Dl
EPA
United States
Department of the
Interior
Office of Surface Mining
Technical Services & Research
Washington DC 20240
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600 7-79-102
April 1979
Research and Development
Coal and the
Environment
Abstract
Bibliography on
Mined-Land
Reclamation
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9 Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-102
April 1979
Coal and the Environment
Abstract Series
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MINED-LAND RECLAMATION
Compiled by
V. E. Gleason
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
Grant Number R805336-01
Project Officer
Ronald D, Hill
Resource Extraction and Handling Division
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Co-sponsored by
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
U. S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect
the views and policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
When energy and material resources are extracted, processed, converted
and used, the related pollutional Impacts on our environment and even our
health often require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution con-
trol methods are used. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory -
Cincinnati (lERL-Ci) assists in developing and demonstrating new and improved
methodologies that will meet those needs hoth efficiently and economically.
This publication is the third of the "Coal and the Environment Abstract
Series." It provides the researcher, scientist, mine executives, and
regulators with a timely bibliography. Not only will it provide the research
community with a means of readily accessing the literature, but it should pro-
vide those persons implementing enviornmental controls at surface mines with
a handy reference to solving their problems. Additional bibliographies are
planned for this series.
For further information contact the Resource Extraction and Handling
Division, lERL-Cincinnati.
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
iii
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PREFACE
Coal is our most plentiful source of energy, and its use is essential
to the well-being of the nation. As coal continues to be produced and as
mines are opened in areas where mining has not existed previously, opportuni-
ties for the occurrence of environmental degradation will increase. However,
such degradation need not occur if the existing and evolving pollution con-
trol technology is well known and properly applied.
Numerous public and private efforts have contributed to the knowledge
concerning coal's environmental problems and to their control. This knowl-
edge is well documented, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has
been actively involved in compiling and disseminating it. One facet of this
activity has been the co-sponsorship of an environmental library at
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., for use by the public as well as the coal in-
dustry, and the publication of Bibliographies of abstracts based on the col-
lections within the library.
This volume is the third to appear in the "Coal and the Environment
Abstract Series" and is a new edition of "Reclamation of Coal Mined-Land: A
Bibliography with Abstracts" which was compiled by BCR and published by the
National Coal Association in 1975. Preparation of this new edition was co-
sponsored by EPA, Department of Interior's Office of Surface Mining and
Enforcement, and BCR. The other volumes in the series are "Mine Drainage
Bibliography 1910-1976" and "A Bibliography on Disposal of Refuse from Coal
Mines and Coal Cleaning Plants." The Mine Drainage Bibliography was prepared
in 1976 by BCR with co-sponsorship of the Pennsylvania Department of Environ-
mental Resources and EPA. Copies of this Bibliography can be obtained from
BCR or from NTIS as PB-265 041/4BE. The Refuse Disposal Bibliography, pre-
pared in 1978 by BCR with support from EPA, can be obtained from BCR or from
EPA's Resource Extraction and Handling Division, Cincinnati, Ohio.
The three Bibliographies in the "Coal and Environment Abstract Series"
are intended to complement one another. While each covers one particular
subject area, inevitably some documents listed in one also are relevant to
one of the other Bibliographies. For example, the Reclamation Bibliography
includes information on the effects of mining and reclamation on hydrology
and, to some extent, on water quality. However, much of the information on
changes in water quality resulting from surface mining and reclamation has
been listed in the Mine Drainage Bibliography. Another example of overlap is
in the assignment of documents concerned with overburden or spoil. In
American usage, these terms are synonymous but in British usage, the term
"spoil" includes both overburden and refuse from coal cleaning plants. Docu-
ments on "spoils" have been separated into those relating to refuse and to
overburden and put in the proper Bibliography. Since a number of British
documents give information on both kinds of spoils, the reader should prob-
ably scan both the Reclamation Abstracts and the Refuse Disposal Abstracts.
Finally, many documents include material on each of the sxtbject areas covered
by the Bibliographies. If one environmental area has been emphasized more
than the other two, the document is listed only in that major area, but it is
indexed in that Bibliography to show that it also contains information relat-
ing to the other subjects. If there are major emphases on more than one
iv
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area, the document is listed in each of the Bibliographies to which it is
relevant.
In addition to the abstracts, this volume includes an Author Index and
a General Index beginning on page 279. These indexes are described in the
section, "Format and Use of the Bibliography." In the Appendixes, are lists
of the publications most recently acquired for the "Coal and the Environment
Abstract Series." Appendix I continues the update of "Mine Drainage Bibliog-
raphy 1910-1976" which was begun in the previous volume of this Series. Ap-
pendix II gives an update for "A Bibliography on Disposal of Refuse from Coal
Mines and Coal Cleaning Plants."
Much of the literature listed in the "Coal and the Environment Abstract
Series" is available from large libraries, government agencies issuing par-
ticular reports, or from the authors. Complete citations have been given so
that the reader can obtain material from these sources. Items with NTIS num-
bers at the end of the citation may be purchased from U.S. Department of Com-
merce, National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Spring-
field, Virginia 22161. For those who have difficulty in obtaining material
from these sources, arrangements can be made to use the library at BCR on
weekdays between 8:00 a.m. and 4:30 p.m. Limited interlibrary loan service
and photocopies of non-copyright material for a nominal fee are also avail-
able. Please direct requests to Librarian, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
350 Hochberg Road, Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146.
Searching for and acquiring information on environmental aspects of
coal mining and coal cleaning is a continuing effort. Although coverage of
the early literature is essentially complete, some more recently published
material may not have been included. Copies of any publications not listed
here, as well as of new publications, should be sent to BCR for inclusion in
future issues of the Bibliographies. Any other suggestions, comments, or
criticism of this publication are welcomed.
Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from:
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
350 Hochberg Road
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Resource Extraction and Handling Division
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
U.S. Department of the Interior
18th & C Streets, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20240
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ABSTRACT
This volume is the third to appear in the "Coal and the Environment
Abstract Series" and is a new edition of "Reclamation of Coal Mined-Land:
A Bibliography with Abstracts." The other volumes in the series are "Mine
Drainage Bibliography 1910-1976" and "A Bibliography on Disposal of Refuse
from Coal Mines and Coal Cleaning Plants." The three Bibliographies in the
"Coal and Environment Abstract Series" are intended to complement one another.
While each covers one particular subject area, inevitably some documents
listed in one also are relevant to one of the other Bibliographies. In
addition to the abstracts, this volume includes an Author Index and a General
Index.
This publication has been financed by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., and
by Federal funds from the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and from the
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, USDI, under grant number
R805336-01.
vi
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CONTENTS
Page
Preface iv
Format and Use of Bibliography viii
Abstracts, 1928 - 1978 1
Author Index 279
General Index 299
Appendix I, COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT SERIES:
MINE DRAINAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY (Alphabetical listing of
second update of 1976 Bibliography) 354
Appendix II, COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT SERIES:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DISPOSAL OF REFUSE FROM COAL MINES AND
COAL CLEANING PLANTS (Alphabetical listing updating
1978 Bibliography) 362
vii
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FORMAT AND USE OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
The abstracts are grouped according to the year of publication, with
each section being headed by its chronological designation. Within each year
there are two groups of abstracts, each arranged alphabetically by the first
author, or, if no personal author, by title. The first group contains the
abstracts which appeared in the 1975 edition, while the second group has been
compiled from the material added to the BCR collection since the earlier
edition was prepared. Each abstract is numbered sequentially within the year
of publication and has its own unique number: for example, R74-109. The
letter R indicates the general subject area of reclamation of lands disturbed
by surface coal mining. The next two digits refer to the year of publication.
The number to the right of the hyphen indicates the order in which that ab-
stract is listed within the publication year. These unique numbers are used
to reference the abstracts in the indexes. At the end of each abstract are
either letters, numbers, or various letter-number combinations. These are
related to the filing of material in the BCR Library, and will aid the BCR
staff in answering questions on the availability of the material.
The Author Index includes the names of all persons who have been listed
as authors or editors of any publication. When the organization is shown as
the author, it is listed in the General Index. Names beginning with Me or
Mac have been included alphabetically, as spelled, and are not grouped to-
gether.
The General Index includes the following categories: names of industry,
government, and academic organizations engaged in or sponsoring work related
to mined-land reclamation; geographic features such as names of foreign coun-
tries and of states and regions of the United States; and subject area topics
such as land use and vegetation on reclaimed mined land. Terminology is as
specific as possible and at the same time is controlled to provide consist-
ency.
Federal government agencies are listed by name and are not grouped to-
gether under United States. As an example, Appalachian Regional Commission
appears in "A" listings and Old West Regional Commission appears in "0" list-
ings. Both are identified as being part of the United States Government.
Subordinate parts of government agencies also are used as main index entries,
with cross references from the parent organization. Forest Service is a main
entry and has a cross reference from "Agriculture, U.S. Department of."
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station is one of the several Forest Service
Experiment Stations used as main index entries with referral from the Forest
Service.
State agencies are indexed using the name of the state as the initial
word of the agency title. For example, Illinois Department of Mines and Min-
erals and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources are used as main
index entries.
In all categories, cross references and supplemental words and phrases
are used liberally to facilitate information retrieval. All entries in the
General Index are intermixed in strictly alphabetical order which follows
viii
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the word-by-word method, with hyphenated words considered as one word.
The appendixes are updates of the two other Bibliographies described in
the Preface and appear after the indexes. Publications are listed alphabet-
ically by author or title in each category: coal mine drainage and disposal
of coal refuse. No abstracts are included for these items, nor are they in-
dexed. However, these abstracts will be included in the subsequent abstract
bibliographies planned for each subject area.
ix
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1928
R28-1 REVEGETATION OF ILLINOIS COAL STRIPPED LANDS
Croxton, W. C. (Univ. 111.), Ecology 11. (2), 155-175 (1928). Studies of
strip mined areas in Vermilion County showed that water, as well as soil
acidity, is a critical factor in revegetation. Impermeable acid ridges were
barren while other areas of similar acidity but with adequate soil moisture
supported growth. Analyses of highly acid base soils showed the presence of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, indicating that acidity, not lack of fer-
tility, prevented plant growth. Observation of the natural succession of
pioneer plants showed that succession was influenced by acic'ity of the soil
and that vegetation was prevented for long periods on the most acid soils.
R348
1940
R40-1 THE STORY OF OPEN CUT MINING IN INDIANA
Indiana Coal Producers Association, 1940. (30 pp.) This illustrated booklet
gives a comprehensive history of strip mining and reclamation in Indiana. His-
tory, preparation, water conservation, and future use of mined lands are all
discussed in detail. Considerable space is devoted to recreational land uses.
Overall agricultural benefits and the community value of the industry are out-
lined. R208
1941
R41-1 REVEGETATION OF COAL STRIPPED LAND NEAR HENRYETTA, OKLAHOMA
Maloney, M. M., Proceed. Okla. Acad. Sci. 1941 ,22, 123-129 (1941). This
ecological study was made of a former stripped area which was allowed to re-
vegetate naturally. When this area was stripped, the topsoil was replaced and
the deep subsoil was mixed and placed on the surface. This material was high
in iron sulfide and a high acid environment resulted. Vegetation is mainly
trees and shrubs, those with an extensive root system, acid tolerant, and can
grow with a minimum of nitrogen. In order for calciferous plants to grow in
this area it is estimated that at least four to five tons/acre of lime would
be needed. R260
R41-2 STRIP RECLAMATION IN EASTERN OHIO
Coal Age ^6 (10), 114-6 (1941). The Ohio Reclamation Committee undertook to
reclaim 43 percent of the total stripped land to provide fishing, hunting, or
other recreational facilities. The work was in charge of a full time director.
Several pictures show some of the results obtained. All costs for trees, plant-
ing, labor, etc. are paid for by the Committee. About 200,000 trees were
planted in 1941. Conifers fit best into the program by returning a cash yield
in 15 years or less. Activity of the Committee was supplemented by other
County Agricultural and Sportsmen's Associations. R318
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1942
R42-1 TREE PLANTING GUIDE
Sawyer, L. E., Indiana Coal Producers Assoc., Dept. Forestry and Reclamation
(Undated. 7 pp.) The guide was prepared for supervisory personnel of mines
who are responsible for plantings to be made according to Indiana Legislation
of 1941, and who might not be familiar with proper care and planting of nurs-
ery stock. R99
R42-2 PLANTING SPOIL BANKS AND DITCHES
Culbertson, R. E. and May, R. M. , Soil Conservation 1_ (10), 260 (Apr. 1942).
Plants that may be seeded directly on spoil banks are identified. R956
R42-3 COAL-STRIPPED LAND AS A MAMMAL HABITAT WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
FUR ANIMALS
Yeager, L. E. , American Midland Naturalist 2]_ (3), 613-635 (May 1942). A
survey of mammals on strip-mined land was carried out from 1938 to 1941. Most
of the investigations were in Vermilion County, Illinois. Of the nine fur
bearers discussed, the most commonly found was muskrat, particularly where
drainage ditches and strip-mine ponds made water plentiful. The occurrence
of 17 nonfur-bearing mammals was also noted. The development of vegetative
cover and forests on strip-mined land improved it as a habitat for mammals.
R964
1943
R43-1 TWO THOUSAND ACRES OF NEW FORESTS PLANTED: REFORESTATION OF
STRIP-MINE LAND TO PROVIDE FUTURE TIMBER SUPPLY
Outdoor Indiana 10 (10), 11, 13 (Nov. 1943). The tree planting program car-
ried out in response to the requirements of the 1941 Indiana strip mine legis-
lation is described. Most of the seedlings used were pines. R912
1944
R44-1 HANDLING WATER TO SAVE TIME AND MONEY AT STRIP MINES
Richart, F. W., Coal Age 49 (1), 59-62 (1944). Necessary considerations of
water handling in a strip mining area include a proper box cut design, drain-
age ditches, pumping stations, haulageways and a preparation plant. A perma-
nent pumping system should include a frostproof or heated building. Drainage
ditches should be parallel to the main pit to make diversion easier. Outdoor
equipment and controls should be weatherproof and portable pumps are a re-
quirement. Care must be practiced to make sure these pumps are drained in
winter to prevent damage from freezing. R319
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R44-2 FOREST PLANTING ON STRIP-MINED COAL LANDS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE
TO OHIO
Chapman, A. G., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Central States Forest Experi-
ment Station, Dec. 26, 1944. 25 pp. The author suggests that spoils be
classified in three major groups on the basis of geologic materials in the
overburden: Group 1 spoils of glacial till, sandstones, and acid silt shales;
Group 2 spoils of sandstones and acid silt shales; and Group 3 spoils of
sandstones, marly shales and limestones. Within each group of spoils, other
characteristics as proportion of rock present, resistance of rocks to wea-
thering, and composition of rocks, are discussed in relation to time elapsing
before being plantable and to choice of species for planting. In many banks
a weathering and settling period is essential for the development of a "soil"
sufficiently compact to retain enough moisture for tree survival during the
dry seasons and to allow time for the leaching of elements toxic to tree
seedlings. A tree-planting program, carried on for several years on Group 2
spoils in the Kehota Area of Perry County, Ohio, showed that black locust was
superior to pines or hardwoods. Hardwood stands could be established by
planting with or under black locust or just after black locust was harvested.
(Adapted from author's Summary) CE310
1945
R45-1 THE RECLAMATION OF THE STRIP-MINED COAL LANDS OF WEST VIRGINIA WITH
FORAGE SPECIES
Tyner, E. H. and Smith, R. M. (W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta.), Soil Sci. Soc. Amerc.
Proc. 10, 429-436 (1945). Spoil is classified into three types according to
the pH of the spoil surface. Experimental plantings of grasses and legumes
showed that even very acid spoil will support vegetation after liming and with
addition of nitrogen and phosphorus. Mulching, adequate seed bed preparation,
and prevention of cutting or grazing also aid in establishing vegetation. R425
1946
R46-1 SPOIL RECLAMATION - ASSURES GOOD INCOME WITHOUT LEVELING
Coal Age _51_ (7) , 91-4 (1946). Tree growth was found to be better on unleveled
spoil and topping spoil with soft earth was found to be very advantageous.
Fruit trees were under experimentation but not used generally. The establish-
ment of separate farm departments by coal companies was being considered at
this time. A number of Illinois operators were using airplane seeding. Hogs
were to be tried at this point and were expected to do well. Leveling at this
time was considered uneconomical. Lakes proved successful in Ohio, Illinois
and Indiana. R320
R46-2 INDIANA STRIP-MINE PLANTINGS
Sawyer, L. E. (Indiana Coal Producers Association), J. Forestry 44_, 19-21
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R46-2 (continued)
(1946). The author reviews the tree planting program in Indiana and comments
on the success or failure of various species. R890
1947
R47-1 REFORESTATION - SOLVES STRIP-SPOIL PROBLEM IN INDIANA
Sappenfield, V., Coal Age, .52 (4), 112-3 (1947). The Indiana Coal Producers
Association in the previous year had planted 118 acres. Some areas became
popular recreation places and several lakes have become good fishing areas.
In 1938 the association hired a full time forester. Mr. Sawyer succeeded
Mr. Hyatt in 1944. The land in Indiana was generally more valuable after
stripping than before. Selected plots have been planted to learn the species
most suitable for the area. A program to develop grazing areas was started
using sweet clover, timothy, bluegrass and other grass mixtures. R321
R47-2 OPEN CUT MINING IN INDIANA
Sawyer, L. E., et^ _a.L., Ind. Coal Producers Assoc. (undated). (16 pp.) Sev-
eral short articles about strip mining and about tree growing and recreation
on strip mined land are included in this 1940's publication. R406
R47-3 UNLEVELED SPOIL BRINGS GOOD RETURN AS FARMING PROJECT
Edwards, J. H., Coal Age _52 (2), 92-97 (1947). The superintendent of Truax-
Traer Coal Company's Red Ember mine in Fulton County, Illinois, began in 1936
to experiment with small plots of mined land. By 1941 he had purchased 600
acres from the coal company and developed the tract into farm land which sup-
ported a herd of beef cattle. Lakes and ponds formed on the reclaimed land
serve as a source of drinking water for the cattle, and are used for fishing,
hunting, and trapping, and as irrigation water for a gladioli grower. Vege-
tation on the seeded spoil banks was noticeably more abundant than vegetation
on adjacent unmined land. Jour
R47-4 AN ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC STUDY OF COAL STRIPPED LAND IN EASTERN
OHIO
Riley, C. V., M.S. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1947. 205 pp. The history
and extent of surface mining, particularly in Ohio, was reviewed and served
as the background of this survey of a surface-mined area of more than 1000
acres in Wayne Township, Tuscarawas Cty., Ohio. The detailed characterization
of the area included spoil classification. The field study was carried out to
determine the extent of volunteer revegetation, the success of planned reve-
getation, the use of the area as wildlife habitat, and economic return of sur-
face-mined land as compared to agricultural, forest, and abandoned land. It
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R47-4 (continued)
was suggested that management of surface-mined land for wildlife and tree
production might have the most value. Ohio State Univ. Lib.
1948
R48-1 RESEARCH ON REFORESTATION OF SPOIL BANKS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Bramble, W. C., Chisman, H. H. , and Deitschman, G. H., The Pa. State Forest
School, Res. Paper No. 10 (Feb. 25, 1948). 6 pp. This paper describes a re-
forestation research project on spoil banks conducted in 1946. Nineteen tree
species were used in the test areas in Jefferson, Clearfield, Clarion and
Fayette Counties, and also Westmoreland, Allegheny, Washington and Butler and
Mercer Counties. Each species plot contained 100 trees. A table shows the
early survival for plantings on 12 spoil banks. Preliminary results indicate
differences in the suitability of various species for banks of different
acidities. R277
R48-2 MAN-MADE FORESTS IN INDIANA
Fox, S. D., Indiana Coal Producers Assoc., Div. Forestry and Reclamation
(undated). (32 pp.) The history of Indiana strip mining from early days on-
ward shows reclamation efforts in forestation. R52
R48-3 RECLAMATION OF STRIP-MINED AREAS IN WEST VIRGINIA
Tyner, E. H., Smith, R. M., and Galpin, S. L. (W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta.), J.
Soc. Agronomy 40, 313-23 (1948). This paper reports results of revegetation
obtained by West Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station on the canyon plots
in Northern West Virginia. The spoil materials were classified as A, B and C.
A separate section is devoted to each type of spoil and details of the proce-
dure used in each case are outlined. Since these spoils are acid, lime was
used in each case. Pictures are included of the canyon area. Delaying rec-
lamation three years produced better ground cover than a delay of one year.
Recommendations are made for each type of spoil material. Root activity has
much to do with the survival of plants since some penetrate further in searcl
of water. R343
R48-4 THE ECONOMICS OF STRIP COAL MINING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO
KNOX AND FULTON COUNTIES, ILLINOIS
Graham, H. D., University of Illinois, Bureau of Economic and Business Re-
search, Bulletin No. 66 (1948). 77 pp. This in depth discussion considers
reclamation and uses of mined land. Forest crops harvested from trees planter
up to 17 years previously included posts, beams, mine props, and Christmas
trees; pasture land is suggested as another use; and fishing lakes from strip
pits and other recreational facilities are noted. R902
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R48-5 STRIP COAL MINING AREAS OF SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA: THEIR
DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH AND RESTORATION
Loring, R. D., M.A. Thesis, Indiana University, 1948. 94 pp. This survey of
surface mining and reclamation in Indiana includes discussions of the great
increase in surface mining in the three decades prior to the study; the his-
tory of attempts to legislate reclamation in Indiana; and the efforts of coal
producers in planting spoil banks. The 1941 Reclamation Act and compliance
with its provisions are reviewed. Although some areas were seeded to grasses,
trees have mainly been used in revegetation, and these forestation efforts are
summarized. Other uses of mined land are also discussed. Ind. Univ. Lib.
R48-6 REVEGETATION OF THE STRIP COAL MINES IN INDIANA
Winchell, J. H. , Outdoor Indiana 15, 10-13 (Jan. 1948). The author describes
the establishment of forests on mined land by Indiana coal companies. R908
1949
R49-1 PROGRESS IN STRIPPED LAND REGENERATION RESEARCH
Chapman, A. G., Am. Mining Congr., Cleveland, Ohio, May 11, 1949. 11 pp. In-
formation from a 1948 report shows extent and concentration of strip mining in
the Central States Region. A tentative planting guide which was developed ac-
cording to acidity and texture classes of spoil materials is discussed. R55
R49-2 AGRONOMIC RESEARCH ON THE STRIP BANKS IN ILLINOIS
Grandt, A. F., National Coal Assoc., Proc. 1949 Convention, pp 153-161. The
author reviews studies at the University of Illinois on the soil characteris-
ics, pasture establishment, chemical analysis of forage material and soil anal-
ysis. Each of these subjects is discussed in some detail and a section is de-
voted to species adopted and development of livestock. Strip mine soil mate-
rial in Illinois in general is very readily adapted to pasture land. With the
exception of nitrogen, the essential plant nutrient level is high. R278
R49-3 REHABILITATION OF LANDS STRIPPED FOR COAL IN OHIO
Limstrom, G. A. and Merz, R. W., Ohio Reclamation Assoc., Central States For-
est Expt. Sta. Tech. Paper No. 113, Dec. 1949. 41 pp. This booklet de-
scribes the character and extent of strip mined lands in Ohio, including age,
classes of spoils, diversity of site conditions, and rehabilitation problems.
A section of the publication describes planting and seeding experiments, and
effects of acidity, slope, and aspect on survival and growth. Considerable
tabulated data are included with a list of specific planting recommendations
and the performance data on each species of tree in the test project. An ap-
pendix shows coal seams involved and description and chemical analyses of the
cover on each seam. R57, 40-56
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R49-4 REVEGETATION OF STRIP COAL SPOIL BANKS OF INDIANA
Stiver, E. N., Indiana Coal Prod. Assoc., Div. Forestry and Reclamation, Feb.
1949. 16 pp. This excerpt from the author's doctoral thesis reviews the prob-
lem of revegetating strip-mined lands and discusses results of his research.
R56
R49-5 REVEGETATION OF STRIP COAL SPOIL BANKS OF INDIANA
Stiver, E. N., Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue Univ., 1949. 94 pp. To study the problem
of classifying spoil banks and establishing vegetation upon them, the field of
research has been divided into four parts: one, a study of the topography and
its rate of change; two, a study of the physical and chemical properties of
the spoil; three, a study of plant reactions upon spoil material; and four,
general observations which include a survey of volunteer plants on the spoil
banks. (Adapted from text) Purdue Univ. Lib.
R49-6 STRIP MINING: WASTE OR CONSERVATION?
Bramble, W. C., American Forests, pp 24-25, 42-43, June 1949. Methods and
economics of surface mining and reclamation and the requirements of the 1945
Pennsylvania legislation regulating reclamation are discussed. R940
R49-7 COAL PRODUCERS GIVE ADDITIONAL LAND FOR FOREST
Outdoor Indiana 3.6^, 2 (Oct. 1949). Lands, including strip-mined areas,
donated to the Indiana State Forest system have been planted with seedlings
by the members of the Indiana Coal Producers Association. R909
R49-8 OUR LAND IS GREEN AGAIN!
Outdoor Indiana Ij6 (4), 6-7, 19 (Apr. 1949). The reforestation of surface-
mined lands in Indiana is described. R915
R49-9 THE USE OF SURFACE MINED LAND
Sawyer, L. E. (Indiana Coal Producers Association), J. Soil and Water Conser-
vation 4_, 161-165, 170 (Oct. 1949). Trees planted in the reclamation program
of the Indiana Coal Producers Association, dating from the 1920's, produced
various kinds of valuable forest products by 1949. Experience with evergreen
and deciduous species is reviewed. The author also discusses the controversy
over whether or not to grade the ridges of overburden left from mining. He
points out that the superior growth of trees on ungraded spoil shows the
detrimental effects of compaction of soil by grading. Studies by the Cen-
tral States Forest Experiment Station are cited to show the greater infiltra-
tion of rainfall on ungraded land with consequently less runoff and erosion.
R878
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1950
R50-1 STRIPPING BUILDS BETTER LAND
Cheasley, T. C., Reprinted from Coal Age, March 1950. Various reclamation pro-
jects in several states are illustrated. A list of national reclamation orga-
nizations is included as well as a list of organizations supported directly by
the strip coal operators. R84
R50-2 A NEW LAND
United Electric Coal Companies - Fidelity Mine, Duquoin, 111. Undated (issued
between 1948-1950). 16 pp. This booklet describes the operations of the Fi-
delity mine of United Electric Coal Co. which produces 7000 tpd of strip mine
coal. This company has had for many years a reclamation program whereby it
converts its mined land to farm area for grazing, agriculture and reforesta-
tion. Much of their land is turned into orchards and vineyards. Many of the
lakes have been stocked and the surrounding areas converted for recreational
purposes. The fact that at the time of publication one sixth of Illinois or
1 million acres lay idle, incapable of producing profitable crops is contras-
ted to 50,000 acres being strip mined productively and returned to use. R254
R50-3 INITIAL SURVIVAL OF PLANTED HARDWOODS ON STRIP MINE SPOIL BANKS
OF INDIANA
Arnott, D., Jr., M.S. Thesis, Purdue University, 1950. 61 pp. Ten hardwood
species were planted in twelve sample plots of approximately five acres each
in the spring of 1949. Survival counts of marked sample trees were made in
the spring and fall of 1949 and in the spring of 1950. In acid spoil, black
locust had the best survival. In plots where spoil pH was above 6.0, black
locust, green ash, silver maple, and sycamore showed better survival than the
other species used. Tulip poplar and Ailanthus showed the lowest rate of ini-
tial survival. (Adapted from author's abstract) R947
1951
R51-1 RECLAIMING ILLINOIS STRIP COAL LANDS BY FOREST PLANTING
Limstrom, G. A. and Deitschman, G. H., Univ. 111., Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 547,
(Nov. 1951). 50 pp. Character and extent of strip coal lands; site conditions
in five strip mining districts; forest planting possibilities, experiments,
and recommendations; and a review of the literature are included in this re-
view of reclamation in Illinois. Classifications of strip mined lands and
chemical analyses of strata over coal seams are tabulated in the appendix.
R62
R51-2 STRIP-MINED LANDS OF THE WESTERN INTERIOR COAL PROVINCE
Rogers, N. F., Univ. Mo., Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Bull. 475 (1951). 55 pp.(Con-
tribution of Central States Forest Expt. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr.). In this area,
8
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R51-2 (continued)
consisting of Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, about 65,000
acres of land had been strip mined by 1951. The report gives the history of
strip mining, the coal seams involved, overburden analyses, character of the
strip mined land, uses of reclaimed land, and an inventory of vegetation on
strip mined land. R628
R51-3 MORE STRIP PITS FOR FISHIN'!
Outdoor Indiana 3.8^ (12), 18-19 (Dec. 1951). Amendments to the Act regulating
surface mining for coal in Indiana are described. One of the requirements is
to construct earth dams to close the final cut where it would be practical to
construct a lake. R916
R51-4 FISH POPULATION OF A MINING PIT LAKE, MARION COUNTY, IOWA
Ruhr, C. E., M.S. Thesis, Iowa State College, 1951. 77 pp. Ike Lake near
Knoxville, Marion County, Iowa, was formed from a strip pit in an area mined
in 1932 and 1933, and was investigated for this study in the summer of 1950.
Inflow was only from drainage from the 23.6 acre watershed, some of which was
under cultivation. Water had a pH range of 6.5 to 7.8 and was classified as
soft. Cattail and narrow leafed pondweed were the only aquatic vegetation,
with pondweed being dense in water less than 6 feet deep. From previous stock-
ings, fish population was made up of northern black bullhead, largemouth black
bass, green sunfish, bluegill, white crappie, and bluegill-green sunfish hy-
brids. The fish population was sampled and examined for food intake, parasit-
ism, and age and growth. Fish appear to be well established although elimina-
tion of white crappie is recommended. Other recommendations for fishery man-
agement include fertilization of the lake to improve growing conditions for
the fish and encouraging more fishing to relieve pressure of too large a fish
population. Iowa State Univ. Lib.
1952
R52-1 REFORESTATION OF STRIP-MINED BITUMINOUS COAL LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA
Bramble, W. C., J. Forestry _50, 308-314 (1952). This paper describes all the
factors involved in a reforestation program, including soil acidity, soil con-
tent, wind exposure, soil temperature, slope and parent material. The infor-
mation also includes data from a survey of spoil bank plantings of many trees
on different classes of spoils. Survival percentages are given and the vari-
ous trees involved in each class of spoil material are listed. Fall planting
was successful in certain areas where winter resistant trees were selected.
Direct seeding tests were generally unsuccessful. R264
R52-2 STRIP-MINE FARMING
Meadowlark Farms, Inc., August 1952. 22 pp. The farm programs of Ayrshire Col-
leries Corp., now Amax Coal Co., have been carried out on land which has been
-------
R52-2 (continued)
strip mined. There are many pictures of the hogs, cattle, and sheep raised
successfully as well as of grain crops and trees. R53
R52-3 THE GROWTH OF STRIP COAL MINING IN INDIANA
Loring, R. D. (DePauw University), Indiana Academy of Science Proceedings 61,
184-186 (1952). This paper traces the growth of surface mining in Indiana
from 1914 through 1949. R877
R52-4 AN EVALUATION OF RECLAIMED COAL STRIP MINED LANDS AS WILDLIFE
HABITAT
Riley, C. V., Ph. D. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1952. 257 pp. Surface-
mined lands and surface-mine ponds in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana were sur-
veyed intensively from April 1947 through July 1951. The plant, animal, bird,
and fish species found are listed and are also evaluated "in terms of the type
and value of wildlife habitat produced by a particular plant species or group
of species and the wildlife inhabiting each planting." Cover observed on
surface-mined areas included both volunteer and planted vegetation ranging
from seedings to vegetation established more than thirty years. Classifica-
tion of the spoil surfaces by pH indicated that four percent or less of the
spoils were so toxic that they would not support normal growth. A laboratory
study of various overburden materials to determine their effect on the pH of
water showed that iron sulfides were responsible for acidity associated with
surface-mined areas. Included in suggestions for managing these areas for
wildlife are 1. to cover toxic material with at least three feet of unreac-
tive material, and 2. to plant suitable legumes and shrubs among the forest
plantings and pasture seedings. Ohio State Univ. Lib.
1953
R53-1 REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINED AREAS IN OKLAHOMA
Garner, R. V. (Oklahoma A. & M. College), Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci., 34, 208-9
(1953). This article explains the fact that Oklahoma has no reclamation law
like many other states and for this reason, the Forestry Department, State
Universities and the Soil Conservation Service have combined to try some expe-
riments. The project established the fact that the spoil areas had adequate
moisture but were deficient in nutrients. Most Oklahoma spoil areas are suit-
able for forests. Black locust and evergreens have been found to grow best,
especially for Christmas tree, fence post, mine prop and pulp wood production.
Selective planting and thinning gives trees of highest quality. Near Tulsa,
overburden areas are being used for industrial purposes as the most valuable
use. R274
10
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R53-2 STRIPMINE RECLAMATION RESEARCH IN OHIO
Knudsen, L. L. and Struthers, P. H. (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.), Ohio J. Sci. _5!3
(6), 351-55 (1953). This article traces the development of stripmine reclama-
tion in Ohio resulting in the formation of the Ohio Reclamation Association
and several similar organizations and describes the reclamation research pro-
gram of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. These two organizations now
carry on continuous reclamation programs using trained foresters and horticul-
turists. Preliminary investigation has shown that high soil acidity is accom-
panied by relatively high solubility of elements such as iron, aluminum, man-
ganese, copper, zinc, lead and nickel which though toxic at high concentra-
tions are essential for plant growth in trace amounts. R344
1954
R54-1 FOREST PLANTING ON STRIP-MINED LAND IN KANSAS, MISSOURI AND OKLAHOMA
Clark, F. B., U.S. Dept. Agr., Central States Forest Expt. Sta. Tech. Paper
No. 141 (March 1954). 33 pp. Survival and early growth rate of species of
trees planted at various locations in the 3-state area have been obtained from
two experiments. Data are tabulated in the appendix. (From author's summary)
R54
R54-2 EFFICIENT STRIPPING WITH SMALLER EXCAVATING UNITS
Coal Age .59 (7), 63-5 (1954). In the strip mining operation of P & K Inc. at
Port Allegany, McKean County, Pennsylvania, land reclamation is a continuous
job where spoil banks are leveled and compacted by bulldozers. The company
constantly patrols the operations, checking the pH of water pits. If it is
not satisfactory, a lime slurry is added before it is released to area streams
or pumped over spoil banks. Worked out cuts are backfilled with spoil to a
depth of at least 4 feet above the original elevation of the coal. The re-
mainder of the spoil is then bulldozed outward to provide a surface as level
as possible for future planting. R299
R54-3 SUNNYHILL MAKES ITS MONEY DO A JOB
Flowers, A. E. , Coal Age 5_9 (5), 84-91 (1954). The reclamation, as well as
the mining methods, at the No. 8 Mine of Sunnyhill Coal Co., New Lexington,
Ohio are described. Reclaimed land is planted to locust and hardwood trees
which are expected to be harvested and sold for profit. Costs of reclamation
are an average of $178 per acre with the company setting aside 5 cents per ton
of coal mined for reclamation work. R298
R54-4 THE UTILIZATION OF RECLAIMED COAL STRIPLANDS FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF WILDLIFE
Riley, C. V., Trans. 19th North Am. Wildlife Natural Res. Conf., March 8-10,
1954. pp 324-337. This paper includes data obtained in Ohio during the peri-
11
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F.54-4 (continued)
od 1946-1952 and in Indiana and Illinois during the summer of 1949, on a sur-
vey of wildlife population on strip mined reclaimed land compared to the pop-
ulation on adjacent cropland, abandoned farmland and forestland. A 1200 acre
tract of land was studied to determine wildlife populations. Animal counts
types of forest trees and ground covers are reported. Many rabbits were
trapped as well as raccoons and woodchucks. Fish species were also determined
in the various lakes. It was decided that reclaimed coal strip mine land does
compare favorably with other areas as producers of wildlife habitats. R269
R54-5 PLANTING REPORT FOR YEAR
Sawyer, L. E., Indiana Coal Producers Association, Division of Forestry and
Reclanation, 1946, 5 pp. 1947, 6 pp. 1948, 6 pp. 1949, 9 pp. 1950, 8 pp.
1951, 10 pp. 1952, 10 pp. 1953, 9 pp. 1954, 7 pp. These reports summarize
the way in which the planting program was organized and carried out. Tables
show the costs incurred, the area planted, and the number and species of trees
used at each mine, and whether other planting was done. R880-R888
R54-6 THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF YOUNG HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS ON THE
STRIP-MINE SPOIL BANKS OF INDIANA
Tarbox, G. L., Jr., M.S. Thesis, Purdue University, 1954. 136 pp. One year
old seedlings of a number of hardwood species were planted in experimental
plots on southwestern Indiana surface-mined land selected to represent differ-
ent soil textures and levels of acidity. Plantings were made in the spring of
1949 and seven survival checks were made through the fall of 1953. A conclu-
sion of the project was that "topography exerts an influence on the growth and
survival of most of the hardwood trees —" with poorest growth and survival on
machine trails and tops and best in the bottoms. It was felt that a longer
time would be needed for a more adequate appraisal but species that appeared
to do well were green ash, cottonwood, black locust, silver maple, red oak,
sweetgum, and sycamore. Purdue Univ. Lib.
1955
R55-1 HARDWOOD TREE PLANTING EXPERIMENTS ON STRIP COAL MINE SPOIL
BANKS OF INDIANA
DenUyl, D. (Purdue Univ. Dept. Forestry Conserv.), Purdue Univ. Agr. Expt.
Sta., Lafayette, Ind., Sta. Bull. 619, March 1955. 16 pp. This progress re-
port discusses hardwoods planted in 1949 on Indiana spoil banks. Five growing
seasons have elapsed since the planting of these trees which were 30 in num-
ber. Some 25 million trees have been planted since passage of the reclamation
law in 1941. Extensive information describes the many test plots and the
characteristics of the spoil material. Many pictures show areas in different
stages of growth. The species which are adapted for spoil bank planting are
described individually and pictures show the progress of growth. Spoil banks
are classified as acid, calcareous and mixed. The summary lists eight types
of trees and comments on their suitability for acid spoil planting. R334
12
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R55-2 COAL SPOIL-BANK MATERIALS AS A MEDIUM FOR PLANT GROWTH
Einspahr, D. W., McComb, A. L., Riecken, F. F. , and Shrader, W. D., Proc. Iowa
Acad. Sci. 62, 329-344 (1955). This paper reports work on a number of Iowa
spoil banks to learn their ability to sustain plant and tree life. Iowa spoil
material has a high percentage of particles less than 2 mm in size and their
textures are of the silty clay loam type. Liming of the toxic spoil was not
practical from an economic standpoint and the results achieved with moderate
lime treatments were only temporary. Shale derived soils in southeast Iowa
are of low productivity and the very acid spoils weathered at a very slow rate.
Best yields were obtained from nitrogen-phosphorus treatments on neutral light
gray shale. Black calcareous shales were the spoil materials best suited for
plant growth and toxic gray shales of the brownstone type were the least
suited. Graphs and tables present data from the various investigations. R327
R55-3 PROFITABLE STRIPPING PRODUCTIVE RECLAMATION
Flowers, A. E., Coal Age W) (5), 108-14 (1955). This article is the story of
Harmon Creek Coal Company's stripping and effective reclamation program. This
company has built a recreation lake between two spoil banks and has planted
over 586,000 trees and shrubs. Trees are raised at the company nursery. Oth-
er recreation facilities include swimming and wading pools, and a baseball
field all on stripped land. The company also raises pheasants and supplies
these for hunting. Backfillings and planting were started in 1944. The com-
pany also raises enough field corn to feed the pheasants they raise. A 100
foot strip is left between each 300 feet of trees to prevent spreading of for-
est fires. The company hired a full-time forester and reclamation foreman.
R293
R55-4 STRIP GRAZING FOR PRIZE ANGUS
Foresman, F. J. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Coal Age 60 (9), 74-7
(1955). This article describes the cattle production program of Pittsburg &
Midway Coal Co. developed on their strip-mined land in Kansas. The company
has grown a herd of 500 Black Angus and Hereford cattle on rich pasture that
formerly was strip-mined land. Originally, trees were the only form of rec-
lamation, then sweet clover and Korean lespedeza were very successful. From
this the idea to raise cattle resulted and now a large operation exists in
breeding registered cattle. Increases in the herd will be made as strip min-
ing operations make more land available for rehabilitation. The farming oper-
ation covers 5,000 acres, some of which produces hay and ensilage for winter
feeding. R294
R55-5 STRIP PLANTING FOR BETTER FASTER GROWTH
Wyatt, 0. D., Coal Age 60 (8), 80-1 (1955). Planting experiments on West Vir-
ginia strip mined land were done by the University of West Virginia. Strip
soil was found better than neighboring soil for growing certain trees. Grass-
es and legumes are better for stopping erosion than trees. When the pH is
13
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R55-5 (continued)
above 6.5, the soil will support hardwoods. Black locust, Norway spruce, and
European larch will grow well in spoil material of pH 4 to 5.5. One forester
found that grading strip-mined lands showed harmful effects on early develop-
ment of trees. Birdsfoot clover has been most successful on highly acid soil.
R295
R55-6 COAL SPOIL-BANK MATERIALS AS A MEDIUM FOR PLANT GROWTH
Einspahr, D. W., Ph. D. Thesis, Iowa State College, 1955. 197 pp. The com-
prehensive review of prior work on revegetating spoil banks included effects
of grading and subsequent soil compaction; chemical character of spoil and
results of weathering; and a summary of earlier investigations of suitable
species for planting on spoil banks. Spoil materials investigated in this
research were from highwall sections located throughout the Des Moines River
coal district of Iowa. The seven types of spoil material characterized chem-
ically and physically were Wisconsin loess, Kansan-Nebraskan glacial till,
acid buff shales, acid and toxic gray shales, brownstone shales, calcareous
black shales, and Pennsylvanian and Pleistocene sands. The establishment of
both tree and forage species on the spoils was studied and recommendations
were made for plantings on six spoil materials, but "no tree, grass, or leg-
ume species was found suitable for planting on (untreated) acid and toxic
gray shales." Included in the vegetative studies were the effects of lime,
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium amendments to the spoils. Vegetation was
also affected by drought in 1952 and 1953. Toxic spoil with pH less than 4
seemed to be the greatest problem in reclaiming Iowa surface mined land.
Burying these toxic spoils with spoils that support vegetation was recommended
as the best method of improving the mined land. The "bench method" of mining
which accomplishes this is described. Iowa State Univ. Lib.
R55-7 STRIP COAL MINING: A PROBLEM IN CONSERVATION
Guernsey, L. (University of Louisville), J. Geography 54, 174-181 (Apr. 1955).
The author discusses his studies which show that in Vigo County, Indiana, the
use of land for agriculture has been decreased due to surface mining. R945
1956
R56-1 AQUATIC AND MARGINAL VEGETATION OF STRIP MINE WATERS IN
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
Bell, R., 111. Acad. Sci. Trans. 48, 85-91 (1956). This study concerned 52
strip-land pools with a pH range of 6.0 to 8.0. Dense growths of pondweed oc-
curred in every pond. Apparently, the ferric oxide precipitates and the nega-
tively charged soil particles keep the pools crystal clear. Densities of the
submerged and emergent aquatic vegetation indicated high fertility in the
water. Hydrogen ion concentration below 4.0 limited plant growth, and extreme
changes in water level was detrimental to willows growth. Other factors dis-
cussed are the effect of dissolved oxygen, effect of turbidity, and the age of
14
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R56-1 (continued)
the pool. Many underwater plants and their reactions to various conditions
were discussed. 56-29
R56-2 FLEXIBILITY IN STRIPPING
Coal Age 6>1 (11), 64-7 (1956). The W. P. Stahlman Coal Co. in Clarion,
Pennsylvania has extensive stripping operations in northern Pennsylvania and
land reclamation is a standard policy. Contours are improved and in some
cases the restored land is limed. A Christmas tree program under way involves
planting 100,000 trees each year. R204
R56-3 THE RATE OF CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION IN A STRIP MINE SPOIL
Hedrick, H. G. and Wilson, H. A., W. Va. Acad. Sci. Proceed. 2£, 11-15 (1956).
In this project several chemical agents were used to treat nonvegetated and
vegetated spoil materials to see how the treatment affected the rate of carbon
dioxide production by soil microbes. Agents used were calcium hydroxide, so-
dium nitrate, phosphorus as calcium phosphate, potassium as potassium phos-
phate and nitrogen. Under laboratory conditions the C02 production was great-
er when nitrogen was added to the spoil material. Second in importance was
the addition of calcium hydroxide to produce a more favorable pH. Phosphorus
and potassium had little or no effect on the daily rate of carbon dioxide pro-
duction. Ground straw was used as a supplemental source of organic matter for
use as an energy source by the microbes. R266
R56-4 SPOIL-BANK LANDS RETURN FARM PROFIT IN INDIANA
Sappenfield, V., Coal Age ^1 (5), 82-4 (1956). The Sherwood-Templeton Coal
Co. of Indianapolis began to reclaim coal-stripped land by planting corn, then
expanded and developed farms. A full-time farm manager was hired and a new
division known as Maid Marian Farms was established. Spoil land area was then
lime treated and used for pasture land. The company experimented with
sub-soil fertilizing and several ground covers in an effort to learn which
land should be used for farming and which should be planted in trees. Jour
R56-5 A PLACE TO HUNT
Verts, B. J. (Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab., Southern 111. Univ.), 111. Wildlife 12_
(1) (Dec. 1956). Wildlife development on 924 acres donated by Truax-Traer
Coal Co. to southern Illinois University is" described. An animal survey was
made and the area was opened to the public for hunting and fishing. Surveys
of hunters showed that revegetated strip-mine lands can be developed as good
public hunting areas. R431
15
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R56-6 VEGETATIONAL FEATURES OF SOME STRIP-MINED LAND IN PERRY COUNTY,
ILLINOIS
Brewer, R. and Trlner, E. D. (Southern Illinois University), Illinois Academy
of Science Transactions 4_8_, 73-84 (1956). Lands mined by Truax-Traer Coal
Company between 1932 and 1950 were divided into nine areas representing spoil
banks of different ages. Data were obtained on the herbaceous plants, trees,
and shrubs in each area. In general, with increasing age of stripped land,
there was an increase in the age and size of trees and in the number of tree
species. Also, an increase in the age of the mined land seemed to correlate
with an increase in perennial species and a decrease in annual species.
Occurrence of vegetation was also related to topography of the spoil banks
and acidity of the spoil. R963
R56-7 GAME MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON STRIP MINED LAND
Collins, F. W. (Kentucky Reclamation Association), in Proceedings of the Tenth
Annual Conference, Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners,
Little Rock, Arkansas, Oct. 7-10, 1956. pp 213-220. The management of
Kentucky surface-mined lands for wildlife is described. The observations of
birds, fur-bearing animals, and deer, made from 1952-1956, showed that the use
of game food and cover plants on mined lands seemed to encourage movement of
wildlife into these areas. Five wildlife development and management plans
suitable for different conditions are presented. Plants being used on
Kentucky mined lands are listed and described. R797
R56-8 AN EVALUATION OF WILDLIFE AND RECREATIONAL VALUES OF A STRIP-
MINED AREA
Verts, B. J., M.S. Thesis, Southern Illinois University, 1956. 61 pp. From
1954 through 1956, mammal and bird counts were made on the Pyatt, Illinois,
surface-mined land research area, in order to determine the species present,
their relative abundance and their distribution in strips of various ages.
The vegetation was also noted. A study of hunter and trapper use of the area
indicated that management to increase wildlife of the area would also increase
use of the area. Development begun under this investigation included road
construction, leveling crests of spoil banks, establishing food and cover
plants, and building brush piles. Recommendations were made for further devel-
opment of the area for recreational use. Southern 111. Univ. Lib.
1957
R57-1 TRAPPING THE STRIPLANDS
Arata, A. A. (Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab., Southern 111. Univ.), 111. Wildlife 12
(4) (Sept. 1957). Muskrats, raccoons, opossums and a few mink were trapped on
the banks of strip-mine ponds in Illinois in the mid 1950's. R432
16
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R57-2 OBSERVATIONS OF AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR REFORESTATION PLANTINGS ON
AREAS AFFECTED BY OPEN PIT MINING IN THE BITUMINOUS COAL FIELDS OF
PENNSYLVANIA
Balsinger, T. R., DeLong, T. S., and Ibberson, J. E., Rept. to Pa. Sec. For-
ests and Waters and Pa. Sec. Mines Miner. Ind., Oct. 30, 1957. 13 pp. Recom-
mendations made of particular species for revegetating overburden of specific
coal seams are based on observations during a tour of bituminous coal fields.
R175
R57-3 RECOVERING STRIPLANDS IN KENTUCKY
Growl, J. M. Coal Age 62. (3), 77-9 (1957). The formation of the Kentucky
Reclamation Association in 19A8 was the first attempt to bring together the
forester and the agriculturist to help solve the reclamation problem. The
Association planted 27 different tree species on strip land, covering a total
of 6,985 acres. In this area 4,290,950 trees and game food plants have been
planted, and 97,524 Ibs of seed have been sown. An average survival has been
65 percent; this is expected to reach 95 percent as more is learned in the
process. A number of lakes have been developed and they furnish a good supply
of fish. As the land cover develops, many animals and birds are coming in.
Jour
R57-4 DEEP STRIPPING OVERSEAS
Coal Age (tt (11), 74-9 (1957). The reclamation as well as the mining methods
at the Acorn Bank Strip Mine near Newcastle, England are described. In the
work being carried out by Costain Mining, Ltd., as much as 230 ft of over-
burden is removed. Jour
R57-5 EFFECT OF VEGETATION UPON AGGREGATION IN STRIP MINE SPOILS
Wilson, H. A. (W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta.), Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 21, 637-
640 (1957). Evaluation of material from vegetated and nonvegetated portions
of strip mine spoils and adjacent unmined soils showed that aggregation of
undisturbed land is greater than that of vegetated land which is greater than
aggregation of barren lands. A good cover of grasses and legumes has a more
stimulating effect on aggregation than black locusts which in turn are more
effective than pines. R426
R57-6 FOLIAR ANALYSIS SHOWS VALUE OF SPOILS BANK FOR FRUIT PLANTINGS
Beattie, J. M. , Ohio Farm and Home Research 42^ (307), 65-67 (July-Aug. 1957).
Peach trees were planted on three sites in Ohio, a neutral, a slightly alka-
line, and an acid spoil bank. Only the very acid spoil was not suitable for
tree growth. Nitrogen fertilizer was needed on the neutral and alkaline
spoils, and analysis of leaf samples showed the need for addition of manganese
to alkaline spoil. R891
17
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R57-7 SOME ASPECTS OF STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Harman, N. M. (National Camp Fire Girls, Resource Advisor), Yale Conservation
Studies j^, 39-43 (1957). This overview of strip mining and reclamation sum-
marizes information on spoils and their classification and characteristics,
and on effects of grading. R903
R57-8 RECLAMATION OF COAL STRIP-MINED LANDS WITH REFERENCE TO WILDLIFE
PLANTINGS
Riley, C. V., J. Wildlife Management 21. (4), 402-413 (Oct. 1957). A compre-
hensive survey of 72 areas in southeastern Ohio was conducted from April 1947
to July 1951 and additional data obtained from June 1954 to October 1955 to
evaluate the survival of 37 species of vegetation which had been planted on
strip-mined land and which could give food and cover to wildlife. The success-
ful grass, legume, shrub, and tree species are identified and the conditions
on which they were found are identified. R816
R57-9 THE POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF TWO SPECIES OF PEROMYSCUS
ON SOME ILLINOIS STRIP-MINED LAND
Verts, B. J. , J. Mamtnology J3*3 (1), 53-59 (Feb. 1957). A survey carried out in
Perry County from August 4 to September 29, 1954, indicated a correlation be-
tween the distribution of two species of mice and the age of the disturbed
area. A second, more intensive survey, from January 17 to May 5, 1955, con-
firmed the correlation. A detailed description of the vegetation of the areas
is given and the author concludes that there are no measureable differences in
plant composition between the earliest and latest stripping to explain the
difference in the distribution of the species. R937
1958
R58-1 BREEDING - BIRD POPULATIONS OF STRIP-MINED LAND IN PERRY COUNTY,
ILLINOIS
Brewer, R., Ecology _39 (3), 543-545 (1958). This paper is a study of bird
population on a tract of land strip mined between 1932 and 1950. Forty-four
breeding species were counted and classified as forest edge birds. Most abun-
dant of the species were the field sparrow, indigo bunting, mourning dove, and
cardinal. A complete list of the bird species is tabulated. R265
R58-2 RECLAIMING ILLINOIS STRIP COAL LAND WITH LEGUMES AND GRASSES
Grandt, A. F. and Lang, A. L., Univ. 111., Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 628 (1958).
64 pp. Characteristics of the soil material, species adaptation, and the
utilization of strip-mined lands are detailed. Mined lands have also been
classified on the basis of acidity and texture of the soil material. R611
18
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R58-3 PERFORMANCE OF TREES PLANTED ON COAL-STRIPPED LANDS IN THE
BITUMINOUS REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Hart, G. E. and Byrnes, W. R., Pa. State Forest School, Res. Paper No. 28
(undated). 2 pp. This paper gives the results of observations of 22 test
plantings from 10-13 years old in 15 counties of Pennsylvania. In 1958, the
measurements were converted to a 10 year base and the tree growth rated. The
study showed it is desirable to plant trees in small blocks of 5 to 7 rows
wide. Four shrubs (black chokeberry, silky dogwood, hazelnut and arrowwood)
which provide food for wildlife were also planted in the test areas and have
developed normally. The 10-year data are tabulated. R194
R58-4 RECLAMATION OF A SPOIL-BANK AREA FOR WILDLIFE PURPOSES
Birkenholz, D. E., M.S. Thesis, Iowa State College, 1958. 70 pp. This study
is the second in a long-term investigation made to determine effective methods
of developing and managing spoil-bank areas for wildlife and recreation. The
study area, 920 acres of surface-mined land in Perry County, Illinois, is known
as the Pyatt Striplands Research Area. Selected sections were leveled and
planted. Detailed wildlife censuses were made using feeding and trapping tech-
niques. Data on fish were collected by questionnaires sent to fishermen. Soil
samples were analyzed to determine pH and lime and fertilizer requirements for
seeding. Soil pH ranged from 4.5 to 8.2 and did not correlate with age of
spoil banks. Vegetative surveys were made. In order to eliminate species com-
peting with plants yielding food and cover for wildlife, spoils were leveled,
burning was carried out, and chemical weed-killers were used. Generally,
spoil-bank leveling was necessary to establish desirable plants. Iowa State
Univ. Lib.
R58-5 RECLAMATION OF STRIP-MINED LANDS IN VIGO COUNTY, INDIANA
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State Teachers College), Indiana Academy of Science Pro-
ceedings 67, 215-224 (1958). The author describes the grading and planting of
spoil banks carried out by Indiana coal producers in compliance with reclama-
tion laws. His studies show less compaction of mined land due to grading than
other studies have shown. The use of reclaimed land for recreation, including
fishing, and for home building is also noted. R941
R58-6 CONIFER GROWTH AND SURVIVAL VARIES ON ACID SPOILS
Lowry, G. L., Reprinted from Ohio Farm and Home Research 4.3 (311) (March-April
1958). 2 pp. Eight conifer species were grown on spoil banks in 5 Ohio coun-
ties. Toxic, strongly acid, and mildly acid spoil classifications are repre-
sented. After two years of testing, pitch pine showed best growth and survival
on toxic and highly acid spoils. White cedar performed best on mildly acid
spoil. R815
19
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1959
R59-1 THE ECOLOGY OF MUSKRATS IN STRIP-MINE PONDS IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS
Arata, A. A. (Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab., Southern 111. Univ.), J. Wildl. Manage.
23 (2), 177-186 (1959). This study showed that while strip mine ponds did sup-
port muskrat, a number of adverse environmental factors probably contributed
to low reproductive rates. Recommendations for improving strip mine ponds as
muskrat habitat include leveling the banks, elimination of rock, use of eco-
nomical water-level control devices, and the development of greater areas of
shallows to encourage growth of aquatic vegetation. R453
R59-2 TREE SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR STRIP-MINE PLANTATIONS IN WESTERN
KENTUCKY
Boyce, S. G. and Merz, R. W., U.S. Forest Serv., Central States Forest Expt.
Sta., Tech. Paper 160 (1959). 12 pp. Ten years of observations of strip mine
tree planting in western Kentucky are recorded. Tests started in 1948 on area
about 5 miles west of Madisonville, Kentucky, show that successful plantings
can be made if species are properly selected for various sites and if good-
quality stock is used in the planting. A number of different species were
planted in mixtures or in pine plantings. Survival and growth varied widely
among sites and species. R58
R59-3 TREES FOR PLANTING ON STRIP-MINED LAND IN ILLINOIS
Boyce, S. G. and Neebe, D. J., U.S. Forest Serv., Central States Forest Expt.
Sta., Tech. Paper 164 (1959). 33 pp. Seventeen species of trees were found
suitable for planting on strip-mined land in Illinois. Ten species were suit-
able for planting in all parts of the state; seven additional species were
suitable for the southern counties. The best survival and growth was obtained
where species were carefully selected for the various sites and only the best
quality stock was planted. The species selected and their suitabilities are
listed. (From authors' summary)
R59-4 PROGRESS REPORT ON THE RECLAMATION AND REFORESTATION OF STRIP-MINED
AREAS IN CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA
Jones, W. G., Central Pa. Open Pit Mining Assoc., Conserv. Div., April 1959.
16 pp. This colorful brochure illustrates the process of reclamation by plant-
ing trees. Many areas are shown in various stages of development. R283
R59-5 THE POTENTIAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT ON STRIP-MINED AREAS
Klimstra, W. D. (Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab., Southern 111. Univ.), 111. Wild-
life 1^4, 5-9 (1959). The roles of vebetation and of water in the occurrence
of wildlife on strip-mined land are discussed. R433
20
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R59-6 NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY OF MAMMALS OF A STRIP-MINED AREA IN SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS
Verts, B. J. (Southern 111. Univ.), Trans. 111. Acad. Sci. 5_2 (3, 4), 134-139
(1959). This article describes an ecological study of the wildlife potential
of coal strip-mined lands in southern Illinois conducted August 4, 1954 to May
30, 1956. The area concerned had been strip mined from 1932 until 1950. A
systematic count gave evidence of 26 species of mammals which were categorized
into four ecological groups. It is suggested that changes in physical condi-
tions due to increased height and canopy size of trees may be sufficient to
initiate changes in mammal distribution. R427
R59-7 LAND USE CHANGES CAUSED BY A QUARTER CENTURY OF STRIP COAL
MINING IN INDIANA
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State Teachers College), Indiana Academy of Science
Proceedings 69, 200-209 (1959). Data discussed, tabulated, and illustrated by
maps for the counties where mining has taken place include amount of land sur-
face mined, area that was formerly in cropland, acreage revegetated by trees
and by grasses and legumes, amount used for recreation, and idle spoils. R951
1960
R60-1 ESTABLISHMENT OF SEEDED BLACK LOCUST ON SPOIL BANKS
Brown, J. H. and Tyron, E. H., W. Va. Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 440 (1960).
34 pp. Success in revegetating spoil banks by seeding with black locust
seemed to depend on spoil pH, time of seeding, amount of precipitation, and
steepness of slope. R630
R60-2 CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM STRIP MINING FOR COAL IN TENNESSEE
Tenn. Dept. Conserv. Commerce and Tennessee Valley Authority, April, 1960.
13 pp.-t- This booklet is essentially a picture presentation of strip mining
and reclamation. A survey of strip mined areas was conducted by the state of
Tennessee and TVA and results of this survey are summarized. A map shows the
principal strip mines in Tennessee by counties. R284
R60-3 STRIP PITS AND THE SANITARY LANDFILL PROCESS
Deasy, G. F. and Griess, P. R. , Miner. Ind. , The Penn. State Univ. 3_0 (2), 1,
4-6 (Nov. 1960). The use of strip pits as sanitary land fills is recommended.
Most pits are far enough from the highways to be out of sight for travelers
and yet are accessible and within reasonable distance of populated areas.
Additional productive land can be created at the same time that abandoned
strip mine areas are reclaimed. R613
21
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R60-4 PIONEER SHALE BANK COMMUNITIES
Ehrle, E. B., Castanea 25_, 80-83 (I960). Herbaceous pioneer plants and the
shrubs and trees following were found to be similar on shaly roadsides and on
shale banks at strip mines in the Allegheny Plateau section of central Pennsyl-
vania. Relatively stable, rather than successional, plant communities were
found in shaly situations in the Valley and Ridge Province bordering the
Plateau to the south and east. R449
R60-5 HOW PRECIPITATION AFFECTS STRIP-MINE POND WATER LEVELS IN SOUTHEAST
OHIO
Hill, L. W., USDA, Central States Forest Expt. Sta., Columbus, Ohio, May 1960.
2 pp. Some measurements were made on a 5-acre pond near Ironton, Ohio to find
out how rainfall affects the water level. The pond has no outlet and all water
enters from spoil bank runoff and rainfall. A table shows ratios for
pond-level rise in inches for various amounts of rainfall. R12
R60-6 FORESTATION OF STRIP-MINED LAND IN THE CENTRAL STATES
Limstrom, G. A., U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbook No. 166, (Feb. 1960). 74 pp.
The information obtained from research begun in 1937 and from a project begun
in 1945 is in this guide to forestation of strip mined land. Characteristics
of overburden and their effects on establishment and growth of trees are dis-
cussed. Several tree species have been successfully grown but insects, dis-
eases, quality of planting stock, whether pure or mixed plantings are used,
and configuration of trees set out all can affect forestation. R61
R60-7 THE ECOLOGY OF WATER AREAS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL STRIP-MINED LANDS
IN OHIO
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), Ohio J. Sci. 60 (2), 106-121 (March 1960).
This paper discusses the effects of various methods of mining and of the
characteristics of the overburden on the condition of water in strip mined
areas. The results of a survey of fish, aquatic life, wildlife, and vegeta-
tion in and around strip mined lakes are reported. A laboratory study con-
firmed the acid producing effect of FeS2 in various strata of overburden and
that such acid water would kill fish. R83
R60-8 LAND RECLAMATION
Schoewe, W. H. (Univ. Kan.), Reprinted from Mining Congr. J., Sept.-Oct. 1960.
11 pp. The over-emphasis on the spoil bank problem, mandatory reclamation re-
quirements, strip mining effects and reclamation benefits, land use for worth-
while purposes, the right of eminent domain, soil erosion, stream pollution,
health hazards, and dangers to life and property are discussed. Other consid-
erations of importance are water conservation, income to the land owner and
revenue for taxation, objections to mandatory reclamation and recommendations.
R282
22
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R60-9 FORAGE SEEDINGS HELP RECLAIM ACRES OF SPOIL BANKS
Struthers, P. H., Reprinted from Ohio Farm Home Res. 45_ (1), (1960). 2 pp.
Field trials of grasses and legumes on strip-mined land in Ohio since 1952
have shown that generally species that do best on farm land are also best for
strip-mine use. R166
R60-10 TWO ENGINE DIESEL SHOVEL PACES THREE-STEP STRIPPING AT HARDY COAL
Coal Age j>5 (7), 96-8 (1960). This article describes a stripping method pri-
marily, but it also includes graphic sketches showing how the overburden is
handled and the spoil material placed so that it can be covered later. This
area is then planted with trees or fertilized and seeded where grade is level
enough for farming. The method is called a three-step one and uses a Cater-
pillar D8 to push shale against the spoil from a previous cut. R301
R60-11 THE RECLAMATION OF STRIP MINED LANDS IN WESTERN KENTUCKY
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State Teachers College), J. Geography 59 (1), 5-11
(Jan. 1960). Reclamation techniques discussed include grading and revegeta-
tion which has been particularly successful with a mixture of hardwood trees.
Grasses and legumes have been successfully grown on spoil with a pH of 6 or
higher. R949
R60-12 STRIP MINE AREA RECLAMATION
Memorandum to Representative W. K. Davidson, Illinois Legislative Council File
No. 3-678, Feb. 1, 1960 (P. 504) JTM. 21 pp. Laws enacted in Illinois on
this subject prior to the date of this memorandum were written in such a way
that they had been ruled unconstitutional. This discussion of surface mining,
and its regulation and requirements for reclamation, emphasizes the laws in
other mining states and the way in which they are drawn up as a natural exer-
cise of the police power of the state to uphold the public interest. Contro-
versies on the possibility of successful reclamation, on the economic effects
of surface mining, on costs of reclamation, and on the potential uses of re-
claimed lands are summarized. Coal-company programs of reclamation in
Illinois as well as in other states are reviewed. R826
1961
R61-1 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION, 1953-1960
Bowden, K. L., Univ. Mich., Dept. Conservation Jan. 30, 1961. 13 pp. This
is an update of "A bibliography of strip-mine reclamation," by Limstrom pub-
lished in 1953. There are 152 references. R429
23
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R61-2 CROWN VETCH AS AN AID TO STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Breeding, C. H. J. , Mining Congr. J. 4_7 (4), 70-71 (April 1961). Crown vetch
has been successfully used for slope erosion control. Since one disadvantage
is the three year development period, other legumes are mixed with it in order
to get a first year coverage. Crown vetch also makes a good cattle feed as
shown by the fact that Hanna Coal Company recorded weight gains up to 2
Ibs/day in their herd. R85
R61-3 LAND RESTORATION FOLLOWING MINERAL EXTRACTION AND DEPOSITION OF
WASTE MATERIALS
Davies, W. M., J. Roy. Agr. Soc. Eng. 122, 26-38 (1961). The Ministry of
Agriculture is responsible for all after-treatment of worked land in England
before it is returned to the owners and occupiers. There are several govern-
ment organizations which regulate the surface mining industries. A list of
the various minerals obtained by surface mining is included together with
recoverable percentages and acreage. Following physical restoration, the land
is subjected to a five-year treatment designed to restore fertility. R336
R61-4 EUROPEAN ALDER: A PROMISING TREE FOR STRIP-MINE PLANTING
Funk, D. T. and Dale, M. E., USDA, Central States Forest Expt. Sta. Note No.
151, Sept, 1961. 2 pp. In this project several hundred European alder tree
seedlings were planted in seven experimental plots in Kentucky and Ohio. All
sites were acid with the average pH ranging from 3.0 to 4.6 and some individ-
ual readings were as low as 2.4. After 3 years, the survival and growth of
these alders were very good on all but the most acid parts of the plots. The
minimum pH at which good growth rate is attained appeared to be 3.5. This
experience proved that European alder will be a valuable species and could
replace the black locust which has been the standard nurse tree for strip-
mine land. R20
R61-5 SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WEATHERING COAL
Lowry, G., PhD Thesis, Mich. State Univ., 1961. 142 pp. University Micro-
films Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich. 61-4968. This publication describes a 21 month
project to determine what effect soil-forming factors have on rate and magni-
tude of physical and chemical changes occurring in spoil materials and to de-
termine what site and soil factors affect tree seedling survival and growth.
Nineteen spoil samples from Ohio were selected and were trucked to the experi-
ment station at Wooster. Details of sample preparation are given, as well as
the testing procedures. Measurements of rainfall, leachate, and runoff for
the 21 month period were recorded. Results indicated that Ohio coal spoils
weather quite rapidly. Many chemical and physical and biological changes were
noted in this relatively short study. The author estimated that a period of
perhaps 5 to 25 years would be required for toxic spoils to leach sufficiently
to permit successful plant establishment. R219
24
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R61-6 OUTDOOR RECREATION AND ITS RELATION TO THE MINING INDUSTRY
Am. Mining Congr., 1961. (20 pp). This small booklet emphasizes the impor-
tance and size of recreation industry in United States. Statistics show the
numerical size of this field and pictures show various areas, many developed
by reclamation of mined areas. Mining creates outdoor recreation opportuni-
ties. Even "ghost towns" are scenic attractions related to mining. R227
R61-7 RECLAMATION PROJECT YIELDS A PROFIT
Coal Age j>6 (11), 120-2 (1961). This is the story of Hanna Coal Co. of Cadiz,
Ohio and its crown vetch seeding program for spoil banks. The company has
used this plant to control erosion on spoil banks. The seeding is done by
helicopter. The company later began to raise cattle on the reclaimed land.
The company then built a seed recovery plant and now sells the excess seed to
seed houses and in 1961, recovered 27,000 Ibs of seed. R302
R61-8 SEEDED BLACK WALNUT TALLER THAN PLANTED WALNUT ON KANSAS SPOIL BANKS
Seidel, K. W., U.S. Dept. Agr., Central States Forest Expt. Sta. Note No. 148
(1961). 1 p. Direct-seeded black walnut trees survived as well as and grew
faster than planted trees in a study conducted on four year old Kansas spoil
banks in Cherokee County. Ten years after planting, a 1,500 tree sample
showed that trees from direct-seeded walnuts were significantly taller than
the planted trees but there was no great difference in survival or form be-
tween them. R155
R61-9 LAND USE CONTROL IN THE SURFACE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS PART I
Stollman, I., Amer. Soc. Planning Officials Inform. Rept. No. 153, Dec. 1961.
18 pp. This report gives information on many minerals in addition to coal.
Characteristics of each industry are discussed, together with planning prob-
lems, zoning law and surface mining, judicial solicitude and a section on the
nonconformity of mining. R285
R61-10 180,000 STRIPMINE ACRES: OHIO'S LARGEST CHEMICAL WORKS
Struthers, P. H., Reprinted from Ohio Farm Home Res. 46^ (4), (1961). 2 pp.
Chemicals leached from Ohio strip-mine spoils are described. It is suggested
that the ready availability of minerals may account for the acid tolerance of
many plants on strip-mine spoils. R167
R61-11 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE REPLANTING OF SOME OPEN CAST COAL SITES IN
SOUTH YORKSHIRE
Voysey, J. C., Quart. J. Forestry 55, 24-34 (1961). In the West Riding, 27
sites totaling 312 acres were surveyed. Planting on these sites had been done
25
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R61-11 (continued)
from 1949 to 1959. Factors in successful tree establishment were identified
as soil cultivation to aid in restoring soil structure; planting normal size
nursery stock instead of sowing or using seedlings or larger stock; and
choice of species with grey and common alder, Corsican pine, and to a lesser
extent Japanese larch showing best results of the species used. R416
R61-12 SETTLEMENT CHANGES CAUSED BY STRIP COAL MINING IN INDIANA
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State Teachers College), Indiana Academy of Science
Proceedings 70, 158-164 (1961). Population and land-use changes in Indiana
coal-mining counties were compared to those in areas where there had been no
mining. The author concludes that the comparison "demonstrates that strip
mining causes some instability of settlements but not enough to have caused
the population decline of 7,198 persons—and that the lag between present in-
dustrial development and southwestern Indiana's industrial potential appears
to be the primary reason for the general population decline." The survey
showed a decrease in the number of individual farms, the creation of more ir-
regular and smaller fields, and the change from single farm units into more
complex tracts. However, in the majority of townships where mining took place,
farms remained unchanged. Other changes in the mined areas were that roads
were of better quality and were laid out according to a more random pattern,
and that a large number of semiurban dwellings were now located on mined lands.
R943
1962
R62-1 TREES AND ENOS
Anderson, J. I. (American Forest Products Ind., Inc.), Coal Age 67 (6), 90-1
(1962). The Reforestation Program of the Enos Coal Co. of Oakland City,
Indiana started back in 1926 when 1400 trees were planted. Harvesting of
planted trees has already begun as of the date of this article. White pine
is considered preferable to locust once thought to be an ideal tree. Euro-
pean alder is an economically important forest tree. All Enos tree activities
have been coordinated by L. E. "Buck" Sawyer, Conservation Director for the
Midwest Coal Producers Institute. The new forests are helping to re-establish
wildlife in the area after sufficient ground cover becomes available. R303
R62-2 STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION: A DIGEST
Bergoffen, G. S. (Forester), Eastern Region, Forest Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr.,
1962. 49 pp. The literature listed in a Forest Service Bibliography pub-
lished in 1953 and in one published in 1960 was reviewed for this digest. The
state-of-the-art of reclamation is discussed in detail under the general top-
ics "Spoils characertistics influencing revegetation;" "Forest planting and
revegetation;" and "Potential uses of strip-mined land." There are synopses
of strip-mine reclamation legislation in effect in Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland,
Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia at the time of publication of the digest.
26
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R62-2 (continued)
Forty-six publications cited in the discussion are listed. Material from the
two bibliographies used as source are categorized in "Guide to Planting Recom-
mendations by Region and by State," and in "Guide to Reclamation Literature
Reviewed by Region and by State." R577
R62-3 STRIP REVEGETATION
Brohard, E., Coal Age 67_ (3), 64-5 (1962). This author explains that soil
sourness is the number one problem on stripped areas. The article shows sev-
eral pictures illustrating various stages of planting and soil preparation.
Fertilizer and lime application formulas are included as necessary for ex-
tremely acid soil. A sweet strip spoil can be revegetated quite readily. The
main objective is to make the right decision so that the land can be developed
in the shortest possible time. R307
R62-4 SUCCESS OF TREE PLANTING ON STRIP-MINED AREAS IN WEST VIRGINIA
Brown, J. H., W. Va. Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 473 (1962). 35 pp. Plant-
ings from two to twelve years old on over 100 spoil banks in 18 counties were
surveyed in this study. Although survival ranged from 20 to 92 percent, the
average throughout the state was over 67 percent. While site factors had an
effect on survival of trees, poor planting practices also had a major adverse
effect. R631
R62-5 INFLUENCES OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF PARTS
OF BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY, 1955-1959
Collier, C. R., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 427-B (1962). 276 pp. This re-
port presents the results of a study of the influences of strip mining in the
Beaver Creek Basin during the period 1955-59. Strip mining has occurred in
about 10 percent of the Cane Branch area since 1955. The Helton Branch area
has had no mining activity. A comprehensive comparison of chemical content,
flooding characteristics, effect on aquatic life and on flora and fauna in
these areas is presented. R63
R62-6 PLANTATIONS ON STRIP-MINE BANKS CAN YIELD TIMBER PRODUCTS
Davis, G. and Melton, R. E., Pa. State Forest School, Res. Paper No. 29 (1962).
2 pp. Ten of the oldest plantations on ungraded spoils were measured after 25
years or converted to a 25-year base to determine how well strip-mine banks
can produce timber products. R195
R62-7 A REVISED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION
Funk, D. T., Central States Forest Expt. Sta., Columbus, Ohio, Misc. Release
27
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R62-7 (continued)
35 (1962). 20 pp. This publication contains a list of 172 references mainly
concerning vegetation and all related phases of reclamation work done on
mined-land. 62-63
R62-8 A LYSIMETER FOR STUDYING THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN
WEATHERING COAL SPOIL
Lowry, G. L. and Finney, J. H., Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Circular 113,
(Aug. 1962). 17 pp. This article describes a project to measure volume and
weight loss of spoil samples exposed to the weather. Lysimeters (plastic cyl-
inders) were filled with a definite volume of spoil material. Perforated base
allows leachate to escape. Nineteen spoil samples were used in addition to a
silt loam. 62-112
R62-9 CONSCIENTIOUS COAL STRIPPING
Montgomery, H. B., Coal Age 67_ (7), 84-8 (1962). This article describes the
stripping operations of the D. G. Wertz Coal Company near Renovo, Pennsylvania.
This company, cooperating with the Dept. of Forests and Waters, follows a
strict reclamation practice which is particularly careful of existing trees.
Topsoil is removed and handled separately so that it can be used to cover
rocks and bony material as soon as possible. Poor quality coal is saved for
blending. Careful procedures have enabled the company to recover 7000 tons/
acre which is significant. The backfilling contract requires that not more
than 1000 ft of cut be left exposed for more than 6 months. Cost figures
showed that even with the extra care and work involved, the figure averaged
4 to 7 cents per gross ton of coal mined. Details of economic benefits to the
area are included. R308
R62-10 REPORT ON A SURVEY OF POTENTIAL RECREATIONAL UTILIZATION OF
ILLINOIS STRIP-MINED LAND
Roseberry, J. L. (Cooperative Wild Life Res. Lab., Southern 111. Univ.), Mid-
west Coal Producers Inst., Inc., 1962. 10 pp.+ This comprehensive treatment
of reclaimed strip-mine land in Illinois emphasizes recreational use of the
reclaimed land. A tabulated list by counties totals the strip acreage in
Illinois and another tabulation shows ownership of the different areas. Ac-
tual acreage presently in use for recreation is listed and another table lists
stripped acreage and its individual potential relating to recreational use.
A number of pictures are included giving credence to the success so far of the
recreational utilization. A variety of factors determine the suitability of
an area for recreational use and these are enumerated. A state map shows the
5 strip mining districts in Illinois. R326
28
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R62-11 MIXED OR PURE WALNUT PLANTINGS ON STRIP-MINED LAND IN KANSAS?
Seidel, K. W. and Brinkman, K. A., U.S. Dept. Agr., Central States Forest Expt.
Sta., Tech. Paper 187 (1962). 10 pp. Ten years after planting pure stands of
black walnut were found to have better survival, greater height, and better
form than walnut grown in mixture with black locust. On the basis of this
study, black walnut should be planted with bur oak, sycamore, red cedar or
green ash on spoil banks in southeastern Kansas. A logical mixture might con-
sist of equal amounts of selected species. (From authors' summary) R154
R62-12 RESPONSE OF BOBWHITE QUAIL TO MANAGEMENT ON SOME ILLINOIS
STRIP-MINED LANDS
Vohs, P., Jr. (1) and Birkenholz, D. E. (2) [ (1) Iowa State Univ. (2) Univ.
Fla.], 111. Acad. Sci. Trans. J55 (1), 13-19 (1962). Responses of bobwhite
quail to management practices applied on 920 acres of strip-mined land in
southern Illinois have been studied since 1954. Practices employed included
road construction, grading of spoils and widening of spoil valleys, manipula-
tion of cover and introducing plant species which produce food for quail. An
increase of bobwhites from 46 prior to incorporation of management to 279 in
1959-60 was recorded. An analysis of the crops of 49 quail obtained in
1959-60 indicated a dependence of the birds on plant species introduced
through management. (From authors' summary) R424
R62-13 THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE ILLINOIS STRIP MINE RECLAMATION ACT
Weber, L. S., Proc. 111. Mining Inst. Ann. Meet., Nov. 16, 1962. pp 52-59.
This paper reviews the history of strip-mine legislation in Illinois, and
discusses requirements of the law passed August 10, 1961. The Department of
Conservation administers the law, provides inspections and processes permits.
R479
R62-14 SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF HARDWOOD PLANTATIONS ON STRIP MINE SPOIL
BANKS OF INDIANA
DenUyl, D., J. Forestry 60, 603-606 (Sept. 1962). Of ten species of trees
planted on spoil banks and observed for eleven growing seasons, only cotton-
wood on one plot reached crop tree size. The author concluded that another
ten years of observation would be needed to evaluate species for selection
for planting on spoil banks. R953
R62-15 TRENDS IN ECONOMICS OF MINED AREA RESTORATION
Sauer, E. L. (University of Illinois, College of Agriculture), 17th Annual
Meeting, Soil Conservation Society of America, Washington, D.C., Mined Area
Restoration Committee Symposium, Aug. 27, 1962. pp 107-119. Paper No. 108-D.
This survey of the costs of reclamation of coal-mined land in Illinois,
Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia and of land
29
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R62-15 (continued)
mined for sand and gravel in several midwestern states includes information
on reclamation methods and on the uses of reclaimed land. R879
R62-16 MINED AREA RESTORATION IN INDIANA
Sawyer, L. E. (Mid-West Coal Producers Institute), J. Soil and Water Conserva-
tion 17, 65-67, 76 (March-April 1962). Early research on reclamation by
Purdue University and the Central States Forest Experiment Station and prog-
ress in reclamation In Indiana are reviewed. R889
1963
R63-1 AN APPRAISAL OF COAL STRIP MINING
Tennessee Valley Authority, 1963. 13 pp. This report reviews the progress of
strip mining from World War I and follows the development in the five states
where TVA buys coal: Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Virginia, and Alabama.
Subjects discussed separately are extent of stripping, stripping methods, type
of land stripped, effects of stripping, erosion, land values, reclamation ex-
perience in grading, reforestation, recreation and wildlife, reclamation
costs, and legislation. Tabulated data give areas stripped in Tennessee
Valley counties through 1961. Records are also shown on coal production in
selected states and TVA deliveries from those states. R210
R63-2 INTERPLANT ALDER TO INCREASE GROWTH IN STRIP-MINE PLANTATIONS
Dale, M. E. (Central States Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Note CS-14 (1963). 4 pp. Results from a 5-year-old planting indicate that
European alder is beneficial as a nurse crop to other tree species on a strip
mined area in eastern Kentucky. The nursing effect of alder did seem to stim-
ulate height growth of 10 species, some more than others. (From text) R407
R63-3 TREES FOR GRADED STRIP-MINE SPOILS—PERFORMANCE RATINGS FOR 15
SPECIES COMMONLY PLANTED IN THE BITUMINOUS REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Davis, G. and Melton, R. E., The Pa. State Forest School, University Park, Pa.,
Res. Paper No. 32, Feb. 15, 1963. 4 pp. This is a cooperative study of 6
different agencies to investigate all phases of the problem of revegetating
strip-mine spoils in Pennsylvania. This survey concerned tree survival and
growth of plantations on graded banks to supplement information already ob-
tained from ungraded banks. A table is included showing spoil characteristics
of the major coal seams stripped in Pennsylvania. R24
R63-4 COAL STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Deasy, G. F. and Griess, P. R., Mineral Industries 33 (1), 1, 3-7 (1963). The
30
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R63-4 (continued)
strip-mining problems, methods of treating stripped lands and results, impli-
cations of recent trends in stripped land, legislation, and some problems as-
sociated with specialized renovation of stripped lands are discussed. R456
R63-5 A GUIDE FOR SCREEN AND COVER PLANTING OF TREES ON ANTHRACITE
MINE-SPOIL AREAS
Frank, R. M. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Paper NE-22 (1963). 50 pp. Areas disturbed by coal mining in Pennsylvania
were mapped, and potential planting sites necessary to screen them from view
or to cover them were delineated. Number of seedlings needed for a planting
program was estimated. Areas shown on maps were classified according to kind
of spoil, density of present tree cover, and visibility. Maps were prepared
for major communities, counties, and for the entire Anthracite Region. (For-
est Serv. Abs.) R197
R63-6 HYBRID POPLARS ON OHIO SPOIL BANKS
Funk, D. T. (Central States Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Note CS-8, June 1963. 4 pp. This article describes a program started in
1951 in Harrison County, Ohio. Fifty hybrid poplar clones were used and 16
stem cuttings of each clone were planted in each of two strip-mined areas.
The hybrid poplars survived better and grew faster on Sewickley than on
Pittsburgh spoils. Extensive data on the experiments and a detailed descrip-
tion of the spoil-bank areas are included. R21
R63-7 STRIP MINING RECLAMATION AND THE PUBLIC
Jackson, D., Jr., Coal Age 68 (5), 84-95 (1963). This article is a very com-
prehensive discussion on the subject of reclamation and its related effects.
Many pictures show projects in progress and several final results. The arti-
cle points out that if all the coal in the state were recoverable by strip
mining, only 3% of the state total land area would be disturbed. About 85%
of the state's reserves lie in thin seams. Reclamation actually makes the
land more valuable which is an added contribution to the economy. Included
in the article are references to State and Federal projects and summaries of
other related efforts, efforts of the open pit operators, and the work of the
State Soil Conservation Commission, particularly as it relates to erosion and
flood control. R310
R63-8 STRIP-MINED LANDS FOR RECREATION
Klimstra, W. D., Vohs, P. A., Jr., and Cherry, J. W. (Southern 111. Univ.,
Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab.), 111. Wildlife 18, 6-8 (1963). The Pyatts Research
area was formerly strip mined by Truax Traer Coal Co. The development and use
of these lands for recreation is described. R428
31
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R63-9 FOREST PLANTING PRACTICE IN THE CENTRAL STATES
Limstrom, G. A., U.S. Dept. Agr., Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook
No. 247, Dec. 1963. 69 pp. This comprehensive publication describes the fac-
tors that affect the success of tree planting on different types of land.
Site preparation is important. Planting instructions are illustrated. The
choice of stock and the care of plantations are also discussed. R506
R63-10 PREDICTING OUTSLOPES OF SPOIL BANKS
May, R. F. (Central States Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Note CS-15 (1963). 4 pp. A method of predicting the downslope area of strip-
mine disturbance from the proposed highwall height and the original slope
angle is presented. R78
R63-11 DESCRIPTION OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT AND OF STRIP-MINING OPERATIONS
IN PARTS OF BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY
Musser, J. J., U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 427A (1963). 25 pp. An investiga-
tion of the effects of strip mining for coal on the hydrology of parts of the
Beaver Creek basin, McCreary County, Kentucky was begun in 1955. This report
describes the topography, drainage, geology, soils, climate, hydrologic envi-
ronment, and forest vegetation of the study areas and gives a history and
description of the mining. R64
R63-12 RECLAIMING LAND FOR PROFIT
Coal Age 68 (10), 94-101 (1963). Ayrshire Collieries, in the 10 years preced-
ing this article, has reforested a total of 3420 acres of spoil and developed
a number of farms and formed Meadowlark Farms Division. Each individual farm,
Chinook, Sullivan County Dairy Farm, Pike and Warwick, Denmark Farm, Gibraltar
Delta, Fairview, Fulton Harmattan, is described and particular details of each
farm are given. Ayshire also donates certain areas to organizations such as
the Boy Scouts, National Guard and Indiana Geological Society. R311
R63-13 RESPONSIBLE STRIP MINING AND RESTORATION
Coal Age 68 (1), 28 (1963). This article describes the formation of the
Pennsylvania Conservation Association, a group representing the Open Pit
mining industry in Pennsylvania. This organization began its first project
on an 1100 acre tract in Clearfield County. The organization invited all
interested people to visit this project to watch open-pit operations, back-
filling and water control procedures. The area also has a facility for test-
ing rate of growth of vines and other ground cover. Also in the area is an
example of a mined pit which operated before passage of the Strip Act. An-
other of the major functions of the organization is development of land use
studies. R309
32
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R63-14 REVEGETATION AND MANAGEMENT OF CRITICAL SITES FOR WILDLIFE
Riley, C. V., Trans. 28th North Am. Wildlife Natural Res. Conf., 269-283
(1963). The objectives of this study were to field test and evaluate the
adaptability of various plant species having possible value to wildlife on
sites varying in acidity and toxicity; to develop wildlife management tech-
niques, and to apply these methods both during initial reclamation of strip
lands and to older established plant communities. Characteristics of the
strip mine sites are listed together with the analytical conditions of the
soil on the stripped and undisturbed land. Tabulated evaluations are in-
cluded for trees, grasses, and legumes, shrubs and vines. A total of 78 com-
posite soil samples were tested, 85 plant species were field tested on 107
strip-land plots and 57 species were rated as being successful. R335
R63-15 CROWNVETCH IN WEST VIRGINIA
Ruffner, J. D. and Hall, J. G., W. Va. Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 487 (1963).
19 pp. Planting on strip-mine spoils in West Virginia was one of the uses of
crown vetch evaluated over the years. Plantings failed on spoilsxmore acid
than pH 5.5 and on clayey compacted spoils. R193
R63-16 THE UNITED ELECTRIC COAL COMPANY'S LAND-USE PROGRAM
Seastrom, P. N., American Mining Congress Comm. on Strip Mining, Committee
Report 8/28/63. This unpublished committee report describes the reclamation
program of United Electric Coal Company at their Fidelity Mine in Southern
Illinois. This work was started in 1938 and in 1963 at their Fidelity Mine
there were 2000 acres of pine and hardwoods. In addition 500 head of cattle
graze on 1200 acres of pasture, 135 acres of orchards are producing thousands
of bushels of fruit and many people enjoy hunting and fishing each year. This
program was initiated voluntarily and it was not until 1962 that a reclamation
law was put into effect. R521
R63-17 SIX STEPS OF EFFICIENT THREE SEAM STRIPPING
Coal Age j>8 (8), 62-5 (1963). The mining methods and reclamation of
R. S. Carlin, Inc. in the area near Snow Shoe, Pa. are described. Details
are also presented of the economic contribution the company makes to the
community. Reclaimed areas are backfilled and planted with trees and game-
food shrubs. R312
R63-18 A VOLUNTARY INDUSTRY PROGRAM FOR MINED-LAND CONSERVATION
Sullivan, G. D., Proc. 111. Mining Inst., Ann. Meet., Oct. 18, 1963. pp 85-94.
In this overall review of the surface mining industry and its progress, the
author points out that a small segment of the operators have brought criticism
to the industry as a whole. He itemizes the growth of Reclamation Associa-
tions and gives statistics to show significant voluntary efforts by the coal
33
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R63-18 (continued)
industry. Legislation is discussed, including recommendations made by vari-
ous Commissions. The Mined-Land Conservation Conference is described and a
list of their recommendations is included. Local or state regulations are
cited as most practical, however the author feels that a significant voluntary
effort is under way and this effort in cooperation with government agencies
can do the necessary job. R480
R63-19 SURFACE MINE LAND CONSERVATION
Am. Mining Congr. Ann. Convention, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 8, 1963. This booklet
contains several papers: "A new approach to strip land reclamation" by
Larry Cook; an address by Arnold E. Lamm; "Land conservation in Pennsylvania"
by W. G. Jones; and a presentation to the American Bar Association by
G. Don Sullivan. These speeches discuss the laws, the strip-mining industry,
reclamation procedures and the socio-economic effects of surface mining. R290
R63-20 HYBRID POPLAR GROWS POORLY ON ACID SPOIL BANKS AT HIGH ELEVATIONS
IN WEST VIRGINIA
Trimble, G. R., Jr. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res.
Note NE-7 (1963). 4 pp. The Northeastern Station started this program in
1951-52 on acid spoil banks from strip mining in Northern West Virginia at an
elevation of about 3,500 ft. The spoils were compacted and were made up of
sandstone, shale and large amounts of coal and rock fragments. Plantings
were made on limed and unlimed plots. Survival and growth on unlimed blocks
were poor, averaging 20 percent after three seasons. Although lime treatment
had a favorable effect it was concluded that hybrid poplars should not be
planted on sites with difficult growing conditions. R76
1964
R64-1 EVALUATION OF PLANTS USED IN VEGETATING STRIP-MINE SPOIL IN THE
LONESOME PINE SOIL CONSERVATION DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA
Augustine, M. T., Vaden, J. H., and Baker, C. D., U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Con-
servation Serv. January 1964. 18 pp. About 50 varieties or strains of
grasses, legumes, ground covers, shrubs, and trees were evaluated in field
trials. A number have made good to excellent growth without added fertilizer
or mulch on seemingly barren waste lands. pH of spoils varied from 4.5 to
7.7. R191
R64-2 GEOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION AND EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON COAL
OVERBURDEN MATERIAL
Brant, R. A. (Ohio Geol. Surv.), Ohio J. Sci. 64, 68-75 (1964). The geology
of the coal regions in Ohio is described and related to physical and chemical
changes that affect overburden material in strip-mine spoil banks. In partic-
34
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R64-2 (continued)
ular, pyrite is noted as being most concentrated in coal and in layers immedi-
ately above coal so the recommendation is made to segregate and bury layers
of high pyrite content. R176
R64-3 STUDY OF SPOIL BANKS ASSOCIATED WITH LIGNITE STRIP MINING IN
NORTH DAKOTA: A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE THIRTY-NINTH LEGISLATIVE
ASSEMBLY
Carlson, C. G. and Laird, W. M., North Dakota Geol. Surv., Misc. Ser. 24
(1964). 28 pp. This study was conducted to determine the extent and condi-
tion of spoil piles from previous strip-mining operations, to determine cur-
rent operations and reclamation practices, and to make recommendations for
future operations. It was generally agreed that these spoil banks would sup-
port plant life but further revegetation research was urged. Wildlife habi-
tat was one of the land uses recommended. R350
R64-4 CONSERVATION AND LAND USE IN THE SURFACE COAL MINE INDUSTRY
Mined Land Conservation Conference 10/5/64. This booklet contains several
speeches given at the Conference of Surface Mining in Roanoke, Virginia,
April 13-14, 1964: "Surface mining - minerals, metals and divots," by
Julian W. Friss; "Some pertinent Water Resources Division studies in acid
mine drainage problems by U.S. Geological Survey," by Arnold E. Lamm; "The
Open Cut Land Reclamation Act in Illinois," by E. E. Filer; a statement by
George F. Deasy to the Subcommittee on Minerals, Materials and Fuels relative
to S.1013; "The New Land," by Paul N. Seastrom, and a presentation by
G. Don Sullivan to the American Bar Association. These speeches discussed
laws, enforcement, history of strip mining, and current reclamation. R291
R64-5 SECOND-YEAR RESULTS OF HYBRID POPLAR TEST PLANTINGS ON BITUMINOUS
STRIP-MINE SPOILS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Davis, G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-19
(1964). 7 pp. This publication summarizes the survival and height growth of
60 clones after two growing seasons. The paper gives soil characteristics of
the six plots that were used and the plantings in each. Planting methods and
results are discussed and the results are tabulated. Acidity was found to be
the most important single factor relating to survival and height growth,
since "height growth and survival generally increased as pH increased." R171
R64-6 COAL STRIP MINE RECLAMATION, PART 2 - RECENT LEGISLATION
Deasy, G. F. and Griess, P. R., Mechanization j!8 (1), 23-5 (1964). This
article reviews the development and institution of reclamation laws by the
various states. These laws were considered relatively modest in demands.
