treatment facilities pioviding appioprialc treatment. For
oil and grease of pelioleum origin (he maximum
allowable conciliation is 15 mg/l.
Items- 3. Color and turbidity.
Criteria: None allowable in such concentrations that
would impair any uses specifically assigned to this class.
Item- 4. Coliform bacteria.
Criteria- None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any usages specifically assigned lo this class, see nolc
I".
Items: 5. Taste and odor.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned lo this class, and none
that would cause taste and odoi lo edible fish.
Item: 6. pH.
Criteria: 6.0 — 8.5.
Item: 7. Allowable temperature increase.
Criteria: None except where the increase will not ex-
ceed the recommended limits on the most sensitive
receiving water use and in no case exceed 8^ degrees F in
warm water fisheries, and 68 dcgiccs F in cold water
fisheries, or in any case raise the normal temperature of
the receiving water more than 4 dcgiccs F.
Item- 8. Chemical constituents.
Criteria- None in concentrations or combinations
which would be haimful or offensive to human life, or
harmful lo animal or aquatic life or any other water use
specifically assigned to llns class.
Item. 9. Radioactivit).
Criteria- None in such concentrations or combinations
in excess of the limits specified by the United States
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standar',.
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Nolo I — no bac'en • limit IMS ocen placed on Class
3" w.itcrs bei.v.usc of '.lie urban runoft and combined
. wwcr problems which have not yet been solved. In waters
of this cLss not .subject to urban rum-ff or combined
wcr discharges the buclcn.il quality of the water should
: less than an average of 5,000 coliform bacteria/100 ml
during any monthly sampling period. It is the objective of
the Division to eliminate all point and non-point sotnccs
''pollution and to impose bacterial limits on all waters.
Class Cl — The use and criteria for Class CI shall be
the Mime as for Class C with the exception of thedissolv-
"1 oxygen (and temperature) requirements which shall be
> follows for this Class.
Item: I. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 2 mg/l at any time.
Salt Water Standards
Class 5/t — These are waters of the highest quality
and are suitable for any high water quality use including
jlhinj and other water contact activities. These waters
re suitable for approved shellfish areas and the taking of
shellfish without depuration,- have the highest aesthetic
••alue and are an excellent fish and wildlife habitat.
Water Quality Criteria
Item: I. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 6.5 mg/l at any time.
Item: 2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse - floating solids-
oil - grease - scum.
Criteria: None other than of natural origin or those
mounts which may result from the discharge from waste
.rc.itment facilities providing appropriate treatment. For
oil and grease of petroleum origin the maximum
Ilowuble concentration is IS mg/l.
/tent: 3. Color and turbidity.
CriU'rin: None in such concentrations that will impair
any uses specifically assigned to this class.
Item: 4. Total Coliform bacteria per 100 ml.
Criteria: Not to exceed a median value of 70 and not
more than 10 percent of the samples shall ordinarily ex-
••eed 230 during any monthly sampling period.
Item: 5. Taste and odor.
Criteria: None allowable.
Item: 6. pH.
Criteria: 6.8 — 8.5.
Item: 7. Allowable temperature increase.
Criteria: None except where the increase will not ex-
ceed the recommended limits on the most sensitive water
use.
Item: 8. Chemical constituents.
Criteria: None in concentrations or combinations
svhidi would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic
life or which would make the waters unsafe or unsuitable
for fish or shellfish or their propagation, impair the
palatabilily of same, or impair the waters for any other
uses.
Item: 9. Radioactivity.
Criteria: None in concentrations or combinations in
excess of the limits specified by the United Stales Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
CYoiv SB — These waters are suitable for bathing and
rccrc.ilion.il purposes including water contact sports and
industrial cooling, have good aesthetic value, are an ex- D-3
cellcnl fish habitat and .ire suitable for certain shell
fisheries with depuration (Restricted Shellfish Areas).
Water Quality Criteria
Item: \. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 5.0 ing/1 at any lime.
Items: 2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse - floating solids
- oils - grease - scum.
Criteria: None other than of natural origin or those
amounts which may result from the discharge from waste
treatment facilities providing adequate treatment. For oil
and grease of petroleum origin the maximum allowable
concentration is 15 mg/l.