The trend is now toward much more stringent requirements. The authors specu-
35
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R64-6 (continued)
late about what the Federal government might do about long abandoned mining
areas which need correction. The problem of expense (taxpayers' money) is a
big consideration, whether to completely reclaim or do some marginal work,
enough to remove the major damages and unsightliness. Another angle is to
leave the great number of sites in their present condition. The whole tone
of this article seems to be in a question form relative to what the governmen-
tal agencies should either do themselves or require local agencies to have
done. R253
R64-7 THE STRIP-MINE PROGRAM IN OHIO
Dickman, I. I. (Ohio Div. Reclamation), Ohio J. Sci. 64, 165-8 (1964). The
development of legislation controlling strip mining in Ohio is reviewed.
R176
R64-8 FIRST PULPWOOD HARVEST FROM SPOILBANK "NEW FORESTS"
Pa. Conservation Assoc., News Release, Oct. 6, 1964. Five photographs, with
captions, show the first pulpwood delivered to the Tyrone Mill of the
West Virginia Pulp & Paper Co. from a reforested spoil bank area. R586
R64-9 FLEXIBLE MOUNTAINTOP SURFACE MINING
Coal Age ^9 (4), 118-121 (1964). This article describes the problems of
mountain-top surface mining as practiced by the Caperton Coal Co., Hazard, Ky.
This company has gone beyond backfilling and seeding of mined areas in the
steep mountains and has found that apple trees thrive in the type of soil
found at a number of eastern Kentucky mines. Surface-mining companies in
eastern Kentucky are now making available about 1000 acres/yr of leveled land
for development into apple orchards. Pictures show the planting areas and a
sketch shows how Caperton backfills and levels land for orchard development.
R313
R64-10 GUIDES TO EFFICIENT STRIP MINING - DRAINAGE, RECLAMATION
Coal Age 6£ (7), 220-21 (1964). This comprehensive article discusses all
phases of strip mining including a section on drainage and one on reclamation.
In drainage, use of gravity, efficient pumping and eliminating inflow to the
mine are important. A discussion on low cost mine-water neutralization is
also included. R317
R64-11 THE RELATION OF WATER TO STRIP-MINE OPERATION
Hanna, G. P., Jr. (Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Cent.), Ohio J. Sci. 64,
120-4 (1964). The study of Beaver Creek Basin (R62-5) is used to illustrate
the effects of strip mining on hydrology and to point out the importance of
36
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R64-11 (continued)
water handling to control pollution. R176
R64-12 STRIP MINE SPOIL RECLAMATION
Heddleson, M. R., Farrand, E. P., and Ruble, R. W., The Penn. State Univ.
College of Agr., Extension Serv. (undated). 14 pp. This illustrated booklet
discusses problems, legislation, planning of reclamation, and characteristics
of soil and spoil banks. Careful study and evaluating of any area is neces-
sary to determine what future use is most suitable to its condition. R187
R64-13 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SLOPE STABILITY OF STRIP MINE SPOIL BANKS
Hoffman, G. J., Curry, R. B., and Schwab, G. 0., Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta., Res.
Circ. 130 (1964). 92 pp. This compilation of 366 references is arranged
alphabetically by author and has a subject index. 64-16
R64-14 HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF STRIP MINING MACHINES
Hollingsworth, J. A., Jr., Bucyrus-Erie Company (undated). 16 pp. This bul-
letin traces the development of strip mining equipment to its present level.
Walking draglines and large shovels now handle great amounts of overburden
and can place it far enough away from the strip mine to minimize refuse pile
problems. R202
R64-15 COLLINS MINING COMPANY - CONSERVATIONISTS
Hunt, J. W., Mechanization 28^ (1), 12-16 (1964). The Collins Mining Company
of Hanging Rock, Ohio has become a large strip mining operation. Raw coal is
processed at their preparation plant. A detailed account of the coal mining
and handling operations, including land reclamation, is given. R252
R64-16 SOME PRESENT DAY RECLAMATION PROBLEMS: AN INDUSTRIALIST'S VIEWPOINT
Hyslop, J. (Consolidation Coal Co.), Ohio J. Sci. 64, 157-65 (1964). The au-
thor discusses objections to filling the last cut of a strip mine and to
stockpiling topsoil. He compares characteristics of Ohio and German strip
mining. R183
R64-17 STRIP MINING IN EASTERN OHIO: BLESSING OR CURSE?
Hyslop, J., Presented to Rotary Club, St. Clairsville, Ohio, May 18, 1964.
13 pp.+ The aesthetic, land use, and monetary effects of strip mining are
discussed in detail for the purpose of refuting arguments for abolishing
strip mining. R353
37
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R64-18 FROM WASTE TO PROFITS
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. I (7), 20-22 (1964). Wallick Coal, Inc. of
Strasburg, Ohio has been able to recover limestone, clay, and shale ar> profit-
able side products to its coal business. The company now has a Limestone
Division. Clay goes into brick making and the shale goes into sewer pipe.
Limestone is prepared and used on state roads, in cement blocks, and ready-
mixed concrete. Details of each operation are given and tonnages obtained
are significant. Their surface mined area is reforested with locust, pine,
maple, and sycamore seedlings. Some of the reclaimed area is used for pas-
ture. R218
R64-19 METHODS AND RESULTS OF STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION IN GERMANY
Knabe, W. (Fed. Res. Organization Forestry, Forest Products, Germany), Ohio
J. Sci. 64, 75-105 (1964). The historical development and current status of
strip mining in Germany is reviewed. Questions and discussion of the paper
are also included. R176
R64-20 A VISITING SCIENTIST: OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING
STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION IN OHIO
Knabe, W., Ohio J. Sci. ^4, 132-157 (1964). This general review article
stresses planning reclamation as part of the mining operation. Problems of
revegetation, especially forestation, are discussed. Some comparisons are
made with German experience. R176
R64-21 SPOIL BANK GOES FROM WASTE TO FODDER
Krause, R. R. (Ohio Power Co.), Reprinted from Coal Mining Process., May 1964.
4 pp. In the Ohio Power Co. project to develop pasture land from mined banks,
research was carried out to determine species of grasses and legumes best
adapted to the type of spoil, the best fertilization and seeding practices,
and the optimum method of management for maximum meat production. Tabulated
data give soil constituents and certain fertilizer components. An original
soil study was made in 1953 and samples have been analyzed at 2-year intervals
since then. R508
R64-22 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATIONS — WHY AND HOW
Lamm, A. E. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Reprinted from Mining Congr.
J., March, 1964. 6 pp. This reprint gives considerable statistics on the
strip mining industry and shows a number of pictures on reclamation. Safety
of surface mining is stressed and reference is made to the good reclamation
job done by the industry. A section discusses a TVA Report which answers
industry critics. Industry supports the Enforcement of Reclamation laws which
should be the responsibility of local agencies. The formation of the Mined
Land Conservation Conference is discussed and their program is outlined. R280
38
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R64-23 LET'S TALK ABOUT TOMORROW
Reprinted from Consol News _3 (4) (1964). 6 pp. In Hanna Coal Company's rec-
lamation program, their reclaimed lands have been used for residential build-
ing, timbering, pasture land, recreation areas, lakes, and fruit orchards.
R223
R64-24 REVEGETATION OF OHIO'S STRIP-MINED LAND
Limstrom, G. A. (Central States Forest Expt. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr.), Ohio
J. Sci. 64, 112-119 (1964). The objectives of this paper are to show what
conditions appear to be important in accurate site appraisal for the reclama-
tion of strip-mined land in Ohio and, should a decision be made to revegetate
a strip-mined area to trees, what planting plans should be made. (From text)
R176
R64-25 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION: CONTINUING RESEARCH CHALLENGE
May, R. F., Coal Age ^9 (3), 98-99, 101 (1964). Forest Service Central States
Forest Experiment Station objectives were to protect forest areas during min-
ing and to learn how disturbed areas could be restored within practical eco-
nomic bounds. They set out to find out how to grow timber, establish wild-
life and fish habitats and to provide forest recreational opportunities. The
Forest Service has a record of more than 25 years of reforestation research
in the Appalachian and Eastern Interior provinces. R314
R64-26 COMPARATIVE LIMNOLOGY OF STRIP-MINE LAKES
Parsons, J. D. (Southern 111. Univ.), Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 15,
293-298 (1964). Six strip-mine lakes in Missouri were characterized. Three
were classified as Type I - Red Lakes, chemically the youngest, with high acid
and iron content; and three were classified as Type III - Blue Lakes, which
are chemically older and had low iron concentration, lacked turbidity and
were homothermous year round. These six lakes were compared to Type II Lakes,
transitional between Types I and III, and to Type IV Lakes, chemically the
oldest, with least iron and acidity and measurable alkalinity. 64-88
R64-27 PULPWOOD HARVESTED FROM SPOIL BANK FORESTS
Coal Age 69 (11), 26 (1964). Reclaimed spoil material supplied pulp wood for
the first time for the paper industry from original planting done in Cooper
Twp. of Clearfield County in 1950. The wood was delivered in 1964 to the
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company mill at Tyrone, Pennsylvania. The trees
were red and white pine, Norway spruce, and Douglas fir. The program was ini-
tiated by the Pennsylvania Conservation Association. R315
39
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R64-28 RECLAMATION IN INDIANA
Coal Age 69 (7), 44 (1964). The Indiana Coal Association has planted more
than 1.2 million pines and native hardwoods in 1964. Over 60,000 acres have
been reforested of the slightly more than 80,000 acres which have been dis-
turbed since surface mining first began. Another 6700 acres have been seeded
making a total of 67,000 acres reclaimed to date (1964). All reclamation is
carried out under the supervision of the Indiana State Dept. of Conservation
and under the general direction of the Indiana Coal Association and at the
expense of each individual coal company. Jour
R64-29 RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES ON ILLINOIS STRIP-MINED LAND
Roseberry, J. L. and Klimstra, W. D. , Reprinted from J. Soil Water Conserv.
19 (3) (1964). 4 pp. More than 4,000 acres of land are being excavated
annually for open-pit mining in Illinois. A portion of the resulting spoil
areas might well be developed to meet increasing needs for recreational space
contend the authors of this article. Herein they detail the current use of
the more than 108,000 acres of strip mined land in the state and they de-
scribe the recreational use now being made of stripped areas. (Synopsis of
article) R224
R64-30 STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION: A DIGEST
Schessler, T. E. (Mining Valuation Eng.), Eastern Region, Forest Serv., U.S.
Dept. Agr., Revised 1964. 69 pp. This revision brings up-to-date the sum-
mary of strip-mine legislation and includes several new references. R577a
R64-31 FUTURE LAND USE IN THE APPALACHIAN PLATEAU AND ITS RELATION TO
STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION
Sitterloy, J. H. (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.), Ohio J. Sci. _64, 106-111 (1964). in
projecting land use in 1980 of the Ohio Segment of the Appalachian Plateau,
the author predicts that "any change that is likely to occur in the relation-
ship between land use and the reclamation of strip-mined land will arise more
from the need for watershed protection, pollution control, and recreation
than from a need for agriculture." The economic and sociological reasons for
this conclusion are presented. R176
R64-32 CLASSIFICATION AND REVEGETATING OF STRIP-MINE SPOIL BANKS
Smith, H. G., Morse, H. H., Bernath, G. E., Gillogly, L. E., and Briggs, W. M.
(Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Ohio J. Sci. 64, 168-175 (1964). This paper*
discusses: classification of strip mine spoils for purposes of determining
suitable land use, conditions for plantings, and observational plantings and
practices employed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service in strip mine recla-
mation. (From authors' text) R176
40
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R64-33 SURFACE MINING'S CONSERVATION PROGRAM PAYS OFF
Stearn, E. W., Reprinted from Coal Mining Process., April 1964. The Mined
Land Conservation Conference was formed in 1965 to encourage sound reclama-
tion programs. Examples are given of research in several states including
the Ayreshire and Pittsburg and Midway Coal companies successful farming
activities. R523
R64-34 CHEMICAL WEATHERING OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Struthers, P. H. (Ohio Agr. Expt. Sta.), Ohio J. Sci. 64, 125-131 (1964).
Amounts of salts leached from strip-mine spoils were determined in lysimeter
studies. Among the observations are: weathering improves toxicity; and sol-
uble mineral plant nutrients were generally more abundant in spoils than in
Ohio soils. R176
R64-35 SURFACE MINING - EXTENT AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, IMPACT ON NATURAL
RESOURCES, AND PROPOSALS FOR RECLAMATION OF MINED-LANDS
Proc. Conf. Surface Mining, Roanoke, Va., by Council State Gov. (Apr. 13-14,
1964). 64 pp. Surface mining for coal is one of the concerns of this meet-
ing. Complete speeches, excerpts from talks and records of a panel discus-
sion and a synopsis of replies to a roll-call of the 15 states involved are
recorded. R209
R64-36 GUIDE FOR CLASSIFYING AND REVEGETATING STRIP MINE SPOIL IN KENTUCKY
Taff, H. A., U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conservation Ser. Lexington, Ky., 1964.
16 pp.+ Vegetation species are recommended for all classes of spoils: acid,
alkaline, and toxic. Also, the report covers use of strip-mine spoil for hay
and pasture, wildlife, recreation, and woodlands. A map of Kentucky shows
the counties and the strip-mining operations. R39
R64-37 TOURIST RECREATION RESOURCES IN SOUTHERN INDIANA
Dept. Recreation Park Admin., Ind. Univ., for U.S. Dept. Comm., Area
Redevelop. Admin., Oct. 1964. pp 129-140. This excerpt pertaining only to
Planning District #1 is an itemized list of public recreational facilities in
southern Indiana. Seven of these locations were strip-mine areas which had
been reclaimed for recreational purposes. R211
R64-38 WHAT ABOUT STRIP MINING?
Mined Land Conservation Conference, 1964. 16 pp. This illustrated brochure
of reclamation shows lakes developed from stripping operations, cattle herds,
game lands, forest developments and agricultural products from farms on pre-
viously coal stripped areas. R289
41
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R64-39 WHY SURFACE MINES?
Consol News _3 (4), 1-15 (1964). Several articles in this issue cover Hanna
Coal Co.'s reclamation program, the use of crownvetch in revegetation, and
activities of Ohio Reclamation Association. R441
R64-40 BENEFICIAL USES OF STRIP MINE SPOIL IN THE LONESOME PINE SOIL
CONSERVATION DISTRICT OF VIRGINIA
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (undated). (4 pp),
Vegetation on mined lands in the area is described. Also, urban, industrial
and recreational uses of the mined lands are illustrated. R922
R64-41 CONSERVATION AND LAND USE IN THE SURFACE COAL MINE INDUSTRY
Mined-Land Conservation Conference, Oct. 5, 1964. (59 pp). This compilation
of papers and speeches presented at various meetings includes general reviews
of surface mining and reclamation; a description of the reclamation program
carried out by the United Electric Coal Companies in Illinois, under the ti-
tle "New Land," presented by P. N. Seastrom; and "The Open Cut Land Reclama-
tion Act in Illinois," presented by E. E. Filer. R827
R64-42 STRIP COAL MINE RECLAMATION PROBLEMS IN INDIANA
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State University), Indiana Academy of Science Proceed-
ings 74, 255-258 (1964). Spoil acidity, water pollution, grading, revegeta-
tion, land use, and legal problems are discussed. R944
R64-43 COAL FOR TODAY - TIMBER FOR TOMORROW
Jones, W. G., Reprinted from The Northern Logger, June 1964. 4 pp. The
author describes the cooperative effort carried out by the U.S. Forest Service.
the Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters, and the Pennsylvania State
University with the Pennsylvania Conservation Association, an organization of
bituminous coal producers, to reforest surface-mined land. R828
R64-44 LAND OF THE PURPLE FLOWER; LET'S TALK ABOUT TOMORROW; OHIO
RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION REPRESENTING OHIO SURFACE MINING OPERATORS
Consol News _3 (4), 6-15 (Fourth Quarter, 1964). These articles describe the
use of crownvetch, "the purple flower," the uses of reclaimed land of Hanna
Coal Company, and the work of the Ohio Reclamation Association. R829
42
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1965
R65-1 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS IN THE ABATEMENT OF ACID MINE
DRAINAGE
Buscavage, J. J. (Pa. Dept. Health), Proc. 20th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue
Univ., 1965. pp 664-72. This article reviews the history of the mine drain-
age problem and summarizes work done on the major projects sponsored by the
Mine Drainage Section of the Department of Health. These projects are
Monongahela River Mine Drainage Remedial Project, El Campton Strip Mine
Reclamation Project, Wetmore Coal Study, Retreat Mining-Christopher Coal Co.,
Toms Run Project, Slippery Rock Creek Survey. Also noted are the following
Coal Research Board Projects in the Department of Mines: Buttonwood overflow
study, Butler water tunnel study, flow augmentation study, Watershed Reclama-
tion Demonstration Project. An estimated 254 million dollars would be needed
to make substantial progress toward elimination of this problem over a 10 year
period. R30
R65-2 CHRISTOPHER'S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
Reprinted from Consol News 4^ (4) (July-August 1965). This is a short account
of a combined project of Christopher Coal Co. and the Soil Conservation
Service. About 340 strip mined acres were bought by Christopher and revegeta-
ted by tree planting following SCS plans. R547
R65-3 COAL AND STRIP MINING RECLAMATION
Exploring Kentucky 2_ (1), 24 (1965). This very short article on the coal
activity from its beginning in Kentucky notes that recently much more coal
is being strip mined, and that although reclamation was criticized for a long
time, it is generally agreed the state has a good reclamation law now. R222
R65-4 COLORADO LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL COMMITTEE ON STRIP MINING
Committee brochure, (undated). (14 pp). This booklet gives some history of
strip mining in Colorado and points to the fact that Colorado had the first
voluntary agreement with respect to reclamation entered into by any state.
During the year the agreement was signed (1965) 621 acres of Colorado were
reclaimed by coal companies. Pictures show the success of the reclamation.
Work done at each of four mining operations is summarized. Coal companies
involved were Peabody Coal Co., Energy Coal Co., and Pittsburg & Midway Coal
Mining Co. R198
R65-5 SUMMARY OF FACTS. RUNOFF FROM CAST OVERBURDENS FORMED BY SURFACE
MINING OF COAL, PIKE COUNTY, INDIANA, FALL, 1964
Corbett, D. M., Indiana Univ. Water Resour. Res. Cent, with Ayshire
Collieries Corp. and Enos Mining Div., Interlake Iron Co. June, 1965. 10 pp.
43
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R65-5 (continued)
This project covered 270 square miles of the Patoka River watershed extending
from Flat Creek near Velpen to the mouth of the South Fork Patoka River near
Oakland City. The findings presented in the formal report (See R65-6) are
summarized here. R288
R65-6 WATER SUPPLIED BY COAL SURFACE MINES, PIKE COUNTY INDIANA
Corbett, D. M., Water Resour. Res. Center, Indiana Univ., Rept. Invest. No. 1
1965. 67 pp.+ The conclusion from this study is that low flow contribution
from cast-overburden is significant. Stream flow readings were taken at more
than 150 sites on four occasions between September 16 and November 16, 1964
the driest fall on record. Water quality was not measured. 65-79
R65-7 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SPOIL BANKS IN THE EASTERN
KENTUCKY COAL FIELDS
Cummins, D. G., Plass, W. T., and Gentry, C. E., U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Paper
CS-17 (1965). 11 pp. Ten spoil samples from six major coal-producing seams
were analyzed. They showed medium to extreme acidity with generally low con-
centrations of total soluble salts and organic matter. Exchangeable calcium
was low to very low on all spoils and magnesium was abundant; which imbalance
may adversely influence plant growth. Available potassium and phosphorus were
present in amounts low to adequate for growth. Concentrations of available
iron, manganese, aluminum and sulfur probably toxic to many plants were common
on extremely acid spoils. (Adapted from text) R203
R65-8 THEY'RE MINING FOR BASS IN KANSAS
Dalrymple, B. W., True's Fishing Yearbook No. 16, 52-4 and 93-95 (1965). The
author relates his fishing experience in Kansas waters which a few years ear-
lier were strip-mine pits. The article describes the physical details of the
acreage and the fishing advantages. R130
R65-9 RECLAIMING STRIP-MINED LANDS IN NORTH DAKOTA BY ESTABLISHING
GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS
Gwynn, T. A., Knife River Coal Mining Company, Bismack, N.D., Jan. 1, 1965.
36 pp.+ This report outlines the lignite strip-mining activity in North
Dakota where the best use of strip-mined land will be for wildlife, recrea-
tion or grazing. The work reported here was done by the Knife River Coal
Mining Company cooperating with the various state and federal agencies. The
cost of leveling spoil banks is in proportion to their heights. A number of
pictures show some of the results and the strip-mining operation. R144
44
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R65-10 FAUZIO FAMILY PUTS LIFE INTO PANTHER VALLEY
Hunt, J. W., Coal Mining Process. 2_ (6), 36-41 (1965). The Greenwood Strip-
ping Corp. is surface mining anthracite coal east of the Little Schuylkill
River in the Southern Anthracite Field. The operation from deep haulage pits
is described. R35
R65-11 MINED AREA RESTORATION OF TOMORROW
Jemison, G. M., J. Soil Water Conservation 2£ (4), 186-8 (1965). This article
forecasts the condition which may exist 35 years hence when coal usage will be
2-1/2 times what it is now. The author predicts revegetation problems will be
solved by the year 2000 and restored mined areas will become valuable suburban
centers. R37
R65-12 STRIP MINING IN KENTUCKY
Montgomery, R. and Camplin, P. (Ky. Dept. of Natural Resour.), The Strip
Mining and Reclamation Commission, 1965. 56 pp. In this complete history
and study of the strip-mining problem in Kentucky, many pictures show the
progress of mining and the results of reclamation efforts. Information is
included on coal deposits in the United States as well as on the geology of
the Kentucky coal fields. The economics of both strip and deep mining are
discussed, and considerable space is devoted to reclamation—its background,
the regulations, the program, the function of the Kentucky Strip Mining and
Reclamation Commission, and the hydrology of strip mined areas. R142
R65-13 PENNSYLVANIA'S LAND RECLAMATION ACT
Mining Engineering 17_ (7), 145-6 (1965). The Conservation Act adopted by
Pennsylvania in January of 1964 regulated the restoration of open pit coal
mines. In the first twelve months of the act, 1300 acres had been restored.
The article describes the strip-mining operation of Krach and Gearheart of
Luthersburg. This company began reclamation before passage of the act. R519
R65-14 PROPOSED OUTLINE OF REPORT REQUIRED ON STRIP AND SURFACE MINING IN
THE UNITED STATES AS AUTHORIZED UNDER P.L. 89-4, SECTION 205 OF THE
APPALACHIAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1965
U.S. Dept. Int., Off. Assist. Sec.—Miner. Resour., April 1965. 55 pp.+
This report contains all proposed items on strip and surface mining to be
covered under a study authorized by Section 205(c) of Public Law 89-4 89th
Congress. In addition to the study, the Secretary of the Interior is author-
ized under Section 205(a) to conduct an active program of surface-mine reha-
bilitation on publicly-owned land in the Appalachian region as well as subsid-
ence and mine fire projects. The extent of strip and surface-mined areas are
outlined by states, and the reclamation work is discussed in the light of
Federal, state and private interests in relation to their responsibilities
45
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R65-14 (continued)
and share of the costs. R34
R65-15 RECLAIMED STRIP LANDS TO PRODUCE ELDERBERRIES
Coal Age 70 (3), 29 (1965). J. M. Stnucker Co., Orrville, Ohio, will use
elderberries from plants purchased by Hanna Coal Co. to plant on 20 acres of
reclaimed strip-mined lands adjacent to their mining operations in Cadiz,
Ohio. R468
R65-16 MIRACLE OF SPOIL BANKS—A NEW BEAUTY AND A NEW INDUSTRY
Rickard, D., The Philadelphia Inquirer Magazine, March 28, 1965. The
Pennsylvania Conservation Association has planted 150,000,000 trees on Central
Pennsylvania strip-mined lands. The growth rate was abnormally good so the
association planted 10,000 trees each year. First commercial cutting of
these trees was expected after about 6 years. R520
R65-17 DRESS UP TIME FOR THE STRIP MINES
Straub, F., Cincinnati Pictorial Enquirer, 8-14, August 29, 1965. This pic-
torial account of strip-mining activity is complete with many pictures of re-
claimed areas and lakes converted to good fishing sites. R38
R65-18 STRIP AND AUGER MINING IN KENTUCKY
Ky. Dept. Natural Resour., Frankfort, Ky.(undated). This small folder gives
facts and figures and a brief history of strip and auger mining. It also
lists provisions of the 1964 Law and describes administration of the strip-
mine law regulations. R262
R65-19 STRIP MINING HEALS ITS OWN SCARS
Business Week, Nov. 13, 1965. 3 pp. The growth of the strip-mine industry
and attendant legislative control and reclamation costs are discussed. R584
R65-20 ADVANCES IN STRIPMINE RECLAMATION
Struthers, P. H. and Vimmerstedt, J. P., Reprinted from Ohio Rept. _50 (1),
(1965). 2 pp. The knowledge gained from 15 years of research on growth of
forage crops and trees on strip-mined land is reviewed. R168
46
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R65-21 RAPID STRIPMINE RECLAMATION
Struthers, P. H. and Vimmerstedt, J. P., Reprinted from Ohio Rept. 50 (6),
(1965). 2 pp. Rain percolation and weathering of coal mine spoil material is
important to leach out soluble salts. A high gypsum content reduces moisture
for plant growth. Shaping the ground for greater rain retention is a key
factor in both weathering and vegetative development. Acid mine drainage re-
sults from leaching toxic salts from spoil and should be treated separately to
prevent stream pollution. R170
R65-22 COAL'S CONTRIBUTION TO A BETTER AMERICA: MINED LAND CONSERVATION
Sullivan, G. D., Coal Mining Process. 2^ (6), 28-31 (1965). Industry and gov-
ernment reclamation programs, including the development of both agricultural
and recreational lands, are described. R104
R65-23 WATER STORAGE POTENTIAL OF SURFACE MINED COAL LANDS
Truax, C. N., Jr., Reprinted from Mining Congr. J., Nov. 1965. 4 pp. This
article explains how strip-mine cast overburden serves as a valuable water
reservoir in dry periods. Indiana University scientists made a study of this
condition and found that during dry periods, creeks in unmined areas were dry
whereas this was not the case in the mined sections. The study was made in
southwestern Indiana, an area which suffers from chronic floods and droughts.
R212
R65-24 MINED AREA RESTORATION TODAY
VanLandingham, A. H. (W. Va. Univ.), J. Soil and Water Conservation 20 (4),
185*6 (1965). Mining methods, rehabilitation after mining, research on strip-
nine spoil, use of reclaimed areas, and factors affecting reclamation are dis-
cussed. The Soil Conservation Service develops a revegetation plan for each
permit submitted after the grading is completed. The most striking difficulty
in dealing with spoil areas is the extreme variation in physical and chemical
characteristics which exist on such areas. These characteristics differ from
area to area, bank to bank and from spot to spot in the same bank. R36
R65-25 VARIED USES OF SURFACE MINE SPOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA
W. Va. State Soil Conserv. Comm., (undated). This illustrated folder shows
examples of the uses of reclaimed areas, including farms, forests, and church
and school buildings. R354
R65-26 STRIP MINING: KENTUCKY BEGINS TO CLOSE THE RECLAMATION GAP
Walsh, J., Science 1.50, 36-39 (Oct. 1, 1965). Strip-mining operations and the
problems of reclamation in Kentucky mountains are discussed, as well as the
47
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R65-26 (continued)
Kentucky strip mine and reclamation law passed in 1964. R582
R65-27 THE WAY TO NEW LAND USES
Mined-Land Conservation Conf., (undated). 8 pp. Reclamation of strip-mined
lands is illustrated. R436
R65-28 DESIGNING COAL-HAUL ROADS FOR GOOD DRAINAGE
Weigle, W. K. , USDA, Central States Forest Expt. Sta., 1965. 23 pp. This
article concerns proper methods of controlling drainage for the purpose of
maintaining good coal-haul roads. Road designs with drainage culverts and
ditches are shown. Recommendations for check dams are included. R15
R65-29 WHAT'S AHEAD FOR SURFACE MINING
Coal Mining Process. 2^ (6), 18-21, 41 (1965). Among the developments expected
in surface mining over 10 years are a 23 percent increase in production oper-
ations of 180 yd shovels and 120 yd draglines, and improvements in blasting.
R35
R65-30 HOOSIER COAL
Indiana Coal Association (undated). (15 pp). The history and economic im-
portance of coal mining in Indiana are reviewed, and the reclamation efforts
of the coal companies are described and pictured. R823
R65-31 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION RESEARCH - WHERE ARE WE?
May, R. F. (U.S. Forest Service), Mining Congr. J. 5l_ (4), 52-55 (1965).
Reclamation research programs in Kentucky and Ohio are reviewed. R818
R65-32 PIKE COUNTY INDIANA FISHING - HUNTING - CAMPING PATOKA STATE
FISH AND GAME AREA
Indiana Coal Association and Enos Coal Corporation (undated). (2 pp). This
flyer gives information on sporting and recreation activities on reclaimed
mined land in the county. R825
R65-33 RESOURCEFULNESS IN RECLAMATION
The Marion Groundhog, Summer, 1965. pp 9-11. Published by Marion Power
Shovel Company, Marion, Ohio. Pictures show mined land in Indiana, Illinois,
48
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R65-33 (continued)
and Ohio reclaimed to farming and a recreational area. R967
R65-34 S.E.K.O.R.E.A. AREA MAP
Southeast Kansas Outdoor Recreation Association (undated). This large map
of the southeast corner of Kansas shows the location of recreational facili-
ties including the many strip-pit lakes that have been developed for fishing.
R838
R65-35 A NEW SCIENCE — MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Sullivan, G. D. (Mined-Land Conservation Conf., NCA), Mining Eng. 17 (7),
142-144 (1965). This article describes a voluntary industry program, the
Mined-Land Conservation Conference, to expand reclamation. The author re-
views efforts of reclamation which began in 1918, and discusses planning for
reclamation. R581, Jour
1966
R66-1 STRIP MINING, RECLAMATION AND THE PUBLIC INTEREST
Brooks, D. B. (Resources for the Future, Inc.), Reprinted from American For-
ests, March, 1966. 4 pp. In this general description of strip mining and
reclamation, advantages of strip mining are emphasized and the increase in
total stripped coal over the years is noted. Benefit-cost analysis as re-
lated both to mining and to reclamation is discussed. R129
R66-2 ANTHRACITE MINING SPOILS AS MEDIA FOR PLANT GROWTH
Cornwell, S. M., Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., 1966. 187 pp. University
Microfilms, Inc. 67-1455. The study was done in the anthracite region of
Pennsylvania. The spoil materials are divided into 5 classifications each of
which is described. Spoil and vegetation analyses and field and greenhouse
trials were used to examine and characterize the spoils. Separate chapters
cover nutrient status, vegetation survey, grey birch studies, mining spoils
as media for plant growth and conservation perspectives. Since availability
of different minerals differs in different spoil types, the author concludes
that "the evidence presented indicates that the field classification based
upon rock type is an adequate system for assessing spoils as media for plant
growth. Consideration of basic mineralogy and weathering processes in the
spoils appears to be a more satisfactory basis for their classification than
simple criteria such as pH and texture. In particular, the ratio between
basic and acid-producing materials is of primary importance in determining
the final properties of the spoils." R228
49
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R66-3 SURVIVAL AND EARLY GROWTH OF PLANTED FOREST TREES ON STRIP-MINE
SPOILS IN THE ANTHRACITE REGION
Czapowskyj, M. M. and McQuilkin, W. E. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Upper
Darby, Pa.), U.S. Forest Service Res. Paper NE-46, 1966. 29 pp. This is the
second of several reports dealing with mine-spoil revegetation research in
the anthracite region of Pennsylvania. In 1962 a survey type study was con-
ducted to evaluate the performance of forest tree species in established
plantings on strip-mine spoils. Plantations representing a wide range of
site conditions in all four anthracite fields were examined. Seven years was
selected as the standard plantation age for most of the sampling. Extensive
tabulated data are included on the spoil types and progress of the selected
plantings. Numerous pictures show the circumstances of several older areas.
Overall average survival of all species was adequate, i.e., 40-60 percent,
provided no disturbance had occurred after planting. No extensive conditions
that would preclude tree growth were observed. R23
R66-4 CONTROL OF WATER AT STRIP MINING OPERATIONS THROUGH SOUND MINING
Deane, J. A. (Peabody Coal Co.), Proc. 21st Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue Univ.,
1966. pp 1-3. Water control at strip mine operations has two separate parts.
The first is handling waste from the cleaning plant; the second is handling
the water at the active pit. Settling ponds will handle the waste slurry and
usually the clear overflow is returned to the plant. Refuse piles are a
problem and must be covered and planted. Siltation is one of the greatest
potential pollutants from strip mining, especially where land is graded to
long slopes. R31
R66-5 FLEXIBILITY ENHANCES RESULTS IN TWO-SEAM SURFACE MINING
Reprinted from Coal Age, January 1966. 7 pp. Adventure Coal Co. and its
subcontractor Black Raven Coal Co. in Eastern Kentucky recover coal from
tracts previously considered too isolated for economical mining. A number of
pictures show the stripping and auger equipment which has produced more than
$1 million annual business for this rugged mountain area. Reclamation was
started in 1959 and grasses and 20 ft trees have covered the area in only 5
years. The planting and seeding is handled by the Kentucky Reclamation Asso-
ciation which tests the soil before planting. The company also pays the Rec-
lamation Association as much as 2c per ton of coal mined for planting and
sowing grasses. R131
R66-6 EFFECTIVE RECLAMATION SETS STAGE FOR INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
Flowers, A. E., Coal Age 71 (12), 66-70 (1966). The 22-year reclamation pro-
gram of Harmon Creek Coal Corp., Burgettstown, Pa., includes a modern indus-
trial plant, swimming pool, community park, private lake, model plane airport,
new high school, revegetated area, and a company nursery. R443
50
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R66-7 DEMONSTRATION AND EVALUATION OF FIVE METHODS OF SECONDARY
BACKFILLING OF STRIP-MINE AREAS
Griffith, F. E., Magnuson, M. 0., and Kimball, R. L., U.S. Bur. Mines,
RI 6772 (1966). 17 pp. Cost data are given for five methods of secondary
backfilling of strip mines previously partially backfilled. The operations
were conducted in north central Pennsylvania; an average of 600 linear feet
of highwall were backfilled in each trial. Major obstacles and the relative
merits of the methods are discussed. (Authors' abstract) R207
R66-8 RECLAIMING STRIP-MINED LAND BY ESTABLISHING GAME MANAGEMENT
AREAS-A PROGRESS REPORT
Gwynn, T. A. (Knife River Coal Mining Co.), Knife River Coal Mining Co.,
July 15, 1966. (27 pp.) The status of the reclamation plantings of trees,
grasses and forage crops on several strip-mined areas is reported. One area
has the problem of alkaline soil. Wildlife moving into the area was doing
some damage to the trees, although willows seemed to be spreading enough to
give extensive browsing for deer. (See R65-9) R188
R66-9 REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINED AREAS IN SOUTHWESTERN WYOMING
Lujan, L. E., M. S. Thesis, Univ. Wy., 1966. 82 pp. A survey of an area
which Ketnmerer Coal Company had strip mined included soil sampling, rainfall
and temperature records, and a cursory evaluation of vegetation. Among fac-
tors making Wyoming spoil banks difficult to revegetate are low pH and high
aluminum, accumulation of soluble salts because of poor drainage, lack of
moisture, and high winds in exposed areas. Eight hundred trees were planted
and their survival and growth recorded. Russian olive was found to be best
adapted to conditions of the study area. Most favorable sites were north-
eastern and eastern top slopes. R360
R66-10 REMARKS BY STATE CONSERVATIONIST
McKeever, I., Pennsylvania Coal Mining Assoc. Ann. Meet., Bedford Springs
Hotel, Bedford, Pa., Sept. 22, 1966. The speaker gave some figures on bitu-
minous strip-mined land and the acreage which has been revegetated. There is
still a significant area which is ungraded and is bare or sparsely covered
with vegetation. The speaker gave the number of different species which have
been tested and noted that the Soil Conservation Service has trained personnel
who can provide capable help to operators with reclamation problems. R522
R66-11 RESULTS OF REVEGETATION OF STRIP MINE SPOIL BY SOIL CONSERVATION
DISTRICTS IN WEST VIRGINIA
Mellinger, R. H., Glover, F. W., Jr., and Hall, J. G., W. Va. Univ., Agr. Expt.
Sta. Bull. 540, Dec. 1966. 18 pp. Both successful revegetation of strip-mine
spoil and some of the problems are illustrated in this brochure. R60
51
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R66-12 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
1. UPPER CUMBERLAND COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-52 (1966). 7 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip-mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of coal
haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of mine
disturbance per mile of road. The district average was found to be 98
acres/mile of road. (See R67-4 - R67-8) R147
R66-13 MINED-LAND CONSERVATION, STATE AND NATION
Published by NCA Mined-Land Conservation Conference monthly or bimonthly from
1965 to 1972. This series gives examples of reclamation projects by the coal
industry and reports other news about reclamation. R505
R66-14 A SECOND LOOK AT SURFACE MINING
Rankin, B., Consol News 5_ (1), 2-7 (1966). This article describes the recla-
mation work done in Ohio by Dr. Riley of Kent State, Rod Krause, then with
Ohio Power Co., and Art Wallace of Hanna Coal Co. Pictures show reclaimed
areas including picnic facilities, good fishing lakes, pastures and forest
lands. R418
R66-15 RESTORING LAND TO PRODUCTIVE USE
Reprinted from 84th Annual Report, Ohio Agr. Res. & Develop. Cent. (1966). 1 p.
Site improvement can be accomplished by grading to promote maximum retention
of rainfall and by proper planting. Orchard grass, trefoil and bluegrass are
noted as having proven best for quick and eventually dense ground cover. R77
R66-16 THE STRIPPERS/EXPERIMENTS BY COAL OPERATORS IN REHABILITATION
Sawyer, L. E., Reprinted from Landscape Architecture, January, 1966. 4 pp.
This article reviews the background of strip mining and discusses the need for
reclamation and new ways to handle overburden. The author cites cooperation
with the Central States Forest Experiment Station and outlines some of the
things they learned about revegetation. In Indiana there is a great demand
for reclaimed land for recreational use and some of the lakes are providing
the best fishing in the state. R281
R66-17 STRIP COAL MINING THE TOTAL-BENEFIT INDUSTRY
Coal Age 7JL (4), 93-116 (1966). This article reviews methods of reclamation
and the various uses of reclaimed land. R110
52
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R66-18 STRIP MINE LAND RENEWED
Hi-Lines (111. Power Co.), Jan. 1966. pp 4-7. The reclamation work done in
Illinois by Southwestern Illinois Coal Corp. is described and pictured. Areas
have been developed for farm lands and for recreation. R417
R66-19 STUDY OF STRIP AND SURFACE MINING IN APPALACHIA
Interim Kept, from Secretary of the Interior to Appalachian Regional Comm.,
1966. 78 pp. This report is made in compliance with the requirement of the
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965. Effects of coal mining are
emphasized both because the largest areas stripped are for coal and because
inadequate data was found on mining for other commodities. Mining methods,
reclamation methods and effectiveness, costs, and land use are discussed.
Appendix II is a comparison of strip-mining laws in effect at the time of the
report in the states in the Appalachian region. R172
R66-20 SURVEY SURFACE-MINED AREAS
Consol News j> (2), 13-15 (1966). This article describes several reclamation
programs in West Virginia and includes several pictures of reclamation results.
R442
R66-21 SPOIL BANK STABILITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Weigle, W. K. (U.S. Forest Serv.), Reprinted from Mining Congr. J., April,
1966. 3 pp. Seventeen slides in four counties of eastern Kentucky were stud-
ied. The stability of each slope was computed using the method of slices.
The article explains how slides develop and progress. The use of controlled
fill bench widths created stable banks. Use of practices developed in this
project can minimize disturbances to watersheds. R156
R66-22 COAL STRIP MINING IN TENNESSEE
Zarger, T. G. (TVA), Reprinted from KTG Journal ^ (3) (1966). 3 pp. This
short article describes the beginning of strip-mining operations in Tennessee.
Up to 1964, approximately 30,000 acres had been affected in 16 counties in
Tennessee. The problems of stream pollution, wasted land productivity, legis-
lation and reclamation are discussed briefly. R279
R66-23 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Brooks, D. B. , (Resources for the Future, Inc.), Natural Resources J. (j (1),
13-44 (1966). If the primary purpose of this paper is to emphasize the appli-
cability of economic analysis to strip and auger mining, its secondary purpose
is to indicate the lack of appropriate data and to stimulate the collection of
it. (From author's Conclusion) R800
53
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R66-24 PROPERTIES AND PLANTABILITY OF EAST KENTUCKY SPOIL BANKS
Cummins, D. G., Plass, W. T., and Gentry, C. E., Coal Age 71 (11), 82-85
(1966). Physical and chemical properties were determined for ten spoil sam-
ples collected at six mining sites. The analyses show that most of the spoils
will support plant life, but it must be mainly vegetation that will tolerate
acidity, high concentrations of iron, manganese, aluminum, and sulfur, and
low calcium. 66-62 Jour
R66-25 KENTUCKY LEADS THE NATION IN RECLAMATION
Kentucky Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation (undated).
(2 pp). This pamphlet includes several colored pictures of reclamation proj-
ects in the state. R824
R66-26 STATEMENT OF INDIANA COAL ASSOCIATION BEFORE STUDY COMMITTEE
ON SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION
Sawyer, L. E., Petersburg, Indiana, Sept. 19, 1966. 4 pp. The legislative
requirements in effect in Indiana at the time of this presentation are re-
viewed. Reclamation programs and research by the coal industry in the state
are summarized. R798
R66-27 STRIP MINING BUILDS FOR ACCELERATED GROWTH
Coal Age ^71 (8), 113-136 (1966). The history of strip mining and the develop-
ment of mining equipment to the currently used giant machines is described in
some detail. Reclamation history is also reviewed, and the various uses of
reclaimed land are pointed out. Advice is given on publicizing the reclama-
tion programs of the coal industry to counter the adverse public image of
surface mining. Jour
R66-28 STATUS OF RECLAMATION OF COAL STRIP MINED LAND IN ILLINOIS:
PAST AND PRESENT PLUS A FORECAST OF THE FUTURE
Weber, L. S. (Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc.), Illinois Federation
of Sportsmen's Clubs, Annual Meeting, Springfield, Illinois, March 26, 1966.
12 pp. The author describes the history of surface mining and reclamation as
background to his comments on the requirements of the Illinois Open Cut Rec-
lamation Act which became effective on January 1, 1962. He also comments on
the value of strip-mine lakes for recreational fishing. R968
1967
R67-1 BLIGHT ON THE LAND
Bauer, E. A. and East, B., Outdoor Life, pp 35-37, 123-28, December 1967.
This article is well illustrated with pictures of areas in Ohio, West Virginia
54
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R67-1 (continued)
and Kentucky. Considerable space is devoted to mine water accumulations
which have ruined a number of fishing spots. Many statistics are given on
areas which have been disturbed and considerable comment is made on the de-
gree of damage done by strip mining. The development of large strip mining
equipment is discussed and the methods of handling overburden. R286
R67-2 RECLAIMING STRIP-MINED LAND BY ESTABLISHING GAME MANAGEMENT AREAS
Gwynn, T. A. (Knife River Coal Mining Co., N. D.), Index '67, Regina,
Saskatchewan, Canada, Aug. 27-Sept. 2, 1967. 14 pp. The author talks about
the lignite mining industry in North Dakota and the need for reclamation. He
gives some figures on the fuel needs for power generation. He refers to
Consolidation Coal Company's lignite gasification plant at Rapid City. The
author refers to reclamation in other parts of the country and explains what
his Conservation Association has done. He emphasizes that reclamation is an
individual problem with each company and should be carefully studied to get
maximum results. R287
R67-3 OVERBURDEN AND BANK ACIDITY EASTERN KENTUCKY STRIP MINES
May, R. F. and Berg, W. A. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Berea, Ky.),
Reprinted from Coal Age, June 1967. 2 pp. Ten high wall sections were sam-
pled to determine pH values of several coal seam overburden deposits in
Kentucky strip mines. The seams selected were upper breathitt, upper middle
breathitt, lower middle breathitt and lower breathitt. The acidity distribu-
tion in the overburden over the five Kentucky seams shows that most of the
potentially acid material lies immediately over the coal seam or in the part-
ings within the seam. Tor backfill, it is suggested that a ridge of non-toxic
material should be saved at the edge of the bank. 67-201
R67-4 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
2. PRINCESS COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-55 (1967). 8 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip-mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of
coal haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of
mine disturbance per mile of road. The district average was found to be
65.8 acres/mile of road, (See R66-12) R148
R67-5 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
3. LICKING RIVER COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-68 (1967). 6 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of
55
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R67-5 (continued)
coal haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of
mine disturbance per mile of road. The district average was found to be 47
acres/mile of road. R149
R67-6 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
4. BIG SANDY COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-69 (1967). 7 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip-mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of
coal haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of
mine disturbance per mile of road. The district average was found to be 121
acres/mile of road. R150
R67-7 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
5. HAZARD COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-71 (1967). 7 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip-mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of
coal haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of
mine disturbance per mile of road. The district average was found to be 107
acres/mile of road. R151
R67-8 LAND DISTURBANCES FROM STRIP-MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
6. SOUTHWESTERN COAL RESERVE DISTRICT
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-72 (1967). 8 pp. This publication describes the extent of strip-mining
in eastern Kentucky and tabulates the strip-mined areas. Included is a sec-
tion on the physical characteristics of the disturbed areas. A record of
coal haulage roads was prepared so it is possible to calculate the acres of
mine disturbance per mile of road. This district average was found to be 66
acres/mile of road. R152
R67-9 PULPWOOD PRODUCTION POTENTIAL ON STRIP-MINED LAND IN THE SOUTH
Plass, W. T. and Burton, J. D. (U.S. Forest Serv.), Reprinted from J. Soil
Water Conserv. 22 (6) (1967). 4 pp. Experimental work conducted by the For-
est Service in Alabama, Tennessee, and Kentucky indicated that growth of pine
trees on spoil areas will not be as fast as on good pine sites, but it may
equal or exceed the growth on eroded, abandoned or similar areas that have
shallow soils. In site evaluations of strip-mined areas, pH is a reliable
indicator of plantability. Spoils of pH 4.0 or lower generally will not
support good enough tree growth for pulpwood production. R153
56
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R67-10 CAMPSITES FROM SCARRED LAND
Rankin, B., Reprinted from Better Camping, November-December 1967. pp 20-22.
This reprint describes two reclamation projects. One is that of Ohio Power
Company which now has 250 lakes and 20 million trees in its total program on
30,000 acres. The other is a 150-acre tract of strip-mined land bought by
Dr. Charles Riley now of Kent State, who made this area into a beautiful farm
where he now lives. R292
R67-11 THE STRIP MINING OF BITUMINOUS COAL IN PENNSYLVANIA
Pa. Coal Mining Assoc., (undated). 20 pp. This booklet is an overview of
Pennsylvania strip mining including several illustrations. R610
R67-12 CURRENT RESEARCH TRENDS IN MINED-LAND CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION
Sullivan, G. D., Mining Eng. 19. (3), 63-67 (1967). This account of reclama-
tion projects includes activities of TVA, Indiana Coal Association, Central
States Forest Experiment Station, Purdue University, Kansas State Forestry,
Fish and Game Commission, West Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Associa-
tion, and ORSANCO. R125
R67-13 THREE STRIP-MINED AREAS—
Mining Congr. J. j>3_ (10), 12 (1967). Three strip-mined areas totaling nearly
50 acres at Greater Pittsburgh Airport will be restored to provide a smooth
contour in a new federal-state cooperative project. All three of the old-
coal-stripping sites now owned by the county are in line or near the western
approach to the major east-west jet runway at the airport. Pits will be
backfilled and spoil piles will be graded, rolled, and seeded. R214
R67-14 EFFECTS OF SPOIL GRADING ON TREE GROWTH
Chapman, A. G., Mining Congr. J. 53^ (8), 93-100 (1967). The results of ex-
perimental plantings established in 1946 and 1947 in Illinois, Missouri, and
Kansas were surveyed after 19 and 20 growing seasons. Plantings established
at the same time in Ohio were surveyed after 10 growing seasons. The height,
survival, and growth of the trees were generally greater on ungraded than on
graded spoil. Smooth grading to premining contour, the type discussed in the
article, of spoils containing more than 15 percent clay may cause soil com-
paction. Some of the results of compaction are loss of pore space for air
and water movement in tree root zones, reduction of water infiltration caus-
ing more runoff and erosion, slower weathering of acid spoils, lower availa-
bility of minerals essential for tree growth, and a lack of soil biota. Jour
R67-15 SELECTED EFFECTS OF GLACIAL TILL ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND EXISTING LAND USE OF INDIANA'S STRIP MINED LANDS
Guernsey, L. (Indiana State University), Indiana Academy of Science
Proceedings _7_7_> 305-311 (1967) . The evaluation and analysis of samples from
57
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R67-15 (continued)
22 selected mined areas show that generally with a higher percentage of gla-
cial till spoil is less acid, contains more fine-textured material, and there
is an improvement in the quality and intensity of the use of reclaimed lands.
R942
R67-16 OPERATION GREEN EARTH
Peabody Coal Company, St. Louis, Missouri, two brochures. 1963, 10 pp.
March 1967, 12 pp. These brochures describe and illustrate Peabody Coal
Company's reclamation activities. R837
R67-17 SURFACE MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Sawyer, L. E. (Midwest Coal Producers Institute), Proceedings University of
Minnesota Mining Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota, Jan. 28, 1967. pp 79-83.
This paper reviews the history of mining reclamation in Indiana and gives
status at the time of this presentation. Normally about 50 percent of the
mined areas can be revegetated the year following mining. Over 80 percent
of the acreage disturbed by mining has been reclaimed, including nine rather
large lakes used for recreation and fishing. Lakefront property has been
developed as camp-sites or as desirable year-round residential sites. R754
1968
R68-1 EFFECTS OF SURFACE MINING ON FISH AND WILDLIFE IN APPALACHIA
Boccardy, J. A. and Spaulding, W. M., Jr., Bur. Sport Fisheries Wildlife,
Resour. Publ. 65 (1968). 20 pp. This report on the effects of strip and
surface mining on the fish and wildlife resources in eight Appalachian states
is based in part on observations made during a tour of strip and surface-
mined areas by authors as members of a team of specialists from six federal
agencies. Three of the eight states visited in 1965-66 had no laws requiring
restoration of strip-mined lands. (From authors' abstract) R45
R68-2 BENEFIT - COST ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MINING FOR COAL: RESEARCH
METHODS AND RESEARCH NEEDS
Brock, S. M. (W. Va. Univ.), AIME Fall Meet., Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 18,
1968. 13 pp. Preprint No. 68-K-355. This paper discussed strip and auger
mining costs and uses data obtained from the Myles Job Mine in northern
West Virginia. Included in the cost data were estimates of reclamation costs
and mine drainage neutralization using lime. The methodology used in the
study is described, and some of the findings on the utility of cost-benefit
analysis are summarized. 68-211
58
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R63-3 THE MYLES JOB MINE - A STUDY OF BENEFITS AND COSTS OF SURFACE
MINING FOR COAL IN NORTHERN WEST VIRGINIA
Brock, S. M. and Brooks, D. B., W. Va. Univ., Appalachian Cent., Off. Res.
Dev., Res. Ser. I, 1968. 61 pp. This is a detailed cost study of all items
pertaining to mining, acid drainage and reclamation for the Myles Job Mine
which produced 47,000 tons of coal—a rather small operation. Very detailed
descriptions are given on acid control and spoil bank material handling and
revegetation. The cost analysis is tabulated in two appendixes. 68-210
R68-4 AVAILABILITY OF NITROGEN TO PLANTS IN ACID COAL MINE SPOILS
Cornwell, S. M. and Stone, E. L. , Nature 217^, 768-9 (1968). This short arti-
cle contains results of a nitrogen study made on acid mine spoils to learn
its effect on plant growth. Analytical work was done on spoils in the anthra-
cite region and nitrogen contents are tabulated. The tree growth on the
spoil material was examined with the idea of correlating growth to the avail-
able nitrogen in the various spoil fractions. Liberation of fixed ammonium
was determined to be a definite influence in vegetation on spoil surfaces.
Behavior of other compounds is also discussed. A deficiency of nitrogen is
recognized as a limiting factor to growth on mine spoils. R540
R68-5 COAL-MINE SPOIL BANKS OFFER GOOD POTENTIAL FOR TIMBER AND
WILDLIFE PRODUCTION
Davis, G. and Davidson, W. H., Reprinted from Pennsylvania Forests, Winter-
Spring, 1968. 2 pp. Editorial article explains the producing potential of
strip-mined areas. Although most spoil sites will produce timber products,
only about one quarter can be classed as good, and about one quarter are too
poor to produce timber. Conifers do especially well on spoil banks. Valu-
able hardwoods such as cherry, walnut, yellow poplar, and sugar maple do not
grow well on Pennsylvania spoil banks. Most promising hardwood is hybrid
poplar. Reclamation can be designed specifically for wildlife production.
R19
R68-6 REVEGETATION STUDIES ON COAL SPOIL BANKS
Jacoby, P. W., Jr., M. S. Thesis, Univ. Wy., 1968. 51 pp. Crested wheat-
grass, intermediate wheatgrass, smooth brome grass and alsike clover were
studied to determine which adapted best to spoil bank conditions. The use of
jute net, mulch, snowfence, irrigation, and combinations of these were evalu-
ated for their benefit to establishment of vegetation. Treatments were non-
replicated on spoil banks three, nine, and fifteen years old to determine the
best age of spoil bank weathering to initiate seeding. Moisture, mulch, and
erosion prevention were found to be necessary for plant establishment. R362
59
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R68-7 PROBLEMS OF SOIL MECHANICS IN OPENCAST MINING. PART 2: TIP
STABILITY TESTS
Kezdi, A., Bergbautechnik 8^ 398 (1968). National Coal Board, Trans. A.
2758/HSA. The problem of stability in waste heaps depends on the density of
the tipped material and the change in density through the pile, pore-air
pressure and water pressure, and conditions of strata underlying the heap.
A set of formulas is included for calculating various characteristics of tips
and a number of diagrams show slip planes, subsidence, compression curve,
settling, and construction methods of preventing subsidence. R217
R68-8 REVEGETATION STUDIES AT THREE STRIP-MINE SITES IN NORTH-CENTRAL
PENNSYLVANIA
Magnuson, M. 0. and Kimball, R. L., U.S. Bur. Mines RI 7075 (1968). 8 pp.
As part of an experiment in the restoration of lands strip-mined for coal,
revegetation studies were conducted at three backfilled strip-mine sites in
north-central Pennsylvania. The sites were subdivided into plots that were
given varying amounts of lime and fertilizer. In tests conducted coopera-
tively with state and federal agronomy experts the plots were then planted
with a variety of trees, shrubs and grass-legume mixtures. Initial tree
and shrub survival was not appreciably affected by lime and fertilizer appli-
cations where the spoil pH was above 4.5. Of fourteen species of trees and
shrubs tested, Norway spruce, black locust, Japanese larch, pitch pine and
white pine were the hardiest. The ground-cover percentage of grass-legume
mixtures in the second growing season was substantially increased by using
lime and fertilizer. Mixtures comprised partly of fescue were the most
satisfactory. (Authors' abstract) R165
R68-9 A LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH TO RECLAMATION AND DEVELOPMENT
OF DEEP ANTHRACITE STRIP PITS
Miller, E. L. and DeTuerk, J. R. (Dept. Landscape Architecture), The Pa.
State Univ. Spec. Res. Rept. SR-68 to Pa. Coal Res. Bd. (1968). 28 pp.
Characteristics of mined areas are analyzed and used as the basis for plans
to develop and beautify three strip pit areas. 662.6 PA
R68-10 OHIO POWER RECREATION AREA: PUBLIC FISHING MAP
Ohio Dept. Natl. Resour. Div. Wildlife, Publ. NRW-205 (2nd Rev. June 1968).
Ohio Power Company opened its reclaimed strip-mined land to public camping
and fishing. The strip-mine ponds are stocked by the state. R629
R68-11 OHIO RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION IN THE NEWS
0. Reclam. Assoc., 1968. 4 pp. This group of news items on mine land
reclamation appeared in various Ohio newspapers in the first half of 1968.
R457
60
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R68-12 TREE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH ON FESCUE-COVERED SPOIL BANKS
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Berea, Ky.), U.S. Forest Serv-
ice Res. Note NE-90 (1968). 4 pp. In this study we tried to determine how
an established fescue cover affects tree survival and growth. We found the
ground cover did not affect survival but did reduce the height growth of
sycamore and sweetgum. It had little effect on growth of white pine and
loblolly pine. (From author's abstract) R17
R68-13 A SALUTE TO THE PENNSYLVANIA COAL MINING ASSOCIATION
Pennsylvania Forests j>8_ (1), 3-28 (1968). The main emphasis of the several
articles in this issue is the use of reforestation in the reclamation of
stripped areas. The problem of covering the acid spoil associated with bitu-
minous deposits is an important consideration. R132
R68-14 MATCH ADDITIVE TO SOIL TYPES FOR BEST STABILIZATION
Weigle, W. K. and Williams, G. P., Jr. (U.S. Dept. Agr.), Reprinted from
Rural & Urban Roads, June, 1968. 2 pp. A number of chemical additives in-
cluding lime were used to stabilize roads and soils. Spoil material was also
used in this test program. A record of compressive strengths is listed for
many of the test samples. The three best additives were asphalt, sealing
oil, and mixing oil. All bitumens waterproof and dustproof soil in addition
to acting as a binder. R157
R68-15 MANGANESE TOXICITY OF LEGUMES SEEDED IN KENTUCKY STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Berg, W. A. and Vogel, W. G., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern
Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service Research Paper NE-119 (1968).
12 pp. The occurrence of manganese toxicity was studied on six legume spe-
ies grown in 46 different acid strip-mine spoils from Kentucky. This toxic-
ity was characterized by a distinct paling (chlorosis) on the leaf margins
that was readily seen on young leaves of all the species except Kobe lespe-
deza. Spoil pH was useful in predicting Mn toxicity on these legumes; water-
soluble Mn extracted from the spoils was not. (For. Ser. Abs.) R772
R68-16 AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF RECLAMATION PRACTICES ON A STRIP COAL
MINE SITE IN GREENE COUNTY, INDIANA
Dinkel, R. M. and Guernsey, L. (Indiana State University), Indiana Academy of
Science Proceedings 78, 355-361 (1968). Plantings of six species of trees
and of two grasses were made on sandstone and on very acid shale. Some of
the area to be planted was treated with fungal culture filtrates and some was
used as control. Survival rates of the plantings were reported as being "not
outstanding." Costs of revegetation and of soil treatment are discussed.
R952
61
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1969
R69-1 CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF EASTERN
KENTUCKY ACID-FORMING COAL SPOIL MATERIALS
Barnhisel, R. I. and Massey, H. F., Soil Sci. 108 (5), 367-372 (1969). Spoil
bank materials were sampled at three locations in Eastern Kentucky. A total
of seven samples are described and an extensive analysis was run on them af-
ter a specific preparation. The chemical results are tabulated as well as
physical data. Detailed procedures are included for sample handling and the
mineralogical data are given in tabulated form. All seven samples were mix-
tures of mica, illite, Kaolinite and quartz. The samples were extremely acid
and toxic, posing serious problems of plant cover. The chemical and physical
properties of the two coal beds involved were distinctly different. Chemical
treatment of these banks would be needed to insure adequate plant cover.
R333
R69-2 DETERMINING pH OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Berg, W. A. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-98 (1969). 7 pp. Comparison of several methods of determining pH of
spoils shows that the LaMotte-Morgan method and a modification of it gave the
lea.st deviation from values determined by a pH meter. Suggestions are made
for adequate sampling of spoils. R7A
R69-3 ON THE PROBABLE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF COAL MINING AND COMBUSTION
IN WESTERN CANADA
Berkowitz, N., Research Council of Alberta - Research Contribution No. 449.
Presented 21st Canadian Conference on Coal, Calgary, Alberta, Sept. 10-11,
1969. 12 pp. Policy in Western Canada takes for granted that the mined site
should not be inferior to premining conditions. Upon consideration of ef-
fects of strip mining, the author concludes that successful reclamation is
possible. R66
R69-4 BIG MUSKIE: KING OF THE GIANTS
Coal Age JA (12), 50-61 (1969). At the Central Ohio Coal Company's Muskingum
Mine, the dragline removes overburden in 220 cu yd bites. The large equip-
ment was developed to remove more than 100 ft of overburden. The entire
mining operation, including other mining machinery and coal handling, is
described. It is noted that the large mining machinery will reduce reclama-
tion costs. R108
R69-5 THE ECONOMICS OF MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Brooks, D. B. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Proc. Mining Environ. Conf., Rolla, Mo., by
Ext. Div., and Dept. Mining Petrol. Eng., Univ. Mo., Apr. 16-18, 1969.
62
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R69-5 (continued)
pp 85-98. This discussion of the economics of reclamation emphasizes the
role of government as a major influence and the importance of cost-benefit
analysis in dealing with pollution and its effects. 622 M61
R69-6 CANADIAN GEESE TRANSPLANTED IN ILLINOIS
Coal Mining Process. j> (9), 33 (1969). Forty-four birds of a giant variety
of Canadian goose have been released in Illinois on the property of United
Electric Coal Company to establish a nesting flock. The property is a 30,000
acre reclaimed strip mine area near Canton, Illinois. R127
R69-7 ANTHRACITE COAL-MINE SPOILS TODAY—FORESTS TOMORROW
Czapowskyj, M. M., Pa. Forest j>9 (3), 81-83 (1969). This article describes
the efforts of the forest service Northeast Experiment Station at Kingston,
Pa. to reclaim the large strip-mined acreage of northeastern Pennsylvania.
Total disturbance in the anthracite region was measured as 112,000 acres, 76
percent from strip-mining. Crown vetch and various grasses were used for
quick temporary cover. Trees planted were Jack, red, Scotch and pitch pines.
Hardwoods survived better than the conifers. Hybrid poplars showed great
potential in strip-mine spoil. Results proved anthracite strip-mine spoil
types can support planted trees. Graded sites gave better results than un-
graded areas. R25
R69-8 DEVELOPING BIG-SCALE RECLAMATION SYSTEMS
Coal Mining Process. j> (3), 40-42 (1969). This article points out the need
for development of larger reclaiming machinery to keep up with the capacity
of overburden removal machines. Three diagrams illustrate how to use the
box-cut method to minimize dozing and dragline work in reclamation. Pictures
of draglines with special buckets show how to handle extra volumes of spoil
material with this equipment. R126
R69-9 FRIENDSHIP PARK HAS POTENTIAL TO BECOME RECREATION MECCA ON
RECLAIMED LAND
Consol News 8_ (5), 14-16 (1969). The planned development of Friendship Park,
Jefferson County, Ohio, is described. The land was donated to the county by
Hanna Division, Consolidation Coal Co. 69-102
R69-10 OPERATION GREEN EARTH
Grandt, A. (Peabody Coal Co.), Proc. Mining Environ. Conf., Rolla, Mo., by
Ext. Div., and Dept. Mining Petrol. Eng., Univ. Mo., Apr. 16-18, 1969.
pp 76-83. The Peabody Coal Co. has planted almost 32 million trees in the 13
63
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R69-10 (continued)
years before 1968. A table gives their planting and seeding record covering
eight states. The author discusses in detail grading, pasture and range land,
hay and crop land, timber and forest land and recreational use. The company
has built five dams. A number of towns and villages now have good water sup-
plies as a result of surface mining. Both winter and summer sports are avail-
able in the recreation areas. 622 M61
R69-11 AN IMPROVED ENVIRONMENT THROUGH INTELLIGENT MINED-LAND RECLAMATION
Gwynn, T. A. (Knife River Coal Mining Company), AIME Fall Meet., Salt Lake
City, Utah, Sept. 17-19, 1969. Preprint No. 69-F-343. 31 pp. The author
discusses the reclamation problem generally in the first part of his paper
and then discusses the extent of reclamation in the Northern Rockies and the
Great Plains States and the specific details of North Dakota, Montana and
Wyoming reclamation laws. He discusses in detail the stripping problems in
the western states and shows how the reclamation approach differs from east-
ern practices. R474
R69-12 HANNA'S LAND RECLAMATION PROGRAM A MODEL FOR THE INDUSTRY
Consol News j3 (5), 1-11 (1969). Successful reclamation of strip-mined land
and the variety of uses to which it can be put are described. 69-102
R69-13 CASE STUDIES OF SURFACE MINING
Hartman, H. L., Ed., Proceed. II International Surface Mining Conf.,
Minneapolis, Minn., Sept. 18-20, 1968, New York: AIME, 1969. 322 pp. The
first section on coal mining covers surface mining in Australia, lignite
strip mining in Germany, Ohio Central Coal Co. mine expansion program, the
Captain mine in Illinois and open cast coal mining in the U.S.S.R. Each ar-
ticle explains the particular problem of waste disposal and the method of
doing the work. Multiple use of mined land is discussed in the Ohio Coal
Company's Mine Expansion Program. 622 H33
R69-14 REVEGETATION TREATMENTS FOR STAND ESTABLISHMENT ON COAL SPOIL BANKS
Jacoby, P. W. , Jr. (Univ. Wyoming), J. Range Management 22_, 94-97 (1969).
Coal spoil banks near Kemmerer, Wyoming were subjected to several treatments
designed to facilitate revegetation. These included the use of snowfence,
jute net, and straw mulch applied to banks of three different ages. Evalua-
tion by seedling density suggested that the older the spoil the more suitable
for planting. All treatments produced seedling stands but a combination of
jute netting and mulch gave best results. (Highlight) R564
64
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R69-15 LAND RECLAMATION
Lamm, A. E. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Proc. Mining Environ.
Conf., Rolls, Mo., by Ext. Div., and Dept. Mining Petrol. Eng., Univ. Mo.,
Apr. 16-18, 1969. pp 68-74. The author gives actual figures of coal dis-
turbed land and compares them to land utilization for other purposes. The
reclamation activities of coal industry associations are described. 622 M61
R69-16 RECLAMATION CREATES NEW RESOURCE
Coal Age 74. (12), 69-76 (1969). The reclamation program of Ohio Power
Company began as far back as 19A3 with tree planting. More recently, in
cooperation with Ohio Department of Natural Resources, the company has
developed reclaimed land as recreation areas, especially for fishing, camping,
picnicking, and hunting. Reclamation, which closely follows mining, also
includes reforestation and development of farm land. R109
R69-17 FUTURE OF MINING INDUSTRY RECLAMATION
Sawyer, L. E., Mining Congr. J. 55 (6), 50-54 (1969). Also presented at
American Mining Congress Coal Convention, Pittsburgh, Pa., May 4-7, 1969.
Paper 39. 9 pp. The background of the problem, the initial efforts, the
industry program and the probable regulations which will face the mining
people in the future are discussed. R467, 662.6 A665
R69-18 THE FUTURE OF MINING INDUSTRY RECLAMATION
Sawyer, L. E., Proc. 111. Mining Inst., Ann. Meet., Oct. 9-10, 1969.
pp 13-22. The history of strip-mine reclamation from planting fruit trees in
1918 through vegetation studies in the 1940's is reviewed. Reclamation
accomplishments are noted and contrasted to the adverse picture of strip
mining emphasized in the popular press. The prediction is made that there
will be greater statutory regulation of mining and reclamation. 662 129
R69-19 COVER ESTABLISHMENT ON STRIP-MINED AREA USING TWO RHIZOMATOUS
GRASS SPECIES
Thompson, W. W., M. S. Thesis, Univ. Wy., 1969. 65 pp. Four study sites of
different ages of strip mined overburden were chosen for revegetation studies
to determine if western wheatgrass and inland saltgrass are adapted to vege-
tative establishment using sprigging and sodding techniques. Plantings were
made at different times of the year; using both sprigging and sodding tech-
niques; on different aged overburden piles; on top and east-facing slopes of
piles; and behind and not behind snow fences. While the two grasses were
used with varying success under the several test conditions, the two apparent
most limiting factors influencing vegetative establishment are the amount of
precipitation received before, during and after planting and moisture in the
spoil material. (Adapted from Summary and Conclusions) R361
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R69-20 TWO-STAGE STRIPPING
Reprinted from Coal Age, Jan. 1969. 6 pp. At Ayreshire Coal Company's
Ayrcoe mine near Oakland City, Indiana, overburden removal runs 800,000 to
1,000,000 cu yds per month. Daily production averages better than 4000 tons
and monthly tonnage is better than 70,000 tons. Flood lights are being in-
stalled to improve visibility for night loading. Capacity of loading facil-
ity is 3000 tph. R507
R69-21 WASTE DISPOSAL COSTS AT TWO COAL MINES IN KENTUCKY AND ALABAMA
White, D. H. and Danielson, V. A., U.S. Bur. Mines, 1C 8406 (1969). 28 pp.
This report gives the waste disposal costs of a Kentucky strip and under-
ground coal mine and an Alabama coal mine. Both recently mined out areas and
old strip pits are used for waste disposal and old strip pits are used for
settling ponds at the Kentucky mine. All cost items are tabulated for each
case and a cost per ton is calculated. R73
R69-22 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION PROGRESSES IN INDIANA
Bakeis, W., Outdoor Indiana 34_ (2), 35-38 (Mar. 1969). This review of rec-
lamation practices in Indiana over the years lists different mixtures of tree
species to be planted on various types of spoil. R914
R69-23 ACIDITY AND PLANT-AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN STRATA OVERLYING COAL
SEAMS
Berg, W. A. (1) and May, R. F. (2) [(1) Colorado State Univ. and (2) U.S.
Forest Service], Mining Congr. J. 55^ (3), 31-34 (1969). Each visibly differ-
ent stratum of ten high wall sections approximately 0.1 mile apart was sampled
at each of six Kentucky mines. Most of the extremely acid strata were rider
or bone coal, recognizable by their black color. However, both acid and non-
acid shales and sandstones were found in the same wide range of colors. Phos-
phorus levels were generally very low and the amount of overburden containing
moderate (7-20 ppm) amounts was small. The study showed that neither phos-
phorus nor acidity occurred consistently from one highwall sampling section
to another. R773
R69-24 BLACK DIAMONDS AND GREEN VISTAS
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station,
NE-INF-3-1969. 16 pp. This booklet gives a general description of the For-
est Service research program on surface mine reclamation. R821
66
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R69-25 GUIDE FOR CLASSIFYING AND REVEGETATING STRIP MINE AND OTHER
SPOIL AREAS IN OHIO
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Columbus, Ohio,
Jan. 1969. 15 pp. Spoil is defined by four categories containing several
descriptive subclasses. The categories are Reaction, Texture, Stoniness, and
Dominant Slope. The Guide also discusses vegetative establishment, land use
alternatives, spoil handling and placement, and water and erosion control.
There are tabulations of species of plants suitable for vegetation of spoils
of various acidities. R907
R69-26 MINERALS, MINERAL PROCESSES AND THE QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT
Sawyer, L. E., Natural Resources Public Policy Seminar, University of Wash-
ington, Seattle, Washington, 1969. 25 pp. The history of surface-mine rec-
lamation in the Midwest is reviewed from its early beginnings in the 1920's.
The development of mining laws and regulations is also traced. The author
notes the sensational publicity given to adverse effects of mining and the
seeming disregard by the media of successful reclamation. R1015
1970
R70-1 ANALYSIS: SURFACE MINE REGULATION
Brooks, D. B. (U.S. Bureau Mines), Coal Mining Process. 1_ (3), 38-41 (1970).
This article presents a study measuring the effects of Kentucky surface mine
regulation on the output, employment and operation structure. The history of
regulation in Kentucky is outlined and a series of graphs illustrates strip-
mining production over the past 30 years. Conditions in East Kentucky are
compared with those in West Kentucky. Auger mining is also very prevalent in
Kentucky and the growth in this field has been significant. The rate of
growth in all mining in Kentucky increased after 1960 in a period during
stricter reclamation requirements. R138
R70-2 INFLUENCES OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF PARTS
OF BEAVER CREEK BASIN, KENTUCKY, 1955-66
Collier, C. R., Pickering, R. J., Musser, J. J. (Editors), U.S. Geol. Surv.
Prof. Paper 427-C (1970). 80 pp. In this third report in a series on the
environmental effects of strip mining in McCreary County, Kentucky, Cane
Branch, a stream acid from mining, is compared to Helton Branch which drains
an unmined area. The paper includes separate studies on precipitation and
runoff, ground water, water geochemistry, erosion and sedimentation, stream
bottom fauna, fish population, microbiology of streams, and tree growth. The
most obvious effects of strip mining were on the chemical composition of the
water, sediment characteristics of the stream, aquatic biology, and on vege-
tation. The detailed data collected in the various studies are tabulated.
R65
67
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R70-3 COMPILED RESEARCH DATA ON RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED LANDS IN THE
WESTERN UNITED STATES - 1970
Bur. Land Management, Denver Serv. Center, Symp. Mining Ecology in Arid
Environ., Tucson, Ariz., March 22-27, 1970. (18 pp). This publication is an
annotated bibliography of reclamation literature pertaining to western U. S.
The list contains 41 articles which cover all phases of reclamation: spoil
grading, erosion control, and all types of revegetation. It also contains a
list and description of reclamation projects by states, including projects of
five state highway departments. R3
R70-4 EXPERIMENTAL PLANTING OF 14 TREE SPECIES ON PENNSYLVANIA'S
ANTHRACITE STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Czapowskyj, M. M. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Upper Darby, Pa.), USDA
Forest Service Res. Paper NE-155, 1970. 18 pp. This is the fourth in a
series of reports dealing with mine-spoil revegetation research in the an-
thracite region of Pennsylvania. A separate table lists the 14 species used.
These were selected from many which had shown promise in earlier mine spoil
plantings. Spoil types and progress made by each of the tree species is dis-
cussed. Physical and chemical characteristics of the sites are listed in
separate tables. Pictures show the results produced by the best performing
trees. Survival on graded spoil averaged almost twice as high as on ungraded
spoils. Survival and height growth were recorded at the end of each growing
season and evaluated over a 5-year period. R22
R70-5 DEER PREFER PINE SEEDLINGS GROWING NEAR BLACK LOCUST
Davidson, W. H. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note
NE-111 (1970). 4 pp. The presence of black locust seems to make some pine
species on a bituminous coal spoil more palatable to white-tailed deer.
Browse damage to some pine trees was significant, however proximity of black
locust did not seem to strongly influence browsing of other pine species in
the study area. (Author's abstract adapted) R128
R70-6 LAND RECLAMATION FOR THE MINING INDUSTRY
Falkie, T. V. and Saperstein, L. W. (Pa. State Univ.), Earth Miner. Sci. 4j
(2), 9-12 (1970). Water control, and its effect on erosion, sedimentation
and subsidence, toxic soil, high walls, spoil banks and waste disposal are
all discussed. R145
R70-7 EFFECTS OF SURFACE MINING ON ENVIRONMENT
Gwynn, T. A. (Knife River Coal Mining Co.), Symp. Technol. Use of Lignite,
Grand Forks, N. D., by U.S. Bur. Mines, Univ. N. D., May 1-2, 1969. 14 pp.
U.S. Bur. Mines, 1C 8471 (1970). pp 31-37. This general discussion of strip-
mine reclamation problems in the Northwest reviews strip-mine legislation in
68
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R70-7 (continued)
North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming. R169
R70-8 NEW METHODS IN MINED-LAND RECLAMATION
Krause, R. R., AIME Environ. Conserv. Session, St. Louis, Mo., Oct. 22, 1970.
Preprint No. 70-F-354. 11 pp. This paper describes several methods of han-
dling overburden and surface mining which give satisfactory reclamation re-
sults. The author also discusses water problems, acidity and the practices
used by most reclaimers. A number of seeders and seeding methods are dis-
cussed. Use of prepackaged seedlings now is a popular revegetation technique.
Two varieties of Bermuda grass appear to be most successful in West Virginia,
and a Midland tall pasture sod forming variety has achieved a 100 percent
cover in very low pH environment. R475
R70-9 CURRENT RECLAMATION PROGRAMS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Loomis, T. H. W. (Denver Service Center, Bur. Land Management), Symp. Mining
Ecology in Arid Environ., Tucson, Ariz., March 22-27, 1970. (8 pp). This
paper was presented at the Symposium on Mining and Ecology in the Arid Envi-
ronment, Tucson, Arizona, March 22-27, 1970. This paper is one from the
Bureau of Land Management, Denver Service Center, Bldg. 50, Denver Federal
Service, Denver, Colorado 80225. This agency has solo jurisdiction over all
resources on 450 million acres of federal lands. In addition, they manage
the mineral resources on another 350 million acres of federal lands and 62
million acres under public land laws as stockraising homesteads. The paper
describes the operation of the Bureau and its land use policy. A number of
slides were included in this paper but only their explanation is given. R4
R70-10 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION, MORAINE STATE PARK, PENNSYLVANIA
McNay, L. M., U.S. Bur. Mines, 1C 8456 (1970). 28 pp. This report describes
the methods used and cost data for surface-mined land reclamation in Moraine
State Park, Butler County, Pennsylvania. A total of 177 acres of land was
rehabilitated for specific land use purposes. The use of large equipment ex-
pedited the work. The restoration was conducted in two main areas, the North
Central Section and the Northwestern Section. The hydrology of the area is
described as well as the condition of the sites before reclamation. Details
of site preparation, backfilling, terracing and a discussion of the results
are included. Several grains and many varied pine trees were planted. Sur-
vival rate for the trees was 70-75 percent. Cost/acre was $800 in the North
Central Section and $l,400/acre in the Central Section. R71
R70-11 MINING COAL ON BLACK MESA
Peabody Coal Co., Nov. 1970. 12 pp. This booklet has been printed by the
coal company to describe their mining operation at Black Mesa in Arizona.
69
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R70-11 (continued)
Black Mesa is a highland used by Indians to graze sheep, goats and cattle.
Native vegetation includes pinon, juniper, sagebrush and grass. The Indians
are protected by the terms of the leases. Peabody guarantees to conduct a
complete restoration program following closely behind the mining operation.
A large map outlines the 64,858 acres leased by Peabody. R199
R70-12 A BACKGROUND FOR DISTURBED LAND RECLAMATION AND RESEARCH IN THE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION OF ALBERTA
Peterson, E. B. and Etter, H. M., Canadian Forestry Service, Forest Res. Lab.,
Edmonton, Alberta, Inform. Kept. A-X-34 (May 1970). 45 pp. This publication
is a review of the reclamation problem in the Rocky Mountain Region of
Alberta, Canada. Potential land uses and reclamation planning are included
with references to revegetation and choice of spe9ies. Reclamation controls
are discussed as they relate to the local environmental conditions and as
they affect mining costs. The major need in the Rocky Mountain area is a sur-
vey of all types of surface disturbances. It is recommended that this survey
be done by the Alberta Department of Lands and Forests. An extensive list of
references is furnished, together with a tabulation of reclamation costs.
R275
R70-13 RECLAMATION UNDER SEMIARID CONDITIONS
Coal Mining Process. 2. UD» 3^-7 (1970). This story describes the problem
of revegetation in Wyoming where rainfall is less than 20 inches/year. Coal
seams are thick and the low sulfur keeps acid from forming. Land disturbance
is minimal but revegetation is quite difficult. Topsoil is limited to 2 - 6
inches. Sprinkler systems are used periodically. Wyoming Game and Fish
Dept. has aided in stocking lakes with trout, catfish, crappies and yellow
perch. R173
R70-14 SURFACE MINING & RESTORATION ENGLISH-STYLE
Singhal, R. K. , Coal Mining Process. 1_ (7), 40-43 (1970). In the Radar North
project in Northumberland County, England, seams of coal 15" to 56" thick and
at a maximum depth of 230 ft are mined. Giant draglines lifting 100 tons of
material then replace the spoil material immediately following the mining
operation. The National Coal Board expects operators to leave the land in
better shape than before work started. R248
R70-15 REVEGETATION OF STRIP MINE SPOIL BANKS THROUGH IRRIGATION WITH
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE
Sopper, W. E. (Penn State Univ., School Forest Resour.), Compost Sci. Nov.-
Dec. 1970. pp 6-11. Penn State Univ., Inst. Land Water Resour., Reprint Ser.
No. 20. A controlled study shows that trees, grasses, and legumes can be
70
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R70-15 (continued)
successfully grown on strip-mine spoil irrigated with both municipal sewage
effluent and sludge. Data are tabulated for sewage composition, plant growth
and survival, and composition of effluent from sewage treated and untreated
spoil. R500
R70-16 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC COAL MINE SPOIL BANKS
Sutton, P., Ohio Rept. Res. Develop. 55_ (5), 99-101 (1970). Lime, phosphorus
and potassium were used to treat acid refuse. By controlling pH level,
vegetation prospered and in all cases when pH dropped to 4 and below growth
disappeared. 70-110
R70-17 THEY GIVE THE LAND ANOTHER CHANCE
Reprinted from The Ohio Edisonian, Aug. 1970. 3 pp. The reclamation program
of the Ohio Edison Company, begun in the late 1940's, is pictured. In many
cases the final grading and planting restore the land to a more desirable con-
dition than existed before the strip mining. R357
R70-18 TRUAX-TRAER MINES BY MASTER LAND-USE PLAN
Consol News 9^ (5), 17-19 (1970). The projected plan for reclaiming land to
be mined near Canton, Illinois is described. The area will include a golf
course and other recreational areas. R225
R70-19 GROWTH AND MANAGEMENT OF BLACK WALNUT (JUGLANS NIGRA L.) ON
STRIP-MINED LANDS IN SOUTHEASTERN KANSAS
Geyer, W. A. and Naughton, G. G. (Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station,
Manhattan), Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 73 (4), 491-501
(1970). In 1946, permanent plots were established from plantations of black
walnut trees started from seed on strip-mined lands in Crawford and Cherokee
Counties, Kansas, between 1933 and 1936. Surveys of survival and growth of
black walnut and other species seeded or planted at the same time were car-
ried out in 1967 and 1968 and showed a 24 percent loss of black walnut trees
and a slowing of their growth. Since other studies showed the need of black
walnuts for wide spacing, thinning plots were established near some of the
permanent plots. After two growing seasons, measurements indicated that the
trees were responding to thinning. In managing the plantations as wildlife
habitat, trees were felled with hinges of wood attached to the stumps. Some
treetops were living after the second growing season, and, with sprouts from
the stumps, provided "living" brush piles for animal cover. CE486
71
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R70-20 TREE PLANTING GUIDE FOR THE RECLAMATION OF STRIP MINE LANDS IN OHIO
Paton, R. R. , Deane, J. A., Kohl, E., Krause, R. R., Richter, D. E., and
Soine, G., Ohio Reclamation Association, Technical Bulletin No. 70-1, June
1970. 14 pp.+ Tree planting methods, aids in selection of species, informa-
tion on where to obtain additional technical assistance, and a summary of
reforestation carried out over the years are included in this guide. R843
R70-21 RESTORING PRODUCTIVITY OF COAL MINE SPOILBANKS
Sutton, P., Ohio Report, July-Aug. 1970. pp 62-63. The article describes
the work of the Eastern Ohio Resource Development Center in reclaiming spoil
banks with limestone and mulch. Studies showing the production of acid from
spoil are also reviewed. R813
R70-22 STRIPMINE RECLAMATION
Vimmerstedt, J. P., Ohio Report, July-Aug. 1970. pp 60-61. Progress in
surface-mine reclamation in Ohio in the 22 years since the passage of the
first reclamation law in 1948 is reviewed. R814
R70-23 AFTER THE MINING. . .USEFUL LAND
Whitt, D. M. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service),
Mining Congr. J. 5jb (5), 26-29 (1970). This article describes the involve-
ment of the Soil Conservation Service since the 1930's with surface mine rec-
lamation. Extent of land needing reclamation in 13 states is noted as is the
reclamation work of the mining industry. R871
1971
R71-1 COAL MINING AND ITS EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
M. U. (Ohio Univ.), Proc. Groundwater Pollut. Conf., St. Louis, Mo.,
1971. (pp 13-52). The effects of surface and deep mining on water quality
are discussed in depth with conditions of mines in Ohio serving as the main
examples. 71-115
R71-2 EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON SMALL-STREAM FISHES IN EAST CENTRAL
KENTUCKY
Branson, B. A. and Butch, D. L. , Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 8_4 (59), 507-18
(1971). Leatherwood Creek and Bear Branch Creek, Breathitt County, Kentucky
were monitored to observe effects of strip mining on fish populations. Sil-
tation, not acidity, was the main pollutant resulting from strip mining. Num-
bers of bottom feeders dec-lined earliest. Investigation of the stream
showed that this was at least partly due to reduction of benthic food orga-
nisms and the reduction in darters and minnows, either by prevention of
72
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R71-2 (continued)
mating or destruction of fry and eggs. Monitoring of the streams is planned
to be continued. R51
R71-3 MINED-LAND REDEVELOPMENT: SOUTHEAST KANSAS PORTION OF THE
OZARKS REGION
Camin, K. Q., Hardy, R. G. , and Hambleton, W. W., Final Rept. for the Ozarks
Regional Comm., Con. No. ORC TA 70-19 (NEG), Oct. 15, 1970-Oct. 15, 1971.
36 pp. Information on the location, ownership, and characteristics of mined
land located in the area is reported and includes land disturbed by lead and
zinc mining as well as by coal mining. Research and demonstration projects
on land reclamation sponsored under this program are reviewed. R40
R71-4 ARNOT BRISTLY LOCUST—A NEW PLANT FOR RECLAMATION AND
BEAUTIFICATION
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age 7j> (9), 84-87 (1971). Arnot bristly locust is an
attractive and remarkably vigorous plant discovered by the Soil Conservation
Service. Arnot can survive and grow in highly acid locations. It is very
drought tolerant, can be planted any time, spreads very rapidly and will grow
on steep banks as well as on the level. It blooms from late May thru June
with sweet pea-like rose-purple flowers each about an inch across, borne in
clusters. Arnot bristly locust reaches a height of 8 to 10 feet and has the
ability to fix its own nitrogen thus reducing need for fertilizers. R437
R71-5 CLEAN AIR & WATER
Coal Mining Process. 8^ (11), 65-66 (1971). Kaiser Resources Ltd. has a pro-
gram to minimize air and water pollution at their coal mining and processing
operations at Sparwood, British Columbia. Sludge lagoons used for refuse
slurry are checked regularly for leakage. Water samples are taken above and
below the current stripping operations on Harmar Ridge and wildlife surveys
are conducted in cooperation with the B.C. Department of Conservation and Rec-
reation, Fish and Wildlife Division. Runoff and ground water are sampled
regularly to determine the amount of solids, acids, and metals. Clarified
water is pumped to the plant as makeup water. R137
R71-6 COAL, CONSOL AND THE ENVIRONMENT - A SPECIAL REPORT
Reprinted from Consol News 10 (1) (June 1971). 36 pp.+ This booklet de-
scribes numerous pollution control operations of Consolidation Coal Co. in-
cluding laboratory testing and control work on mine waters; Bergaman Creek,
Blacksville and Mingo mine drainage treatment plants; the Pocahontas Fuel
Division's Lynco refuse pile terraced and seeded; the Sallie Buffalo Park
near Cadiz, Ohio; the Edgell Water Treatment Plant near Wyatt, W. Va.; the
Hanna Reclamation Program and the Kathleen Mine Reclamation Project of Truax-
73
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R71-6 (continued)
Traer Division near Duquoin, Illinois. The Truax-Traer Division buries its
refuse by replacing it in the original strip pit. R338
R71-7 FARMING FOR PROFIT ON RECLAIMED LAND
Cornforth, C. L., Coal Mining Process. 8 (8), 32-36 (1971). Meadowlark
Farms, Inc., the reclamation and land management branch of Ayrshire Coal Co.,
runs farms covering 85,000 acres of both unmined and reclaimed coal lands in
Illinois and Indiana. In 1970, the farms produced 360,000 Ibs of pork,
450,000 Ibs of beef and 600,000 bu of grain. R469
R71-H STRIP-MINING, EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION
Curtis, W. R., Trans. ASAE 14 (3), 434-436 (1971). Spoil banks are a hetero-
geneous mixture of sandstone, limestone, shale, and soil. There is no
developed soil zone and very sparse vegetation. Weathering and erosion begin
on the spoil bank as soon as the mining operation exposes the unconsolidated
and unprotected material. The rate of weathering is faster in this freshly
exposed material than in unmined areas. Generally, larger storms produce
more sediment, but the maximum concentrations of sediment also depend on the
area disturbed and whether mining is active. (From author's summary) R141
R71-9 TERRACES REDUCE RUNOFF AND EROSION ON SURFACE-MINE BENCHES
Curtis, W. R., J. Soil Water Conserv. ^26 (5), 198-9 (1971). A two-year study
in Breathitt, Kentucky indicated that terraces can effectively control runoff
and erosion on surface-mine benches. In an area where the spoil was predomi-
nantly shale, peak flows on a terraced plot averaged 65 percent less than on
a control plot, sediment yield averaged 52 percent less and total runoff av-
eraged 42 percent less. Comparable figures on a set of plots having substan-
tial amounts of sandstone were 65,70 and 6 percent respectively. Average
storm runoff duration was 1 percent higher on the terraced plot of each pair.
(Author's abstract). R139
R71-10 VEGETATING STRIP-MINE SPOILS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), Proc. Revegetation
Econ. Use Surface Mined Land Mine Refuse Symp., Pipestem State Park, W. Va.,
Dec. 2-4, 1971. pp 40-41. The functions and methods of vegetating strip-
mine spoils are discussed generally. R409
R71-11 RESTORATION AND RECLAMATION OF OPENCAST SITES
Davison, D. J. (Natl. Coal Bd., Opencast Executive), Colliery Guardian, Ann.
Review, 94, 99-102 (Sept. 1971). This article reviews the development of
74
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R71-11 (continued)
opencast mining in the United Kingdom and the reclamation of mined land to
agricultural and recreational uses. R438
R71-12 THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION WITH MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE
ON SELECTED TREES, GRASSES, AND LEGUMES PLANTED IN BITUMINOUS
STRIP-MINE SPOIL
Dickerson, J. A., M.S. Thesis, Penn. State Univ., Dept. Forestry, Wildlife,
1971. 88 pp. In general, results indicate that municipal sludge and sewage
effluent can ameliorate harsh conditions found on bituminous spoil banks.
(From author's conclusions) R189
R71-13 EQUIPMENT GUIDELINES FOR SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION
Coal Age 76 (7), 94-95 (1971). Large track-type tractors are considered as
good performers for surface-mine reclamation. Advantages and disadvantages
of wheel dozers and wheel tractor scrapers are discussed. The difficulties
of using large shovels and draglines in reclamation work are pointed out.
R616
R71-14 PRELIMINARY REPORT OF WATER QUALITY MEASUREMENTS AND REVEGETATION
TRIALS ON MINED LAND AT LUSCAR, ALBERTA
Etter, H. M., Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forest Research Centre,
Edmonton, Alberta, Internal Rept. NOR-3, Aug. 1971. 19 pp. This report con-
cerns a project around the Camp, Cabin, and Luscar Creeks in the Upper Foot-
hills of western Alberta, Canada. The project involved water sampling and
testing in addition to a revegetation activity of hydroseeding on weathered
sandstone and shale overburden. Five seed mixtures were used and a tabula-
tion gives the grasses and legumes and their maximum expected number of
germinants. Several sketches and diagrams show the location and position of
the test areas. A detailed tabulation of the water sample analyses is also
given. Evaluation of the seeding project was not possible since the project
had just begun and very little growing time had elapsed. Sediment, including
coal particles, was also monitored. 71-107
R71-15 SURFACE MINED AREAS: CONTROL AND RECLAMATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
Frawley, M. L., U.S. Dept. Int., Office Library Serv., Bibliography Ser. No.