Items: 3. Color and turbidity.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned to this class.
Item: 4. Total Coliform bacteria per 100 ml.
Criteria. Not to exceed an average value of 700 and not
more than 1000 in more than 20 percent of the samples.
Items: 5. Taste and odor.
Criteria: None in such concentrations lhat would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned lo this class and none
that would cause taste and odor in edible fish or shellfish.
Item: 6. pH.
Criteria: 6.8 — 8.5.
Item: 7. Allowable temperature increase.
Criteria: None except where the increase will not ex-
ceed the recommended limits on (he most sensitive water
use.
Item: 8. Chemical constituents.
Criteria: None in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic life
or which would make the waters unsafe or unsuitable for
fish or shellfish or their propagation, impair the
palatabilily of same, or impair the water for any other
use.
Item: 9. Radioactivity.
Criteria- None in such concentrations or combinations
in excess of the limits specified by the United Stales
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
Class SC — These waters are suitable for aesthetic en-
joyments, for recreational boating, as a habitat for
wildlife and common food and game fishes indigenous to
the region, and are suitable for certain industrial uses.
Water Quality Criteria
Item: I. Dissolved oxygen.
Criteria: Not less than 5 mg/I during at least 16 hours
of any 24 hour period nor less than 3 mg/l- at any lime.
Items: 2. Sludge deposits - solid refuse - floating solids
- oil - grease - scum.
Criteria: None other than of natural origin or those
amounts which may result from the discharge from waste
treutmcnl facilities providing appropriate treatment. For
oil and grease of petroleum origin the maximum
allowable concentralion is 15 mg/l.
Items: 3. Color and turbidity.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned lo this class.
Item: 4. Total Coliform bacteria.
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Cnicr::i None in such concentrations that would im-
pair ..ny uses specifically assigned to this class. See Note
2.
s: 5. 'Taste and odor.
Criteria: None in such concentrations that would im-
pair any uses specifically assigned to this class and none
that would cause taste and odor in edible fi sh or shellfish.
Item: 6. pH.
Criteria: 6.5 — 8.5.
Item: 7. Allowable temperature increase.
Criteria: None except where the increase will not ex-
ceed the recommended limits on the most sensitive water
use.
Item: 3. Chemical constituents.
Criteria: None in concentrations or combinations
which would be harmful to human, animal or aquatic life
or which would make the waters unsafe or unsuitable for
fish or shellfish or their propagation, impair the
palatability of same, or impair the water for any other
use.
Item: 9. Radioactivity.
Criteria: None in such concentrations or combinations
in excess of the limits specified by the United States
Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
Note 2 — no bacteria limit has been placed on Class
"SC" waters because of the urban runoff and combined
sewer problems which have not yet been solved. In waters
of this class not subject to urban runoff or combined
sewer discharges the bacterial quality of the water should
be less than an average of 5,000 col i form bacteria/ 100 ml
during any monthly sampling period. It is the objective of
the Division to eliminate all point and non-point sources
of pollution and to impose bacterial limits on all waters.
REGULATION III — General Provisions
1. It is recognized that certain waters of the Com-
monwealth possess an existing quality which is belter
than the standards assigned thereto.
A. Except as otherwise provided herein, no new dis-
charge of wastewater will be permitted into any stream,
river or tributary upstream of the most upstream dis-
charge of wastewater from a municipal waste treatment
facility or municipal sewer discharging wastes requiring
appropriate treatment as determined by the Division.
Any person having an existing wastewater discharge shall
be required to cease said discharge and connect to a
municipal sewer unless it is shown by said person that
such connection is not available or feasible. Existing dis-
charges not connected to a municipal sewer will be
provided with the highest and best practical means of
waste treatment to maintain high water quality. New dis-
charges from a municipal waste treatment facility into
such waters will be permitted provided that such dis-
charge Is in accordance with a plan developed under the
provisions of Section 27( 10) of Chapter 2 1 of the General
Laws (Massachusetts Clean Waters Act) which has been
the subject of a Public Hearing and approved by the divi-
ision. The discharge of industrial liquid coolant wastes in
' conjunction with the public and private supply of heat or
•electrical power may be allowed provided that a permit
has been issued by the Division and that such discharge is
in conformancc with- the terms and conditions of the per-
0-4
mil and in con Form ancc with the water quality standards
of the receiving waters.