27, (Sept. 1971). 63 pp. This bibliography contains 387 items under several
categories; i.e., General, Environmental Effects, Protective Measures, Recla-
mation and Addenda. A name and subject index appear at the end of this
bibliography. R50
75
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R71-16 MINE SPOIL POTENTIALS FOR WATER QUALITY AND CONTROLLED EROSION
Grube, W. E., Jr., Jencks, E. M., Singh, R. N., Smith, R. M., and
Wilson, H. A. (Div. Plant Sci., College Agr. and Forestry, W. Va. Univ.),
U.S. EPA Water Pollut. Contr. Ser., 14010 EJE 12/71 (1971). 206 pp. The
general goal of this research has been to provide sufficient information
about coal overburdens and spoils to enable operators to place, treat and
manage variable spoils in the most favorable manner to give water and soils
of good quality during surface mining and thereafter. (From author's intro-
duction) R81
R71-17 A GUIDE FOR REVEGETATING BITUMINOUS STRIP-MINE SPOILS IN
PENNSYLVANIA
Res. Comm. Coal Mine Spoil Revegetation in Pa., Revised 1971. 46 pp. Recom-
mendations for revegetating areas for agriculture, woodland, and wildlife
habitat are given in this guide which is a cooperative effort of the U.S.
Forest Service, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Pa. Dept. Environmental Re-
sources, Pa. Game Comm., Pa. Conservation Assoc., and Penn. State Univ.,
School of Forestry. There is also a bibliography of pertinent literature.
R16
R71-18 IMPACT OF SURFACE-MINED BITUMINOUS COAL AND LIGNITE ON U.S.
ENERGY SECTOR
National Coal Association, (undated). 24 pp. This booklet gives statistics
showing the production of coal and the energy produced from coal in compari-
son to electric energy generated from other sources of power. The most re-
cent figures given are for 1971 and these are compared to earlier years, in
the case of coal production, back to 1940, and in the case of electric power
generation, back to 1966. Estimated strippable resources and reserves are
given as of January 1, 1968. R241
R71-19 PEABODY COAL FUELS ANOTHER POWER PLANT
Jones, D. C., Coal Mining Process. 8^ (9), 48-51 (1971). The mining reclama-
tion operation at Peabody's Universal Mine near Terre Haute, Ind. is de-
scribed. Production is about 6,000 tpd and dedicated to a plant of Public
Service of Indiana. R134
R71-20 ON RECLAIMED SPOIL BANKS - TIMBER! - AND IN NINE YEARS AT THAT!
Jones, W. G., Coal Age 7j> (11), 58-61 (1971). The reforestation project of
the Hoffman Coal Co. at Karthaus, Pa. was first planted in 1962 and growth
after nine years is over 11 inches in diameter and 40 feet high or better.
Lumber value is now more than $40/acre. Rainfall during this nine-year
period was about one fourth the normal amount. Cuttings were kept in damp
sawdust over the winter—then bundles of 20 kept this way until spring.
76
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R71-20 (continued)
Hybrid poplar is the most successful but some evergreens were also planted.
Pictures of the planted areas show the good success achieved. R32
R71-21 SUCCESSFUL NUT TREE PLANTINGS ON BITUMINOUS SPOIL BANKS IN
PENNSYLVANIA
Jones, W. G., 62nd Ann. Rept. Northern Nut Growers Assoc. (1971). pp 22-5.
This reprint describes the success achieved by the author growing nut trees
in the rocky soils of reclaimed spoil banks. Some species of Chinese
Chestnut trees grew much better than on good farm soil. Their disadvantage
as a tree is its shrubby growth. Deer are a problem because they keep young
nut trees clipped to the ground level. The author also transplanted a number
of Black Walnut trees and a 90 percent survival resulted. Several other nut
species have been tried with good success. R70
R71-22 LAND RECLAMATION CAN EVEN BE PROFITABLE
Mining Congr. J. 57_ (12), 57-60 (1971). The Ayrshire Coal Company has prac-
ticed scientific farming for 25 years. The products and cattle produced on
reclaimed farm land are pictured. Reforestation is only used when the land
is considered not suitable for farming. R107
R71-23 RECLAMATION OF STRIP MINE SPOIL BANKS IN WYOMING
Lang, R., Univ. Wyoming, Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. J. 51 (Sept. 1971). 32 pp.
This report has been compiled from theses written by three management gradu-
ate students plus reports by Professor Morton May. This information contains
a description of the study area and characterization of different-aged spoil
banks. Tree planting research, grass seeding, and grass transplanting were
investigated for establishment of vegetation on overburden piles. Early
spring was best time to plant, early fall was least successful. Sodding pro-
duced far better results than sprigging. Age of overburden did not affect
planting success but planting behind snowfence gave slightly better survival
rate. The most limiting factor was amount of moisture received during and
after planting. Russian olive and caragana were the best adapted tree spe-
cies. Sodded grasses were most effectively established on flat-top spoil
piles whereas trees and seeded grasses were more effectively established on
northeast and east facing slopes. R69
R71-24 AN UNUSUAL COAL MINE/POWER PLANT COMPLEX
Levene, H. D., Coal Mining Process. 8 (10), 57-61 (1971). In northeastern
Wyoming, Wyodak Coal Mine produces coal from a 90-foot seam for the Neil
Simpson Power Plant. The mining operation, reclamation, and power plant
operation are described. R135
77
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R71-25 A LONG RANGE RECLAMATION PROGRAM
Coal Mining Process. ^ (11), 62-4 (1971). Planning for reclamation of strip
mines in the Elkview Coal Mining Complex in British Columbia has started with
experimental work to find the types of trees and shrubs that can best be used
for revegetation at the high altitude of the mines. Old strip-mine sites are
being used in the experimental work and are also being reclaimed. R136
R71-26 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Miernyk, W. H. (W. Va. Univ., Reg. Res. Inst.), Southern Econ. Assoc. and
Southern Reg. Sci. Assoc. Meet., Miami Beach, Fla., Nov. 6, 1971. 17 pp.+
This paper discusses the overall economic effects in West Virginia if all
strip mining were stopped in favor of deep mining. The author discusses
EPA's policy and the problems of enforcement of their standards. Several
pages of statistics are included to illustrate the economic effects. R82
R71-27 MINED-LAND REDEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
Kansas Geol. Surv., Special Dist. Publ. 58, 1971. 48 pp. (Appendix E to
Camin, K. Q., e± al_ "Mined-land redevelopment: southeast Kansas portion of
the Ozarks region," Final Rept. for Ozarks Regional Comm. Con. No. ORC TA
70-19 (NEC) 1971. 36 pp). The workshop proceedings include the following
papers: Hambleton, W. W., "The geological context of mined-land redevelop-
ment," pp 5-7. Camih, K. Q., "An action plan for redeveloping southeast
Kansas lands," pp 9-14. Murphy, L., "Effects of fly-ash as a soil amendment
on strip-mined soils," pp 15-20. Grandt, A. F., "Agriculture crops on mined
lands," pp 21-4. Hyde, R. M., "Mined land reclamation," pp 25-8. Capp, J. P.
and Adams, L. M., "Reclamation of acid spoil with power plant fly ash,"
pp 29-39. Kovacic, W., "Fly ash research test plots," pp 41-2. R41
R71-28 THE BUREAU OF MINES RESTORATION WORK IN APPALACHIA
Pense, R. A., Appalachia _4 (5), 18-20 (February 1971). This article de-
scribes the reclamation work in the Appalachian Area sponsored by the Federal
Government which pays 75 percent of the costs, mainly under the Appalachian
Regional Development Act. After individual projects are approved by the
Bureau of Mines, private contractors who are successful bidders do the work.
Some of the projects described are mine fire control, subsidence, land recla-
mation, and oil and gas well sealing. By 1970 there were 25 commission-
approved mine restoration projects in progress at a total cost of approxi-
mately $24 million. R48
R71-29 HIGHWALLS - AN ENVIRONMENTAL NIGHTMARE
Plass, W. T. , Proc. Revegetation & Economic Use of Surface-Mined Land and
Mine Refuse Symp., Dec. 2-4, 1971. pp 9-13. This article discusses the
unsightly appearance of the highwall and describes this as a major objection
78
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R71-29 (continued)
to surface mining. The author then outlines several ways to screen from view
most of the exposed highwall. This can be done by creating two benches which
actually add to the total land disturbance. Other alternatives are shown by
diagrams which use grading to minimize the total exposed area. These graded
areas can then be planted with fast-growing trees which will screen a consid-
erable part of the exposed highwall. R242
R71-30 PROC. REVEGETAT10N ECONOMIC USE SURFACE-MINED LAND MINE REFUSE
SYMP., PIPESTEM STATE PARK, W. VA.
by W. Va. Univ., School of Mines, College Agr. Forestry, Appalachian Cent.,
Dec. 2-4, 1971. 59 pp. The Proceedings include the following papers on
surface-mined land reclamation: Glover, F. W., Jr., "Surface mine
reclamation-preplanning"; Smith, R. M., "Properties of coal overburden that
influence revegetation and economic use of mine soils"; Anderson, J. C.,
"Preparation of surface-mined land for revegetation"; Plass, W. T., "High-
walls—an environmental nightmare"; Vogel, W. G. , "Needs in revegetation re-
search on surface-mined lands"; Balasko, J. A., "Plant and spoil characteris-
tics affecting surface mine revegetation"; Vande Linde, 0. V., Jr., "Vegeta-
tion and techniques currently used in revegetation of surface-mined land";
Bennett, 0. L., "Grasses and legumes for revegetation of strip-mined areas";
Brown, J. H., "Use of trees for revegetation of surface-mined areas"; Hardin,
N. C., "Use of specialty crops for revegetation on surface mine areas";
Rawson, J. W., "Surface mining and wildlife"; Curtis, W. R., "Vegetating
strip-mine spoils for runoff and erosion control"; Sperow, C. B., Jr., "Con-
tinuing management of vegetation on surface-mined land"; Sutton, P. , "Con-
tinuing management of vegetation on surface-mined land"; Eigenbrod, W. F.,
"Use of stabilizers and binders for conditioning surface-mined land and coal
mine refuse for revegetation"; Capp, J. P. and Adams, L. M., "Reclamation of
coal mine wastes and strip spoil with fly ash"; Ozmina, D. J., "Industry ex-
perience in revegetating with grasses, legumes and related plants"; Smith,
W. D., "Industry experience in revegetating with trees"; Frederick, G. B.,
"Industry experience in revegetating with specialty crops." R430
R71-31 RECLAMATION AND BIG DOZERS AT HANNA COAL
Coal Age 7_6. (5), 80-3, 88 (1971). Hanna Coal Company has used Allis-Chalmers
HD41 dozers to handle its reclamation work. The machinery and the land grad-
ing practice are described. Hanna began reclamation work in the early 1940's
and details of their program, which has used crown vetch very successfully,
are outlined. R106
R71-32 RECLAMATION...A PEABODY COAL ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALTY
Coal Age ^76 (10), 124-129 (1971). Peabody Coal Company's multiple-use envi-
ronmental policy is operated by a special staff of 11 men. Included in their
reclamation plans are development of lakes, especially for recreation; timber
79
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R71-32 (continued)
production, grazing lands; wildlife support; and water quality control. R470
R71-33 RECLAMATION: RESTORING BEAUTY AND BALANCE
U.S. Steel News 36> (6), 8-10 (Nov./Dec. 1971). This article explains the
reclaiming efforts of U.S. Steel at its coal properties. The work was
started more than twenty years ago and many details outline what has been
learned and accomplished in that time. The various seeding methods and their
effectiveness are discussed. R27
R71-34 REMOTE SENSING FOR MINED AREA RECLAMATION: APPLICATIONS INVENTORY
Earth Satellite Corp., prepared for U.S. Bureau of Mines, June 1, 1971.
15 pp.+ This is a survey of the use of remote sensing, mainly by aerial
photography, for coal companies, government organizations and others in mon-
itoring conditions in mined-land areas. R49
R71-35 SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON MINE SPOIL
Smith, R. M., Tryon, E. H., and Tyner, E. H., W. Va. Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta.,
Bull. 604T (1971). 47 pp. Iron ore spoils, 70 to 130 years old, were
studied and compared to recent coal spoil .!ud natural contiguous soils to
evaluate the long-range potential of co^ • [>o i I s for good growth. R439
R71-36 ACID MINE POLLUTION EFFECTS ON LAKE BIOLOGY
Smith, R. W. and Frey, D. G., Water Resour. Res. Center, Indiana Univ., Rept.
to U.S. EPA, Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser. 18050 EEC 12/71 (1971). 131 pp.
Six coal strip-mine lakes in Pike County, southern Indiana, ranging in pH
from 2.5 to 8.2 were studied from July 1969 to December 1970. Results of the
sampling program for physical and chemical parameters and for biological
parameters are reported. Generally, differences between the lakes indicated
successional trends with increasing pH. R28
R71-37 EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE EFFLUENT ON SPOIL BANKS
Sopper, W. E., Penn. State Univ., Inst. Res. Land Water Resour., Rept. to
U.S. Dept. Int., Office Water Resour. Res., Dec. 1971. 9 pp. NTIS, PB-207
784. Spoil materials together with sewage effluent and sludge in various
blonds were tested with tree, grass, and legume plantings. Results showed
that considerable amounts of dissolved minerals were removed by the spoil
material, and the quality of the percolating water was greatly improved.
R158
80
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R71-38 STRIP-MINED AREA RESTORATION
Fact Sheet, Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Upper Darby, Pa., 1971. This
one-page report describes Project No. 1605 in Berea, Kentucky to develop
practical methods of reducing damage to water, wildlife, recreation, timber,
and range resources during surface-mining operations and to develop practical
methods of restoring these resources once surface-mining operations have been
completed. Forestry scientists at Berea are conducting research in four ma-
jor problem areas, engineering, spoil bank chemistry, hydrology, and revege-
tation. R18
R71-39 STRIP MINING STUDY: A PRELIMINARY REPORT FOR MINING FOUR COAL
SEAMS ON BUSHY MOUNTAIN IN CAMPBELL COUNTY, TENNESSEE
Tennessee Valley Authority, Office Eng. Design Construction, Sept. 1971.
8 pp.+ In the mining plan described, overburden initially is placed either
in a spoil area or on outslope in a v?ay to insure slope stability. Over-
burden from succeeding cuts is stored on the previous bench or used to fill
in previously excavated areas. Plans, including costs, are given for three
different situations of spoil placement on the outslope: 40-foot fill height;
20-foot fill height; and no fill on the outslope. R573
R71-40 SURFACE MINING
Coal Age _76 (7), 193-209 (1971). This general article on surface mining em-
phasizes the general material moving and handling problems, and includes dis-
cussion of waste disposal and handling overburden. Details of grading and
all types of seeding and revegetation are discussed. Reference is made to
the importance of speeding reclamation work. R464
R71-41 SURFACE MINING CONSERVATION AND RECLAMATION ACT (PENNSYLVANIA)
Act of May 31, 1945, P.L. 1198, Act No. 418 and Amendments, including Act
No. 147, Nov. 30, 1971. (52 P.S. 1396.1 et seq.) 14 pp. Extraction of
non-coal minerals is also covered by the act except as specifically exempted.
There are requirements for mining permits, reclamation planning and bonds.
Provision is made for a Surface Mining Conservation and Reclamation Fund.
R47
R71-42 SURFACE MINING, SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL COMBINED AT PENNSYLVANIA
OPERATION
Coal Age 76 (11), 84-6 (1971). The combined strip mining, solid-waste dis-
posal, and land-reclamation operation of Aloe Coal Co., west of Pittsburgh
is described. R103 '
81
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R71-43 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL BANKS
Sutton, P. (Ohio Agr. Res. Develop. Cent.), Acid Mine Drainage Workshop,
Athens, Ohio, by Ohio Univ., 1971. 4 pp. This paper describes the neutral-
ization requirements of spoil banks in order to have these support vegeta-
tion. pH below 4 prevents all growth but there are banks which are acid but
not toxic, where certain plants will grow. Soil cover over spoil material
will support vegetation and roots will eventually grow into spoil material.
R550
R71-44 SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS - REHABILITATION OF DRASTICALLY DISTURBED
SURFACE MINED LANDS
Macon, Ga. by Georgia Surface Mined Land Use Board, Nov. 4-5, 1971. 126 pp.
The problems of reclamation of surface-mined land are treated generally
although there are a number of mentions of kaolin mining since that is one of
Georgia's largest surface mining industries. Among subjects discussed in
various papers are land-use planning, legislative requirements for reclama-
tion, vegetation, water and erosion control, dust control, developing lands
for fishing, or sanitary land fills. R143
R71-45 THE REHABILITATION OF THE MINING ENVIRONMENT IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Thirgood, J. V., Can. Mining Met. Bull. ^4 (712), 90-5 (1971). This article
describes the surface-mining circumstances in British Columbia and the legis-
lation that regulates reclamation. Examples are given of the implementation
of the legislation. The Canadian Forestry Service Information Report A-X-34
by Peterson and Etter is cited as giving significant information on how to
plan for effective reclamation and its recommendations are reviewed. R220
R71-46 EFFECTS OF SPOIL TEXTURE ON GROWTH OF K-31 TALL FESCUE
Van Lear, D. H., U.S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-141 (1971). 7 pp. The
growth of K-31 tall fescue was significantly affected by the particle size
distribution, or texture, of four spoils from Eastern Kentucky. Growth on
non-toxic spoils was greatest where the texture consisted of about equal
quantities of soil-size material and a coarser fraction (2 mm to 6.4 mm)
probably because moisture and aeration were more favorable. On two spoils
adverse chemical properties modified the effect of physical properties asso-
ciated with texture. Toxic levels of Mn found in the smaller size fractions
probably reduced yields on one spoil. On another the effect of texture was
masked by toxic levels of Al in each of the three particle size fractions.
(Author's abstract). R133
R71-47 NEEDS IN REVEGETATION RESEARCH ON SURFACE-MINED LANDS
Vogel, W. G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. USDA), Proc. Revegetation Econ.
Use Surface-Mined Land Mine Refuse Symp., Pipestem State Park, W. Va.,
82
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R71-47 (continued)
Dec. 2-4, 1971. pp 17-18. Research needs cited include erosion control
studies, fertilizer requirements, feasibility of alternate land use, and
treatment of problem spoils. R410
R71-48 RECLAMATION OF ACIDIC COAL-MINE SPOIL WITH FLY ASH
Adams, L. M., Capp, J. P., and Eisentrout, E., U.S. Bureau of Mines, RI 7504
(Apr. 1971). 29 pp. Plots at two sites in northern West Virginia were
treated with varying tonnages of fly ash from three area powerplants and
were planted with a variety of grasses, legumes, trees, and shrubs. Eight
grasses and seven legumes were investigated. Greatest promise for growth
under harsh soil conditions was shown by Kentucky 31 fescue, rye and red top
grasses, and birdsfoot trefoil, a legume. Survival of trees and shrubs was
negligible. Addition of fly ash to the spoil increased the pH to a range
tolerable to some types of plant growth, improved the texture of the soil,
and increased the available water of the resulting mixture. (From authors'
abstract). BurM
R71-49 EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON COMMUNITIES
AND NATURAL RESOURCES IN INDIANA'S COAL MINING REGION
Callahan, J. C. and Callahan, J. G., Purdue University Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Research Bulletin No. 871 (Jan. 1971). 43 pp. This detailed
study of surface mining in Indiana includes information on reclaiming the
land by forestation and the use of the reclaimed land for recreation. R950
R71-50 THE INDIANA COAL INDUSTRY SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION PROGRAM
Medvick, C. (Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc.), Indiana Academy of
Science Proceedings 80, 346-350 (1971). The scope and longevity of surface
mining reclamation in Indiana are described. Organized, continuous planting
was started in 1926. A table gives a chronological listing of the 16 conifer
and 28 broadleaf species planted over the years. Revegetation to forage
crops was increased in the more recent years. The author notes the adverse
effects on tree survival and growth from compaction of earth resulting from
the grading required by the 1967 reclamation law. R876
R71-51 RECLAMATION: U.S. STEEL IS INVOLVED
Coal Age 76 (4), 66-71 (1971). The reclamation program carried on by U.S.
Steel at its Gary District in McDowell County, West Virginia, since 1948 is
described. Hydraulic seeding was found to be an economical and efficient
method of sowing grass, shrub, and tree seeds, either separately or in a mix-
ture, and with the addition of fertilizer and/or mulch. Plant selection
studies are part of the research program. A number of species used are dis-
cussed and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. Jour
83
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R71-52 THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COAL SURFACE-MINED LANDS IN ILLINOIS
Weber, L. S. (Mid-West Coal Producers Institute), in Land-Use Problems in
Illinois, Papers from a Symposium at the 137th Meeting of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science, Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 26-31, 1970,
Illinois State Geological Survey, Environmental Geology Notes Number 46 (May
1971). pp 41-46. The history of surface mining and reclamation in Illinois
is reviewed. Revegetation changed from early emphasis on reforestation to
planting with forage crops and developed from trial and error to plantings
based on scientific studies. Recreational areas developed around the lakes
created by surface mining are described, as are other uses of mined land.
JllGeol
1972
R72-1 COAL MINE SPOIL AND REFUSE BANK RECLAMATION WITH POWERPLANT FLY ASH
Adams, L. M., Capp, J. P., and Glllmore, D. W. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Proc.
Third Miner. Waste Utilization Symp., Chicago, 111., by U.S. Bur. Mines and
IIT Res. Inst., 1972. pp 106-111. The field treatments of surface-mine
spoil in a long-range combination field and greenhouse study are emphasized.
Benefits of reclaiming both surface-mine spoil and coal mine refuse include
partial neutralization of acid spoil and refuse materials; increase in
moisture-holding capacity and pore space of moisture-holding materials;
yields of forage that compared favorably with yields from undisturbed pas-
tures and fields; use of large amounts of fly ash. Information tabulated
includes composition of fly ash used, chemical analysis of surface-mine spoil
at treated sites, and costs of reclamation. 622 M6
R72-2 ADMINISTRATION OF REGULATIONS FOR SURFACE EXPLORATION, MINING
AND RECLAMATION OF PUBLIC AND INDIANA COAL LANDS
Comptroller General of the United States, Rept. to Conservation and Natural
Resour. Subcomm., Comm. Gov. Operations, U.S. House Representatives,
B-148623, 1972. 36 pp. GAO's review was limited to the administration of
the regulations for coal resources. GAO also considered whether the Depart-
ment of Interior was applying the regulations consistent with the mandates of
the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and the regulations provided
assurance that valuable resources were not being depleted without protection
of environmental values. The review was made in Arizona, Colorado, Montana,
New Mexico, North Dakota, and Wyoming and in Department of Interior headquar-
ters offices in Washington. (From digest of report) R463
R72-3 SPOIL, GOB AND FLY ASH PRODUCE PLANT SUPPORTING SOILS
Babcock, A., Green Lands 2 (1), 10-13 (1972). Fly ash is a good neutralizing
agent and soil additive as shown by a table comparing mineral value of ash
with regular fertilizers. Fly ash increases the moisture-holding capacity of
spoil material. Treated plots showed impressive growths. A calculation of
mineral values in fly ash showed the equivalent cost benefits to be $529/acre
R118
84
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R72-4 EVALUATION OF ABANDONED STRIP MINES AS SANITARY LAND FILLS
Bodner, R. M. and Hemsley, W. T. (Nassaux-Hemsley, Inc.), Proceed. Third
Miner. Waste Utilization Symp., Chicago, 111., by U.S. Bur. Mines and IIT
Res. Inst., 1972. pp 129-138. This article explains and illustrates the
merits of combining reclamation with disposal of municipal wastes. First it
is necessary to study the soils and characteristics of the strip mine. Pre-
cautions must be taken to ensure that leachate does not pollute the ground or
surface waters. A number of actual landfill operations are described. Soil,
geologic, and hydrologic considerations determine the suitability of a strip
mine as a landfill. Constraints against this practice are predominantly so-
cial and legislative. 662 M6
R72-5 ECOLOGY AND PRODUCTIVITY OF STRIP MINE AREAS IN MERCER COUNTY
PENNSYLVANIA
Brenner, F. J. (Grove City College, Pa.), Study funded by U.S. Dept. Int.,
(undated). 70 pp. A study of 81 abandoned strip mines in Mercer County was
carried out in 1971 and 1972. Water analyses and studies of plankton and
fish population of strip-mine ponds showed that most ponds were capable of
supporting aquatic life. In vegetative analyses of the land, natural vegeta-
tion was differentiated from vegetation planted during reclamation. The suc-
cess of 16 species of grasses and 30 species of trees planted by the Soil
Conservation Service was evaluated and the results are tabulated. R588
R72-6 RECLAMATION OF SURFACE MINED AREAS IN MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN
Caffrey, J. E. (U.S. Steel Corp., Gary, W. Va. Coal Dist.), AIME Ann. Meet.,
San Francisco, Calif., Feb. 20-24, 1972. Preprint No. 72-F-51. 17 pp.
United States Steel Corp. has reclaimed to forest land rugged and mountainous
areas it strip mined in southern West Virginia. Forty-four slides shown with
the presentation are reproduced. R574
R72-7 CAPITOL FUELS' STRIP MINE FRUIT ORCHARD
Coal Mining Process, _9 (7), 50-51, 60-61 (1972). Capitol Fuels and its sis-
ter company, F & F Mining, have converted an active strip mine near
Charleston, W. Va. into a fruit orchard in one year. They have also planted
various grasses and legumes on former mine sites. The companies use silt
dams to trap solids before water enters the streams and check water samples
regularly. R423
R72-8 A PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
AND BIOTA OF THREE STRIP MINE LAKES, SPENCER COUNTY, INDIANA
Coe, M. W. and Schmelz, D. V. (St. Meinrad College), Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.
82, 184-188 (1972). Three Spencer County strip-mine lakes in the same imme-
diate area, each about 30 years old, were studied. Differences between the
85
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R72-8 (continued)
characteristics of the lakes are a function of area/volume ratios, slopes of
basins, and watersheds. These lakes are in the alkaline stage of recovery.
The study results prove that each lake is modified, chemically, physically,
and biotically, at its own rate. 72-103
R72-9 ALASKAN COALS MAY PROVE A BIG PLUS IN FUTURE EXPORTS PICTURE
Conwell, C. N. , Mining Eng. _24_ (10), 82-4 (1972). The coal fields of Alaska
are described. Much of the coal is in thick seams which have a favorable
ratio of seam thickness to depth of cover for strip mining. Sulfur content
of the coal is very low. Coal deposits are almost all on Federal, state or
native allotment lands. State and Federal regulations and administration of
coal lands are discussed. R102
R72-10 COST ANALYSES OF MODEL MINES FOR STRIP MINING OF COAL IN THE
UNITED STATES
U.S. Bur. Mines, 1C 8535 (1972). 116 pp. This study estimates costs of pro-
ducing bituminous coal and lignite by strip-mining methods in 12 hypothetical
mines. Costs are developed by geographic area, rank of coal and output ca-
pacity. Seam thickness, depth and type of overburden are considered typical
for the area in which the hypothetical mine would be located. Cost analyses
are based on use of new equipment, union wage scales, miscellaneous costs,
royalties, miners' fund contributions, license and permit fees. The hypothet-
ical mines have annual outputs of 1 to 5 million tons. Each mine has an
assumed life of 20 years. Production costs for the 3-5 million ton mines av-
erage 30 percent below that of the 1 million ton/year mine. R72
R72-11 STRIP-MINING INCREASES FLOOD POTENTIAL OF MOUNTAIN WATERSHEDS
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Berea, Ky.), Natl. Symp. Water-
sheds in Transition, Fort Collins, Colo., by Am. Water Resource Assoc. and
Colo. St. Univ., June 19-20, 1972. Proc. Ser. No. 14, pp 357-360. A study
in eastern Kentucky indicated that surface mining for coal alters natural
processes and affects the water resources in small Appalachian watersheds.
Peak flow rates increased by a factor of 3 to 5 after surface mining. Lag
time was reduced, thus affecting an increase in the rate at which flood peaks
move downstream. It appears that peak flow is directly and positively corre-
lated with the percent of area disturbed during surface mining. (Author's
abstract) R6
R72-12 MICRO-TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE GAGE
Curtis, W. R. and Cole, W. D. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), Agricul-
tural Eng. _53 (1), 17 (1972). This article describes a simple gage which can
be used to measure soil loss from surface-mined lands. A picture shows the
86
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R72-12 (continued)
gage and a detailed description is given explaining its construction and use.
R140
R72-13 SPROUTING OF THINNED HYBRID POPLARS ON BITUMINOUS STRIP-MINE
SPOILS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Davidson, W. H. and Davis, G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.)> U.S. Forest
Serv. Res. Note NE-147 (1972). 6 pp. Various thinning techniques were
applied to 5-year old hybrid poplar stands on bituminous strip-mine spoils.
Basal and stump sprays of 2, 4, 5-T in diesel oil were effective for killing
the trees. There was no evidence that chemical treatments affected adjacent
trees. Where trees were cut and stumps were not chemically treated, all
clones sprouted prolifically. Dominance in sprout clumps was asserted soon
after thinning. Sprouting vigor was affected more by site quality than
clonal parentage. Results indicate that hybrid poplar can be successfully
regenerated under coppice management or can be easily removed for stand con-
version. (Authors' abstract) R356
R72-14 SURFACE MINING PRACTICE IN CANADA
Dubnie, A. (Dept. Energy, Mines and Resources, Mining Res. Cent., Ottawa),
Mines Branch, Inform. Circ. 292, 1972. 109 pp. This publication provides a
general survey of equipment, methods and costs of surface mining in Canada.
The final ten pages of this report deal with surface mining of coal. A tabu-
lation is included giving location, company names, production, coal rank,
thickness, seam attitude and overburden depth. Mining practices in various
areas are described including details on waste disposal and reclamation.
Several diagrams illustrate the stripping procedures and show how all materi-
al is handled. Reference is made to the revival of coal stripping in Canada
due chiefly to new demands of the Japanese steel industry. R13
R72-15 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION—A CONSOL OBJECTIVE SINCE 1948
Coal Age ]1_ (10), 122-138 (1972). The overall mine drainage, reclamation and
waste disposal program of Consolidation Coal Company is described. Fifteen
water treatment plants are in operation and three more in development stages.
Major projects for the company included: Itmann preparation plant, Hanna
Coal Company Division reclamation program, the Pocahontas Fuel Company recla-
mation project, and Dents Run surface and water cleanup. Numerous pictures
show conclusively the significant results obtained by the company's broad
efforts in environmental control. Two maps show the extent of the areas im-
proved by these reclamation efforts. Large sums of money have been spent at
each location and these figures are included. R33
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R72-16 THE EXPERTS EVALUATE MOUNTAIN STATE RECLAMATION
Green Lands 2 (1), 18-21 (1972). Pictures showing the results of reclamation
efforts in various parts of West Virginia were taken for the 1972 Interagency
Evaluation of Surface Mine Reclamation in West Virginia. R119
R72-17 FORESTRY RESEARCH HELPS MINE SPOILS TURN GREEN
Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr., Photo Story No. 12 (undated).
4 pp. The advantages of using weeping lovegrass to revegetate strip-mined
land are discussed. Weeping lovegrass will grow on spoil as acid as pH 4;
seems to compete less with young tree seedlings than do other plants used as
cover on strip-mined land; and also seems to die out as the growing trees
provide more protection to the reclaimed site. R572
R72-18 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LITERATURE PERTINENT TO MINING RECLAMATION IN
ARID AND SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENTS
Gifford, G. F., Dwyer, D. D., and Norton, B. E., Utah State Univ., Aug. 1972.
23 pp. This compilation of 312 references covers reclamation from all types
of mining. The references are categorized and the section covering coal
spoil banks only has 34 references, but there are many coal-related refer-
ences in other categories. R68
R72-19 RECLAMATION OF SPOIL AND REFUSE BANKS WITH POWERPLANT FLY ASH
Gilmore, D. W. and Capp, J. P., AIME Ann. Meet., San Francisco, Calif., Feb.
20-24, 1972. Preprint No. 72-F-61. 17 pp. This paper describes the merits
of fly ash as a soil conditioner for use in mine land reclamation work. The
U.S. Bureau of Mines surface-mine reclamation program is summarized covering
the years 1965 through 1971. In their program, they aimed for a neutral soil
condition and blended fly ash accordingly with the gob-pile material and
spoil. A number of projects are described and the physical and chemical bene-
fits to the soil are listed. A cost study for this kind of reclamation pro-
duced a figure of $300/acre depending on a number of factors. R331
R72-20 PREPLANNING ON SURFACE MINE LAND
Glover, F. W., Jr., Green Lands 2 (1), 23-25 (1972). This article points out
that off-site damages should be minimized by making plans before mining begins.
Preplanning should also include determination of future use of the area, main-
tenance of water quality, planning access roads, characterization of the over-
burden, and revegetation program. R120
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R72-21 LEGAL PROBLEMS OF COAL MINE RECLAMATION
Goldberg, E. F. and Power, G. (Maryland, Univ. of, School of Law), U.S. EPA,
Water Pollut. Contr. Res. Ser., 14010 FZU 03/72 (1972). 236 pp. Coal mining
produces a variety of environmental problems, - acid drainage, sedimentation,
surface subsidence, and surface-scars. This study reviews the response of
legal institutions to these problems in Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and
West Virginia. Technological and economic concerns are also taken into ac-
count. (From authors' abstract) R79
R72-22 SURFACE MINING METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Grim, E. C. and Hill, R. D., EPA, Natl. Environ. Res. Cent., Cincinnati, Ohio,
Oct. 1972. 32 pp. This paper reviews the background of strip mining and de-
scribes the mechanics of the following methods: area mining, contour mining,
slope-reduction method, slope-reduction method (parallel fill), pit-storage
method, box-cut method - two-cut, head-of-hollow fill method, multiple-seam
mining, auger mining, and highwall mining. Each section is complete with de-
tailed sketches to show the actual material-handling sequences together with
the reclamation procedures. R46
R72-23 EFFECTS OF COAL MINING ON THE WATER RESOURCES OF THE TRADEWATER
RIVER BASIN, KENTUCKY
Grubb, H. F. and Ryder, P. D. (U.S. Geol. Surv.), U.S. Geol. Surv. Water
Supply Paper 1940 (1972). 83 pp. About 40 percent of the 12.1 million tons
average annual production of coal in the Tradewater River Basin is from strip
mining. The survey shows that more chemicals are carried in water from mined
areas and that flow in streams draining mined areas is maintained during dry
periods even after streams in non-mined subbasins have stopped flowing. R200
R72-24 USE OF WASTE TREATMENT PLANT SOLIDS FOR MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Hinesly, T. D. , Jones, R. L., and Sosewitz, B. , Mining Congr. J. ,58_ (9), 66-73
(1972). The use of sewage sludge for mined land reclamation is advocated.
It is claimed that hazard of contamination by pathogenic organisms can be
eliminated by lagooning digested sludge for 30 days. Land disposal of sewage
sludge is an advantage to a large metropolitan sanitary district even with
the expense of transporting the material more than 100 miles. Sewage sludge
can increase humus and nitrogen content of soils. R124
R72-25 COAL MINE LAND RECLAMATION RESEARCH LOCATED AT WESTERN ENERGY
COMPANY, COLSTRIP, MONTANA
Hodder, R. L., Sindelar, B. W., Buchholz, J., and Ryerson, D. E., Mont. Agr.
Expt. Sta., Res. Rept. 20, 1972. 45 pp. The report gives the progress made
in 1971 on research in five major areas: overburden analysis, mine water
analysis, effectiveness and feasibility of topsoiling, development of optimum
89
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R72-25 (continued)
fertilizer rates, and development of mechanical surface manipulation tech-
niques. Twelve studies planned for 1972 are listed. Photographs of the
work are included. R358
R72-26 COAL MINE LAND RECLAMATION RESEARCH .LOCATED AT DECKER, MONTANA
Hodder, R. L. and Sindelar, B. W., Mont. Agr. Expt. Sta., Res. Rept. 21, 1972.
29 pp. The research program at the Decker Coal Co. included overburden anal-
yses; greenhouse testing for vegetation productivity potential; and field
revegetation studies of over 40 individual seed mixtures containing over 70
plant species. R359
R72-27 WHAT IS HAPPENING TO THE OHIO COAL INDUSTRY?
Hyslop, J. [V.P. (retired) Consolidation Coal Co.], Privately published after
March 1972. (undated). 28 pp. The author is a former manager of strip
mining for Hanna Coal Co., now speaking as an individual. He points out that
the mining law now in existence will shut down every mine in Ohio if all
phases of the law were to be enforced. Its requirements are completely im-
practical from an operating standpoint. An extensive section discussing rec-
lamation which is information for the most part from Hanna's effective and
successful program. Mr. Hyslop discusses all phases of reclamation and is of
the opinion that the administration and enforcement of the Ohio laws has been
very faulty and unsatisfactory. R14
R72-28 RESEARCH ON STRIP-MINING LAND BY THE COOPERATIVE WILDLIFE
RESEARCH LABORATORY, S.I.U.
Jewell, S. R. and Haynes, R. J., Proc. 111. Mining Inst., Ann. Meet.,
Springfield, 111., 1972. pp 76-86. The Cooperative Wildlife Research Labor-
atory has conducted surveys of wildlife, vegetation, effects of land manage-
ment and habitat improvement, land suitable for acquisition for recreation,
and land surface mined prior to the first Illinois reclamation law. Results
of various mining methods and soil chemistry of strip-mine spoils have also
been investigated. 622 129
R72-29 IMPLEMENTING THE CHICAGO PRAIRIE PLAN
Kudrna, F. and Kelly, G. (The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago), Symp. Recycling Treated Municipal Waste Water & Sludge on Forest &
Croplands, Penn. State Univ., Aug. 21-24, 1972. 6 pp. The Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Chicago has developed a program of recycling sewage
solids and liquid fertilizer from their waste-treatment plants. They apply
the by-products to a 7000-acre tract of strip-mined land in Fulton County.
The liquid fertilizer has also been used in other areas. The principle uses
an area of 30,000 usable acres which act as a natural filter and collection
90
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R72-29 (continued)
system. The liquid product is a clean flowing stream. The article describes
other areas the Sanitary District is involved in either directly or by con-
tract. A pipeline is now being planned to replace the barge system now being
used. This line could accept inputs along the way. The program is envi-
sioned as a completely integrated system for recycling usable waste products.
R268
R72-30 REVEGETATION AUGMENTATION BY REUSE OF TREATED ACTIVE SURFACE MINE
DRAINAGE
Laval, F. J. and Robins, J. D. (Cyrus Wra. Rice Div. - NUS Corp.), U.S. EPA,
Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-R2-72-119 (Nov. 1972). 147 pp. Two
active surface-mine sites in Kentucky were evaluated to determine the feasi-
bility of conducting a full-scale demonstration project on the use of neu-
tralized acid mine drainage to irrigate new vegetative cover or regraded
spoil banks. The site in the western coal field was chosen on the basis of
water analyses and the nutrient requirements of the spoil banks. Water col-
lection, neutralization plant and irrigation techniques were evaluated to de-
termine the most feasible methods. Cost estimates are given. (Adapted from
authors' abstract) R510
R72-31 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION UTILIZING TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTES
Lejcher, T. R. (U.S. Forest Service), AIME Fall Meet., Birmingham, Ala.,
Oct. 18-20, 1972. Preprint No. 72-F-319. 14 pp. This paper discusses the
use of municipal sewage sludge to treat strip-mine spoils and acid runoff.
The U.S. Forest Service together with the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago conducted a small demonstration project at Sugar Creek, 111.,
which receives very acid runoff. Four plots were laid out designed to sample
subsurface runoff. Details of the analytical data are given together with
determinations of biological organisms. The highly alkaline sludge neutral-
izes the acid runoff and reduces organic coliform to a minimum. About 192
acres of strip-mined land will be used for a pilot study. R472
R72-32 RESTORATION OF ACID SPOIL BANKS WITH TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Lejcher, T. R. and Kunkle, S. H., Proc. Conf. Recycling Treated Municipal
Waste Water Through Forest and Cropland, University Park, Pa., by Pa. State
Univ., Aug. 21-24, 1972. pp 185-199. The preliminary results of the strip
mine reclamation demonstration project in southern Illinois are reviewed. A
treatment of 304 metric tons per hectare, the heaviest application used, im-
proved soil pH, allowed establishment of vegetation, reduced acidity and con-
centration of some of the chemicals in the runoff. R566
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R72-33 COAL MINING VS. ENVIRONMENT: A RECONCILIATION IN PENNSYLVANIA
Maneval, D. R. (Appalachian Regional Comm.), Appalachia .5 (4), 10-40 (1972).
Both bituminous and anthracite strip mining are included in this discussion
of the environmental problems of coal mining in Pennsylvania and what is
being done about them. R458
R72-34 pH AND SOLUBLE Cu, Ni AND Zn IN EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL MINE SPOIL
MATERIALS
Massey, H. F., Soil Science 114 (3), 217-221 (1972). On the basis of studies
with 4 spoil materials, the effects of liming on solution concentrations of
Zn, Cu and Ni can be roughly estimated from pH measurements. More accurate
estimates could be obtained by making a few determinations on each spoil mate-
rial. Of the 3 elements studied, Ni appeared to be most likely to remain in
the soil solution in toxic amounts once the pH has been adjusted to a point
which would otherwise be satisfactory for plant growth. (From author's sum-
mary) 72-84
R72-35 COPPER, NICKEL AND ZINC RELEASED FROM ACID COAL MINE SPOIL
MATERIALS OF EASTERN KENTUCKY
Massey, H. F. and Barnhisel, R. I., Soil Sci. 113 (3), 207-212 (1972). Seven
samples of spoil material were water leached. The samples were given five
successive extractions followed by subsequent leaching. The chemical results
are tabulated as metal ions removed. Over a period of 35 weeks the extract
of a given material was found to follow one of three patterns: a continued
decrease, a decrease followed by an increase, or a continued increase. Appre-
ciable amounts of Cu, Ni, and Zn will be found in coal mine spoils. There is
no evidence as to whether these elements contribute to failure or poor growth
of plants. An extensive discussion is included on the presence and effects
of many ions in soil and water. R332
R72-36 MASSIVE RECLAMATION PROGRAM INITIATED
Green Lands 2 (1) , 2-4 (1972). The activity, policies, and practices of the
West Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association and its accomplish-
ments to date are described. A reclamation fund supported by the mining
companies now makes it possible to reclaim more land per year than is dis-
turbed. In 1971, this fund provided over $300,000 for reclamation work. R115
R72-37 MINED LAND REDEVELOPMENT—AN ACTION PROJECT BY THE MINERAL
RESOURCES TASK GROUP
Kansas Geol. Surv. and Ozarks Reg. Comm., March 1972. (3 pp). The program
for reclaiming southeast Kansas lands is outlined. The listing of the Miner-
al Resources Task Group gives the addresses of each member. R44
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R72-38 STRIPPING METHODS, INCLUDING ADVANCED STRIPPING
Moolick, R. T. and O'Neill, J. E., in "Surface Mining," E. P. Pfleider, Ed.,
New York: AIME Seeley W. Mudd Ser., 1968, Reprinted 1972. pp 166-183. This
chapter describes strip-mining practices and methods and explains all varia-
tions of handling equipment. Design of open pits and quarries is treated in
detail. A general discussion on reclamation is found at the end of the arti-
cle. This section emphasizes the importance of reclamation in the future and
points out several problems in conservation work, and that the industry can-
not afford to neglect this phase of mining. 622 P531
R72-39 NATIONAL LAND USE POLICY: BACKGROUND PAPERS ON PAST AND PENDING
LEGISLATION AND THE ROLES OF THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH, CONGRESS AND
THE STATES IN LAND USE POLICY AND PLANNING
Rept. to Comm. Int. Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate, 92d Congress, 2d Session,
April 1972. 212 pp. Mining and reclamation of mined lands are concerns in
developing a national land use policy. The summary of testimony before the
committee in 1970 and 1971 is included. R440
R72-40 HEALING WOUNDS
Nephew, E. A., Environment _14 (1), 12-21 (1972). The strip-mining reclamation
policy in West Germany, where the author visited the Rhineland Brown Coal
Fields, is well organized, and is planned well in advance of actual mining.
In some cases, populated areas must be relocated. A certain portion of re-
claimed land must be restored to agricultural use. A Brown Coal Committee
reviews all plans and makes the final recommendation of mining and reclama-
tion plans to be adopted. R355
R72-41 SURFACE MINING AND LAND RECLAMATION IN GERMANY
Nephew, E. A., Natl. Sci. Found. Environ. Program, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab.,
ORNL-NSF-EP-16, 1972. 105 pp. This report describes the restoration methods
used in West Germany. Since about 55 billion tons of brown coal (or lignite)
lie in the populous Rhineland coal field, whole villages have to be relocated.
Before mining begins, detailed reclamation plans are worked out and include
the topography, water drainage system, lakes and forests and the intended
land-use pattern. R349
R72-42 NEW MINING METHODS BEING DEVELOPED
Green Lands 2^ (1), 8-9 (1972). The "haul back" method of strip mining on
steer> slopes, developed by Grafton Coal Company, is described. R117
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R72-43 1972 MINED LAND WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS
Kansas Geol. Surv., Special Distribution Publ. 65 (1972). 29 pp. Papers
presented at the workshop include: Boyce, L., "Results of soil stabilization
tests with fly ash and calcium sulfate sludge," pp 3-6; Jurgens, L., "Suit-
able plant materials for various uses on reclaimed mined land in southeast
Kansas," pp 7-9; Stewart, E. L., Jr., "Mined land redevelopment as a demon-
stration. Where do we go from here?" pp 9-11; Edwards, J., "The leisure
industry in its total concept," pp 11-14; Geyer, W. A., "Mined land potential
for raising timber crops," pp 18-21; Camin, K. Q., "Data collected from the
demonstration sites," pp 21-23; McClain, T. J., "Preliminary results of
hydrologic studies in southeastern Kansas coal fields," pp 24-26; Kovacic,
W. J., "The use of fly ash on the acid soil of reclaimed mined land," pp 26-
27; Immich, C., "Metal recovery from coal ash to defray costs of mined land
reclamation," pp 28-29. There is also a map of selected reclamation sites in
Kansas. R43
R72-44 PEABODY LOOKS AT THE FUTURE OF SURFACE COAL MINING
Mining Eng. ^_4 (10), 53-56 (1972). This is a general discussion of surface
mining for coal with particular emphasis on the future trends in the markets
and costs of industry operations. R101
R72-45 LEACHATE QUALITY FROM ACIDIC MINE SPOIL FERTILIZED WITH LIQUID
DIGESTED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Peterson, J. R. and Gschwind, J., J. Environ. Qual. 1. (4), 410-412 (1972).
This paper reports a method of upgrading acid mine spoil leachate by the
addition of liquid digested sludge. The pH was raised immediately from 2.5
to 4.6. Sludge was mixed with leachate, and there was an immediate increase
in pH of 4.5 with an eventual increase to pH 8. Tabulated analytical data
show the changes in chemical elements. It was concluded that successful
establishment of plant growth on acidic spoils would necessitate incorpora-
tion of the sludge throughout the root zone. The experiments were conducted
in plexiglass columns. The columns were leached 110 days, and leachate sam-
ples were collected daily. 72-91
R72-46 EXPERIMENTATION WITH MULCHES AND SOIL STABILIZERS
Plass, W. T., Green Lands 2_ (1), 30-32 (1972). A testing program was carried
out by the U.S. Forest Service for the West Virginia Department of Natural
Resources and West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association. Sev-
en mulches and eleven soil stabilizers were evaluated for effect on vegeta-
tive growth and sediment yield. Results of treating a number of plots with
the materials alone and in combination are discussed, and problems of handling
various materials are pointed out. Several treatments were effective. R121
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R72-47 FERTILIZATION TREATMENTS INCREASE BLACK LOCUST GROWTH ON
EXTREMELY ACID SURFACE-MINE SPOILS
Plass, W. T., Tree Planters Notes _2_3 (4), 10-12 (Nov. 1972). This project
was conducted in London, Kentucky where the Lily coal seam had been mined.
The spoils were low in pH—a range of 2.9 to 4.2 A number of experimental
sections were planted with locust trees and using various soil treatments.
A graph of the growing results shows how effective the fertilizing mixtures
were. This evidence indicates that intensive fertilization will reduce lo-
cust growing time on extremely acid soils. R257
R72-48 A NEW LAW FOR AN OLD PROBLEM
Preate, E. D., Jr., Appalachia _5 (4), 41-53 (1972). Pennsylvania's Surface
Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act of 1971 is discussed, with emphasis
on how it deals with environmentalists' concerns on returning the land to
"productive use" after strip mining. R459
R72-49 PROTOTYPE NATIONAL MINED-LAND INVENTORY MAP
Earth Satellite Corp., Washington, D.C., 1972. This 1:250,000 scale base map
was prepared from near infrared imagery acquired in Oct. and Nov. 1972, in
the area of Vincennes, Indiana. Land area affected by surface and/or sub-
surface mining, coal preparation plant sites, and refuse areas. R9
R72-50 RECLAMATION MAN - JIM WHITE MAKES IT HAPPEN
Green Lands J2 (1), 5-7 (1972). This is the story of the reclamation program
of the Pittston Group, by Jim White, Manager of Reclamation. Several pic-
tures show revegetated areas. Mr. White inspects his reclaimed areas about
three times a month. He points out a superintendent now must be a surface
miner, an engineer, a farmer, a forester, and an educator to his employees.
R116
R72-51 COAL MINING
Reilly, J. D., in "Surface Mining," E. P. Pfleider, Ed., New York: AIME
Seeley W. Mudd Ser., 1968, Reprinted 1972. pp 821-848. This chapter dis-
cusses all the phases of surface coal mining and includes a section on rec-
lamation. Comparison is made between earlier reclamation efforts and the
present practice. Emphasis is placed on the fact that many areas must design
their own reclamation policies to fit their individual circumstances. The
policy statement of the Mined-Land Conservation Conference, a voluntary orga-
nization of surface mine operators, is included. Water conservation is ex-
plained as a very important phase of reclamation. 662 P531
95
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R72-52 REVEGETATE STRIP-MINED LAND
U.S. Dept. Agr., Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Forestry Science in the
Service of Man, No. 15 (undated). 4 pp. The latest approach to revegeta-
tion is first to stabilize the spoiled land, curb erosion by planting grasses
and legumes and finally plant trees. The object is to return the land to
some productive use as quickly as possible. Research has shown that suitable
ground cover can be established on most surface mine spoils. Emphasis now is
on speeding up the whole process. Fertilization is the most important first
step. Hybrid poplars are a rapidly growing tree which can be planted as
uprooted cuttings. R256
R72-53 REVEGETATION OF STRIP MINED LAND - CASE STUDY, USIBELLI COAL
MINE INC., ALASKA
Nuera Reclamation, Delta, B. C., Canada (undated). (16 pp). The reclama-
tion work was turned out at the Usibelli Coal Mine near Mt. McKinley and 200
miles north of Anchorage, Alaska, during 1971-72. This booklet contains a
series of original color photographs together with a short description of the
project. R5
R72-54 DESIGN CRITERIA OF MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), SME Fall Meet., Birmingham, Ala., 1972.
72-B-309. 19 pp. Criteria essential to insuring successful mined-land rec-
lamation must include a knowledge and appreciation of the significance of the
geochemistry of the overburden, spoil placement grading for proper topography
and spoil surface, all relative to improved site conditions necessary for the
successful establishment of vegetation, spoil stabilization, erosion control
and water management. (From text) R452
R72-55 STRIP MINE LAND RECLAMATION PLANNING PROJECT
Rossin, A. D., Zimmerman, R. E., and Carter, R. P., Argonne National Lab.,
Cent. Environ. Studies, Preliminary Proj. Plan Rept., July 19, 1972. 23 pp;
Proj. Plan and Progr. Rept., ANL/ES-17 Draft, Sept. 15, 1972. 60 pp. The
objective of this project is to develop a long-range plan for reclamation of
pre-law strip-mine land in Illinois. The plan development will concentrate
on the environmental impact and economic consequences of proposed land recla-
mation schemes. A viable land use plan or set alternative plans for evalua-
tion will stress local concerns as well as state-wide considerations. A
limited program of demonstration projects is being developed. This progress
report presents the tasks to be performed, the project plan, the task force
participants and a set of trip reports documenting preliminary visits by the
project team. (From authors' summary) R196
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R72-56 LAND RECLAMATION
Sawyer, L. E. and Growl, J. M., in "Surface Mining," E. P. Pfleider, Ed.,
New York: AIME Seeley W. Mudd Ser., 1968, Reprinted 1972. pp 247-266. This
chapter has sections as follows on the subject of reclamation: adapting rec-
lamation to the site; grass and pasture planning; development as range land;
reforestation; site requirements; early plantings a valuable guide; recrea-
tion; grading sites; grading reduces infiltration rate; grading reduces tree
survival and growth; grading for forage crops and cultivation; grading costs
vary; and the strike off grading method. State laws and their effects are
discussed including average per acre costs in the various states. Other
phases of reclamation discussed include special land uses. A final section
discusses the outlook for reclamation, the significant amounts of money spent
by the industry to date, and the need for sound policies in the coal mining
areas. 622 P531
R72-57 A STUDY OF SURFACE COAL MINING IN WEST VIRGINIA
Schmidt, R. A. and Stoneman, W. C., Stanford Research Institute Final Report
to West Virginia Legislature Joint Comm. Government & Finance, Feb. 1972.
180 pp. The report covers all phases of surface mining but it emphasizes
special problems of reclamation and enforcement of West Virginia's Surface
Mining and Reclamation Laws. In each of these sections, water control and
drainage regulations and permits are discussed. Special problems included
lands which had been overstripped or have never been permitted, or are in
need of some protective cover. Of particular interest are lands which are
apparently outside of company bond and are now responsibility of the state.
The history of enforcement in West Virginia is discussed in detail including
the item of a special reclamation tax. Reclamation standards are discussed,
including drainage systems. R325
R72-58 COST OF RECLAMATION AND MINE DRAINAGE ABATEMENT, ELKINS
DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Scott, R. B., Wilmoth, R. C., and Hill, R. D., Trans. AIME 252, 187-193
(1972). A cost breakdown is given for reclamation and mine drainage abate-
ment conducted by the FWQA, now EPA, demonstration project near Elkins, West
Virginia. Costs for construction of control measures have been developed and
include backfilling strip mines, sealing subsidence areas, reconstructing
stream channels and installing mine seals to prevent the entrance of water
and air. The two areas involved included Roaring Creek and Grassy Run which
were discharging over 12 tpd of acid into the Tygart River. The control
measures used are outlined, water quality characteristics are tabulated as
well as the reclamation work performed. Detailed cost analyses and break-
downs are included in tabulated form. Stability of the reclaimed area has
been exceptional as only eight small subsidence holes have occurred since
1967. Total maintenance costs have been less than $2,000 in the past three
years or less than .03 percent per year of the construction cost. R67
97
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R72-59 AN ANALYSIS OF STRIP MINING AND LOCAL TAXATION PRACTICES
Seitz, W. D., 111. Agr. Economics, Jan. 1972. pp 23-30. Information from
eight selected counties in Illinois was studied in order to evaluate the
effect of strip mining on land value and assessments. Although the data are
considered too limited for estimating the impact of mining on the tax base
requirements for reclamation are seen as increasing land values and having
the effect of assessing social costs of mining. R585
R72-60 A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY AND DISCUSSION OF THE EFFECTS OF STRIP
MINING UPON NAVIGABLE WATERS AND THEIR TRIBUTARIES
Grad. Center for Public Works Admin., Univ. Pittsburgh, for Corps of Engi-
neers, U.S. Dept. Army, 1972. 94 pp. NTIS, AD-749 802. The emphasis of
this review of the literature is on the sedimentation and acid mine drainage
attributable to strip mining for coal. The effects of other types of surface
mining are briefly reviewed. R59
R72-61 SELECTION OF A STRIPPING METHOD: A CASE STUDY - GOONYELLA MINE
Simchuk, G. J., AIME Trans. 252 (1), 249-253 (1972). This Goonyella mine is
located in Queensland, Australia where it will be necessary to remove 43.0
million cu yd/yr to uncover 4.0 million tons of coal/yr. Experimentation
with several draglines and different bucket sizes led to the use of a
50-cu-yd bucket at an effective spoil radius of 240 ft. Sketches show how
the material handling is done. After much trial and error, material handling
equipment specifications were developed for two draglines using 40-cu-yd and
54-cu-yd buckets respectively. Bucket capacities were calculated, and it was
decided to buy 4 draglines which would do the job on a most practical basis.
R259
R72-62 MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER AIDS REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINED
SPOIL BANKS
Sopper, W. E. and Kardos, L. T., (Pa. State Univ.), J. Forestry 7^0, 612-615
(Oct. 1972). Sewage effluent and liquid digested sludge were used to treat
spoil from stripping Lower Kittanning bituminous coal seam in Clearfield
County, Pennsylvania. Some 250 tons of the extremely acid (pH 2.0 to 3.0)
spoil material were treated. In the years of the program no vegetation sur-
vived on the control plot (untreated). In all treated plots, growth was good
the first year and better the second year. Since the sewage material is
quite alkaline (6.8 - 7.2 pH) it is a good neutralizer and it contains many
mineral constituents. Details of the treatments are given and much informa-
tion is included on the various plants, trees, shrubs, and grasses which were
used on the project. R2
98
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R72-63 STEEPLY PITCHING SEAMS CHALLENGE ALABAMA STRIPPING
Coal Mining Process. 9^ (10), 50-53 (1972). This account describes the strip-
mining operation of the Burgess Mining & Construction Corp. in central
Alabama. A number of different seams outcrop in the two fields being worked
so the company uses many different types of equipment and maintains a number
of separate pit operations. Their reclamation program is described. RlOO
R72-64 HYDROLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS OF SMALL WATERSHEDS IN OHIO.
PHASE II: 1969-1972
Taiganides, E. P. and Ricca, V. T. (Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Center),
Office Water Resour. Res., U.S. Dept. Int. Completion Rept., Proj. No. 342X
(undated). Ill pp. In the watershed areas of Little Mill Creek and the
USDA North Appalachia Experimental Watersheds near Coshocton, Ohio, the
Stanford Streamflow Model (simulation) was used to obtain the infiltration
component of the hydrologic cycle and to solve the equations of flow over an
infiltrating watershed. The Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method was
used effectively to model a two-dimensional completely saturated and com-
pletely unsaturated flow. In comparing a strip-mined area to an agricultural
area, spoil banks were found to be stabilizing and there was no significant
difference in percent of direct runoff and percent of total yield of water
during selected intense storms. R146
R72-65 BROWN COAL MINING IN WESTERN GERMANY
Tilmann, W., in "Surface Mining," E. P. Pfleider, Ed., New York: AIME Seeley
W. Mudd Ser., 1968, Reprinted 1972. pp 955-968. The large-scale operation
of brown coal mining includes continuous reclamation. The seam is followed
and any man-made obstacle such as villages and farms are removed and relocated.
The mining operation, the equipment used, and the costs incurred are discussed
in detail. 622 P531
R72-66 PRODUCTION ENGINEERING IN SURFACE COAL MINES
Weimer, W. H., in "Surface Mining," E. P. Pfleider, Ed., New York: AIME
Seeley W. Mudd Ser., 1968, Reprinted 1972. pp 224-246. This chapter covers
stripping broadly and includes overburden handling. Numerous sketches are
included to show the details of box cut and bench methods. Advance stripping
is explained and the significance of optimum rates. The importance of good
drainage is stressed and the use of diversion dams and the value of dewater-
ing methods to be used in the working pits are shown. Detailed calculations
show how production and operating costs are figured. 622 P531
R72-67 SOME ASPECTS OF OPENCAST COAL MINING IN SOUTH WALES
Whincup, G. T., Proc. South Wales Inst. Eng. 8£ (1), 15-33 (1972). "Restora-
tion" is one of the considerations of this general discussion. Methods of
99
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R72-67 (continued)
reclaiming land to agriculture or forestry use are described. R347
R72-68 SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION IN KENTUCKY/1972
Beach, B. A., Kentucky Division of Reclamation (undated). 48 pp. This bro-
chure summarizes the coal resources of Kentucky, the problems resulting from
extraction by surface mining, methods and results of reclamation, and require-
ments of Kentucky mining laws. R774
R72-69 NEW TECHNIQUES FOR REVEGETATING STRIP-MINED AREAS
Bennett, 0. L. (1), Jones, J. N., Jr. (2), Armiger, W. H. (3), and Lundberg,
P. E. (1) [Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (1)
Morgantown, W. Va. (2) Blacksburg, Va. and (3) Beltsville, Md.j, Soil Conser-
vation Society of America, 27th Annual Meeting Proceedings, Portland, Oregon,
Aug. 6-9, 1972. pp 50-55. This report of a cooperative research program be-
tween the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University covers the use of raw rock phosphate on acid spoil; the
identification of plants, particularly bermudagrass species, which can tol-
erate low pH and high amounts of iron, aluminum, and manganese; the use of
small grains and summer annual species as quick cover and onsite mulch; the
use of stairstep ledges for seeding slopes; research on encouraging legume
growth on acid spoils; and the use of sewage sludge, fly ash, and other waste
materials as fertilizers and mulch while avoiding the problem of toxicity
from the relatively high concentrations of heavy metals in these sources
CE419
R72-70 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION: CROWNVETCH FOR SPOIL BANKS
Brusca, H. J. and McKee, G. W., Green Lands !_ (3), 18-19 (Spring 1972).
Crownvetch and the characteristics which make it an excellent plant to stabi-
lize slopes are described. Lime and mulch are recommended for establishing
crownvetch on spoil banks. R812, Jour
R72-71 PALZO: A PROJECT IN ACID LAND AND WATER RESTORATION VIA
RECYCLING OF TREATED WASTES
Hendricks, C. (U.S. Forest Service, Shawnee National Forest, Harrisburg,
Illinois), Soil Conservation Society of America, 27th Annual Meeting Pro-
ceedings, Portland, Oregon, Aug. 6-9, 1972. pp 66-69. The success of the
demonstration project using sewage sludge on four small plots has led to
plans for a larger project on 150 acres of the Palzo site, a strip-mined
area in southern Illinois. It is expected that the same improvement in water
quality, establishment of vegetation, and lack of adverse effects from the
sludge will result from the application of sludge to the Palzo site where
the pyrite-containing spoil causes highly acid runoff. CE422
100
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R72-72 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SURFACE COAL MINING IN THE UNITED STATES
TO AUGUST, 1971
Kieffer, F. V., Forum Associates, 1364 B North Hague Street, Columbus, Ohio
43204 (1972). 71 pp. The more than 400 entries are arranged in ten cate-
gories which indicate the type of material such as theses and dissertations
or government publications. The index includes authors and titles. 72-51
R72-73 RECOVERY OF MINED LAND
Krause, R. R., Coal Mining Process. 9^ (1), 51-56 (1972). This survey of the
latest techniques includes control of runoff from rainfall, acidity determin-
ation for soils, special planting tools, and species suitable for planting on
mined land. Jour
R72-74 SOME ASPECTS OF SOIL NUTRIENTS IN SPOILBANKS OF A SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS STRIPMINE
McGrath, J., M.S. Research Report, Southern Illinois University, 1972.
82 pp. In order to evaluate the difference between clay and shale spoils,
and to determine the effects of aging, including the effects of weathering
on nutrients at selected depths of shale spoil, 180 soil samples collected
from the Will Scarlet Mine were analyzed for pH, nitrate, ammonia, potash,
calcium, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, total soluble salts, iron,
manganese, aluminum, copper, zinc, boron, and molybdenum. Among the conclu-
sions were that generally clay spoils had nutrients similar to those found
in undisturbed soil, while shale spoils were very acid and tended to have
toxic amounts of several nutrients. Aging was evident in the shale, while
the one-week to two-year old clay spoil was judged not to have had sufficient
time to exhibit aging processes. Deposits of refuse from mined coal and
slurry from coal cleaning were also examined. Deposits more than four years
old were very acid. R948
R72-75 MINING GUIDEBOOK: SURFACE MINING: RECLAMATION
Coal Age 77_ (7), 181-182 (1972). This overview discusses reclamation plan-
ning, research showing that ungraded lands absorb rainfall more readily than
graded land, suitable plants and seeding and planting methods for reclaimed
land, erosion control, and use of reclaimed land. Jour
R72-76 COAL STRIP-MINED LAND IN INDIANA
Powell, R. L., Indiana Geological Survey, Special Report 6 (1972). 18 pp.
Mined land is identified and enumerated by county, and the geology of the
coal beds in the state is described. Much reclamation has been carried out
and has varied from plantings on spoil banks to development of public recrea-
tion areas and productive farm land. R873
101
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R72-77 ATTITUDE TOWARD SURFACE MINING FOR COAL AND RECLAMATION IN
OHIO: A SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Ray, J. R., Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University, 1972. 231 pp. Univer-
sity Microfilms, 73-2101. There were no significant variations in attitudes
toward surface mining in populations of varying social status or between pop-
ulations residing in areas of mining activity and in areas with no mining.
However, it was found that as social status increased, attitudes toward rec-
lamation became more positive, and also that there was a significantly more
positive attitude toward reclamation by populations living in mining areas
than by populations living outside of mining areas. 631 R26
R72-78 STUDY OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS BELMONT AND NOBLE COUNTIES, OHIO
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Soil Survey Staff,
Columbus, Ohio, June 12-15, 1972. 39 pp.+ Detailed studies were made of
spoil at 10 sites to aid in developing an improved spoil classification
system. R905
R72-79 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION
Teague, R. N., Outdoor Indiana .37 (8), 26-29 (Oct. 1972). The author reviews
the requirements of the 1941 and 1967 legislation and the 1972 revision of
the earlier guidelines for reclamation. R913
1973
R73-1 HYDROLOGY OF A WATERSHED CONTAINING FLOOD-CONTROL RESERVOIRS
AND COAL SURFACE-MINING ACTIVITY, SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA
Agnew, A. F. and Corbett, D. M. (Ind. Univ.), in "Ecology and Reclamation
of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper II-3. pp 159-173. Hydrologic studies of
Busseron Creek watershed are reported. Monitoring water quality during nor-
mal, high, and low flow and during "flush out" has shown the major effect on
chemical quality of flushouts. 631 H981
R73-2 SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF RED PINE ON COAL SPOIL AND UNDISTURBED SOIL
IN WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Aharrah, E. C. (1) and Hartman, R. T. (2) [(1) Clarion State College, Pa.
(2) Univ. Pittsburgh], in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land,"
Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973.
Paper IV-3. pp 429-444. Comparisons were made of 20-year-old red pine plan-
tations growing on spoil of Kittanning coal and on an adjacent undisturbed
field in Clarion County, Pa. The old-field plantation shows greater growth
in five different parameters, but the red pine is shown to have grown very
well on the spoils, and compares quite well in many parameters with those
reported in the literature. Percentage survival is higher on the spoil than
102
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R73-2 (continued)
in the old-field situation. Some measurements of red pine growing on Clarion
coal seam spoil are also reported. (From authors' abstract) 631 H981
R73-3 MAPPING OF SPOIL BANKS USING ERTS-1 PICTURES
Ahmad, M. U. (1), Kantner, D. A. (1) , and Antalovich, J. W. (2) [(1) Ohio
Univ. (2) Kucera and Associates, Inc.], Symp. Significant Results Obtained
from Earth Resour. Tech. Satellite-1: Vol. 1 Tech. Presentation, Sec. B:
Natl. Aero. Space Admin. Rept. NASA SP-327 (1973). pp 1575-1582. Four pic-
tures of different wave lengths (MSS 4, 5, 6, 7) were used in the study of
two strip-mine areas in southeastern Ohio, one near Piedmont Lake and the
other near New Lexington. The gray tone of 9.5 inch prints examined under a
binocular microscope were correlated with actual ground conditions at several
sites. For the New Lexington area, color infrared pictures taken at an ele-
vation of 18,000 feet were also used for correlation with the ERTS-1 imagery.
The results indicate that MSS 5 and 7 are most useful in defining the
stripped land and show that the hydrological and soil characteristics are
remarkably different from the surrounding lands. (From authors' abstract)
R575
R73-4 REVEGETATING DISTURBED AREAS IN THE SEMIARID SOUTHWEST
Aldon, E. F., J. Soil Water Conserv. 28^ (5), 223-225 (1973). Fourwing salt-
bush and alkali sacaton, plants native to the area, have been used in a
20-year watershed rehabilitation project. Methods of growing transplants and
field planting are described. Since vegetation is naturally light, planting
results of 25 percent ground cover of perennial vegetation is considered
excellent. R346
R73-5 THE USE OF ERTS-1 MSS DATA FOR MAPPING STRIP MINES AND ACID MINE
DRAINAGE IN PENNSYLVANIA
Alexander, S. S., Dein, J., and Gold, D. P. (Pa. State Univ., Office Remote
Sensing Earth Resour.), Symp. on Significant Results Obtained from Earth
Resour. Tech. Satellite-1: Vol. 1 Tech. Presentation, Sect. A: Natl. Aero.
Space Admin. Rept. NASA-SP-327 (1973). pp 569-575. The use of digital pro-
cessing of ERTS-1 MSS data for areas around the West Branch of the
Susquehanna River permits identification of stripped areas including ones
that are not discernible from visual analysis of ERTS-1 imagery. Preliminary
results indicate that ERTS data can be used to monitor not only the extent
of stripping in given areas but also the effectiveness of reclamation and
pollution abatement procedures. 73-69
103
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R73-6 EXPERIMENTAL MULTIPLE SEAM MINING AND RECLAMATION ON STEEP
MOUNTAIN SLOPES
Allen, N. , Jr. (TVA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res.
Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1973). pp 98-104. The stripping method developed was tested in an actual
coal production area where four seams could be stripped and augered. Spoil
was placed only on outslopes of 28 degrees or less in an area limited to 20
feet vertically below the coal elevation. Excess spoil was hauled to a pre-
viously mined pit at another nearby site. As stripping and augering pro-
gressed, overburden removed from a higher seam was used for fill in the
vacated pit. The final slope was graded to approximately 1.5/1 and the re-
claimed area hydroseeded as quickly as possible. A 30-foot bench on the
outer slope was kept clear of spoil for a roadway for future mining. Some
of the problems of spoil handling are discussed, and preliminary trucking
costs are given. R639
R73-7 ANALYSIS OF POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc., Rept. to Appalachian Regional Comm., Feb. 1973.
436 pp.+ The purpose of this publication is to provide data which will
enable the Commission to estimate costs of pollution abatement in the
Monongahela River Basin. Pollution both from coal mining and from non-coal
sources is considered. Abatement methods discussed include mined-land rec-
lamation and revegetation. Detailed costs are given for a number of recently
completed projects. R112
R73-8 STATEMENT BEFORE SUBCOMMITTEE ON PUBLIC LANDS, U.S. SENATE
COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS
Bagge, C. E. (President, Natl. Coal Assoc.), March 1, 1973. 9 pp. The
National Coal Association position on proposed S.424 and S.1041, National Re-
source Lands Management Legislation, is presented. Rl
R73-9 ECOLOGICAL AERIAL PHOTO INTERPRETATION FOR REVEGETATION IN THE
COLOGNE LIGNITE DISTRICT
Bauer, H. J. (Tech. College Aachen, Ger.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of
Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon
and Breach, 1973. Paper VII-9. pp 469-476. Information available from
aerial photos is discussed and an aerial photo of the Cologne Lignite Dis-
trict is shown. 631 H981
R73-10 TEN YEARS' STUDIES OF BIOCENOLOGICAL SUCCESSION IN THE
EXCAVATED MINES OF THE COLOGNE LIGNITE DISTRICT
Bauer, H. J. (Technical College, Aachen, West Germany), in "Ecology and Recla-
mation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
104
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R73-10 (continued)
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper III-2. pp 271-283. Results of studies of
the rapidly changing landscape have disclosed laws of plant associations and
succession which are of great value in the reclamation of excavated mines.
(From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-11 STRIP MINING AND RECLAMATION IN KENTUCKY/1972
Beach, B. A. (Ky. Dept. Natl. Resour., Div. Reclamation), Ind. Coal Conf.,
Univ. Ky., April 12-13, 1972. 6 pp. (Date corrected from previous edition)
This paper reviews the background of mining in Kentucky and discusses speci-
fically the impact of strip mining on the environment. In 1966 the General
Assembly passed a strip-mining law. This article outlines the programs con-
ducted in cooperation with Appalachian Regional Commission and the U.S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency, U.S. Corps of Engineers, U.S. Forest Service and
the U.S. Soil Conservation Service. The article also describes how the
Kentucky Reclamation Division enforces the law, levies penalties and issues
permits. Detailed figures are given on strip-mined acreage explaining the
great growth of this industry in Kentucky, the number one coal-producing
state. 662.6 142
R73-12 USE OF FERTILIZERS TO SPEED PINE ESTABLISHMENT ON RECLAIMED COAL-
MINE SPOIL IN NORTHEASTERN ALABAMA: I. GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
Bengtson, G. W., Allen, S. E., Mays, D. A., and Zarger, T. G. (TVA), in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and
G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VI-6. pp 199-225.
These investigations indicate that properly timed application of appropriate
N-P fertilizers to planted or newly seeded pine or pine-grass mixtures is the
key to rapid establishment of a desirable vegetative cover on this and simi-
lar sites. (From authors' abstract) 631 H931
R73-13 REVEGETATION OF COAL SPOIL IN NORTHEASTERN ALABAMA: EFFECTS OF
TIMING OF SEEDING AND FERTILIZATION ON ESTABLISHMENT OF PINE-GRASS
MIXTURES
Bengtson, G. W., Mays, D. A., and Allen, J. C. (TVA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. 1973). pp 208-214. The study plots, all seeded to
loblolly pine at the start of the test, were set up to include controls and
all combinations of the following variables: seeding with combinations of
three grasses; fertilization at three rates and two different times; and seed-
ing and grading at two different times. Results of the three-year study
showed that objectives of revegetation should determine the reclamation plans.
For example, where grasses and pines were seeded together, pine seedlings
have difficulty surviving. Where pine was seeded alone, there seemed to be
better germination and survival in the freshly-graded block because better
seed-bed conditions existed. Also where pine was seeded alone, fertilizer
105
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R73-13 (continued)
treatment had no effect in seedling germination and survival through the
first growing season. Fertilization enhanced the growth of grass and the
later growth of trees. R648
R73-14 EVALUATION OF P AND K SOIL FERTILITY TESTS ON COAL-MINE SPOILS
Berg, W. A. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Reclama-
tion of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper 1-8. pp 93-104. Greenhouse studies were
carried out to determine plant-available P and K in southern Appalachian
coal-mine spoils. Results showed that soil tests will not necessarily pre-
dict plant growth on spoils. 631 H981
R73-15 COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF SEEDINGS ON STRIP-MINE SPOILS IN
NORTHWESTERN COLORADO
Berg, W. A. and Barrau, E. M. (Colo. State Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 215-224. Alfalfa dominated vegetation
on strip mine spoils in northwestern Colorado (6600 to 7600 feet elevation,
16 to 18 inches average annual precipitation) seeded two to eight years pre-
viously with a mixture of grasses and legumes. Dry matter production on
spoils and soil-covered spoils was comparable when alfalfa was the dominant
species. Dry matter production was greater on spoils where alfalfa was the
dominant species than on soil-covered spoils where smooth bromegrass and
wheatgrasses were the dominant species. Total nitrogen in the soil size frac-
tion of the spoils ranged from 545 to 1205 ppm N as compared to 2700 ppm for
surface soils in the area. The spoils contained about 70 percent coarse
fragments and possibly have a more favorable moisture regime for growth of
deep-rooted plants than the moderately fine to fine-textured soils common to
the area. (Authors' abstract) R649
R73-16 TOXICITY OF ACID COAL-MINE SPOILS TO PLANTS
Berg, W. A. and Vogel, W. G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and
G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper 1-5. pp 57-68.
Manganese and aluminum toxicity to herbaceous legumes, shrub lespedezes, and
black locust was assessed in greenhouse and field trials using extremely acid
spoils. 631 H981
R73-17 GRAFTON'S HAULBACK STRIP METHOD HAS MANY ADVANTAGES
Blakely, J., Coal Mining Process. 10 (7), 46-49 (1973). This article de-
scribes a new method of surface mining that reduces the disturbed acreage by
two-thirds. The method, developed by C. E. Compton, president of Grafton
Coal Co., consists of hauling the overburden from the bench and backfilling
106
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R73-17 (continued)
the mined-out pit immediately behind the operation. No spoil is placed over
the outslope and the highwall is eliminated. Water control is improved and
much of the fast runoff that causes siltation is prevented. R88
R73-18 LAND RECLAMATION FOLLOWING MINING
Brooks, D. B. and Williams, R. L., in "SME Mining Engineering Handbook,"
Vol. 2, A. B. Cummins and I. A. Given, Eds., New York: AIME, 1973.
pp 19-12 - 19-16. This section discusses site preparation, backfilling and
terracing, and revegetation. Advice on what to do in site preparation in-
cludes items which should be buried and those which should be disposed of in
some other way. Estimated cost of preparation is listed as $30 to $50/acre.
The degree of backfilling depends on the mining method used and the land use
intended. Grading and backfilling are discussed in detail and a number of
ways to stabilize waste accumulation are included. A list of 9 guidelines
for grading gives specific instructions. Revegetation is treated from the
standpoint of stoniness, toxicity, and moisture of the particular area. Re-
forestation species are listed for various pH ranges»and many grasses,
legumes and shrubs are listed for mined areas and waste piles. Specific
planting methods are required for individual areas. R622 A943
R73-19 SITE FACTORS AND SEEDING METHODS AFFECTING GERMINATION AND
SURVIVAL OF TREE SPECIES DIRECT-SEEDED ON SURFACE-MINED AREAS
Brown, J. H., W. Va. Univ., Agr. Expt. Sta., Bull. 620 (1973). 25 pp. A
study to investigate the effects of direction slopes faced, degrees of com-
paction, and vegetative cover on germination and survival of direct-seeded
trees was carried out near Reedsville, Preston County, W. Va. at an elevation
of 2,100 feet. The effects of different seeding methods were also compared.
Moisture, temperature, and seasonal effects were also found to influence the
success of tree establishment. Seedbed treatment gave good results but there
was little difference between covering the seed with soil or covering plus
mulching. R75
R73-20 FISHERY MANAGEMENT IN STRIP MINE LAKES
Burner, C. C. (Fish Wildlife Serv., USDI), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 304-318. A study of ten strip-mine
lakes in Kansas and six in Indiana has demonstrated that strip-mine lakes can
support good quality sport fishery. Fish populations can be established in
lakes that have drainage from a fairly large watershed instead of only adja-
cent spoil banks; have an area greater than a half an acre; have a depth of
over five feet; and a pH no less than 6. Fish stocking guidelines for these
waters are given and suggestions are made of combinations of species and the
conditions under which they should be used. R658
107
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R73-21 BIG BLADE FOR A BIG JOB
Burton, L., The Orange Disc, Gulf Oil Corp. ^1 (1), 10-15 (Sept.-Oct. 1973)
The 40-foot-wide bulldozer angle blade used to grade strip-mined land areas
is pulled by two tractors. Earth moving is considerably speeded up and rec-
lamation costs are reduced. The demonstration of the unit at Pittsburg &
Midway's McKinley Mine near Gallup, New Mexico, is described. R435
R73-22 NATURAL REVEGETATION AND CAST OVERBURDEN PROPERTIES OF SURFACE-
MINED COAL LANDS IN SOUTHERN INDIANA
Byrnes, W. R. and Miller, J. H. (Purdue Univ.), in "Ecology and Reclamation
of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper III-3. pp 285-306. The overburden was char-
acterized by a number of samples and tree, shrub, vine, herb, and grass species
occurring on the mined land were inventoried^ The authors stated, "one of
the most obvious conclusions is that with both cast overburden properties
as well as vegetation cover and composition, the variation existing within
an area may be as great as that existing between two or more areas of differ-
ent ages." 631 H981
R73-23 CABIN CREEK, WEST VIRGINIA STRIP MINE DEMONSTRATION RECLAMATION
PROJECT
U.S. Army Eng. Dist. Huntingdon, W. Va., May 1973. 46 pp. Draft Environ.
State. EIS-WV-73-1159-D. This Cabin Creek, West Virginia strip-mine demon-
stration reclamation project study area is the watershed of Cabin Creek, a
tributary of the Kanawha River, about 20 miles upstream from Charleston. The
basin is about 16.3 miles long and 4.5 miles wide. This area was studied for
the effects of strip mining on the navigable rivers and their tributaries.
After one year, recommendations were to be made to mitigate adverse condi-
tions due to strip-mining practices. The report contains all the phases of
the study such as mineral resources, hydrology, land use, and socio-economic
features. R237
R73-24 SOIL-MAKING POTENTIAL OF POWERPLANT FLY ASH IN MINED-LAND
RECLAMATION
Capp, J. P. and Gillmore, D. W. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 178-186. Treatment of coal waste
from surface and deep mining with fly ash results in a soil cover which will
sustain grasses and legumes. Among the beneficial effects of using fly ash
are its ability to neutralize acidity in soil and to improve soil texture and
moisture retention. Techniques of reclaiming with fly ash are discussed and
the importance of thorough mixing with spoils is emphasized. Cost estimates
for fly ash reclamation of strip soil and refuse banks are attractive and in
some cases may be cheaper than alternative methods. One economic advantage
comes from the fact that market value of materials found in fly ash has been
108
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R73-24 (continued)
calculated to be greater than the cost of using fly ash. (Authors' abstract
adapted) R645
R73-25 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION IN ILLINOIS
Carter, R. P., Zimmerman, R. E., and Kennedy, A. S., Argonne National Labora-
tory, Energy and Environ. Studies Div., Rept. to 111. Inst. Environ. Qual.,
Dec. 1973. (296 pp). A survey of lands affected by strip mining and by coal
refuse piles before the passage of legislation requiring reclamation is the
basis for a comprehensive study. Water quality data show that the Kaskasia,
Big Muddy, and Saline are the major Illinois rivers in which significant
mine-related pollution occurs. Water treatment costs and reclamation costs
are presented. There is also an analysis of tax revenue over a number of
years from representative parcels of land. 73-38
R73-26 CHARACTERIZATION OF STRIP-MINE DRAINAGE BY PYRITE GRAIN SIZE AND
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF EXISTING GROUNDWATER
Caruccio, F. T. (Univ. S. C.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper II-5. pp 193-226. The author gives evidence that grain size of
pyrite is related to pyrite reactivity and acid production. By evaluating
the distribution of the grain size of the pyrite in the mine strata and ana-
lyzing the chemical composition of the existing groundwaters, it is possible
to outline, and consequently predict, areas which will yield highly acid-high
sulfate mine drainages; moderately acid-moderate sulfate mine drainages; neu-
tral mine drainages containing negligible amounts of sulfate (reflecting the
stability of pyrite in these areas); and neutral mine drainages containing
moderate amounts of sulfate (indicative of acid mine drainages that were
neutralized by high alkaline waters). (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-27 METHODS OF ASSESSMENT OF ACID COLLIERY SPOIL AS A MEDIUM
FOR PLANT GROWTH
Chadwick, M. J. (Univ. York, U.K.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper 1-7. pp 81-91. Bioassay and plant performance tests are sug-
gested as giving better evaluation of coal mine spoil ability to support
growth than soil analyses. 631 H981
R73-28 THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF MINING WESTERN COAL
Coal Age ]_8_ (5), 41-48 (1973). There are extensive coal deposits west of the
Mississippi and plants, mining operations, and reclamation efforts are pic-
tured. Reference is made to the reclamation program of Peabody Coal Company
in which surface runoff water is diverted from final mining cuts to specific
109
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R73-28 (continued)
areas to form reservoirs and lakes. A minimum time elapses between mining
and restoration work. Much of the western coal is located in Indian areas
and this situation will improve the economics of the Indian population
R342
R73-29 SURFACE MINING OF COAL - 1972
Charmbury, H. B. (Penn.State Univ.), Mining Congr. J. _59 (2), 104-109 (1973).
The status of strip mining and reclamation is reviewed. Legislative control
in effect and pending is summarized. R466
R73-30 ERTS-1 INVESTIGATION OF ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING IN
EASTERN OHIO
Chase, P. E. (1) and Pettyjohn, W. (2) [(1) The Bendix Corp. (2) Ohio State
Univ.], Symp. Significant Results Obtained from Earth Resour. Tech. Satel-
lite-1: Vol. I, Tech. Presentation, Sect. A: Natl. Aero. Space Admin. Rept.
NASA SP-327 (1973). pp 561-568. Paper E2. Both enlarged ERTS imagery and
statistically processed outline maps and imagery of stripped earth and stand-
ing water are compared to aerial photos of a strip mine near Coshocton, Ohio.
The ERTS capability at present is limited to forming a disruption map of re-
cently mined and unreclaimed earth and the resultant standing water within
the mined area. (Authors' abstract adapted) R578
R73-31 NEW SURFACE-MINING METHODS SIMPLIFY RECLAIMING OF SPOILS
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age ^8 (4), 80-84 (1973). The new reclamation proce-
dure developed by the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co., Kansas City,
Missouri, uses a 40-ft-long blade mounted on a Caterpillar D96 crawler-type
tractor, and guided by a lead tractor by means of a single-point hitch to
the leading edge of the blade. The development of block method of mining is
also discussed. R465
R73-32 COAL-ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Special Advisory Comm., Water Resour. Res. Inst., Univ. Wyoming, Dec. 1973.
114 pp.+ NTIS, PB-231 560/4WE. Reclamation needs and work in progress are
among the concerns summarized in this study which is a part of the Northern
Great Plains Resources Program. The program is designed to provide informa-
tion on the impacts of coal development on the region. 800.1 73-3
R73-33 COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT
National Coal Association, 1973. (13 pp). This is a generalized discussion
on the relationship of coal and its problems to the overall environment.
110
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R73-33 (continued)
Stack gas pollution, including fly ash and sulfur dioxide, is explained.
Several SC>2 removal processes are discussed. Pictures of reclaimed strip-
mined land are included, reclamation methods are discussed, and several
projects described. R261
R73-34 COAL SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION PROJECT
Coal Mining Process. K> (10), 21 (1973). This item is a picture of a recla-
mation project of the Mountaineer Division of Consolidation Coal Company 12
miles west of Philippi, West Virginia along Route 57. A ten-acre hillside
removed in the process of mining two seams of coal resulted in a 60-acre area
of level to rolling land. R215
R73-35 COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION: AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND
ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
Council Environ. Qual. Rept. to Comm. Int. Insular Affairs, U.S. Senate, 93d
Congress, 1st Session, March 1973. 143 pp.+ This comprehensive committee
report on surface mining and reclamation techniques includes information on
contour strip mining, shaping of spoil banks, integrated mining and reclama-
tion, state regulatory programs, requirements and limitations of mining, and
strippable reserves. An appendix gives cost analysis of contour mining and
reclamation techniques. R411
R73-36 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE ECOLOGY AND STABILIZATION OF COASTAL
SAND DUNES, MINING SPOILS AND OTHER DISTURBED AREAS
Coaldrake, J. E., McKay, M., and Roe, P. A. (CSIRO), Commonwealth Sci. Ind.
Res. Organization, Div. Plant Ind., Canberra, Australia, 1973. 158 pp. This
bibliography contains 639 references on the ecology of natural and disturbed
areas and on methods for re-establishing vegetation, especially after open-
cast mining. Reclamation of coal-mining spoils, one of the subject areas
covered, contains 50 annotated references and 12 supplementary references.
R496
R73-37 LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURAL APPROACH TO SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION
Coates, W. E. (William E. Coates and Associates, Ltd.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Recla-
mation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 26-41. In the view of the
landscape architect, strip mining should be considered as an interim land use
and provision must be made to return mined land to the highest and best use
compatible with use of adjoining land. Advantages claimed for planning re-
habilitation as part of the mining operation are low cost, reducing over-
burden handling and equipment movement, and minimal open raw areas at any
time during the mining operation. The most immediate needs for vegetative
cover, preventing erosion and improving the soil, can be met best by legumes
111
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R73-37 (continued)
and grasses. Therefore, the author suggests the use of trees only for
screening exposed highwall, for visual accents, or as sources of seed for
volunteer seedlings where there are no nearby mature forests. R634
R73-38 RECLAMATION COMMITMENT PROVES REWARDING
Cornforth, C. L. , Coal Mining Process. 1.0 (3), 32-35 (1973). This article
reports the progress of Amax Coal Company's reclamation program at its Sun
Spot Mine, Fulton County, Illinois. The soil in this area is mostly loess
and has very good chemical and physical properties. Fertilizers or soil ad-
ditives are generally not needed. A number of pictures illustrate the suc-
cess of this reclamation work carried out by Meadowlark Farms, Inc., which is
Amax Coal's subsidiary. A large-scale beef-cattle enterprise is now being
developed by Amax. There is a detailed account of the grading and seeding
program. R249
R73-39 RECLAMATION PROVES SUCCESSFUL IN SEMI-ARID MONTANA
Cornforth, C. L., Coal Mining Process. _10 (7), 40-42 (1973). This article
describes the successful restoration at Western Energy Company's pit No. 6
in semi-arid southeastern Montana. The country around the Colstrip area was
primarily grazing land with topsoil which is thin or in many areas nonexist-
ent. The overburden is soft sandstone and shale. Topsoil is stock-piled or
used immediately on reclaimed areas. Reclamation is carried out by methods
developed by research of Montana State University's Agricultural Experiment
Station under direction of R. L. Hodder and emphasizes "surface manipulation"
to improve seed bed and moisture-retention capacity of the soil. Reclamation
of old stripped areas as well as of land currently mined is planned. R87
R73-40 WESTERN ENERCY STRIPS THE 25-FT ROSEBUD IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA
Cornforth, C. L., Coal Mining Process. 10 (7), 36-39 (1973). In this de-
scription of the entire mining operation it is noted that topsoil is stripped
from the overburden and either stockpiled or applied directly to a grading
area. R86
R73-41 SPOIL TYPE LITHOLOGY AND FOLIAR COMPOSITION OF BETULA POPULIFOILA
Cornwall, S. M. (1) and Stone, E. L. (2) [(1) Sheffield Univ., U. K., (2)
Cornell Univ.], in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1,
R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper
1-9. pp 105-120. Leaves of gray birch growing on anthracite spoil were sam-
pled and analyzed for different elements to determine availability of plant
nutrients or possible toxicity. 631 H981
112
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R73-42 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SEED PLANTING
Currier, W. F. (Forest Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 225-232. The following basic principles and
their application to seeding critical areas, including land disturbed by
strip mining, are discussed: the use of adapted species; reduction of plant
competition; preparation of a good seed bed; covering the seed to proper
depth; evenness of seed distribution; proper timing for seeding; and suffi-
cient plant nutrients for plant establishment and growth. The use of two
main methods of seeding, drilling and broadcasting, is related to these ba-
sic principles. R650
R73-43 EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON THE HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MOUNTAIN
WATERSHEDS IN APPALACHIA
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Recla-
mation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper II-2. pp 145-157. The effects of strip
mining on the water resources of small mountain watersheds are being investi-
gated in eastern Kentucky. Six subdrainages have been instrumented to record
pre-mining conditions, changes during active mining operations, and the rate
of recovery after mining. Stream turbidity and peak flows increase during
mining, but on one subdrainage, turbidity returned to near pre-mining condi-
tion within about 6 months after mining. Storm runoff durations apparently
do not change. Sulfate and magnesium in the streamflow have increased since
mining. (Author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-44 MOISTURE AND DENSITY RELATIONS ON GRADED STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Recla-
mation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper II-l. pp 135-144. This paper reports the
first-year results of a study to determine the disposition of subsurface
moisture on leveled spoil banks in western Kentucky and to determine whether
the moisture conditions can be changed through scarification and vegetative
treatments. (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-45 ESTABLISHING FOREST ON SURFACE-MINED LAND AS RELATED TO FERTILITY
AND FERTILIZATION
Czapowskyj, M. M. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), Forest Serv. Gen. Tech.
Rep. NE-3, 1973. Reprinted from Forest Fertilization Symp. Proc., pp 132-139.
This publication has compiled and discussed literature referring to reforest-
ation and spoils composition. Nearly all essential elements for plant growth
were found in the spoils. Planted and seeded forest trees respond strongly
to application of nitrogen and phosphorus singly and in combination. Certain
spoils will respond to potassium. Extreme acidity and high concentrations of
Mn, Fe, Zn, S and Al are major factors limiting plant growth on coal-breaker
113
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R73-45 (continued)
refuse, but such areas are a small portion of the total area of disturbed
land. Application of lime alleviates these problems. R532
R73-46 LAND DISPOSAL IV: RECLAMATION AND RECYCLE
Dalton, F. E. and Murphy, R. R. (Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago), J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 45_ (7), 1489-1507 (1973). Strip-mine
areas in Fulton County, Illinois, are identified as one of the types of land
that would benefit from the Prairie Plan - a solids disposal on land program.
Barge transportation is now used to transport the solids but a pipeline is
planned and storage for liquid fertilizer will be used. Costs for the system
are estimated and the water and atmospheric monitoring systems are described.
A campaign for public acceptance is necessary for the success of the project.
R213
R73-47 GRASSES AND HERBS FOR REVEGETATING PHYTOTOXIC MATERIAL
Darmer, G. (Tech. Univ. Hannover, Ger.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devas-
tated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and
Breach, 1973. Paper V-6. pp 91-101. The program to find vegetation suit-
able for marcasite containing overburden of Midgerman brown coal strip mines
is described and species successfully used are noted. 631 H981
R73-48 COMPARISON OF FALL AND SPRING PLANTING ON STRIP-MINE SPOILS IN
THE BITUMINOUS REGION OF PENNSYLVANIA
Davis, G., in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J.
Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper IV-9,
pp 525-538. This project was done to evaluate fall versus spring planting of
10 coniferous tree species and 5 hardwood shrubs. Experimental plantings
were established over a 2-year period on 7 graded strip-mine spoils. Spring
planting proved more successful than fall planting and survival was better
with spring-planted items than fall plantings. Shrubs survived well with
both spring and fall planting especially on the better sites. Tabulated
heights of trees and shrubs at different periods during the project are in-
cluded in the data. R255, 631 H981
R73-49 DEBRIS BASIN CAPACITY NEEDS BASED ON MEASURED SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION
FROM STRIP-MINED AREAS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Davis, J. R. and Hines, B. J. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land
Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 260-276. Accumulations
in some sediment debris basins less than one year old indicated that sediment
yield of 0.28 acre-feet per acre of disturbed land could be expected for a
three-year design period. It was assumed, based on research experience, that
114
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R73-49 (continued)
in three years a vegetative cover could be developed that would effectively
control erosion. The engineering standard for basin construction, which was
developed by the Soil Conservation Service, is appended to this paper. R654
R73-50 HIGH SURFACE TEMPERATURES ON STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Deely, D. J. and Borden, F. Y. (Penn. State Univ., School Forest Resour.), in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G.
Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper 1-6. pp 69-79. Sur-
face temperatures of strip-mine spoil material ranging from bituminous coal
to light sandstone were measured with an infrared thermometer between June 4
and July 8, 1968. The measurements indicated that heat injury to planted
seedlings is a very real possibility on all commonly occurring bituminous
spoil materials, especially on black bituminous coal and black organic
shales. (Authors' abstract adapted) 631 H981
R73-51 APPLICATIONS OF AERIAL AND ORBITAL REMOTE SENSING TO THE
STUDY OF MINED LANDS
Deely, D. J., Russell, 0. R., and Wobber, F. J. (Earth Satellite Corp.), Natl.
Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-
Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). PP 15-25. Various
kinds of remote sensing imagery have been investigated for their ability to
provide information about mining operations and their usefulness in monitor-
ing reclamation. The use of black and white low-altitude photography is well
known and is often used for field reference maps and recording baseline and
operating conditions. Earth Resources Technology Satellite imagery, which
records in four spectral bands, distinguishes vegetation from bare land and
can identify bodies of water 100 feet at the narrowest dimension. The advan-
tage of ERTS imagery is repetitive coverage which shows continuing changes
such as seasonal effects on vegetation and moisture. High altitude aircraft
photography gives more detail and is more accurate than ERTS imagery. Color
infrared film is considered at present to be best for the majority of uses
but further investigation of multiband coverage should be made. R633
R73-52 RECLAMATION METHODS TO PREVENT WATER POLLUTION IN THE MORAVA
RIVER WATERSHED
Draskovic, D. (Chamber of Economy, Kraljevo, Yugoslavia), in "Ecology and
Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds.,
New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VII-2. pp 361-378. Reclamation
methods to prevent soil erosion are emphasized in this paper. 631 H981
R73-53 ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF STRIP MINING LEGISLATION: THE SMALL FIRMS
Dreese, G. R. and Bryant, H. L., Soc. of Mining Eng. AIME Ann. Meet., Chicago,
111., Feb. 25-March 1, 1973. Preprint No. 73-F-15. 26 pp. Costs and
115
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R73-53 (continued)
production figures are given to show the economic impact of reclamation and
pollution control legislation in Ohio on large and small mining companies.
From the experience of a small, typical strip mine, the conclusion is drawn
that "only the most efficient and therefore probably the largest firms will
be able to remain profitable under increasingly rigid mining legislation."
Confirming this, the trend toward bigger firms in the coal industry is noted.
73-26
R73-54 APPALACHIAN COAL INDUSTRY IN 1980-HOW IT LOOKS THROUGH THE
' EYES OF PROFESSIONAL FORECASTERS
Dunbar, F. C., Greenwood, J. E., and Landis, R. C., Coal Age 7J5 (10), 90-95
(1973). This article summarizes a study made by Charles River Associates at
request of the Appalachian Regional Commission. This study forecasts the out-
look for the coal industry problems in 1980. It discusses the clean air, oil
imports and demand for coal. Also included is a discussion on environmental
control of surface mines and the supply of coal. The problem of sulfur re-
moval from stack gases and the cost of land reclamation are treated in detail.
The projection estimates reclamation and water pollution costs to be $.25 to
$.50/ton which will be passed on to the utilities. (See R73-55) R230
R73-55 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICY ON THE APPALACHIAN COAL
INDUSTRY AND THE REGIONAL ECONOMY
Charles River Associates, Inc. Rept. No. 173-21 - 173-23 to Appalachian
Regional Comm., Jan. 1973. One of the concerns discussed is surface mining.
The costs of strict environmental control and limiting output through aboli-
tion of contour mining are seen as not in the longrun limiting output or add-
ing excessively to the price of coal. There are three volumes: I, Profile
of the Appalachian Coal Industry and Its Competitive Fuels; II, Impact of En-
vironmental and Other Policies on the Appalachian Coal Industry; and III, Ap-
pendices, which contain the data on which the first two volumes are based.
311.3 €652
R73-56 THE MINING INDUSTRY AND FEDERAL LAND USE AND SURFACE MINING POLICY
Fannin, P. J. (U.S. Senate), Am. Mining Congr. Convention/Environ. Show,
Denver, Colo., Sept. 9-12, 1973. 8 pp. The junior Senator from Arizona dis-
cusses the effects of land use legislation S268 and surface mining and recla-
mation act S425—both passed by the Senate and pending in the House. The
Senator contends that S425 actually prevents surface mining altogether by
virtue of its land classification requirements and restrictions and empha-
sizes that such a result would be an economic disaster for mining areas.
There is now a major imbalance between environmental concern and the domestic
need for energy. The Senator points out the bills are counter to the concept
of private ownership of land and of state and local rights to regulate land
use. 662.6 A665
116
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R73-57 LANDSCAPE DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR STRIP-MINE RESTORATION
Fenton, M. R., in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2,
R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper
VII-11. pp 485-495. The development of Moraine State Park in western
Pennsylvania is described. 631 H981
R73-58 THREE YEARS DEVELOPMENT OF A PUBLIC USE WILDLIFE AREA ON A
MOUNTAIN COAL SURFACE MINE IN SOUTHWEST VIRGINIA
Fowler, D. K. (1) and Perry, C. H., Ill (2) [ (1) TVA (2) Va. Comm. Game Inland
Fisheries], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied
Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973).
pp 319-333. The 9,760 acre Hagy Wildlife Management Area—lying in Lee and
Wise Counties, Virginia—was established in 1969, with the signing of a three
year cooperative agreement between the landowner, Penn Virginia Corporation;
the Virginia Division of Mined Land Reclamation; the Virginia Commission of
Game and Inland Fisheries; and the Tennessee Valley Authority. The primary
objective was to demonstrate that coal surface mined land lying within the
10,000 acre site could be developed as an integral productive portion of a
public-use wildlife area. This paper describes the terms of the cooperative
agreement, outlines the roles and responsibilities of the cooperators, and
reports the results of the first three years of reclamation and the tech-
niques used to achieve them. (From text) R659
R73-59 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALDER PLANTINGS ON OHIO STRIP-MINED BANKS
Funk, D. T. (North Central Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Reclama-
tion of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper IV-6. pp 483-491. Alnus glutinosa planta-
tions containing several European seed sources have survived and grown well
on strip-mined areas in southeastern Ohio with pH ranging from 4 to 5. After
seven years, trees from southern Germany were generally larger than those
from northern Germany, Belgium, Denmark, or Sweden; the tallest 20 percent of
the trees in the best seed source averaged 20.4 ft in height, and 2.7 in. in
diameter at breast height (d.b.h.). Multiple stems were more common in trees
from provenances showing slow height growth. Trees from all seed sources in
the trial grew much better on lower slopes with adequate soil moisture than
on well-drained upper slopes. (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-60 TREE SPECIES PERFORMANCE ON KANSAS COAL SPOILS
Geyer, W. A. (Kan. State Univ.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds.,New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper V-5. pp 81-90. Preliminary analyses of 22 years of tree growth
indicate several species are suitable for the reclamation of strip-mine
spoils in the Kansas prairie-forest transition zone. For forest products,
sycamore, eastern red cedar, bur oak, loblolly pine, and short!eaf pine were
the best of the 13 species tested. Sycamore was by far the best performer.
117
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R73-60 (continued)
Many individuals over 50 ft tall and 6 in. in diameter could be found through-
out the 1947 experimental planting areas. Black locust grows well, but it
spreads quickly and competes severely with other tree species. (From author's
abstract) 631 H981
R73-61 CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL OVERBURDEN MATERIALS AND MINE SOILS IN
ADVANCE OF SURFACE MINING
Grube, W. E., Jr., Smith, R. M., Singh, R. N., and Sobek, A. A. (W. Va. Univ.),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp.
Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 134-152. Chem-
ical analyses, both in the field and in the laboratory, of sequential samples
of overburden can provide information on acid-producing potential and plant
nutrients available in different zones. R642
R73-62 PEDOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE RHINE BROWN-COAL AREA
Heide, G. (Northrhine-Westphalian State Geol. Surv., Ger.), in "Ecology and
Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New
York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VI-11. pp 295-313. Surveys and char-
acterization of overburden to determine the reclamation plan are discussed.
631 H981
R73-63 A NEW METHOD OF SURFACE COAL MINING IN STEEP TERRAIN
Heine, W. N. and Guckert, W. E. (Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land
Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 105-116. In the modified
"block-cut method" of mining, work is planned so that overburden from the
first cut is placed in a swale or gully on the hillside and, as mining pro-
gresses, overburden is deposited in previously mined sections. This method of
mining is discussed in relation to the surface-mining requirements of Pennsyl-
vania, and it is pointed out that the impact of surface mining is minimized
because overburden is not pushed downslope from the mined area to become sub-
ject to erosion and landslides. R640
R73-64 THE PLANNING AND ECONOMICS OF MINED-LAND USE FOR AGRICULTURAL
PURPOSES
Higgins, T. (Peabody Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc. First
Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1973). pp 287-293. The experience of Peabody Coal Company shows users that
strip-mined land can be restored successfully to agricultural use. Problems
with toxic soil can be reduced by mining methods, soil treatment, and choice
of plants for seeding. After the reclaimed land has been revegetated, its use
depends on its relation to other land in the same area. By company policy, the
118
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R73-64 (continued)
agricultural land is organized into family farm units. Beef cow-calf opera-
tions of "live-stock share leasing" are used as an example of the costs and
benefits incurred in one use of strip-mined land. Experiences with dairying
and with farming of hay and row crops and cereal grain crops are also dis-
cussed. R656
R73-65 RECLAMATION AND REVEGETATION OF 640 ACRES OF SURFACE
MINES— ELKDJS, WEST VIRGINIA
Hill, R. D. (EPA, Robert A. Taft Water Res. Cent., Cincinnati, 0.), in "Eco-
logy and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis,
Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VII-6. pp 417-450. The
demonstration project was started in 1964. The control measures include air
sealing an underground mine; water diversion; burying of acid-producing mate-
rial; regrading and revegetation. There was some improvement in water qual-
ity. Weeping lovegrass and European alder were the species most successfully
established. 631 H981
R73-66 SURFACE MINED LAND RECLAMATION RESEARCH IN EASTERN MONTANA
Hodder, R. L. (Mont. Agr. Expt. Sta.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 82-91. Rainfall in eastern Montana averages 12
inches per year. Several methods are discussed for making the most effective
use of this sparse rainfall in land reclamation. Dryland planting innova-
tions include condensation traps, supplemental root transplanting, and tube-
lings. Surface manipulation or configuration such as deep chiseling, gouging,
or dozer basins are necessary to minimize erosion, relieve compaction, and
improve the soil moisture reserve necessary to rapidly establish a desirable
lasting vegetative cover. (From author's summary) R637
R73-67 WILDLIFE BENEFITS FROM STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION
Holland, F. R. (TVA, Div. Forest Develop.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of
Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon
and Breach, 1973. Paper 111-10. pp 377-388. In a study of four widely-
separated Appalachian coal strip-mined areas reclaimed with various trees,
shrubs, and grasses and compared with adjacent untreated spoils the third year
after test plantings, it was found that reclamation gave significant and,
most likely, long-lasting benefits. 631 H981
R73-68 THE ADMINISTRATION'S PUBLIC LANDS PROGRAM
Horton, J. 0. (Assist. Sec., Land and Water Resour., U.S. Dept. Int.), Am.
Mining Congr. Convention/Environ. Show, Denver, Colo. Sept. 9-12, 1973.
5 pp. The history of Federal land use policy, especially in the West, is
119
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R73-68 (continued)
outlined as background for discussion of present land use policy. The Great
Plains Resource Study is described. This comprehensive project includes the
impacts from the development of coal mining in the area and will be the basis
for land use decisions. 662.6 A665
R73-69 ECONOMICS OF LAND RECLAMATION
Rowland, J. W. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Green Lands 3^ (2), 22
(1973). This article describes Pittsburg & Midway Coal Company's program to
develop new methods and equipment to reduce the costs of dirt handling in
land reclamation. Two new pieces of equipment, a 24-foot wide V blade and a
30-foot grading bar, have been built. The bar has been tested with encourag-
ing results. R92
R73-70 ECONOMICS OF LAND RECLAMATION
Rowland, J. W. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Am. Mining Congr., Coal
Convention, Report on Coal Technology, Vol. I, 1973. 5 pp. This paper des-
cribes the procedure of reclamation and particularly the test work done by
the Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. on their 24' and 30' grading bar at-
tachment. The information gives the dirt handling costs as roughly 1 cent to
1.5 cents/cu yd. Actual costs for conventional bulldozers is 4 to 6 cents/cu
yd. The company goal is to reduce dirt-handling costs even further, perhaps
by 50 percent. 662.6 A665
R73-71 NEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RECLAIMING LAND
Howland, J. W. (The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-*and Reclama-
tion Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 42-67. The problem of reducing
the cost of earth moving was met by the development of a 40-foot, 40,000-
pound angle blade. Two tractors were used in operating the big blade. Per-
formance on both old and new spoil banks was encouraging. Design modifica-
tions necessitated by problems encountered in the field, and future testing
to further improve dirt handling are discussed. Two Attachments to the paper
describe necessary calculations for cost evaluations: I, "Horsepower Hours,
A Proposed Guideline to Evaluate Bulldozer Performance," and II, "Volume and
Work Requirements (HP HRS) Associated with Leveling Geometrically Uniform
Parallel Spoil Banks (Per Acre Basis)." R635
R73-72 INTERAGENCY EVALUATION SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION IN WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Dept. of Natural Resources, July 16-20, 1973. (39 pp). This
report covers 4 days' observations at 13 locations in West Virginia. The
group included 113 people from several agencies. Smaller groups inspected
specific areas and separate comments are included by different authors on
120
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R73-72 (continued)
their particular area. It was the general opinion that acceptable practices
in all phases of strip mining are now clearly evident and definite improve-
ment is widespread. R258
R73-73 GROWTH AND NUTRITION OF BEECH TREES ON SITES OF DIFFERENT SOIL
TEXTURE IN THE LIGNITE AREA OF THE RHINELAND
Jacoby, H. (Fed. Ministry Agr. Viticulture Forests, Div. Forest Inventory,
Westerwald, Ger.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1,
R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973, Paper
IV-1. pp 391-411. On alkaline spoil sites, beech is suitable for establish-
ing a healthy forest. Favorable results can also be obtained with ash and
maple on nutrient-rich spoil banks. With the addition of N, the spoils made
up of Rhine gravel, loess and forest gravel can be rated better than the old
gley forest soil. (From author's summary) 631 H981
R73-74 SURVEY OF THE STATUS OF ILLINOIS COAL SURFACE-MINED LANDS
CREATED PRIOR TO JANUARY 1, 1962 (PRE-LAW)
Jewell, S. R. and Haynes, R. J. (Coop. Wildlife Res. Lab., Southern 111.
Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bituro. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol.
Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 334-350.
The Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory, Southern Illinois University at
Carbondale, conducted in 1970 and 1971 a survey of the lands in Illinois af-
fected by surface mining for coal prior to January 1, 1962 (Pre-law) to up-
date existing knowledge of acreage, ownership, condition, and utilization of
these lands. The total affected land encompassed 108,447 acres. The major-
ity of the affected land is in private or coal company ownership (81,063
acres); and is in pasture, in organized recreation, and is not utilized
(85,921 acres). However, only a small percentage of the land constitutes a
severe pollutional problem and the reclamation of this land, although neces-
sary, must be scientifically planned and executed to produce long-term envi-
ronmental gains. (Authors' abstract corrected) R660
R73-75 RECLAMATION OF AREAS DAMAGED BY MINING ACTIVITY IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Jonas, F. (Acad. Agr., Prague, Czechoslovakia), in "Ecology and Reclamation
of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gor-
don and Breach, 1973. Paper VII-3. pp 379-394. Reclamation discussed in-
cludes earth moving, revegetation and mining planned toward reuse of the land.
631 H981
R73-76 SEED LEDGES IMPROVE STABILIZATION OF OUTER SLOPES ON MINE SPOIL
Jones, J. N., Jr., Armiger, W. H., and Hungate, G. C. (Agr. Res. Serv., USDA),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp.
121
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R73-76 (continued)
Mlned-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 250-258.
This study, carried out over two years, demonstrates that terraces construc-
ted on steep slopes are a definite aid in establishing vegetation to stabi-
lize the slopes. Two mountain sites near Beckley, West Virginia were ter-
raced and planted or seeded with combinations of birdsfoot trefoil, crown-
vetch and weeping lovegrass, and fertilized at various levels, and dry matter
yield was measured. R653
R73-77 PALAR ... A NEW LOVEGRASS FOR THE SOUTHWEST
Joy, R. J., Slayback, R. D., and Renney, C. W. (SCS Plant Materials Cent.,
Tucson, Ariz.), Progr. Agr. Ariz. 24 (5), 4-5 (Sept., Oct. 1973). As a re-
sult of its performance in a nine-year evaluation program, Palar Wilman
lovegrass has been released for use. It is well adapted to areas having 12
to 16 inches total annual precipitation at elevations below 4,500 feet, and
moderately well adapted to drier areas where precipitation ranges from 10 to
12 inches. R434
R73-78 KENTUCKY GUIDE FOR CLASSIFICATION, USE AND VEGETATIVE TREATMENT
OF SURFACE MINE SPOIL
U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conservation Serv., Lexington, Ky., 1971. Revised 1973.
20 pp.+ In this guide, surface mine spoil is classified and vegetation is
recommended for various classifications. Also considered are plantings for
differing uses of reclaimed land such as woodland, wildlife habitat, hay and
pasture land. Suggestions are also made for erosion control on critical
areas. R190a
R73-79 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF THE "DOMSDORF AMELIORATIVE
TREATMENT" ON TOXIC SPOIL BANKS OF LIGNITE OPENCAST MINES IN
GERMANY
Knabe, W. (Northrhine-Westphalian Inst. Air Pollut. Contr. Land Use^Protec-
tion, Essen, Ger.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2,
R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper
VI-10. pp 273-294. The DOMSDORF ameliorative treatment consists of the
application of hydroscopic calcareous ash from nearby power plants, fertili-
zation, and deep soil cultivation. (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-80 STRIP MINING: CONFLICT OR COMPETITION
Krause, R. (Dir. Reclam. Serv., NCA), 38th North Amer. Wildlife, Natural Re-
sour. Conf., Washington, D.C., March 20, 1973. 8 pp. Various mining methods
and reclamation plans to minimize disturbance of land are described. R419
122
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R73-81 PREDICTING MINED-LAND SOIL
Krause, R. R. (Natl. Coal Assoc.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnlk and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper 1-10. pp. 121-131. The author points out that information
about the physical and chemical nature of overburden materials and the influ-
ence of the weathering process is needed to predict the best handling and use
of various overburden layers. 631 H981
R73-82 UTILIZING TREATED MUNICIPAL WASTES FOR STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Lejcher, T. R. (U.S. Forest Serv.), Mining Eng. _25 (3), 49-50 (1973). This
article describes the cooperative work of the U.S. Forest Service with the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. This project combined
acid spoil with anaerobically digested sewage sludge on 77 hectares of strip-
mined land south of Chicago where drainage from acid spoil caused severe pol-
lution. Experimental plots were treated with sludge and seeded with weeping
lovegrass. Several levels of application of sludge were used. The most suc-
cessful was the heaviest application, 303.7 dry mt per hectare. R422
R73-83 NEW SURFACE MINING TECHNOLOGY TO MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE
Lusk, B. E. and Mulhern, J. J., Am. Mining Congr. Mining Conv. Environ. Show,
Denver, Colo., Sept. 9-12, 1973. 15 pp. A grant was awarded to West Vir-
ginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association by Environmental Protection
Agency to study longwall stripping. This practice uses longwall mining under
relatively shallow cover to achieve total resource recovery and minimize mine
drainage and other environmental problems. A number of diagrams illustrate
how the stripping is done. R626
R73-84 PREVENTING THE SEDIMENTATION OF STREAMS IN A PACIFIC NORTHWEST
COAL SURFACE MINE
McCarthy, R. E. (Washington Irrigation & Development Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-T.and Reclama-
tion Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 277-286. Water pollution control
needed in developing a strip mine near Centralia, Washington was prevention
of sediment in the discharge into Hanaford Creek, the receiving stream. Acid-
forming materials were not present. Since the claylike soil tended to remain
in suspension, polyelectrolyte flocculant treatment was used in addition to
settling ponds. The process was designed to handle the extended periods of
high runoff and occasional peak flows common to the area. It has also been
automated to continually monitor the water flow and to add the correct amount
of flocculant into the turbid water. Water analysis three times a day above
and below the mine, assures that the overflow from the final settling pond
does not carry siltation. R655
123
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R73-85 SURFACE MINE SILTATION CONTROL
McCarthy, R. E., Am. Mining Congr., Coal Convention, Report on Coal Technol-
ogy, Vol. II, 1973. 9 pp. The system of clarifying turbid water from the
mining operation is described. Suspended sediment is flocculated with a
polyelectrolyte. The suspension settles out in ponds and clear water over-
flows into the receiving stream. 662.6 A665
R73-86 PERCOLATE FROM SPOILS TREATED WITH SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND SLUDGE
McCormick, L. H. and Borden, F. Y. (Penn. State Univ., School Forest Resour.),
in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and
G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper II-7. pp 239-250.
Analyses showed that the pH of percolate experienced an increase which was
related to both the amount and method of application of sludge. The initial
increase in the Ca and K concentration in the percolate followed by a gradual
decline suggested a partial saturation of the exchange sites of the colloidal
portion of the spoils by ammonia. Although initially high, the S concentra-
tions of the percolates resulting from the sludge treatments eventually fell
below those of the control treatment which was only demineralized water. In
general, the spoils provided satisfactory renovation of the major chemical
constituents of sludge and effluent. 631 H981
R73-87 STATEMENT - HEARINGS ON SURFACE MINING LEGISLATION
MacGregor, I. (American Metal Climax, Inc.), U.S. House of Representatives,
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, May 14, 1973. 13 pp.+ This
statement deals with the economics of the mining industry and projects the
effects of restrictive measures on the industry's ability to supply energy
and other minerals and metals. R503
R73-88 USING WASTEWATER SOLIDS TO RECLAIM STRIP-MINED LAND
McMillan, H. and Carlson, R., AIME Ann. Meet., Chicago, 111., Feb. 25-
Mar. I, 1973. Preprint No. 73-F-66. 25 pp. This paper describes the opera-
tion of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. The wastes
from a population of 4-1/2 million people are collected and treated to give
1300 million gallons of waste water and 700 dry tons of solids. The solids
were used to reclaim strip-mined lands. A corn crop was first grown giving
60 bushels/acre. The paper contains many other examples in other areas where
the waste water and solids were used as fertilizer treatments to produce sig-
nificant results. This program was called "Solids on Land"—a program which
produces organic nutrients and liquid fertilizer to help revegetate disturbed
lands from coal and sand operations. R276
124
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R73-89 SELECTING PLANT SPECIES FOR REVEGETATING SURFACE COAL MINED
LANDS IN INDIANA - A FORTY-YEAR RECORD
Medvick, C. (Mid-West Coal Producers Inst., Terre Haute, Ind.), in "Ecology
and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis,
Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper V-4. pp 65-80. The chron-
ological trend in the use of 16 conifer and 28 broadleaf tree species is de-
scribed. Discontinued species and species currently in use are indicated.
Use of perennial plants other than trees is also discussed and those grass
and legume species found to produce satisfactory forage stands are indicated.
Categories of overburden materials encountered in Indiana and the recommended
revegetation are also described. (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-90 PERFORMANCE OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO SPOIL CLASSIFICATION IN
PENNSYLVANIA
Miles, V. C., Ruble, R. W., and Bond, R. L. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA),
in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and
G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper V-2. pp 13-31.
The use of the spoil classification which is based mainly on pH, slope, and
stoniness is demonstrated, also the performance of the major grass, legume,
shrub and tree species used in Pennsylvania is summarized. 631 H981
R73-91 MINING INDUSTRY FACES TOTAL SHUTDOWN UNDER S-425
Mining Congr. J. ^9 (4), 105-136 (1973). This article contains statements at
the Senate hearings, March 14, 1973 of seven executives representing differ-
ent areas of mining. Pages 118-124 carry the statement of E. R. Phelps of
Peabody Coal Co. describing reclamation procedures in the coal mining indus-
try. Mr. Phelps discusses factors involved in both deep and surface mining.
He explains in detail the problems and procedures of the surface mining in-
dustry. Mr. Phelps cites the program and progress of his own company and the
number of acres of stripped land reclaimed in one year. R114
R73-92 LAND USE PLANNING OF SURFACE-MINED LAND
Montgomery, H. B., Symp. Surface Mine Reclamation and Land Use Reclamation,
Lees College, Jackson, Ky., by Scientists and Engineers for Appalachia,
Oct. 1973. 15 pp.+ This paper describes policy needed to make best use of
areas affected by surface mining. Considerable discussion covers all phases
of such a land use program and it outlines the following conclusions which
must be attained so that such a program can be successful: "(1) all require-
ments of the law must be provided for; (2) the design mining and use develop-
opment process set forth are compatible with reasonable expectations that
cooperation and where necessary enforcement will be effective in preserving
the integrity of the project and environmental impact design, and finally (3)
the public should be fully informed and drawn into the process program for
they are the community of interest that will live with the project benefits
and sorrows." R263
125
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R73-93 STATEMENT BEFORE U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON
INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS, MAY 14, 1973
Morton, P. (Cannelton Industries, Inc.), Green Lands _3 (2), 34-35, 37 (1973).
The statement criticizes proposed legislative requirements to eliminate high-
walls from strip mining and to prevent mining on steep slopes. Four mining
methods which will prevent or reduce landslides and erosion from mining in
mountainous areas are discussed. They are slope reduction, box cut, valley
fill, and area mining of mountain tops. R96
R73-94 WVSMRA RECEIVES FEDERAL GRANT. NEW SURFACE MINING TECHNOLOGY TO
MINIMIZE ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCES
Mulhern, J. J. (1) and Lusk, B. E. (2) [(1) EPA and (2) W. Va. Surface Min.
Rec. Assoc.], Green Lands ^ (3), 16-18 (1973). Longwall mining as it might be
applied to shallow seams is described. The grant will support a demonstration
project which will show the feasibility of the method. It is expected that
the method will give total resource recovery with minimum disturbance of vege-
tation and reduction of the problem of acid drainage. R235
R73-95 THE MICROFLORA OF DUMPED SOILS IN TWO OPEN CAST BROWN-COAL
MINING REGIONS OF POLAND
Miiller, K- (Polish Acad. Sci.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper III-5. pp 325-334. The studies in 1966 and 1967 showed that
where soils are predominately basic, microbiological activity is dependent on
plant life, either volunteer or planned, on the site. With acid soils, the
chemical composition of the soils affects the amounts and groups of micro-
organisms present. 631 H981
R73-96 SMALL MAMMALS ON SURFACE-MINED LAND IN SOUTHWESTERN INDIANA
Mumford, R. E. and Bramble, W. C. (Purdue Univ., Dept. Forestry and Conserva-
tion), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik
and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper III-9. pp 369-
376. Mice were found to be abundant and to be a significant part of the wild-
life food chain found on surface-mined lands studied. 631 H981
R73-97 STRIP MINING - AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Munn, R. F., Morgantown: W. Va. Univ. Library, 1973. 110 pp. The 611 cita-
tions are separated into several categories including History, Government Reg-
ulation, The Controversy Over Stripping, Environmental Effects, and Reclama-
tion. The index covers both authors and subjects. 631 M966
126
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R73-98 SUCCESSION OF SOIL FAUNA IN AFFORESTED SPOIL BANKS OF THE
BROWN-COAL MINING DISTRICT OF COLOGNE
Neumann, U. (Univ. Cologne, Zool. Inst.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Dev-
astated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and
Breach, 1973. Paper III-6. pp 335-348. Fauna, as well as bacteria, break
down plant and leaf litter to form good soil. Three different fauna were in-
vestigated in this study. Results show that development of fauna on spoil was
dependent on a cool moist micro climate, especially digestible leaf litter,
soil moisture, and availability of species by migration or by other means of
introduction. 631 H981
R73-99 NEW USES FOR FLY ASH AND MINE WASTE - FLY ASH USED IN SPECIAL
RECLAMATION PROJECT
Green Lands J3 (3), 20 (1973). A project to reclaim abandoned strip-mine lands
in Marion County, West Virginia is described. Half of the area is being
treated with 200 tons per acre fly ash and the other half is being used as a
control plot. The total area was backfilled and regraded, fertilized and
seeded. The control area also was treated with six tons of lime per acre.
R236
R73-100 LANDSCAPE PLANNING ON AN ECOLOGICAL BASIS
Olschowy, G. (Fed. Inst. Vegetational Res., Nature Conserv., Landscape Man-
agement Bonn-Bad, Ger.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land,"
Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973.
Paper VII-10. pp 477-484. Since large-scale mining in Germany does not
avoid anything in its path, reclamation includes complete relocation of hous-
ing, farms, roads, and waterways. The planning for this restoration is de-
scribed. 631 H981
R73-101 OUTDOOR RECREATION ACTION
Bur. Outdoor Recreation, U.S. Dept. Int., Rept. No. 28 (1973). 48 pp. This
booklet contains proceedings of the First National Conference on Reclamation
of Surface-Mined Lands for Outdoor Recreation held in Washington, D.C., May 14
and 15, 1973. Also included is information on federal and state organizations
and administration and on federal, state and local financing of outdoor recre-
ation. R351
R73-102 PLANNING APPROACHES TO SURFACE MINING ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS
Paller, W. and Schultz, D. A. (Caribou Natl. Forest), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 68-81. Phosphate mining in Caribou
National Forest, Pocatello, Idaho, is discussed and related to the general
problems of strip mining. An administrative study by the Forest Service and
127
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R73-102 (continued)
four members of the Phosphate Mining Industry considered reclamation of areas
already mined and made plans for future mining to minimize effects of disturb-
ing land. Surface mining is also considered in relation to multiple use of an
area with nonrenewable resources and to its impact on such factors as timber
production, wildlife needs, water quality, fisheries, and groundwater
supplies. R636
R73-103 PEABODY'S UNIVERSAL MINE: A SHOWPLACE
Coal Mining Process. 10 (11), 40-41 (1973). This Universal Mine of Peabody
Coal Co. near Terre Haute, Indiana, is an example of efficiency. Processing
rate is 800-900 tph and reclamation is carried out simultaneously using the
mining equipment. All topsoil is saved to cover the spoil material. An
average grade of 8 percent is the finished surface area which they intend to
use for cropland. Their system of handling material is producing a high oper-
ating availability - sometimes up to 83 percent. R233
R73-104 AMELIORATION OF COAL MINE SPOILS WITH DIGESTED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Peterson, J. R. and Gschwind, J. (Metropolitan San. Dist. Greater Chicago),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp.
Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 187-196. Test
plots on a barren acidic coal-mine spoil in southern Illinois showed that ap-
plication of 200-250 dry tons/acre (448-560 dry metric tons/ha) would result
in a permanent vigorous grass cover while subsurface water quality was up-
graded. Improvements in leachate water quality and in the spoil material it-
self were confirmed by laboratory column studies in which sludge treated and
untreated acidic spoil material was leached daily for 110 days. Berm struc-
tures direct all field runoff to retention basins so that water quality may be
checked before discharge to lakes and streams. Other environmental safeguards
include nutrient barriers of shrubs and grasses along lakes and streams and
monitoring wells. These are sampled periodically to insure no pollution of
local water resources. (From authors' summary) R646
R73-105 STATEMENT - HEARINGS ON SURFACE MINING LEGISLATION
Phelps, E. R. (Peabody Coal Co.), U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, May 14, 1973. 25 pp. The testimony emphasizes
that general standards and goals of reclamation should be required by law in-
stead of specific methods of achieving specific results. Implications of some
of the language of the bill and the economic impact of some provisions are
discussed. R504
128
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R73-106 BOLT MOUNTAIN DEMONSTRATION OF MULCHES AND SOIL STABILIZERS -
SIXTEEN WEEK PROGRESS REPORT
Plass, W. T., Green Lands _3 (1), 14-15 (1973). This article describes the
continuation of revegetation work conducted on Bolt Mountain using a series of
mulches and stabilizers for rapid germination. Erosion control was also a
prime objective of the work. A large number of materials were used on this
project and detailed, results are given for each application. Ranger Fuel
Corporation did most of the planting using a hydroseeder. R122
R73-107 GENETIC VARIABILITY IN SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF VIRGINIA PINE PLANTED
ON ACID SURFACE-MINE SPOIL
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in "Ecology and Reclama-
tion of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper IV-7. pp 493-507. Fifty-seven open-
pollinated Virginia pine progeny from 10 natural stands scattered through
Tennessee and Kentucky were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions to
determine if genetic variability would influence survival and growth on ex-
tremely acid spoil. Significant differences between progeny indicate that,
through selection and breeding programs, there may be a possibility of devel-
oping improved planting stock for strongly acid surface-mine spoil. (From
author's abstract and introduction) 631 H981
R73-108 REVEGETATING SURFACE MINED LAND
Plass, W. T. (Forest Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr.), Green Lands ^ (2), 26-28 (1973).
Chemical and physical characteristics of the overburden affect successful rec-
lamation. The author gives practical examples of plant germination and growth
on different types of overburden, and on spoils with varying treatments.
There is a continuing search for plant materials adapted to acid spoils. R93
R73-109 REVEGETATING SURFACE MINED LAND
Plass, W. T. (Forest Serv., U.S. Dept. Agr.), Coal Mining Process. 10 (7),
54-55 (1973). Several Appalachian revegetation projects are discussed and
illustrated. R89
R73-110 REVEGETATING SURFACE MINED LAND
Plass, W. T., Am. Mining Congr., Coal Convention, Report on Coal Technology,
Vol. II, 1973. 25 pp. This paper discusses the three major topics in recla-
mation - site evalaution, site preparation, and revegetation techniques.
Plant material and soil testing are noted as subjects for continuing investi-
gation. The author indicates trends in the future will be toward more inten-
sive land management. 662.6 A665
129
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R73-111 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF 39
SURFACE-MINE SPOILS IN SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA
Plass, W. T. and Vogel, W. G., Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., U.S. Dept.
Agr., Forest Serv. Res. Paper NE-276 (1973). 8 pp. A survey of 39 surface-
mine sites in southern West Virginia showed that most of the spoils from cur-
rent mining operations had a pH of 5.0 or higher. Soil-size material averaged
37 percent of the weight of the spoils sampled. A major problem for the es-
tablishment of vegetation was a deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus. This
can be corrected with additions of fertilizer at appropriate rates. (Authors'
abstract) R598
R73-112 PROCEEDINGS DIGEST: MID-ATLANTIC REGIONAL CONF. ON SURFACE
MINED LAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION
University Park, Pa., by Bur. Outdoor Recreation, Bur. Mines, Pa. State Univ.,
Dec. 12-14, 1973. 57 pp.+ Representatives of federal and state government
units, universities, and the coal industry discussed the extent of strip min-
ing in the area, recreation needs and factors to be considered in developing
recreation areas from strip-mined lands. R420
R73-113 PROCEEDINGS, REGIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECLAMATION OF SURFACE-MINED
LAND FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION
Bur. Mines and Bur. Outdoor Rec., U.S. Dept. Int., Kent State Univ., May 22,
23, 1973. 124 pp. The two-day session contained many papers covering all
phases of reclamation with emphasis on land use for recreational purposes.
R337
R73-114 PROCESSES, PROCEDURES, AND METHODS TO CONTROL POLLUTION FROM
MINING ACTIVITIES
Skelly and Loy, Kept, to U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., EPA-430/9-73-011, (Oct.
1973). 390 pp. Methods for controlling and abating water pollution from
both deep and surface mining are described. R341
R73-115 PROPOSED PLAN OF MINING AND RECLAMATION BIG SKY MINE, PEABODY COAL
COMPANY, COAL LEASE M-15965, COLSTRIP, MONTANA
Geol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Int., DES 73-64, Oct. 25, 1973. This is the draft
environmental statement for developing the operating mine into coal deposits
leased from the Federal Government. 631 U34
R73-116 HYBRID POPLARS ON SPOIL BANKS
Reber, N. F., Pa. Farmer, Feb. 9, 1973. The rapid growth of hybrid poplars on
strip-mined land in central Pennsylvania has led to the suggestion of using it
130
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R73-116 (continued)
for pulpwood. R455
R73-117 RECLAMATION PROGRAMS KEEP W. VA. GREEN
Norfolk and Western Magazine 51 (10), 2-3 (1973). This article describes the
efforts of the Pocahontas Land Corporation which oversees some 580,000 acres
of railway-owned land in the state. This company plants about 25,000 trees a
year and now has a fund of information on what trees grow best in certain re-
claimed areas. The company finds a general lack of knowledge or acquaintance
on the part of the public about strip-mine reclamation. They feel this atti-
tude could be changed if people would go and see for themselves. The media
has painted a dark picture from years ago and this image is still re-echoed
today. The new-box cut, backhauling method adds real value to the stripped
land,a figure in excess of the original value. R328
R73-118 RECLAMATION: RESTORING BEAUTY AND BALANCE IS US STEEL'S GOAL
Coal Age T%_ (11), 100-104 (1973). This article illustrates US Steel's recla-
mation and mine drainage efforts. They use broadcasting, hydroseeding, aerial
seeding, and seedling planting depending on the area to be reclaimed. The
company has reclaimed 17,000 acres in Kentucky, West Virginia, Pennsylvania,
and Alabama, and 9,000 acres in the Gary, West Virginia rea. Although a lime
storage tank has been built before the aerator at the Maple Creek water treat-
ment plant, the water presently is alkaline so that only aeration and settling
are required. The water from the Robena complex ranges from mildly alkaline
to highly acid, and the treatment includes lime neutralization plus aeration
and settling. R221
R73-119 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACK FOR VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL
CONDITIONS - WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE AS EXAMPLE
Poltegor, Main Res. Design Inst. Opencast Mining, Wroclaw, Poland, 1st. Inter-
im Rept. to U.S. EPA, Spec. Foreign Currency Program Proj. No. 05-532-11,
Nov. 1973. 58 pp. This report is the first in a 3-year program conducted at
the Turow Mine in Poland to develop a reclamation process for the toxic over-
burden. There are tabulated data for weather, water conditions and analysis,
snowfall, wind, and physical and chemical characteristics of overburden in-
cluding trace elements. Both volunteer and experimental species growing on
the reclaimed land are listed. Photographic records of vegetation were not
clear in the copy available to be abstracted. Several neutralizing agents
were used in various combinations on the acid soil. R446
R73-120 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION - CHALLENGES, PLANNING AND CONCEPTS
Reiss, I. H., Mining Congr. J. _59 (4), 41-45 (1973). The reclamation program
of Meadowlark Farms, Inc., a subsidiary of Amax Coal Co., is described and
131
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R73-120 (continued)
shown in several pictures. Farm-land development, tree planting, and beef
production are being carried out. R113
R73-121 RESTORING SURFACE-MINED LAND
U.S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Publ. No. 1082, 1968. 18 pp. Revised 1973. 14 pp.
Statistics on disturbed areas and surface mining sites as of Jan. 1, 1965,
have been compiled for all 50 states. A tabulation of requirements for li-
censes or permits, bonding, reclamation, refuse handling, and substitution of
sites is given for eleven eastern mining states. The June 1973 revision still
carries the same publication number. Several of the charts have been updated,
and information on state reclamation laws has been omitted. R205a
R73-122 CHEMICAL ALTERATIONS OF STRIP-MINE SPOIL BY FURROW GRADING—
REVEGETATION SUCCESS
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated
Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach,
1973. Paper VI-12. pp 315-331. A 7-year comparative study (1962-1968) of
furrow-graded versus conventional smooth-graded spoils showed that the modi-
fied furrow grading technique resulted in a very marked site improvement and
greatly enhanced reclamation. 631 H981
R73-123 DESIGN CRITERIA OF MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), Mining Eng. 15 (3), 41-44 (1973). Criteria
essential to insuring successful mined-land reclamation must include a know-
ledge and appreciation of the significance of the geochemistry of the overbur-
den, spoil placement grading for proper topography and spoil surface, all rel-
ative to improved site conditions necessary for the successful establishment
of vegetation, spoil stabilization, erosion control and water management.
(From Text) R421
R73-124 FURROW GRADING - KEY TO SUCCESSFUL RECLAMATION
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh,
Pa. (1973). pp 159-177. This study, carried out from 1963 to 1972, was de-
signed to evaluate the effectiveness of a rough or furrowed spoil surface and
a relatively flat topography on improving the mined land's ability to support
vegetation. This type of earth preparation was compared with the conventional
smooth spoil surface. Ridges bulldozed into the furrowed surface were 24 to
36 inches in height and 36 to 48 inches between peaks. The ridges were filled
in naturally over the time of the study until they were from 2 to 6 inches
high. Initial spoil analyses revealed extremely high levels of soluble salts,
sulphates, metal ions, and pH range of 3.1 to 4.1. Data from a program of
132
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R73-124 (continued)
soil sampling of ridges and ravines showed decreasing acidity and significant-
ly lower levels of soluble salts in ravine sites than on ridges or convention-
ally smooth surfaces. Furrowing the mining site created a surface conducive
to rainfall retention, absorption, and infiltration, and resulted in in-
creased leaching of soluble salts, sulphates, and other chemicals harmful to
plants. Site improvement was reflected by better plant survival, growth, and
reproduction in the ravine than on the ridges or on the smooth surface. R644
R73-125 ROTARY DRILLS HANDLE PROSPECTING TOO
Coal Mining Process. 10 (6), 45-47 (1973). The prospecting and mining methods
of the Hallmark and Reid Coal Co. in their strip-mining operation in Alabama
are described as well as their progress in reclamation. R42
R73-126 NODULATION BY VARIOUS STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM WITH ROBINA
PSEUDOACACIA SEEDLINGS PLANTED IN STRIP-MINE SPOIL
Rothwell, F. M. (Ind. State Univ., Terre Haute), in "Ecology and Reclamation
of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York:
Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper III-7. pp 349-355. Sixteen strains of
Rhizobium were investigated to determine their ability to nodulate with
Robina pseudoacacia L. seedlings which were grown in four eastern Kentucky
strip-mine spoils. Three of the bacterial strains were effective in all spoil
types and two strains nodulated in three of the four spoil types when the
seedlings were grown under controlled conditions. (From author's abstract)
631 H981
R73-127 PROJECTING THE USE OF NEW PLANT MATERIALS FOR SPECIAL RECLAMATION
PROBLEMS
Ruffner, J. D. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 233-242. Successful vegetation of spoil banks
requires knowledge both of the site and of the plants to be used. The Soil
Conservation Service has developed vegetative-species guides based on mine-
spoil classification. The guide developed for strip-mined lands in Kentucky
is used as an example. Spoil is classified by soil reaction (acidity or alka-
linity), degree of slope, texture, and stoniness. Species of grasses, legumes,
shrubs or ground cover, and trees are listed according to conditions for which
they are suitable. New plant material is evaluated under a variety of condi-
tions to determine its range of adaptability. Proper management of revegeta-
tion of strip-mined land can be planned by use of a vegetative guide along
with consideration of other factors affecting growth, such as exposure, spoil
compaction, amount of precipitation, and special requirements of species, such
as the need for a particular nutrient or temporary cover because of slow ger-
mination. R651
133
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R73-128 EVALUATION OF PLANTS FOR USE ON CRITICAL SITES
Ruffner, J. D. and Steiner, W. W. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), in "Ecology
and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds
New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper V-l. pp 3-12. A number of plants
found suitable for establishment on surface-mined lands and techniques for
accomplishing this are discussed. 631 H981
R73-129 LIGNITE MINE SPOILS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS—CHARACTERISTICS
AND POTENTIAL FOR RECLAMATION
Sandoval, F. M., Bond, J. J., Power, J. F., and Willis, W. 0. (Northern Great
Plains Res. Cent., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res.
Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1973). pp 117-133. Spoils from strip mining for lignite and subbituminous
coal in North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming were studied in the laboratory and
in the field to evaluate their potential for reclamation and revegetation.
Results show that the physiochemical properties of the materials provide a
very poor environment for vegetative growth. Materials from the Tongue River
and Sentinel Butte Formations within the Fort Union group were often extremely
fine-textured, moderately saline, and highly sodic. Severity of the problems
associated with high clay and high adsorbed-sodium content increases with depth
from the original surface. Low organic matter combined with fine texture en-
hances the sodium-dispersion effect which renders the spoil materials extreme-
ly unstable, highly impermeable, and erodible to water. Available phosphorus
in spoil materials was very low. Available nitrogen depended on the age of
the exposed spoils. Treatments showing promise for reclamation include fer-
tilization (especially phosphorus) in combination with the use of topsoil,
vegetative (straw) mulches, and possibly gypsum as a calcium amendment, al-
though response to gypsum in field studies has been disappointingly slow.
(Authors' abstract adapted) R641
R73-130 THE BLOCK METHOD OF STRIP MINING
Saperstein, L. W. and Secor, E. S. (Pa. State Univ., Dept. Miner. Eng.), AIME
Ann. Meet., Chicago, 111., 1973. 73-F-51. 27 pp. This paper supports the
practice of block strip-mining for its advantages in reclamation and its abil-
ity to reduce the severity of mine drainage. The authors explain that the
block method can use equipment familiar to most operators and is generally
more flexible than other types of mining. A series of diagrams appears at the
end of this article showing how the block method works and explaining the ac-
tual movement of material. AIME
R73-131 IMPROVED RECLAMATION POTENTIAL WITH THE BLOCK METHOD OF CONTOUR
STRIPPING
Saperstein, L. W. and Secor, E. S. (The Pa. State Univ.) Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclama-
tion Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 1-14. The block method of mining
134
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R73-131 (continued)
which has been used successfully in strip mining on hillsides is described in
detail. Mining is carried out in sections so that overburden from an area
being mined can be placed in a mined-out area as mining proceeds. Overburden
handling can be planned so that acid-producing soil can be segregated and bur-
ied and topsoil can be reserved for final spreading. A cursory investigation
of the economics of the block method indicates that it is no more expensive
and may cost less than conventional dragline pull-back mining. R632
R73-132 EVALUATION OF MUNICIPAL COMPOST FOR STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Scanlon, D. H., Duggan, C., and Bean, S. D., Reprinted from Compost Sci. Li
(3) (1973). 5 pp. The purpose of this work was to test the effects of both
heavy and light compost on coal strip-mine sites. The trial plots were lo-
cated on a mountain strip mine at 2000-foot elevation in Wise County, Virginia.
The test area supported no vegetation and had a pH range of 2.8 to 4.7 with
an average of 3.6. Various amounts of compost raised the pH values of the
spoil material to levels which supported good growths of Virginia pine. Re-
search showed that compost applied as low as 14 tons/acre will increase vege-
tation on mine spoils. R201
R73-133 SOME EXPERIENCES WITH VARIOUS SPECIES IN DANISH RECLAMATION WORK
Schlatzer, G. (Ministry Agr. Planting Cent., Kibaek, Denmark), in "Ecology
and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds.,
New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper V-3. pp 33-64. The paper de-
scribes the harsh conditions of this arboretum and another strip-mined area
(poor acid sands, high winds, and late frost) and the simple planting tech-
niques used; relates some experiences in amelioration, and gives some examples
of the species present; it then presents some experiences with species in rec-
lamation work. Based on these experiences, the suitability of some species
for wider use is also discussed. (From author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-134 SEEDING AND MULCHING—MODERN METHODS AND EQUIPMENT
Schulze, W. L. (Finn Equipment Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation, Pittsburgh, Pa.
(1973). 2 pp. Hydroseeding and mechanical applications of mulch are dis-
cussed briefly. R661
R73-135 SELECTED PAPERS AND REMARKS FROM THE RESEARCH AND APPLIED
TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM ON MINED-LAND RECLAMATION
National Coal Association, 1973. 150 pp. This is a selection of twelve pa-
pers from the thirty given at the Mined-Land Symposium in Pittsburgh, March
1973. The publication notes that all thirty papers are available at the BCR
laboratory in Monroeville, Pa. R330
135
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R73-136 SURFACE MINED LAND RECLAMATION RESEARCH AT COLSTRIP, MONTANA
Sindelar, B. W., Atkinson, R. , Majerus, M., and Proctor, K. (Montana State
Univ., Dcpt. Animal Range Sci.), Montana Agr. Expt. Sta. Res. Rept. 69 (Progr.
Rept. 1973-1974). 98 pp. Montana law requires reclamation to provide "suit-
able permanent diverse vegetative cover" and allows no more soil erosion than
would have occurred before mining. Precipitation in the area averages 15
inches/year and weather conditions vary widely and can be severe. Studies to
aid in developing successful reclamation methods under these conditions in-
clude methods of soil manipulation to improve water retention; evaluation of
establishment of trees, grasses, shrubs, and legumes over several growing sea-
sons; topsoil depth and gradient studies; comparison of fertilized mined lands
with fertilized native range; and a rodent population survey on areas used in
vegetative studies. R589
R73-137 STATEMENT ON SURFACE MINING PROPOSALS BEFORE THE ENVIRONMENT AND
MINES AND MINING SUBCOMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND INSULAR AFFAIRS, APRIL 9, 1973
Slack, J. (U.S. House of Representatives), Green Lands ,3 (2), 38-39 (1973).
Congressman Slack urges that legislation be written to "place environmental
safeguards around a method of extraction." He also points out that a compen-
sation clause is needed since, at least in West Virginia, coal reserves are
assessed and taxed as private property. R97
R73-138 CHOOSING TOPSOIL TO FIT THE NEEDS
Smith, R. M. (W. Va. Univ.), Green Lands 1 (2), 30-31 (1973). The author de-
fines the meaning of the word "topsoil" and its purpose in reclamation. Orig-
inally the connotation presumed fertile soil material. "Topsoiling" is now
recommended widely for mined land and other drastically disturbed land areas,
but it is also practiced for the improvement of many natural soils as well.
There are three kinds of topsoil: synthetic topsoil, weathered topsoil, and
geologic topsoil. Description of each of the three types of topsoil, their
advantages, and a discussion of their use is included. Jour
R73-139 STATE-BY-STATE REPORTS ON COAL WEST OF MISSISSIPPI INCLUDING CANADA
Coal Age ^78 (5), 75-236 (1973). This article outlines by states the coal de-
posits and related subjects, including reclamation, for the states west of
the Mississippi. R267
R73-140 STEEP SLOPE MINING ... A NEW CONCEPT
Green Lands 1 (2), 4-6 (1973). This method of surface mining is applied on
65 percent slopes and above. The outer spoil bank and highwall are almost
totally eliminated. Several advantages are 25 to 35 percent reduction in af-
fected acreage, elimination of slides, reduced drainage system, and number of
136
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R73-140 (continued)
silt ponds. Controlled blasting allows 100 percent of overburden to be kept
on the bench. Revegetation and reclamation costs have been reduced since ma-
terial is handled only once instead of the conventional two or three times.
Jour
R73-141 AN ANALYSIS OF STRIP MINING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Stefanko, R., Ramani, R. V., and Ferko, M. R., Penn. State Univ., Interim
Rept. No. 7 to U.S. Office Coal Res., R&D Rept. 61 (1973). 134 pp. This re-
port reviews all methods and equipment used for strip mining. Although con-
siderable emphasis is placed on specific items of mining equipment, there is
also particular reference to reclamation and proper methods of waste disposal.
Many sketches and diagrams show the ways to handle overburden and proper meth-
ods of building spoil areas. Diagrams also show how to handle the water prob-
lem and how to locate artificial lakes. R240
R73-142 COAL IS CHEAP, HATED, ABUNDANT, FILTHY, NEEDED
Stein, J., Smithsonian _3 (11), 18-27 (1973). This article treats the whole
situation of coal mining, burning, and gasifying and includes pictures and
discussion of the problems of stack-gas emission, mine-acid production, waste
disposal and land reclamation. Pictures show the result of unreclaimed strip-
mine areas as well as those which were graded and planted. Costs of 10 to 50
cents/ton for reclamation are reported. A section discusses both state and
federal strip-mine laws. R497
R73-143 SURFACE MINING DISTURBANCE AND WATER QUALITY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Striffler, W. D. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta. , USDA), in "Ecology and Rec-
lamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1, R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New
York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper II-4. pp 175-191. A survey of water
quality was conducted in eastern Kentucky during the summer of 1966. A total
of 180 sampling points, including all fourth-order and larger watersheds,
were measured. Field measurements included stream discharge, water tempera-
ture, dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation-reduction potential and specific con-
ductance. Laboratory determinations included Al, Ca, Mg, total Fe, Mn, and
sulfates. In summary, although acid pollution is a very serious problem on
small, severely disturbed watersheds, it is not important on the larger water-
sheds or major rivers during low-flow conditions in eastern Kentucky. (From
author's abstract) 631 H981
R73-144 SURFACE MINING COAL VIA LONGWALL METHOD
Coal Mining Process. K) (10), 60-61 (1973). This article describes a new
longwall mining method for removing shallow seams. The method uses a long-
wall shearer and roof support chocks. This method causes minimal environmen-
tal disturbance, reduces mine drainage, and the only restoration needed will
137
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R73-144 (continued)
be on the edge of the 4- to 6-ft coal seam. A diagram is supplied to show
the proposed general arrangement which is expected to prove that surface coal
mining can be balanced with a clean environment. R216
R73-145 SURFACE MINING IN WEST VIRGINIA: THE STANFORD REPORT IN PERSPECTIVE
Mid-Appalachian Environ. Serv., Jan. 1973. 29 pp. A series of papers given
at a symposium in Charleston, West Virginia Civic Center, February 26, 1972,
includes comments on each of the following categories: reclamation and envi-
ronment; the law and its enforcement; psychological and social effects; and
energy and economics. The Stanford Report on strip mining was prepared for
the West Virginia Legislature's Committee on Government and Finance. R251
R73-146 ESTABLISHMENT OF VEGETATION ON TOXIC COAL MINE SPOILS
Sutton, P. (Ohio Agr. Res. Develop. Cent.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 153-158. These studies to find methods to estab-
lish vegetation on toxic spoil were carried out in Noble County, Ohio. The
results indicate that vegetation can be established by covering toxic spoils
with suitable material, by use of limestone to neutralize acidity, by the ad-
dition of organic materials such as sewage sludge or manure, and by suitable
plant species. However, root systems are confined to non-toxic or treated
layers. R643
R73-147 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC STRIPMINE SPOILBANKS
Sutton, P., Ohio Report, Ohio Agr. Res. Develop. Cent., 58 (1), 18-20 (Jan-
Feb 1973). A demonstration project on two spoil banks at the Eastern Ohio
Resource Development Center was carried out cooperatively with the Bureau of
Mines. One area had more shale and clay in the spoil; the other had more
sandstone. Toxic materials were buried during grading. Fertilizer and lime-
stone treatments were applied to selected areas. Tree survival overall was
not more than 25 percent. Water samples were taken at four different drain-
age areas before and after reclamation. One area was covered with 18 inches
of non-toxic spoil and this produced a good cover of sweet clover and lespe-
deza. Final evaluation will have to await results over several years, partic-
ularly tree growth in the non-toxic spoil area. R518
R73-148 TREAT STRIPMINE SPOILS WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE
Sutton, P. and Vimmerstedt, J. P. (Ohio Agr. R&D Cent.), Ohio Rept., Nov-Dec
1973. pp 121-123. In a cooperative project between the city of Caldwell,
Ohio and the Eastern Ohio Resource Development Center, sewage sludge was ap-
plied to strip-mine-spoil areas. In one case a heavy growth of rye was pro-
duced. An adjacent plot with limestone and fertilizer produced no rye.
138
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R73-148 (continued)
Several similar comparisons are included indicating that sewage sludge is an
effective fertilizer. R345
R73-149 TWO ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES INVOLVING AGRICULTURE
Swanson, E. R. (Univ. 111.), 7th Ann. Symp. Interface, Workshop on Decision &
Environmental Analyses held in connection with Computer Sci. & Statistics,
Ames, Iowa, October 1973. (8 pp). The second part of the paper discusses the
project of the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago to dispose
of digested sewage sludge on Fulton County, Illinois, strip-mined land. Es-
timates are that about 150 dry tons of sludge/acre could be applied in the
first ten years with another 100+ tons applied in the next ten years. The
analysis shows that cropping systems using large amounts of sludge nitrogen
are most desirable. R498
R73-150 PLANNED RECLAMATION
Thirgood, J. V. (Univ. British Columbia), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 92-97. Reclamation should start with planning
the mining operation to minimize dirt handling and assure availability of
original topsoil as final cover. Other considerations in a reclamation pro-
gram are, "the previous and intended use of the mined land and surrounding
area, the topography, the potential of the soil for supporting vegetation, the
available mining equipment, the regional economy, human settlement and re-
source use patterns (current and projected), and the legal requirements." The
author also urges the mining engineers and foresters or agronomists to become
empathetic to each other's problems and responsibilities in order to improve
the probability of achieving both an efficient mining operation and effective
reclamation. R638
R73-151 STRIP MINING FOR COAL
Tompkins, D. C., Univ. Calif., Inst. Gov. Studies, Public Policy Bibliogra-
phies: 4 (1973). 86 pp. There are 669 references covering strip mining, acid
mine drainage, reclamation of strip-mined land, and state and federal govern-
ment activities relating to strip mining. Rll
R73-152 STRIP-MINED WATERSHED HYDROLOGIC DATA ACQUISITION STUDY
Tschantz, B. A., Water Resour. Res. Cent., Univ. Tenn., Res. Rept. No. 35
(Aug. 27, 1973). 17 pp. NTIS, PB-223 558. This was an aerial photographic
study made using infrared methods to define two small East Tennessee water-
sheds. The information is to be used for hydrologic and land-use purposes.
Three flights were made covering 5,041 acres of watershed representing 847
acres of disturbed bench, slope, and slide areas. A list of 15 figures shows
139
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R73-152 (continued)
the mapped areas and several pictures give the overall view of the watershed
area. Low-level altitude infrared photography is useful for mapping and
measuring strip-mine disturbed areas. R273
R73-153 VALLEY CAMP EXPANDS RECLAMATION PROGRAM
Green Lands 3^ (2), 10-12 (1973). The reclamation program of Valley Camp Coal
Company includes water control and treatment and revegetation. Jour
R73-154 VALLEY CAMP STANDARDIZES ALL SEAMS
Coal Mining Process. 10 (11), 32-35 (1973). This article describes the oper-
ations of several Valley Camp mines and emphasizes the attention paid to rec-
lamation. The company also built 18 ponds for water treatment and these are
drained and cleaned once a year. Backfilling is done with topsoil for plant-
ing and this work is directed by a trained biologist. Refuse disposal is
unique in that it is combined with fly ash from two power plants. The mixture
is spread and compacted. R232
R73-155 EFFECT OF STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY
Vimmerstedt, J. P., Finney, J. H., and Sutton, P., Ohio Agr. Res. Develop.
Cent., Wooster, Ohio, Rept. to Ohio State Univ., Water Resour. Cent., Colum-
bus, Ohio, Jan. 1973. 54 pp. NTIS, PB-217 872. This report covers two sep-
arate topics, the effect of strip mining on water quality of Little Mill
Creek, Ohio and infiltration of water on strip-mine spoil banks. Four sam-
pling points were selected and used over a 236-week period. Results showed
that manganese concentrations near the mining area exceeded standards 80 per-
cent of the time while this same chemical in the creek not affected by mining
exceeded standards only 13 percent of the time. Sulfate, magnesium, calcium,
iron, aluminum, and hydrogen ion concentration were also monitored and found'
to have higher values in streamflow affected by strip mining. Objective of
the second phase was to measure infiltration rates on spoil banks and to iden-
tify spoil characteristics associated with these variations in rates. Rates
were higher on dry spoil than on wet spoil during the first 25 of the test
runs, but later they were similar. 73-49
R73-156 THE EFFECT OF HERBACEOUS VEGETATION ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF
TREES PLANTED ON COAL-MINE SPOILS
Vogel, W. G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 197-207. Establishing both trees and
herbaceous vegetation is often desirable in the reclamation of strip-mine
spoil banks. To study the effect of herbaceous competition with trees, grass
alone and grass with legumes were sown concurrently with the planting of four
140
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R73-156 (continued)
tree species on coal-mine spoils in southeastern Kentucky. After three grow-
ing seasons, the herbaceous vegetation, which had produced about 95 percent
ground cover, did not significantly affect the survival of trees, but greatly
suppressed their growth. However, in the fourth and fifth growing seasons,
the growth of trees in the plots dominated by the legume exceeded the growth
in plots with grass only and without herbaceous competition. Tree growth was
suppressed the most by a cover of grass alone. (Author's abstract) R647
R73-157 FERTILIZER AND HERBACEOUS COVER INFLUENCE ESTABLISHMENT OF
DIRECT-SEEDED BLACK LOCUST ON COAL-MINE SPOILS
Vogel, W. G. and Berg, W. A. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G.
Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VI-5. pp 189-198.
After one growing season, black locust seeded on plots fertilized with P
averaged three to four times taller than those seeded on unfertilized plots.
Adding N with P produced even greater growth. When fertilized, seeded herba-
ceous vegetation competes with seeded black locust. Competition is especial-
ly severe with species that make dense and rapid growth early in the spring.
Competition is less severe when black locust is seeded with slower developing
herbaceous species, or with species that grow in late spring and summer.
(Authors' abstract) 631 H981
R73-158 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL - SURFACE COAL MINED LANDS
Weimer, W. H. and Weimer, W. A., in "SME Mining Engineering Handbook," Vol. 2,
A. B. Cummins and I. A. Given, Eds., New York: AIME, 1973. pp 17-145 - 17-147.
This short section on the subject of reclamation includes a tabulated classi-
fication of strip-mine spoils. The three factors in the rating are class
number and description, pH value, and extent of area. Strip-mined lands are
divided into three broad groups and each is described. Spoil types are listed
as calcareous sands and toxic clays. A detailed description of soil charac-
teristics of materials which make up overburden is included. R622 A943
R73-159 WEST VIRGINIA BREAKS RECLAMATION RECORD AGAIN
Green Lands ^ (3), 8-9 (1973). According to the statistics in this article,
West Virginia has bettered its own record for acreage reclaimed. This is the
fifth consecutive year West Virginia has led all other states in reclamation.
Tonnage, surface mining, and respective totals of reclaimed acreage are com-
pared for West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Several pictures illustrate reclamation results. Jour
R73-160 WEST VIRGINIA IS RECLAMATION LEADER FOR 5TH STRAIGHT YEAR
Green Lands 3^ (1), 40-41 (1973). The West Virginia reclamation program
141
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R73-160 (continued)
pictured is operated at no expense to taxpayers as it is supported by per-
acre assessment on strip mine operators. Statistics given show that in the
year July 1, 1971 through June 30, 1972, 27,332 acres of mined land were
reclaimed in West Virginia. Jour
R73-161 FRACTURE MAPPING AND STRIP MINE INVENTORY IN THE MIDWEST BY
USING ERTS-1 IMAGERY
Wier, C. W., Wobber, F. J., Russell, 0. R., and Amato, R. V., Symp. on Sig-
nificant Results Obtained from Earth Resour. Tech. Satellite-1: Vol. 1
Technical Presentation, Section A: Natl. Aero. & Space Admin. Rept. NASA
SP-327 (1973). pp 553-560. ERTS-1 imagery and high-altitude infrared photog-
raphy can be used to obtain data for fracture mapping in coal-bearing rocks
in the attempt to prevent mine roof-fall accidents. ERTS-1 imagery also dif-
ferentiates between undisturbed land and raw mined land or mined land planted
but not graded. Land reclaimed to pasture and farming is difficult to detect
R569
R73-162 HEARING ON FEDERAL SURFACE MINING LEGISLATION, TESTIMONY OF THE
WEST VIRGINIA SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION
Wilkinson, J. L. (President, W. Va. SMRA), Green Lands ^ (2), 42-43 (1973).
The representative of the West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Asso-
ciation reviews the extent, economic impact, and relation to deep mining of
the surface-mining industry. R98
R73-163 CHANGED SPOIL DUMP SHAPE INCREASES STABILITY ON CONTOUR STRIP
MINES
Williams, G. P., Jr. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclama-
tion Preprints, Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 243-249. A survey of mines oper-
ating under Kentucky's 1966 regulations revealed that approximately 94 per-
cent of the outslopes were stable. Of the 178 slides which occurred, nearly
half involved spoils dumped in valleys. Slides occurred over the entire
range of slopes; slide incidence and terrain steepness were not found to be
related. Increased storage of spoil upon the excavated bench accounted for a
42-percent reduction in area disturbed by slides and a 17-percent reduction
in total areal disturbance. The overall level of instability on spoil dump
outslopes is still excessive, but this instability can be reduced as knowl-
edge of the physical and mechanical properties of spoils and of site charac-
teristics is accumulated and incorporated into mining and spoil placement
techniques. (From author's abstract) R652
142
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R73-164 PROTOTYPE NATIONAL MINED-LAND INVENTORY MAPS
Wobber, F. J., Earth Satellite Corporation, 1973. Three maps prepared from
ERTS-1 imagery differentiate disturbed areas from surrounding vegetated areas.
The maps are of Millport, Kentucky Quadrangle; Pike, Warrick, and Gibson
Counties, Indiana; nnd Vincennes, Indiana. R570
R73-165 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR RECLAMATION
Youngs, B. D., Green Lands 3^ (2), 24 (1973). Planning the mining operation
with the view of planning for reclamation is emphasized. Jour
R73-166 DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR RECLAMATION
Youngs, B. D., Am. Mining Congr., Coal Convention, Report on Coal Technology
Vol. II, 1973. 8 pp. This paper is a short review of the reclamation prob-
lem and its future direction. The approach of considering reclamation as a
part of the total planning of the mining operation is discussed at length.
The major problem is economics. 662.6 A665
R73-167 FRIENDSHIP PARK—ONE USE OF RECLAIMED STRIP MINE LAND
Zande, R. D. (R. D. Zande & Associates), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., First Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Pittsburgh, Pa. (1973). pp 294-303. The plans to turn 1,100 acres of strip-
mined land in Jefferson County, Eastern Ohio into park lands are reviewed.
The land was donated to the county by Hanna Coal Company, Cadiz, Ohio, a divi-
sion of Consolidation Coal Company. An 85-acre lake for fishing and boating
is being formed by construction of an earth-fill dam. An airport, picnic
areas with shelters, and hiking trails are also included in the nearly com-
pleted Phase I of the project. Further recreational development is planned.
The land reclamation is expected to improve the water quality of Little
Mclntyre Creek which receives the runoff from the new reservoir. R657
R73-168 USE OF FERTILIZERS TO SPEED PINE ESTABLISHMENT ON RECLAIMED
COAL-MINE SPOIL IN NORTHEASTERN ALABAMA: II. FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Zarger, T. G., Bengtson, G. W., Allen, J. C., and Mays, D. A. (TVA), in
"Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 2, R. J. Hutnik and G.
Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper VI-7. pp 227-236.
Applications of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizer to seeded pine improved
their growth and survival. 631 H981
R73-169 SEEDING OF PINE ON COAL SPOIL BANKS IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY
Zarger, T. G., Curry, J. A., and Allen, J. C. (TVA, Div. Forestry, Fisheries
Wildlife Develop.), in "Ecology and Reclamation of Devastated Land," Vol. 1,
143
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R73-169 (continued)
R. J. Hutnik and G. Davis, Eds., New York: Gordon and Breach, 1973. Paper
IV-8. pp 509-523. Tests were carried out at 38 sites on a total of 158
acres. Factors evaluated included time of seeding, area seeded, rate, seed
treatment and species. Results showed that forestation could be accomplished
by seeding as well as by hand planting of seedlings. 631 H981
R73-170 MAPPING OF SPOIL BANKS USING ERTS-A PICTURES
Ahmad, M. U. (1), Kantner, D. A. (1), and Antalovich, J. W. (2) [(1) Ohio
Univ. and (2) Kucera and Associates, Inc.], Proceedings of the 1st Panameri-
can Symp. on Remote Sensing, Panama City, April 27 - May 2, 1973. pp 111-123.
A study of surface-mined and reclaimed lands in southeastern Ohio is de-
scribed. R804
R73-171 REVEGETATING COAL MINE SPOILS IN NEW MEXICO: A LABORATORY STUDY
Aldon, E. F. and Springfield, H. W., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service Research Note
RM-245 (June 1973). 4 pp. Emergence and early growth of mountain rye and
fourwing saltbush were studied in untreated 3-year-old mine spoils, and in
spoils to which organic matter or fertilizer had been added under greenhouse
conditions. Emergence and growth were satisfactory from untreated spoils;
adding amendments had no effect on seedling emergence or early growth. (Auth-
ors' abstract) CE263
R73-172 THE NORTH DAKOTA SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION LAW
Beck, R. E., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota,
M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5 (1973).
pp 109-118. The law, enacted in 1969, and its 1971 and 1973 revisions are
discussed. 631 W17
R73-173 A NOVEL APPROACH TO REASONABLE REGULATION OF STRIP MINING
Binder, D. (Ohio Northern University), University of Pittsburgh Law Review
34 (3), 339-374 (Spring 1973). After a discussion of surface mining and its
environmental effects, experience of the states in regulating surface mining,
and the results of much litigation over the regulations, the author advocates
adoption of a simple statute allowing surface mining if the operator can show
that "land can be reclaimed, siltation and water pollution problems elimina-
ted, landslides prevented, highwalls restored to their original contours,
fish and wildlife resources preserved, and the land made productive again."
R870
144
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R73-174 ECONOMICS OF DOZERS IN RECLAMATION WORK FOR THE COAL INDUSTRY
Bullis, R. A. and Raivio, H. A. (International Harvester Company), presented
at Research and Applied Technology Symposium on Mined-Land Reclamation, Pitts-
burgh, Pa., by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., March 7-8, 1973. 16 pp.+ The
economics and use of different pieces of equipment for earth moving in recla-
mation are determined by conditions which vary from mine to mine. This paper
presents the results of an 18-month study of the cost per yard of earth mov-
ing in both area and contour mining operations in the Central and Midwestern
states. R799
R73-175 CONTAINER-GROWN SEEDLINGS SHOW POTENTIAL FOR AFFORESTATION OF
PENNSYLVANIA COAL-MINE SPOILS
Davidson, W. H. and Sowa, E. A. (Northeastern Forest Experiment Station), Re-
printed from Tree Planters' Notes _25_ (4), 6-9. The purpose of the project
was to determine whether containers could enhance the growth and survival of
plants on coal refuse piles and surface mine spoils. Plastic-type tubes were
subject to frost-heave and restricted lateral root development, so their use
is not recommended. Seedlings grown in containers made from peat showed the
best growth and survival in this two-year test. R901
R73-176 AN HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF STRIP MINE RECLAMATION IN NORTH DAKOTA
Dietrich, I. T., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dako-
ta, M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5
(1973). pp 49-51. The first recorded attempt to reclaim coal mine spoil
banks was in the 1930's by the North Dakota Game and Fish Department. Success
in revegetation at the several mine locations has been quite variable due pri-
marily to the great differences in chemical makeup and physical condition of
spoil materials. Leveling and placing topsoil on top of the leveled material
aids greatly in revegetating a spoil area. (Author's abstract) 631 W17
R73-177 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF DEVELOPING OUR COAL RESERVES
Gwynn, T. A., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota,
M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5 (1973).
pp 87-107. The author emphasizes the need for use of coal as a source of
energy, the environmental and socio-economic impacts of coal resource develop-
ment, and points out that the coal industry must work with others in develop-
ing regulations for mining and reclamation and should publicize the long-
standing and continuing industry programs of reclamation. The author has
attached a summary of state surface mining and reclamation laws as of 1973,
and tabulations of the various reclamation costs of the Knife River Coal
Company. 631 W17
145
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R73-178 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STRIP MINING: THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL
VIEWPOINT
Hertsgaard, T. A. and Leistritz, F. L., in Some Environmental Aspects of
Strip Mining in North Dakota, M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey,
Educational Series 5 (1973). pp 73-85. The economic and social implications
of strip mining in North Dakota depend to a great extent on the related eco-
nomic activity that is associated with lignite mining. If the lignite is
shipped from the state for use elsewhere, the principal environmental issue
involved is the degree of reclamation of the spoil banks. Current market
value of farmland in the lignite mining area ranges from $50 to $150 per acre.
Reclamation costs to restore the land to its premining state are estimated to
range from $700 to $900 per acre. The economic justification for expenditures
of these magnitudes would require that the value of future uses of these lands
(including aesthetic values) be several times the level currently registered
(for agricultural uses) by the market. If the lignite is converted to other
forms in North Dakota, the impact on the area could be much greater than if
the lignite is shipped from the state. Gasification plant (and possible sa-
tellite industry) development could also generate massive increases in employ-
ment and population in the area. This could lead to significant social and
economic adjustment problems. (Authors' abstract) 631 W17
R73-179 PRESENTATION
Kowal, S. W. (Allis-Chalmers Corporation), to First Research and Applied Tech-
nology Symposium on Mined-Land Reclamation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, by Na-
tional Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., March 1973. 6 pp.
The development of large dozer tractors and their use in earth moving for
surface-mine reclamation are discussed. R859
R73-180 INDUSTRY'S ROLE IN RECLAMATION FOR RECREATION
Krause, R. R., National Conference, Surface-Mined Land for Outdoor Recreation,
Washington, D.C., by U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Outdoor Rec-
reation, May 14, 1973. 8 pp. The potential and use of strip-mined lands for
recreation are discussed. The types of facilities vary from final-cut pits
that become fishing lakes, otherwise unreclaimed areas that become wildlife
refuges after the growth of volunteer vegetation, to planned picnic and camp-
ing areas as exemplified by Friendship Park in Ohio. R853
R73-181 THE PRAIRIE PLAN
Kudrna, F. L. (The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago), J.
Urban Planning Develop. Div. Amer. Soc. Civil Eng. 99 (UP2), 205-215 (Sept.
1973). In an experimental project, sewage sludge from the Chicago area has
been applied as liquid fertilizer to surface-mined land in Fulton County,
Illinois, two hundred miles away. Demonstration plots showed that the appli-
cations improved plant growth. Part of the study area was developed for rec-
reation. Costs of the project are summarized. R753
146
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R73-182 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SURFACE MINING: THE BIOLOGIST'S
VIEWPOINT
Morgan, R. L., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota,
M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5 (1973).
pp 61-71. The author discusses the environmental impact of all types of sur-
face mining in the United States and covers the effects on fish and wildlife
of mining sand, gravel, clay, stone, and lignite in North Dakota in somewhat
more detail. 631 W17
R73-183 A GEOLOGIST'S VIEW OF STRIP MINING
Noble, E. A., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota,
M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5 (1973).
pp 53-60. In overview, the geologist sees strip mining as a unique but rela-
tively minor disturbance of a small portion of the earth's surface and near
surface. From the perspective of geologic time, the effects of strip mining
could be considered minor: topography would be little changed, effects on
regional ground-water flow would be minor, and other physical and geochemical
effects would eventually be mitigated. (From author's abstract) 631 W17
R73-184 CHEMICAL SOIL STABILIZERS FOR SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Experiment Station), in Soil Erosion:
Causes and Mechanisms; Prevention and Control, Proceedings of a Conference-
Workshop, Washington, D.C., by Highway Research Board, National Research Coun-
cil and National Science Foundation, HRB Special Report 135, Jan. 26, 1973.
pp 118-122. Two cooperative demonstrations compared vegetation establishment
and erosion loss following 30 treatments with six mulches and 12 soil stabil-
izers. There is no evidence that these materials are necessary for vegeta-
tion establishment; they are used primarily to control erosion. Mulch, soil
stabilizer, and soil stabilizer-mulch treatments were effective. (From auth-
or's abstract) R895
R73-185 LIGNITE MINE SPOILS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS—CHARACTERISTICS
AND POTENTIAL FOR RECLAMATION
Sandoval, F. M., Bond, J. J., Power, J. F., and Willis, W. 0., in Some En-
vironmental Aspects of Strip Mining in North Dakota, M. K. Wali, Ed., North
Dakota Geological Survey, Educational Series 5 (1973). pp 1-24. This paper
was also presented at the First Research and Applied Technology Symposium on
Mined-Land Reclamation. See R73-129. 631 W17
R73-186 STATEMENT ON BENEFIT/COST EVALUATION OF STRIP MINING IN APPALACHIA
Schmidt-Bleek, F. K. and Moore, J. R., University of Tennessee, Appalachian
Resources Project, prepared for U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on
Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on the Environment and Subcommittee
147
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R73-186 (continued)
on Mines and Mining, April 17, 1973. 25 pp. NTIS, PB-283 391/1WN. Prelimi-
nary results of economic studies reported by the authors cover flood damage,
loss of farm income, and differential human capital costs in deep and surface
mining. CE518
R73-187 USE OF ABANDONED STRIP MINES FOR SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN MARYLAND
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Division of Solid Waste Con-
trol, Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs, Grant Number G06-EC-00048, June 1973. 193 pp. The dem-
onstration project in western Maryland, carried out at one site for five
years and at the second site for one year, showed the economic and technical
feasibility of using abandoned strip mines for solid waste disposal by sani-
tary landfill techniques. The hydrogeology of the areas was studied and pro-
visions were made for continuing collection of hydrogeological, chemical, mi-
crobiological, and settlement data. These studies showed that there were no
public health problems from the sanitary landfill. Progress of plant growth
from grasses and legumes seeded on the completed portions of the landfill in-
dicated that watering might be needed to establish vegetation in dry weather.
The appendix includes the mechanics of operating the landfill, cost data, job
descriptions, laws of Maryland pertaining to strip mining and control of
drainage from abandoned mines, the report on hydrology and geology, water
sampling program, and acid mine drainage studies. CE301
R73-188 ECOLOGY OF SOME MINED AREAS IN NORTH DAKOTA
Wall, M. K. and Freeman, P. G., in Some Environmental Aspects of Strip Mining
in North Dakota, M. K. Wali, Ed., North Dakota Geological Survey, Educational
Series 5 (1973). pp 25-47. Plant species diversity and abundance and the
physical and chemical characteristics of mined and unmined soils were studied
in the coal-bearing area in western North Dakota in 1972 and 1973. The pur-
pose was to compare unmined areas to spoil banks that have naturally revege-
tated along a time gradient of 0-53 years. Data obtained on 27 soil variables
from 4 depths of a profile, representing the effective zone of rooting depth,
revealed significant differences between the mined and unmined sites. Species
diversity was considerably higher at unmined sites. Mined sites, including
even the oldest spoil banks, showed sparser vegetation and a reduced growth
form and vigor of plant species. Generally, the mined sites showed higher pH,
electrical conductivity, replaceable magnesium and sodium, total phosphorus
and sulfur, EDTA-extractable strontium and copper, and percent silt+-clay.
The unmined sites were higher in organic matter, replaceable potassium, and
EDTA-extractable manganese. The maximum variability existed in the upper 30
cm of soil. Although salinity due to sodium is a serious problem in the re-
vegetation and reclamation of these spoil materials, this study shows that
high magnesium levels may be an added problem. (From authors' abstract)
631 W17
148
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R73-189 NEW TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR RECLAIMING LAND: A MANUFACTURERS
VIEWPOINT
Zillman, R. L., National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
First Research and Applied Technology Symposium on Mined-Land Reclamation,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, March 7-8, 1973. (4 pp). This short presentation
emphasizes the constraint of economics on the manufacturer of earth-moving
equipment if he is the sole developer of new machinery for reclamation, and
does not have the cooperation and backing of government and the mining indus-
try. R959
1974
R74-1 COAL MINING AND ITS EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
Ahmad, M. U. (Ohio Univ.), in "Extraction of Minerals and Energy: Today's
Dilemmas," R. A. Deju, Ed., Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc.,
1974. pp 49-56. The effect on water quality of both surface and underground
mining is discussed. The hydrology of the Sheban Mine, Mahoning County, Ohio
is used as an example of a typical strip mine. 631 D32
R74-2 MULTIPLE SEAM CONTOUR BACKFILLING
Allen, N., Jr. and Long, W. J., Green Lands 4 (1), 17-18 (1974). The experi-
mental mining begun in 1972 on Massengale Mt., Campbell County, Tenn., is de-
scribed. Costs are given for backfilling and hauling extra spoil off-site,
and for lost production resulting from the method. Reclamation costs of
grading and revegetation are estimated to be less using this method. Jour
R74-3 AT AMAX, ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERS FIND BETTER USES FOR RECLAIMED
LAND
Coal Age 79_ (10), 132-135 (1974). Amax Coal Co. plans for land use at its
new Catlin mine include housing, a business and shopping center, several
lakes, a golf course and a public park. The company has an environmental en-
gineering group which makes a complete study of projects, including legal
permits and writing all required reports after obtaining necessary environ-
mental data. They prepare a "baseline study" which may cost $200,000 or more.
Continuous monitoring must also be maintained to insure compliance with all
regulations. Jour
R74-4 SURFACE MINING LEGISLATION: THE CASE FOR TRUTH IN PACKAGING
Bagge, C. E. (NCA), 1974 Directors Conf., Natl. Rural Electric Cooperatives
Assoc., New Orleans, La., Jan. 8, 1974. 9 pp. Mr. Bagge discusses in detail
the strangling effects the proposed coal legislation will have on the coal
industry, the unpracticability of the reclamation requirements forcing under-
ground mining while preventing surface mining. The politicians have not used
the true figures to prepare their case. He blames the energy shortage on
149
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R74-4 (continued)
irresponsible environmentalists. Their regulations will prevent mining of
about half the low sulfur coal in the western states, and have caused untold
conversions thereby eliminating use of great tonnage of eastern coals for the
sake of a little sulfur in the stacks. R329
R74-5 '40S LOOK IS NO LONGER IN STYLE ON STRIP JOBS
Baisden, H. L., Green Lands ^ (3), 3-5,7 (Fall 1974). Various new ways of
handling strip-mine waste material are compared with the practices of the
1940s and '50s in the Annual Interagency Evaluation of West Virginia Strip-
Mined Lands. N The results of new methods and also the revegetation efforts
are illustrated. The author uses examples of many coal operators in describ-
ing the various pieces of equipment suitable for steep slopes and hilly areas.
The problems of water control and handling sediment are also discussed. Jour
R74-6 A VENTURE INTO RECLAMATION
Balzer, J. L. (Utah International Inc.), Am. Mining Congr. Convention/Exposi-
tion, Las Vegas, Nev., Oct. 7-10, 1974. 12 pp. The reclamation program of
Utah International Inc. which operates the Navajo mine near Farmington, New
Mexico began in 1966. The work was coordinated with ash disposal of the Four
Corners generating plant. Studies were set up to test the ability of over-
burden to support vegetation and to evaluate the use of mulches, soil amend-
ments, and irrigation, and the growth potential of numerous species. Native
plants fared better than non-native plants and supplemental irrigation proved
necessary. At least two years are required to evaluate a reclamation program
and to find out whether planting will maintain itself. The information will
be used in planning reclamation of regraded land to support grazing. 662.6
A665
R74-7 CABIN CREEK - AN ACCUMULATION OF UNPAID SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL
COSTS IN APPALACHIA
Baumgardner, R. G. and Steiner, D. E., Water Spectrum^ (2), 32-38 (1974).
A project planned by the Corps of Engineers in the Cabin Creek area of West
Virginia, an area affected by mining, particularly strip mining, will be con-
cerned with the major problems of water control and land reclamation as well
as other socio-economic problems of the area. R542
R74-8 USE OF SOIL LABORATORY ANALYSES IN REVEGETATION OF MINED LANDS
Berg, W. A. (Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins), Am. Mining Congr. Convention/
Exposition, Las Vegas, Nev., Oct. 7-10, 1974. 7 pp. The factors that in-
fluence the success of revegetation efforts on mined land are phosphorus and
nitrogen; acidity and pH; soil texture and excess soluble salts including
sodium. Sampling techniques on disturbed lands and the use of core sampling
150
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R74-8 (continued)
are described. 662.6 A665
R74-9 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR'S COAL-LEASING PROGRAM
Berklund, C. (Bur. Land Management, USDI), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 34-35. The government's policy on Federal coal
leasing recognizes the energy problem, stresses maximum environmental protec-
tion for resource development, and has the intent of complying with all re-
quirements of the National Environmental Policy Act, including the prepara-
tion of Environmental Impact Statements. R667
R74-10 NEW CITIES FOR APPALACHI A—WILL THEY BE DENIED?
Blakely, J. W., Coal Mining Process. 11 (1) , 49-54 (1974). A feature of this
article is a foldout showing a proposed community developed on a six-mile-
long plateau made from stripping hill tops and filling valleys. The proposed
use of a 53-acre plateau for a high school and some residential development
is also shown. R305
R74-11 SURFACE MINING IN APPALACHIA
Blakely, J. W. , Coal Mining Process. 11 (6), 36-39 (1974). Three mining com-
panies operating in the steep hills of Kentucky are recovering more coal and
working in steeper areas than formerly possible. In addition, they are cre-
ating safe access roads, and using "valley fill" and "head of the hollow"
methods to provide level areas for needed pasture and housing areas. R484
R74-12 THE DAVIS PROJECT - FROM BLACK TO BLUE
Blizzard, S. H. and Shaffer, S. L. , Green Lands 4. (3), 13-16, (Fall 1974).
In the small community of Davis, West Virginia, apples, blueberries, black-
berries, grapes and raspberries were grown on reclaimed land. Blueberries
thrive on areas of low fertility, low pH, limited water and minimum organic
matter, and the other fruits need either organic matter or lime. Sawdust was
used for organic matter, supplied together with excess nitrates, and very
good yields were obtained. Current research is being done to determine which
varieties of the various fruits are most suitable to this area. Jour
R74-13 BENEFITS AND COSTS OF SURFACE COAL MINE RECLAMATION IN APPALACHIA
Bohm, R. A., Moore, J. R., and Schmidt-Bleek, F. (Univ. Tenn.), Appalachian
Resour. Proj. ARP Publ. No. 27 (undated, for publication 1974). 7 pp. The
cost/benefit analysis of reclaiming steep-slope surface mines is based on
conditions in five watersheds in the coal mining region of Tennessee, and on
151
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R74-13 (continued)
reclamation costs for several alternative slopes and bench widths with over-
burden stored on the outslope prior to backfilling. R576
R74-14 LAND REHABILITATION: PROMPT PASSAGE OF FEDERAL RECLAMATION
LAW RECOMMENDED BY FORD FOUNDATION STUDY
Box, T. W. (Utah State Univ.), Coal Age 79_ (5), 108-111, 113-115, 117-118
(1974). The recommendations of the study are discussed in relation to the
environment of the western coal lands. Jour
R74-15 OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURFACE MINING OF COAL
Breslin, J. J. and Anderson, R. J. (Battelle Memorial Inst., Columbus, 0.),
A Battelle Energy Program Rept., 1974. 94 pp. This extensive survey was
carried out by a team from mining and related fields. The team visited 24
surface- and underground-mine sites in this country and 2 in Germany. The
report "attempts to provide a brief, substantially non-technical, overview of
the way in which the feasibility of opening a surface mine is currently es-
tablished and of the approaches being employed in planning and operating a
mine and in the subsequent reclamation work." Battelle
R74-16 AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SURFACE-MINED AREA RESTORATION
RESEARCH PROJECT
Caldwell, N. B., Northeastern Forest Exp. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr., Sept. 1974.
22 pp. This annotated bibliography includes a total of 81 references and an
author index. R587
R74-17 COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING FOR MINERAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN THE
POWDER RIVER BASIN: A PROPOSAL
Calhoun, D., Ackerman, W., and Montgomery, E. (Bur. Land Management), Natl.
Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-
Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 69-75. The present
Bureau of Land Management system for managing resources, such as those in the
Powder River Basin in southeastern Montana and most of northeastern Wyoming,
is described. The planning system includes Resource Analysis, Management
Framework Plan which gives information to evaluate alternative development
plans, and a Management Action Plan—Multi-Year Programming which identifies
specifications and is the basis for budget requests and justification docu-
ments. Also a part of the planning process is Energy Minerals Allocation
Recommendation System which puts the area or resource into a broader regional
or national point of view. R670
152
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R74-18 SOIL-MAKING POTENTIAL OF POWER PLANT FLY ASH IN MINED-LAND
RECLAMATION
Capp, J. P. and Gillmore, D. W. (Bur. Mines MERC), in "Ash Utilization,"
Proc. Third International Ash Utilization Symp., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1973, U.S.
Bur. Mines 1C 8640, 1974. pp 258-268. The use of fly ash in restoring
surface-mining spoils and coal-waste dumps is related to the alkaline charac-
ter and ability to neutralize acid soils, the addition of mineral nutrients,
their positive effect on the moisture-holding capacity of soils, and decrease
in soils bulk density. Plants growing well on fly-ash-treated spoils are
listed. Costs of using fly ash are also estimated. R493
R74-19 SURFACE MINED LAND IN THE MIDWEST - A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE FOR
RECLAMATION PLANNING
Carter, R. P., LaFevers, J. R., Croke, E. J., Kennedy, A. S., and Zellmer,
S. D., Argonne National Laboratory, Rept. to U.S. Bur. Mines, Open File Rept.
59-74 (June 1974). NTIS, PB-237 830. This comprehensive study of surface
mining and reclamation in the eleven-state Midwest area has separate chapters
on Indiana, Illinois, Western Kentucky, Missouri, and Ohio. Each chapter in-
cludes an extensive discussion of current legislative requirements for mining
and reclamation, history of surface mining, geologic and physiographic condi-
tions, surface conditions, mining operations, coal markets, coal reserves,
disturbance descriptions, and bibliographies. 631 A6
R74-20 CHECKING THE IMPACT OF MINING
An SCS Environmental Quality Aid, Preprinted from Soil Conservation Magazine,
Soil Conserv. Serv., USDA (undated). 14 pp. Seven short articles appearing
in issues of the magazine from Jan. 1968 through Jan. 1973 are brought to-
gether in this reprint. Included in this general presentation are coal-mined
lands in West Virginia, Colorado and Pennsylvania. R501
R74-21 IN WEST VIRGINIA HILLS...IT'S HAULBACK MINING ALL THE WAY
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age 79 (11), 60-64 (1974). This article describes the
operation of strip mining by the Princess Susan Coal Company of Charleston,
W. Va. Detailed diagrams and pictures illustrate how the haulback method is
used to handle overburden, leaving essentially no highwall. Although more
equipment is required for this system than for conventional methods, haulback
mining reduces bondable acreage, helping to justify the extra expense. Water
control is effective and in line with state standards. A list of needed
equipment is included as well as the numbers and kinds of trees planted.