B. Except as otherwise provided herein no new dis-
charge of wastcwalcr will be permitted in Class SA or SB
Maters. Any person having an existing discharge of
wastewater into Class SA or SB waters will be required
to cease said discharge and to connect to a municipal
sewer unless it is shown by said person that such connec-
tion is not available or feasible. Existing discharges not
connected to a municipal sewer will be provided with the
highest and best practical means of waste treatment to
maintain high water quality. New discharges from a
waste treatment facility into such waters will be per-
mitted provided that such discharge is in accordance with
a plan developed under the provisions of Section 27(10)
of Chapter 21 of I he General Laws (Massachusetts
Clean Waters Act) whirl) has been the subject of a Public
Hearing and approved by (lie Division. The discharge of
industrial liquid coolant wastes in conjunction with ttic
public and private supply of heat or electlical power may
be allowed provided that a permit lir.s been issued by the
Division and that such discharge is in conCormancc with
the terms and conditions of the pc.nnil and in conform-
ance with the Water Quality Standards of (he receiving
waters.
2. The latest edition of the Federal publication
"Water Quality Ciitcria" will be considered in the inter-
pretation and application of bionssay results.
3. The latest edition of Standard Methods For Ex-
amination of Water and Wastewater, American Public
Health Association, will be. followed in the collection,
preservation, and analysis of samples. Where a method is
not given in the standards methods, the latest procedures
of the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) will be followed.
4. The average minimum consecutive 7-day flow to be
expected once in 10 ycais shall be used in the interpreta-
tion of the standards.
5. In the discharge of waste treatment plant effluents
into receiving waters, consideration shall be given both in
time and distance to allow for mixing of effluent and
stream. Such distances required for complete mixing
shall not effect the water use classifications adopted by
the Division. However, a zone of passage must be provid-
ed wherever mixing zones are allowed.
6. There shall be no new discharges of nutrients into
lakes or ponds. In addition, there shall be no new dis-
charge of nutrients to tributaries of lakes or ponds (hat
would encourage ciilrophication or growth of wccrls or
algae in these lakes or ponds.
7. Any existing discharge containing nutrients in con-
centrations which encourage cutrophication or growth of
weeds or algae shall be treated to remove such nutrients
to the maximum extent technically feasible.
8. These Water Quality Standards do not apply to
conditions brought about by natural causes.
9. All waters shall be substantially free of products
that will (I) unduly affect the composition of bottom
fauna, (2) unduly atlect the physical or chemical measure
of the hotlom, (3) interfere with the spawning of fiih or
their eggs.
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10. No perfjn sliull discharge any pollutants into any
waters of the Commonwealth which shall cause a viola-
tion of thc< standards.
11. A person shall submit to the Division For approval
•II plans for the construction of or addition to any waste
treatment facility and no such facility may be con-
-iructcd. modified or enlarged without such approval.
12. Cold water and seasonal cold water streams shall
ou those listed by the Massachusetts Division or Fisheries
and Game.
13. Whoever violates any provision of these
emulations shall (u) be fined not less than two thousand
live hundred dollars nor'more than twenty-five thousand
dollars for each day of such violation or its continuance,
ir by imprisonment for not more than one year, or by
>om; or (b) shall be subject to a civil penalty not to ex-
ceed ten thousand dollars per day of such violation,
•vhich may be assessed in an action brought on behalf of
0-5
the Commonwealth in any court of competent jurisdic-
tion, pursuant to Section 42 of Chapter 21 of the
Massachusetts General Laws.
14. The Division and its duly authorized employees
shall have the right to enter at all rcasonable.times into or
on. any property, public or private, for the purpose of in-
specting and investigating conditions relating to pollution
or possible, pollution of any waters of the Com-
monwealth, pursuant to Section 40 of Chapter 21 of the
Massachusetts General Laws.
IS. If any regulation, paragraph, sentence, clause,
phrase or word of these regulations shall be declared in-
valid for any reason whatsoever, that decision shall not
effect any other portion of these regulations, which shall
remain in Full force and effect and to this end the
provisions of these regulations are hereby declared
severable.
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