R74-22 WEST VIRGINIA HAULBACK METHOD—A MODERN WAY OF SURFACE MINING
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age ^9 (1), 66-68 (1974). The Grafton Coal Co. of
153
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R74-22 (continued)
Clarksburg, W. Va. uses a strip-mining method which virtually eliminates
pushing overburden over the hill. Initial cut material is placed in a low
hollow area. Then a second block is started and this material is placed in
the first after the coal has been removed. The process is repeated and fi-
nally the material taken from the original area is used to fill the last
block and nothing goes over the hill. The method also eliminates the need to
build ponds and other water-control construction since the bench design pro-
vides good watershed area. Jour
R74-23 CHOOSING THE RIGHT HAULAGE VEHICLE
Coal Mining Process. II (8), 46-48, 50, 52 (1974). Advantages and disadvan-
tages of scrapers, trucks, and wheel loaders in handling overburden with con-
trolled placement of spoil in contour mining are discussed. R531
R74-24 THE BRITISH EXPERIENCE IN MINED-LAND RECLAMATION AND PREPLANNING
OF MINERAL WORKINGS
Clouston, J. B. (Brian Clouston & Pts, Durham, England), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Recla-
mation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 217-241. The British government
has been giving increasing attention to social problems caused by the waste
heaps and other surface-mining disturbed areas. In the Durham area, there
were about 600 major mine workings, each with its own spoil heap. The gov-
ernment has instituted extensive rehabilitation programs to grade and reclaim
these many unsightly refuse piles, some of which are over 100 feet high. The
National Coal Board has reclaimed more than 120,000 acres from strip mining
in the past thirty years. Several case histories of reclaimed "derelict
land" are included. R685
R74-25 ALABAMA OPERATORS ORGANIZE FOR BETTER RECLAMATION
Cornforth, C., Coal Mining Process. _11 (7), 41-42, 51-53 (1974). The Alabama
Surface Mining Reclamation Council was founded July 1, 1972. Operators orga-
nized to set their own reclamation standards and now aim to re-timber their
mined land although some grazing area has been developed. The Council is in-
vesting $150,000 in a 5-year research grant awarded to Auburn University Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station. R491
R74-26 SURFACE MINE OF THE FUTURE
Cornforth, C., Coal Mining Process. _U (1), 75-78, 87-90 (1974). This arti-
cle describes a new method of mountain mining. Oversized equipment is used
to remove over 10 million tons of overburden yearly. This operation creates
large flat areas for grazing and planting. A survey before mining locates a
suitable hollow for the overburden. Such coal reserves were unrecoverable
154
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R74-26 (continued)
several years ago before the development of the big trucks and loaders. Men-
tion is also made of the new strip-mining law which may prohibit surface min-
ing of a large fraction of Montana and Wyoming. There is also a difference
of opinion on how much recoverable reserves exist today. Government uses
significantly lower estimates than industry figures to document a claim that
strip mining is unnecessary. R306
R74-27 WASHINGTON COAL MINE FUELS FIRST NW STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT
Cornforth, C., Coal Mining Process. 11 (10), 32-35, 52-54 (1974). The recla-
mation and the mining methods at the Centralia Coal Mine are described. Re-
vegetation is not a problem especially when nitrogen and phosphorus are used
in fertilizing. Siltation is the greatest problem and it is controlled by
flocculating the near-colloidal clay particles. The area will be reclaimed
mainly to timber as well as to forage crops. R592
R74-28 WYOMING MINE COMPLEX PROTECTS AREA LIFESTYLE
Cornforth, C., Coal Mining Process. 11 (3), 26-29, 50 (1974). Amax Coal Co.,
near Gillette, Wyoming, operates one of the early western mining projects in
low-sulfur coal. In reclaiming the property, spoil material was mixed with
soil and planted with numerous grasses. Rainfall which is 15 inches per year
is considered adequate for the restoration process. In this long-term recla-
mation program, a 100-acre area will be obtained for overburden removal, and
for every 10 acres mined, 10 acres will be reclaimed with seeding done every
spring and fall. R444
R74-29 NATURAL BEAUTY CONSIDERED
Daley, D. D. , Mining Eng. 2j> (2), 30 (1974). The total amount of coal mining
and reclamation in the United States is briefly summarized. R405
R74-30 DESIGN OF SURFACE MINING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY:
VOLUME I - SUMMARY
Mathematica, Inc. and Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc., Engineers, Rept. to Ky. Dept.
Natural Resour. Environ. Protection and Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-71-66-
Tl (Jan. 1974). 98 pp.+ The viewpoints of environmentalist coalitions, the
regulatory agency, and the surface mining industry are summarized to provide
perspective on the kinds of issues that motivated this study. Also included
is a detailed summary of the relevant characteristics of surface mining and
regulation in 1971-72, including industry characteristics, economics, and min-
ing practices; regulatory procedures and results; and environmental impacts.
Progress to date in mining, regulation, and reduction of environmental impact
is summarized, and areas where further progress is needed are identified.
Recommendations for modernizing and improving existing regulatory and mining
155
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R74-30 (continued)
practices conclude the Volume. (Author's abstract adapted) 631 K37
R74-31 AVOID PROBLEM SPOILS THROUGH OVERBURDEN ANALYSIS
Despard, T. L., Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., U.S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv.
Gen. Tech. Rept. NE-10 (1974). 4 pp. Overburden analysis through core sam-
pling can guide reclamation planning. A mining operation of the Jellico coal
seam in eastern Kentucky is used as an example of how pre-mining study could
have prevented the wide variation in pH of the spoils left after mining.
Color, pyrite, and pH are suggested as field guides for identifying poten-
tially toxic strata which should be evaluated by laboratory tests. R599
R74-32 THE COST OF COAL - SURFACE MINING
Dials, G. E. and Moore, E. C., Appalachia 8^ (2), 15-29 (Oct.-Nov. 1974).
Both costs of reclamation and social cost are included in this general dis-
cussion of mining costs. R555
R74-33 MINED LAND RECLAMATION ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS-INDIAN HEAD
MINE
Dudley, T. E. and Becker, J. L. (North American Coal Corp.), Am. Mining Congr.
Convention/Exposition, Las Vegas, Nev., Oct. 7-10, 1974. 14 pp.+ The cli-
mate, soils, geology, hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife of the Northern
Great Plains region are described. In summarizing the mining and reclamation
projects of the North American Coal Corp., it is pointed out that for about
three years reclamation has been carried out on 3 acres for every acre mined.
Reclamation research is also being carried out at the mine by USDA Agricul-
tural Research Service, North Dakota State Univ., and Montana Agricultural
Experiment Station. 662.6 A665
R74-34 STREAM WATER CHEMISTRY OF MODEL RECLAMATION OF STRIP-MINED LAND
Elzam, 0. E. (Case-Western Reserve Univ.), in "Extraction of Minerals and En-
ergy: Today's Dilemmas," R. A. Deju, Ed., Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Pub-
lishers, Inc., 1974. pp 211-230. In a reclamation project at an experimen-
tal strip-mine site of 60 acres in Guernsey County, Ohio, about one mile
north of Fairview, three hills of about 20 acres each were formed. Topsoil
removed prior to mining was spread evenly over one hill. Two hills were ter-
raced, one with and one without topsoil. All three hills were seeded. The
water-sampling program was set up so that the effect of reclamation on water
quality could be evaluated and could be compared to water quality from undis-
turbed as well as partially reclaimed land. The results of the study showed
that a combination of burying acid-producing materials, land terracing, and
topsoil application resulted in fast revegetation, reduction of erosion and
improvement in water quality. 631 D32
156
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R74-35 ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Surface Mining Research Library, Charleston, W. Va. (undated). 32 pp. This
booklet is a pictorial presentation of strip-mining operations and reclama-
tion work. Color pictures show the results of revegetation for grain, pas-
ture, and timber purposes. Two examples of commercial use are shown. The
final group of pictures shows the various types of damage caused by strip min-
ing. Organizations favoring and opposing surface mining are listed. R250
R74-36 ENGINEERS HANDBOOK ON STRIP MINING IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Commonwealth Ky., Dept. Natural Resour. Environ. Protection, T. D. Harris,
Comm. (undated, issued 1974). 60 pp.+ This manual includes map requirements
for strip-mining permits; Surface Mining Sediment and Water Quality Control
Handbook; and a sample design of an eastern Kentucky debris basin. R482
R74-37 GLOSSARY OF SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGY
Compiled by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.; Edited by Council for Surface Min-
ing and Reclamation Research in Appalachia; published by National Coal Associ-
ation, 1974. 25 pp. The words and terms in this glossary apply to mine
drainage, strip-mine reclamation, and coal-waste disposal and are arranged in
alphabetic order. R544
R74-38 RECLAMATION PROBLEMS IN SURFACE MINING
Grandt, A. F., Mining Congr. J. 60 (8), 29-32 (1974). The author, Director
of Land Use and Reclamation for Peabody Coal Company, discusses the problems
of reclamation including legislation, topsoil removal and replacement, over-
burden analysis, grading, climate and precipitation. A number of towns now
have good water supply as a result of lakes and reservoirs built by Peabody's
reclamation. The study of hydrology on the Black Mesa by University of
Arizona, College of Agriculture, Dept. of Watershed Management is also noted.
R511
R74-39 SURFACE MINING, LAND RECLAMATION, AND ACCEPTABLE STANDARDS
Greenbaum, M. E. and Harvey, C. E., College of Business and Economics, Univ.
of Ky., Rept. to Inst. Mining Miner. Res., Univ. Ky., 4KY TR 83-74-IMMR3
(June 1974). 40 pp. NTIS, PB-234 254. This report was compiled as a result
of efforts directed toward the identification of immediate problems involved
in expanding coal production. This paper proposes an alternative to the rec-
lamation tax. The performance bond system, already used by many coal mining
states, is discussed, along with policy implications that arise from efforts
to internalize external costs. The theoretical framework of the externality
problems is also explored. (From author's absttact) R601
157
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R74-40 WEST VIRGINIA'S CONTROLLED PLACEMENT
Greene, B. C. and Raney, W. B. (W. Va. Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Reclama-
tion), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol.
Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 5-17. The
three methods of "controlled placement" of spoil described are valley fill,
mountain top removal with valley fill, and lateral movement. Each method per-
mits controlled drainage and control of steepness of the exposed slope. The
first two methods also produce level land suitable for a number of kinds of
development. With "lateral movement" the first cut is placed either on an old
strip mine bench or in a valley meeting the specifications for a "valley fill."
Placement of succeeding cuts is carefully planned so that the reclamation
closely follows the mining. Each method and its environmental advantages are
discussed in detail. R663
R74-41 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN SURFACE MINING OF COAL
Grim, E. C. and Hill, R. D. (EPA, Natl. Environ. Res. Cent., Cincinnati, 0.),
U.S. EPA Environ. Protection Technol. Ser., EPA-670/2-74-093 (Oct. 1974).
277 pp. This comprehensive report covers all phases and problems of the strip-
mining operation, including premining planning, sediment and erosion control,
reclamation, and acid mine drainage. A glossary of terms and a summary of
state surface-mining and reclamation laws in effect June 1, 1974 are also
included. R554
R74-42 FIELD CLUES USEFUL FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL OVERBURDEN
Grube, W. E., Jr. and Smith, R. M. (W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta.), Green Lands 4_
(1), 24-25 (1974). Methods for identifying different spoil types in the field
are discussed and are summarized in a "Condensed Guide to Field Clues." Jour
R74-43 RECLAMATION PROCESSES IN THE WESTERN COAL MINES
Gwynn, T. A. (Knife River Coal Mining Co.), AIME Ann. Meet., Dallas, Tex.,
Feb. 25-28, 1974. Preprint No. 74-F-82. 35 pp. This paper itemizes all the
western strip mines. These are in Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico,
North Dakota, and Wyoming. Several of the reclamation laws are discussed and
the variations from laws in the east are explained. Extensive tabulated in-
formation covers comparison of state statutory requirements regarding rehabil-
itation of surface-mined lands in the western United States as well as costs
of earth moving and reclamation to achieve certain slopes. AIME
R74-44 CHANGING METHODS AND EQUIPMENT USE IN APPALACHIAN SURFACE COAL
MINING
Haley, W. A. (Caterpillar Tractor Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 193-203. The conventional method of contour strip
158
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R74-44 (continued)
mining, where overburden was cast down the hill and stacked along the outer
slope of the bench, is compared to the newer and more effective techniques,
such as haulback, block cut, valley fill, and mountaintop leveling. Charts
show relative costs of different mining methods and loading and hauling costs
of representative machines. The conditions on which the cost estimates are
based are described. R683
R74-45 RECLAMATION OF STEEP SLOPE SURFACE MINING
Hamilton, L. W., Jr., Green Lands 4. (3), 8-10 (Fall 1974). Steep slope min-
ing is done in West Virginia on inclines between 40 and 70 degrees by "con-
trolled placement" of spoil. Continuous mining is possible while eliminating
highwalls. No overburden is allowed to be placed on slopes greater than 28
degrees or 50 percent. A complete drainage system must be engineered which
includes silt ponds, silt retarding dams and acid treatment facilities.
Spillways are riprapped with large stones to prevent washouts. Gabion struc-
tures are used (baskets filled with 3-in. x 10-in. limestone rocks) for water
retention. All operations must be inspected and approved. The author esti-
mates that as much time and money is now spent in preplanning and reclamation
as is spent in mining the coal. Jour
R74-46 RECLAMATION IN STEEP SLOPE SURFACE MINING
Hamilton, L. W., Jr., Mining Congr. J. 6»0 (9), 111-14 (1974). Factors which
are important in reclamation work on steep slopes include an acceptable drain-
age system, the use of Gabion dams, valley fill or head of hollow fill re-
quirements, material handling which eliminates highwalls, timing problems in
mining multiple or split seams, and revegetation. A series of pictures illus-
trate the methods described. In the state of West Virginia, reclaimed land is
not released from bond for two seasons. R528
R74-47 SANDSTONE WEATHERING ON SURFACE MINE SPOIL
Heald, M. T. (1), Arnold, G. E. (2), and Smith, R. M. (1) [(1) W. Va. Univ. and
(2) Consolidated Gas Co.], Green Lands 4_ (3), 19-20 (Fall 1974). (W. Va. Agr.
Expt. Sta., Scientific Article No. 1317). Differences in sandstones are de-
scribed. The strong aggregate can be used when stability is required and eas-
ily weathered sandstones are useful in providing soil. Differences in weath-
ering characteristics can mainly be determined by observation. Jour
R74-48 MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF RECLAMATION
Everett, H. W., Foster, C. A., and Hines, B. J. (Soil Conservation Serv.,
USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol.
Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). PP 101-105.
This paper discusses the surface mining and reclamation of disturbed lands
159
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R74-48 (continued)
in Kentucky, and grasses, legumes, and trees suited to specific areas. As a
detailed and more comprehensive guide, the authors recommend "The Kentucky
Guide for Classification, Use and Vegetative Treatment of Surface Mine Spoil."
This publication contains extensive information on alternative land uses,
characteristics of many shrubs, trees, and ground covers, together with envi-
ronments most suitable to each. Detailed data are tabulated and a glossary
of terms for the industry is included. R673
R74-49 RECLAMATION OF COAL-MINED LAND IN POLAND
Strzyszcz, Z. (1), Harabin, Z. (1), and Hutnik, R. J. (2) [(1) Polish Acac.
Sci. (2) The Pa. State Univ.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Sec-
ond Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville,
Ky. (1974). pp 242-252. A surface mining problem relating to deep mining
results from sand being mined to stow into underground mines to minimize sur-
face subsidence. Problems with establishing trees on the worked out sand pits
are with air pollution which discourages the use of Scotch Pine, the original
forest cover, and the fact that the site may be too wet. Since water is
scarce in the area, some of the sand pits are also used as central dumping
areas for coal refuse from a group of mines. Considerable information has
been gained in Poland from long-term studies on vegetation of coal refuse
piles. A characteristic of the refuse is that sodium and magnesium salts are
present in much greater amounts than calcium salts. Brown coal is surface
mined in three areas having overburden with different properties. The recla-
mation of these areas to forest or agricultural land or to water storage is
based on research and experiments conducted over a number of years. Basic
studies still continuing are reviewed. The hydrological disturbances caused
by mining are considered to be an important unsolved problem in Poland. R686
R74-50 BRITISH BOAST OF EXCELLENT LAND RESTORATION PROGRAM
Ironman, R., Coal Mining Process. 11 (11), 36-40, 59 (1974). This article
describes opencast mining in Great Britain and the detailed British reclama-
tion procedures. The National Coal Board carries out reclamation, usually
buying the area or making a lease arrangement. Ultimate uses of reclaimed
land include agriculture, parks, golf courses, and re-siting of a village.
Much of the work involves extensive tree planting with trees supplied by the
NCB's forestry section. R537
R74-51 FEDERAL AND STATE PERMITTING REQUIREMENTS
Jones, J. R. and Beckner, J. L. (Peabody Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 36-53. The experience of Peabody Coal
Company in obtaining permits required for the Big Sky Mine in Rosebud County,
Montana, is used to illustrate how lead time required to bring a surface mine
into operation has been increased by state and Federal regulations. The
160
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R74-51 (continued)
development of mining and reclamation plans and environmental impact state-
ments required by the National Environmental Policy Act are described. Re-
quirements of Montana law developed by new legislation and the promulgation of
regulations as Peabody was going through the permitting process are also de-
scribed. The authors believe that normally about three years are needed to
complete the steps necessary to obtain permits. The expenses involved are al-
so discussed. R668
R74-52 RECLAMATION TODAY IN PENNSYLVANIA
Jones, W. G., Coal Mining Process. JL1 (6), 33-35, 58-59, 61 (1974). This
study describes in detail, with pictures, reforested mined lands in Pennsyl-
vania. The author explains his success with many species, even several which
were not recommended, in a 17-county area where he has personally directed
planting over 36 million trees in the past 25 years. This extensive reclama-
tion program has also produced a large game population. R483
R74-53 UNSUSPECTED SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION IN SOUTHWESTERN PENNSYLVANIA
Khoury, S. G. (1) and Hipwell, R. M. (2) [(1) Dames & Moore and (2) Univ.
Pittsburgh], Pa. Geol., Oct. 1974. pp 2-4. A large volume of water required
for greens and tees on a golf course, built on about 60 percent stripped land,
drains into another underlying coal seam which has also been mined. The water
eventually emerges as acid mine drainage. It is suggested that golf courses
built over shallow mines be designed with a closed drainage system that allows
water recycle. R563
R74-54 ACID STRIP MINE LAKE RECOVERY
King, D. L., Simmler, J. J., Decker, C. S., and Ogg, C. W. (Univ. Missouri),
J. Water Pollut. Contr. Fed. 4j> (10), 2301-2315 (1974). Clays and associated
aluminum are identified as buffers in acid strip mine lakes. Also, organic
material plays a necessary role in establishing conditions for sulfate reduc-
ing bacteria whose action results in evolution of hydrogen sulfide gas. The
interaction between these two systems with other complex factors in the recov-
ery of strip mine lakes is discussed. The authors suggest accelerating recov-
ery of acid strip-mine lakes by addition of organic waste in such a way that
aeration could be used to slow the rate of bacterial action if H2S were being
evolved more quickly than it could be dispersed. Jour
R74-55 BENEFITS IN COST AND EFFECTIVENESS OF LIQUID MATERIALS USE IN
HYDROSEEDING OPERATIONS
Kranz, B. W. (The Valley Camp Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 163-167. In this work to develop an acceptable
161
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R74-55 (continued)
ground cover, a latex soil stabilizer, Genaqua 743, a modified vinyl acetate
emulsion, gave excellent results. Evaluations of erosion control and vegeta-
tive success were made over a number of weeks on plots where Genaqua, Genaqua
plus wood chips, and wood chips alone as control, were applied with a speci-
fied seed mix to three different spoil types. The latex acts as a binder to
hold seed in place on compacted surface. On uncompacted surface, it holds
the surface open, allowing water penetration. Liquid fertilizers were blended
with the latex to give lower application costs and higher efficiency. R679
R74-56 LAND REBORN
Ohio Board on Unreclaimed Strip Mined Lands and Ohio Dept. Natural Resour.,
January 1, 1974. 91 pp. This report by a team of eight consultants carries
out the Board's duty under the Revised Ohio Strip Mine Law to "gather informa-
tion, study and make recommendations concerning the number of acres, location,
ownership, condition, environmental damage resulting from the condition, cost
of acquiring and reclaiming to the standards in Section 1513.16 of the Revised
Code and possible future uses and value of eroded lands within the state, in-
cluding land affected by strip mining for which no cash is held in the strip
mining reclamation fund." 631 037
R74-57 AN OVERVIEW OF NEW SURFACE MINING METHODS OF STEEP SLOPES IN THE
APPALACHIAN REGION
Lusk, B. E., SME Fall Meet., Acapulco, Mexico, Sept. 22-25, 1974. Preprint
No. 74-F-335. 17 pp.+ In West Virginia there are now strict reclamation re-
quirements. The resulting changes in mining methods, as well as methods of
overburden handling designated as controlled placement, are described. AIME
R74-58 SOIL RECONSTRUCTION: FOR THE BEST SOIL AFTER MINING
McCormack, D. E. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 150-162. In order to insure the high-
est use of land after mining, the author advocates planning the topmost layer
of soil so that it will have, "from the surface downward to a depth of at
least five feet, a sequence of horizons chosen from available soils and geo-
logic strata that will provide the most favorable medium for plant growth."
The soil and subsoil characteristics that will permit this topsoil recon-
struction are described. The method is illustrated by its application to an
area of south-central Powder River County, Montana. R678
R74-59 FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON FORAGE CROPS ON STRIP-MINED LAND IN
NORTHEAST ALABAMA
Mays, D. A. and Bengtson, G. W. (Soils and Fertilizer Res. Branch), TVA, Natl.
162
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R74-59 (continued)
Fertilizer Develop. Cent., Bull. Y-74 (May 1974). 23 pp. This bulletin re-
cords three experiments conducted by TVA to assess the adaptability and nutri-
ent requirements of a number of cool- and warm-season grasses and legumes for
forage production on mine spoil. Detailed procedures, tabulated data, and
related pictures are included for each experiment. Common Bermuda grass grew
quickly in experiments 1 and 2 to prevent erosion. Experiment 3 used phospho-
rus on plots 1 and 2 to study the effects of phosphorus rate and time of ap-
plication. Yield responses to phosphorus were very significant when fall ap-
plication was made but spring applications were less effective. R485
R74-60 REVEGETATION IN THE SOUTHWEST - ITS HAZARDS AND SUCCESSES
Merkel, D. L. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc. Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 189-192. Special techniques for revegetation are
needed in the Southwest because of extreme conditions such as low annual pre-
cipitation, low humidity, high soil temperatures, and high soil salinity.
Criteria developed recently for seeding, planting, and mulching are discussed.
Development of species adapted to the Southwest is being carried on in the
Soil Conservation Service Los Lunas Plant Materials Center operated by the
University of New Mexico. Sixteen varieties already developed and now being
grown commercially are listed. R682
R74-61 MODERN RECLAMATION IN KENTUCKY
Office of the Governor, Ky. (undated). 4 pp. Reclamation requirements in
Kentucky are discussed, and aerial and hydroseeding are described. R454
R74-62 NATIVE HARDWOODS PART OF EXPERIMENTAL SEEDING
Green Lands 4^ (3), 22 (Fall 1974). A cooperative reclamation project between
U.S. Steel and the U.S. Forest Service is being carried out at three test
sites at Saw Pit near Gary, West Virginia. The species and amounts of native
hardwoods and grass seeds were varied at each site. Jour
R74-63 NAVAJO MINE'S GOAL: TO STRIP COAL AND RECLAIM LAND AT THE SAME
RATE
Mining Eng. 2J5 (10), 57-58 (1974). The Navajo mine of Utah International Inc.
near Farmington, N. M., is the largest open pit mine in the United States.
There are three seams relatively close to the surface where 35,000 tpd of
coal are mined. Reclamation began in the late 1960's and spoil grading goes
on three shifts a day, seven days a week. During the first year 550 acres
were reclaimed and at this rate reclamation will equal the production rate by
1978. Pictures show the operation including the Four Corners generating
plant which is one of the coal users. R525
163
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R74-64 HOW C&K COAL CO. GREW FROM A TWO-MAN START TO 23RD AMONG U.S.
PRODUCERS
Martens, C. D., Coal Age ^79 (9), 83-87 (1974). The development and opera-
tions, including reclamation, of the C&K Coal Co. in Clarion County, Pa., are
described. Jour
R74-65 LAND UTILIZATION AND RECLAMATION IN THE MINING INDUSTRY,
1930-71
Paone, J., Morning, J. L., and Giorgetti, L. , U.S. Bur. Mines, 1C 8642 (1974)
61 pp. From 1930 thru 1971 mining of all kinds has affected 3.65 million
acres. About 1.46 million acres of this total, or 40 percent, have been re-
claimed over the 42-year period. The reclamation rate in 1971 reached 80
percent. The major portion of reclamation has been on lands used for surface
mining bituminous coal. Information on'land used and reclaimed by various
surface mining industries is compiled by states and also includes amounts of
mineral production. BurM
R74-66 FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A NEW SURFACE MINING METHOD 'LONGWALL
STRIPPING'
Moomau, H. F., Zachar, F. R., and Leonard, J. W. (Potomac Engineering & Sur-
veying, Petersburg, W. Va.), U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Technol. Ser. EPA-
670/2-74-002 (1974). 67 pp. Longwall stripping, which adapts existing un-
derground longwall mining technology, was determined to be a feasible method
for mining coal under shallow cover. A discussion of the criteria necessary
to consider in selecting a site and developing the mining plan is included.
Additionally, alternate methods of the longwall stripping concept are dis-
cussed. (Adapted from authors' abstract) R450
R74-67 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF POTENTIAL COAL DEVELOPMENT IN
THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Osterhoudt, F. H. (Econ. Res. Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 76-87. This paper discusses the economic
and social prospects of the Northern Great Plains area in the light of the
anticipated development of the western coal industry, and is based on the
study of the Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects work group of the Northern
Great Plains Resources Program. A sparsely populated open area, essentially
agricultural, will change to a coal-industry-related community where an eco-
nomic boom 'will affect all phases of the territory. Many of the changes such
as population growth, supporting services, housing, transportation, income,
employment, government policies, changes in lifestyles, and particular prob-
lems of Indian tribes are considered by the author. R671
164
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R74-68 SEDIMENT YIELD FROM STRIP-MINED WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY
Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 88-100. Erosion rates and sediment
yields from surface-mined areas in eastern Kentucky watersheds were deter-
mined by studies of three settling basins built on mined and unmined areas in
Breathitt County. Data on sedimentation, watershed size, disturbed acreages,
dates of mining, and precipitation were used to develop sediment-basin speci-
fications and requirements. Results showed highest sediment yield during the
first six months after mining. Erosion rates decreased to fairly low levels
within three years. Revegetation is given as the most effective sediment-
control measure when done in minimum time following mining. Also, an area
mined using a number of "head of the hollow" fills and ridge-top removal
showed reduced sediment yield. R672
R74-69 PAVED HAUL ROAD, 10-WHEEL TRUCKS BOOST OUTPUT OF WEST VIRGINIA
FIRM
Coal Age 19_ (6), 94-95 (1974). Perry and Hylton, Inc. is creating thousands
of acres of broad plateau suitable for residential, commercial and institu-
tional use. The company is using overburden to fill worked out areas, pits
and valleys. Vegetation is removed first and topsoil is saved. Next an
earthen dam is built at the widest point to provide a base for the work and
prevent water runoff. Replanting is done using fertilizer and topsoil with
lime to neutralize acidity. Asphalt haul roads have been installed and a
savings of 50 percent is estimated in road maintenance. Jour
R74-70 GROUND WATER QUALITY AT A STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION AREA IN WEST
CENTRAL ILLINOIS
Pietz, R. I., Peterson, J. R., and Lue-Hing, C. (Metropolitan San. Dist.
Greater Chicago), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Ap-
plied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974).
pp 124-144. Twenty-four groundwater monitoring wells were established both
on non-disturbed and on strip-mined land in Fulton County, Illinois, to pro-
vide baseline environmental data for twenty-three chemical characteristics.
These lands are being reclaimed to agriculture by applications of digested
sewage sludge from Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago. Water
samples were analyzed monthly from December, 1971 to December, 1973. Data
show that mine spoil groundwaters have higher metal contents as well as
greater concentrations of chlorine, sulfate, and Kjeldahl nitrogen. Also
groundwaters of the mined areas have a greater number of significant monthly,
seasonal and well-to-well variations in the chemical constituents analyzed
for. Data from a typical mined area monitoring well were used to explore the
possibility of using the monitoring data for evaluation of future groundwater
quality. R676
165
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R74-71 REVEGETATION PROJECTS DOMINATE SURFACE-MINE RESEARCH
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Princeton, W. Va.), Coal Mining
Process. 11 (8), 40-41, 50 (1974). Experimental work has shown that West
Virginia spoil material is particularly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus.
Pictures show the test-work results and also the results of direct seeding of
grasses and tree species. The acreage of land reclaimed has increased measur-
ably in the recent years. R530.
R74-72 REVEGETATING SURFACE-MINED LAND
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., USDA), Mining Congr. J. 60 (4),
53-59 (1974). There are several factors in revegetating surface-mined land.
Site evaluation includes physical characteristics, chemical variation of over-
burden, and spoil-classification systems. Site preparation includes reshap-
ing of the surface as well as the use of fertilizers and other soil amend-
ments. Revegetation techniques include both species selection and planting
method. R451
R74-73 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE MINE SPOIL
TREATED WITH FLY ASH
Plass, W. T. and Capp, J. P., J. Soil Water Conserv. 2£ (3), 119-121 (1974).
This article describes the use of 150 tons/acre of fly ash to neutralize ex-
tremely acid surface-mine spoil. Three plots were used for test purposes.
Analytical work showed the fly ash not only neutralized acid but it also add-
ed minerals and nutrients to the mine spoil. Tabulated data give moisture
and chemical content of the treated area. Phosphorus content of the treated
plot was almost three times as high as on the untreated plot. Infiltration
rates were increased with fly ash and a lower density near the surface was
credited as the reason for this characteristic. Increased moisture contents
in treated area were significant. R490
R74-74 PREPLANNING: SURFACE MINING FOR OUTDOOR RECREATION
U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Outdoor Recreation, 1974. 22 pp. This booklet was
printed following a meeting held in 1973 on the subject of reclamation direc-
ted at emphasizing outdoor recreation development. A specific example is the
development of Friendship Park in Jefferson County, Ohio, into an 1100-acre
year-round recreation complex. The public, industrial and economic factors,
the recreational use of surface-mined land, and the value of preplanning for
such a project are discussed. R541
R74-75 PROFITABLE FARMING IS THE GOAL AT MEADOWLARK
Coal Age _7J3 (10), 135-138 (1974). Meadowlark Farms, a subsidiary of Amax
Coal Co., grows crops, raises livestock, harvests timber, and rents pasture-
land acreage overlying Amax coal reserves or on reclaimed land recently strip
166
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R74-75 (continued)
mined. The company arranges leases with farmers who operate the particular
farms. More than 3 million dollars worth of land rehabilitation equipment is
in continuous use, and at present 150 tenants hold crop or livestock share
leases. This arrangement allows the farmer to live on his own property.
Jour
R74-76 PROPOSED PLAN OF MINING AND RECLAMATION, BIG SKY MINE, PEABODY COAL
COMPANY LEASE M-15965, COLSTRIP, MONTANA
Geol. Surv., U.S. Dept. Int., March 7, 1974. Vol. 1, 438 pp; Vol. 2,
(352 pp) . These two volumes of the final environmental impact statement in-
clude the draft statement with amendments and corrections, the transcript of
the hearing, comment from interested groups and individuals, and responses to
pertinent comments. 631 U34
R74-77 SURFACE MINING TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES
Ramani, R. V. (1), Stefanko, R. (1), and Ferko, M. R. (2) [(1) The Pa. State
Univ. (2) Pa. Dept. Environ. Resour.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints,
Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 204-216. Different size shovels and draglines
were studied to gather performance data over several months' operating period.
Records kept included available hours, downtime, mechanical hours, percent
time worked and yardage handled. One conclusion is the need for training of
surface-mine personnel since machinery effectiveness was shown to be related
to the skill of the operator. Also the selection of large equipment was
questioned since the larger dragline had excessive downtime from mechanical
failures. A number of sketches and diagrams illustrate several material
handling techniques and mining methods. Plan views are also included for sev-
eral strip-mining operations. R684
R74-78 RECLAIMING MINED LANDS
Chem. Eng. 81 (26), 70, 72 (1974). Surface mining and reclamation in the
United States and some state regulations passed recently are reviewed. R548
R74-79 RECLAMATION FACTORS TO KEEP IN MIND WHEN PLANNING A SURFACE
MINE OPERATION
Coal Age 79 (11), 87 (1974). Preplanning for reclamation as cited by Frank
W. Glover, Jr., assistant state resource conservationist, U.S. Dept. Agricul-
ture, Soil Conservation Service," involves locating access roads, deciding
on major waterways, choosing the measures to control sediment, determining
proper spoil placement...and establishing vegetation on all disturbed areas
as soon as possible." Preplans are the responsibility of the particular oper-
ator but the Conservation Service will supply help if requested. Jour
167
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R74-80 STRIP MINING IN CAPE BRETON
Reid, J. S. (Cape Breton Dev. Corp., Coal Div.), Can. Mining Met. Bull. 67
(752), 75-79 (1974). The mining operation at the Alder Point Strip Mine~Ts
described. Fifteen species of evergreen trees are being tested for reclama-
tion. Jour
R74-81 SURFACE MINING - AN INTERIM LAND USE
Reiss, I. H. (Meadowlark Farms, Inc.), AIME Ann. Meet., Dallas, Tex., Feb.
23-28, 1974. Preprint No. 74-F-22. 5 pp. In describing the Meadowlark
Farms operation in strip-mine reclamation, the author emphasizes that they
have reclaimed all territory they mined and have been doing so since 1945.
To put strip mining in perspective, the author noted that in the United
States, strip mining has involved 6 million acres of a total of 2300 million
or one-fourth of one percent of our total area. R476
R74-82 SURFACE MINING - AN INTERIM LAND USE
Reiss, I. H. (Amax Coal Co.), Am. Mining Congr. Convention/Exposition, Las
Vegas, Nev., Oct. 7-10, 1974. 17 pp. The Meadowlark Farms operation, active
since 1945, is described. 662.6 A665
R74-83 WE ARE FARMERS NOT MINERS
Reiss, I. H., Coal Mining Process. 11 (5), 50-51, 63 (1974). Meadowlark
Farms, the land management subsidiary of Amax Coal Co., has set up operating
leases with 129 local farmers who work the land on an incentive basis. Cur-
rently the company has over 2000 head of cattle. In 1973 alone they produced
over 1 million bushels of grain and sold over 1 million pounds of cattle and
hogs. In recreational facilities the company has created over 1000 acres of
water for use by the public for fishing, swimming, and boating. R460
R74-84 REMOTE SENSING OF COAL MINE POLLUTION IN THE UPPER POTOMAC
RIVER BASIN
Ambionics, Inc., Final Rept., Contract No. NAS-1-12673 (undated). 66 pp.
NTIS, N74-34817. Conclusions from the study are that the combined approach
of ERTS imagery, corresponding aircraft photography, and ground study are
needed for an effective program of continuous mine-acid pollution monitoring;
and that methods of detecting mine-acid polluted water from aircraft imagery,'
and methods of monitoring strip-mine activity from ERTS imagery have been de-
veloped. 74-76
R74-85 ECOLOGY—ALLY OF MINED LAND RECLAMATION
Riley, C. V. (Kent State Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
168
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R74-85 (continued)
Second Res. Applied Technol. Sytnp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1974). pp 54-68. Since much of the land being strip mined for
coal is suitable for grazing, wildlife, forestry, and recreation, the author
contends that it can be restored at lower cost by enhancing naturally develop-
ing ecosystems through raining and reclamation techniques that achieve the ba-
sic goals of stabilizing the reclaimed land against erosion or landslides,
preventing mine drainage, and encouraging revegetation. Strip-mined areas
and a strip-mine lake in Ohio are described to illustrate how natural proc-
esses over a period of about 15 years have restored the land so that it sup-
ports vegetation and animal populations and have improved the water so that
it supports fish and other aquatic life. R669
R74-86 MINING AND RECLAMATION IN KENTUCKY
Roberts, J. R. (Ky. Dept. Natural Resour. Environ. Protect., Div. Reclamation),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp.
Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 1-4. The devel-
opment of Kentucky's reclamation laws and regulations is reviewed. Presently
the Reclamation Division of the Department for Natural Resources and Environ-
mental Protection monitors quality of drainage from surface mining; oversees
the reclamation of surface disturbed by underground mining as well as by all
surface mining; and has cooperative research programs with EPA and the Appa-
lachian Regional Commission. R662
R74-87 REVEGETATION POTENTIAL OF WESTERN RANGELANDS IN THE OIL SHALE
REGION
Sedgley, E. F. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 29-33. The various types of vegetation
in different parts of the area are described and are related to the elevation
of the land. However, present vegetation may not represent the natural vege-
tative pattern since other factors such as grazing and man's protection from
natural fires may have altered it. The research needs identified will take
many years to complete but present knowledge can be put to immediate use.
Also, demonstration plots indicate that spent shale will support a variety of
plants with proper leaching, mulching, fertilizing, and irrigation. R666
R74-88 MINE SPOIL POTENTIALS FOR SOIL AND WATER QUALITY
Smith, R. M., Grube, W. E., Jr., Arkle, T., Jr., and Sobek, A. (W. Va. Univ.,
College Agr. Forestry, Div. Plant Sci.), U.S. EPA, Environ. Protection Tech-
nol. Series EPA-670/2-74-070 (Oct. 1974). 302 pp. The purpose of this de-
tailed study of coal overburden and coal-related strata is to enable coal
strip miners to plan the overburden placement in reclamation so that acid
runoff is reduced and the most favorable soils are available for plant growth.
Specific suggestions are made for dealing with overburden associated with
169
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R74-88 (continued)
particular coal seams. The results of the extensive overburden sampling and
testing program in West Virginia are tabulated, and the step-by-step analyti-
cal procedures used are presented so that they can be followed by others
carrying out similar studies on lands to be mined. 74-25
R74-89 OVERBURDEN PROPERTIES AND YOUNG SOILS IN MINED LANDS
Grube, W. E., Jr., Smith, R. M., Sencindiver, J. C., and Sobek, A. A. (W. Va.
Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol,
Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 145-149.
Analysis of overburden will show which layers are toxic and should be buried,
which have favorable levels of minerals for plant growth and should be used
as surface, and if weathering of particular layers will be advantageous to the
planned use of the land. Overburden analysis as part of reclamation plans
also allows such specific decisions as use of clayey materials as the base of
water impoundments to reduce seepage and use of neutralizing layers to help
counteract acid toxicity. Although a disadvantage of young soils is lack of
organic matter, it can be reclaimed from the original surface and incorpora-
ted into the new soil. New soils also have the advantage of allowing vegeta-
tion to develop a deep root structure. Amounts of extractable plant nutri-
ents at eight specific areas in West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois
are tabulated. R677
R74-90 USING SEWAGE EFFLUENT AND LIQUID DIGESTED SLUDGE TO ESTABLISH
GRASSES AND LEGUMES ON BITUMINOUS STRIP MINE SPOILS
Sopper, W. E., Kardos, L. T., and Edgerton, B. R., The Pennsylvania State
University, Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources, Final Re-
search Project Technical Completion Report to U.S. Department of the Interior,
Office of Water Resources Research, Project B-047-PA, March 1974. 153 pp.
NTIS, PB-232 069. The effects of irrigation with municipal sewage effluent
and liquid digested sludge on strip-mine spoils were studied by filling 6
large lysimeters with strip-mine spoil material and seeding them with 8 grass
and 8 legume species. The samples were treated with sewage effluent and liq-
uid digested sludge. The spoil was irrigated weekly during the period May 24
to Sept. 21, 1972. The grasses did much better than the legumes. The re-
sults indicated that treated municipal sewage effluent and liquid digested
sludge are valuable means of amending harsh conditions which make spoil banks
unsuitable for growth of vegetation. R517
R74-91 SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE IN RECLAIMING SURFACE-MINED LANDS FOR
OUTDOOR RECREATION
U.S. Dept. Int., Bur. Outdoor Recreation, Bur. Mines (undated). 72 pp. GPO
SN 2416-00061. This booklet lists 27 governmental and private agencies which
will provide information on reclaiming land. The functions of these agencies
are described and a number of references are included with the agency writeup.
170
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R74-91 (continued)
A summary of all state mined-land regulations is given itemized by states.
Also included is a list of mined-land reclamation demonstration projects,
their cost and status. R229
R74-92 CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT NEEDS FOR SURFACE COAL MINING
Stefanko, R. and Ramani, R. V., by Pa. State Univ. and U.S. Bur. Mines, St.
Clairsville, Ohio, July 26, 1974. 9 pp.+ The publication records the meeting
held to informally discuss surface mining related problems and to obtain rec-
ommendations from the participants on the most feasible approach to these
problems. An agenda is included as well as comments by Mr. Stefanko on the
purpose of the conference. Results of the discussions will be forwarded to
the USBM in the hope that they will consider funding work in line with the
industry recommendations. Legislative restrictions were criticized as being
too tight in many instances. R524
R74-93 SURFACE MINE WATER QUALITY CONTROL IN THE EASTERN KENTUCKY
COAL FIELDS
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engineers, Rept. to Ky. Dept. Natural Resour.
Environ. Protection and Appalachian Regional Comm., ARC-71-66-T5 (March 1974).
92 pp.+ This report is concerned with acid surface mine drainage and other
forms of chemical water pollution attributed to surface mining in the Eastern
Kentucky Coal Field and gives primary emphasis to identifying coal seams with
the highest acid producing potential. The parameters, criteria, and method-
ology developed and used to achieve this end are described. The research
effort included a general evaluation of existing water quality data for all
the major drainage basins in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Field, followed by a
concentrated study in the Kentucky, Big Sandy, and Cumberland River Basins.
(Adapted from Summary) 631 K37
R74-94 SURFACE MINING...A CHANGING INDUSTRY
W. Va. Surface Mining Reclamation Assoc., Special Publ., (undated, issued
1974). 48 pp. This booklet shows the many new methods of mining and recla-
mation recently developed. Longwall stripping is diagrammed in detail and
discussed. Special mention is given to material handling on steep slopes and
methods which produce maximum coal recovery. The issue emphasizes the need
for surface mining and the advantageous methods which make it economically
feasible in West Virginia. R492
R74-95 THE SURFACE MINING OF COAL
Energy Perspectives, Battelle Memorial Inst., No. 8, March, 1974. pp 1-5.
This short information bulletin discusses various phases of surface mining
and the problems of reclamation. A series of pictures shows the results of
171
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R74-95 (continued)
subsidence, spoil banks which have not been reclaimed, and a number of re-
vegetated areas. Illustrations of German lignite strip mining are included
and final results show sugar beets growing on the restored land. It is now
possible to remove economically 160 feet of overburden to recover a 4-foot
seam of coal. R486
R74-96 HYDROLOGIC STUDY OF A RECLAIMED SURFACE MINED AREA ON THE BLACK MESA
Thames, J. L., Patten, R. T., and Crompton, E. J. (Univ. Ariz.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land
Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 106-116. Two 5-acre water-
sheds, 3/4 mile apart, one on recontoured mined land and one on undisturbed
land, were monitored in this study of water availability and quality in the
arid southwest. There was no runoff from rain in the study time reported.
However, from about the same amount of snowfall there was much greater runoff
from the undisturbed area than from the mined area. Water quality analyses
showed that while runoff water from the mined area had a higher content of
salts than runoff from the unmined area, it was somewhat similar to local mu-
nicipal water supplies and had lower salt content than water used for irriga-
ting cropland and orange groves in the region. R674
R74-97 THIRTY MEMBER COMPANIES ATTEND TOUR OF 'PENNSYLVANIA BOXCUT1
Green Lands 4. (1), 27 (1974). The boxcut method and reclamation required
with it in Pennsylvania are pictured. There is a critique of the method from
the point of view of West Virginia experience and regrading requirements.
Jour
R74-98 BREEDING VIRGINIA PINE FOR BETTER GROWTH ON ACID SPOIL
Thor, E. (1), Rink, G. (1), and Plass, W. T. (2) [(1) Univ. Tenn. and (2)
Forest Serv., USDA], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res.
Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky.
(1974). pp 168-174. This study was done to evaluate the variation in growth
rate in an open-pollinated progeny test plantation on a strongly acid strip-
mine spoil. Site differences, phenotypic variation, and genetic variability
cause growth rate differences. Tree heights were measured after one, two,
and five growing seasons. Soil samples were also analyzed. Preliminary anal-
ysis indicates that from one-quarter to one-third of the total variation in
height may be accounted for by spoil characteristics. R680
R74-99 SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION IN MONTANA
Thornburg, A. A. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation
Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 18-21. Criteria used in planning rec-
lamation in Montana are discussed. Work is being carried out to make native
172
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R74-99 (continued)
grasses available for revegetation, since over 95 percent of the land to be
surface mined is native rangeland, which will probably be returned to the same
use. R664
R74-100 TO HEAL THE SCARS
Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agr., NE-INF-18-74 (undated). This information
booklet contains a general discussion of surface mining and the problems of
reclamation, particularly revegatation, water quality, and sedimentation.
R597
R74-101 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION IN WYOMING
Tresler, R. L. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 22-28. Reclamation in the coal area of
southwestern and south central Wyoming, the uranium area of Shirley Basin and
the Gas Hills, the bentonite area of the Big Horn Basin, the Black Hills ben-
tonite area, and the Powder River Basin is described in detail. Mining and
reclamation of the Kemmerer Coal Company are used as an example in the south-
western and south central region, and the activities of Pacific Power & Light
Co., Amax Coal Co. and Big Horn Coal Co. in the Powder River area. The con-
tribution of the Soil Conservation Service has been in preparing soil maps
showing soil characteristics and suitability and in developing planting meth-
ods and plant materials. A revegetative technique also being tried is trans-
ferring shrubs and associated soil from areas to be mined into an area to be
reclaimed. R665
R74-102 THE TRIUMPH OF SURVIVAL
The Pipeliner, Dec. 1974. 2 pp. The reclamation research supported by El
Paso and Western Coal Co. and conducted by the Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion of New Mexico State Univ. is described. Various species of grasses are
being tested in plots on a mined area near El Paso's Navajo coal lease. R562
R74-103 U.S. MINING INDUSTRY RECLAIMS 80% OF SURFACE ACREAGE USED IN 1971
Mining Eng. ^6 (10), 59-60 (1974). The information presented in U.S. Bureau
of Mines 1C 8642, "Land utilization and reclamation in the mining industry,
1930-71" is discussed. See R74-65. R526
R74-104 HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF STRIP COAL MINING IN SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA -
EMPHASIS: ONE YEAR OF MINING NEAR DECKER
Van Voast, W. A., Montana Bur. Mines Geol., Bull. 93, June, 1974. 24 pp.
173
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R7 4-104 (continued)
This publication describes the hydrologic effects of strip mining done by the
Decker Coal Co. in southeastern Montana. The total water movement into and
out of the mine is about 400,000 gals/day. The area depends on this water
source for stock and domestic uses. It is expected as mining and reclamation
proceed that the water flow will decrease through the area. If the mining
cut is completely filled, maximum water-level recoveries will result but min-
imum recoveries will occur if the cut is left completely unfilled. Extensive
flow rate and chemical data are included. Several maps give the details of
the watershed area. R533
R74-105 ALL SEASON SEEDING OF HERBACEOUS VEGETATION FOR COVER ON
APPALACHIAN STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Vogel, W. G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky. (1974). pp 175-186. To learn whether strip mine
spoils could be successfully seeded at times other than spring and fall, mix-
tures of permanent and temporary species were sown at twelve different times
throughout the year on spoils in Eastern Kentucky. Although the best seeding
times were found to be early spring and late summer to early fall, late spring
and early to mid-summer seedings were also successful. Seedings after Novem-
ber 1 normally will not germinate until after the following March 1, but areas
made ready for seeding in winter should be mulched to reduce erosion. Tempo-
rary species develop more quickly than permanent species and can provide ero-
sion control and protect the young permanent plants. However, if the tempo-
rary species are too dense they can retard development of the permanent vege-
tation. Some sort of seedbed preparation contributes to success of planting
whether it is use of freshly graded spoils, rototilling previously graded
spoils, or the natural seedbed preparation of freezing and thawing of late
winter weather. R681
R74-106 FINITE ELEMENTS AND STRIP MINING EQUIPMENT
Wheeler, 0. E. (Bucyrus-Erie Co.), AIME Ann. Meet., Dallas, Tex., Feb. 23-28,
1974. Preprint No. 74-F-51. 18 pp. This paper describes the use of "finite
element analysis" in the design of earth-moving equipment. This procedure
consists of using imaginary simple structural elements to construct analytical
models of real structures. The practice was developed by engineers having to
solve complex structural problems. This technology is incorporated into the
design process which makes possible predictions of structural response. This
program was adapted by the Bucyrus-Erie Co. to building heavy earth-moving
equipment. R477
R74-107 SEDIMENT CONTROL USING MODIFIED MINING AND REGRADING SYSTEMS AND
SEDIMENT CONTROL STRUCTURES
White, J. R. (1) and Plass, W. T. (2) [(1) Pioneer Fuel Co. and (2) Forest
174
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R74-107 (continued)
Serv., USDA], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Second Res. Applied
Technol. Symp. Mined-Land Reclamation Preprints, Louisville, Ky. (1974).
pp 117-123. The sediment control program described is near Beckley, West
Virginia on an area of 400 acres where three coal seams were mined. The con-
trol system consisted of three impoundments and the details of their construc-
tion are given. Head-of-the-hollow fills, designed and built to help control
drainage, each contained a French drain. Regrading and revegetation were car-
ried on during mining. Stream flow measurements and sediment records made
during the 21-month observation showed that the control system was effective
in trapping storm runoff and preventing coarse size fragments and sediment
from entering streams. R675
R74-108 ERTS MONITORING OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS
Wobber, F. J. and Martin, K. R., World Mining 2_7_ (3), 56-57 (1974). Images
of an area in Belmont County, Ohio, taken by high-altitude aircraft and by
satellite, are used to illustrate the ability of remote sensing techniques to
monitor mining and reclamation. R602
R74-109 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACK FOR VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL CON-
DITIONS - WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE AS AN EXAMPLE
Bauman, K., Main Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR),
WrocZaw, Poland, 2nd Interim Report Dec. 1, 1973 - Oct. 31, 1974 to U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, Special Foreign Currency Program, Project No.
05 - 532 - 11, Nov. 1974. 99 pp.+ Experiments in establishing vegetation at
two surface mines in Poland are described in detail. Amendments to neutral-
ize acid spoil and to fertilize spoils were added to plots at both sites in a
variety of combinations, amounts, and incorporated into the spoil by several
techniques. There are tabulations of production of vegetation and results of
analyses for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, N, S, C, C/N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and Al of grass-
es and legumes planted at the Turow mine. Trees planted at the Turow mine
were observed after one year and their growth was recorded. Both greenhouse
and field tests of grasses and legumes were carried out at the Przyjazn
Narodow mine. Results at both sites indicated that revegetation was most suc-
cessful with lime and ground phosphorus rock deeply incorporated into the
spoil. Also included in the report are spoil characteristics and analyses,
and precipitation, air pollution (802), and water quality data. R904
R74-110 REVEGETATION GUIDELINES FOR SURFACE MINED AREAS
Cook, C. W., Hyde, R. M., and Sims, P. L., Colorado State University, Range
Science Department, Science Series No. 16 (Dec. 1974). 73 pp. The guide-
lines presented are recommendations from studies carried on by the authors
and from studies reviewed by the authors that deal with the rehabilitation of
various vegetation types throughout the areas of the West that are underlain
with either coal, oil shale, or uranium. The studies were concerned with
175
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R74-110 (continued)
with methods and techniques of establishing vegetation on disturbed lands
that involved the use of mulches, fertilizer, chemicals for weed control, the
testing of adapted species, and methods of planting. (From authors' Intro-
duction) R1014
R74-111 DESIGN OF SURFACE MINING SYSTEMS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: RESEARCH
AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES IN EAST-
ERN KENTUCKY
Mathematica, Inc. and Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc., Engineers, Report to
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and
the Appalachian Regional Commission, ARC-71-66-T1 (Jan. 29, 1974). Volume II
(395 pp.) Volume III, Appendixes A-H (248 pp.) The evolution of existing
methods for surface mining of coal in mountainous terrain is discussed. Ex-
isting methods—categorized as contour and area (on mountaintops) methods—
are described. Frequency of use of each method in 1972 is estimated. Also
discussed are practical advantages and limitations of several of the methods,
based on actual field observations and discussions with mine operators and
regulatory personnel. Differences between theory and practice are noted.
The appendices contain the basic production data and descriptions of the meth-
odologies used during the course of the study. They have been included to
make available for further or different kinds of analysis, the "raw data"
that underlies many of the statistics quoted in Volumes I and II of this re-
port; to illustrate concretely the kinds of things that can and should be
done with the aid of computers; and to make available summary statements of
the methodologies and assumptions used during the study. (From abstracts of
Vol. II and Vol. Ill) R850, R851 (See R74-30 for abstract of Volume I)
R74-112 CONOTTON CREEK SUBWATERSHED ANALYSIS
DiGennaro, A. A., Secor, E. S., and Leeson, D. E., Ohio Department of Natural
Resources, Mined Lands Restoration Unit, Mined Land Reclamation Program Re-
port #1, prepared in cooperation with Carroll County Regional Planning Com-
mission and Tuscarawas County Regional Planning Commission (Dec. 1974). 116
pp. Available from Ohio Dept. Natural Resources, Mined Lands Restoration
Unit, Division of Planning, Fountain Square, Building "E" Columbus, Ohio
43224. This report represents an initial attempt to develop an analysis pro-
cedure for the reclamation of mined land within Ohio. It includes descrip-
tions of the process used to select the study area in Carroll and Tuscarawas
Counties, the computerized mapping program, the process of capability analy-
sis and its application to mined land, and the manual site analysis used in
this report. Appendix One contains the detailed soil survey conducted by the
Division of Lands and Soil. Appendix Two illustrates the planning and strat-
egy process recommended by the Board on Unreclaimed Strip Mined Lands in its
report, "Land Reborn." (Adapted from authors' Summary) R1021
176
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R74-113 THE RECLAMATION OF LAND AFTER COAL MINING
Doubleday, G. P. (Durham County Council, England), Outlook on Agriculture 8i
(3), 156-162 (1974). This discussion of reclamation of mined lands compares
practices and governmental regulations in Great Britain, Germany, and the
United States. Reclamation of coal refuse piles or "tips" is also considered.
R1017
R74-114 REVEGETATION RESEARCH ON THE DECKER COAL MINE IN SOUTHEASTERN
MONTANA
Farmer, E. E., Brown, R. W., Richardson, B. Z., and Packer, P. E., U.S. Dept.
Agr., Intel-mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service Re-
search Paper INT-162 (1974). 12 pp. First-year results of revegetation re-
search at the Decker coal mine in southeastern Montana are described. Three
types of main plots were located on overburden material: (1) a control plot,
(2) an irrigated plot, and (3) a plot dressed with topsoil materials. Each
main plot consists of 48 subplots for a total of 144 subplots. Treatments
included different grass mixtures, fertilizer, and mulch on irrigated and un-
irrigated plots. On the basis of dry-weight grass production, several treat-
ments produced acceptable first-year grass stands. The top-dressing of mine
overburden appears to be a highly desirable revegetation practice. Generally,
wheatgrasses (Agropyron spp.) have dominated the dry-weight production.
(Authors' abstract) R757
R74-115 RESPONSES OF LOLIUM PERENNE AND AGROSTIS TENUIS TO PHOSPHATE AND
OTHER NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN THE RECLAMATION OF COLLIERY SHALE
Fitter, A. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. (University of Liverpool), J. Applied Ecol.
JJ (2), 597-608 (1974). In field and greenhouse studies made on South Lanca-
shire coal mine spoils (colliery shale), there was vegetative response to the
addition of nitrogen only on less acid spoils, and phosphorus was found to be
deficient in all spoils. Analyses of shales and of plants grown on them show
that both bicarbonate-soluble phosphorus and the buffering capacity of phos-
phorus must be measured to determine accurately the amount of phosphorus a-
mendnient needed to support plant growth on coal mine spoils. CE343
R74-116 CHEMICAL FACTORS CONTROLLING THE ADAPTATION OF WEEPING LOVEGRASS
AND TALL FESCUE TO ACID MINE SPOILS
Fleming, A. L., Schwartz, J. W., and Foy, C. D. (U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Plant Physiology Institute, Beltsville, Maryland), Agronomy J. ^6_ (6),
715-719 (Nov.-Dec. 1974). These two species were grown for 26 to 31 days in
nutrient solution with pH, Al, Mn, and P as variables. Both species with-
stood pH 4-5 and excess Mn (4-64 ppm). Weeping lovegrass was more tolerant
to Al in the range of 2-12 ppm. P promoted the growths of both species with-
out Al and in higher concentration (6 ppm) somewhat decreased the effects of
Al on tall fescue. R1010
177
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R74-117 IMPACT OF HIGHER ECOLOGICAL COSTS ON SURFACE MINING
Foreman, W. E., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, report
to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Office of Assistant Director—Mineral Supply, Bu-
Mines OFR 12-75, June 1974. 170 pp. NTIS, PB-240 441. A mathematical model
was developed to assess the costs for reclamation of surface mining using the
shovel overcasting operation, the front end loader operation, and a backfill-
ing operation. A literature review was made of the present laws in Kentucky,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia pertaining to surface mining and of
the various parameters that influence the input data for a mathematical model.
It was determined that the working mathematical model would have to be ap-
plied on an area to area basis, preferably on a permit by permit basis in the
area where surface mining was being done. To this end, a flexible model was
was developed with input data obtained from the area of study. The results
of the study show that the cost per ton of coal for reclamation can be esti-
mated for various reclamation levels. Validation of the model was done for
selected permits from Virginia. It was determined that the permits could
easily be used for input data to the model. (Author's abstract). R778
R74-118 SURFACE MINING AND MINED LAND RECLAMATION: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Honkala, R. A., The Old West Regional Commission, 1730 K Street, N.W., Suite
426, Washington, D.C. 20006, Oct. 1974. 154 pp. The 1337 citations are not
annotated but are divided into a number of subject categories. The Name In-
dex includes authors of the publications. R779
R74-119 NATURAL VEGETATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF STRIP MINED LAND
IN THE LIGNITE COAL FIELDS OF SOUTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Jonescu, M. E., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, 1974. 234 pp.
University Microfilms, 76-10,551. Vegetation and overburden material were
studied in a chronosequence of ridges, 0-40 years old. Per cent cover on
four aspects of ridge slopes, and species presence in three moisture levels
(wet, medium, dry) in interridge areas and on adjacent prairie were measured.
North and east aspects of ridge slopes were more favourable for vegetation
than were south and west. No significant differences with time were found in
vegetation on the ridges, implying that conditions are unfavorable to develop-
ment of vegetation beyond pioneer stages. Substrate material varied consider-
ably in gravimetric wetness, texture, and chemical composition. Sodium lev-
els were generally high; available nitrogen and phosphorus were very low.
Diversity and dominance analyses of interridge vegetation demonstrated chang-
es significantly related to time and were interpreted to be evidence of a
chronosequence of successional stages. Mesic sites appeared to be more fa-
vourable than either xeric or hydric for development of increasing amounts
and diversity of vegetation. Although no significant change in vegetation
has occurred on the ridges during 40 years, the interridge areas have pro-
vided a habitable environment for native prairie species. Recommendations
concerning use of older stripped areas, and procedures for making decisions
about the future of the area, are given. (From author's abstract) 631 J76
178
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R74-120 IMPLEMENTING THE CHICAGO PRAIRIE PLAN
Kudrna, F. and Kelly, G. (The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chi-
cago) , in "Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through For-
est and Cropland," W. E. Sopper and L. T. Kardos, Eds., U.S. EPA, Office of
Research and Development, Washington, D.C., Environmental Protection Technolo-
gy Series EPA-660/2-74-003 (March 1974). pp 342-347. The disposal of sewage
sludge on surface-mine land in Fulton County, Illinois, is described. CE183
R74-121 RESTORATION OF ACID SPOIL BANKS WITH TREATED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Lejcher, T. R. and Kunkle, S. H. (U.S. Forest Service, Shawnee National For-
est) , in "Conference on Recycling Treated Municipal Wastewater Through Forest
and Cropland," W. E. Sopper and L. T. Kardos, Eds., U.S. EPA, Office of Re-
search and Development, Washington, D.C., Environmental Protection Technology
Series EPA-660/2-74-003 (March 1974). pp 165-178. Sewage sludge from the
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago was applied to test plots
at a surface-mine site in southern Illinois known as the Palzo Tract. The
heaviest treatment (304 metric tons per hectare) produced the most vegetative
cover and also reduced acidity, iron, and aluminum in the runoff from the
treated area. Plans for expanding the treatment over the entire Tract are
proposed. A tabulation shows the impact of the untreated runoff on the re-
ceiving stream, Sugar Creek. Monitoring to be carried out under the proposed
plan will show whether or not land disposal of sewage sludge can improve the
quality of mine runoff. CE182
R74-122 REHABILITATION POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS OF SURFACE-MINED
LAND IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Packer, P. E., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Intermountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forest Service General Technical Report INT-14 (July
1974). 44 pp. Northern Great Plains Resources Program Report No. NGPRP/CD-
74/403. NTIS, PB-244 846. The amounts and distribution of precipitation,
soil productivity and stability, and suitability and availability of native
vegetation for revegetation are analyzed for each surface-minable coal-bearing
area in a region which includes portions of North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming,
and the revegetation potential for each area is rated. Also discussed are
existing revegetation efforts on all of the mines in the Northern Great
Plains, the cost of revegetation, and the legal basis for enforcement of
surface-mine rehabilitation regulations. (Adapted from author's abstract)
R1016
R74-123 FACTORS AFFECTING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF DIRECT-SEEDED PINE ON
SURFACE-MINE SPOILS
Plass, W. T., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station, Forest Service Research Paper NE-290 (1974). 5 pp. In a greenhouse
study the emergence, survival, and growth of seven species of pine were re-
lated to chemical and textural characteristics of 12 Kentucky spoils. The
179
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R74-123 (continued)
results identify three factors that may affect the establishment of direct-
seeded pine on surface-mine spoils. First, fine-textured spoil material may
restrict seedling emergence. Second, species vary in their response to chem-
ical and physical characteristics of the spoil material. Finally, the growth
of lob-lolly pine was greater where the percentage of phosphorus in the whole
plant was greatest. (Author's abstract) R839
R74-124 SHALLOW-COVER COAL: NEW MINING METHODS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Reavis, J. L., Jr., The University of Kansas, Institute for Mineral Resource
Research, Final Report for The Ozarks Regional Commission, Contract No. TA
73-9 (N), Sept. 1, 1974. 87 pp. The report discusses the application of
auger mining and longwall mining to surface mining for coal. The costs of
using each method are estimated. R962
R74-125 STRIP-MINE REGULATION AND RECLAMATION: AN ATTITUDE SURVEY
Reddy, N. N. and Buehler, C. J., Arizona Review _23 (3), 1-4 (1974). This
small survey was conducted by mail in parts of West Virginia, Pennsylvania,
and New York to determine the perception of strip mining as a problem, wheth-
er banning strip mining was favored, and the respondents' willingness to pay
some of the cost of reclamation. R805
R74-126 REHABILITATION POTENTIAL OF WESTERN COAL LANDS
A Report to the Energy Policy Project of the Ford Foundation by Study Commit-
tee on the Potential for Rehabilitating Lands Surface Mined for Coal in the
Western United States, Environmental Studies Board, National Academy of Sci-
ences and National Academy of Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ball-
inger Publishing Company, 1974. 198 pp. The area covered by this report
contains the Northern Great Plains Coal Province of Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, and Wyoming; the Rocky Mountain Coal Province of Arizona, Colo-
rado, New Mexico, and Utah; and the Pacific Coast Coal Province in the State
of Washington. The report considers "Water Resources in Relation to Surface
Mining," "Techniques for Rehabilitating Surface Mined Lands," "Potential for
Rehabilitation," and "Environmental Impacts in a Larger Context." Appendixes
give environmental information for the study area, regulation of mining and
reclamation by the states in the region, and the occurrence and extent of
coal deposits. Also included are listings of the references cited. The com-
ments of the reviewers are reproduced. 631 N168
R74-127 STRIP-MINED LAND RECLAMATION WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE: AN ECONOMIC
SIMULATION
Seitz, W. D. (University of Illinois), American J. Agricultural Economics 56
(4), 799-804 (Nov. 1974). The economic aspects of a land reclamation, sludge
180
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R74-127 (continued)
utilization project being operated by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago are simulated. The variables influencing performance most
were sludge transport costs, site preparation costs, the nitrogen budget,
cropping system, and source of labor in site preparation. (Author's abstract)
R911
R74-128 SURFACE-MINED LAND CONSERVATION AND RECLAMATION
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Land Reclamation, An-
nual Reports, 1971, 58 pp. 1972, 32 pp. 1973, 36 pp. 1974, 35 pp. Includ-
ed in the information summarized in these annual reports are applications for
permits for coal and other mining and for refuse disposal; assessed valuation
of acreage to be mined; amounts of bonds; overburden depth; and progress
achieved in reclamation. R972-R975
1975
R75-1 TECHNIQUES FOR ESTABLISHING NATIVE PLANTS ON COAL MINE SPOILS
IN NEW MEXICO
Aldon, E. F. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta., Albuquerque, N. M.),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Rec-
lamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 21-28. This paper
describes the techniques required for successful revegetation in the New
Mexico area. Since much of this area receives less than 8 inches of rain a
year, supplemental irrigation is needed for year-round reclamation. Sprin-
kler irrigation systems were installed at two demonstration sites. Direct
seeding and transplanting were done with emphasis on native species. Sur-
vival and growth were measured at 13 and 22 months because at least two grow-
ing seasons are needed to evaluate planting success in the Southwest. R691
R75-2 A VENTURE INTO RECLAMATION
Balzer, J. L., Crouch, D. B., Poyser, R. W., and Sowards, W. (Utah Interna-
tional, Inc.), Mining Congr. J. 61 (1), 24-29 (1975). The reclamation pro-
gram of Utah International, Inc. which operates the Navajo mine near Farm-
ington, New Mexico began in 1966. The work was coordinated with ash disposal
of the Four Corners generating plant. Studies were set up to test the abil-
ity of overburden to support vegetation and to evaluate the use of mulches,
soil amendments, and irrigation, and the growth potential of numerous species.
Native plants fared better than non-native plants and supplemental irrigation
proved necessary. At least two years are required to evaluate a reclamation
program and to find out whether planting will maintain itself. The informa-
tion will be used in planning reclamation of regarded land to support grazing.
R571
181
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R75-3 KEYS TO SUCCESSFUL RECLAMATION IN WESTERN KENTUCKY
Barnhisel, R. I. (1), Powell, J. L. (2), and Akin, G. W. (1) [(1) Univ. Ky.
and (2) Peabody Coal Co.], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third
Sytnp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 140-151. Reclamation projects carried out in western Kentucky at
several different sites are described in detail. The projects show that key
factors in reclamation include site preparation, appropriate soil amendments,
and selection of plant species. R720
R75-4 BIG BACKHOE ENTERS THE SCENE AS AN OVERBURDEN EXCAVATOR
Coal Age £0 (7), 126-128 (1975). Adam Eidemiller, Inc. of Greensburg, Pa.,
uses a heavy-duty backhoe to remove overburden in strip mining coal. This
equipment handles all overburden, including large boulders. The preplanned
restoration of the site, which will include a golf course, uses the stock-
piled overburden. R620
R75-5 COAL SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION COSTS - APPALACHIAN AND MIDWESTERN
COAL SUPPLY DISTRICTS
Bitler, J. R. and Evans, R. J. (U.S. Bur. Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 58-64. The Bureau of Mines
conducted an investigation into the costs of surface-mining reclamation in a
study covering 20 mine sites in the Appalachian and midwestern coal districts.
Information was obtained from mining companies, on-site observations, and
cost estimating procedures. The costs were figured as dollars per acre or
dollars per ton for three phases of reclamation: planning, backfilling, and
revegetation. R714
R75-6 PERRY BROS PERFORM SUPERB RECLAMATION
Blakely, J. W., Coal Mining Process. .12 (3), 36-39 (1975). The operating
procedures and the reclamation efforts of the Perry Bros. Coal Company, oper-
ating in Butler, Lawrence, and Mercer counties in western Pennsylvania, are
described. Pictured also are farm land, recreation areas, and lakes that
have been developed on the mined land. R592
R75-7 THE SCRAPER IN SURFACE MINING
Blakely, J. W., Coal Mining Process. _12 (6), 68-71, 86 (1975). The effec-
tiveness of the self-propelled scraper for both the surface mining and rec-
lamation work of companies in Ohio and Pennsylvania is described. Scrapers
have a particular advantage in their use for segregating topsoils. R617
182
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R75-8 ECONOMIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE SURFACE COAL MINING
Boyce, T. A. (Fluor Utah Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 65-79. This paper reviews the development of a computerized mod-
eling system to analyze the technical and financial aspects of large-scale
surface mining. The system can be used when a description of the coal depos-
it and surrounding geography is available. The model is illustrated with de-
tailed chart and tabular information. R715
R75-9 GROUND STABILITY IN SURFACE COAL MINES
Brawner, C. 0., Pentz, D. L., and Campbell, D. B., Mining Congr. J. 61 (6),
42-53 (1975). Typical problems in stability of highwall slopes, pit floors,
spoil piles, and waste embankments, and methods of dealing with them are dis-
cussed. The five case examples are taken from Canadian and Australian mining.
R625
R75-10 EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF STRIP MINE RECLAMATION PROCEDURES
FOR MAXIMUM SEDIMENT-EROSION CONTROL AND WILDLIFE POTENTIAL
Brenner, F. J. (1), Crowley, R. H. (2), Musaus, M. J. (1), and Goth, J. H.
(1) [(1) Grove City College (2) Soil Conservation Serv., USDA], Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 2-23. This project evaluated
a variety of different reclamation practices on a series of strip mines in
Mercer County, Pa. Survival and growth rate of different plant species were
calculated and compared with those appearing through natural succession for
different mines. The food value of those different plants for wildlife was
determined. These studies indicated that strip mines can be reclaimed with
a variety of species that provide maximum sediment and erosion control at a
minimum cost to the land owner or mine operators. (From authors' abstract)
R710
R75-11 COAL WASTE STABILIZATION BY ENHANCED VEGETATION
Capp, J. P., Gillmore, D. W., and Simpson, D. G. (U.S. Bur. Mines), Mining
Congr. J. 61 (5), 44-49 (1975). The U.S. Bureau of, Mines reclamation program
on the use of fly ash as a stabilizing and vegetation agent for surface mine
spoil, refuse dumps, and gob piles is described. The 13 test sites and the
power plants providing the fly ash are specifically identified. Analyses of
fly ash for a number of major elements and several trace elements are tabu-
lated. Some conclusions from the work are that vegetation can be established
on coal waste areas with the use of fly ash; that weathering of fly ash-spoil
mixture improves the success of revegetation; and that tree plantings are
more effective after ground cover of grasses and legumes has been established.
Costs are also discussed. R614
183
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R75-12 SOIL DEVELOPMENT ON SURFACE MINE SPOILS IN WESTERN ILLINOIS
Caspall, F. C. (Western 111. Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Third Syvp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1975). pp 221-228. The rate of soil development was studied
by analyzing soil profiles on graded mine spoils more than thirty years old.
Samples taken at one half inch intervals were examined for organic matter,
pH, texture, carbonate mineral content, and exchange capacity. Preliminary
results suggest that organic matter accumulations in twenty to thirty years
can be equivalent to those contained in undisturbed soils that have been
under continuous cultivation. In a similar time period the carbonate mineral
content in surface layers was reduced significantly. Texture, pH, and ex-
change capacity all show similar degrees of soil profile redevelopment. It
is estimated that a new productive soil can be re-established on properly
levelled surface mined lands in less than thirty years. (From author's ab-
stract) R726
R75-13 HORIZONTAL HAUL METHOD: A COST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF MINING
MULTIPLE COAL SEAMS
Connell, J. P. (W. A. Wahler and Associates), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 99-118. This paper discusses the economics of
pit mining which is different from the conventional strip mining. The plan
concerns a large mining pit 4 square miles and containing 12 coal seams. Ma-
terial handling in this circumstance is unique because of the various layers
of refuse material. This paper outlines the most practical way to remove
coal while handling the refuse in the most economical and feasible way. Var-
ious depth conditions are used as examples. Exposure of considerable coal
using horizontal haul methods might cause undue weathering particularly of
western coal thus decreasing market value. The author includes much finan-
cial tabulated data to show how capital expenses and costs fluctuate over the
mining period. R717
R75-14 CURRENT AND RECOMMENDED OVERBURDEN HANDLING AND RECLAMATION
PRACTICES AT WESTERN SURFACE COAL MINES
Cook, F. X., Jr. (1), Gantner, G. K. (2), and McNay, L. M. (3) [(1) Mathema-
tica, Inc. (2) Ford, Bacon, Davis, Inc. (3) U.S. Bur Mines], Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 215-236. Information on ma-
terial handling of both overburden and mining operations in the surface mines
in western United States was obtained by visits to 25 mines. Where multiple
coal seams are involved, interburden causes considerable production loss.
Draglines are used for most mining operations but more adaptable equipment
would be desirable. Grading, loading, and hauling are discussed as well as
environmental considerations. Mining situations are classified and each con-
dition is described. Pitching coal seams have unique situations which tax
dragline operations. A list of recommendations is given for better ways to
use existing draglines. Research is needed to improve multiple-seam mining
184
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R75-14 (continued)
operations. Problems of revegetation are also discussed. R707
R75-15 THE COAL INDUSTRY AND THE ULTIMATE IN NOISE
Coonan, G. R. (Peabody Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 203-220. This paper discusses the subject of noise, its effects,
standards and their significance, and existing and proposed regulations. The
author outlines the problems of noise in coal operations: strip mining,
blasting, and coal preparation plant noise levels. He includes a number of
graphs and sketches showing noise measurements related to hearing loss and
annoyance values. A number of noise descriptions are given and several case
studies are included as bases for specific noise limitations. Suggestions
are made for coal company noise control programs. R727
R75-16 RECLAMATION FORGES AHEAD THROUGHOUT THE LAND
Cornforth, C., Coal Mining Process., 12 (1), 50-53, 72, 74 (1975). This is
a review of reclamation of land strip mined for coal throughout the United
States. Examples are cited of advances as well as of the problems still
being faced. R561
R75-17 BIOGEOCHEMICAL LIMITATIONS ON WESTERN RECLAMATION, THE HIGH
NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS EXAMPLE
Curry, R. R. (Director, Sierra Club Res.), A Preprint, Practices and Problems
of Land Reclamation in Western North America Symp. (Revised March 1975).
49 pp. The role of soil in reclamation of the Northern Great Plains is dis-
cussed with emphasis on the production of a stable, continuing soil-plant
system. The influence of long-term climatic variations is also considered.
Vegetative changes on lands which have had a variety of uses and have been
subjected to varying reclamation efforts are evaluated. The author's con-
cluding concern is that although vegetative cover may be successfully estab-
lished, true reclamation will not result unless vegetation can be sustained
indefinitely into the future without man's continuing efforts. R607
R75-18 ARID ZONE HYDROLOGY, ALLUVIAL VALLEY FLOORS AND THE HYDROLOGIC
BALANCE
Davis, R. W. (Consulting Hydrogeologist), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1975). pp 40-48. The terms used as the title of this paper are
defined and discussed. Comments are made on the need for better understand-
ing of the terms "one-hundred year flood" and "aquifier." The author's con-
cern with correct use of terminology results from his perception that "words
and phrases, pulled out of context, are creating issues where none should
185
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R75-18 (continued)
exist. Reasonable, working definitions of technical terms would save the
country time and money." R693
R75-19 OPEN CAST COAL MINING: THE FUTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Davison, D. J. (Managing Director, NCB Opencast Executive), Colliery Guard-
ian 223 (5), 176, 178, 180-181 (1975). Reclamation of strip-mined land in
Britain, carried out simultaneously with mining, includes return to agricul-
tural or forestry uses, replacement of fixed equipment, and sometimes resto-
ration to recreational areas. Mining and reclamation are also coordinated
with construction of the M.I Motorway. Noise, dust, and visual impact of the
mining operation are also controlled. R624
R75-20 DRAINAGE HANDBOOK FOR SURFACE MINING
West Virginia Dept. Natural Resour., Div. Planning Develop, and Div. Reclam.,
Revised Jan. 1, 1975. 372 pp. The handbook gives detailed criteria for sed-
iment control structures required for mining in West Virginia. Specifica-
tions for Valley Fill method of overburden placement are included. R604
R75-21 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RECENT RECLAMATION LAWS
Dreese, G. R. (W. Va. Univ.), Summary of Paper Presented Am. Assoc. Advance-
ment Sci., Ann. Meet., New York, Jan. 1975. 6 pp.+ The author concludes
that according to his evaluation of economic data of the coal industry and
reclamation laws in effect in 1972, reclamation laws resulted in a statisti-
cally significant lowering of production and employment, although the size
of the impact is relatively small except for Ohio and West Virginia. The in-
dustry seems to be able to adjust, although this view may be modified as fur-
ther experience is collected. R567
R75-22 ECONOMIC ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF U.S. SURFACE COAL MINES AND
EFFECTIVE LAND RECLAMATION
Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants, Contract Rept. S0241049 to U S Bur
Mines, OFR-74-75 (1975). (654 pp). NTIS, PB-245 315/7WN. Bituminous coal'
surface mining in the United States is analyzed in four regions related by
similar geologic and topographic conditions. Anthracite surface mining and
German brown-coal surface mining are also considered. Mining and reclamation
methods, economic considerations, and descriptions of the area are given for
each region. Economic studies of case histories in each of the four regions
are also included. 631 S6
186
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R75-23 PRE-DISTURBANCE ECOLOGICAL STUDIES IMPROVE AND DEFINE POTENTIAL
FOR SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION
Fisser, H. G. and Ries, R. E. (Univ. Wy.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1975). pp 128-134. This paper describes a reclamation study
made on a lease area where Atlantic Richfield Co. has proposed to surface
mine coal. Physical details of the area are given plus the year-round weath-
er conditions. Existing vegetation conditions were sampled and developmental
stages of individual plant species were followed through the 1973 field sea-
son. Ground-cover characteristics evaluated were bare soil, rock, erosion
pavement, lichens, and litter. Disturbed areas were sampled in the same man-
ner as the undisturbed areas. Results of the study are outlined in detail
and tabulated. Specific restoration techniques are recommended. Native
short mixed grasses and some fertilization and irrigation are the most accept-
able approaches for these areas. R699
R75-24 REGIONAL ASPECTS OF PLANNING TO INCREASE PRODUCTION AND ENHANCE
RECLAMATION
Gunnett, J. W. (Skelly and Loy, Engineers-Consultants), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 95-127. The paper presents the pertinent
results of a project performed for the Bureau of Mines titled "Economic Engi-
neering Analysis of U.S. Surface Coal Mines and Effective Land Reclamation."
In particular, discussions are directed toward mine planning as it relates to
production and reclamation, and are related to four distinct geographic re-
gions. See R75-22. (Adapted from Introduction) R698
R75-25 SPECIAL PROBLEMS AND ASPECTS OF SURFACE MINING IN ALABAMA
Hagen, H. D. (The Drummond Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc.,
Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 13-15. The author describes the short-lived development of the
"spot" market which produced many short-term operators who then were forced
out of business by the drop in coal prices. He also points out the adverse
effects of the vetoed reclamation bill on Alabama coal development and de-
scribes the development of a strong state reclamation law. R689
R75-26 UTILIZATION OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND MODERN COMPUTER TECHNIQUES TO
CALCULATE MONTHLY PRODUCTION QUANTITIES FOR STRIP MINES
Hickerson, H. C. (Park Aerial Surveys, Inc.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 200-208. This author describes how aerial-
photography measurements of strip-mine areas can be used with computers and
related equipment to determine overburden and strip-mine coal production. De-
tails of equipment are included as well as discussion of programming, collec-
tion of input data, and calculation of quantities. Pits are usually
187
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R75-26 (continued)
photographed once each month and additional data are added by the mining engi-
neers. Accuracy and reliability are somewhat controlled by weather conditions
but this is not a serious limitation. When done on a regular basis, the in-
formation serves as a permanent record of surface mining activities. R705
R75-27 HORNE BROS. MINE - BEST OF THREE WORLDS
Coal Mining Process. JL2 (2), 38-39,50 (1975). The Home Brothers Mining Co.
in Wise, Virginia uses an effective haulback method and mountaintop removal
system to reclaim their strip-mined properties. The overburden is hauled
directly to an old strip pit being backfilled. The graded, reclaimed area
is hydroseeded and disked. Since the mined area is only two miles from town,
the property will be developed for housing. R579
R75-28 THREE NEW TOOLS FOR IMPROVING LAND RECLAMATION EFFICIENCY
Rowland, J. W. (Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co.), Mining Congr. J. frL (3),
20-21 (1975). Pittsburg & Midway Coal Co. has designed attachments to~earth-
moving equipment for use in its reclamation program. The tools described are
a 40-foot angle blade, a 24-foot vee-plow, and 30-foot grading bars. R596
R75-29 SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION OF THE STEARNS #2 COAL IN SOUTH
CENTRAL KENTUCKY
Jasper, D. (Jasper & Associates, Inc., Somerset, Ky.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Re.-.., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 237-241. Usually some of the overburden
strata are acid bearing and the seam is often located just above the Penning-
ton Shale formation which is unstable if loaded with a fill bench. Special
mining and reclamation procedures are required to prevent land slides and
provide revegetation. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the de-
velopment and application of the procedures and to present a case history of
an active mine being operated under these procedures. (From Introduction)
R7 05
R75-30 FORAGE GRASSES AND THE TRANSITION FROM SPOIL TO SOIL
Jones, J. N., Jr., Arraiger, W. H., and Bennett, 0. L. (Agr. Res. Serv., USDA),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and
Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 185-194. This pa-
per reports the results of a 4-year revegetation project conducted near Beck-
ley, W. Va. on a regraded spoil bench on White Oak Mountain. The study eval-
uated the response to several soil amendments of four grass species, and the
status of the spoil profile which was developed. Conclusions state that mine
spoil can be improved in a relatively short time using appropriate forage
grasses and soil amendments. R723
188
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R75-31 SURFACE MINING AND ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE DATA ACQUISITION AND
ANALYSES
Kerch, R. L. (Amax Coal Co., Indianapolis, Ind.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 195-202. The in-house noise-control program set
up by Amax Coal Co. is guided by compliance with the state of Illinois Rules
and Regulations for Noise Pollution Control. A data base for equipment noise
levels was obtained and used to predict noise problems. It also can aid in
alleviating problems or in monitoring cases where there may be non-compliance.
R724
R75-32 PILOT PLANT EVALUATION OF SOIL LOSSES FROM DISTURBED LAND
Kirkpatrick, J. C. (1), Seith, R. T. (2), and Allen, 0. R. (2) [(1) Gilbreath,
Foster and Brooks, Inc. and (2) Gulf States Paper Corp.], Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 24-41. In this project, a test facility
was used to conduct various experiments involving sedimentation and erosion
control. Seven different test procedures were used and the data applied to
the Universal Soil Loss Equation. Monitoring procedures are detailed and the
data information is given in chart form. It was concluded that the Soil Loss
Equation does not accurately predict sediment yield on slopes greater than
5:1. Continued experimentation will be necessary to develop accurate and
economic means of monitoring sediment yield. It was also decided that the
use of basins does not produce the accuracy desired. R711
R75-33 LAUREL RUN REVISITED
Green Lands _5_ (1), 2-8 (1975). The controversy over mining an area designat-
ed as "Laurel Run" near Bruceton Mills, West Virginia, in 1971 is summarized.
Photographs show the reclaimed area after completion of mining. R593
R75-34 DENTS RUN WATERSHED PROJECT
Light, B. A. (Consolidation Coal Co., Christopher Coal Co. Div.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 148-151. Consol's part in the
cooperative project to clean up the watershed, located in northern West Vir-
ginia, was concentrated on treating six discharges from the Osage Mine. The
two treatment plants built for combined discharges are described. Typical
analyses of rain and treated water show the success of the treatment plants
in meeting water quality standards. R701
R75-35 THE EFFECTS OF MODERN STRIP MINING ON WATER RESOURCES
Light, E., Campaign Clean Water, Charleston, W. Va., March 1975. 18 pp.
189
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R75-35 (continued)
Information from 51 references is used in this discussion of sedimentation,
water quality, and changes in hydrology resulting from strip mining. 75-1
R75-36 SURFACE MINING OF COAL AT SPARWOOD, B.C.
Livingstone, G. K. (Kaiser Resources Ltd.), Can. Mining Met. Bull. 68^ (757),
81-85 (1975). At Sparwood, B.C., Kaiser Resources Limited obtains 85% of its
raw coal production from surface mining. The strip mining procedures, which
the paper discusses in detail, are conducted on a scale necessitating the use
of some of the largest equipment available. Included are sections on geology,
mine planning, production methods, waste disposal, equipment maintenance,
quality control, safety and land reclamation. (Author's abstract) R612
R75-37 METHODS OF LIQUID FERTILIZER APPLICATION
Lynam, B. T. and Carlson, R. 0., Proceed. Conf. Land Disposal of Municipal
Effluents and Sludges, New Brunswick, N. J., by U.S. EPA, Region II, and
Rutgers Univ., College Agr. Environ. Sci., March 12-13, 1975. pp 82-87. The
Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago used tank truck, irrigation
systems, and an incorporation method for applying anaerobically-digested sew-
age solids over a strip-mined area in southern Illinois. R603
R75-38 THE ROLE OF THE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE'S PLANT MATERIALS
CENTER IN RECLAIMING SURFACE-MINED LANDS
MacLauchlan, R. S. (Soil Conservation Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 131-139. The Soil Conservation Service operates
plant material centers throughout the country to meet conservation and reveg-
etation needs. Grasses, forbs, trees, and shrubs are evaluated for use in
erosion projects of all kinds. The service has greatly increased its activ-
ity in the field of surface-mine reclamation. Many of the plant species
which have been confirmed for mine-spoil reclamation in all areas are de-
scribed. R719
R75-39 RECLAIMING LAND FOR RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, PART I
Maneval, D. R., Coal Mining Process. 12 (4), 84-86 (1975). Advantages of re-
claiming strip-mined land for recreation include generally low cost, ready
access, availability of utilities, and lakes created by mining. The author
notes government agencies which can provide financial and technical aid.
R618
190
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R75-40 RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON RECLAIMED LAND, PART 2
Maneval, D. R., Coal Mining Process. JL2 (6), 74-76 (1975). This article de-
scribes several reclamation projects in Pennsylvania where new or improved
recreational facilities were developed. R619
R75-41 CHARACTERIZING OVERBURDEN MATERIALS BEFORE SURFACE MINING IN
THE FRUITLAND FORMATION OF NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO
Miyamoto, S., Gould, W. L., and Rai, D. (N.M. State Univ., Dept. Agronomy),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and
Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 80-94. This
paper gives the results of a vegetative survey and soil- and overburden-
characterization studies in northwestern New Mexico where coal mining is pro-
posed. The area is semi-arid, receiving about 7-1/2 inches of annual rain-
fall. The surface materials are mostly rough with heavy sand. Soil charac-
teristics were related to chemical properties. It was suggested that spoil
materials be topdressed with surface sands as the most reasonable way of con-
ducting revegetation work. Soil amendments were also recommended to improve
shale and sandstone properties. R697
R75-42 SURFACE MINE REHABILITATION IN NORTHWESTERN COLORADO
Moore, R. T., Koehler, D. A., and Kling, C. L. (Ecology Consultants, Inc.)
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Rec-
lamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 171-184. This paper
evaluates reclamation conducted by the Peabody Coal Co. at the Seneca 1 and
2 mines, beginning in 1965. The history of the reclamation progress is in-
cluded and vegetative surveys of the areas are tabulated. Among the con-
clusions are that seeded areas should be protected from grazing until plants
are established; without fertilization, some nitrogen-fixing species are im-
portant to establishment of other species; wildlife may use the revegetated
areas for foraging, but need vegetation to meet food and cover requirements
in order to be reestablished permanently. R722
R75-43 EVALUATION OF SEDIMENTATION PONDS USED IN SURFACE COAL MINING
Nawrocki, M. A. and Kathuria, D. V. (Hittman Associates, Inc.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 42-47. In this project the
objective was to determine the overall effectiveness of sedimentation ponds
in removing suspended solids. Nine ponds in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia were selected for the program. Field sampling was done to learn
effiencies of removal in runoff flows. Water quality measurements and flow
rates were recorded at both the influent to and effluent from the ponds.
Characteristics of the ponds are listed and individual descriptions are also
given. The ponds had a wide range of suspended-solids removal efficiencies
during rainfall conditions. Results indicated that the efficiency of dugout-
type ponds built off the natural waterway is greater than of ponds built
191
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R75-43 (continued)
across the natural waterway. R712
R75-44 THE COSTS OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION IN APPALACHIA
Nephew, E. A. (1) , Spore, R. L. (1), Foreman, J. W. (2), and Carlin, D. F.
(2) [(1) Oak Ridge National Lab. and (2) Gwin, Dobson and Foreman, Inc.],
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and
Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 119-130. This
paper presents results of a study designed to estimate the costs of coal sur-
face mining and reclamation in northern Appalachia. Engineering and cost
analyses of 28 individual model mines were performed. The mines were chosen
to represent various combinations of mining and reclamation techniques ap-
plied to three alternative slopes and two alternative overburden-to-coal ra-
tios typical of the area. Each mine was assumed to be an on-going, continu-
ous operation over 1000 linear feet of bench. Detailed engineering cost
analyses were performed for each of 9 unit operations. In addition, total
costs including a normal profit based on a 12 percent discounted cash flow
rate of return are estimated. Summary analyses provide estimates of the
costs of mining and reclamation as a function of the angle of the terrain
and overburden-to-coal ratio. (From authors' abstract) R718
R75-45 A MODEL TO ANALYZE THE COSTS OF STRIP MINING AND RECLAMATION
Otte, J. A. and Boehlje, M. (Iowa State Univ.), Natl. Coal Assoc. /Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol
2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 80-98. This study involves the development
of a computer program where the owner can accurately estimate mining and rec-
lamation costs relative to opening a new surface mine. The model takes into
account the particular equipment and handling methods to be used and basic
information on the project mine. Extensive details on data base information
are given and cost figures are tabulated, especially for machine operation.
Examples are included showing how the model was applied to simulated mining
conditions. Overhead costs can also be determined using this model. R716
R75-A6 RELATIONSHIP OF GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND STRIP MINE RECLAMATION
Pennington, D. (John McCormick and Associates, Devon, Pa.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints!
Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 170-178. This paper describes the sur-
face conditions and the underground water conditions in the Mahanoy Creek
watershed of eastern Pennsylvania. Since water enters the drainage system
from outside the watershed and moves miles through a series of more than
thirteen interconnected underground-mine pools, strip-mine reclamation in the
area has not significantly reduced mine drainage. The reduction of discharg-
es brought about by surface reclamation and the costs of the improvements are
tabulated. R703
192
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R75-47 CHANGES IN WATER CHEMISTRY RESULTING FROM SURFACE-MINING
OF COAL ON FOUR WEST VIRGINIA WATERSHEDS
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Princeton, W. Va.), Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation
Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 152-169. Also in Green Lands
j> (1), 22-27 (Winter 1976). Water quality in contiguous watersheds was mon-
itored from May 1969 through April 1974 in order to provide much needed in-
formation on normal variations in water quality so that valid comparisons of
water quality before and after mining can be made. Sampling was done every
two weeks and analyses were made for pH, specific conductance, alkalinity,
sulfate, calcium, bicarbonate, magnesium, iron, aluminum, manganese, zinc,
and potassium. Results of analyses were evaluated for before-mining varia-
tions between samples taken in growing and dormant seasons and for water
years 1970, 1971, and 1972 which cover a wide range of precipitation. Also,
each factor for which analyses were made is discussed and the effect on the
parameter of mining in the various watersheds is evaluated. R702
R75-48 PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SEEDING PINE ON SURFACE MINE SPOILS
Plass, W. T. (U.S. Forest Service), Green Lands 5 (1), 19-20 (1975). The
recommendations and observations based on experience of the author during
the past three years are: (1) Site selection and seed are important, and
locations should be limited to elevations below 2,000 feet; (2) Low pH values
do not restrict southern pine species which have done well on direct seeding;
(3) Scarifying areas and phosphate fertilization may increase growth; (4)
Grass and legume covers can present excessive competition for young seed-
lings: (5) A quick developing tree or shrub nurse crop can protect the young
pines which may take three years to reach a foot in growth; and (6) All seed
should be treated with bird and insect repellent. Jour
R75-49 WATER QUALITY MODELS FOR A CONTOUR MINED WATERSHED
Plass, W. T. (1), Connell, J. F. (2), Contractor, D. N. (2) and Shanholtz,
V. 0. (2) [(1) Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Princeton, W. Va. and (2)
VPI and SU], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface
Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 179-199.
The production of sulfate and other chemicals at a strip mine and its trans-
port to local streams is a complex process that involves the kinetics of the
chemical reactions and the hydrology and geology of the area. This study
attempts to understand the interactions involved and to relate various water
quality parameters to the hydrology of the area. Data was furnished by the
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Princeton, W. Va. from the Stover B
watershed which they had monitored. (From Introduction) R794
R75-50 PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING A SURFACE MINING PERMIT IN WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association (undated). 58 pp.+
This booklet gives instructions for complying with the 1971 West Virginia
193
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R75-50 (continued)
Surface Mining Law and examples of the completed forms necessary to obtain a
surface mining permit. The text of the law and the regulations in effect are
in appendixes. R590
R75-51 ESTIMATE OF RECLAMATION COSTS RESULTING FROM FEDERAL LAW
Pundari, N. B., Coal Age 80 (4), 127-131 (1975). Estimates are developed for
tangible, intangible, and total reclamation costs (per acre and per ton), due
to the proposed surface mining and reclamation act, for coal seam thicknesses
from 1 to 100 ft under surface slopes of 2°-20° at 2° increments with box-cut
depth at 25 ft, and final cut depth at 200 ft. (From text) Jour
R75-52 CONTROLLING SEDIMENT FROM CONSTRUCTION AREAS
Reed, L. A. (U.S. Geol. Surv., Harrisburg, Pa.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol.
2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 48-57. In this project three different meth-
ods were tried to find out the most efficient method of controlling sedimen-
tation and runoff from active construction areas. Treated watersheds were
compared to a watershed with no sediment control and to a watershed with no
construction. Results showed that large ponds may be effective control meas-
ures but rock dams and barriers were not satisfactory. A number of pictures,
sketches, and graphs illustrate the project which included in-stream and off-
stream sediment ponds. R713
R75-53 REPORT ON WATER FOR ENERGY IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS AREA WITH
EMPHASIS ON THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN
U.S. Dept. Int., Water for Energy Management Team, January 1975. (115 PP +
foldout map). This report covers all water requirements for energy purposes
in the 63 counties of Wyoming, North Dakota, and South Dakota located in the
upper Missouri River Basin. Chapter IV provides a discussion of water needs
for coal processing and for revegetation and reshaping of mined areas. Com-
plete restoration is estimated as a 5-year effort based on an average annual
rainfall of about 12 inches. R600
R75-54 SURFACE-MINED LAND RECLAMATION IN SOUTHEAST KANSAS
Robertson, D. R. (Soil Conserv. Serv., USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal
Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 2
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 229-239. This author discusses the broad-based
reclamation work in southeast Kansas, where conservation associations, pri-
vate citizens and government agencies have cooperated in a number of demon-
stration projects. He gives the history of surface mining, the early recla-
mation work, the role of the Soil Conservation Service, and development of
state reclamation laws. In two counties, specific projects involved some 15
194
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R75-54 (continued)
grasses on spoil material. Crownvetch has been the most successful legume
especially for sloping areas. A number of shrubs were also planted. Cardinal
autumn-olive and Arnot bristly locust have been outstanding. R727
R75-55 THE NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM AND THE COAL
INDUSTRY
Schaffer, R. B. (U.S. EPA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third
Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 2-6. The regulations and requirements of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act of October 18, 1972 are discussed and individual coal min-
ing activities which require permits are itemized. Special conditions in-
cluded in the act allow an operator to by-pass his water treatment plant in
the event of a "major precipitation event." R687
R75-56 METHODS OF SELECTING PROPER PERSONNEL TO CONDUCT ENVIRONMENTAL
BASELINE STUDIES REQUIRED FOR RECLAMATION PLANNING
Scott, M. D. (Amax Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third
Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky.
(1975). pp 70-79. This paper describes the types of personnel available to
do environmental studies and discusses the merits and disadvantages of each.
Of the three categories, company employees, private consultants, and public
consultants, evaluated by economic factors, credibility and reliability, the
author rates public consultants (primarily college faculty members) as
slightly better qualified to do environmental studies. R696
R75-57 RECLAMATION RESEARCH IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOOTHILLS
Seiner, J. E. (Alberta Dept. Energy Natural Resour.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum.
Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1,
Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 16-20. Reclamation technology required in the
Canadian Rocky Mountain areas is in an early stage of development. The grow-
ing season is short and steep terrain restricts type of planting which is
suitable; also some coal seams occur above the green line. The Alberta For-
est Service has conducted reclamation work at higher elevations and the foot-
hill areas. Lists of the various species used at each location level are
given. R690
R75-58 BETTER MINESOILS BY BLENDING?
Smith, R. M., Grube, W. E., Jr., and Freeman, J. R., Green Lands _5 (1),
16-18 (1975); W. Va. Agr. Expt. Sta., Sci. Paper No. 1359. The authors sug-
gest that blending neutralizing strata with acid material can prevent acid
toxicity and have the additional advantage of allowing flexibility in spoils
placement to improve minesoil fertility and physical properties. R594
195
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R75-59 PREPLANNING FOR COAL PRODUCTION AND RECLAMATION OF MINED LANDS
Stamm, G. G. (U.S. Bur. Reclamation), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res.,
Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louis-
ville, Ky. (1975). pp 62-69. The circumstances involved in mining the huge
western coal deposits, particularly the problem of water supply, are dis-
cussed in detail. Government work on obtaining base line data and planning
for reclamation is described. R695
R75-60 STRIP MINE RECLAMATION DRAWS 14 BIDDERS
Eng. News Rec. 194 (7), 41 (Feb. 13, 1975). The two lowest bids for reclaim-
ing an abandoned northern Pennsylvania strip mine are compared and the work
to be done is listed and described. R583
R75-61 STRIP MINE SITE BECOMES VINEYARD
Coal Mining Process. 12 (2), 23 (1975). The Falcon Coal Co. of Breathitt
County, Kentucky, has planted 5 acres of strip-mined land with about 400
vines of seven varieties of French hybrid grapes. The harvest will be used
in wine making. R580
R75-62 TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS ABOUND IN COAL MOUNTAINS OF APPALACHIA-
SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION
Coal Age 80 (6), 265-273 (1975). The article describes haulback mining in
eastern Ohio, modified block cutting in southwestern Pennsylvania, the lone-
wall stripping program in West Virginia, and various methods of controlled
placement of overburden in mining steep slopes. R621
R75-63 HYDROLOGY OF BLACK MESA RECLAIMED LAND
Thames, J. L., Patten, R. T., and Crompton, E. J. (Univ. Ariz., Dept. Water-
shed Management), Mining Congr. J. 61 (7), 16-20 (1975). A study by Peabody
Coal Co. and the University of Arizona is being made on two watersheds, one
on reclaimed land and one on an undisturbed 5-acre area. Both have been in-
strumented to measure a number of hvgrologic variables including precipita-
tion, amount and quality of run-off, and spoil permeability. R627
R75-64 VEGETATIVE REHABILITATION AND EQUIPMENT WORKSHOP
Tixier, J. S. (Forest Service, USDA), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res
Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol 1 Louis
ville Ky (1975). pp 242-243. The workshop is an unchartered organization
of federal, state, and industry representatives whose interest for more than
30 years has been in promoting development of equipment for revegetation.
Field testing and evaluation of custom designed or successfully modified"
196
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R75-64 (continued)
equipment has resulted in the development of a number of much needed publica-
tions. R709
R75-65 PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MINE DEVELOPMENT ON FEDERAL COAL
Tobler, R. H. (Amax Coal Co.), Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third
Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975).
pp 8-11. This paper outlines the procedure required for a coal company to
develop a coal mine operation on Federal coal-reserve property in the western
states with State and Federal requirements for a hypothetical use in Montana
as an example. The problems introduced by proposed "diligence requirements"
are also discussed. R688
R75-66 REQUIREMENTS AND USE OF FERTILIZER, LIME, AND MULCH FOR VEGETATING
ACID MINE SPOILS
Vogel, W. G. (Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta., Berea, Ky.), Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 2, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 152-170. Mulch, in addition to lime and
N and P fertilizers, was required for successful establishment of grasses and
legumes seeded on extremely acid spoils (pH 2.2 to 3.5) in eastern Kentucky.
With only lime and fertilizer, a sparse vegetative cover (mostly grass)
became established; but where a mulch of shredded bark also was applied, a
good cover of grasses and legumes was established. The plants were rooted
only in the layer of spoil into which the lime had been incorporated (2 to 4
inches deep). The mulch reduced evaporation and maintained moisture in this
rooting zone. (Author's abstract) R721
R75-67 VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR FORMS IN SURFACE COAL MINES SPOILS
VonDemfange, W. C. (1) and Warner, D. L. (2) [(1) Old Ben Coal Co. and (2)
Univ. Missouri-Rolla], Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp.
Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975).
pp 135-147. These authors report a project in which sulfur forms were meas-
ured at various depths in spoil piles in Henry County, Mo. Samples were tak-
en as deep as 20 feet. Sulfide and sulfate measurements show that by far
most of the oxidation occurs in the top 2 feet. This area accordingly pro-
duces most of the acid and permits predictions of acid production to be made.
Two feet of cover were found to be sufficient to prevent pyrite oxidation.
Leveling of the spoil pile should not be done without additional cover since
this exposes more pyrite to oxidation. R700
R75-68 MINED-LAND REVEGETATION WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION IN THE
ARID SOUTHWEST
Wahlquist, B. T. (1), Dressier, R. L. (1), and Sowards, W. (2)
197
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R75-68 (continued)
[(1) Westinghouse Electric Corp. and (2) Utah International Inc.], Natl. Coal
Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Pre-
prints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 29-39. Near the Navajo Mine in
the northwestern corner of New Mexico, rainfall averages less than one inch
per month. The area has traditionally been overgrazed making it difficult to
develop a reasonable level of plant life. Two evaluation plots were selected
mainly on the basis of spoil material and slope. Topsoil was applied to 4-
to 10-inch depths and mulch and irrigation sprinklers were used. Surface ma-
nipulation appeared to produce the most successful results. Added sprinkling
considerably increased seedling establishment. However, efforts in this area
will give results rather slowly but reclamation is planned at about 540 acres
per year. R692
R75-69 SUCCESS WITH THE RANGELAND DRILL IN MINE SPOIL REVEGETATION
Wolcott, B. H., Jr. (1) and Vogel, W. G. (2) [(1) Ky. Reclamation Assoc. and
(2) Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Berea, Ky.], Natl. Coal Assoc./
Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Reclamation Preprints,
Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 209-214. This author explains how the
rangeland drill can be used for strip-mine revegetation. This equipment, de-
signed for wildland seeding in the West, can plant and fertilize in one oper-
ation, resulting in a saving in time and labor. The drill was first used in
Kentucky in 1974 and the results were very satisfactory. It is rugged and
can work day after day with minimum maintenance. R706
R75-70 COAL MINE SPOIL AS A GROWING MEDIUM: AMAX BELLE AYR SOUTH MINE,
GILLETTE, WYOMING
Yamamoto, T. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt. Sta,, Rapid City, S. Dak.),
Natl. Coal Assoc./Bitum. Coal Res., Inc., Third Symp. Surface Mining and Rec-
lamation Preprints, Vol. 1, Louisville, Ky. (1975). pp 49-61. Results of
extensive analyses of sandy overburden used In a current experimental tree
and shrub adaptability project are reported and discussed. No characteristics
unfavorable to plant growth were found. R694
R75-71 AN ACTION PROGRAM FOR SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY'S ABANDONED COAL MINES
Tennessee Valley Authority and Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection, in cooperation with U.S. Departments of Agriculture
and Interior (undated). 49 pp. This report outlines Kentucky's "orphan" mine
problem in 12 southeastern counties. It describes the reclamation needed,
specifies costs involved, and includes a description of the administrative
arrangements necessary for efficiently completing the job. (From Executive
Summary) R776
198
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R75-72 AN ACTION PROGRAM FOR TENNESSEE'S ABANDONED COAL MINES
Tennessee Valley Authority and Tennessee Department of Conservation, in coop-
eration with the U.S. Departments of Agriculture and Interior (undated).
50 pp. This report outlines Tennessee's "orphan" mine problem in 13 counties.
It describes the reclamation needed, specifies costs involved, and includes
a description of the administrative arrangements necessary for efficiently
completing the job. This federally funded demonstration program was planned
to be initiated in July 1975. (Adapted from Executive Summary) R780
R75-73 AN ACTION PROGRAM FOR VIRGINIA'S ABANDONED COAL MINES
Tennessee Valley Authority and Virginia Department of Conservation and Eco-
nomic Development, in cooperation with U.S. Departments of Agriculture and
Interior (undated). 48 pp. This report outlines Virginia's "orphan" bank
problem in the six Tennessee Valley counties of southwest Virginia. It de-
scribes the reclamation needed, specifies costs involved, and includes a de-
scription of the administrative arrangements necessary for efficiently com-
pleting the job. This federally funded demonstration program was planned to
be initiated in July 1975. (Adapted from Executive Summary) R775
R75-74 ENDOMYCORRHIZAE ENHANCE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FOURWING SALTBUSH
ON COAL MINE SPOILS
Aldon, E. F., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forest Service Research Note RM-294 (July 1975). 2 pp.
Greenhouse studies and field trials on spoils at the McKinley mine in New
Mexico showed that growth and survival of plantings of fourwing saltbush were
improved by inoculation with G_. mosseae. R997
R75-75 PROBLEMS AND TECHNIQUES IN REVEGETATING COAL MINE SPOILS IN NEW
MEXICO
Aldon, E. F. and Springfield, II. W., in Practices and Problems of Land Recla-
mation in Western North America, M. K. Wall, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North
Dakota, Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 122-132. Published by the University of North
Dakota Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Specific
studies carried out by the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
in cooperation with coal companies and with universities are discussed under
the following topics: spoil amendments, irrigation techniques, water har-
vesting, direct seeding trails, tnycorrhizae, and cooperative studies with
universities. (Adapted from authors' Introduction) R783, 631 W17p
R75-76 ALFALFA WAVES OVER STRIPPED COAL LANDS
Missouri's Environment 1 (6), 3 (July 1975). This article describes a tour
to view the results of Project Reuse, a state-sponsored, cost-sharing pro-
gram to demonstrate the feasibility of reclaiming abandoned surface-mined
areas. R840
199
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R75-77 A PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR MONITORING EROSION ON STRIP
MINED LANDS
Allen, R. H., Jr. and Curtis, W. R. (Northeastern Forest Experiment Station),
Photographic Applications in Science, Technology and Medicine 10 (4), 29-31
(July 1975). A transportable gauge, which is a frame holding pins which move
freely vertically, is mounted on pre-installed angle-iron stakes. Photo-
graphs are taken to record the height of the pins against the lined back-
ground of the gauge. Finished prints are run through a chart reader and in-
formation on the amount of erosion is transferred to punch cards. R752
R75-78 LANDSAT INVENTORY OF SURFACE-MINED AREAS USING EXTENDIBLE
DIGITAL TECHNIQUES
Anderson, A. T. (1), Schultz, D. T. (2), and Buchman, N. (2) [(1) NASA/GSFC
and (2) General Electric Company], U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Admin-
istration, Goddard Space Flight Center, Preprint X-900-75-165 (Aug. 1975).
21 pp. NTIS, N75-33486. Multispectral analysis of LANDSAT imagery provides
a rapid and accurate means of identification, classification, and measurement
of strip-mined surfaces in Western Maryland. Four band analysis allows dis-
tinction of a variety of strip-mine associated classes, but has limited ex-
tendibility. A method for surface area measurement of strip mines, which is
both geographically and temporally extendible, has been developed using band-
ratioed LANDSAT reflectance data. The accuracy of area measurement by this
method, averaged over three LANDSAT scenes taken between September 1972 and
July 1974, is greater than 93%. Total affected acreage of large (50 hectare/
120 acre) mines can be measured to within 1.0%. (Authors' abstract) R756
R75-79 THE STRIP-MINING OF WESTERN COAL
Atwood, G., Scientific American 233 (6), 23-29 (Dec. 1975). Surface mining
and reclamation in coal lands in the western United States are reviewed in
detail. R919
R75-80 ECOLOGY AND ECONOMICS OF STRIP-MINE RECLAMATION IN MAHASKA
COUNTY, IOWA
Ballou, S. W., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1975. 166 pp.
University Microfilms, 76-19,335. Most of the mining on the six study sites
was carried out from the 1930's into the 1950's. No reclamation was done on
two sites. At one site, only regrading was done after a number of years; an-
other site was graded and planted by the state for use as a wildlife habitat;
and still another site was used as a sanitary landfill. One site, mined in
the 1960's, was graded, spread with topsoil, and returned to production of
corn and hay. From available historic documents, coal production and costs,
estimation of agricultural production, and detailed property valuations were
documented. These data, along with environmental factors at each site such
as slope characteristics, spoil stability, sedimentation, acid drainage, and
vegetative production, were used in a computer program to evaluate the impact
200
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R75-80 (continued)
of mining and of various methods of reclamation. In the study area, full
recovery of premining land value was obtained after reestablishment of crop
productivity. 631 B19
R75-81 RECLAMATION OF TERRAIN EXPLOITED BY LIGNITE OPENPIT MINES
Bauman, K. (POLTEGOR), in Environmental Protection of Openpit Coal Mines,
Reports of the Polish-U.S. Symposium, sponsored by U.S. EPA and The Central
Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR), Wroclaw, Poland,
Denver, Colorado, May 27-29, 1975. pp 79-88. Published by The University of
Denver Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, Sept. 1975. NTIS, PB-249 300.
Methods of grading and preparing mine spoils for planting, and the revegeta-
tion studies being carried out with support of the U.S. EPA at Turow mine are
described. 75-30
R75-82 TOPSOIL AS A SEED SOURCE FOR RESEEDING STRIP MINE SPOILS
Beauchamp, H., Lang, R., and May, M., Research Journal 90, Agricultural Ex-
periment Station, University of Wyoming, April 1975. 8 pp. Samples from the
top one inch and from the second inch of soil were taken at five major coal
and uranium strip-mine areas and from a potential trona mining area in Wyo-
ming. Greenhouse studies showed that the substantial amounts of viable seed
in the top two inches of each site were more than enough to revegetate the
area with more than original density. However, the type of vegetation was
that normally found in secondary succession and not that type which was dom-
inant where the samples were taken, indicating that seeding or planting of de-
sired species would be necessary. There seemed to be no relationship between
soil texture and pH and amount of viable seed. CE536
R75-83 GERMAN TECHNIQUES IN SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION
Benecke, K. J. (1) and Gold, R. S. (2) [(1) Krupp Industries and (2) Dr. Otto
Gold Co.], Green Lands 5^ (3), 18-25, 28-34 (Summer 1975). Bucket-wheel exca-
vators have been developed for large-scale operations. German reclamation
includes compliance with detailed regulations for overburden and topsoil han-
dling and placement. R934
R75-84 REVEGETATION OF LAND DISTURBED BY SURFACE MINING IN COLORADO
Berg, W. A. , in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North
Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 79-89. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box 8006,
University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. This paper concentrates on obser-
vations of and anticipated problems in revegetation of coal strip mines in
northwestern Colorado, and also includes pertinent findings and observations
201
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R75-84 (continued)
on revegetation of open pit mine wastes elsewhere in Colorado. (Adapted from
author's Introduction) R783, 631 W17p
R75-85 USE OF SOIL LABORATORY ANALYSES IN REVEGETATION OF MINED LANDS
Berg, W. A. (Colorado State University), Mining Congr. J. 61^ (4), 32-35
(1975). The author discusses the use of soil analyses to identify the fac-
tors of mined-land spoil that will interfere with revegetation. These fac-
tors are lack of plant available phosphorus and nitrogen; excess acidity,
soluble salts, and sodium; and extremes in texture. Jour
R75-86 LAND RECLAMATION IN WESTERN ILLINOIS COAL FIELDS
Caspall, F. C. (Western Illinois University and Midland Coal Company), AIME-
SME Fall Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 10-12, 1975. 15 pp. Preprint
No. 75-AO-324. Preliminary results of research on restoring fertile agricul-
tural lands which have been surface-mined for coal have suggested that 1)
terraces and other erosion control structures are not only feasible but rep-
resent only a fraction of the total reclamation costs and do a satisfactory
job of controlling soil-erosion on moderate slopes (less than 10 percent); 2)
soil profile development can be accelerated greatly by normal tillage opera-
tions on erosion-free surfaces; 3) wheat is the most desirable field crop to
grow on spoils being reclaimed because it allows annual grooming of the sur-
face. (From author's Conclusions) AIME-SME
R75-87 THE COST OF MOVING OVERBURDEN BY VARIOUS MACHINE SYSTEMS
Colvin, T. S., Anderson, C. E., and Buchele, W. F. (Iowa State University),
Society of Automotive Engineers, Earthmoving Industry Conference, Central
Illinois Section, Peoria, Illinois, April 15-16, 1975. 12 pp. Paper No.
750578. An overview of the Iowa State Coal Project is presented. Draglines
and scrapers are compared for energy efficiency in stripping coal. Survey
results on scrapers are presented which show diverse production and cost re-
lationships indicating that many factors other than size of machine, haul
distance, and grade are important. R955
R75-88 BIOGEOCHEMICAL LIMITATIONS ON WESTERN RECLAMATION
Curry, R. R., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wall, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North
Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 18-47. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box 8006,
University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. This critique of current reclama-
tion practices on western coal lands is based on an in-depth discussion of
soil and its long-term development as one of two decisive factors in ultimate-
ly successful reclamation. The other correlative factor, plant-available
202
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R75-88 (continued)
moisture, is related to precipitation modified by climatic conditions and
soil characteristics, and to vegetative species used in reclamation. Condi-
tional reclamation, defined as relying on human efforts to augment or counter-
act natural forces, is contrasted to truly successful reclamation which in-
cludes progressive soil development and natural successional vegetative cover
adapted to extremes of climatic and hydrologic stress. R783, 631 W17p
R75-89 DECKER COAL COMBINES TITANIC MINING EFFORT WITH EFFECTIVE LAND
RESTORATION
Coal Age £!0 (10), 118-120 (Sept. 1975). At the Tongue River mine of the
Decker Coal Co. at Decker, Montana, the topsoil is carefully removed and
stockpiled. Dust is controlled with water sprays. Mine water goes first to
a settling pond before entering natural drainage. Decker uses special test
plots to determine the best ground cover to use in revegetation. Cooperation
with several public agencies insures a complete and finished reclamation ef-
fort soon after coal is mined. Jour
R75-90 DEVELOPMENT OF LAND RECLAMATION IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Dick, J. H. and Thirgood, J. V., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclama-
tion in Western North America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North
Dakota, Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 65-78. Published by the University of North
Dakota Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. The pur-
pose of this paper is to discuss the environmental and institutional circum-
stances affecting reclamation in British Columbia, what has been learned, the
problems and failures, and to speculate on the direction that mined land rec-
lamation must take if mining is to become more compatible with other resource
uses in the Province. (Adapted from authors' Introduction) R783, 631 W17p
R75-91 CHEMICAL RECLAMATION FOR SODIC STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Doering, E. J. and Willis, W. 0. (Northern Great Plains Research Center, Man-
dan, North Dakota), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, ARS-NC-20 (Jan. 1975). 8 pp. Reclamation of sodic soils by leach-
ing requires that the leaching solution be high in divalent cations, and that
the leaching solution must percolate through the soil profile to transport
those cations to the exchange sites. Sodic strip-mine spoil material can be
readily reclaimed with solutions of calcium chloride or any other calcium
salt that is sufficiently soluble in water, having electrolyte concentrations
greater than about 0.5 N. Although the method is shown to be effective, chem-
ical reclamation is costly and is not recommended for large-scale application
to strip-mine spoils. (Adapted from authors' Conclusions) CE423
203
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R75-92 MINED LAND RECLAMATION ON THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS - INDIAN
HEAD MINE
Dudley, T. E. and Becker, J. L. (North American Coal Corp.), Mining Congr. J.
61 (4), 18-23 (1975). This discussion of reclamation in North Dakota consid-
ers topography, climate, soil, native vegetation and wildlife, character of
spoil materials, and groundwater hydrology. Research on reclamation being
carried out in the Northern Great Plains is also discussed. R926
R75-93 VEGETATIONAL RESPONSES BY SUBSTRATE, GRADIENT, AND ASPECT ON A
TWELVE ACRE TEST PLOT IN THE BULL MOUNTAINS
Dusek, G. L. (Montana Department of Fish and Game), in Proceedings of the
Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark,
Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Montana Academy of
Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 233-246. The revegetation of the Consolida-
tion Coal Company test mine southeast of Roundup, Montana, was monitored for
three growing seasons, 1972-1974, to assess the impact of surface mining on
wildlife in the area. While vegetation, mostly grasses and forbs, increased
on all substrates, the greatest increase was on topsoil. A wildlife survey
showed some use by mule deer at all seasons, although the shrubs used in win-
ter by deer on natural areas were virtually absent from the test area. Also
included in the paper are climatological data and a map of the test area
showing soil characteristics and location of the monitoring stations. 631
M79
R75-94 REVEGETATING BITUMINOUS STRIP-MINE SPOILS WITH MUNICIPAL WASTE-
WATER: PART I: GRASS AND LEGUME ESTABLISHMENT. PART II:
QUALITY OF THE LEACHATE AND SPOIL CHEMICAL CHANGES
Edgerton, B. R., Sopper, W. E., and Kardos, L. T. (The Pennsylvania State
University), Part I, Compost Science jj6 (4), 20-25 (July-Aug. 1975.) Part
II, Compost Science _16 (5), 10-15 (Autumn, 1975). Overburden material used
in these tests was taken from very acid spoil removed from over the Lower
Kittanning bituminous coal seam in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Vege-
tation studies showed that with sewage treatment grasses grew much better
than legumes. Lysimeter tests showed that treatment with sewage sludge and
sewage effluent increased pH and nitrate concentrations in spoil leachate and
decreased concentrations of sulfate, manganese, iron, aluminum, and boron as
the tests continued. The report on which these articles are based has been
abstracted at R74-90. CE179
R75-95 COAL SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION COSTS: APPALACHIAN AND
MIDWESTERN COAL SUPPLY DISTRICTS
Evans, R. J. and Bitler, J. R., U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1C 8695 (1975). 50 pp.
This study was conducted to determine the costs of reclamation carried out in
conjunction with active mining operations. Reclamation costs were estimated
for 20 coal surface-mining operations in three regions of the Appalachian and
204
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R75-95 (continued)
Midwestern Coal Supply Districts. The cost data are presented in terms of
dollars per acre, dollars per ton of coal produced, and dollars per cubic
yard of overburden moved during backfilling. The reclamation process is di-
vided into three cost categories; premining planning, backfilling, and re-
vegetation. Comparison of reclamation costs by region, by mining method, by
slope, and by size of operation shows that the most important cost difference
is between area mining methods and contour mining methods. (Authors' ab-
stract adapted) BurM, R1036
R75-96 FALCON COAL PERFECTS MOUNTAIN-TOP MINING WITH GIANT TRACTOR
SHOVELS
Can. Mining Met. Bull. 6>8 (762), 116 (Oct. 1975). The mining and reclamation
technique used at Falcon Coal Co. Russell's Branch mine near Hazard, Kentucky,
is described. Up to ninety feet of overburden is removed and placed in des-
ignated hollows to make large areas of flat land. Jour
R75-97 LAND RECLAMATION AND GOVERNMENT POLICY
Falkie, T. V., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North Da-
kota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 190-193. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box
8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. The author discusses fed-
eral programs in mined-land reclamation in the context of the need to use
coal as an essential resource of domestic energy. R783, 631 W17p
R75-98 EXPLOITING RHENISH BROWN COAL DEPOSITS IN DEEP OPEN CAST MINES
FOLLOWED BY LANDSCAPING AND RECULTIVATION
Gartner, E. , English Advance Papers, Energy Engineering Convention 1975,
Lines of Development in Energy Engineering, Dtisseldorf, by VDI-Gesellschaft
Energietechnik and The Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Steam Plant Group,
May 5-7, 1975. pp 255-259. As mining of brown coal advances, villages,
roads, railroads, and even rivers, are moved out of its pathway. Displaced
people are resettled into new, carefully planned villages. Since there is no
attempt to reclaim the mined area exactly as it had been, landscape improve-
ments, including hills and lakes, can be made to give interest and character
to an area. The German brown coal mines have been reclaimed for forests,
agriculture, and recreation. 621 V48
R75-99 PROBLEMS IN RECLAMATION OF COAL MINE SPOILS IN NEW MEXICO
Gould, W. L., Rai, D., and Wierenga, P. J., in Practices and Problems of Land
Reclamation in Western North America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Sym-
posium, Grand Forks, North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of
205
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R75-99 (continued)
North Dakota, Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 107-121. Published by the University of
North Dakota Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202.
The geology, climate, soils, and vegetation of the coal fields in the state,
especially the largest, the San Juan Basin, are described. Reclamation stud-
ies here have included overburden analyses and revegetation research. Limit-
ing factors in revegetating this area are sparse and erratic rainfall and
soils unsuitable for plant growth. R783, 631 W17p
R75-100 SELECTED MATERIALS FOR PLANNING THE RECLAMATION OF MINED LAND
Green, J. E. (East Central Intergovernmental Association, Dubuque, Iowa),
Council of Planning Librarians, Exchange Bibliography #795 (May 1975). 8 pp.
Available, Council of Planning Librarians, P.O. Box 229, Monticello, Illinois
61856 $1.50. This short bibliography has a few general and introductory
references, but mainly emphasizes reclamation in Appalachia and the Eastern
Interior Coal Field. CE52
R75-101 CHEMISTRY AND EFFECTIVE MINED-LAND RECLAMATION
Grube, W. E., Jr. (1) and Freeman, J. R. (2) [(1) U.S. EPA Crown Mine Drain-
age Field Site and (2) West Virginia University], 7th Central Regional Meet-
ing, American Chemical Society, Morgantown, West Virginia, May 1975. 4 pp.
The chemicals and chemical processes in soils and mine spoils determine the
ability of mined land to support vegetation. Chemical factors discussed in-
clude plant available nutrients, acidity, toxic elements, and the effects of
spoil amendments. R932
R75-102 ILLINOIS LANDS SURFACE MINED FOR COAL
Haynes, R. J. and Klimstra, W. D., Southern Illinois University, Cooperative
Wildlife Research Laboratory, prepared with financial support from Illinois
Department of Mines and Minerals, Division of Land Reclamation; Southern
Illinois University; and Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, June
1975. 201 pp. Results of the in-depth survey of all lands affected by sur-
face mining in Illinois as of June 30, 1971 are reported. The information
compiled covers location, ownership, physical and vegetational characteris-
tics, mining methods and grading that had been carried out, use of the land,
and identification of problem areas. R842
R75-103 SOME PROPERTIES OF COAL SPOILBANK AND REFUSE MATERIALS RESULTING
FROM SURFACE-MINING COAL IN ILLINOIS
Haynes, R. J. and Klimstra, W. D. (Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory,
Southern Illinois University), Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality'
IIEQ Doc. No. 75-21 (Oct. 1975). 126 pp. NTIS, PB-251 184. This publica-'
tion reports the results of analyses of 2,084 spoil samples and 22 coal
206
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R75-103 (continued)
refuse samples collected during the 1970-71 survey of surface-mined land in
Illinois. Although some surface materials from all mined areas yielded a pH
of less than 4.1, most samples had a pH ranging from 5.1 to 8.1. Acid spoils
showed properties deleterious to most vegetation. These properties included
high exchangeable acidity and soluble salts; possibly toxic concentrations of
soluble sulfate, iron, manganese, and aluminum; and low potassium, calcium,
and base saturations. (Adapted from authors' Summary) R777
R75-104 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN SURFACE MINE RECOVERY
Hill, R. D. and Grim, E. C. (U.S. EPA, Industrial Waste Treatment Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio), Symposium on Restoration and Recovery of Dam-
aged Ecosystems, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacks-
burg, Virginia, March 1975. 22 pp. The mining operation is described and
the problems of erosion and sedimentation, acid mine drainage, and ion trans-
port are discussed. Environmental control of surface mining starts with pre-
planning the mining operation, and is concerned with handling the overburden
so that material which will support plant growth will be the upper layer of
the area to be reclaimed, and with taking advantage of the physical and cli-
matic conditions of the area that will enhance revegetation. R977
R75-105 MONTANA RECLAMATION PROBLEMS AND REMEDIAL TECHNIQUES
Hodder, R. L., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North Da-
kota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 90-106. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box
8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. The author discusses ero-
sion as one of the problems of mined lands. He suggests and describes sever-
al techniques for controlling erosion, such as: reduction of slope gradients,
use of mulches or temporary plant covers, and improvement of infiltration
rates by surface modification or application of buffer materials. (Adapted
from author's Abstract) R783, 631 W17p
R75-106 ASSESSMENT OF PRACTICALITY OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR A
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING IN ALABAMA
Hughes, T. H., Dillion, A. C.,III, White, J. R., Jr., Drummond, S. E., Jr.,
and Hooks, W. G., University of Alabama, Department of Geology and Geography,
Final Report for the period July 1, 1973 - June 30, 1975 to U.S. National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, George C. Marshall Space Flight Center,
Contract No. NAS8-29936, Project 1-3-80-0084 (IF) (undated). 175 pp. NTIS,
N76-15534. NASA aerial photographs were correlated with field studies of two
surface-mined areas in Alabama, the Cordova Area and the Searles Area. Field
studies, as well as maps and information from mining companies, determined
the areal extent of mining, the status of revegetation and reclamation,
amounts of erosion and sedimentation, and extent of mine drainage pollution.
207
-------
R75-106 (continued)
Recent revegetation efforts cannot be seen in the photographs, but areas with
mature trees are hardly recognizable on film as former mined land. Using
photographs to show the continuing formation of rills and gullies on slopes
allows the estimate of the rate of erosion. The difficulties of relating the
appearance of bodies of water to the amount of mine drainage pollution are
discussed. CE234
R75-107 INNOVATIVE EARTHMOVING TOOLS MAKE P&M COAL RECLAMATION PROJECT
MORE ECONOMICAL
Coal Age 8^ (12), 76-79 (Nov. 1975). This article describes the special doz-
er blades developed by Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. for more economical
reclamation and their use. Jour, R1041
R75-108 MONTANA-BASED WESTMORELAND RESOURCES MINES CROW INDIAN-OWNED
COAL AT ABSALOKA MINE
Jackson, D., Coal Age ^0 (13), 66-73 (Dec. 1975). Westmoreland's reclamation
activity includes premining environmental studies, collecting data from a
station installed at the mine, topsoil removal and storage, grading, and re-
vegetation. Jour
R75-109 EFFECTS OF SURFACE CONFIGURATION IN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ON
SEMIARID SURFACE MINED LANDS
Jensen, I. B. and Hodder, R. L. (Montana State University, Animal & Range
Sciences Department), in Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium,
Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Bill-
ings, Montana, by Montana Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 325-335.
Also presented at American Society of Civil Engineers, Irrigation and Drain-
age Division Symposium, Logan, Utah, Aug. 11-13, 1975. 10 pp. Studies com-
pleted in 1973 after several years of observation showed that precipitation
could be trapped by surface manipulation techniques. A large-scale study
being carried out at the Rosebud Mine near Colstrip, Montana, the Knife River
Coal Mine near Savage, Montana, and the Indianhead Mine near Beulah, North
Dakota, will permit evaluation of five treatment methods: gouging on topsoil,
chiseling on topsoil, dozer basins on topsoil, chiseling on spoils, and goug-
ing on spoils. The instrumentation for data collection is described. 631
M79, R1032
R75-110 OPENCAST COAL MINING: LAND RESTORATION
Jones, E. B. (National Coal Board Opencast Executive), Colliery Guardian 223
(6), 209, 211-212, 214, 216 (1975). In Great Britain, surface-mined land
reclamation, basically regulated by the code adopted in 1951, is carried out
as a long-term project. It takes about five years to return the land
208
-------
R75-110 (continued)
completely to agricultural use, with narrow shelter belts or small plots for-
ested. The complete restoration process is described in detail. Included in
the discussion are planning the mining operation to segregate topsoil and
overburden, establishing vegetation on restored land, replacement of farm
equipment such as fences, ditches, roadways, and water supplies, and provid-
ing drainage systems. Jour
R75-111 OPENPIT MINING IN POLAND AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
Kraus, R. (POLTEGOR), in Environmental Protection of Openpit Coal Mines, Re-
ports of the Polish-U.S. Symposium, sponsored by U.S. EPA and The Central Re-
search and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR), WrocZaw, Poland,
Denver, Colorado, May 27-29, 1975. pp 21-28. Published by The University of
Denver Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, Sept. 1975. NTIS, PB-249 300.
A number of harmful effects of disturbing land surface in all open-pit mining,
not just mining for coal, are pointed out and general reclamation activity
and requirements in Poland are described. 75-30
R75-112 STRIP MINE REHABILITATION PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH IN WYOMING
Lang, R. L., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North Da-
kota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 182-189. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box
8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Spoil from strip-mined
coal can be successfully reclaimed in Wyoming even in areas where normal an-
nual precipitation averages 20.3 to 25.4 cm (8 to 10 in.). Successful recla-
mation requires careful analyses of topsoil and spoil cores. Preplanning for
proper disposition of problem material, adapted species, proper techniques
for planting or seeding and management after revegetation are also essential
components in establishing a stable and productive reclaimed area. (Author's
abstract) R783, 631 W17p
R75-113 LICHEN ACCUMULATION OF SOME HEAVY METALS FROM ACIDIC SURFACE
SUBSTRATES OF COAL MINE ECOSYSTEMS IN SOUTHEASTERN OHIO
Lawrey, J. D. and Rudolph, E. D. (The Ohio State University), The Ohio J.
Sci. 75 (3), 113-117 (May 1975). Lichens gathered from a surface-mine area
in Perry County, Ohio, and the substrates on which they were found were an-
alyzed. Results showed greater concentration of metals in the lichens than
in the corresponding substrates. Values were determined for P, K, Ca, Mg,
Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Al, and Mo. pH reported for the substrates ranged from 3.3
to 3.7. R872
209
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R75-114 RECLAMATION OF ORPHAN STRIP MINED LAND IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS AND
WESTERN KENTUCKY: A FIELD STUDY OF THE PALZO PROJECT OF WILLIAM-
SON COUNTY, ILLINOIS AND THE CLEAR CREEK SWAMP OF WEBSTER AND
HOPKINS COUNTIES, KENTUCKY
Leuthart, C. A., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Louisville, 1975. 225 pp. Uni-
versity Microfilms, 75-25,471. The Palzo Project is a 192-acre, surface-
mined area which discharges acid drainage. It is being reclaimed by using
sewage sludge as a spoil amendment and then revegetating. Water quality in
the creek that drains the area was monitored at seven sampling stations by
both chemical and biological analyses. Various biological diversity indexes
used as indications of pollution are discussed and evaluated and found to be
misleading. In Kentucky, the Clear Creek Swamp area has been caused by the
filling of stream channels by erosion from farm lands. Some parts of the
swamp are affected by acid drainage from mining in the watershed. Both water
quality and biota of the swamp were studied. 631 L65
R75-115 MYCORRHIZAE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF TREES ON STRIP-MINED LAND
Marx, D. H. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Southeastern Forest Experiment
Station), The Ohio J. Sci. ^75 (6), 288-297 (Nov. 1975). This paper presents
a brief introduction into ecto- and endomycorrhizal associations of plants
and discusses their potential value in revegetation. Data from pilot studies
on strip-mined coal spoils in Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky show that pines
tailored with Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae prior to planting survive and grow
significantly better than trees with other fungal symbionts. The performance
of grasses and other herbaceous plants used in revegetation of strip-mined
lands may also be improved by use of specific endomycorrhizal fungi. (From
author's abstract) R863
R75-116 COLORADO FIRM PRODUCES THREE MILLION TONS AT 7,000 FEET
Mason, R. H., Coal Mining Process. 12 (11), 38-42 (1975). Water causes prob-
lems at this surface coal mining operation in Colorado's Rocky Mountains at
7000 feet plus, where temperatures can dip to 30 to 40 degrees below zero.
Two feet of topsoil are removed and stored. After coal removal, overburden
and topsoil are replaced. About 2 pounds of alfalfa are planted per acre to
restore nitrogen. Rich topsoil requires no fertilizer. Reclaimed land is
used mainly for grazing but reforestation is now in experimental stage. Di-
rect seeding has been more effective than aerial methods. Jour
R75-117 THE MOVEMENT AND OCCURRENCE OF SMALL MAMMALS ON A RECLAMATION PLOT
McCann, S. A. (Montana Department of Fish and Game), in Proceedings of the
Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark,
Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Montana Academy of Sci-
ences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 318-324. Distribution of the 9 species of
small mammals found on the 12-acre research area southwest of Roundup, Mon-
tana, seemed to depend on the conditions at the site, particularly vegetation
210
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R75-117 (continued)
for cover and for food. The deer mouse was the only species found on mined
areas directly after mining. 631 M79
R75-118 LAND RECLAMATION, WATER QUALITY CONTROL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
AT CENTRALIA (WASHINGTON) COAL MINE
McCarthy, R. E., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western
North America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks,
North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan.
20-21, 1975. pp 170-181. Published by the University of North Dakota Press,
Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. A program of overbur-
den replacement contouring, water quality control, and vegetation restoration
concurrent with coal removal at Centralia, Washington, is discussed, with
particular emphasis on turbidity control for clear water discharge under con-
ditions of heavy rainfall, high erodibility, and near colloidal particle sus-
pension. (Author's abstract) R783, 631 W17p
R75-119 SHORT AND LONG TERM FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS FOR RECLAMATION OF
MINE SPOILS AT COLSTRIP, MONTANA
Meyn, R. L., Holechek, J., and Sundberg, E. (Montana State University), in
Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Sec-
tion, W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Mon-
tana Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 266-279. Details of geology,
soils, climate, and native vegetation are given for the study area at Western
Energy Company's Rosebud Mine. Soil analyses showed that compared to agri-
cultural requirements of soils the nutrient levels in the soils of the study
area are "low to extremely low for nitrate-nitrogen and phosphorus and ade-
quate to low for potassium." Both the early and the on-going studies de-
scribed here are aimed at the development of a prescription for the most ad-
vantageous application of fertilizer for large-scale reclamation. 631 M79
R75-120 MINING AND RESTORATION HAVE EQUAL IMPORTANCE IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM
World Coal I (3), 18-20 (May 1975). The article describes several sites
mined in South Wales by George Wimpey & Company and returned to grazing and
forestry. The company's machinery, used both for mining and for reclamation,
undergoes a continuing maintenance program and is moved from site to site as
needed. Jour
R75-121 DEVELOPMENT OF A PRE-MINING GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR LANDSCAPE
DESIGN RECLAMATION IN NORTH DAKOTA
Moran, S. R. (1), Groenewold, G. H. (1), Hemish, L. (2), and Anderson, C. (2)
[(1) North Dakota Geological Survey and (2) University of North Dakota], in
211
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R75-121 (continued)
Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Sec-
tion, W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Mon-
tana Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 308-316. The development of
landscape design is based on an inventory of soils, on the use of physical
and chemical characteristics of spoils to define a "reclamation unit," on
the hydrology of the area, and on an understanding of the nature of the ex-
isting or pre-mining equilibrium in the landscape. These factors and their
application to the North Dakota lignite area are discussed. 631 M79
R75-122 NEW BLADES SHAVE LAND RECLAMATION COSTS
The Orange Disc (The Magazine of the Gulf Companies) 22^ (2), 24-29 (Nov.-Dec.
1975). New equipment has been developed by Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining
Company for grading mined land in the reclamation process. The giant blades
and their operation are described and illustrated. R1013
R75-123 NEW COMPANY FINDS ITS ROAD WORK KNOW-HOW IDEAL FOR SURFACE MINING
Coal Age 80 (13), 78-79 (Dec. 1975). The mining and reclamation carried out
by Rural Mining Company, Hurley, Virginia, are described. Road construction
techniques, especially in requirements for controlled placement of overburden,
are applicable to surface mining. The grasses and legumes used as a mixture
for revegetation are listed. Jour
R75-124 NEW TOOLS TESTED TO CUT RECLAMATION COSTS
Coal Age £0 (10), 56, 60 (Sept. 1975). A joint project between the U.S. Bu-
reau of Mines and Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co. involves testing of
three special pieces of equipment for reclamation work: "Big Dude," a 40-
foot angle blade; the "Veep," a 24-foot vee-plow; and a 30-foot grading bar.
A fourth item to be built and tested is a 60-foot variable-angle blade. It
is hoped that the new equipment will reduce the reclamation costs by as much
as one-half the current rates. Jour
R75-125 KENTUCKY'S PROGRAM FOR IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNOLOGY:
ADMINISTRATION AND REDUCTION OF ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Nickel, R. E. (Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental
Protection), in Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution, Proceedings of a South-
eastern Regional Conference, Blacksburg, Virginia, by Virginia Water Resources
Research Center, P. M. Ashton and R. C. Underwood, Eds., May 1-2, 1975. pp
267-275. Published by Virginia Water Resources Research Center, 225 Norris
Hall, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Vir-
ginia 24061 (Sept. 1975). The author describes Kentucky's demonstration
programs including those on slope stability, revegetation, water pollution
control, sediment control, and the determination of the impact of surface
212
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R75-125 (continued)
mining upon land use. 628.2 N81
R75-126 OHIO MINING AND RECLAMATION ASSOCIATION
Mining Congr. J. j>l (8), 41-42 (1975). The Association and its technical
assistance to its members are described. Jour
R75-127 OPEN PIT MINERS MOVE RIVER, RESTORE LAND
Engineering News Record 195 (19), 16-17 (Nov. 6, 1975). In the long-range
operations of Rheinische Braunkohlwerke, A. G., the coal pit advances stead-
ily, forcing removal of everything in its way. In the reclamation phase,
whole communities are relocated to newly built towns, landscape design takes
advantage of lakes from coal pits and restores forests, wildlife habitats,
and farm lands, while rivers and roadways are relocated. R993
R75-128 MINE SPOIL RECLAMATION RESEARCH AT THE BELLE AYR MINE, NORTH-
EAST WYOMING
Orr, H. K. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station), in the Pro-
ceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Section,
W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Montana
Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 304-307. The mining procedure
and its effects on the hydrology of the area are described. Several species
of trees and shrubs have been planted on a filled area of the mine to study
their establishment and adaptability. The physical characteristics of the
spoils seem to be suitable for vegetation, and the chemical characteristics
did not show any severely adverse factors. The results of plantings in 1973
and 1974 are evaluated as moderately successful, with lack of moisture (pre-
cipitation) being the most limiting factor. 631 M79
R75-129 COAL SURFACE MINING IN THE U.S.
Pash, E. A. (U.S. EPA), in Environmental Protection of Openpit Coal Mines,
Reports of the Polish-U.S. Symposium, sponsored by U.S. EPA and The Central
Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR), Wroclaw, Poland,
Denver, Colorado, May 27-29, 1975. PP 13-20. Published by The University of
Denver Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, Sept. 1975. NTIS, PB-249 300.
This review of surface mining in the United States includes the size and ex-
tent of the industry in the various producing districts of the country, the
development of mining methods, and the state regulations of mining and recla-
mation. 75-30
213
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R75-130 SURFACE MINING IN PENNSYLVANIA: A STUDY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS AND CORRECTIVE MEASURES NEEDED AS A RESULT OF PENNSYL-
VANIA 'S SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS
Peck, Mrs. J. K., Jr. and Preate, E. D., Jr., Meridian Engineering, Inc.,
Technical Report prepared as a public service for H. E. L. P. (Help Elimi-
nate Life Pollutants), (undated). (25 pp.) This report is focused on the
anthracite surface mine areas in northeastern Pennsylvania and describes min-
ing operations in detail. Basic reclamation of land to correct adverse con-
ditions both on and off the mining site and rehabilitation of land to specif-
ic end uses are discussed. R979
R75-131 AN EVALUATION OF TREES AND SHRUBS FOR PLANTING SURFACE-MINE
SPOILS
Plass, W. T., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station, Forest Service Research Paper NE-317 (1975). Fifty-five trees and
shrub species were evaluated on two surface-mine sites in eastern Kentucky.
After 4 years' growth, comparison of survival and growth was used to identify
the promising species for planting on acid surface-mine spoils. Three spe-
cies of birch and three Eleagnus species survived and grew well on a range of
sites. Noncommercial tree species and shrubs adapted to acid surface-mine
spoils included silktree, tree-of-heaven, French tamarisk, Japanese fleece-
flower, and Amur privet. (Author's abstract) R875
R75-132 FACTORS RESTRICTING REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS
Power, J. F., Ries, R. E., Sandoval, F. M., and Willis, W. 0. (Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Dept. Agr., Mandan, North Dakota), in Proceedings of
the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark,
Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Montana Academy of Sci-
ences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 336-346. The physical and chemical character-
istics of overburden from a site at the Big Sky Mine, Colstrip, Montana, dif-
fer from the characteristics of overburden from a site at Glenharold Mine,
Stanton, North Dakota. The spoil characteristics at both places can cause
problems for plant growth. Methods to alleviate problems of these spoils in-
clude the use of gypsum to counteract high exchangeable sodium, the use of
fertilizers where plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus are lacking, and
the use of topsoil. 631 M79
R75-133 GROUND WATER IN COAL STRIP-MINE SPOILS, POWDER RIVER BASIN
Rahn, P. H. (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology), in Proceedings of
the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark,
Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Montana Academy of Sci-
ences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 348-361. In mining areas below the level of
the water table, ponds may be formed or aquifers developed in mine spoils
after reclamation. Since geological factors as well as methods of handling
overburden affect its permeability, both field and laboratory studies are
214
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R75-133 (continued)
being carried out. The quality of waters which may be expected from aquifers
in spoils is indicated by a study in which water from 20 sampling stations,
including domestic and stock wells and water from spoils, was analyzed. Re-
sults show that all waters contained more than the amount of sulfate recom-
mended as the limit in drinking water, and most had high calcium, magnesium,
and total dissolved solids. The general conclusion was that spoil waters
were not greatly different from natural ground water near mines. 631 M79
R75-134 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL SAMPLES FROM A COAL-
BEARING FORMATION IN SAN JUAN COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
Rai, D., Wierenga, P. J., and Gould, W. L., New Mexico State University, Ag-
ricultural Experiment Station Research Report 294 (Mar. 1975). 24 pp. Based
upon field and laboratory data, five major kinds of soils were recognized in
the El Paso Natural Gas Company's lease area. Soil physical, chemical, and
mineralogical properties that describe the availability of plant nutrients,
presence of toxic elemental concentrations, air and water movement through
soil, amount of available soil for stockpiling, ease of digging, accessibil-
ity to machinery, and erosional hazard were determined to rate the soils
according to their suitability as a topsoil for revegetating the mine spoils.
The results clearly showed that two of the types which occupied approximately
60 percent of the study area were better suited for the purpose than the
other soils. (From authors' Summary and Conclusions) R1011
R75-135 HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH COAL MINING
Rechard, P. A. (Wyoming Water Resources Research Institute), Mining Congr.
J. 61 (8), 70-75 (1975). The author reviews the studies carried out by the
Wyoming Water Resources Research Institute on the effects of surface mining
on the hydrology of the Eastern Powder River Coal Basin. Several impacts of
surface mining on the hydrologic cycle are discussed. A prime necessity is
to provide for flood runoff while, if possible, minimizing erosion. The
author comments on the controversy over mining alluvial valley floors that
"it could be argued that the backfilling process would be similar to the
alluvial deposition and that the entire mined-over area would be rehabilita-
ted as an alluvial valley floor." Mining may also cause temporary dewatering
of domestic or stock wells fed by an aquifer in the coal seam until the back-
fill becomes saturated and able to carry the ground water. Therefore, the
author points out, that to avoid degrading the quality of the ground water,
overburden with soluble contaminents must not be placed where it will be in-
tercepted by the ground water table. Jour
R75-136 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES
IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: REVEGETATION
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Berea, Kentucky, Final Report
to U.S. Appalachian Regional Commission and Kentucky Department for Natural
215
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R75-136 (continued)
Resources and Environmental Protection, ARC-71-66-T4 (undated, published Jan-
uary 1975). 324 pp. NTIS, PB-262 494/8WP. In identifying and classifying
the coal seams that produce the extremely acid "problem spoils," surveys of
mining areas were made and overburden samples were analyzed. Results showed
that acid spoils did not occur as widely as had been assumed before the study,
and that problems in establishing vegetation could also be caused by lack of
plant-available nutrients. A number of greenhouse and field studies of meth-
ods of overcoming vegetative failure are reported. Among these methods are
use of soil amendments such as fertilizer and lime, seeding and planting pro-
cedures including timing and special practices for use on slopes, and species
selection. 631 K37
R75-137 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES
IN EASTERN KENTUCKY: REVEGETATION MANUAL
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Berea, Kentucky, Report to
Appalachian Regional Commission and Kentucky Department for Natural Resources
and Environmental Protection, ARC-71-66-T4 (undated, published January 1975).
101 pp. NTIS, PB-262 495/5WP. This field manual covers spoil properties
that influence vegetation; spoil testing and sampling; vegetation selection
and establishment; site preparation and seeding methods; fertilizer and mulch
selection and application; and treating acid spoils. The Appendix includes
detailed instructions for determination of pH, total exchangeable acidity and
phosphorus of spoils; common and Latin names of plants named in the manual;
and a selected bibliography. 631 K37
R75-138 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES
IN EASTERN KENTUCKY. SURFACE MINE POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND LAND
USE IMPACT INVESTIGATION: VOLUME I. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
EASTERN KENTUCKY AREA AND ITS DATA CHARACTERISTICS
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Report to Appalachian Regional Com-
mission and Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Pro-
tection, ARC 71-66-T2 (Aug. 1, 1975). 142 pp. Topics covered relating to
the physical characteristics of Eastern Kentucky include geology, topography,
climate, water resources, pedology, vegetation, and minerals. A discussion
of the population, education, employment, income, housing, and social and
economic literature is included in the section relating to the social and
economic characteristics of the area. The characteristics of socio-economic,
water quality, coal geology, revegetation-reclamation, satellite and aerial
imagery, and land use data are discussed, and apparent data deficiencies are
presented as a concluding part of this section. Emphasis in the examination
of each topic was on its relationship to the mining industry, or to land use
and environmental problems. A discussion of the Inventory Map of Surface
Mined Lands in Eastern Kentucky is included at the end of this report, al-
though the map is located in Volume V. (From abstract of the report) 631
K37
216
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R75-139 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES
IN EASTERN KENTUCKY. SURFACE MINE POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND LAND
USE IMPACT INVESTIGATION: VOLUME III. CONSIDERATIONS OF POST
MINING LAND USE, MINE INVENTORY AND ABATEMENT PLAN FOR THE QUICK-
SAND WATERSHED
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, and Mayes, Sudderth, and Etheredge,
Inc., Report to Appalachian Regional Commission and Kentucky Department for
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection, ARC 71-66-T2 (undated, pub-
lished 1975). 25 pp. Included in the discussion in this report are consid-
erations of post-mining land use such as demand, location and development
cost, and environmental factors such as hydrology, sedimentation, spoil bank
stability, haul road abandonment, and the impact of mining on public and mine
access roads. The inventory of the 33 surface mines in the watershed in-
cludes discussion of the characteristics of each mine, identification of
problem areas, and abatement procedures that are recommended on a priority
basis. (Adapted from abstract of the report) 631 K37
R75-140 RESEARCH AND DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES
IN EASTERN KENTUCKY. SURFACE MINE POLLUTION ABATEMENT AND LAND
USE IMPACT INVESTIGATION: VOLUME IV. AN INVESTIGATION OF AL-
TERNATIVE DATA SYSTEMS WITH A RECOMMENDATION FOR A STATEWIDE EN-
VIRONMENTAL STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Report to Appalachian Regional Com-
mission and Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Pro-
tection, ARC 71-66-T2 (Aug. 1, 1975). 20 pp.+ The objective of this paper
is to survey environmental information storage and retrieval systems and to
recommend a system. Some of the Federal and state systems were reviewed as
well as various alternatives. Also reviewed were vendors and manufacturers'
products in the field of automated storage and retrieval, particularly mini-
computers and associated peripheral devices. The system proposed is to merge
the USGS system with interactive graphics packages. If, however, a complete-
ly new system is to be designed by systems planners in the Commonwealth of
Kentucky, a summary of questions to be answered and a range of activities to
follow are given. (Abstract of the report) 631 K37
R75-141 REHABILITATION RESEARCH AND ITS APPLICATION ON A SURFACE MINED
AREA OF EASTERN MONTANA
Richardson, B. Z., Farmer, E. E., Brown, R. W., and Packer, P. E. (Intermoun-
tain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture), in
Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium, Vol. 3, Reclamation Sec-
tion, W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Billings, Montana, by Mon-
tana Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 247-265. The project was
carried out at a level site at the Decker Coal Co. to determine the minimum
requirements to achieve establishment of grass, shrubs, and trees, and to
evaluate the short- and long-term use of native and introduced grasses and
their mixtures. Also evaluated were the feasibility of revegetation methods
other than seeding, such as transplanting and sprigging, and the influence on
217
-------
R75-141 (continued)
establishment of vegetation of various preparations of the seedbed and meth-
ods of firming the seed into the seedbed. Both first, 1973, and second, 1974,
year results of vegetation are reported in detail. Generally, grass produc-
tion improved in 1974, with greatest yield from mixtures of native and intro-
duced grasses. At the end of the second year of study, production of grass
on fertilized, irrigated and unirrigated, raw spoils and on spoils with top-
soil replaced exceeded production of grass on undisturbed range. 631 M79
R75-142 DETERMINE UTILITY OF ERTS-1 TO DETECT AND MONITOR AREA STRIP MINING
AND RECLAMATION
Rogers, R. H. (1) and Pettyjohn, W. A. (2) [(1) Bendix and (2) The Ohio State
University], Bendix Aerospace Systems Div., Final Rept. to U.S. NASA, Goddard
Space Flight Center, BSR 4179 (Feb 1975). (62 pp). NTIS, N75-27515. Com-
puter techniques were applied to process ERTS tapes acquired over coal mining
operations in southeastern Ohio on 21 August 1972 and 3 September 1973. ERTS
products obtained included geometrically correct map overlays showing
stripped earth, partially reclaimed earth, water, and natural vegetation.
Computer-generated tables listing the area covered by each land-water cate-
gory in square kilometers and acres were also produced. By comparing these
mapping products, the study demonstrates the capability of ERTS to monitor
changes in the extent of stripping, success of reclamation, and the secondary
effects of mining on the environment. NASA C-130 photography acquired on 7
September 1973 was compared with ERTS products generated from the 3 September
1973 tape to establish the categorization and geometric accuracy of mapping
strip mine activities from ERTS data. (Authors' abstract) R906
R75-143 VACUUMED SOIL AS A SEED SOURCE FOR REVEGETATING STRIP MINE SPOILS
Sauer, R. H. (Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories), Mining Congr. J. j>l
(9), 16-19 (1975). Native plant seeds were collected by a portable vacuum
system on November 12, 1974, when seeds were ripe. The collection area was
near the Big Sky Mine of Peabody Coal Company in Montana. Samples taken from
litter and from soil broken with a small pick showed that most seeds are in
the soil material. Laboratory germination showed a more than adequate supply
of mature seeds for revegetation of mined land, but it was recommended that
treatment to improve germination be developed. Jour
R75-144 OVERBURDEN TOXICITY OF THE LIGNITE OPENPIT MINES AND METHODS FOR
ITS NEUTRALIZATION AS REQUIRED BY THE STACKS RECLAMATION
Skawina, T. (University of Mining and Metallurgy, Krakow, Poland), in Envi-
ronmental Protection of Openpit Coal Mines, Reports of the Polish-U.S. Sym-
posium, sponsored by U.S. EPA and The Central Research and Design Institute
for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR), Wroclaw, Poland, Denver, Colorado, May 27-29,
1975. pp 117-124. Published by The University of Denver Research Institute,
Denver, Colorado, Sept. 1975. NTIS, PB-249 300. A classification of toxic
218
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R75-144 (continued)
spoils is presented. The causes of toxicity of soils, the chemistry of toxic
spoils, and various materials which can neutralize or inhibit spoil toxicity
are discussed. 75-30
R75-145 SLOPE STABILITY RESEARCH STUDY IN THE EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL
FIELDS. VOLUME 1. REPORT AND FIELD BOOK. RESEARCH AND
DEMONSTRATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE MINING TECHNIQUES FOR THE
EASTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELDS
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engineers, Report to Kentucky Department for
Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and the Appalachian Regional
Commission, ARC 71-66-T3 (March 1975). 81 pp. NTIS, PB-262 492. The causes
of surface mine landslides were investigated by generally evaluating existing
slide data for all of the Eastern Coal Fields, carrying out field reconnais-
ance throughout the area to gather data, monitoring selected representative
areas of potential slides, and carrying out laboratory tests of lifted sam-
ples to develop parameters for evaluation and analysis of the slide problem.
Included in this report is a manual prepared to provide operators and recla-
mation personnel with a guide to determine areas of potential slides, indica-
tors to detect early beginnings of slides, guidelines for the placement of
spoil material to prevent slides, and methods for stabilizing potential and/
or active slides. (Summary of the report, adapted) CE308
R75-146 THE COSTS OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION: A PROCESS
ANALYSIS APPROACH
Spore, R. L., Nephew, E. A., Lin, W. W. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory),
Western Economic Association 50th Annual Conference, San Diego, California
June 25, 1975. 14 pp. This paper reports on the development of a detailed
engineering/economic model of coal production designed to enable an analysis
of the short-run impacts of alternative energy policies on coal cost and
supply. The model is applied to obtain preliminary estimates of the impact
of surface mining regulations on coal production in Appalachia. Some direc-
tions for further research also are discussed. (From authors' Introduction)
R858
R75-147 COAL MINE RECLAMATION ON THE BLACK MESA AND THE FOUR CORNERS AREAS
OF NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA
Thames, J. L. and Verma, T. R., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation
in Western North America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand
Forks, North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota,
Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 48-64. Published by the University of North Dakota
Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. The emphasis in
this description of the area and of the mining and reclamation carried out
there, is on the availability of water for reclamation. Studies to determine
the effect of mining on water quality are also reported and show that there
219
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R75-147 (continued)
would not be much movement of water to carry dissolved solids into ground wa-
ter. Also, dissolved solids in mined-land runoff, while higher than in run-
off from unmined lands, are lower than in rivers and wells in the area. R783,
631 W17p
R75-148 TRANSFORM THIS SURFACE MINED LAND INTO THIS RECREATION MECCA
The Consol News, April-May 1975. pp 6-7. The article describes and pictures
Friendship Park, Jefferson County, Ohio. R820
R75-149 IMPACTS OF CONTOUR COAL MINING ON STREAMFLOW, A CASE STUDY OF
THE NEW RIVER WATERSHED, TENNESSEE
Tung, H.-S., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1975. 137 pp. Univer-
sity Microfilms, 76-1988. The objective of this study is to determine the
quantitative relationships between change in peak and mean daily flow and the
associated coal strip mining in a given watershed. The watershed, with a
drainage area of 382 square miles, was selected for study because it has been
intensively and extensively mined for coal, and long-term hydrological and
other related data were available. The Tennessee Valley Authority Daily
Streamflow Model was chosen to simulate different watershed conditions in
terms of degree of mining disturbance. Four watershed study time periods,
representing different accumulated mining disturbance levels and ranging from
0 to 5 percent of the total area disturbed, were selected for analyzing pro-
gressive effects of stripping on streamflow. The model has demonstrated that
in the early stages of mining, storm runoff has significantly increased; as
mining intensified, there was a lesser increase in runoff, which further in
creased as the mining increased; and that daily flow increased by 30 percent
in a normal water year with the watershed being extensively mined. (From
author's abstract) 628.2 T926
R75-150 REHABILITATION OF LAND DISTURBED BY SURFACE MINING COAL IN
ARIZONA
Verma, T. R. and Thames, J. L. (University of Arizona, Department of Water-
shed Management), J. Soil and Water Conservation _30 (3), 129-131 (May-June
1975). The authors summarize reclamation activity carried out on the Black
Mesa in cooperation with the Peabody Coal Company. Included in preliminary
results are analyses of soils, tabulation of water quality data, and a de-
scription of revegetation with native grasses. Grazing was not restricted
and prevented satisfactory establishment of vegetation. Jour
R75-151 STRIP MINING AND RECLAMATION ON THE BLACK MESA OF ARIZONA
Verma, T. R., Thames, J. L., and Patten, R. T. (Univ. Ariz., School of Renew-
able Natural Resources), Proceedings American Society of Civil Engineers,
220
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R75-151 (continued)
Irrigation and Drainage Division Symposium, Logan, Utah, Aug. 11-13, 1975.
pp 47-65. The semi-arid Black Mesa area had been thoroughly examined in the
two years previous to the presentation of this paper. Details are given on
geography, climate, biology, soils, mine operation, hydrology, and on the
demonstration projects carried out on land mined by the Peabody Coal Company.
Water quality data of runoff from mined and natural surfaces and of a nearby
Indian well have been compared to proposed EPA water quality criteria. Water
quality of runoff from the mined areas is within the EPA standards and is
lower in total salts than water from the Indian well or than typical Arizona
irrigation waters. R755
R75-152 THE PROBLEM OF LAND RECLAMATION VIEWED IN A SYSTEMS CONTEXT
Wali, M. K., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North Da-
kota, Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 1-17. Published by the University of North Dako-
ta Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Development
of surface mining for coal in the western United States is discussed in re-
lation to economics, agriculture, legislation, soil forming processes, and
needs in revegetation research. R783, 631 W17p
R75-153 AN OVERVIEW OF RECLAMATION IN THE WEST
Wali, M. K. (1) , Freeman, P. G. (2), Kollman, A. L. (1), and Johnson, W. (3)
[(1) University of North Dakota (2) U.S. ERDA, Grand Forks, ND and (3) U.S.
Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.], in Technology and Use of Lignite, Proceed-
ings of a Symposium, compiled by W. R. Kube and G. H. Gronhovd, sponsored by
U.S. ERDA and the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, May
14-15, 1975. 371 pp. U.S. ERDA, Technical Information Center, GFERC/IC-75/2
(CONF-750586), pp 294-311. The areas covered are the Rocky Mountain Coal
Province, Northern Great Plains Coal Province and the Gulf Coal Province.
Features of the mines visited are tabulated and extensive details of climate,
native vegetation, spoil materials, methods and costs of reclamation, soils,
topography, areas of research in mined-land reclamation, and permit require-
ments are described. A detailed table summarizes the western states surface
mining and land reclamation laws. 662.6 L725
R75-154 REGIONAL SITE FACTORS AND REVEGETATION STUDIES IN WESTERN NORTH
DAKOTA
Wali, M. K. and Sandoval, F. M., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclama-
tion in Western North America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium,
Grand Forks, North Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North
Dakota, Jan. 20-21, 1975. pp 133-153. Published by the University of North
Dakota Press, Box 8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. The re-
vegetation potentials of typical sites are discussed in terms of geological,
climatic, topographic, and edaphic factors. Data is included for comparison
of indigenous vegetation with current land use. Current reclamation research
221
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R75-154 (continued)
for western North Dakota is reviewed. Studies include soil and vegetation
chronosequences, overburden characteristics, and plant growth response on
spoil material under both growth chamber and field conditions. (From au-
thors' abstract) R783, 631 W17p
R75-155 LAND RECLAMATION IN TEXAS - AN OPPORTUNITY
White, R. L., in Practices and Problems of Land Reclamation in Western North
America, M. K. Wali, Ed., Proceedings of a Symposium, Grand Forks, North
Dakota, by U.S. Bureau of Mines and University of North Dakota, Jan. 20-21,
1975. pp 154-169. Published by the University of North Dakota Press, Box
8006, University Station, Grand Forks, ND 58202. Climatic and physiographic
conditions are favorable for land reclamation in the Piney Woods and Post Oak
Savannah areas where commercially important deposits of lignite occur. The
land reclamation program of the Texas Utilities Generating Company, with its
problems and accomplishments, is described. R783, 631 W17p
R75-156 TREND SURFACE ANALYSIS OF POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING - MONTANA
Yamamoto, T. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture), in Proceedings of the Fort Union Coal Field Symposium,
Vol. 3, Reclamation Section, W. F. Clark, Ed., Eastern Montana College, Bill-
ings, Montana, by Montana Academy of Sciences, April 25-26, 1975. pp 280-
288. An analysis of the topography of a region before mining is urged as an
aid in planning reclamation of the mined site. Average groundslope isopleths
are used to express the regional trend in the study area which includes the
central and eastern parts of the Powder River Basin. From the results of the
analysis, a dome-shape is suggested for reclamation in the north and a basin-
shape for the south. 631 M79
R75-157 OPENPIT MINING OF LIGNITE IN POLAND
Zajac, Z. (Lignite Mines Corporation), in Environmental Protection of Openpit
Coal Mines, Reports of the Polish-U.S. Symposium, sponsored by U.S. EPA and
The Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTEGOR),
Wroclaw, Poland, Denver, Colorado, May 27-29, 1975. pp 3-12. Published by
The University of Denver Research Institute, Denver, Colorado, Sept. 1975.
NTIS, PB-249 300. The economic statistics of the industry, the geology, hy-
drology and drainage problems of the Polish lignite deposits, and methods of
mining and overburden handling are discussed. 75-30
222
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1976
R76-1 RECLAMATION AND REVEGETATION OF STRIP MINED LAND: A SELECTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLICATIONS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA FOR-
ESTRY LIBRARY. APPENDIX: A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE ENVIRON-
MENTAL EFFECTS OF COPPER-NICKEL MINING IN MINNESOTA
Albrecht, J. and Smith, D., University of Minnesota, Forestry Library, Bib-
liography series no. 1 (1976). 21 pp. NTIS, PB-268 478. This list of 269
references includes material from as early as 1923. The entries are arranged
alphabetically by author. CE492
R76-2 DEMONSTRATION TEST OF TWO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR PLANT ESTABLISH-
MENT ON COAL MINE SPOILS
Aldon, E. F. (1), Springfield, H. W. (1), and Sowards, W. E. (2) [(1) Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station and (2) Utah International,
Inc.], in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 201-214. A large-scale field test of two irrigation
techniques, sprinkler and drip, installed at the Navajo Mine, New Mexico, is
described. Data are presented on spoil characteristics, spoil amendments,
seeding mixes, water application rates, and emergence and survival of plants
as affected by spoil types, amendments and differing water applications.
Emergence and survival after two growing seasons was best on plants receiving
the most water, and during July and August the first season. CE449
R76-3 SATELLITE DATA FOR SURFACE-MINE INVENTORY
Anderson, A. T. (1), Schultz, D. (2), Buchman, N. (2), and Nock, M. (3)
[(1) NASA/GSFC Code 923 (2) General Electric Company and (3) Maryland Geologi-
cal Survey], U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard
Space Flight Center, Pre-print X-923-76-199 (Sept. 1976). 13 pp. NTIS, N76-
31640. Two digital analysis methods were applied to a case study conducted
in Garrett and Allegany Counties, Maryland. The first, a four-band analysis
distinguishing various strip-mine-associated classes and conditions, proved
useful but has limited extendibility over a seasonal or annual period. In
the second approach, a band-ratio method developed to measure disturbed sur-
face areas proved to be extendible both temporally and geographically. This
method was used to measure area changes in the region over three time periods
from September 1972 through July 1974 and to map the entire two-county area
for 1973. For mines ranging between 31 and 244 acres (12 to 98 hectares) the
measurement accuracy of total affected acreage was determined to be 92%.
Mines of 120 acres (50 hectares) and larger were measured with greater accu-
racy, some within one percent of the actual area. The ability to identify,
classify, and measure strip-mine surfaces in a two-county area (1541 square
kilometers—595 square miles) of western Maryland has been demonstrated
through the use of computer processing. As a result of this project, a com-
plete mined-land inventory is being incorporated into the State of Maryland
mined-land inventory and assessment program. (From authors' abstract) CE233
223
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R76-4 SATELLITE DATA FOR SURFACE-MINE INVENTORY
Anderson, A. T. (1), Schultz, D. (2), Euchman, N. (2), and Nock, M. (3)
t(l) NASA/GSFC, (2) General Electric Company, and (3) Maryland Geological
Survey], in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints,
Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research,
Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 76-91. This briefly described study, conducted
in Garrett and Allegany Counties, Maryland, demonstrated the feasibility of
strip mine inventory and monitoring with Landsat multispectral data to within
2 to 3 hectares. Using band-ratioing techniques it was possible to extend
signatures over a large geographic area and temporally to other Landsat
images within the same orbit. The procedures developed are now being incor-
porated into a comprehensive State monitoring and inventory program to pro-
vide, in a rapid and inexpensive manner, accurate information on the location,
size, and condition of areas affected by surface mining. CE439
R76-5 RECLAIMING STRIP-MINED LAND FOR RECREATIONAL USE IN LACKAWANNA
COUNTY, PA. - A DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Andreuzzi, F. C., U.S. Bureau of Mines, Division of Environment Field Office,
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, 1C 8718 (1976). 21 pp. The park's facilities
include outdoor recreational activities, picnic grounds, children's play
areas, primitive overnight camping, and winter sports. A major attraction
is the Anthracite Museum constructed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Mu-
seum Commission. (From author's abstract) CE101
R76-6 RECLAMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING IN THE UNITED STATES
Angel, P. N. (University of Kentucky) , in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association
and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 264-274. Currently
in the USA, there are five on-going Associate Degree programs specifically
offered in Reclamation Technology. These programs are offered at Belmont
Technical College, Lees Junior College, Morehead State University, Madison-
ville Community College, and Southeast Community College. Information con-
cerning the program, including required curricula, is given for each college.
Also included are descriptions of the duties of a reclamation technician and
the concept of cooperative education. CE455
R76-7 REVEGETATION OF LAND DISTURBED BY STRIP MINING OF COAL IN
APPALACHIA
Armiger, W. H., Jones, J. N., and Bennett, 0. L., U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS-NE-71 (Aug. 1976). 38 pp. This
report describes field studies which show that surface-mined land in Appala-
chia can be revegetated. Best results are obtained with spoil amendments for
neutralization and fertilization, use of suitable plant species, and planting
techniques to favor germination and growth. CE73
224
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R76-8 PRODUCING FORAGES FOR LIVESTOCK ON SURFACE MINED LAND IN SOUTH-
WEST VIRGINIA
Baker, C. D., Dingus, G. P., and McCart, G. D. (Lonesome Pine Soil & Water
Conservation District), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium
Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal
Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 223-227. Grazing trials with a beef
cow and calf herd were conducted in 1973, 1974, and 1975 on land surface
mined for coal and reclaimed with Kentucky 31 fescue and sericea lespedeza.
Approximately three acres of a vigorous stand of these grasses are required
for grazing per beef cow and calf unit. Calves gained an average of 395
pounds each year during the 200 days they were on mine spoil pasture and
weaning weights were above state average. CE451
R76-9 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SURFACE-MINING: EFFECTS OF STRIP-MINE
RECLAMATION PROCEDURES UPON ASSESSED LAND VALUES
Ballou, S. W. (COM/Limnetics), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 242-263. Specific eco-
logical and economic considerations for several kinds of reclamation proce-
dures were investigated in Mahaska County, Iowa during 1972 through 1974.
The procedures evaluated were (1) no reclamation, (2) grading spoils, (3)
grading spoils, fertilizing, and replanting, (4) utilizing an abandoned mine
for a sanitary land fill after which the land was cultivated, and (5) grading
spoils and replacing the original top soil. Pre-mining and post-mining
assessed valuation for these sites were evaluated and compared in an attempt
to identify the extent of land devaluation following strip mining. (From
author's introduction) CE454
R76-10 TWO ATTEMPTS AT LAND RECLAMATION: OVERKILL AND UNDERKILL
Bardwell, R. 0. (Gellman Research Associates, Inc.), in Sludge Management
Disposal and Utilization, Proceedings of the Third National Conference, Miami
Beach, Florida, by ERDA, U.S. EPA, National Science Foundation, and Informa-
tion Transfer, Inc., Dec. 14-16, 1976. pp 52-53. Copyright by and available
from Information Transfer, Inc., 1160 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland
20852 $25. One of the two plans described, neither of which was carried out,
was the disposal of sludge from Philadelphia in a strip-mined area in Mahoning
County, Ohio. Adverse publicity for the proposal and a public meeting hostile
to the project are cited as the result of poor public relations. CE368
R76-11 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL STACK FOR VARIOUS SELECTED SOIL CON-
DITIONS WITH THE TUROW LIGNITE MINE AS AN EXAMPLE
Bauman, K., Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining (POLTE-
GOR), Wroclaw, Poland, Final Report to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Special Foreign Currency Program, Project No. 02-532-11, June 30, 1976. 174
pp. The final results of the three-year project confirm the conclusion of
225
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R76-11 (continued)
the November 1974 Interim Report that suitable vegetative species can be
grown successfully on acid spoils if neutralizing agents and fertilizers are
used. See abstract number R74-109 of this volume. R904a
R76-12 RECLAMATION OF WORKED-OUT TERRAINS
Bauman, K. (POLTEGOR, Poland), Green Lands 6^ (2), 35-37 (Spring 1976). The
author describes reclamation of lands in Poland where thick lignite seams are
being mined. A diagram illustrates the system of backfilling to assure slope
stability and to control water erosion. Spoils are neutralized with lime,
fertilized, and planted to grasses on tops of spoil banks and to trees and
shrubs on slopes. Jour
R76-13 REVEGETATION AND USE OF EASTERN SURFACE MINE SPOILS
Bennett, 0. L. (1), Armiger, W. H. (1), and Jones, J. N., Jr. (2) [(1) Agri-
cultural Research Service and (2) Virginia Polytechnic Institute], Reprinted
from "Land Application of Waste Materials," 1976. pp 195-215. Copyright by
and available from Soil Conservation Society of America, Ankeny, Iowa 50021.
Revegetation to stabilize slopes and control erosion is a main concern in re-
claiming mined land. The authors discuss a number of soil amendments to en-
hance revegetation. Included are limestone and fertilizers; waste materials
such as sewage sludge and fly ash; and mulches such as pulp fiber, grain
straw, sawdust, wood chips, chemical binding agents, and mulch crops. Sev-
eral grasses, legumes, and woody species which have been used successfully in
revegetation studies are also discussed. General seeding practices, effects
of climate, species selection, erosion control, and vegetation on refuse from
mining and preparation plants are summarized. CE330
R76-14 COAL MINE RECLAMATION - THE COOPERATIVE APPROACH
Blazenko, E. J. and Kuhn, J. A. (Techman Ltd.), Can. Mining Met. Bull. 69
(771), 53-58 (July 1976). Successful reclamation is viewed as the resuTF of
planning which takes into account ecological and conservation principles.
Implementation of reclamation plans needs cooperation among government agen-
cies, mining industry and consultants. Successful results of some studies of
revegetation of alpine and subalpine regions are described. Jour
R76-15 DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF IMPROVED SURFACE COAL MINE OVERBURDEN
HANDLING AND COAL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
Callaghan, D. J., Bowersmith, J. A., Marshall, L. C., Bennett, D. A., and
Nickey, R. A., Theodore Barry & Associates, Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines,
Office of Assistant Director—Mining, DOI/DF-77/004b, Open File Report 35-77
(July 22, 1976). 174 pp. NTIS, PB-264 764. The four mining systems de-
scribed in detail and evaluated are terrace pit mining, area haulback mining,
226
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R76-15 (continued)
periphery mining, and tower excavator mining. These systems were each care-
fully analyzed both with regard to methods and equipment alternates. A model
mine was then designed and estimated to provide detailed cost and production
data. Then an analysis was made of the engineering feasibility, the imple-
mentation requirements, the environmental benefits, the financial implica-
tions and the limitations of each mining system. An objective comparison of
relative merit by each category showed that the terrace pit was the best sys-
tem around which to design a field demonstration program. Its advantages
included the estimation that it could be a more economical and environmentally
responsive way to mine western coal reserves and had much less delay time for
equipment delivery. The report also includes brief consideration of ten addi-
tional mining methods and techniques, and of common reclamation problems.
Reclamation laws and regulations of 16 states are abstracted. The bibliog-
raphy has 69 references. (Adapted from authors' abstract and Executive Sum-
mary) 320. 76-4
R76-16 RECLAMATION, RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS
Cherene, L. J. (Kaiser Resources Ltd.), in Third International Conference on
Coal Research Preprints, Sidney, Australia, Oct. 6-8, 1976. Paper D.2 6 pp.
The revegetation research program being carried out by Kaiser Resources Ltd.
in the Elk River Coal Field, British Columbia, is described. 662.6 161
R76-17 CROSS-RIDGE MINING OF MOUNTAINTOPS: A BETTER TECHNIQUE FOR
APPALACHIA?
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age JJ1 (12), 74-78 (1976). The development of the
method by Ford, Bacon & Davis and its refinement by Skelly and Loy in co-
operation with the West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association
is described. It is pointed out that the cross-ridge technique will use
computer-assisted planning to minimize spoil stowed in head-of-hollows and on
ridges and will maximize the amount of spoil used in reclaiming the flat moun-
tain tops. This technique has an economic advantage in multiple-seam mining.
Jour
R76-18 RIGOROUS VOLUMETRIC COMPUTATIONS USING CORE BORINGS & CROSS
SECTION DATA
Coe, D. A. (Photogrammetric Services, Inc.), in Surface Mining and Reclama-
tion, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Associa-
tion and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 54-63. The
system which is proposed in this paper uses cross sections and core boring
data, however, it relates all data into several formulas used to represent
the seam surface, while interlocking all values at once. The method, al-
though it can use data obtained from surveying methods, is geared and adapted
for use in the photogrammetric field. (From author's introduction) CE437
227
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R76-19 VISUAL DESIGN RESOURCES FOR SURFACE-MINE RECLAMATION
Cole, N. F. , Ferraro, N., Mallary, R., Palmer, J. F., and Zube, E. H., Univer-
sity of Massachusetts, Institute for Man and Environment and ARSTECNICA, Na-
tional Endowment for the Arts Grant No. R50-42-86, IME Publication No. R-76-15
(Aug. 1976). 131 pp. In this study of the reclamation of surface mining
from the perspective of aesthetics, a computer-graphic program, ECOSITE, was
developed as a landform design tool to aid in the preplanning and improvement
of reclamation aesthetics. It was demonstrated that the program has poten-
tial for studying and displaying original landform design compositions, simu-
lating natural landforms, and providing three dimensional graphical informa-
tion needed to construct relief models of landform compositions. Moreover,
given the needed coordinate information, the program can be used to repli-
cate and model existing topography. An additional accomplishment was the
design of a vacuum table consisting of a vacuum pump, plenum and table, framed
rubber blanket and a collection of plaster form elements. This system made it
possible to rapidly investigate and illustrate a broad array of design syn-
tatic concepts relative to relief sculpture and landform design. (From
authors' Summary of Findings) CE217
R76-20 COLORADO ADOPTS BROAD LAW REGULATING MINE RECLAMATION
Coal Age J51 (7), 23 (1976). Legislation to regulate coal and other mining
reclamation in Colorado went into effect July 1, 1976. Eighteen requirements
are spelled out. Jour, R1037
R76-21 CONSOL 'REAPS' BENEFITS OF GOOD RECLAMATION
The Consol News, Dec.-Jan. 1975-1976. p 7. The yield of wheat harvested
from reclaimed land at the Glenharold Mine near Stanton, North Dakota, is es-
timated to be about 83 percent of the yield from unmined land in the area.
Jour
R76-22 CONSOLIDATION COAL CO. - 1975 FALL HARVEST OF SPRING WHEAT
Mining Congr. J. 62^ (1), 11 (1976). Harvest from reclaimed land at Glenhar-
old mine in North Dakota showed that two years after mining, mined land could
yield approximately 83 percent of the harvest expected from unmined land.
Jour
R76-23 RECLAIMING MINED LANDS IN ALASKA
Conwell, C. N., Trans. AIME 26£, 81-84 (1976). Also presented at AIME-SME
Fall Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 10-12, 1975. 7 pp. Preprint No.
75-AO-304. Successful reclamation of coal-mined lands in Alaska has been
demonstrated in test areas. The state's legal requirements for reclamation
are summarized. Jour, AIME
228
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R76-24 EVALUATION OF CURRENT SURFACE COAL MINING OVERBURDEN HANDLING
TECHNIQUES AND RECLAMATION PRACTICES
Cook, F. and Kelly, W., Mathematica, Inc., Mathtech Division, Final Report
to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Open File Report 28-77 (Dec. 24, 1976). 318 pp.
NTIS, PB-264 111. In this two-year study, an evaluation of mining and recla-
mation practices at 159 randomly sampled surface coal mines in the United
States was conducted. It is concluded that reclamation practices in most of
the 22 coal-producing states were adequate during 1975, but that improvement
in reclamation performance was desirable in the acid area of the central U.S.
and in mountainous southwestern Virginia. Productivity improvements should
result from research to determine efficient or optimal operating procedures
for dragline stripping of single and multiple seams, surface mining of lig-
nite, multicut and multiseam haulback mining on steep slopes, mountaintop
removal, and surface mining in swampy or deeply glaciated areas. Specific
candidate research projects are discussed in this report. (Authors' ab-
stract) CE266
R76-25 STRIP MINING AND THE MANAGEMENT OF HIGH QUALITY WATERS IN
PENNSYLVANIA: AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
Curry, W. J., Ill, Laurel Highlands Conservation and Development Project,
Discussion Paper No. 1 (1976). 34 pp. Available from the Project at 532
Goucher Street, Johnstown, Pennsylvania 15905 $1.50. Part of the ruling
in the appeal of Doraville Enterprises on the refusal of an application to
operate a strip mine in the Laurel Hill Creek watershed was that the Pennsyl-
vania Department of Environmental Resources "could not apply a blanket policy
banning surface raining from watersheds designated as conservation areas."
The author agrees with this position and advocates a policy of case-by-case
review of applications for strip mining, as well as other developments in
conservation areas, with the burden of rigorous proof on the developer to
show that there will be no environmental degradation. It is also recommended
that costs for baseline studies, continuous monitoring, and application re-
view should also be borne by the applicant. R849
R76-26 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE ECOLOGY AND RECLAMATION OF DRAS-
TICALLY DISTURBED AREAS
Czapowskyj, M. M., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Ex-
periment Station, Forest Service General Technical Report NE-21 (1976).
98 pp. The 591 entries, listed alphabetically by author, cover land disturb-
ance by all surface mining including coal, as well as other surface effects
of mining and resource use such as coal refuse piles and fuel ash disposal.
Each entry is annotated and coded to show geographic area, material mined,
and general focus of the paper such as spoil characteristics, type of envi-
ronmental pollution or reclamation and land uses. There are an author index
and indexes of material assigned to the various code categories. CE147
229
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R76-27 JONES & BRAGUE HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED FOR EXCELLENCE OF ITS
RECLAMATION
Davis, H., Coal Age 8JL (12), 94-97 (1976). The mining method, overburden
handling, and grading and seeding immediately after mining at the company's
mines in Tioga County, Pennsylvania, are described. Jour
R76-28 DEVELOPMENT OF PRE-MINING AND RECLAMATION PLAN RATIONALE FOR
SURFACE COAL MINES
Dames & Moore, Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines (June 1976). NTIS, PB-258
041SET. Vol. I. THE RATIONALE FOR DATA ACQUISITION Open File Report 100
(l)-76, 136 pp. NTIS, PB-258 042. Vol. II. METHODS OF DATA ACQUISITION
Open File Report 100(2)-76, 148 pp. NTIS, PB-258 043. Vol. III. LEGAL
CONTROLS OF SURFACE MINING Open File Report 100(3)-76, 209 pp. NTIS PB-
258 044. In Volume I, the essence of the rationale is shown to be the em-
ployment of necessary skills at the proper time to evaluate specific data
requirements and integrate them into a cost-effective program to produce ini-
tial and major feasibility reports, mining and reclamation plans, and the
environmental impact assessment. Volume II is a general guide to the selec-
tion of cost-effective methods of site data acquisition in all geologic, en-
vironmental, and socio-political circumstances. The objective of Volume III
is to provide a concise review of six major types of legal constraints, con-
trols, and regulations on surface coal mining in the United States, as of
January 1976. At the same time, an attempt is made to format the details of
Federal and State exploration, mining, and reclamation regulations such that
point-by-point comparisons can be made and updated as revisions occur. (From
abstracts of Volumes I, II, and III) 631 D15
R76-29 FEASIBILITY STUDY: FLY ASH RECLAMATION OF SURFACE MINES, HILLMAN
STATE PARK
Dougherty, M. T. and Holzen, H. H., Ackenheil & Associates, Inc., Report to
U.S. EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio,
Environmental Protection Technology Series EPA-600/2-76-183 (Aug. 1976).
71 pp. NTIS, PB-258 485. The study was performed to determine the technical
and economic aspects of surface treatment of regraded acidic strip mine
spoils with pulverized fuel fly ash as a method to produce a soil cover which
will sustain grasses and legumes and also enhance abatement of mine drainage.
Data on present stream water quality of Hillman State Park were obtained to
establish a set of parameters which will be used for comparison with future
water quality analysis in order to determine effects of construction and the
application of fly ash. Other criteria used in this evaluation include: pH
of strip mine spoil material and fly ash; moisture retention characteristics
of spoils and spoils treated with fly ash; and grain size distribution of
spoils treated with fly ash. Results indicate this demonstration project
would be technically feasible and the reclamation would produce useable land
and improve water quality. (From authors' abstract) CE109
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R76-30 STRIP MINING OF COAL - ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS
Doyle, W. S., Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Data Corporation, 1976. 352 pp.
All except one of the 19 government documents on which this book is based
have been abstracted in the Coal and Environment Series. Erosion and sedi-
mentation, acid mine drainage and its effects, spoil characteristics, revege-
tation and spoil amendment studies, and reclamation practices in Germany are
among the subjects discussed. 622 D75 1976
R76-31 SOIL MECHANICS TESTS ON COAL MINE SPOILS
Drnevich, V. P. (1), Williams, G. P. (2), and Ebelhar, R. J. (1) [(1) Univer-
sity of Kentucky and (2) Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Berea, Ken-
tucky], in Proceedings of the Second Kentucky Coal Refuse Disposal and
Utilization Seminar, University of Kentucky, Institute for Mining and Min-
erals Research, IMMR21-PD15-76 (September 1976). pp 47-59. The paper in-
cludes discussion of some characteristics that affect the stability of mine
spoil dumps; of characteristics that are important to the rate at which
waters seep through mine spoil fills, and to the extent fills constructed of
mine spoil will settle; and of soil mechanics tests that are useful in mea-
suring those characteristics. The results on several actual mine spoil
materials from the eastern Kentucky coal field are presented. Some simple,
easy to perform tests that indicate the results of the more complicated tests
are identified, and examples of how to apply the results of soil mechanics
tests to practical problems of mine spoil disposal are presented. (From
authors' Introduction) 631 K3
R76-32 STRIP MINE RESTORATION THROUGH SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL - MULTIPLE
BENEFITS AND ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
Earl, T. A. (Todd Giddings and Associates), Trans. AIME _26jO, 125-128 (1976).
Also presented at AIME-SME Fall Meeting, Salt Lake City, Utah, Sept. 10-12,
1975. 14 pp. Preprint No. 75-F-334. Hydrogeology and spoil characteristics,
especially amount of carbon, can both determine whether a mined area is suit-
able for disposal of solid municipal and industrial waste. An economic bene-
fit is the sharing of costs of land fills and mined-land reclamation. Exam-
ples of operating, completed, and planned refuse disposal sites are given.
Jour, AIME-SME
R76-33 MOSAIC/PHOTOMONTAGE: A NEW CONCEPT TO HELP RECLAMATION PLANNING
Entzminger, R. A. (U.S. Forest Service), Coal Mining Process. _13 (6), 76-78
(1976). The system produces a computer-drawn overlay of proposed land
changes on a baseline photograph of the area. It can show surface mine cuts
and reclamation as well as the structures relating to mining, processing and
power generation. R1029
231
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R76-34 EQUIPMENT UTILIZATION KEYS MINING SUCCESS
Green Lands j6 (4), 18-19 (Winter 1976). A mining operation of the Buffalo
Coal Company in Logan County, West Virginia, uses the valley-fill method of
reclamation and will create 583 acres of level land. An excavator that could
handle oversized rock was used to move the overburden. Jour
R76-35 EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN THRIVES ON MINE SITE
Green Lands ^ (4), 6-8 (Winter 1976). Squash, corn, beans, tomatoes and po-
tatoes have been grown by agronomist Nick Jones on a bench created by a sur-
face mine of the Raleigh Empire Coal Company in 1969. The garden, on White
Oak Mountain near Beckley, West Virginia, has demonstrated that "marketable
vegetation can be successfully produced on mine spoils." Jour
R76-36 HYDROLOGIC AND SOIL PROPERTIES OF COAL MINE OVERBURDEN PILES IN
SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA
Farmer, E. E. and Richardson, B. Z. (Intermountain Forest and Range Experi-
ment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture), in Surface Mining and Reclama-
tion, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Associa-
tion and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 120-130. This
research was conducted at the Decker Mine on the infiltration and erosion
rates of bare overburden piles. The influence of several soil variables in-
cluding spoil porosity, soil crust strength, and overburden chemical and
physical properties on these hydrologic characteristics was examined. It
was concluded that grading dragline overburden piles to their final figura-
tion as soon as feasible not only increases the infiltration rate but also
decreases soil erosion potentials. CE442
R76-37 LEGISLATIVE REGULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF STRIP-
MINING
Fay, G. and Glenn-Lewin, D. C., Iowa State University, Energy and Mineral Re-
sources Research Institute, IS-ICP-17 (May 1976). 38 pp. The Federal "Sur-
face Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1975" which was vetoed is compared
to mining regulations in force in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Kentucky, Ohio,
Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, North Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana. ISU
R76-38 SIMULATION OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES FOR SURFACE MINED LANDS
Fischer, J. N., Ph.D. Thesis, University of Arizona, 1976. 122 pp. Univer-
sity Microfilms, HEF 77-06051. The initial phase of the procedure is the
development of a sequence-based stochastic precipitation model which provides
as output simulated sequences of annual precipitation events. Probability
distributions for storm parameters such as precipitation per event, event
duration, distribution of events in time, etc., are obtained from analysis of
historic climatological data for the study area. From these distributions,
232
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R76-38 (continued)
simulated series of annual events possessing statistical characteristics of
the actual event sequences are generated. Statistical analysis shows no sig-
nificant differences between parameters of the actual events and those gener-
ated by the model. The stochastic precipitation model is used to drive a
deterministic model simulating other hydrologic processes. In the second
model, a finite difference solution records changes in water content within
the soil profile. Root extraction, evaporation, infiltration and percolation
are also simulated based upon changing hydraulic head at selected depth in-
tervals. The kinematic wave approximation and the continuity of mass equa-
tion are used to route overland flow from the watershed. The model accu-
rately predicts the distribution of water resulting from annual series of pre-
cipitation and potential evapotranspiration event sequences. (From author's
abstract) 628.2 F529
R76-39 FORDING'S DUAL OPERATIONS ARE UNIQUE IN CANADA
Fish, R. , Canadian Mining J. 9_7 (11), 42-49 (1976). The operations of Ford-
ing Coal Ltd. in two neighboring pits in the Rocky Mountains of British Co-
lumbia are described. It is noted that reclamation research is in progress
on vegetation for leveled spoils at high altitudes. CE359
R76-40 IMPACT OF HIGHER ECOLOGICAL COSTS AND BENEFITS ON SURFACE
MINING
Foreman, W. E. (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Ameri-
can Mining Congress Coal Show, Detroit, Michigan, May 10-13, 1976. Session
Papers Set No. 4. 16 pp. This paper summarizes the author's Bureau of Mines
Open File Report of the same name arid describes the development and valida-
tion of the mathematical model for determining costs of reclamation. 662.6
A665
R76-41 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STRIP MINE ECOLOGY
Glenn-Lewin, D. C., Fay, G., and Cecil, S. D., Iowa State University, Energy
and Mineral Resources Research Institute, IS-ICP-20 (May 1976). 47 pp. This
list of references is arranged in six major categories with duplicate entries
where appropriate. The categories are Bacteria, Terrestrial Environment,
Aquatic, Reclamation, General, and Bibliographies. ISU
R76-42 VERTEBRATES (EXCLUDING FISH) IN THE COAL STRIP-MINING REGION
OF SOUTHEAST IOWA
Glenn-Lewin, D. C. and Voight, J. , Iowa State University, Energy and Mineral
Resources Research Institute, IS-ICP-34 (Oct. 1976). 36 pp. The purposes of
this report are 1) to provide a list of vertebrate species (other than fish)
in the southeast Iowa region so that future environmental impact studies will
233
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R76-42 (continued)
have available baseline qualitative information for site studies, and 2) to
survey the abundance and distribution of the vertebrates. The data were ob-
tained from extensive field observations, quantitative sampling for some spe-
cies, and from the literature. Mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles are
tabulated separately. For each species, the tables list both accepted common
and scientific names, habitat, regional range, regional abundance, and range
in the United States. For birds, residence-migrant status is also listed.
(Adapted from authors' Introduction) ICP
R76-43 USE OF SURFACE MINED LANDS
Glover, F. W., Jr. (USDA Soil Conservation Service), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 236-241.
Four examples of use of surface mined land in West Virginia are described.
These include maintenance of cow herds for production of feeder cattle and a
feedlot operation, use of a mined area for a rifle and pistol range and
National Guard bivouac area, pasturing and hay production, and an area that
has the potential to be used as a housing development, shopping center, or an
industrial site. In addition, 86 alternative uses of reclaimed surface mines
in West Virginia are listed. CE453
R76-44 USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FOR LAND RECLAMATION: A COAL COMPANY'S
POINT OF VIEW
Grandt, A. F. (Peabody Coal Company), in Sludge Management Disposal and Uti-
lization, Proceedings of the Third National Conference, Miami Beach, Florida,
by ERDA, U.S. EPA, National Science Foundation, and Information Transfer,
Inc., Dec. 14-16, 1976. pp 46-49. Copyright by and available from Informa-
tion Transfer, Inc., 1160 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852 $25.
The attempts of Peabody Coal Company to study the effects of sewage sludge
disposal on their mined land are summarized. A project was carried out at
the Palzo site, but other projects were either abandoned because of public
objection or were not carried out because permits for treating runoff from
the project were not granted. CE368
R76-45 GRUNDY COUNTY DEMONSTRATION SITE PHASE II: PROGRESS REPORT FOR
1975-1976
Green, B. B. and Zellmer, S. D., Argonne National Laboratory, Report to Illi-
nois Institute for Environmental Quality, IIEQ Project #80-027, June 1976.
16 pp. On an abandoned mine adjacent to Goose Lake Prairie State Park, half-
acre sites were treated with scrubber sludge, topsoil, sludge, and lime on
flat areas, and with chemical stabilizer, sludge, and straw mulch on slopes.
Both slopes and flat areas had control sites. All sites were gouged, treated,
and seeded. Results showed that straw mulch was significantly more effective
than other treatments on the slopes, while none of the treatments of the flat
234
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R76-45 (continued)
areas were significantly more effective than the control. CE127
R76-46 TOOLS FOR COAL MINE RECLAMATION - WHAT ARE THE PRACTICAL OPTIONS?
Haley, W. A. and Miller, R. C. (Caterpillar Tractor Co.)> AIME Annual Meeting,
Las Vegas, Nevada, February 22-26, 1976. 18 pp. Preprint No. 76-F-56.
Overburden handling and topsoil reclamation are considered as separate parts
of the reclamation process. Since no single machine is best in all situa-
tions, the authors evaluate the capabilities of scraper systems and truck-
loader combinations. The costs of handling overburden and topsoil are
discussed and it is emphasized that the most economical system has the least
rehandling of spoil and topsoil. AIME
R76-47 THE POTENTIAL FOR USING SEWAGE SLUDGES AND COMPOST IN MINE
RECLAMATION
Hill, R. D. and Montague, A. (U.S. EPA), in Sludge Management Disposal and
Utilization, Proceedings of the Third National Conference, Miami Beach, Flor-
ida, by ERDA, U.S. EPA, National Science Foundation, and Information Transfer,
Inc., Dec. 14-16, 1976. pp 39-45. Copyright by and available from Informa-
tion Transfer, Inc., 1160 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852 $25.
In a study by the Forest Service and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago, sewage sludge was applied at the Palzo site in southern Il-
linois at three different rates, with one area designated as control. Re-
sults show that sludge increased the pH of the soil; that uptake of elements
by weeping lovegrass was not enough to be toxic; and that runoff from the
treated area was less acid, had less iron, aluminum, manganese, copper, and
sulfate, and more cadmium, chromium, and zinc than before treatment. Socio-
logical as well as technical problems of sewage disposal on mined land are
discussed. CE368
R76-48 CONSERVATION TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO SUPPORT DEVELOPMENT OF
ENERGY RESOURCES WITH MINIMUM ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Holmberg, G. V. (U.S. Department of Agriculture), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 44-53.
Program RECLAM, the USDA Program for Reclamation of Lands Affected by Mining,
has been established by the Secretary of Agriculture as a cooperative effort
of a number of organizations in the Department of Agriculture. The technical
assistance of the Soil Conservation Service includes planning to reestablish
topsoil and developing diverse plant materials for revegetating reclaimed
lands in all parts of the United States. CE436
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R76-49 A REVIEW OF SELECTED LAWS AND GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS IN COLORADO,
AS RELATED TO MINERAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND SURFACE MINING
Imhoff, E. A., U.S. Geological Survey, Resource and Land Investigations (RALI)
Program, Open-file report no. 76-649 (1976). 47 pp. The review is based on
interviews with governmental planners, analysis of statutes and technical re-
ports, and field visitations in Colorado. State, regional and local activi-
ties were considered. State programs found to affect surface mining in Colo-
rado are based primarily on: the mineral resources planning provisions of
Title 34-1-304, CRS, 1973; the critical areas law set forth in House Bill
1041 of 1974; and the mined-land reclamation act of 1976. Each of the
Colorado state programs is shown to rely on local initiative in setting ob-
jectives, in resource and related land planning, and in plan implementation
through local law enforcement. With the exception of mine reclamation (which
is regulatory) the state program activities which were reviewed consisted
largely of technical assistance, coordination, and proprietary functions.
Attention is focussed on a City of Boulder ordinance which formalizes coopera-
tion between a mining company, The City, a state land trust, and (by implica-
tion) a federal agency in such a way that objectives of each cooperator are
to be served as a 315 acre site is converted from present farmland, into a
mine, and—ultimately—into a public open space and regional park. (From
author's abstract) CE142
R76-50 STATUS AND CONTENT OF STATE MINED-AREA RECLAMATION PROGRAMS
Imhoff, E. A. (U.S. Geological Survey), in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association
and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 92-105. This re-
port is based on two surveys of state mined-areas reclamation programs con-
ducted during August-September, 1975 and April-June, 1976. Information for
34 states is provided in table form on Title of Acts, Conserving and Replac-
ing Topsoil, Backfilling and Grading, Reducing Highwall or Pitwall, and
Revegetating for Beneficial Use. CE440
R76-51 A GUIDE TO STATE PROGRAMS FOR THE RECLAMATION OF SURFACE
MINED AREAS
Imhoff, E. A., Friz, T. 0., and LaFevers, J. R., U.S. Geological Survey, Cir-
cular 731 (1976). 33 pp. This report compiles the status and content of
reclamation programs as of 1975. A directory of state sources of information
is also included. R1020
R76-52 LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCE INFORMATION AND SOME POTENTIAL EN-
VIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF SURFACE MINING OF COAL IN THE GILLETTE
AREA, WYOMING
Keefer, W. R. and Hadley, R. F., U.S. Geological Survey, Circular 743 (1976)
27 pp. Available, Branch of Distribution, Eastern Region, U.S. Geological
Survey, 604 South Pickett Street, Alexandria, VA 22304. The principal
236
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R76-52 (continued)
deposit in Campbell County, along the east margin of the Powder River Basin
in northeastern Wyoming is the Wyodak-Anderson coal bed. An integrated pro-
gram of geologic, hydrologic, geochemical and related studies by the U.S.
Geological Survey in the area provides basic information about the land and
its resources, including characteristics of the landscape; properties of
rocks and surface materials; depth and thickness of coal; streamflow; depth
to ground water; quality of ground water; sediment yield; concentrations of
trace elements in soils, rocks, coal, vegetation, and water; and current land
use. The data are used to analyze and predict some of the potential environ-
mental effects of surface mining such as the extent of land disturbance,
nature and degree of landscape modification, and disruption of surface-water
and ground-water systems. (From authors' abstract) US Geol
R76-53 OPTIMIZATION OF RUNOFF AGRICULTURE ON RECLAIMED MINE LANDS
Kelly, J. L., M.S. Thesis, Univ. Arizona, 1976. 87 pp. Optimization of run-
off agriculture involves the selection of a crop whose water requirements
correspond to the precipitation patterns of the area; the selection of a
runoff treatment which, when applied to the catchment area, produces the
greatest amount of water at the lowest cost; and the establishment of the
ratio of catchment area to crop area. A model to select the best suited
crop and runoff treatment for the system being considered is presented and is
modified to determine the optimum catchment area ratio to be used. The model
was applied to the reclaimed coal mine lands on the Black Mesa of northern
Arizona. Results show that maximum economic returns can be obtained for
conventional irrigated agriculture by using a ratio of 55 acres of catchment
area with no runoff treatment to one acre of cropland producing corn. The
use of carry-over pond storage to allow for supplemental irrigation is pro-
hibited due to high evaporation rates on the Black Mesa. By reducing the
corn crop density from the conventional 20,000 plants per acre to 5,000 plants
per acre, a density used by the Hopi Indian farmers for cultivating a highly
adapted strain of corn, the catchment area ratio can be reduced to an appar-
ent ratio of 13:1. (From author's abstract) Univ. Ariz. Lib. E9791 1976 477
R76-54 A REPORT ON ANTHRACITE OPEN PIT MINING - A FEASIBILITY STUDY -
PART IV ENVIRONMENTAL RECLAMATION: REPORT EXHIBIT NO. 4
Knight, C. G. and Gatrell, N. (Department of Geography), The Pennsylvania
State University, Coal Research Section, Special Research Report to Pennsyl-
vania Science and Engineering Foundation, SR-106 (May 1, 1976). 107 pp.
This report presents a justification for concurrently removing remaining coal
by pit mining and reclaiming newly mined land. Abatement of air and water
pollution, prevention of subsidence, and restoration of devastated land are
all included in the study. There are 245 references. 662.6 P4
237
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R76-55 AN EVALUATION OF SURFACE-MINE SPOILS AREA RESTORATION IN WYOMING
USING RAINFALL SIMULATION
Lusby, G. C. (1) and Toy, T. J. (2) [(1) U.S. Geological Survey and (2) Uni-
versity of Denver], Earth Surface Processes !_, 375-386 (1976). A recently
developed rainfall simulator was used to apply 'rainstorms' on restored
spoils areas at two coal mining sites in Wyoming. Runoff and sediment yield
were considerably greater from the reworked areas compared to similar measure-
ments on nearby undisturbed areas. This may possibly be attributed to the
fact that in the disturbed areas mean slopes were generally greater, there
was more clay at the surface, and concentration of roots was not as great as
in the undisturbed areas. The rainfall simulator appears to be a valuable
tool in determining baseline data for later comparison with data from areas
under rehabilitation. (Authors' Summary) CE268
R76-56 SOME VEGETATION AND SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF COAL SURFACE MINES
IN ALABAMA
Lyle, E. S., Jr., Janes, D. J., Hicks, D. R., and Weingartner, D. H. (Alabama
Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 140-152.
Six unreclaimed randomly-selected mines that had been abandoned longer than
13 years were studied to develop quantitative information regarding soil
material and vegetation found on abandoned coal surface mines in Alabama.
The average tree age, timber volume per acre, overstory and understory
species, and soil samples were inventoried for each site. The timber volumes
found on these abandoned mines would not be considered low on unmined but
unmanaged forest land and softwood volumes on the mines were higher than the
area average. CE444
R76-57 THE AESTHETICS OF SURFACE-MINE RECLAMATION: AN ON-SITE SURVEY
IN APPALACHIA 1975-1976
Mallary, R. and Carlozzi, C. A., University of Massachusetts, Institute for
Man and Environment and ARSTECNICA, Publication No. R-76-5 (April 1976).
39 pp.+ The survey, which included stops in Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and Ohio,
was carried out mainly in West Virginia. Current reclamation practices and
the progress achieved beyond early reclamation activities are reviewed. The
authors emphasize the fact that while mining personnel were in favor of rec-
lamation and many were interested in research to improve current practices,
few perceived of reclamation as a "recomposed landscape" with all components
as "part of a unified and integrated scheme that harmonizes with the sur-
rounding environment while also reflecting and expressing the function or
after-use of the site." There is a discussion of the concept of "reclamation
to approximate original contour" and its validity in various contexts. One
of the appendixes has comments on the aesthetics of reclamation at a number
of the sites visited during the 1975 West Virginia Interagency Evaluation
Tour. CE220
238
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R76-58 ABANDONED MINE AREAS CAN BE VALUABLE ASSETS
Maneval, D. R. (Appalachian Regional Commission), Coal Mining Process. _13 (8),
52-56 (1976). Two case histories of reclamation of mined lands to industrial
parks are representative of the activities of the Appalachian Regional Com-
mission. The sites are in Delano, Pennsylvania and Coshocton, Ohio. The
settings of the projects, socioeconomic factors, and land use planning are
discussed. CE81 Jour
R76-59 INNOVATIVE MINING GROUP EMPHASIZES RECLAMATION
Mason, R. H., Coal Mining Process. 1_3 (5), 54-57 (1976). The mining and rec-
lamation methods of Hohet Mining & Construction Co. and three affiliated
companies in southern West Virginia are described. Hobet Mining developed
the "haulback" method of reclamation on slopes of 65 percent and above. When
the method is used there is no spoil bank on the outslope and the highwall is
almost entirely eliminated. R758, Jour
R76-60 ODOR NUISANCE IN RELATION TO SEWAGE SLUDGE DISPOSAL IN FULTON
COUNTY, ILLINOIS
Masters, J. (1), Klutts, R. (1), Bergman, F. (2), and McElroy, A. D. (2)
[(1) Fulton County Health Department, Canton, Illinois and (2) Midwest Re-
search Institute], in Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Proceed-
ings of the Third National Conference, Miami Beach, Florida, by ERDA, U.S.
EPA, National Science Foundation, and Information Transfer, Inc., Dec. 14-16,
1976. pp 148-153. Copyright by and available from Information Transfer,
Inc., 1160 Rockville Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852 $25. Complaints of
odor from the sewage disposal site on mined land used by the Metropolitan
Sanitary District of Chicago have been recorded and investigated. A number
of complaints were found to be valid. The methods used to evaluate and
analyze the odors are described. Fulton County regulations for transport,
storage, and disposal of sludge are designed to minimize the odor nuisance.
CE368
R76-61 SOIL RECONSTRUCTION: SELECTING MATERIALS FOR SURFACE PLACEMENT
IN SURFACE-MINE RECLAMATION
McCormack, D. E. (U.S. Department of Agriculture), American Mining Congress
Coal Show, Detroit, Michigan, May 10-13, 1976. Session Papers Set No. 4.
18 pp. The author describes the use of detailed soil profiles in determining
segregation, replacement, and perhaps mixing, of horizontal sections of over-
burden so that reclaimed land will be as favorable as possible for vegetation.
662.6 A665
239
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R76-62 THE EFFECTS OF MYCORRHIZAE ON THE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF TREES
PLANTED ON STRIPMINE SPOILS
Medve, R. J., Hoffman, F. M., and Gaither, T. W. (Slippery Rock State
College), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints,
Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research
Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 184-200. Growth, uptake of potassium and phos-
phorus, and percent mycorrhizae were found to be effected by inoculations of
plantation soil, macerated roots, Cenococcum graniforme, and Suillus luteus
on the roots of red pine, white pine, and black locust seedlings planted on
bituminous stripmine spoil. Cenococcum and macerated roots had the greatest
positive effects. Evidence indicates that Pisolithus tinctorius may be the
mycorrhizal symbiont in the macerated root inoculum. More volunteer woody
plants invaded the Cenococcum and macerated root study plots than any other
area. (Authors' abstract) CE448
R76-63 SOME EFFECTS ON SOIL MICROBIOTA OF TOPSOIL STORAGE DURING SURFACE
MINING
Miller, R. M. and Cameron, R. E. (Argonne National Laboratory), in Surface
Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by
National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20
1976. pp 131-139. This preliminary assessment indicates that topsoil stock-
piling, under conditions present in North Dakota, leads to a disruption of
soil properties as well as microbial character. Data given for both undis-
turbed and segregated topsoil include moisture percentage, texture, bulk
density, chemical properties, organic matter content, and number of micro-
organisms. CE443
R76-64 COSTS OF COAL SURFACE MINING AND RECLAMATION IN APPALACHIA
Nephew, E. A. and Spore, R. L., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, prepared with the assistance of Gwin, Dobson & Foreman, Inc.,'
Mining Engineering Consultants, ORNL-NSF-EP-86 (Jan. 1976). 45 pp. Cost
estimates contained in this report are based on detailed economic-engineering
cost analyses of some 42 hypothetical or model mines that are typical of
mining conditions in Appalachia. Nine alternative mining and reclamation
methods are examined, including some recent techniques that have been devel-
oped in the attempt to alleviate the environmental impacts of coal surface
mining. The results provide estimates of the cost of mining and reclamation
as a function of (1) the quality of reclamation obtained, (2) the angle of
natural terrain, and (3) the overburden-to-coal stripping ratio. (From
authors' Introduction) R1033
R76-65 NEW EQUIPMENT CONCEPTS ABOUND AS SURFACE-MINING TECHNOLOGY IS
SPURRED BY INCREASED DEMAND FOR COAL
Coal Age 81 (10), 91-102, 107-108, 111-113 (1976). A number of different
machines and methods for coal excavating and conveying and for overburden
240
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R76-65 (continued)
handling and replacement are described. Jour
R76-66 GEOHYDROLOGY IN RECLAMATION AND MINE DESIGN
Noble, E. A. and Groenwold, G. H. (North Dakota Geological Survey), AIME An-
nual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, February 22-26, 1976. 13 pp. Preprint No.
76-F-87. The authors discuss both the effects of mining on aquifers which
are water supplies for farms and ranches in western mining areas and the ad-
verse effects which these groundwater supplies can have on mining operations.
AIME
R76-67 BIG CONSTRUCTION SIGNIFIES GROWTH AT P & M'S NEW MEXICO MINE
Nolden, C., Coal Mining Process. 1_3 (6), 50-55 (1976). The article describes
the progress of the McKinley Mine in the San Juan coal basin. Reclamation
has included soil manipulation and planting techniques to counter wind ero-
sion and enhance vegetation. Jour
R76-68 A MODEL TO ANALYZE THE COSTS OF STRIP MINING AND RECLAMATION
Otte, J. A. and Boehlje, M., Iowa State University, Energy and Mineral Re-
sources Research Institute, IS-ICP-3 (1976). 19 pp. The purpose of this
paper is to describe a user oriented computer program for calculating the
cost of mining and reclamation with various materials handling techniques
and procedures in different pit configurations. Section II provides a basic
overview of the strip mining process and problems encountered. Section III
describes the mining cost program with emphasis on input data and procedures,
the computation algorithm and the output. Section IV presents illustrative
results from the analysis of the use of scrapers in various pit configura-
tions. Finally, Section V summarizes the study and identifies other problems
and policy issues that can be evaluated with the cost analysis program.
(From authors' Introduction) ICP
R76-69 AN OPTIMIZING MODEL TO MATCH MINING EQUIPMENT SETS
Otte, J. A., Randolph, D., and Boehlje, M. D. (Iowa State University), in Sur-
face Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by
National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20,
1976. pp 7-18. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the capabilities
of an analytical model developed to calculate the production capacity and
the costs of various combinations of coal-mining machinery. The model matches
the numbers of each type of machine resulting in the least cost machine com-
bination. First, a conceptual framework for cost calculations and machine
matching is developed and illustrated. Next the costs of operating various
loader-truck combinations at a given level of production are evaluated.
241
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R76-69 (continued)
Finally, various examples are used to illustrate how the interaction of costs
and production levels determine the lease cost combination of different sizes
and types of machines under various job situations. (From authors' Introduc-
tion) CE 432
R76-70 THE SOIL MAP... A PREREQUISITE TO MINING AND RECLAMATION
Patterson, D. D., North Dakota Farm Research _34 (1), 12-13 (Sept.-Oct. 1976).
The author discusses the use of soil maps which record the location and
occurrence of various soil properties and characteristics. Knowledge of soil
attributes will aid in constructing reclaimed land which is suitable for
plant growth. CE499
R76-71 BETTER RECLAMATION AT REDUCED COST USING OVERBURDEN ANALYSIS
Perry, E. (West Virginia University), Green Lands ^ (4), 34-35, 37 (Winter
1976). Analysis of West Virginia overburden is based on descriptions of
seven rock types generally found in the overburden in the area, on five
categories of mine soils based on the prevailing rock types, and on the pres-
ence or absence of toxic materials or plant nutrients in the distinct layers
of the overburden. Jour
R76-72 DIRECT SEEDING OF TREES AND SHRUBS ON SURFACE-MINED LANDS
Plass, W. T. (U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station),
Green Lands (5 (4), 24-25, 27-29, 32 (Winter 1976). In field studies on small
plots, beginning in 1972 and continuing for three years, 34 species of trees
and shrubs were evaluated for successful germination and growth after direct
seeding. The results of these tests were used to select mixtures of species
to be seeded on large acreages. Six plots were below 3,000 feet and one was
above. While evaluation of these larger-scale tests would not be carried out
until after the third growing season, indications after one growing season
were that bicolor lespedeza, sown at the lower elevations, was suitable for
direct seeding, and that, of the species used at the high elevation, Japanese
larch, Norway spruce, and red spruce had germinated. There is a discussion
of the way in which the characteristics of the different seeds affect the
success of hydroseeding or aerial application. Germination characteristics,
pretreating of seeds, and rates of application are also discussed. Jour
R76-73 USE OF SOIL MATERIALS ON SPOILS — EFFECTS OF THICKNESS AND
QUALITY
Power, J. F., Ries, R. E., and Sandoval, F. M. (Northern Great Plains Re-
search Center, Mandan, North Dakota), North Dakota Farm Research 34 (1),
23-24 (Sept.-Oct. 1976). In experiments begun in 1970, it has been shown
that even two inches of topsoil spread over impermeable, highly sodic spoils
242
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R76-73 (continued)
greatly increased plant growth and infiltration of water. Other experiments
have been carried out since 1972 at the Glenharold Mine of Consolidation Coal
Company to evaluate vegetative response to various depths of topsoil on good
subsoil and the mixing of subsoil and topsoil. It was found that about 30
inches of soil and subsoil cover is needed for maximum yields of spring wheat,
and the maximum can be increased as better quality soil material is used.
Mixed soil and subsoil gave better growth than subsoil alone but not as much
yield as topsoil spread in layers over subsoil. CE502
R76-74 RECLAMATION ENHANCES PRODUCTION FOR DLM COAL COMPANY
Green Lands 6^ (2), 6-7 (Spring 1976). The company's operation in Upshur
County, West Virginia, includes tree planting as part of their reclamation
efforts. Jour
R76-75 DEVELOPING A RECLAMATION PLAN FOR WESTERN SURFACE COAL MINES
Redente, E. F., Poyser, R. W., and Balzer, J. L. (Utah International, Inc.),
in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville,
Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 39-43. The authors' proposal for developing a recla-
mation plan starts with a baseline environmental study which includes
climatological data, inventories and classification of soils and subsoils,
vegetation, and both wildlife and domestic animals. Factors in the proposed
plan such as a statement of land use after mining, topsoil reuse, erosion
control, grading, and the various steps in revegetation are discussed. CE435
R76-76 REGIONAL ASPECTS AFFECT PLANNING OF SURFACE MINING OPERATIONS
Coal Age 81 (10), 119-134, 137-138, 141 (1976). The descriptions of mining
methods and reclamation practices in four regions of the United States high-
light some of the information in a report by Skelly and Loy to the Bureau of
Mines. The report, "Economic Engineering Analysis of U.S. Surface Coal Mines
and Effective Land Reclamation," was listed in BCR's first volume of recla-
mation abstracts as R75-22. The report can now be obtained from the National
Technical Information Services as PB-245 315/7WN. Jour
R76-77 POTENTIAL USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF
VEGETATION ON SURFACE-MINED LANDS
Ries, R. E., Power, J. F., and Sandoval, F. M. (Northern Great Plains Re-
search Center), North Dakota Farm Research Bulletin _34 (1), 21-22 (Sept.-Oct.
1976). The differences in using irrigation for agriculture and for estab-
lishing vegetation on reclaimed mined land are discussed. A program to use
irrigation in establishing range grasses on mined land, just initiated in
1975, is described. CE426
243
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R76-78 PERENNIAL FORAGE SPECIES RESPONSE TO SODIUM AND MAGNESIUM SULFATE
Ries, R. E., Sandoval, F. M., Power, J. F., and Willis, W. 0. (Northern Great
Plains Research Center), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium
Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal
Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 173-183. Magnesium and sodium sulfate
are the principal salts in lignite and subbituminous coal spoils originating
from the Fort Union geologic group in North Dakota, Montana, and Wyoming.
Survival and growth of eight perennial forage species as affected by these
salts were studied in growth chambers at three stages of plant development —
germination, emergence-establishment, and growth. Results showed that plant
species responded differently to similar kinds or concentrations of salt, and
that individual species responded differently to a given salt at different
development stages. (From authors' abstract) CE447
R76-79 SURFACE MINED LAND RECLAMATION RESEARCH AND LEGISLATION - A PARADOX
Riley, C. V. (Kent State University), in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 106-119. The develop-
ment of data and knowledge concerning water management is traced and the
paradox discussed is that this very significant accumulation of research data
and knowledge has not been utilized in the development of mined-land-reclama-
tion legislation. CE441
R76-80 CURRENT CRITERIA GOVERNING HEAD-OF-HOLLOW FILL MINING PRACTICES
Robins, J. D. (Skelly and Loy), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 1-6. The criteria
set by West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee for this overburden disposal
technique are compared. The major differences in requirements of the three
states are in site selection, cleaning and grubbing, internal and external
drainage systems, and fill construction techniques. In discussing ways of
improving head-of-the-hollow reclamation, the author identifies stability
of the fill as a critical factor in the success of the method and points
out that there is available information on engineering and construction
experience that can be applied to mining and reclamation techniques. CE431
R76-81 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF AN ABANDONED STRIP MINE NEAR CADOMIN,
ALBERTA
Root, J. D., Alberta Research Council, Bulletin 34 (1976). 33 pp. Available
from Alberta Research Council, 11315-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,
T6G 2C2. Price $5.00. An investigation of revegetation at the mine shows
that soil moisture deficiency and wind are major factors inhibiting plant
growth on disturbed ground in this area. High winds in fall and winter
months act to reduce soil moisture, inhibit seed lodgment, remove fine
particles, and abrade vegetation. Suggested remedial measures include
244
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R76-81 (continued)
erection of snow fences, compaction of spoil piles, mixing of organic matter
with spoil, and roughening of spoil surfaces after compaction. Shelter belts
should be left standing during the mining phase. Geological observations at
the minesite included weathering rates and groundwater analysis. Spoil
weathers rapidly by physical processes; chemical weathering in the 20 years
that have elapsed since abandonment is not significant. On spoil pile slopes,
fine materials move downward rapidly and continuously, while the piles them-
selves are stable. Infiltration is high, runoff low. Groundwater quality is
high and apparently little affected by passage through spoil. (From author's
abstract) CE216
R76-82 FEASIBILITY OF USING LARGE TRACTOR DOZERS IN THE SURFACE MINING
OF COAL AND THE RECLAMATION OF MINED AREAS
Rush, E. S. and Willoughby, W. E., U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment
Station, Mobility and Environmental Systems Laboratory, Vicksburg, Missis-
sippi, Final Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Miscellaneous Paper M-76-4
(March 1976). (269 pp.) NTIS, AD/A-022 852. The procedures used in this
study on the costs and performances of large earth-moving equipment are
similar to engineering models developed for evaluation of military ground
vehicles in cross-country operations. Among the conclusions of the report
are that for equal operating conditions larger machinery will greatly in-
crease rates of earth moving and decrease costs; large tracked dozers would
have an advantage over equally large wheeled dozers operating on soft ground;
and that the size and requirements of the job must be carefully evaluated for
a cost-effective operation. CE231
R76-83 ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION
Schlottmann, A. (1) and Spore, R. L. (2) [(1) University of Tennessee, De-
partment of Economics and (2) Oak Ridge National Laboratory], Land Economics
52 (3), 265-277 (Aug. 1976). The authors analyze the regional economic im-
pact of requiring back-to-contour reclamation of surface mines and the
effects of surface mining regulations on strengthening the competitive eco-
nomic position of underground mining. The authors conclude that "the incre-
mental production costs from reclamation are not severe —" but warn that if
a purpose of regulating strip mining is to increase use of underground mines,
then a comprehensive study should be made of environmental impacts of under-
ground mining. CE407
R76-84 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF WAX AND SILICONE FOR WATER HARVESTING
ON COAL MINE SPOIL
Scholl, D. G., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Forest Service Research Note RM-321 (Aug. 1976).
4 pp. New Mexico coal mine spoil treated with either silicone or wax
developed water-repellent crusts; the wax crust withstood disturbance better
245
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R76-84 (continued)
and retained more repellency. Increasing the application rate generally
improved performance of both crusts. Both treatments appear suitable for
harvesting water to aid plant establishment on coal mine spoil. (Author's
abstract) CE259
R76-85 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF COAL OVERBURDEN
Schroer, F. W., North Dakota Farm Research Bulletin J34 (1), 5-11 (Sept.-Oct.
1976). The project summarized in this article was carried out in three
phases. Analyses were made of soils in potential coal-producing areas, of
samples of overburden taken at five-foot increments over coal seams in mining
areas or in areas to be mined, and of samples of reshaped materials taken at
one-foot increments to five-foot depth. The complete description of Chama
silt loam is given as an example of the type of information collected in the
study. Both soils and chemical and physical properties of overburden were
found to vary greatly from place to place, indicating that reclamation needs
will be very site specific. "Reshaped" mine spoils have characteristics sim-
ilar to those of overburden, but with less variation because of the mixing
process of replacing the spoil. CE489
R76-86 A DIGEST OF ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS PERTINENT TO OPEN PIT
MINING IN CANADA (CURRENT AT APRIL 1975)
Shillabeer, J. H., Martin, P. S., and Whitby-Costescu, L. M., Dames and
Moore, Toronto, Report to Mining Research Laboratories, Ottawa, as part of
the Pit Slope Project, Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, De-
partment of Energy, Mines and Resources, CANMET Report 76-16 (June 1976).
54 pp. Available from Printing and Publishing Supply and Services Canada,
Ottawa, Canada K1A OS9 as Catalogue No. M38-13/76-16. Price in Canada, $1.75,
outside Canada, $2.10. This digest summarizes federal and provincial acts
and regulations governing the environmental impact of open pit mining and
lists the important agencies involved. Municipal regulations are not con-
sidered. The digest includes tables, abstracted from legislation, of objec-
tives for quality of mine emittants. (From authors' abstract) CE175
R76-87 OVERBURDEN PROPERTIES THAT INFLUENCE MINESOILS
Sobek, A. A., Smith, R. M., Schuller, W. A., and Freeman, J. R. (West Vir-
ginia University), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Pre-
prints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal
Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 153-159. A concise description of the
chemical and physical properties of coal overburden that are useful to deter-
mine prior to mining is provided. The primary property is the acid-base
account which includes pH, total or pyritic sulfur, and neutralization poten-
tial. Other properties are rock type, color, nutrient status, and stability
of the overburden material when exposed to the atmosphere. CE445
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R76-88 SURFACE MINE HAULAGE ROAD DESIGN STUDY
Stauffer, B. E. and McClain, P. M. , Skelly and Loy, Engineers - Consultants,
Final Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Eastern Administrative Office, Pitts-
burgh, Pennsylvania, Open File Report 114-76 (June 1976). (258 pp.) NTIS,
PB-259 634. The report recommends criteria for the design of safe surface
mine haulage roads. Information relevant to road design at surface mine
sites delineates vertical and horizontal alignment; subbase and surface ma-
terials; drainage; cross-slope, superelevation; runaway vehicle protection;
and road and vehicle maintenance criteria. An appendix is included which
details the study methods used in compiling the final report information. A
bibliography following the main text lists literature referenced for the re-
port data and which is available as a valuable tool for use by individuals
Involved in haul road design. (Authors' abstract) CE265
R76-89 ENGINEERING AND GEOLOGICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SURFACE
COAL MINING
Stimpson, B. (1) and West, L. J. (2) [(1) Univ. Alberta and (2) Dames &
Moore], AIME Ann. Meet., Las Vegas, Nev., Feb. 22-26, 1976. 16 pp. Preprint
No. 76-F-58. Factors determining slope stability of high walls, of stored
piles of overburden and coal refuse, and of faces carrying haul roads include
both geological and hydrological characteristics of the area. A two-step ap-
proach is recommended to obtain this type of information for planning and de-
veloping surface-mined areas. AIME
R76-90 STUDY MEASURES SURFACE MINING'S IMPACT ON WILDLIFE
Green Lands £ (2), 46-48 (Spring 1976). Wildlife studies at West Virginia
University have shown how highwalls affect deer's use of mined land, the ad-
vantages and disadvantages of planting Autumn Olive, and reclamation methods
that will aid in establishing foxes and ruffed grouse on surface-mined land.
Jour
R76-91 SURFACE COAL MINING IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS OF THE WESTERN
UNITED STATES: AN INTRODUCTION AND INVENTORY UTILIZING AERIAL
PHOTOGRAPHY COLLECTED IN 1974-75
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Energy Activities, Region
VIII, Denver, Colorado, Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry, and Office
of Research and Development, Washington, D.C., OEA 76-1 (June 1976). 146 pp.
Color aerial photography is presented to portray 21 surface coal mines and
one surface uranium mine located in the Northern Great Plains Coal Province
of Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming. Geologic, hydrologic, engineering,
operational, and other data are also presented. Through a brief description
of surface coal mining operations, the uses of aerial photography, both color
and color infrared, are introduced as tools for planning and regulating sur-
face coal mining and secondary impacts thereof. A brief synopsis and example
247
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R76-91 (continued)
of a related effort involving satellite imagery is provided. (From abstract
of the report) CE169
R76-92 SURFACE MINING CREATES "LAND FOR McDOWELL SCHOOL
Green Lands ^ (4), 10-12 (Winter 1976). The mountaintop removal method of
surface mining at Tom's Mountain near Welch, West Virginia, has made 53 acres
of land available for a new high school for about 1,000 students. Another
high school, newly opened in Raleigh County on reclaimed surface-mined land,
is also noted. Jour
R76-93 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENTS FOR THE MINING OF WESTERN COAL
Syvertsen, E. M. (CH2M Hill, Inc.), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 64-75. This paper de-
scribes the differences between the regional impact statements that are being
prepared for the eight western regional study areas and the site specific
environmental assessments that may need to be prepared for each mine. Notes
on the preparation and content of the environmental assessment are general
and are presented from the management viewpoint. CE438
R76-94 HYDROLOGIC ASPECTS OF STRIP MINING IN THE SUBBITUMINOUS COAL
FIELDS OF MONTANA
Van Voast, W. A., Hedges, R. B., and McDermott, J. J. (Montana Bureau of
Mines and Geology), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fourth Symposium
Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal
Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 160-172. Hydrologic research being
conducted at several sites in southeastern Montana where pre-mining, mining,
and post-mining hydrologic data can be compared is summarized. Mine cuts
along aquifier outcrops created almost imperceptible piezometric changes
while mine cuts between outcrops were found to induce rapid storage depletion
and associated piezometric depressions. The quality of the effluents from
active mines was chemically similar to other area waters. It was concluded
that hydrologic effects of mining will not be catastrophic or widespread, but
may have local significance. CE446
R76-95 MULTIPLE USES OF SURFACE MINED LAND IN THE SOUTHWEST
Verma, T. R. and Thames, J. L. (University of Arizona), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 228-235.
Water and land resources of the strip mined land are analyzed and evaluated
for different land uses on the Black Mesa of Arizona. Runoff harvesting for
agrosystems, grazing and livestock production and recreational uses of mined
land has been evaluated. Soil erosion and sediment control is achieved by
248
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R76-95 (continued)
cultural and vegetative treatments. Results should be applicable in further
multiple land use planning of disturbed lands on the Black Mesa of Arizona
and in other coal mining areas of the Southwest. (Authors' abstract modified)
CE452
R76-96 RECLAMATION OF WESTERN SURFACE MINED LANDS
Vories, K. C., Ed., Workshop Proceedings, Colorado State University, by ERT
Energy Consultants, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, March 1-3, 1976. 152 pp.
The Proceedings include the individual presentations and the discussions of
the six sessions. Session 1. Legal and Regulatory Aspects of Land Reclama-
tion: Hansen, R. P., "Statutory and regulatory aspects of mined land recla-
mation," pp 1-7; Fletcher, K., "Legal and regulatory aspects of land regula-
tions and federal strip mine legislation," pp 8-10; McBroom, H. R., "Legal
and regulatory aspects of land reclamation, the U.S. Department of Interior
and Bureau of Land Management," pp 11-15. Session 2. Reclamation Planning
and Economics: Cook, C. W., "Reclamation planning," pp 23-24; Rowland, J. W.,
"Economics of leveling and contouring mine spoils," p 25; Leathers, K. L.,
"Reclamation as a problem in the economist's view," pp 26-28; Tuma, G., "Rec-
lamation planning," pp 29-30. Session 3. Mining Methodology and Reclamation
Planning: Ellison, R. D., "Effects of mining methodology on reclamation
planning," pp 38-52; Tuma, G., "Mining methodology and reclamation planning
at the Big Sky Mine, Montana," pp 53-57; Rowland, J. W., "Effect of mining
methodology on mine spoil reclamation costs," pp 58-62. Session 4. Planting
Methods and Equipment Development: Cook, C. W., "Planting methods for rec-
lamation of mine spoils," pp 67-68; Rodder, R. L., "Planting methods and
equipment development," pp 69-82; Calhoun, D., "The vegetative rehabilitation
and equipment workshop," pp 83-87; Moehller, J., "The Arch Mineral mining
operation," p 88. Session 5. Seed Sources, Species Selection, and Current
Research: Aldon, E. F., "Seed sources, species selection and current re-
search on species adaptation for mine spoil reclamation," pp 99-101; Berg,
W. A., "Species selection and plant soils relationships," pp 102-103; Rodder,
R. L., "Seed sources, species selection and current research on species
adaptation," pp 104-108; Lang, R., "Seed sources, species selection and cur-
rent research on species adaptation," pp 109-111; Hassell, W., "The soil con-
servation service plant materials centers," pp 112-114. Session 6. Manage-
ment of Reclaimed Areas: Berg, W. A., "Management of rehabilitated mined
lands," pp 123-124; Moehller, J., "Management of Arch Mineral lands in Wyo-
ming," p 125; Aldon, E. F., "Management of reclaimed areas in the Southwest,"
pp 126-127; Lang, R., "Management of reclaimed areas in Wyoming," pp 128-129.
631 V95
R76-97 DEVELOPING SURFACE MINE RECLAMATION PLANS
Wahlquist, B. T. (Westinghouse Electric Corp.), Mining Congr. J. £2_ (1) , 35-
38 (1976). A good soil map, overburden analyses and segregation of toxic
layers, and control of contour and slope are identified as necessary for
satisfactory and economical reclamation. Jour
249
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R76-98 PLANTING COMBINATIONS OF TREES AND GRASSES ON AREAS AFFECTED BY
SURFACE MINING IN CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA
Wheeler, W. H. (Department of Environmental Resources), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fourth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky. , by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 19-20, 1976. pp 215-222.
As a result of segregating and replacing topsoil and subsoil in many areas,
severe erosion problems have been caused. To alleviate the erosion problem
it has become necessary to seed most mined lands in grass as soon as topsoil
and subsoil have been applied rather than in trees. Reforestation remains
the desired end land use in many areas and this paper explores some of the
problems of simultaneously planting both trees and grasses. Six sites in
Pennsylvania, where simultaneous planting has been tried, were investigated
and the author concluded that an acceptable cover of grasses, that do not
deter tree growth, can be obtained by planting approximately 15 lb of Ken-
tucky 31 fescue and 21bof weeping lovegrass per acre of newly backfilled
spoil where topsoil and subsoil have been replaced, and where the pH is above
5.0. It is also noted that legumes may prevent survival of most tree species
and have questionable value in immediate erosion control. CE450
1977
R77-1 RECLAIMING COAL MINE SPOILS IN THE FOUR CORNERS
Aldon, E. F. and Springfield, H. W., in Reclamation and Use of Disturbed Land
in the Southwest, J. L. Thames, Ed., Tucson: University of Arizona Press,
1977. pp 229-237. Based on the Symposium on Disturbed Land Use and Recla-
mation in the Southwest, University of Arizona, Jan. 1975. The Rocky Moun-
tain Forest and Range Experiment Station carried out cooperative studies in
New Mexico with Utah International at their Navajo Mine and with Pittsburg &
Midway Coal Co. at their McKinley Mine. Studies of establishment of vegeta-
tion on the nearly neutral spoils showed that fertilizer increased growth and
yield of plants used in the study but did not affect seedling emergence.
Plant growth was no better on topsoils of the area than on spoils. With the
normal low annual precipitation in the study area, addition of water to the
vegetation by irrigation and by several methods of water harvesting also in-
creased plant growth. Direct seeding when residual soil moisture was high
showed promise in establishing fourwing saltbush. Other studies indicated
that addition of mycorrhizae did improve the growth of fourwing saltbush
both in greenhouse and in field trials. 631 T3
R77-2 RECLAMATION COSTS AT THE IOWA COAL PROJECT DEMONSTRATION COAL
SURFACE MINE
Anderson, C. E., Colvin, T. S., and Briggs, J. M. (Iowa State University, De-
partment of Agricultural Engineering), Annual Meeting, American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, Mid-Central Region, St. Joseph, Missouri, March 25-26,
1977. Paper No. MC-77-805. 14 pp. Coal surface mining and land reclamation'
were planned and carried out to reclaim a gullied hillside to bench terraces
suitable for row-crop fanning with a minimum of added cost to mining. En-
vironmental control and site reclamation accounted for 14 percent of total
250
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R77-2 (continued)
mining costs. Detailed cost data are presented and discussed. (Adapted from
authors' Summary) ICP
R77-3 RECLAMATION OF SURFACE MINED COAL SPOILS
Barnhisel, R. I., Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, University of
Kentucky, Department of Agronomy, Report to U.S. EPA, Industrial Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, in cooperation with U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture Cooperative States Research Service, Interagency Energy-
Environment Research and Development Program Report, EPA-600/7-77-093
(Aug. 1977). 67 pp. Field experiments were established in western Kentucky
on four types of surface-mined coal spoils. These areas were selected to
represent the extremes in spoil materials commonly encountered in reclamation.
This report presents evidence that mine spoils may be successfully reclaimed
when proper levels of fertility have been restored. With the provision for
retaining rainfall on the spoils, yields of mixed legume-fescue forage ex-
ceed 4 metric tons per hectare (2 T/acre). These yields are equal to or
greater than those of adjacent non-mined land. The advantage of a rough
surface created by ripping or subsoiling was obtained at all levels of
applied phosphorus. The use of a chisel plow or heavy-duty disk produced a
rough micro-relief that also produced significantly greater forage yields
than obtained from smooth graded plots. It was found that phosphorus and
water are more commonly the limiting factors in obtaining an adequate degree
of vegetative cover and associated forage yield than the acidic nature of
spoils. However, in acidic spoils, lime must be incorporated in order to
effectively improve the growing conditions. Downward movement of lime should
not be expected to occur at a rate sufficiently high to improve the growing
conditions of spoils for plants. Acidic spoils also tend to be much more
droughty than adjacent non-acid spoils as the result of a restricted rooting
depth. (Author's abstract) EPA
R77-4 RECLAMATION PRACTICES IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS COAL PROVINCE
Barth, R. C. (Colorado School of Mines Research Institute), Mining Congr. J.
63 (5), 60-64 (1977). Spoil and topsoil handling and revegetation practices
in the region are generally discussed. Both native and introduced species
have been used in the area, with somewhat more success with introduced spe-
cies. Spoils and topsoils of reclaimed areas are often found to be more
saline than undisturbed areas. Although reclaimed areas had more bare sur-
face than undisturbed land, the reclaimed land was more productive in terms
of weight of vegetation per acre. Jour
R77-5 RECLAMATION OF TOXIC SPOIL DISPOSAL WITH POLISH SURFACE COAL
MINES AS AN EXAMPLE
Bauman, K. (Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining), in
Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky.,
251
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R77-5 (continued)
by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20
1977. pp 225-234. NTIS, CONF-7710109. These investigations, which were
sponsored by the U.S. EPA, were conducted at two mining sites in Poland.
Spoil materials consisted of fine grained sands at the Przyjazn Narodow mine
and heavy clayey soils at the Turow mine. Data are given concerning the neu-
tralization procedures, fertilizing procedures, seeding mixtures, and the
quantity and composition of the resultant crops with respect to type of neu-
tralization and fertilization. Results of the investigations indicate a good
grass cover can be established on heavy clayey and acid soils by the selec-
tion of proper neutralizers and fertilizers. Similar results are possible on
sandy soils, however rainfall becomes of increasing importance. CE473
R77-6 RECLAMATION PLANNING AT THE IOWA COAL PROJECT DEMONSTRATION MINE
Briggs, J. M., Anderson, C. E., and Colvin, T. S. (Iowa State University),
Winter Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, Dec. 13-16, 1977. Paper No. 77-2517. 18 pp. The development of a
plan to mine a site and restore it to row-crop production involved consider-
ing mining economy, farmability, drainage, erosion control, slope stability,
long term success, public safety and acceptance. The implementation of
building the terraced final topography and its economic impact on the mining
cost is discussed. (From authors' Summary) CE377
R77-7 SURFACE MINE REVEGETATION: AREA METERING OF GROUND COVER
Carrel, J. E., DeMott, J. E., and Zwight, D. M. (University of Missouri), in
Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky.,
by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20,
1977. pp 8-11. NTIS, CONF-7710109. A simple, two-step technique is de-
scribed for remotely determining vegetative ground cover, an important indi-
cator of surface mine reclamation. First, a transfer of plant cover visible
in a large scale (1:2,500), vertical aerial photograph of the mineland is
prepared by inking a clear plastic sheet. Secondly, the area occupied by
vegetation is measured by passing the transfer through a leaf area meter.
The method is rapid, accurate over the entire range of cover values, and
inexpensive. (Authors' abstract) CE458
R77-8 BRYOPHYTES AND REVEGETATION OF COAL SPOILS IN SOUTHERN IOWA
Carvey, K., Farrar, D. R., and Glenn-Lewin, D. C., Iowa State University, En-
ergy and Mineral Resources Research Institute, IS-ICP-41 (undated). 14 pp.+
Also in The Bryologist 80 (4), 630-637 (Winter 1977). The occurrence and
distribution of 29 mosses and 2 liverworts on these spoils was determined and
related to the general process of spoil revegetation. The spoil bryophyte
flora was compared with Conard's (1956) list of bryophytes for the region.
An increase in percent cover and in species diversity of bryophytes was
observed with increasing age of spoils, and was correlated with increased
252
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R77-8 (continued)
vascular plant cover. Dicranella heteromalla and Ceratodon purpureus were
found to be common throughout the spoils, whereas all other species were lim-
ited to more protected sites, especially on north-facing slopes. Mosses did
not appear to colonize very exposed areas on the spoils, but were limited to
areas with some protection provided, especially by vascular plants. Several
disjunct or highly localized moss populations were found, including one new
state record and thirteen new county records. (From authors' abstract) ICP,
CE242
R77-9 A STOCK ANSWER TO RECLAMATION OF SURFACE-MINED LANDS
Charton, P. (1) and Carr, E. A., Jr. (2) [(1) Roane State Community College,
Harriman, Tennessee and (2) Tennessee Department of Conservation], Appalachia
JLp_ (4), 10-13 (Feb.-March 1977). A tract of surface-mined land in the Cum-
berland Mountains near Jellico, Tennessee, has been reclaimed to pasture land
for beef cattle. Revegetation methods and costs are described. CE232
R77-10 BETTER WAYS TO BUILD HOLLOW FILLS
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age 82 (11), 104-110 (1977). Methods of building head-
of-the-hollow fills for storage of overburden from contour or mountaintop
removal mining are discussed. Recommendations, based on a previous study by
Skelly and Loy, Consultants, of hollow fills in Kentucky and West Virginia,
are made for improvement in drainage and to insure slope stability. Current
use of the method by Kentucky and West Virginia is compared. Jour
R77-11 PITTSTON SETS UP LARGE VALLEY FILL
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age 82. (12), 116-118 (1977). At Buffalo Mining Com-
pany's Gopher Mine in Logan County, West Virginia, a certain portion of the
overburden is used to backfill the pit as the mining advances. Valley fill
is also used for disposal of overburden. One valley fill has been completed
and has been graded and seeded, and a second is now in use. In addition to
the valley fills being designed to control drainage, there is also a pond
further down the hollow to trap any sediment in storm runoff. Some of the
mined site has been planted with apple trees, and slopes of the fill have
been seeded with a legume, lespedeza, and a mixture of grasses. One layer of
overburden, found 12 feet below the surface, has a pH of 6.5 to 7.2 and
should support vegetation. Jour
R77-12 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: GUIDE TO PLANTS FOR MINE SPOILS
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age JJ2_ (7), 122-130 (July 1977). The article describes
two groups of plant materials which have been selected and evaluated by the
Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture for use on mine
spoils. One group has been selected mainly for use in the eastern states and
253
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R77-12 (continued)
the other for use in the midwestern and western states. However, species
from both groups have been or may be used successfully in areas other than
where they were tested. Sixteen grasses, trees, legumes, shrubs, and forbs
for use in the East and four grasses and one shrub for use in the West are
described in detail. Jour
R77-13 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: IMAGINATIVE PLANS MAKE MINING BETTER
THAN EVER
Chironis, N. P., Coal Age ^2 (7), 48-51 (July 1977). The author describes
the approach to reclamation of specialists in landscape design from the Uni-
versity of Massachusetts working with engineers from Skelly and Loy, Consult-
ants. Aesthetics of the configuration of reclaimed land is considered in
relation to the entire area and not just to a particular mined site. An
example is to plan a number of mountaintop removal sites in relation to one
another to avoid the monotony of many leveled peaks and retain the pleasing
diversity of mountains while developing the needed flat land in hilly areas.
Jour
R77-14 A COMPUTER AIDED MINE PLANNING MODEL
Colvin, T. S., Marley, S. J., and Anderson, C. E. (Iowa State University),
Winter Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Chicago, Illi-
nois, Dec. 13-16, 1977. Paper No. 77-2518. 19 pp. A computer aided mine
planning model (CAMP) has the capability of assisting in economically de-
signing plans for small mines. CAMP can help to estimate.overburden volumes
and coal amounts for the total area and for individual pits. The model also
has provisions for calculating strip ratios, cash flows, and rehandle per-
centages for various pit configurations. Secondary subroutines were devel-
oped to compute storage area volumes and mobile equipment route information.
Iowa Coal Project Demonstration Mine //I topographic information was used for
verification runs of CAMP. Using the same data base, CAMP and an average
end area volume calculation computer program estimated the total site volume
with a difference of less than one percent. (Adapted from authors' Summary
and Conclusions) CE375
R77-15 CRAWLER TRACTORS STRIP TO 150 FT IN BLOCK-CUT OPERATION
Coal Mining Process. JL4 (9), 110-111, 122, 126 (1977). With the block-cut
method of surface mining used by the H & G Coal Company of Pennsylvania,
overburden is moved into the previous cut to make reclaiming the land an on-
going part of the mining process. The tractors and loaders used in mining
and moving the overburden are described. One area that had been mined and
seeded had been a car junkyard. Jour
254
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R77-16 A SIMULATION MODEL OF SPOIL BANK HYDROLOGY
Crosby, E. C., Overton, D. E., and Minear, R. A. (University of Tennessee),
in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky.,
by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20,
1977. pp 28-31. NTIS, CONF-7710109. The development of a mathematical
model to simulate the hydrology of a contour strip mine spoil bank in the
Tennessee New River Basin is detailed. Simulations of ground water flow
through the ponded spoil bank studied are provided. CE463
R77-17 THE ROLE OF MICROORGANISMS IN THE REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINED
LAND IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Cundell, A. M., J. Range Management J}0 (4), 299-305 (July 1977). The micro-
bial processes in soil are reviewed and are related to the characteristics of
spent shale-oil waste in western Colorado and of overburden from lignite min-
ing in North Dakota, and to the problems of revegetating these waste mate-
rials. The functions of soil organisms which the author emphasizes are
accumulation of organic matter, operation of the nitrogen cycle, and pH
adjustment by the action of the sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the spoil.
CE497
R77-18 SURFACE MINING COAL ON STEEP SLOPES: BACK-TO-CONTOUR
DEMONSTRATION
Curry, J. A. (Tennessee Valley Authority), in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 176-183. NTIS, CONF-
7710109. A brief description of the Massengale Mountain, Tennessee, project,
where the truck haulback mining method was used, is presented. Findings of
this study show an incremental production cost of back-to-contour mining over
conventional mining of approximately $2;67/ton in 1973 dollars, output per
man day fell from 25.4 tons with conventional systems to 21.6 tons on the
demonstration site, coal recovery per unit outcrop was almost doubled com-
pared with that of conventional mining, and, despite having mined on slopes
varying from 21 to 38 degrees, no slides have occurred where fill was placed
on solid cut sections of the mountain. CE470
R77-19 SURFACE MINING AND THE FLOOD OF APRIL 1977
Curtis, W. R., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station, Berea, Kentucky, Forest Service Research Note NE-248 (1977). 4 pp.
Data from experimental sites in Breathitt County, Kentucky, and Raleigh
County, West Virginia, showed that during a major rainstorm on 4 April 1977,
streamflow from surface-mined watersheds peaked lower than that from adjacent
or nearby unmined watersheds. (Author's abstract). CE427
255
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R77-20 PERFORMANCE OF PONDEROSA PINE ON BITUMINOUS MINE SPOILS IN
PENNSYLVANIA
Davidson, W. H., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experi-
ment Station, Forest Service Research Paper NE-358 (1977). 6 pp. Seedlings
from 40 seed sources of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were planted
on a strip-mine spoil in central Pennsylvania in 1969. Survival of seedlings
from different sources ranged from 23 to 90 percent after six growing seasons.
The average height of the seedlings ranged from 67 to 140 cm for the same
period. Eight sources produced seedlings that were average or above in both
height growth and survival. (Author's abstract) CE219
R77-21 MULTI-SEAM MINING BY HAULBACK
Davis, H. , Coal Age J32_ (11), 134-137 (1977). Topsoil is handled by scrapers,
while the rest of the coal mining and overburden handling at the operations
of Johnson & Morgan Company at Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania, is carried out by
loaders and trucks. Jour
R77-22 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: SPECIALIZED TOOLS FOR FINAL TOUCHES
Davis, H. , Coal Age J32_ (7), 112-118 (July 1977). Machinery for seeding,
mulching, overburden handling, and grading is described. Jour
R77-23 ADVANTAGES OF NATURAL SUCCESSIONAL PROCESSES ON WESTERN
RECLAIMED LANDS
Ellis, S. L., Moore, R. T., and Duba, D. R. (Ecology Consultants, Inc.), in
Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky.,
by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20,
1977. pp 274-282. NTIS, CONF-7710109. This paper does not report on orig-
inal research but presents an overview of work conducted by others to support
the authors' contention that instead of attempting to immediately restore a
near climax plant community on mined land in a single step, it seems pref-
erable to plan the revegetation and reclamation program around the ecological
processes occurring on the site. Discussed are the pertinent reclamation
regulations existing in Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, plant successional
processes and reclamation, management strategies for influencing succession,
and diversity and stability of plant communities. CE477
R77-24 ESTABLISHMENT OF SOME FORAGE SPECIES ON MINE SPOIL IN KENTUCKY
Everett, H. W., Henry, D. S., and Sanders, S. A. (U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky. , by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 12-15. NTIS, CONF-7710109. Eight different grasses
and legumes were planted alone or in mixtures with five different methods of
establishment. There were three replications of each method at two locations.
256
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R77-24 (continued)
The pH was 6.0 or greater and a complete fertilizer was applied to all plots
prior to seeding. Data are given for stand for 60 and 120 days after seeding
and for ground cover and biomass six months after seeding. CE459
R77-25 LIMITS AND COST SENSITIVITY OF ALTERNATE PARTING HANDLING METHODS.
VOLUME I
Finch, T. E., Haley, D. R., and Speake, C. J., Jr., Montana College of Min-
eral Science and Technology, Report to U.S. Bureau of Mines, Office of Assis-
tant Director—Mining, Open File Report 117(l)-77 (July 22, 1977). 121 pp.
NTIS, PB-270 024. The alternative methods of handling the parting (rock
layers) between two coal seams in a surface mining operation consist of
equipment implementation in either a stowing or haulback technique. Follow-
ing a typical strip mine conformation, the parting is directly stowed or
hauled back and placed in the pit bottom after second seam removal. The ob-
jectives are to produce an environmentally sound material placement technique
and to increase prime stripping machine utilization. This report contains
the engineering philosophy behind two computer programs created to evaluate
parting handling methods over a wide range of coal and parting thickness
ratios. The nature of the computer approach allows cost sensitivity analysis
and quick updating of costs. The two programs are clearly presented with
documentation and examples so that consumers may apply them to their own
operations. (From authors' abstract) CE388
R77-26 RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE-MINED SITES IN
WESTERN NORTH DAKOTA
Gilley, J. E., Gee, G. W., Bauer, A., Willis, W. 0., Young, R. A. (Northern
Great Plains Research Center, Mandan, North Dakota), Transactions of the
American Society of Agricultural Engineers 20. W > 697-700, 704 (July 1977).
Measurements of runoff and erosion from simulated rainfall on rangeland,
spoil, and topsoil were conducted at the Indian Head Mine of North American
Coal Corporation near Zap, North Dakota. Results showed that soil loss was
greatest on bare topsoil and least on noncultivated rangeland. Although a
straw mulch reduced erosion from topsoil by over 90 percent, the measured
erosion and runoff was still more than 50 percent higher than from rangeland.
CE525
R77-27 SPECIES TRIALS ON STRIP MINE AREAS
Grandt, A. F. , in Reclamation and Use of Disturbed Land in the Southwest,
J. L. Thames, Ed., Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977. pp 347-352.
Based on the Symposium on Disturbed Land Use and Reclamation in the Southwest,
University of Arizona, Jan. 1975. Several species of legumes, grasses,
shrubs, and trees are listed. Each is discussed considering such factors as
climate and soil conditions it is best suited for; its particular purpose
such as cover crop or animal feed; special needs and problems such as being
257
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R77-27 (continued)
short lived, slow in establishing itself, or needing high nitrogen; and spe-
cial advantages such as being drought resistant or acid tolerant. 631 T3
R77-28 CLASSIFICATION OF FIVE TYPES OF STRIP MINE SPOIL AND IMPLICATIONS
FOR RECLAMATION
Hall, G. F. (Ohio State University), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bitu-
minous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 1-3. NTIS, CONF-7710109.
The soil series concept is proposed which will allow for the identification,
classification, delineation and interpretation of distinctly different types
of spoil material. Once identified and delineated as soils, information
gained from reclamation research and experience can be transferred to other
areas with similar soils. Based on mapping in eastern and southern Ohio,
the initial five soil series being proposed are made up of strip mine spoil
material with lithology ranging from limestone to "acid" sandstone and shale.
CE456
R77-29 RESEARCH ON THE HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY OF WATERSHEDS SUB-
JECTED TO SURFACE MINING
Hamon, W. R. (1), Haghiri, F. (2), and Knochenmus D. (3) [(1) USDA North
Appalachian Experimental Watershed, (2) Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center, and (3) U.S. Geological Survey], in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 37-40.
NTIS, CONF-7710109. Four small, 40 to 50 acres, watersheds, which will be at
least 75% disturbed by surface mining, have been selected in southeastern
Ohio to determine how surface mining impacts hydrology and water quality.
The proposed instrumental design and data procurement are described in this
paper. CE465
R77-30 SUBIRRIGATED ALLUVIAL VALLEY FLOORS
Hardaway, J. R., Kimball, D. B., Lindsay, S. F., Schmidt, J., and Erickson, L.
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 61-135.
NTIS, CONF-7710109. This comprehensive paper reports efforts directed at the
identification of alluvial valley floors as those areas are defined in pro-
posed national legislation. Included are both a reconnaissance identifica-
tion of subirrigated alluvial valley floors through analysis of surface
features, and a preliminary analysis of hypothetical subsurface conditions
that appear representative of actual conditions. An analysis of specific
impacts on the hydrologic system that may result from surface methods of
mining shallow coals is provided. Included in the appendicies are a list of
existing and proposed western coal mine sites that include areas identified
258
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R77-30 (continued)
as alluvial valley floors and a list of quotations from legislative propos-
als and Committee Conference Reports that have addressed mining in alluvial
valley floors. CE468
R77-31 MANAGEMENT OF RECLAIMED SURFACE-MINED LANDS FOR ROW CROP
PRODUCTION
Henning, S. J. and Colvin, T. S. (Iowa State University), in Surface Mining
and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 298-305.
NTIS, CONF-7710109. The pre-mining criteria used to develop a restoration
plan suitable for row crop farming is given for the Iowa Coal Project Demon-
stration Mine described in Sendlein's paper, "Land Restoration: The Iowa
Experiment," R77-78. Results are also presented for the first year studies
where corn and soybeans were grown with moderate success on a restored por-
tion of the Demonstration Mine, Data are given for original soil and for
spoil characteristics, seed planters and farm tillage equipment, fertilizer
requirements, and corn and soybean population densities and yield. CE479
R77-32 MICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN STRIP MINE SPOILS
Hersman, L. E., Ph.D. Thesis, Montana State University, 1977. H6pp. Univ.
Microfilms Order No. 7729304. At Colstrip, Montana, during July 1976, soil
samples were collected from three native range plots and from three plots
on coal strip-mined land. Measurements were made of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) concentrations, respiratory activity, phosphatase activity, pectinolyase
activity, and pectinolytic plate counts. Native range soils contained higher
concentrations of ATP than did the spoils and also differed from the spoils
in the pattern of ATP distribution in the twelve inch soil sample column. It
was concluded that respiration, phosphatase, pectinolyase, and pectinolytic
plate counts measured different segments of the total soil microbial activity,
since none of these correlated with one another; and that ATP measurements
quantified total microbial activity because of the correlation of ATP with
the total of these four parameters. (From author's abstract) Mont. St.
Univ. Lib.
R77-33 PREMINING PLANNING - THE KEY TO ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE
SURFACE MINING
Hill, R. D. (U.S. EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincin-
nati, Ohio), Winter Meeting, American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Chicago, Illinois, Dec. 13-16, 1977. Paper No. 77-2516. 4 pp. The author
discusses the specific requirements of Public Law 95-87, "Surface Mining
Control and Reclamation Act of 1977" for data and information that must be
collected in preparation of an application to receive a permit to surface
mine. He indicates that with proper planning the operator can not only de-
velop an environmentally acceptable surface mine, but may also be able to
259
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R77-33 (continued)
recover part of the cost of data collection through increased efficiency in
mining and reclamation. (Adapted from author's Conclusion) CE376
R77-34 RECLAMATION OF ORPHAN MINED LANDS WITH MUNICIPAL SLUDGES -
CASE STUDIES
Hill, R. D. (1), Hinkle, K. R. (2), and Klingensmlth, R. S. (3) [(1) U.S. EPA
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio (2) Virginia '
State Water Control Board and (3) Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter,
Inc.], Symposium on Municipal Wastewater and Sludge Recycling on Forest*Land
and Disturbed Land, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 23, 1977. 43 pp. The
general advantages and disadvantages of sewage sludge disposal on mined land
and precautions that should be taken, are discussed. Two demonstration pro-'
jects are described in detail. The Contrary Creek Project is located in
Louisa County, Virginia, in an area in which there are three abandoned pyrite
mines. The Tioga Demonstration Project in southeastern Tioga County, Pennsyl-
vania, has both deep and strip mines which discharge acid drainage. Sludge
analyses, seed species and application rates, and costs are given for each
project. In addition, a tabulation shows acidity, sulfate, iron, copper,
zinc, and manganese above and below the mine sites in Contrary Creek. CE213
R77-35 DRY LAND TECHNIQUES IN THE SEMIARID WEST
Hodder, R. L., in Reclamation and Use of Disturbed Land in the Southwest,
J. L. Thames, Ed., Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1977. pp 217-223.
Based on the Symposium on Disturbed Land Use and Reclamation in the Southwest
University of Arizona, Jan. 1975. The author describes several methods of '
surface manipulation and planting designed to trap water. These methods will
aid the establishment of vegetation for reclamation of mined land in arid
regions. 631 T3
R77-36 EFFECTS OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON VEGETATION AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE
ON RECLAIMED STRIP-MINED LAND
Hofmann, L., Ries, R. E., Power, J. F., and Lorenz, R. J. (Northern Great
Plains Research Center, North Central Region, USDA), in Surface Mining and
Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal
Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 306-
310. NTIS, CONF-7710109. Duplicate sets of pastures were stocked at 0, 0.24,
0.48, and 0.72 ha/yearling steer to obtain control, and heavy, moderate, and
light grazing intensities were examined on land reclaimed under the state's
1969 reclamation law near Center, North Dakota. A mixture of cool-season
grasses and legumes was seeded in 1973 and not harvested before beginning the
study in 1976. Steers on heavily grazed pastures produced average daily gains
of 0.4 kg/head as compared with 0.9 kg/head on the moderately and lightly
grazed pastures. Beef production in 1977 equalled 55, 58, and 41 kg/ha for the
260
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R77-36 (continued)
heavy, moderate, and lightly grazed pastures, respectively. (Authors'
Abstract Modified) CE480
R77-37 HOW DERELICTION IS BEING AVOIDED BUT WHO SHOULD PAY?
Mine and Quarry 6^ (6), 36, 41, 44 (1977). Reclamation of lands mined for
coal and for other commodities in Britain is described. Recreational areas
and farming are both examples of the use of reclaimed lands. Jour
R77-38 HOW NECESSARY IS POST-EXTRACTION LAND RECLAMATION? AND HOW
MUCH DOES IT COST?
Mine and Quarry _6 (2), 26, 31-32 (1977). In this report of a British confer-
ence on reclamation of mined land, the paper by E. Brent-Jones is highlighted,
Information from the paper, "The agricultural restoration of opencast coal
sites in Great Britain," includes planning for and costs of reclamation.
Jour CE222
R77-39 GROWTH OF SELECTED PLANTS ON WYOMING SURFACE-MINED SOILS AND
FLYASH
Howard, G. S. (1), Schuman, G. E. (1), and Rauzi, F. (2) [U.S. Department of
Agriculture (1) High Plains Grasslands Research Station and (2) Agricultural
Research Service, University of Wyoming], J. Range Management _30_ (4), 306-310
(July 1977). A wheatgrass, an alfalfa, and five woody plants were grown in
various ratios of topsoil and newly exposed overburdens from Wyodak Coal Mine,
east of Gillette, Seminoe No. 1 Coal Mine, west of Hanna, and Utah Interna-
tional Uranium Mine at Shirley Basin. These greenhouse studies showed that
neither the topsoil nor the overburden was detrimental to the growth of
plants. Sewage sludge and manure as well as chemical fertilizers improved
plant growth. Other studies showed that fly ash incorporated into spoils
could support plant growth, especially with the addition of sewage sludge or
manure as fertilizer. CE498
R77-40 JACOBS RANCH SELECTS OPEN-PIT MINING PLAN
Jackson, D., Coal Age £2 (11), 126-129 (1977). Reclamation at the Kerr-
McGee Coal Corporation mine near Gillette, Wyoming, includes premining inven-
tory of land use, plant cover, and soil quality variations; stockpiling of
soils suitable for plant growth; and revegetation. Jour
R77-41 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: WESTERN COAL IS THE BIG CHALLENGE TO
RECLAMATION EXPERTS TODAY
Jackson, D., Coal Age 82_ (7), 90-93, 96-97, 100, 103-108 (July 1977).
261
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R77-41 (continued)
Climate, species used for revegetation, costs, and reclamation methods used
at a number of coal companies in the Northern Great Plains, the Rocky Moun-
tains, and the Gulf Coast region are discussed. Jour
R77-42 RESEARCH TOWARD RECLAMATION OF SURFACE-MINED LAND FOR ROW-CROP
PRODUCTION
Jansen, I. J. (University of Illinois), in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association
and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 25-27. NTIS,
CONF-7710109. A brief description of a five year study, that has been under-
way less than one year, to answer questions concerning surface mining and
subsequent reclamation of productive row-crop lands in Illinois is provided.
CE462
R77-43 SURFACE-MINED LAND RECLAMATION METHODS
Kennedy, A. S., Zimmerman, R. E., and Carter, R., in Reclamation and Use of
Disturbed Land in the Southwest, J. L. Thames, Ed., Tucson: University of
Arizona Press, 1977. pp 26-40. Based on the Symposium on Disturbed Land Use
and Reclamation in the Southwest, University of Arizona, Jan. 1975. Argonne
National Laboratory, Environmental Systems Division, and Illinois Institute
for Environmental Quality have cooperatively developed a plan for reclamation
of lands surface mined in Illinois before the passage of the first state rec-
lamation law in 1962. A computer analysis of the mined-land inventory allows
calculation of reclamation costs in relation to current land use and condi-
tion and proposed end-use of reclaimed land. Some particular cost factors
were tree and shrub removal, earth moving for recontouring, soil neutraliza-
tion, and water treatment. 631 T3
R77-44 KNIFE RIVER KEEPS AHEAD IN RECLAMATION
Coal Mining Process. _14 (5), 84-85, 88 (1977). The reclamation program at
the Beulah, North Dakota, mine of the Knife River Coal Mining Company is il-
lustrated. Leveling of mined land and spoil piles has been carried out since
1963 with over 300 acres reclaimed to farm land. The work of the mining and
earth moving equipment is also described. Jour
R77-45 UTILIZATION OF COLOR AND COLOR INFRARED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY IN
THE SURFACE COAL MINING PROCESS
Knuth, W. M. and Fritz, E. L. (HRB-Singer, Inc.), in Surface Mining and Rec-
lamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Asso-
ciation and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 4-7. NTIS,
CONF-7710109. Aerial photography probably provides the only way that large
262
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R77-45 (continued)
areas can be examined quickly and inexpensively with the amount of site
specific detail normally required. Its use as a tool for collecting data on
land use, vegetation, water, soils, and geology is briefly discussed. CE457
R77-46 REVEGETATION OF STRIP-MINE SPOILS WITH CONTAINERIZED TREE
SEEDLINGS
Koppe, T. F., Goodman, S. D., and Hutnik, R. J. (The Pennsylvania State Uni-
veristy), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints,
Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research,
Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 16-19. NTIS, CONF-7710109. Preliminary results
of a study involving various types of mined-land sites which were planted
with conifer seedlings grown in various types of containers are given. Study
locations included three in Pennsylvania where the soil pH was in the 3.0 to
3.3 range, two in Pennsylvania that are being reclaimed to present standards,
and two each in West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee which are being
reclaimed under their respective current laws. The authors concluded from
the results of the first growing season that "two-year-old commercial stock
planted in bare-root condition is superior to one-year-old containerized
conifer seedlings on a variety of surface-mined sites." Further testing to
determine whether these prelimianry results will be confirmed is recommended.
CE460
R77-47 COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION IN THE ALBERTA FOOTHILLS
Kumar, P. (1) and Sharma, K. (2) [(1) Alberta, Canada, Indian and Northern
Affairs and (2) TechCan Development, Calgary], The Coal Miner 2^ (2), 20-24
(June 1977). The authors describe the climate, topography and geology, soils,
and vegetation of the eastern slopes area of Alberta where there are reserves
of coal. They also list soil studies, methods of improving soil to enhance
vegetation, and plant selection and propagation as areas where research is
needed and discuss the research along these lines that has already taken
place in Alberta. CE503
R77-48 LAND USE PLANNING IN SURFACE MINE AREAS
LaFevers, J. R. (1) and Imhoff, E. A. (2) f(l) Argonne National Laboratory
and (2) U.S. Geological Survey], in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 311-317. NTIS,
CONF-7710109. An examination of the "Inventory of Federal Energy-Related
Environmental and Safety Research" disclosed that of the 2536 programs in
the Inventory only one is directed specifically at reclamation/land use
planning issues. This article addresses the need for more research, the
land use issues raised by 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act,
and the constraints to the attainment of land use planning goals. CE481
263
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R77-49 THE RELATIVE DECOMPOSITION POTENTIAL OF HABITATS VARIOUSLY
AFFECTED BY SURFACE COAL MINING
Lawrey, J. D. (The Ohio State University), Canadian J. Botany 55, 1544-1552
(1977). In a 20-year-old abandoned surface coal mine area in Perry County,
Ohio, fiber glass bags containing leaves from three species were set out on a
non-vegetated strip-mined area, a vegetated strip-mined area, and an adjacent
undisturbed area. Comparison of dry weights of leaf litter showed that dur-
ing the first six months, decomposition rates differed between the bare strip-
mined habitat and either of the vegetated habitats. After six months, except
for Robinia leaves on both strip-mined habitats, decomposition rates became
equalized in all habitats. Soil analyses, soil respiration data, and surveys
of soil fungi show significant differences between mined and unmined areas.
Leaf litter decomposition processes appear to be functionally more resistant
to environmental impact than is apparent when structural diversity and com-
plexity of soil populations are considered. (From author's abstract) CE337
R77-50 SOIL FUNGAL POPULATIONS AND SOIL RESPIRATION IN HABITATS VARI-
OUSLY INFLUENCED BY COAL STRIP-MINING
Lawrey, J. D. (The Ohio State University, Department of Botany), Environ-
mental Pollution \A_ (3), 195-205 (1977). This article expands on a report,
published elsewhere, of a study of mined lands in Perry County, Ohio. Con-
ditions on three vegetated strip-mined areas, each dominated by different
plant species, are compared to a bare-mined area and to an undisturbed area.
Mined areas exhibited distinct differences from the unmined site. Soils in
mined areas showed generally lower respiration and lower fungal diversity,
with lowest diversity on the bare-mined site. CE494
R77-51 X-RAY EMISSION MICROANALYSIS OF CLADONIA CRISTATELLA FROM A COAL
STRIP-MINING AREA IN OHIO
Lawrey, J. D. (The Ohio State University, Department of Botany), Mycologia 69
(4), 855-860 (1977). This study was carried out to investigate how lichens
accumulate heavy metals. Results indicate there is a definite localization
of iron, sodium, and chlorine on the different types of cell walls, and that
while iron accumulation is not by chelation with lichen acids, some property
of the algal cells or cell walls makes them capable of binding iron. The
samples used in this work were collected from a reclaimed mined area in
Perry County, Ohio. CE545
R77-52 COAL GOAL SAVES SOIL
Lewington, P., Agri-Book Magazine _3 (1), 150-151 (1977). The article de-
scribes the way in which the mining division of Holmes Limestone Co. in Ber-
lin, Ohio, has stripped nearby farms for coal and restored the land to crop
production. Jour
264
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R77-53 THE EFFECTS OF ENDOMYCORRHIZAE ON GROWTH OF RABBITBRUSH, FOUR-
WING SALTBUSH, AND CORN IN COAL MINE SPOIL MATERIAL
Lindsey, D. L., Cress, W. A., and Aldon, E. F., U.S. Department of Agricul-
ture, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service Re-
search Note RM-343 (June 1977). 6 pp. The influence of vesicular arbuscular
endomycorrhizae formed by Glomus fasciculatus on the survival and growth of
rubber rabbitbrush, fourwing saltbush, and corn on coal mine spoil material
was studied. ^. fasciculatus endomycorrhizae increased the survival and
growth of rabbitbrush but had no effect on fourwing saltbush or corn.
(Authors' abstract) CE496
R77-54 TOLERANCE OF BERMUDAGRASS SELECTIONS TO ACIDITY. I. EFFECTS OF
LIME ON PLANT GROWTH AND MINE SPOIL MATERIAL
Lundberg, P. E., Bennett, 0. L., and Mathias, E. L. (U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, Agricultural Research Service, Morgantown, W. Va.), Agronomy J. 69
(6), 913-916 (Nov.-Dec. 1977). In this study, carried out in climate-control-
led chambers, three cultivars and five strains of bermudagrass were planted in
low pH mine spoil and treated with six levels of lime, with addition of P,
K, Ca, and Mg as determined by soil analysis. All bermudagrasses were found
to tolerate acid conditions, although the various strains performed different-
ly at different pH levels. Growth and yield were increased with increasing
lime only up to about the median amount used in the study, indicating that
growth is limited by toxicity of certain elements rather than by acidity.
CE500
R77-55 THE EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER AND ACID STRIP MINE SPOIL ON GERMINATION
OF GRASS SEEDS
Maddox, J. B., Brown, J. E., and Bartley, G. N., Jr. (Tennessee Valley
Authority), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints,
Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research,
Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 245-254. NTIS, CONF-7710109. When highly acid
strip mine spoils are hydraulically seeded with a mixture of grasses,
legumes, mulch, and fertilizer, vegetation establishment is often poor.
This poor establishment may result from slurry acidity caused by fertilizer,
chemistry of the spoil, or a combination of these two factors. This paper
reports on a greenhouse study to determine the effects of ammonium nitrate
and triple superphosphate fertilizer slurries and acid spoil on grass seed
germination. Results show that caution should be taken particularly when
applying these seeds in mixtures containing ammonium nitrate. CE475
R77-56 ECOSITE: AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS TO THE DESIGN OF
LANDFORMS FOR SURFACE-MINE RECLAMATION
Mallary, R. (University of Massachusetts), in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association
and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 32-36.
265
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R77-56 (continued)
NTIS, CONF-7710109. ECOSITE is described as the first comprehensive appli-
cation of computer technology to the design of landforms for surface-mine
reclamation and other large-scale excavation projects. This paper summarizes
the essentials of ECOSITE in terms of its structure, operation, current
capabilities, imminent improvements, and down-the-road performance objectives
Also included are several plotter-drawn perspective views showing the quality
of the graphics that can be produced even at this early stage in the evolu-
tion of computer-aided landform/landscape design. (From author's Intro-
duction) CE464
R77-57 FALCON COAL SHINES BRIGHTLY IN EXPERIMENTAL RECLAMATION
Mason, R. H., Coal Mining Process. JL4 (6), 66-70 (1977). The mining and rec-
lamation practices at the company's operations in Breathitt County, Kentucky,
are described. The reclaimed land is used for crops, grazing, growing hy-
brid grapes for wine making, and includes at least six ponds. Lands that
have been planted with vegetation which will support wildlife are open to
hunting. Jour
R77-58 SURFACE MINE HAUL ROAD DESIGN TO PROMOTE SAFE AND EFFICIENT
HAULAGE
McClain, P. M. (Skelly and Loy), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 193-224. NTIS, CONF-
7710109. Road design parameters which must be addressed to effect a prop-
erly constructed haulage route include a vertical and horizontal alignment,
gradient, superelevation, cross slope, drainage, lane widths, and in some
cases, special safety provisions. The considerations which must be given
to each of these factors in initiating a safe and efficient haul road design
is presented as it applies to three specific areas: alignment, cross sec-
tion, and special safety provisions. Considerable data are given to aid in
the design of surface mine haul roads. CE472
R77-59 WETTABILITY OF COAL-MINE SPOILS IN NORTHWESTERN NEW MEXICO
Miyamoto, S., Bristol, A., and Gould, W. L. (New Mexico State University),
Soil Science L23 (4), 258-263 (1977). New Mexico Agricultural Experiment
Station, Journal Paper No. 587. Laboratory tests to determine the cause of
poor water infiltration of spoils of the Fruitland formation indicated that
the organic matter in shiny coal is not wettable and can reduce the infil-
tration rate into spoils. Other causes of poor infiltration are sodic soils
and fine soil texture. CE414
266
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R77-60 SURFACE COAL MINE EVALUATION AND EQUIPMENT SELECTION
Morey, P. (1) and Draffin, C. W. (2) [(1) Fluor Utah, Inc. and (2) U.S.
Department of Energy], in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium
Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous
Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 136-175. NTIS, CONF-7710109.
A series of computer models that can be used in large-scale surface coal
mine planning and analysis has been developed. Each major operation in the
coal mining process is represented in these models so that the best methods
and equipment may be selected and so that the impact of such selection will
be reflected in estimates of capital investment, operating costs, and coal
price. Individual models allow the user to separately analyze overburden
removal, overburden drilling and blasting, coal drilling and blasting, coal
loading and hauling, coal preparation and handling, land reclamation, and
premining, facilities, and administrative expenses. Because it is impossible
to cover all the models in this paper, only the detailed simulation models
representative of area stripping with shovels-and-trucks mining techniques
are described. The Powder River Basin Strippable Coal Resource Region, one
of eight test cases, is used as an example to describe the models. All
costs are shown in 1975 dollars with no escalation. CE469
R77-61 MOUNTAINTOPPING AN OLD STRIP MINE
Coal Age JJ2_ (11), 60-62 (1977). High grade metallurgical coal is being
mined by Vecellio & Grogan, Inc., at an old contour mine in West Virginia.
In the continuous reclamation process, overburden is spread on mined areas
and stockpiled topsoil is spread to a depth of two to four feet. Outslopes
are graded and planted with pine trees, leveled areas are planted with
grasses and legumes. Provisions are made for drainage and erosion control.
Machinery used for mining and earth moving is described. Jour
R77-62 ILLINOIS' MINED LAND INVENTORIES: THEIR IMPLEMENTATION AND
UTILIZATION
Nawrot, J. R. and Klimstra, W. D. (Southern Illinois University at Carbon-
dale), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.,
Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 54-60. NTIS, CONF-7710109. The Illinois Abandoned
Mined Land Reclamation Act of 1975 empowered the State to acquire abandoned
mined lands and restore them to productive use. Acquisition priorities were
established and, to secure the necessary data concerning the abandoned sites,
two surveys, for surface and for underground mines, were funded. This paper
details the methodology used in conducting the inventories and speaks to
their use within the State and, potentially, as part of a regional or
national program. CEA67
267
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R77-63 NEW EQUIPMENT RECLAIMS SPOIL BANKS IN KANSAS
World Coal JJ (2), 25 (1977). The Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Co., in
conjunction with the Bureau of Mines, has developed angle blades, a Vee-
plow, and a grading bar for more economical overburden grading and handling
in surface-mine reclamation. Jour
R77-64 OPTIMIZE YOUR SURFACE MINING & RECLAMATION OPERATIONS
Coal Mining Process. L4 (6), 71-80, 82, 116 (1977). Walking draglines,
power shovels, front end loaders, hydraulic excavators, coal haulers and off-
highway trucks, dozers and crawler tractors, and scrapers, as well as dril-
ling tools and machinery, and conveyor systems are discussed in detail, with
emphasis on how to use the equipment most effectively. Jour
R77-65 REESTABLISHMENT OF WOODED WATERWAYS AND ASSOCIATED UPLAND SHRUB
COMMUNITIES IN SURFACE COAL MINING AREAS OF THE NORTHWESTERN
GREAT PLAINS
Orr, H. K. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station), in Surface
Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by
National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20,
1977. pp 235-244. NTIS, CONF-7710109. The studies described began in 1973
and were conducted at AMAX Coal Company Belle Ayr mine and ARCO's Black
Thunder Coal lease area. Parameters studied included a variety of native
upland shrubs and woody species, precipitation, bare root and container
grown stock, supplemental irrigation, mulch, and fertilization. CE474
R77-66 COAL SURFACE MINING RECLAMATION COSTS IN THE WESTERN UNITED
STATES
Persse, F. H., Lockard, D. W., and Lindquist, A. E., U.S. Bureau of Mines,
1C 8737 (1977). 34 pp. Reclamation cost estimates for 13 surface coal mines
in nine states west of the Mississippi River were made by using standard
estimating procedures from data obtained from company records, interviews
with industry personnel, and onsite observations. Estimated costs are pre-
sented in four categories which represent the four phases of mined-land rec-
lamation: (1) Design, engineering, and overhead; (2) bond and permit fees;
(3) backfilling and grading; and (4) revegetation. Estimated costs as of
the first quarter of 1976 are expressed as averages and ranges in terms of
per acre, per ton of coal produced, and per million Btu. A mine in the
Northern Great Plains coal province (Region D) showed the highest per acre
cost whereas mines in part of the western region of the Interior coal prov-
ince (Region A) experienced the greatest per ton and per million Btu cost.
The high cost of reclamation in the Western United States is reflected in the
backfilling and grading category, particularly in the cost of topsoil removal
and subsequent replacement as required by individual State reclamation regu-
lations. (From authors' abstract) BurM
268
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R77-67 RECLAIMING SURFACE-MINED LAND IN WEST KENTUCKY
Powell, J. L. (1) and Barnhisel, R. I. (2) [(1) Peabody Coal Co. and (2)
University of Kentucky], Mining Congr. J. 6J3 (12), 29-35 (1977). Reclama-
tion of Kentucky spoils is discussed in relation to grading, seedbed prepara-
tion, spoil testing and fertility amendments, climate and species selection,
mechanics of seeding and post-seeding management, and potential uses of re-
claimed surface-mined land. Methods of grading to minimize compaction of
spoils that causes runoff and erosion are described. On a Peabody Coal Com-
pany site, a comparison of methods of preparing seedbeds showed that the use
of the industrial disk harrow was economical and effective for establishing
vegetation. The testing for and requirements of Kentucky spoils for lime,
phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen are discussed. Effects of Kentucky cli-
mate on revegetation are noted, and a number of successfully used species are
listed with their recommended planting dates and seeding rates. Mixtures of
legumes and grasses commonly used in Kentucky are also listed. The authors
point out that Kentucky regulations prevent reclamation of land to row-crop
production and also restrict the types of wildlife habitat that can be de-
veloped on mined land. Jour
R77-68 THE STATE OF THE ART OF RECLAIMING LAND SURFACE-MINED FOR COAL
IN THE WESTERN KENTUCKY COAL FIELD
Powell, J. L. (1), Barnhisel, R. I. (2), Akin, G. W. (2), and Ebelhar, M. W.
(2) [(1) Peabody Coal Company and (2) University of Kentucky], in Surface Min-
ing and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National
Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977.
pp 255-273. NTIS, CONF-7710109. A summary of five years of research and
observations by Peabody Coal Company that can be used as guidelines in
planning, implementing and maintaining a sound reclamation program is pre-
sented. Described in detail are grading, spoil sampling and testing, plant
species sp.lection, adaptation characteristics of eleven species, fertilizer
and lime amendments, seedbed preparation, mechanics of seeding, and poten-
tial uses of reclaimed mined land. CE476
R77-69 A PROGRESS REPORT: RECLAIMING SURFACE MINED LAND IN SOUTHWEST
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in cooperation with the
Tennessee Valley Authority (undated). (17 pp.) Mined-land reclamation de-
scribed and illustrated includes an area used by wildlife, development of
level land, fruit and vegetable garden areas, and grazing land. CE325
R77-70 THE ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP-MINING: A BIBLIOGRAPHY
WITH ABSTRACTS
Ralston, S., Hilbert, D., Swift, D., Carlson, B., and Mengies, L., Colorado
State University, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Report to U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Western Energy and Land Use Team, as a part of U.S. EPA
269
-------
R77-70 (continued)
Federal Interagency Energy/Environmental Research and Development Program,
FWS/OBS-77/09 (March 1977). 416 pp. NTIS, PB-265 316. Publications listed
in this bibliography are related mainly to mining and reclamation of surface-
mined lands in western United States, especially the Northern Great Plains,
and are arranged in the following major categories: Climate and Topography;
Soils and Spoils; Aquatic Components; Plants; Animals; General Reclamation;
Human Components; Techniques and Methods of Reclamation; Computer Models and
Programs; Options and Alternatives to Mining Techniques; Symposia and Confer-
ences; and Bibliographies. A number of the citations have annotations or ab-
stracts. The Significant Word in Title index which makes up Part II is an
alphabetized, permuted arrangement using only meaningful words in the titles.
631 R16
R77-71 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: HACKING THROUGH THE PERMIT JUNGLE
Coal Age J52_ (7), 57-65 (July 1977). A table reprinted from a Dames & Moore
study summarizes the surface mine reclamation requirements in force in 27
states, in relation to such topics as bonds, overburden analysis and hand-
ling, and revegetation. Jour
R77-72 RECLAMATION GUIDEBOOK: HAULBACK RECLAIMS NATURALLY
Coal Age 82 (7), 70-72, 75-76, 79-83 (July 1977). The haulback method of
handling surface-mining overburden is used widely in Kentucky, West Virginia,
and Tennessee. The survey of the mining process by Mathematica, Inc., is
summarized. The use of the method by the Grafton Coal Company in West Vir-
ginia, analyzed in detail by Skelly and Loy, Consultants, is reviewed. Jour
R77-73 RECLAMATION OF OPENCUT SPOIL PILES
Australian Mining 68 (7), 17-19 (1977). Utah Development Company is carrying
out reclamation of spoil piles at its four surface mines in Central Queens-
land, Australia. Recontouring includes drainage and erosion control and pre-
paring the surface for sowing. After four years of field studies, a mixture
of Rhodes, Green Panic, and Buffel pasture grasses and Siratro, a legume, was
found to give successful revegetation. CE413
R77-74 TOTAL UTILIZATION OF A LAND RESOURCE
Reiss, I. H. (Meadowlark Farms Inc.), Mining Congr. J. j>3 (10), 55-59 (1977).
In describing the reclamation program of Amax Coal Company which, through its
subsidiary Meadowlark Farms, has reclaimed mined land to agricultural uses,
the author questions the concept that land that was used for corn before
mining should be returned to corn after mining. He cites the efficient
transformation of the protein in alfalfa by beef cattle to a form consumable
by humans as an advantageous use of reclaimed land. Jour
270
-------
R77-75 RESTORATION AFTER OPENCAST MINING AND QUARRYING
Mine and Quarry 6^ (A), 15-16, 19 (1977). Some of the reclamation activities
of the National Coal Board, including those at sites in Derbyshire and Scot-
land, are reviewed. Jour
R77-76 WILDLIFE OPTION IN KENTUCKY
Rosso, W. A. (1) and Wolcott, B. H., Jr. (2) [(1) Peabody Coal Company and
(2) Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Company], in Surface Mining and Reclama-
tion, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Associa-
tion and Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 20-23. NTIS,
CONF-7710109. The development of the wildlife option in reclaiming spoils
in Kentucky is traced. Peabody Coal Company's Ken Mine was chosen for the
first wildlife option area and details are given for the development of shrub
rows, annual plant plots, and fish stocking of the final pit impoundment.
CE461
R77-77 SOIL GENESIS, HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES, AND ROOT CHARACTERISTICS
OF 2 TO 53 YEAR OLD STRIPMINE SPOILS
Schafer, W. M., Nielsen, G. A., and Dollhopf, D. J., Montana State Univer-
sity, Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report 108, Progress Report 1
to U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative States Research Service (Re-
port date 6/18/76, issued April 1977). 90 pp. In this study, relationships
between root characteristics, soil properties, and the soil-water regime in
spoils will be examined. Changes in spoils through time may affect root
properties and water movement. Therefore, soil genesis on spoils ranging
from 1 to 52 years in age will also be evaluated. Native range sites repre-
senting the spectrum of soils in the Colstrip area will be used as indices to
which spoils will be compared. (From authors' abstract) CE490
R77-78 LAND RESTORATION: THE IOWA EXPERIMENT
Sendlein, L. V. A. (1), Anderson, C. E. (2), and Gulliford, J. B. (2)
[(1) Southern Illinois University at Carbondale and (2) Iowa State Univer-
sity], in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louis-
ville, Ky., by National Coal Association and Bituminous Coal Research Inc
Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 283-297. NTIS, CONF-7710109. This project is designed
to investigate the restoration economics and environmental impact of strip
mining in Iowa. The research mine is located on a 40-acre site, containing
two coal seams with the lower seam being three feet thick and covering 20
acres and the upper seam being five feet thick and covering five acres.
Mining method used is the modified haul-back system, using dozers and scrap-
ers. Environmental studies included a pre-mining archeological traverse
surface and ground water studies, pre-mining vegetation characterizations
and reclamation effectiveness. Mining and reclamation are described and '
costs are given for both. CE478
271
-------
R77-79 MOUNTAIN-TOP REMOVAL AS APPLIED TO MULTIPLE-SEAM MINING
Stevens, C. A. (Falcon Coal Company, Inc.). in Surface Mining and Reclamation,
Fifth Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 184-192. NTIS, CONF-
7710109. Three methods of mountaintof" removal are examined and discussed
relative to their application advantages and disadvantages. The three
methods are: the progressive method, the area method, and the cross-ridge
method. Of the three, the cross-ridge plan has the most limitations. The
progressive method is the most popular due to its almost unlimited flexibil-
ity. The area method offers the most promise for medium to large operations.
CE471
R77-80 SUNEDCO'S NEW CORDERO FACILITIES INTEGRATE STRIP MINING &
RECLAMATION
Coal Mining Process. 14 (7), 46-47 (1977). In connection with the mining of
a 58-foot thick Wyodak coal seam in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming,
SUNEDCO is conducting cooperative reclamation research and reclaiming mined
land to agriculture. Jour
R77-81 RECLAMATION ON THE BLACK MESA OF ARIZONA
Thames, J. L. and Verma, T. R. (University of Arizona), Mining Congr. J. 63
(9), 42-46 (1977). The geology, hydrology, climate, vegetation, and animaT
life on the Mesa are described. Overgrazing is a current problem and is seen
as one reason for the poor condition of unmined land. The reclamation plans
of Peabody Coal Company at its Black Mesa Mines are summarized. Jour
R77-82 IMPACT OF EARTHWORM INTRODUCTION ON LITTER BURIAL AND NUTRIENT
DISTRIBUTION IN OHIO STRIP-MINE SPOIL BANKS
Vimmerstedt, J. P. and Finney, J. H. (Ohio Agricultural Research and Develop-
ment Center), Soil Science Society of America Proceedings _37 (3), 388-391
(1977). Field experiments were carried out on calcereous spoils from mining
Meigs Creek coal in southeast Muskingum County, Ohio, and field and green-
house experiments were carried out on dark acid spoils from mining Lower
Kittanning coal in northwest Tuscarawas County, Ohio. In both spoils, earth-
worms were found to survive for more than five years, and to consume signifi-
cant amounts of litter. Earthworm activity did not affect the growth of
seedlings of northern red oak. CE487
R77-83 STRIP-MINING AND SMALL MAMMALS IN SOUTHERN IOWA
Voight, J. R. and Glenn-Lewin, D. C., Iowa State University, Energy and Min-
eral Resources Research Institute, IS-ICP-44 (April 1977). 16 pp. Small
272
-------
R77-83 (continued)
mammal presence, diversity and reproduction were compared from August 1975
to June 1976 on abandoned coal strip-mine spoils and unmined land in southern
Iowa. More species were snap-trapped on the unmined area, while the rela-
tive dominance of Peromyscus spp. on mined land was increased. Peromyscus
population on mined land exhibited a shorter breeding season than on unmined
land. Other population parameters did not show clear differences between the
areas. (From authors' abstract) ICP
R77-84 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR STRIP MINING
Watts, J. P., U.S. Pat. 4,025,119 (May 24, 1977). 8 pp. The apparatus de-
scribed in this patent removes overburden and coal from a vertical shaft,
places the overburden in a previously excavated shaft, and conveys the coal
separately to storage. US Pat
R77-85 A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SURFACE COAL MINING AND RECLAMATION
LITERATURE. VOLUME 1. EASTERN COAL PROVINCE
Weiss, N. E., Sobek, A. A., and Streib, D. L., Argonne National Laboratory,
Energy and Environmental Systems Division and Environmental Impact Studies'
Division, Argonne Land Reclamation Program, Report to U.S. Department of En-
ergy, ANL/LRP-1 (Nov. 1977). 158 pp. This bibliography has been compiled
for use by researchers, students, and other groups who need a reference
source of published literature related to surface coal mining and reclamation
in the Eastern Coal Province. This bibliography contains more than 1300
references including government reports, journal articles, symposium pro-
ceedings, industrial reports, workshop proceedings, theses, and bibliog-
raphies. A simple format was used to categorize citations. (Authors'
abstract) DOE
R77-86 KEEPING THINGS CLEAN WITH SOAP AND WATER
Wiram, V. P. (AMAX Coal Company), in Surface Mining and Reclamation, Fifth
Symposium Preprints, Louisville, Ky., by National Coal Association and
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Oct. 18-20, 1977. pp 41-53. NTIS, CONF-
7710109. Outlined are the objectives and methodologies of both the SOAP
(Soil Overburden Analysis Program) and Hydrology programs that have been
instituted by AMAX Coal Co. to bring all surface-mine operations into total
compliance with the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977. The
basic steps followed in the SOAP program for both the soil inventory and the
unconsolidated and bedrock inventory are described. The Hydrology program
involves assessment of drainage basins and watersheds, surface water quality,
mine water quality, ground water, and aquifer characterization, both within
and adjacent to the mine properties. Also described is the AMAX Environ-
mental Section and their function and responsibilities. CE466
273
-------
1978
R78-1 RECLAMATION OF COAL-MINED LAND IN THE SOUTHWEST
Aldon, E. F. (Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station), J. Soil
and Water Conservation _33 (2), 75-79 (March-April 1978). The author de-
scribes the coal fields of the region and their soils, climate and vegeta-
tion. Alkali sacaton, western wheatgrass, fourwing saltbush, and Indian
ricegrass are identified as the species that are most promising for revege-
tation in the region. Several satisfactory methods of planting and seeding
have been developed for the various species. Vegetative establishment is en-
hanced by spoil amendments including organics, topsoil, mulches, and ferti-
lizers, and by additional water. CE524
R78-2 OUR RECLAMATION FUTURE, THE MISSING BET ON TREES
Ashby, W. C., Kolar, C. Guerke, M. L., Pursell, C. F., and Ashby, J., South-
ern Illinois University, Department of Botany, Report to Illinois Institute
for Environmental Quality, Project No. 80.057, IIEQ Document No. 78/04 (Jan.
1978). 99 pp. Also published as "Our reclamation future with trees," South-
ern Illinois University, Coal Extraction and Utilization Research Center,
CEURC - 2, (August 1978). The authors recommend tree planting as a desir-
able reclamation alternative which should be given more consideration than
it currently is. The recommendation is based on a survey conducted in 1976
of trees planted almost 30 years before on mined land in Illinois. In the
survey, 13,236 trees on 134 plots were measured and 785 soil samples were
collected. The results of the survey are discussed and form the basis for
further discussions of environmental, recreational, educational, social and
economic impacts of forestation. CE517 '
R78-3 OPENCAST AT MEADOWGATE
Bryson, N. and Chance, J., Mining Magazine JL39 (1), 26-27, 29, 31 (July
1978). A park and lakes are being developed on an area where coal outcrops
and where surface mining and some shallow underground mining had previously
taken place. The plan for further mining, combined with reclamation, is
described. The River Rother will be temporarily diverted and then will be
returned to another permanent course as the work is completed. CE519
R78-4 RESEARCH ON REVEGETATION OF SURFACE MINED LANDS AT COLSTRIP,
MONTANA: PROGRESS REPORT, 1975-1977
DePuit, E. J., Coenenberg, J. G., and Willmuth, W. H., Montana State Univer-
sity, Agricultural Experiment Station, Bozeman, Montana, Research Report 127
(Aug. 1978). 165 pp. The research covered by this report, funded by
Western Energy Company, includes studies on the use of Wintergraze; inves-
tigation of which of four legumes was superior in terms of productivity and
longevity; reestablishment of ponderosa pine; the possibility of growing
274
-------
R78-4 (continued)
cereal grains; evaluation of a number of plant species; plant community de-
velopment and surface manipulation studies; the effects of slope gradient on
topsoil stability and vegetation development; dryland pasture studies; and
plant successional studies. The study currently in progress on native versus
introduced species is reviewed. Several discontinued studies are summarized
CE537
R78-5 MINED-LAND RECLAMATION IN THE INTERIOR COAL PROVINCE
Grandt, A. F. (Peabody Coal Company), J. Soil and Water Conservation J33 (2),
62-68 (March-April 1978). The author reviews reclamation practices in~the
region, from the planting of the first trees in 1916, and traces the develop-
ment of laws and regulations governing reclamation in the various states of
the region. He also reviews the climate and the characteristics of the
mined lands of the Interior Coal Province and discusses a number of plants
used successfully for revegetation. Use of reclaimed land has included
several kinds of farming, recreation, wildlife habitat, and housing develop-
ments. The author also discusses the costs of reclamation and points out
how differing land characteristics and state requirements affected these
costs before Federal Regulations required restoration to premining or better
land use. CE522
R78-6 LAND RECLAMATION PROGRAM
Argonne National Laboratory, Annual Report July 1976-October 1977 to U.S.
Department of Energy, ANL/LRP-2 (May 1978). 163 pp. The report includes a
summary of activity at Big Horn Mine/Tongue River Project and Jim Bridger
Mine Project in Wyoming; development of water harvesting techniques at Black
Mesa Mine, Arizona; vegetation studies at the Navajo Mine in New Mexico; the
groundwater study at Goose Lake Prairie State Park in Grundy County, Illi-
nois; the reclamation of a mined area at the Burning Star Mine Number 3 in
southern Illinois to row crops; the reclamation of coal refuse disposal
sites in Macoupin County, Illinois. Laboratory studies on the recovery of
soil biota after land is disturbed by surface mining are also reviewed. The
development of the computerized data and information retrieval system is
described. An appendix lists publications by members of the program staff
CE11
R78-7 EFFECTS OF WETTING AGENTS ON WATER INFILTRATION INTO WATER-
REPELLENT COAL MINE SPOILS
Miyamoto, S. (Texas A&M University, Research Center), Soil Science 125 (3),
184-187 (1978). The greenhouse tests performed on the high coal-conTent
mine spoils of the Fruitland formation from Utah International's Navajo Mine
in New Mexico are described. The three commercially available wetting
agents studied were an alkyl polyethylene glycol ether, an ethoxolated
alcohol, and a linear sulfonate. The sulfonate compound performed better
275
-------
R78-7 (continued)
than the other wetting agents and improved infiltration both when applied on
soil and when applied in water. Its effect, when soil-applied, persisted
through repeated irrigations. The tests also included the incorporation of
wettable material into the water-repellent spoil. Results showed 1) that
more than 10 percent of the mixture had to be wettable material for the most
improvement in infiltration, and 2) that the effect of the amendment de-
creased after repeated irrigation. CE495
R78-8 RECLAMATION OF COAL-MINED LAND IN APPALACHIA
Plass, W. T. (Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Princeton, W. Va.),
J. Soil and Water Conservation _33 (2), 56-61 (March-April 1978). Reclama-
tion studies in Appalachia have included overburden placement, use of top--
soil, soil amendments, selection of plant materials, site preparation, appli-
cation of seeds and fertilizer, and mulches and soil stabilizers. There is
an extensive list of grasses, legumes, trees, and shrubs used in revegeta-
tion of surface-mined land in Appalachia. CE521
R78-9 RECLAMATION OF COAL-MINED LAND IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Power, J. F. , Ries, R. E., and Sandoval, F. M. (Northern Great Plains Re-
search Center, Mandan, North Dakota), J. Soil and Water Conservation 33 (2),
69-74 (March-April 1978). The problems of mining and reclamation in The re-
gion are discussed with emphasis on the need for water conservation and the
difficulties of revegetating the sodic and plant nutrient deficient spoils.
CE523
R78-10 PLANT PERFORMANCE ON SURFACE COAL MINE SPOIL IN EASTERN UNITED
STATES
Ruffner, J. D., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service,
SCS-TP-155 (April 1978). 76 pp. This report summarizes the results from
1946 to 1976 of Soil Conservation Service (SCS) plant evaluations from all
states in the eastern coal mining region, including data from field planting
plans and annual reports of SCS plant materials centers. Species and field
observations are tabulated. Species that have widespread use or are best
suited to special uses are discussed as are special cultural and management
practices required for a given species or site condition. (Adapted from
author's Source of Data) CE535
R78-11 LABORATORY METHODS RECOMMENDED FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MINED-
LAND SPOILS AND OVERBURDEN IN WESTERN UNITED STATES
Sandoval, F. M. and Power, J. F. (Northern Great Plains Research Center, Man-
dan, North Dakota), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education
276
-------
R78-11 (continued)
Administration, Agriculture Handbook Number 525 (April 1978). 31 pp. For
sale, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washing-
ton, B.C. 20402 Stock No. 001-000-03763-3 The handbook was compiled to
meet a need for care in sample collection and handling and for uniform lab-
oratory methods to evaluate plant growth capabilities and limitations asso-
ciated with coal lands in western United States. Salinity associated with
sodium and nutritional deficiencies commonly characterize these materials,
therefore the procedures were selected accordingly. The authors drew
heavily from methods recommended by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside,
Calif., and terminology common to saline-sodic soil technology was used.
The procedures selected are those with which the authors have experience and
which they believe are most widely accepted as reference or standard proce-
dure for western mined lands and associated spoils. Those methods pre--
sented have been related to plant growth responses and may be used as a
reference against which other methods may be compared. (Authors' abstract
adapted) CE530
R78-12 BLACK WALNUT ON KANSAS STRIP MINE SPOILS: SOME OBSERVATIONS
25 YEARS AFTER PRUNING
Shigo, A. L., Rogers, N. F. , McGinnes, E. A., Jr., and Funk, D. T., U.S. De-
partment of Agriculture, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Ser-
vice Research Paper NE-393 (1978). 14 pp. Dissections of 14 slow-growing
black walnut trees on a strip-mine site in southeastern Kansas near Pitts-
burg revealed that bands of discolored heartwood were associated with
pruned and nonpruned branch stubs. Ring shakes were associated with a few
pruned and nonpruned stubs, especially with groups of stubs at the same
position on the stem. The advantage of early pruning was that even the de-
fects that developed were compartmentalized within the small nonmerchantable
central core that was the diameter of the tree at the time of pruning.
(Authors' abstract adapted) CE501
R78-13 SHEAR STRENGTH OF SURFACE-MINE SPOILS MEASURED BY TRIAXIAL AND
DIRECT SHEAR METHODS
Superfesky, M. J. and Williams, G. P., Jr., U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Service General Technical Re-
port NE-39 (1978). 15 pp. Results of measurements of seven surface-mine
spoils by triaxial and direct shear methods indicated that the direct shear
method may be used for evaluating the shear strength parameters of surface-
mine spoils. The average angle of internal friction determined by direct
shear testing was 38.6°; the average value for the triaxial method was 33.4°
The average value of cohesion determined by direct shear testing of dry ma-
terials was .077 bar; the average value of cohesion determined for the tri-
axial method was .100 bar. Soaking specimens immediately before direct
shear testing reduced the average angle of internal friction by 8.2°; there
was no significant change in cohesion. The methods used to sample, blend
materials, and prepare specimens caused two distinct populations for
277
-------
R78-13 (continued)
triaxial test results. The ratio of freshly crushed materials to weathered
materials in a specimen affected triaxial results more than direct shear
results. (Authors' abstract) CE520
278
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Ackerman, W. C.
R74-17
Adams, L. M.
R71-27 R71-30 R71-48
R72-1
Agnew, A. F.
R73-1
Aharrah, E. C.
R73-2
Ahmad, M. U.
R71-1 R73-3 R73-170
R74-1
Akin, G. W.
R75-3 R77-68
Albrecht, J.
R76-1
Aldon, E. F.
R73-4 R73-171 R75-1
R75-74 R75-75 R76-2
R76-96 R77-1 R77-53
R78-1
Alexander, S. S.
R73-5
Allen, J. C.
R73-13 R73-168 R73-169
Allen, N., Jr.
R73-6 R74-2
Allen, 0. R.
R75-32
Allen, R. H., Jr.
R75-77
Allen, S. E.
R73-12
Amato, R. V.
R73-161
Anderson, A. T.
R75-78 R76-3 R76-4
Anderson, C.
R75-121
Anderson, C. E.
R75-87 R77-2 R77-6
R77-14 R77-78
Anderson, J. C.
R71-30
Anderson, J. I.
R62-1
Anderson, R. J.
R74-15
Andreuzzi, F. C.
R76-5
Angel, P. N.
R76-6
Antalovich, J. W.
R73-3 R73-170
Arata, A. A.
R57-1 R59-1
Arkle T., Jr.
R74-88
Armiger, W. H.
R72-69 R73-76 R75-30
R76-7 R76-13
Arnold, G. E.
R74-47
Arnott, D., Jr.
R50-3
Ashby, J.
R78-2
Ashby, W. C.
R78-2
Ashton, P. M.
R75-125
Atkinson, R.
R73-136
Atwood, G.
R75-79
Augustine, M. T.
R64-1
Babcock, A.
R72-3
Bagge, C. E.
R73-8 R74-4
Baisden, H. L.
R74-5
Bakeis, W.
R69-22
Baker, C. D.
R64-1 R76-8
Balasko, J. A.
R71-30
Ballou, S. W.
R75-80 R76-9
Balsinger, T. R.
R57-2
Balzer, J. L.
R74-6 R75-2 R76-75
Bardwell, R. 0.
R76-10
279
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Barnhisel, R. I.
R69-1 R72-35 R75-3
R77-3 R77-67 R77-68
Barrau, E. M.
R73-15
Earth, R. C.
R77-4
Bartley, G. N., Jr.
R77-55
Bauer, A.
R77-26
Bauer, E. A.
R67-1
Bauer, H. J.
R73-9 R73-10
Bauman, K.
R74-109 R75-81 R76-11
R76-12 R77-5
Baumgardner, R. G.
R74-7
Beach, B. A.
R72-68 R73-11
Bean, S. D.
R73-132
Seattle, J. M.
R57-6
Beauchamp , H .
R75-82
Beck, R. E.
R73-172
Becker, J. L.
R74-33 R75-92
Beckner, J. L.
R74-51
Bell, R.
R56-1
Benecke, K. J.
R75-83
Bengtson, G. W.
R73-12 R73-13 R73-168
R74-59
Bennethum, G.
R74-9
Bennett, D. A.
R76-15
Bennett, 0. L.
R71-30 R72-69 R75-30
R76-7 R76-13 R77-54
Berg, W. A.
R67-3 R68-15
R69-23 R73-14
R73-16 R73-157
R75-84 R75-85
Bergman, F.
R76-60
Bergoffen, G. S.
R62-2
Berklund, C.
R74-9
Berkowitz, N.
R69-3
Bernath, G. E.
R64-32
Binder, D.
R73-173
Birkenholz, D. E.
R58-4 R62-12
Bitler, J. R.
R75-5 R75-95
Blakely, J.
R73-17 R74-10
R75-6 R75-7
Blazenko, E. J.
R76-14
Blizzard, S. H.
R74-12
Boccardy, J. A.
R68-1
Bodner, R. M.
R72-4
Boehlje, M.
R75-45 R76-68
Bohm, R. A.
R74-13
Bond, J. J.
R73-129 R73-185
Bond, R. L.
R73-90
Borden, F. Y.
R73-50 R73-86
Bowden, K. L.
R61-1
Bowersmith, J. A.
R76-15
Box, T. W.
R74-14
Boyce, L. -
R72-43
R69-2
R73-15
R74-8
R76-96
R74-11
R76-69
280
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Boyce, S. G.
R59-2 R59-3
Boyce, T. A.
R75-8
Bradshaw, A. D.
R74-115
Bramble, W. C.
R48-1 R49-6 R52-1
R73-96
Branson, B. A.
R71-2
Brant, R. A.
R64-2
Brawner, C. 0.
R75-9
Breeding, C. H. J.
R61-2
Brenner, F. J.
R72-5 R75-10
Brent-Jones, E.
R77-38
Breslin, J. J.
R74-15
Brewer, R.
R56-6 R58-1
Briggs J. M.
R77-2 R77-6
Briggs, W. M.
R64-32
Brinkman, K. A.
R62-11
Bristol, A.
R77-59
Brock, S. M.
R68-2 R68-3
Brohard, E.
R62-3
Brooks, D. B.
R66-1 R66-23 R68-3
R69-5 R70-1 R73-18
Brown, J. E.
R77-55
Brown, J. H.
R60-1 R62-4 R71-30
R73-19
Brown, R. W.
R74-114 R75-141
Brusca, H. J.
R72-70
Bryant, H. L.
R73-53
Bryson, N.
R78-3
Buchele, W. F.
R75-87
Buchholz, J.
R72-25
Buchman, N.
R75-78 R76-3 R76-4
Buehler, C. J.
R74-125
Bullis, R. A.
R73-174
Burner, C. C.
R73-20
Burton, J. D.
R67-9
Burton, L.
R73-21
Buscavage, J. J.
R65-1
Butch, D. L.
R71-2
Byrnes, W. R.
R58-3 R73-22
Caffrey, J. E.
R72-6
Caldwell, N. B.
R74-16
Calhoun, D.
R74-17 R76-96
Callaghan, D. J.
R76-15
Callahan, J. C.
R71-49
Callahan, J. G.
R71-49
Cameron, R. E.
R76-63
Camin, K. Q.
R71-3 R71-27 R72-43
Campbell, D. B.
R75-9
Camplin, P.
R65-12
281
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Capp, J. P.
R71-27 R71-30 R71-48
R72-1 R72-19 R73-24
R74-18 R74-73 R75-11
Carlin, D. F.
R75-44
Carlozzl, C. A.
R76-57
Carlson, B.
R77-70
Carlson, C. G.
R64-3
Carlson, R. 0.
R73-88 R75-37
Carlson, S.
R74-9
Carr, E. A., Jr.
R77-9
Carrel, J. E.
R77-7
Caruccio, F. T.
R73-26
Carter, R. P.
R72-55 R73-25 R74-19
R77-43
Carvey, K.
R77-8
Caspall, F. C.
R75-12 R75-86
Cecil, S. D.
R76-41
Chadwick, M. J.
R73-27
Chance, J.
R78-3
Chapman, A. G.
R44-2 R49-1 R67-14
Charmbury, H. B.
R73-29
Charton, P.
R77-9
Chase, P. E.
R73-30
Cheasley, T. C.
R50-;
Cherene, L. J.
R76-16
Cherry, J. W.
R63-8
Chironis, N. P.
R71-4 R73-31 R74-21
R74-22 R76-17 R77-10
R77-11 R77-12 R77-13
Chrisman, H. H.
R48-1
Clark, F. B.
R54-1
Clark, W. F.
R75-93 R75-109 R75-117
R75-119 R75-121 R75-128
R75-132 R75-133 R75-141
R75-156
Clouston, J. B.
R74-24
Coaldrake, J. E.
R73-36
Coates, W. E.
R73-37
Coe, D. A.
R76-18
Coe, M. W.
R72-8
Coenenberg, J. G.
R78-4
Cole, N. F.
R73-19
Cole, W. D.
R72-12
Collier, C. R.
R62-5
Collins, F. W.
R56-7
Colvin, T. S.
R75-87 R77-2 R77-6
R77-14 R77-31
Connell, J. F.
R75-49
Connell, J. P.
R75-13
Contractor, D. N.
R75-49
Conwell, C. N.
R72-9 R76-23
Cook, C. W.
R74-110 R76-96
Cook, F. X., Jr.
R75-14 R76-24
Cook, L.
R63-19
282
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Coonan, G. R.
R75-15
Corbett, D. M.
R65-5 R65-6 R73-1
Cornforth, C. L.
R71-7 R73-38 R73-39
R73-40 R74-25 R74-26
R74-27 R74-28 R75-16
Cornwell, S. M.
R66-2 R68-4 R73-41
Cress, W. A.
R77-53
Croke, E. J.
R74-19
Crorapton, E. J.
R74-96 R75-63
Crosby, E. C.
R77-16
Crouch, D. B.
R75-2
Crowl, J. M.
R57-3 R72-56
Crowley, R. H.
R75-10
Croxton, W. C.
R28-1
Culbertson, R. E.
R42-2
Cummins, D. G.
R65-7 R66-24
Cundell, A. M.
R77-17
Currier, W. F.
R73-42
Curry, J. A.
R73-169 R77-18
Curry, R. B.
R64-13
Curry, R. R.
R75-17 R75-88
Curry, W. J., Ill
R76-25
Curtis, W. R.
R71-8 R71-9 R71-10
R71-30 R72-11 R72-12
R73-43 R73-44 R74-68
R75-77 R77-19
Czapowskyj, M. M.
R66-3 R69-7 R70-4
R73-45 R76-26
Dale, M. E.
R61-4 R63-2
Daley, D. D.
R74-29
Dalrymple, B. W.
R65-8
Dalton, F. E.
R73-46
Danielson, V. A.
R69-21
Darmer, G.
R73-47
Davidson, W. H.
R68-5 R70-5
R73-175 R77-20
Davies, W. M.
R61-3
Davis, G.
R62-6 R63-3
R68-5 R72-13
Davis, H.
R76-27 R77-21
Davis, J. R.
R73-49
Davis, R. W.
R75-18
Davison, D. J.
R71-11 R75-19
Deane, J. A.
R66-4 R70-20
Deasy, G. F.
R60-3 R63-4
R64-6
Decker, C. S.
R74-54
Deely, D. J.
R73-50 R73-51
Dein, J.
R73-5
Deitschman, G. H.
R48-1 R51-1
DeLong, T. S.
R57-2
DeMott, J. E.
R77-7
DenUyl, D.
R55-1 R62-14
DePuit, E. J.
R78-4
R72-13
R64-5
R73-48
R77-22
R64-4
283
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Despard, T. L.
R74-31
DeTuerk, J. R.
R68-9
Dials, G. E.
R74-32
Dick, J. H.
R75-90
Dickerson, J. A.
R71-12
Dickman, I. I.
R64-7
Dietrich, I. T.
R73-176
DiGennaro, A. A.
R74-112
Dillion, A. C., Ill
R75-106
Dingus, G. P.
R76-8
Dinkel, R. M.
R68-16
Doering, E. J.
R75-91
Dollhopf, D. J.
R77-77
Doubleday, G. P.
R74-113
Dougherty, M. T.
R76-29
Doyle, W. S.
R76-30
Draffin, C. W.
R77-60
Draskovic", D.
R73-52
Dreese, G. R.
R73-53 R75-21
Dressier, R. L.
R75-68
Drnevich, V. P.
R76-31
Drummond, S. E., Jr.
R75-106
Duba, D. R.
R77-23
Dubnie, A.
R72-14
Dudley, T. E.
R74-33 R75-92
Duggan, C.
R73-132
Dunbar, F. C.
R73-54
Dusek, G. L.
R75-93
Dwyer, D. D.
R72-18
Earl, T. A.
R76-32
East, B.
R67-1
Ebelhar, M. W.
R77-68
Ebelhar, R. J.
R76-31
Edgerton, B. R.
R74-90 R75-94
Edwards, J.
R72-43
Edwards, J. H.
R47-3
Ehrle, E. B.
R60-4
Eigenbrod, W. F.
R71-30
Einspahr, D. W.
R55-2 R55-6
Eisentrout, E.
R71-48
Ellis, S. L.
R77-23
Ellison, R. D.
R76-96
Elzam, 0. E.
R74-34
Entzminger, R. A.
R76-33
Erickson, L.
R77-30
Etter, H. M.
R70-12 R71-14
Evans, R. J.
R75-5 R75-95
Everett, H. W.
R74-48 R77-24
284
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Falkie, T.V.
R70-6 R75-97
Fannin, P. J.
R73-56
Farmer, E. E.
R74-114 R75-141 R76-36
Farrand, E. P.
R64-12
Farrar, D. R.
R77-8
Fay, G.
R76-37 R76-41
Fenton, M. R.
R73-57
Ferko, M. R.
R73-141 R74-77
Ferraro, M.
R76-19
Filer, E. E.
R64-4 R64-41
Finch, T. E.
R77-25
Finney, J. H.
R62-8 R73-155 R77-82
Fischer, J. N.
R76-38
Fish, R.
R76-39
Fisser, H. G.
R75-23
Fitter, A. H.
R74-115
Fleming, A. L.
R74-116
Fletcher, K.
R76-96
Flowers, A. E.
R54-3 R55-3 R66-6
Foreman, J. W.
R75-44
Foreman, W. E.
R74-117 R76-40
Foresman, F. J.
R55-4
Foster, C. A.
R74-48
Fowler, D. K.
R73-58
Fox, S. D.
R48-2
Foy, C. D.
R74-116
Frank, R. M.
R63-5
Frawley, M. L.
R71-15
Frederick, G. B.
R71-30
Freeman, J. R.
R75-58 R75-101 R76-87
Freeman, P. G.
R73-188 R75-153
Frey, D. G.
R71-36
Friss, J. W.
R64-4
Fritz, E. L.
R77-45
Friz, T. 0.
R76-51
Funk, D. T.
R61-4 R62-7 R63-6
R73-59 R78-12
Gaither, T. W.
R76-62
Galpin, S. L.
R48-3
Gantner, G. K.
R75-14
Garner, R. V.
R53-1
Gartner, E. H. E.
R69-13 R75-98
Gatrell, N.
R76-54
Gee, G. W.
R77-26
Gentry, C. E.
R65-7 R66-24
Geyer, W. A.
R70-19 R72-43 R73-60
Gifford, G. F.
R72-18
Gilley, J. E.
R77-26
Gillmore, D. W.
R72-1 R72-19 R73-24
R74-18 R75-11
285
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Gillogly, L. E.
R64-32
Giorgetti, L.
R74-65
Glenn-Levin, D. C.
R76-37 R76-41 R76-42
R77-8 R77-83
Glover, F. W., Jr.
R66-11 R71-30 R72-20
R76-43
Gold, D. P.
R73-5
Gold, R. S.
R75-83
Goldberg, E. F.
R72-21
Goodman, S. D.
R77-46
Goth, J. H.
R75-10
Gould, W. L.
R75-41 R75-99 R75-134
R77-59
Graham, H. D.
R4S-4
Grandt, A. F.
R49-2 R58-2 R69-10
R71-27 R74-38 R76-44
R77-27 R78-5
Green, B. B.
R76-45
Green, J. E.
R75-100
Greenbaum, M. E.
R74-39
Greene, B. C.
R74-40
Greenwood, J. E.
R73-54
Griess, P. R.
R60-3 R63-4 R64-6
Griffith, F. E.
R66-7
Grim, E. C.
R72-22 R74-41 R75-104
Groenewold, G. H.
R75-121 R76-66
Gronhovd, G. H.
R75-153
Grubb, H. F.
R72-23
Grube, W. E., Jr.
R71-16 R73-61
R74-88 R74-89
R75-101
Gschwind, J.
R72-45 R73-104
Guckert, W. E.
R73-63
Guerke, M. L.
R78-2
Guernsey, L.
R55-7 R58-5
R60-11 R61-12
R67-15 R68-16
Gulliford, J. B.
R77-78
Gunnett, J. W.
R75-24
Gwynn, T. A.
R65-9 R66-8
R69-11 R70-7
R74-43
Hadley, R. F.
R76-52
Hagen, H. D.
R75-25
Haghiri, F.
R77-29
Haley, D. R.
R77-25
Haley, W. A.
R74-44 R76-46
Hall, G. F.
R77-28
Hall, J. G.
R63-15 R66-11
Hambleton, W. W.
R71-3 R71-27
Hamilton, L. W., Jr.
R74-45 R74-46
Hamon, W. R.
R77-29
Hanna, G. P., Jr.
R64-11
Hansen, R. P.
R76-96
R74-42
R75-58
R59-7
R64-42
R67-2
R73-177
286
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Harabin, Z.
R74-49
Hardaway, J. R.
R77-30
Hardin, N. C.
R71-30
Hardy, R. G.
R71-3
Harman, N. M.
R57-7
Hart, G. E.
R58-3
Hartman, H. L.
R69-13
Hartman, R. T.
R73-2
Harvey, C. E.
R74-39
Hassell, W.
R76-96
Haynes, R. J.
R72-28 R73-74
R75-103
Heald, M. T.
R74-47
Heddelson, M. R.
R64-12
Hedges, R. B.
R76-94
Hedrick, H. G.
R56-3
Heide, G.
R73-62
Heine, W. N.
R73-63
Hemish, L.
R75-121
Hemsley, W. T.
R72-4
Hendricks, C.
R72-71
Henning, S. J.
R77-31
Henry, D. S.
R77-24
Hersman, L. E.
R77-32
Hertsgaard, T. A.
R73-178
Hickerson, H. C.
R75-26
Hicks, D. R.
R76-56
Higglns, T.
R73-64
Hilbert, D.
R77-70
Hill, L. W.
R60-5
Hill, R. D.
R72-22 R72-58 R73-65
R74-41 R75-104 R76-47
R77-33 R77-34
Hines, B. J.
R73-49 R74-48
Hinesly, T. D.
R72-24
Hinkle, K. R.
R77-34
Hipwell, R. M.
R75-102 R74-53
Hodder, R. L.
R72-25 R72-26 R73-66
R75-105 R75-109 R76-96
R77-35
Hoffman, F. M.
R76-62
Hoffman, G. J.
R64-13
Hofmann, L.
R77-36
Holechek, J.
R75-119
Holland, F. R.
R73-67
Hollingsworth, J. A., Jr.
R64-14
Holmberg, G. V.
R76-48
Holzen, H. H.
R76-29
Honkala, R. A.
R74-118
Hooks, W. G.
R75-106
Horton, J. 0.
R73-68
Howard, G. S.
R77-39
287
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Howland, J. W.
R73-69 R73-70
R75-28 R76-96
Hughes, T. H.
R75-106
Hungate, G. C.
R73-76
Hunt, J. W.
R64-15 R65-10
Hutnik, R. J.
R74-49 R77-46
Hyde, R. M.
R71-27 R74-110
Hyslop, J.
R64-16 R64-17
Ibberson, J. E.
R57-2
Imhoff, E. A.
R76-49 R76-50
R77-48
Immich, C.
R72-43
Ironraan, R.
R74-50
R73-71
R72-27
R76-51
Jackson, D
R63-7
R77-41
Jacoby, H.
R73-73
Jacoby, P.
R68-6
Janes, D
R76-56
J arisen, I.
R77-42
Jasper, D.
R75-29
Jemison, G
R65-11
Jencks, E. M
R71-16
Jensen, I.
R75-109
Jewel, S. R
R72-28
Johnson, W.
R75-153
Jr.
R75-108
W., Jr.
R69-14
J.
J.
M.
R77-40
B.
R73-74
Jonas, F.
R73-75
Jones, D. C.
R64-18 R71-19
Jones, E. B.
R75-110
Jones, J. N., Jr.
R72-69 R73-76 R75-30
R76-7 R76-13
Jones, J. R.
R74-51
Jones, R. L.
R72-24
Jones, W. G.
R59-4 R63-19 R64-43
R71-20 R71-21 R74-52
Jonescu, M. E.
R74-119
Joy, R. J.
R73-77
Jurgens, L.
R72-43
Kantner, D. A.
R73-3 R73-170
Kardos, L. T.
R72-62 R74-90 R74-120
R74-121 R75-94
Kathuria, D. V.
R75-43
Reefer, W. R.
R76-52
Keffler, C. A.
R69-13
Kelly, G.
R72-29 R74-120
Kelly, J. L.
R76-53
Kelly, W.
R76-24
Kennedy, A. S.
R73-25 R74-19 R77-43
Kerch, R. L.
R75-31
Kezdi, A.
R68-7
Khoury, S. G.
R74-53
Kieffer, F. V.
R72-72
288
-------
Kimball, D. B.
R77-30
Kimball, R. L.
R66-7 R68-8
King, D. L.
R74-54
Kirkpatrick, J. C.
R75-32
Klimstra, W. D.
R59-5 R63-8 R64-29
R75-102 R75-103 R77-62
Kling, C. L.
R75-42
Klingensmith, R. S.
R77-34
Klutts, R.
R76-60
Knabe, W.
R64-19 R64-20 R73-79
Knight, C. G.
R76-54
Knochenmus, D.
R77-29
Knudsen, L. L.
R53-2
Knuth, W. M.
R77-45
Koehler, D. A.
R75-42
Kohl, E.
R70-20
Kolar, C.
R78-2
Kollman, A. L.
R75-153
Koppe, T. F.
R77-46
Kovacic, W. J.
R71-27 R72-43
Kowal, S. W.
R73-179
Kranz, B. W.
R74-55
Kraus, R.
R75-111
Krause, R. R.
R64-21 R70-8 R70-20
R72-73 R73-80 R73-81
R73-180
Kube, W. R.
R75-153
AUTHOR INDEX
Kudrna, F. L.
R72-29 R73-181
Kuhn, J. A.
R76-14
Kumar, P.
R77-47
Kunkle, S. H.
R72-32 R74-121
R74-120
LaFevers, J. R.
R74-19 R76-51
Laird, W. M.
R64-3 R64-4
Lamm, A. E.
R63-19 R64-4
R69-15
Landis, R. C.
R73-54
Lang, A. L.
R58-2
Lang, R. L.
R71-23 R75-82
R76-96
Laval, F. J.
R72-30
Lawrey, J. D.
R75-113 R77-49
R77-51
Leathers, K. L.
R76-96
Leeson, D. E.
R74-112
Leistritz, F. L.
R73-178
Lejcher, T. R.
R72-31 R72-32
R74-121
Leonard, J. W.
R74-66
Leuthart, C. A.
R75-114
Levene, H. D.
R71-24
Lewington, P.
R77-52
Light, B. A.
R75-34
Light, E.
R75-35
R77-48
R64-22
R75-112
R77-50
R73-82
289
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Limstrom, G. A.
R49-3 R51-1 R60-6
R63-9 R64-24
Lin, W. W.
R75-146
Lindquist, A. E.
R77-66
Lindsay, S. F.
R77-30
Lindsey, D. L.
R77-53
Livingstone, G. K..
R75-36
Lockard, D. W.
R77-66
Long, W. J.
R74-2
Loomis, T. H. W.
R70-9
Lorenz, R. J.
R77-36
Loring, R. D.
R48-5 R52-3
Lowry, G. L.
R58-6 R61-5 R62-8
Lue-Hing, C.
R74-70
Lujan, L. E.
R66-9
Lundberg, P. E.
R72-69 R77-54
Lusby, G. C.
R76-55
Lusk, B. E.
R73-83 R73-94 R74-57
Lyle, E. S., Jr.
R76-56
Lynam, B. T.
R75-37
Mac, See also Me
MacGregor, I.
R73-87
MacLauchlan, R. S.
R75-38
Maddox, J. B.
R77-55
Magnuson, M. 0.
R66-7 R68-8
Majerus, M.
R73-136
Mallary, R.
R76-19 R76-57 R77-56
Maloney, M. M.
R41-1
Maneval, D. R.
R72-33 R75-39 R75-40
R76-58
Marley, S. J.
R77-14
Marshall, L. C.
R76-15
Martens, C. D.
R74-64
Martin, K. R.
R74-108
Martin, P. S.
R76-86
Martinka, P. D.
R69-13
Marx, D. H.
R75-115
Mason, R. H.
R75-116 R76-59 R77-57
Massey, H. F.
R69-1 R72-34 R72-35
Masters, J,
R76-60
Mathias, E. L.
R77-54
May, M.
R75-82
May, R. F.
R63-10 R64-25 R65-31
R67-3 R69-23
May, R. M.
R42-2
Mays, D. A.
R73-12 R73-13 R73-168
R74-59
Me, See also Mac
McBroom, H. R.
R76-96
McCann, S. A.
R75-117
McCart, G. D.
R76-8
McCarthy, R. E.
R73-84 R73-85 R75-118
290
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
McClain, P. M.
R76-88 R77-58
McClain, T. J.
R72-43
McComb, A. L.
R55-2
McCormack, D. E.
R74-58 R76-61
McCormick, L. H.
R73-86
McDermott, J. J.
R76-94
McElroy, A. D.
R76-60
McGinnes, E. A., Jr.
R78-12
McGrath, J.
R72-74
McKay, M.
R73-36
McKee, G. W.
R72-70
McKeever, I.
R66-10
McMillan, H.
R73-88
McNay, L. M.
R70-10 R75-14
McQuilkin, W. E.
R66-3
Medve, R. J.
R76-62
Medvick, C.
R71-50 R73-89
Mellinger, R. H.
R66-11
Melton, R. E.
R62-6 R63-3
Mengies, L.
R77-70
Merkel, D. L.
R74-60
Merz, R. W.
R49-3 R59-2
Meyn, R. L.
R75-119
Miernyk, W. H.
R71-26
Miles, V. C.
R73-90
Miller, E. L.
R68-9
Miller, J. H.
R73-22
Miller, R. C.
R76-46
Miller, R. M.
R76-63
Minear, R. A.
R77-16
Miyamoto, S.
R75-41 R77-59
Moehller, J.
R76-96
Montague, A.
R76-47
Montgomery, E. H.
R74-17
Montgomery, H. B.
R62-9 R73-92
Montgomery, R.
R65-12
Moolick, R. T.
R72-38
Moomau, H. F.
R74-66
Moore, E. C.
R74-32
Moore, J. R.
R73-186 R74-13
Moore, R. T.
R75-42 R77-23
Moran, S. R.
R75-121
Morey, P.
R77-60
Morgan, R. L.
R73-182
Morning, J. L.
R74-65
Morse, H. H.
R64-32
Morton, P.
R73-93
Mulhern, J. J.
R73-83 R73-94
Mtiller, K.
R73-95
Mumford, R. E.
R73-96
R78-7
291
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Munn, R. F.
R73-97
Murphy, L.
R71-27
Murphy, R. R.
R73-46
Musaus, M. J.
R75-10
Musser, J. J.
R63-11 R70-2
Naughton, G. C.
R70-19
Nawrocki, M. A.
R75-43
Nawrot, J. R.
R77-62
Neebe, D. J.
R59-3
Nephew, E. A.
R72-40 R72-41 R75-44
R75-146 R76-64
Neumann, U.
R73-98
Nickel, R. E.
R75-125
Nickey, R. A.
R76-15
Nielsen, G. A.
R77-77
Noble, E. A.
R73-183 R76-66
Nock, M.
R76-3 R76-4
Nolden, C.
R76-67
Norton, B. E.
R72-18
Ogg, C. W.
R74-54
Olschowy, G.
R7 3-100
O'Neill, J. E.
R72-38
Orr, H. K.
R75-128 R77-65
Osterhoudt, F. H.
R74-67
Otte, J. A.
R75-45 R76-68 R76-69
Overton, D. E.
R77-16
Ozmina, D. J.
R71-30
Packer, P. E.
R74-114 R74-122 R75-141
Paller, W.
R73-102
Palmer, J. F.
R76-19
Paone, J.
R74-65
Parsons, J. D.
R64-26 R66-12
Pash, E. A.
R75-129
Paton, R. R.
R70-20
Patten, R. T.
R74-96 R75-63 R75-151
Patterson, D. D.
R76-70
Peck, Mrs. J. K., Jr.
R75-130
Pennington, D.
R75-46
Pense, R. A.
R71-28
Pentz, D. L.
R75-9
Perry, C. H., Ill
R73-58
Perry, E.
R76-71
Persse, F. H.
R77-66
Peterson, E. B.
R70-12
Peterson, J. R.
R72-45 R73-104 R74-70
Pettyjohn, W. A.
R73-30 R75-142
Phelphs, E. R.
R73-105
Pickering, R. J.
R70-2
Pietz, R. I.
R74-70
292
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Plass, W. T.
R65-7 R66-12 R66-24
R67-4 R67-5 R67-6
R67-7 R67-8 R67-9
R68-12 R71-29 R71-30
R72-46 R72-47 R73-106
R73-107 R73-108 R73-109
R73-110 R73-111 R73-184
R74-71 R74-72 R74-73
R74-98 R74-107 R74-123
R75-47 R75-48 R75-49
R75-131 R76-72 R78-8
Powell, J. L.
R75-3 R77-67 R77-68
Powell, R. L.
R72-76
Power, G.
R72-21
Power, J. F.
R73-129 R73-132 R73-185
R76-73 R76-77 R76-78
R77-36 R78-9 R78-11
Poyser, R. W.
R75-2 R76-75
Preate, E. D., Jr.
R72-48 R75-130
Proctor, K.
R73-136
Pundari, N. B.
R75-51
Pursell, C. F.
R78-2
Rahn, P. H.
R75-133
Rai, D.
R75-41 R75-99 R75-134
Raivio, H. A.
R73-174
Ralston, S.
R77-70
Ramani, R. V.
R73-141 R74-77 R74-92
Randolph, D.
R76-69
Raney, W. B.
R74-40
Rankin, B.
R66-14 R67-10
Rauzi, F.
R77-39
Rawson, J. W.
R71-30
Ray, J. R.
R72-77
Reavis, J. L., Jr.
R74-124
Reber, N. F.
R73-116
Rechard, P. A.
R75-135
Reddy, N. N.
R74-125
Redente, E. F.
R76-75
Reed, L. A.
R75-52
Reid, J. S.
R74-80
Reilly, J. D.
R72-51
Reiss, I. H.
R73-120 R74-81 R74-82
R74-83 R77-74
Renney, C. W.
R73-77
Ricca, V. T.
R72-64
Richardson, B. Z.
R74-114 R75-141 R76-36
Richart, F. W.
R44-1
Richter, D. E.
R70-20
Rickard, D.
R65-16
Riecken, F. F.
R55-2
Ries, R. E.
R75-23 R75-132 R76-73
R76-77 R76-78 R77-36
R78-9
Riley, C. V.
R47-4 R52-4 R54-4
R57-8 R60-7 R63-14
R72-54 R73-122 R73-123
R73-124 R74-85 R76-79
Rink, G.
R74-98
293
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Roberts, J. R.
R74-86
Robertson, D. R.
R75-54
Robins, J. D.
R72-30 R76-80
Roe, P. A.
R73-36
Rogers, N. F.
R51-2 R78-12
Rogers, R. H.
R75-142
Root, J. D.
76-81
Roseberry, J. L.
R62-10 R64-29
Ross in, A. D.
R72-55
Rosso, W. A.
R77-76
Rothwell, F. M.
R73-126
Ruble, R. W.
R64-12 R73-90
Rudolph, E. D.
R75-113
Ruffner, J. D.
R63-15 R73-127
R78-10
Ruhr, C. E.
R51-4
Rush, E. S.
R76-82
Russell, 0. R.
R73-51 R73-161
Ryder, P. D.
R72-23
Ryerson, D. E.
R72-25
Sanders, S. A.
R77-24
Sandoval, F. M.
R73-129 R73-185
R75-154 R76-73
R76-78 R78-9
Saperstein, L. W.
R70-6 R73-130
Sappenfield, V.
R47-1 R56-4
R73-128
R75-132
R76-77
R78-11
R73-131
Sauer, E. L.
R62-15
Sauer, R. H.
R75-143
Sawyer, L. E.
R42-1 R46-2 R47-2
R49-9 R54-5 R62-16
R66-16 R66-26 R67-17
R69-17 R69-18 R69-26
R72-56
Scanlon, D. H.
R73-132
Schafer, W. M.
R77-77
Schaffer, R. B.
R75-55
Schessler, T. E.
R64-30
Schiatzer, G.
R73-133
Schlottmann, A.
R76-83
Schmelz, D. V.
R72-8
Schmidt, J.
R77-30
Schmidt, R. A.
R72-57
Schmidt-Bleek, F. K.
R73-186 R7A-13
Schoewe, W. H.
R60-8
Scholl, D. G.
R76-84
Schroer, F. W.
R76-85
Schuller, W. A.
R76-87
Schultz, 0. A.
R73-102
Schultz, D. T.
R75-78 R76-3 R76-4
Schulze, W. L.
R73-134
Schuman, G. E.
R77-39
Schwab, G. 0.
R64-13
Schwartz, J. W.
R74-116
294
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Scott, M. D.
R75-56
Scott, R. B.
R72-58
Seastrom, P. N.
R63-16 R64-4 R64-41
Secor, E. S.
R73-130 R73-131 R74-112
Sedgley, E. F.
R74-87
Seidel, K. W.
R61-8 R62-11
Seith, R. T.
R75-32
Seitz, W. D.
R72-59 R74-127
Seiner, J. E.
R75-57
Sencindiver, J. C.
R74-89
Sendlein, L. V. A.
R77-78
Shaffer, S. L.
R74-12
Shanholtz, V. 0.
R75-49
Sharma, K.
R77-47
Shigo, A. L.
R78-12
Shillabeer, J. H.
R76-86
Shrader, U. D.
R55-2
Simchuk, G. J.
R72-61
Simmler, J. J.
R74-54
Simpson, D. G.
R75-11
Sims, P. L.
R74-110
Sindelar, 8. W.
R72-25 R72-26 R73-136
Singh, R. N.
R71-16 R73-61
Singhal, R. K.
R70-14
Sitterley, J. H.
R64-31
Skawina, T.
R75-144
Slack, J.
R73-137
Slayback, R. D.
R73-77
Smith, D.
R76-1
Smith, H. G.
R64-32
Smith, R. M.
R45-1 R48-3 R71-16
R71-30 R71-35 R73-61
R73-138 R74-42 R74-47
R74-88 R74-89 R75-58
R76-87
Smith, R. W.
R71-36
Smith, W. D.
R71-30
Sobek, A. A.
R73-61 R74-88 R74-89
R76-87 R77-85
Sobitsky, V.
R69-13
Soine, G.
R70-20
Sopper, W. E.
R70-15 R71-37 R72-62
R74-90 R74-120 R74-121
R75-94
Sosewitz, B.
R72-24
Sowa, E. A.
R73-175
Sowards, W. E.
R75-2 R75-68 R76-2
Spaulding, W. M., Jr.
R68-1
Speake, C. J., Jr.
R77-25
Sperow, C. B., Jr.
R71-30
Spore, R. L.
R75-44 R75-146 R76-64
R76-83
Springfield, H. W.
R73-171 R75-75 R76-2
R77-1
295
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Stamm, G. G.
R75-59
Stauffer, B. E.
R76-88
Stearn, E. W.
R64-33
Stefanko, R.
R73-141 R74-77 R74-92
Stein, J.
R73-142
Stelner, D. E.
R74-7
Steiner, W. W.
R73-128
Stevens, C. A.
R77-79
Stewart, E, L., Jr.
R72-43
Stimpson, B.
R76-89
Stiver, E. N.
R49-4 R49-5
Stollman, I.
R61-9
Stone, E. L.
R68-4 R73-41
Stoneman, W. C.
R72-57
Straub, F.
R65-17
Streib, D. L.
R77-85
Striffler, W. D.
R73-143
Struthers, P. H.
R53-2 R60-9 R61-10
R64-34 R65-20 R65-21
Strzyszcz, Z.
R74-49
Sullivan, G. D.
R63-18 R63-19 R64-4
R65-22 R65-35 R67-12
Sundberg, E.
R75-119
Superfesky, M. J.
R78-13
Button, P.
R70-16 R70-21 R71-30
R71-43 R73-146 R73-147
R73-148 R73-155
Swanson, E. R.
R73-149
Swift, D.
R77-70
Syvertsen, E. M.
R76-93
Taff, H. A.
R64-36
Taiganides, E. P.
R72-64
Tarbox, G. L. , Jr.
R54-6
league, R. N.
R72-79
Thames, J. L.
R74-96 R75-63
R75-150 R75-151
R77-1 R77-27
R77-43 R77-81
Thirgood, J. V.
R71-45 R7 3-150
Thompkins, D. C.
K 7 3-151
Thompson, W. W.
R69-19
Thor, E.
R74-98
Thornburg, A. A.
R74-99
Tilmann, W.
R72-65
Tixier, J. S.
R75-64
Tobler, R. H.
R75-65
Toy, T. J.
R76-55
Tresler, R. L.
R74-101
Trimble, G. R. , Jr.
R63-20
Triner, E. D.
R56-6
Truax, C. N., Jr.
R65-23
Tryon, E. H.
R60-1 R71-35
Tschantz, B. A.
R73-152
R75-147
R76-95
R77-35
R75-90
296
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Tuma, G.
R76-96
Tung, H.-S.
R75-149
Tyner, E. H.
R45-1 R48-3 R71-35
Underwood, R. C.
R75-125
Vaden, J. H.
R64-1
Vande Linde, 0. V., Jr.
R71-30
VanLandingham, A. H.
R65-24
Van Lear, D. H.
R71-46
Van Voast, W. A.
R74-104 R76-94
Verma, T. R.
R75-147 R75-150 R75-151
R76-95 R77-81
Verts, B. J.
R56-5 R56-8 R57-9
R59-6
Vimmerstedt, J. P.
R65-20 R65-21 R70-22
R73-148 R73-155 R77-82
Vogel, W. G.
R68-15 R71-30 R71-47
R73-16 R73-111 R73-156
R73-157 R74-105 R75-66
R75-69
Vohs, P. A., Jr.
R62-12 R63-8
Voight, J. R.
R76-42 R77-83
VonDemfange, W. C.
R75-67
Vories, K. C.
R76-96
Voysey, J. C.
R61-11
Wahlquist, B. T.
R75-68 R76-97
Wall, M. K.
R73-172 R73-176
R73-178 R73-182
R73-185 R73-188
R75-84 R75-88
R75-97 R75-99
R75-112 R75-118
R75-152 R75-153
R75-155
Walker, D. E.
R69-13
Walsh, J.
R65-26
Warner, D. L.
R75-67
Watts, J. P.
R77-84
Weber, L. S.
R62-13 R66-28
Weigle, W. K.
R65-28 R66-21
Weimer, W. A.
R69-13 R73-158
Weimer, W. H.
R72-66 R73-158
Welngartner, D. H.
R76-56
Weiss, N. E.
R77-85
West, L. J.
R76-89
Wheeler, 0. E.
R74-106
Wheeler, W. H.
R76-98
Whincup, G. T.
R72-67
Whltby-Costescu, L. M.
R76-86
White, D. H.
R69-21
White, J. R., Jr.
R74-107 R75-106
White, R. L.
R75-155
Whitt, D. M.
R70-23
Wier, C. W.
R73-161
R73-177
R73-183
R75-75
R75-90
R75-105
R75-147
R75-154
R71-52
R68-14
297
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
Wierenga, P. J. Zellmer, S. D.
R75-99 R75-134 R74-19 R76-45
Wilkinson, J. L. Zillman, R. L.
R73-162 R73-189
Williams, G. P., Jr. Zimmerman, R. E.
R68-14 R73-163 R76-31 R72-55 R73-25 R77-43
R78-13 Zube, E. H,
Williams, R. L. R76-19
R73-18 Zwight, D. M.
Willis, W. 0. R77-7
R73-129 R73-185 R75-91
R75-132 R76-78 R77-26
Willmuth, W. H.
R78-4
Willoughby, W. E.
R76-82
Wilmoth, R. C.
R72-58
Wilson, H. A.
R56-3 R57-5 R71-16
Winchell, J. H.
R48-6
Wiram, V. P.
R77-86
Wobber, F. J.
R73-51 R73-161 R73-164
R74-108
Wolcott, B. H., Jr.
R75-69 R77-76
Wyatt, 0. D.
R55-5
Yamamo to, T.
R75-70 R75-156
Yeager, L. E.
R42-3
Young, R. A.
R77-26
Youngs, B. D.
R73-165 R73-166
Zacher, F. R.
R74-66
Zajac, Z.
R75-157
Zande, R. D.
R73-167
Zarger, T. G.
R66-22 R73-12 R73-168
R73-169
298
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Acid mine drainage (See also Runoff from spoil)
Maryland, abandoned strip mines
R73-187
Acid spoil (See also Spoil acidity)
effects
R74-116
Perry County, Ohio
R75-113
on germination of grass seed with fertilizer
R77-55
Ackenheil & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
R76-29
Advance surface mining
R72-66
Adventure Coal Company, Kettle Island, Kentucky
R66-5
Aerial photography (See also Remote sensing techniques)
R73-9 R75-26
color
R77-45
photogrammetry, estimating amounts of coal and overburden
R76-18
surveys
Alabama
R75-106
Northern Great Plains
R76-91
vegetative cover measurement
R77-7
Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California
R76-33
Aesthethics of reclaimed land (See also Reclamation planning)
R76-57 R77-13
Agricultural crops; See Farming
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (See also North
Appalachian Experimental Watershed; Northern Great Plains Research Center;
Plant Stress Laboratory)
R72-69 R75-30 R76-7 R76-13
Morgantown, West Virginia
R77-54
Agricultural water needs, models
R76-53
Agriculture, U.S. Department of; See Agricultural Research Service;
Cooperative States Research Service; Forest Service; High Plains
Grasslands Research Station; Northern Great Plains Research Center;
Science and Education Administration; Soil Conservation Service
Air and Water Programs, Office of, U.S. EPA
R73-114
Airport Expansion
R67-13
299
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
R76-56
Alabama legislation
R75-25
Alabama reclamation (See also Soil characteristics; Tree establishment;
Vegetation on spoil banks)
R73-168
and mining, aerial survey
R75-106
Alabama surface mining
R72-63 R73-125
Alabama Surface Mining Reclamation Council
R74-25
Alabama, University of,
Department of Geology and Geography
R75-106
Alaska surface mining and reclamation
R72-9 R72-53 R76-23
Alberta, Canada
reclamation
R70-12 R71-14 R75-57 R77-47
vegetation on spoil banks
R76-81
Alberta Research Council, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
R76-81
Alberta, University of, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
R76-89
Alder trees
R61-11
Alkali sacaton
R73-4
Allis-Chalmers Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
R73-179
Alluvial valley floors
R77-30
Aloe Coal Company, Imperial, Pennsylvania
R71-42
Aluminum toxicity
R74-116
AMAX Coal Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (See also Ayshire Coal Company;
Meadowlark Farms, Inc.)
R75-31
Belle Ayr Mine, Gillette, Wyoming
R74-28 R75-70 R75-128
Catlin Mine
R74-3
SOAP (Soil Overburden Analysis Program) and Hydrology program
R77-86
Ambionics, Inc., Washington, D.C.
R74-84
300
-------
GENERAL INDEX
American Metal Climax, Inc. (See also AMAX Coal Company)
R73-87
Anthracite spoils
R63-5 R66-3
vegetation on (See also Tree establishment, Pennsylvania)
R66-2
Anthracite surface mining and reclamation
R65-10 R68-9 R75-22 R76-54
Appalachia (See also names of Appalachian states; Vegetation on reclaimed
mined land)
reclamation
R71-28 R74-10 R75-22 R76-57 R78-8
costs
R75-146
revegetation projects
R73-109
surface mining
R66-19 R67-1 R68-1
Appalachian Regional Commission, U.S. Government
R66-19 R73-7 R73-55 R74-30 R74-93 R74-111
R75-136 R75-138 R75-139 R75-140 R75-145 R76-58
revegetation manual
R75-137
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965
R65-14
Apple trees
R64-9
Arch Mineral Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri
Seminoe No. 1 Mine, Hanna, Wyoming
R77-39
Area mining, Kentucky
R74-111
Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois
Center for Environmental Studies
R72-55 R73-25 R74-19
Energy and Environmental Systems Division
R76-45 R77-43 R77-48
Land Reclamation Program
R76-63
bibliography
R77-85
review
R78-6
Arid land reclamation (See also Black Mesa, Arizona; Montana reclamation;
Surface manipulation for moisture retention; Water harvesting; Western
United States; Wyoming reclamation)
R70-13 R72-18 R73-4 R73-77 R74-60 R75-109
301
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Arizona, University of, Tucson
R74-96 R75-63 R76-38 R76-53
Department of Range Management
R75-150
School of Renewable Natural Resources
R75-151 R76-95
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Government; See Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Arnot bristly locust
R71-4
Atlantic Richfield Company, Los Angeles, California
Powder River Basin, Wyoming
R75-23
Attitude survey
mining and reclamation in Ohio
R72-77
mining regulation
R74-125
Auger mining
R74-124
Australia (See also Bibliographies, CSIRO)
mining
R69-13 R72-61 R75-9
reclamation
R77-73
Ayrshire Coal Company (See also AMAX Coal Company; Meadowlark Farms, Inc )
R63-12 R69-20 R71-22
Backfilling methods
R66-7
contour, multiple seams, steep slopes
R74-2 R77-18
with coal refuse
R69-21
Backhoes
R75-4
Michael Baker, Jr., Inc.
R73-7
Theodore Barry & Associates, Los Angeles, California
R76-15
Base-line studies
Powder River Basin, Wyoming
R75-23
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
R74-15
Bear Branch Creek, Kentucky
R71-2 R73-43
Beaver Creek, Kentucky
R62-5 R63-11 R64-11 R70-2
Beech trees
R73-73
302
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Bench method of mining
R72-66
Bendix Aerospace Systems Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan
R75-142
The Bendix Corporation, Southfield, Michigan
R73-30
Bermudagrass
R77-54
Berries (See also Elderberries)
R74-12
Bibliographies
R61-1 R62-7 R64-13 R71-15 R72-72
R72-60 R73-97 R73-151 R75-100 R76-26
Argonne National Laboratory
R77-85
CSIRO, Australia
R73-36
Iowa State University
R76-41
Minnesota, University of, Forestry Library
R76-1
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Surface-Mined Area Restoration
Research Project
R74-16
western United States, mined lands
R70-3 R72-18 R74-118 R77-70
"Big blade"
R73-21 R73-71
Big Horn Coal Company, Omaha, Nebraska
Big Horn Mine, Sheridan, Wyoming
R70-13 R76-55
Big Muskie
R69-4
Big Sandy River, Kentucky
R74-93
Birds on surface-mined land
R58-1
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., Monroeville, Pennsylvania
R74-37
Black locust trees
R60-1 R72-47 R73-157
Black Mesa, Arizona
R75-147 R75-150 R75-151 R76-53 R77-81
multiple land use with water harvesting
R76-95
Black walnut trees
R61-8 R62-11 R78-12
Kansas
R70-19
303
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Block-cut method of mining
R73-31 R73-63 R73-130 R73-131
Bobwhite quail
R62-12
Box-cut method
R70-8 R72-66 R74-97
British Columbia, Canada (See also Elk River Coal Field; Fording Coal Ltd.)
reclamation
R71-25 R75-36 R75-90
and legislation
R71-45
British reclamation; See Great Britain, reclamation
Browsed pines
R70-5
Bucket-wheel excavator
R75-83
Bucyrus-Erie Company, South Milwaukee, Wisconsin
R64-14 R74-106
Buffalo Coal Company, Bayard, West Virginia
R76-34
Buffalo Mining Company; See The Pittston Company
Bureau; See other part of title
Burgess Mining & Construction Corporation, Birmingham, Alabama
R72-63
Busseron Creek, Indiana
R73-1
By-products of coal mining, recovery of limestone, clay, and shale
R64-18
CH2M Hill, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri
R76-93
C & K Coal Company, Clarion County, Pennsylvania
R74-64
Cabin Creek, West Virginia, demonstration project
R73-23 R74-7
Camp sites (See also Recreation)
R67-10 R68-10
Campaign Clean Water, Charleston, West Virginia
R75-35
Canada (See also Alberta; Alberta, University of; British Columbia; Cape
Breton Development Corp.)
Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Mining Research Laboratories
R76-86
legislation
R76-86
surface mining and reclamation
R69-3 R72-14 R73-139 R75-9
Canadian geese
R69-6
304
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Cannelton Industries, Inc.
R73-93 R74-10
Cape Breton Development Corporation, Alder Point Mine, Nova Scotia
R74-80
Caperton Coal Co., Hazard, Kentucky
R64-9
Capital Fuel, Inc., West Virginia
R72-7
Carbon-dioxide-producing microbes in spoil
R56-3
Caribou National Forest, Pocatello, Idaho
R73-102
R. S. Carlin, Inc., Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania
R63-17
Caterpillar Tractor Company, Peoria, Illinois
R74-44 R76-46
Central Ohio Coal Company
R69-4 R69-13
Central Pennsylvania Open Pit Mining Association
R59-4
Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast Mining, POLTEGOR, Poland
R74-109 R76-11 R77-5
Central States Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R44-2 R49-1 R49-3 R51-1 R51-2 R54-1 R59-2
R59-3 R60-5 R60-6 R61-4 R61-8 R62-7 R62-11
R63-2 R63-6 R63-10 R65-7 R65-28
program review
R64-25
Charles River Associates, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
R73-55
Chicago Prairie Plan (See also Sewage as fertilizer; Metropolitan Sanitary
District of Greater Chicago)
R72-29 R73-46 R73-181 R74-120 R74-127 R76-60
Christopher Coal Company, West Virginia; See Consolidation Coal Company
Clarion State College, Pennsylvania
R73-2
Clear Creek Swamp, Webster and Hopkins Counties, Kentucky
R75-114
Coal, estimating amount of
R76-18
Coal Research, Office of, U.S. Department of the Interior
R73-141
Collins Mining Company, Hanging Rock, Ohio
R64-15
Cologne Lignite District
R73-9
fauna on spoil
R73-98
vegetative studies
R73-10
305
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Colorado legislation
R76-20 R76-49
Colorado reclamation (See also Vegetation on spoil banks)
R65-4 R75-42 R75-84 R75-116
Colorado shale-oil waste characterization
R77-17
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory
R77-70
Range Science Department
R74-110
Computer generation of monthly production reports
R75-26
Computer graphics in reclamation planning
R77-56
Conference on Reclamation of Surface-Mined Lands for Outdoor Recreation
Proceedings digest, Mid-Atlantic Regional Conference
R73-112
Proceedings First National Conference
R73-101
Proceedings Lake Central Region Conference
R73-113
Conference on Surface Mining, called by the Council of State Governments,
held at Roanoke, Virginia, April 13, 14, 1964
R64-4 R64-35
Congress of the United States; See House of Representatives; Senate
Conifers
R58-6
Conotton Creek subwatershed, Carroll and Tuscarawas Counties, Ohio
R74-112
Consolidation Coal Company
R66-14 R66-20 R71-6 R72-15 R75-148
Christopher Coal Company Division
R65-2 R75-34
Hanna Coal Company Division
R61-2 R61-7 R64-23 R64-39 R64-44 R65-15
R69-9 R69-12 R71-31
Mountaineer Coal Company Division
R73-34
Truax-Traer Coal Company Division
R47-3 R56-5 R56-6 R70-18
Western Region
Glenharold Mine, Stanton, North Dakota
R75-132 R76-21 R76-22 R76-73
Roundup, Montana
R75-93
Container-grown seedlings
R73-175 R77-46
Contour mining, Kentucky
R74-111
306
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Contrary Creek, Louisa County, Virginia
Demonstration Project
R77-34
Controlled placement of spoil (See also Valley fill; Mountaintop removal)
R71-39 R74-40
Cooperative States Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R77-3 R77-77
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
R66-2
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army
R72-60 R73-23
Mobility and Environmental Systems Laboratory, Vicksburg. Mississippi
R76-82
Corsican pine
R61-11
Cost analyses of model mines (See also Mathematical model, costs of mining
and reclamation)
R72-10
Costain Mining, Ltd., United Kingdom
R57-4
Cost-benefit analysis
R66-23 R68-2 R68-3 R69-5
steep slope mining, Tennessee
R74-13
surface mining in Appalachia
R73-186
Costs of parting handling
mathematical model
R77-25
Costs of reclamation
R54-3 R62-15 R65-19 R68-16 R73-7 R73-18 R73-35
R75-5 R77-6
Appalachia
R75-146
Appalachian and Midwestern Coal Supply Districts
R75-95 R76-64
earth handling
R73-69 R73-70 R73-174
Elkins, West Virginia, demonstration project
R72-58
Iowa Coal Project
R77-2
Knife River Coal Company, Bismarck, North Dakota
R73-177
mathematical model
R75-146 R76-68
Illinois
R77-43
legislative requirements
R74-117 R76-40
307
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Costs of reclamation (continued)
Pennsylvania
R75-60
western United States
R76-96 R77-66
Costs of regulating mining
Federal legislation
R75-51
Pennsylvania legislation
R76-25
Costs of surface mining (See also Multiple seam mining)
R72-51 R72-66 R73-35 R74-32 R75-8 R75-44 R75-45
Appalachia
R76-64
auger and longwall
R74-124
Illinois, Knox and Fulton Counties
R48-4
mathematical model
R76-68 R76-69
Council for Surface Mining and Reclamation Research in Appalachia
R74-37
Council of Planning Librarians
bibliography
R75-100
Cross-ridge mining
R76-17
Crownvetch
R61-2 R61-7 R63-15 R64-39 R64-44 R72-70
Cumberland River, Kentucky
R74-93
Czechoslovakia, reclamation
R73-75
DLM Coal Company, Buckhannon, West Virginia
R76-74
Dames & Moore, Billings, Montana
R76-89
Denver, Colorado
R76-28
Toronto, Canada
R76-86
Decker Coal Company, Omaha, Nebraska
Decker, Montana, mines
R72-26 R74-104 R74-114 R75-141
Decker Mine
R76-36
Tongue River Mine
R75-89
308
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Denmark, reclamation
R73-133
Dents Run Watershed, West Virginia
R75-34
Denver Service Center, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the
Interior
R70-3 R70-9
Denver, University of, Denver, Colorado
Department of Geography
R76-55
Desert Arboretum, Kibaek, Denmark
R73-133
Disposal of solid wastes in sanitary landfills
Maryland, abandoned strip mines
R73-187
Drainage control
R77-6
ERT Ecology Consultants, Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado
R75-42 R76-96 R77-23
Earth moving equipment; See Machinery for mining and reclamation
Earth Satellite Corporation, Washington, D.C.
R71-34 R72-49 R73-164
Earthworms, in Ohio spoils
R77-82
Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky
R71-2 R75-138 R75-139 R75-140
Eastern Ohio Resources Development Center
R70-21
Economic effects of legislation (See also Economic forecasts)
R75-21
Ohio
R73-53
Economic effects of surface mining and reclamation (See also Socio-economic
effects)
R64-17 R66-1 R75-22 R75-24
Alabama
R75-25
West Virginia
R71-26
Economic forecasts
R72-44 R73-54 R73-55
Economics; See Costs
Education; See Reclamation technology training
El Paso Natural Gas Company, Houston, Texas
R75-134
Elderberries
R65-15
309
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Elk River Coal Field, British Columbia, Canada
R76-16
Elkins, West Virginia, demonstration project
R73-65
costs
R72-58
Energy Coal Company, Colorado
R65-4
Energy Fuels Corporation, Steamboat Springs, Colorado
R75-116
Energy production affected by surface mining for coal
R71-18
Energy Research and Development Administration, U.S. Government
R77-60
Energy, U.S. Department of
R77-85 R76-8
Enos Coal Mining Company, Oakland City, Indiana
R62-1
Environmental Impact Statements
R76-93
Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Government (See also Air and Water
Programs, Office of; Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory;
National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Research and
Development, Office of; Research and Monitoring, Office of; Solid Waste
Management Programs, Office of; Water Programs, Office of; Water Quality,
Office of)
R76-47
Region VIII, Denver, Colorado
R76-91 R77-30
Erosion and sedimentation (See also Drainage control; Sediment ponds; Water
quality, turbidity control)
R71-8 R73-43 R74-68 R75-35
Erosion, by simulated rainfall
R77-26
Erosion control
R71-9 R71-10 R73-52 R73-184 R75-10 R75-52 R75-105
R76-98
Erosion measurement
R72-12 R75-32
photographic technique
R75-77
European alder trees
R61-4 R73-59
as a nurse crop
R63-2
Excavators
R76-34
310
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Falcon Coal Company, Lexington, Kentucky
Breathitt County Operations, Jackson, Kentucky
R75-61 R77-57 R77-79
Hazard, Kentucky
R75-96
Farming (See also Forage crops; Grazing intensity; Maid Marion Farms;
Meadowlark Farms, Inc.; Pastures; Vineyards)
R71-22 R71-27 R73-64 R77-52
beef cattle
R77-9 R77-74
Illinois
R47-3 R66-18 R75-86 R77-42
Indiana, Vigo County, farm land decrease
R55-7 R61-12
row crops
R77-31 R77-42
truck gardens
R76-35
wheat yields
R76-22
Fauna on spoil, Cologne Brown Coal District
R73-98
Federal coal leasing
R74-9 R75-65
Federal land reclamation
R72-2
policy
R75-97
Federal legislation
Appalachian Regional Development Act of 1965
R65-14
costs resulting from
R75-51
effects of
R74-4
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Oct. 18, 1972
R75-55
Ford Foundation Study
R74-14
statements on proposed bills
R73-8 R73-87 R73-91 R73-93 R73-105 R73-137
R73-162
Fertilizers (See also Sewage as fertilizer)
R73-168 R75-66
effect on grass seed germination in acid spoil
R77-55
requirement (See also Nitrogen —; Phosphorus —; Potassium —)
western lands
R75-119
311
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Fertilizers (See also Sewage as fertilizer) (continued)
timing of application
R73-12 R73-13
Finite element analysis
R74-106
Finn Equipment Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
R73-134
Fish and fishing affected by surface mining
R65-80 R67-1 R68-1 R68-10 R70-13 R71-2
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Western Energy & Land Use Team
R77-70
Fish in surface-mine ponds
R58-4
Fishery management in surface-mine ponds
R51-4 R73-20
Fishing in surface-mine ponds
R65-34
Flooding, affected by surface mining
R77-19
Fluor Utah, Inc., San Mateo, California
R77-60
Fly ash as spoil amendment
R71-27 R71-48 R72-1 R72-3 R72-19 R72-43 R73-24
R73-99 R74-18 R74-73 R75-11 R76-29 R77-39
Forage crops
R45-1 R74-59
Kentucky
R77-24
perennial species, effects of sodium and magnesium on survival and
growth
R76-78
Virginia
R76-8
Ford, Bacon & Davis, Inc., Engineers, New York, New York
R74-30 R74-111 R75-14 R76-17
Ford Foundation
Energy Policy Project
R74-126
Fording Coal Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Fording River mine, Elkford, British Columbia, Canada
R76-39
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (See also Central States Forest
Experiment Station; Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station;
North Central Forest Experiment Station; Northeastern Forest Experiment
Station; Palzo site; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station-
Shawnee National Forest) '
R63-9 R67-9 R73-82 R74-62 R74-100 R74-107
Eastern Region
R62-2 R64-30
312
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (continued)
Surface Environment and Mining (SEAM) Program
R76-33
Forestation; See Tree establishment
Fourwing saltbush
R73-4 R73-171 R75-74
Fracture mapping
R73-161
Friendship Park, Jefferson County, Ohio
R69-9 R73-167 R74-74 R75-148
Fruit trees (See also Apple trees; Peach trees)
R72-7 R74-12
Fulton County Health Department, Canton, Illinois
R76-60
Fungal culture filtrates
R68-16
Fur-bearing mammals
Illinois, Vermilion County
R42-3
Furrow grading
R73-122 R73-124
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc., Engineers, Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania
R77-34
Gellman Research Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C.
R76-10
General Electric Company
Beltsville, Maryland
R75-78 R76-3 R76-4
Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior [See also Resource and
Land Investigations (RALI) Program]
R62-5 R63-11 R70-2 R72-23 R73-115 R74-76 R75-52
R76-52
Columbus, Ohio
R77-29
Water Resources Division, Lakewood, Colorado
R76-55
Geology
R73-183
engineering
R76-89
Georgia, surface mining
R71-44
Germany (See also Cologne Lignite District)
DOMSDORF ameliorative treatment
R73-79
mining and reclamation
R64-19 R69-13 R72-40 R72-41 R72-65 R73-47
R73-73 R73-100 R74-15 R74-95 R75-22 R75-83
313
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Germany (continued)
reclamation
R74-113 R75-98 R75-127
Rhine Brown Coal Area
R73-62
Gilbreath, Foster and Brooks, Inc., Tuscaloosa, Alabama
R75-32
Glacial till, in Indiana spoil
R67-15
Glenharold Mine; See Consolidation Coal Company, Western Region
Glenrock Coal Company, Glenrock, Wyoming
Dave Johnston Mine
R76-55
Glossary of Surface Mining and Reclamation Technology
R74-37
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, NASA, U.S. Government
R75-78 R75-142 R76-3 R76-4
Golf courses (See also Recreation)
drainage from, contributing to acid mine water pollution
R74-53
Grafton Coal Company, Clarksburg, West Virginia
R72-42 R73-17 R74-22 R77-72
Grasses
R58-2 R69-19 R75-30
effects on tree establishment, Pennsylvania (See also Tree establish-
ment, affected by ground cover)
R76-98
seed germination in acid spoil with fertilizer
R77-55
Grazing intensity, effects of
R77-36
Great Britain (See also Northumberland; Recreation, —; Yorkshire)
fertilizer requirement on coal mine spoils, South Lancashire
R74-115
reclamation
R57-4 R61-3 R71-11 R72-67 R74-24 R74-50
R74-113 R75-19 R75-110 R77-37 R77-75
farm land
R77-38
Rother Valley
R78-3
South Wales
R75-120
Greenwood Stripping Corp., Pennsylvania
R65-10
Ground stability
R75-9
Grove City College, Pennsylvania
R72-5 R75-10
314
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Grundy County, Illinois, demonstration site
R76-45
Gulf States Paper Corporation, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
R75-32
MI-IT™' Minln8 En8lneerin8 Consultants, Altoona, Pennsylvania
H & G Coal & Clay Co., Inc., Clarion, Pennsylvania
R77-15
HRB-Singer, Inc., State College, Pennsylvania
R77-45
Hallmark and Reid Coal Company, Trafford, Alabama
R73-125
Hanaford Creek, Washington
R73-84
Hanna Coal Company, Ohio; See Consolidation Coal Company
Hannover, Technical University of, Germany
R73-47
Hardy Coal Co., Millersburg, Ohio
R60-10
Harmon Creek Coal Company, Burgettstown, Pennsylvania
R55-3 R66-6
Haulage roads; See Road design and construction
Haulback method of mining
R72-42 R73-17 R74-21 R74-22 R75-27 R76-15 R76-59
R77-72
Head-of-the-hollow fills
R74-11 R77-10
West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee criteria compared
R76-80
High Plains Grasslands Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cheyenne, Wyoming '
R77-39
Highwall screening
R71-29
Hillman State Park, Washington County, Pennsylvania
R76-29
Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, Maryland
R75-43
Hobet Mining & Construction Co., South Charleston, West Virginia
R73-140 R76-59
Hoffman Coal Company, Karthaus, Pennsylvania
R71-20
Holmes Limestone Company, Berlin, Ohio
R77-52
Horizontal haul mining; See Multiple seam mining, costs
Home Brothers Mining Company, Wise, Virginia
R75-27
315
-------
GENERAL INDEX
House of Representatives, U.S. Congress
Committee on Government Operations, Subcommittee on Conservation and
Natural Resources
R72-2
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on the Environ-
ment and Subcommittee on Mines and Mining
R73-186
Housing development
R75-27
Hybrid poplars
R63-6 R63-20 R64-5 R71-20 R72-13 R73-116
Hydrologic data acquisition
R73-152
Hydrology (See also AMAX Coal Company, Hydrology program; Streamflow)
Arizona, Black Mesa
R74-96 R75-63
definitions of terms
R75-18
geology survey, Campbell County, Wyoming
R76-52
Indiana
R73-1
Kansas
R72-43
Kentucky
R62-5 R63-11 R70-2 R73-43
Montana
R74-104 R76-94
North Appalachian Experimental Watershed
R77-29
Ohio
R72-64
Pennsylvania, Mahanoy Creek
R75-46
spoil bank, mathematical model
R77-16
western United States
R75-135 R76-66
mathematical model
R76-38
Ike Lake, Marion County, Iowa
R51-4
Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals
Division of Reclamation
R75-102
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Chicago
R72-55 R73-25 R75-103 R76-45 R77-43 R78-2
Illinois legislation
R60-12 R62-13 R64-41 R66-28 R74-128
316
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Illinois reclamation (See also Costs of reclamation, mathematical model,
Illinois; Farming, Illinois; Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater
Chicago; Recreation; Southern Illinois University Cooperative Wildlife
Research Laboratory; Will Scarlet Mine)
R2*-i R4?-4 R4?-2. R50-2 R51-1 R52-4 R58-2
o
19 R74-128
Illinois spoil characterization
R75-103
Illinois surface-mine ponds
R47-3 R52-4 R56-1 R59-1
Illinois surface-mined land
R56-5 R57-1 R57-9 R58-1 R59-5 R59-6
pre-law
R73-74
Pyatt Striplands Research Area, Perry County, Illinois
R58-4 R63-8
survey
R75-102
taxes on
R72-59
wildlife, Vermilion County
R42-3
Illinois, University of, Urbana
Agricultural Experiment Station
R51-1
Department of Agronomy
R77-42
Impact of mining, North Dakota
R73-182
Indian Head Mine; See North American Coal Corp.
Indiana Coal Producers Association, Terre Haute, Indiana
R48-5
R55-1
R67-17
R48-6
R56-4
R69-22
R49-4
R62-1
R71-50
R49-9
R62-16
R72-76
R52-4
R65-30
R74-19
TnH 1 c
Indiana Geological Survey
R72-76
Indiana legislation
R43-1 R48-5 R51-3 R72-79
Indiana reclamation (See also Recreation — ; Tree establishment
Vegetation on spoil banks — ) '
R46-2 R47-2
R54-5 R54-6
R65-33 R66-26
Pike County
R65-32
problems
R64-42
Vigo County
R58-5
Indiana spoil banks
R49-5
317
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Indiana spoil characterization
glacial till
R67-15
Indiana State Teachers College
R61-12
Indiana State University
R67-15
Indiana surface mining (See also Farming, farm land decrease, Indiana)
R40-1 R48-2 R52-3 R65-23
inventory of mined land
R73-164
Indiana surface-mine ponds
R51-3 R52-4 R71-36 R72-8 R73-20
Indiana University, Bloomington
R48-5
Water Resources Research Center
R65-5 R65-6 R71-36
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio
R76-29 R77-3 R77-34
Industrial parks
R76-58
Information storage and retrieval systems
R75-140
Interior Coal Province of the United States
reclamation
R78-5
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of
Agriculture
R74-114 R74-122 R75-141 R76-36
International Harvester Company, Melrose Park, Illinois
R73-174
Inventory of surface mines
Quicksand Watershed, Breathitt County, Kentucky
R75-139
Inventory of surface-mined areas
R75-78
Illinois
R77-62
Maryland
R76-3 R76-4
Iowa Coal Research Association
R55-6
Iowa reclamation
R55-2 R77-31 R77-78
and land values
R75-80 R76-9
Iowa spoil characterization
R55-6
318
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Iowa State College
R51-4 R58-4
Agricultural Experiment Station
R55-6
Iowa State University, Ames
R75-45
Department of Agronomy
R77-31
Department of Economics
R76-69
Energy & Mineral Resources Research Institute, Coal Project
R75-87 R76-37 R76-41 R76-42 R76-68 R77-2
R77-6 R77-8 R77-14 R77-78 R77-83
Iron ore spoils
R71-35
Irrigation
R76-77
sprinkler and drip compared
R76-2
with treated mine drainage
R72-30
Johnson & Morgan Co., Snow Shoe, Pennsylvania
R77-21
Jones & Brague, Tioga County, Pennsylvania
R76-27
Kaiser Resources Ltd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
R71-5 R71-25 R75-36 R76-16
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhatten
R70-19
Kansas Geological Survey
R71-27 R72-37 R72-43
Kansas reclamation (See also Black walnut trees, — ; Tree establishment —
'
R75-54
Kansas surface-mine ponds
R65-8 R73-20
Kemmerer Coal Company, Frontier, Wyoming
R66-9 R69-14 R69-19
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
R60-7 R63-14
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
jxGntucjcy
R77-3
epa^?ent f°r Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
R75-140 R75ll45 R74"U1 R?5~71
Division of Reclamation
R72-68 R77-76
319
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
(continued)
revegetation manual
R75-137
Strip Mining and Reclamation Commission
R65-12
Surface Mining Sediment and Water Quality Control Handbook
R74-36
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources
R77-76
Kentucky, land and socio-economic characteristics
R75-138
Kentucky legislation
R65-18 R65-26 R73-11 R74-84
effects of
R70-1
regulations for head-of-hollow fills
R76-80
Kentucky reclamation (See also Northeastern Forest Experiment Station-
Vegetative guide) '
R57-3 R59-2 R60-11 R61-4 R64-9 R65-3 R65-26
R65-31 R66-25 R72-30 R72-47 R73-11 R74-11 R74-19
R74-61 R75-3 R75-29 R75-66 R75-71 R75-125 R75-131
R77-10 R77-57 R77-67
and mining
R72-68 R74-111
eastern coal field
R66-24 R75-136 R75-145
western coal field
R77-3 R77-68
Kentucky Reclamation Association
R57-3 R66-5 R75-69 R77-76
Kentucky River, Kentucky
R74-93
Kentucky spoil characterization
R65-7 R66-24 R68-15 R69-1 R69-23 R72-34
Kentucky surface mining
R65-12 R65-18 R66-5 R67-3 R71-2 R71-8 R72-11
R73-11 R74-30 R74-68
Big Sandy Coal Reserve District
R67-6
effects on Tradewater River
R72-23
Hazard Coal Reserve District
R67-7
inventory of mined land
R73-164
Licking River Coal Reserve District
R67-5
320
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Kentucky surface mining (continued)
Princess Coal Reserve District
R67-4
Southwestern Coal Reserve District
R67-8
Upper Cumberland Coal Reserve District
R66-12
wildlife habitat on mined land
R56-7 R77-76
Kentucky, University of, Lexington
R72-34 R72-35 R74-39 R77-67
Department of Agronomy (See also Kentucky Agricultural Experiment
Station)
R77-68
Department of Civil Engineering
R76-31
Kerr-McGee Coal Corp., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Jacobs Ranch Mine, Gillette, Wyoming
R77-40
L. Robert Kimball, Consulting Engineers, Ebensburg, Pennsylvania
R74-93
Lexington, Kentucky
R75-145
Knife River Coal Mining Co., Bismarck, North Dakota
R65-9 R66-8 R67-2
Beulah Mine, North Dakota
R77-44
costs of reclamation
R73-177
Savage Mine, Savage, Montana
R75-109
Kucera and Associates, Inc., Mentor, Ohio
R73-3
Lakes; See surface-mine ponds under names of states
Land Management, Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior: See Denver
Service Center
Land use (See also Airport expansion; Black Mesa, Arizona --; Disposal of
solid wastes; Farming; Housing development; Industrial parks; Management
of reclaimed land; Recreation; Schools)
R61-9 R64-4 R64-31 R64-35 R66-17
impacts of surface mining in eastern Kentucky
R75-139
of mined land, Indiana
R59-7 R61-12 R71-49
of reclaimed land
R62-15 R74-3
Illinois
R71-52
321
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Land use (continued)
planning
R73-92 R74-17 R77-48
statistics on land mined and reclaimed
R73-121 R74-65 R74-103
U.S. Government policy (See also Federal coal leasing)
R72-39 R73-56 R73-68
West Virginia
R76-43
Land value, effects of surface mining and reclamation methods on
R47-4 R75-80 R76-9
Landscape architecture (See also Aesthetics of reclaimed land)
R73-37 R73-57 R75-121
Langley Research Center, U.S. NASA
R74-84
Latex as soil stabilizer
R74-55
Laurel Highlands Conservation and Development Project, Pennsylvania
R76-25
Laurel Hill Creek, Pennsylvania
R76-25
Laurel Run, West Virginia
R75-33
Leaf litter decomposition
R77-49
Leatherwood Creek, Kentucky
R71-2 R73-43
Legal problems of reclamation
R72-21
Legislation and regulations (See also Economic effects of; Federal legisla-
tion; State legislation; See also under names of states)
R76-96
affecting land use planning
R77-48
economic impacts of
R76-83
PL 95-87, "Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977"
R77-33
review
R69-26 R73-177 R76-37 R77-71
suggested
R73-173
Legumes
R58-2
Lepoco Coal Company, Pennsylvania
R66-2
Library Services, Office of, U.S. Department of the Interior
R71-15
322
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Lichen
accumulation of metals from acid spoil
R75-113
mechanism for accumulation of metals
R77-51
Lime, effects on bermudagrass growth
R77-54
Little Mill Creek, Ohio
R72-64 R73-155
Liverpool, University of, Great Britain
Department of Botany
R74-115
Live stock (See also Farming, beef cattle; Grazing intensity; Meadowlark
Farms, Inc.)
R55-4
Loblolly pine
R73-12 R73-13 R73-168
Lonesome Pine Soil Conservation District, Clintwood, Virginia
R64-1 R64-40 R76-8
Longwall surface mining
R73-83 R73-94 R74-94 R74-124
feasibility study
R73-144 R74-66
Los Lunas Plant Materials Center, University of New Mexico
R74-60
Louisville, University of, Kentucky
R75-114
Lovegrass; See Palar lovegrass; Weeping lovegrass
Machinery for mining and reclamation (See also Backhoes; Big blade; Big
Muskie; Bucketwheel excavators; Excavators; Rangeland drill; Scrapers;
Vertical shaft excavation and spoil placement)
R64-14
R73-134
R74-106
R75-124
R77-64
costs of earth handling
R73-174
equipment selection for large operations, mathematical model
R77-60
Magnesium sulfate, effect on perennial forage species
R76-78
Mahanoy Creek, Pennsylvania
R75-46
Maid Marian Farms, Indiana
R56-4
Management of reclaimed land
R76-96
Managanese toxicity
R68-15 R74-116
323
R69-8
R73-141
R75-28
R76-46
R71-3
R73-179
R75-64
R76-65
R71-31
R73-189
R75-87
R76-82
R72-61
R74-23
R75-96
R77-21
R73-69
R74-44
R75-107
R77-22
R73-125
R74-77
R75-122
R77-63
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Manual for establishment of vegetation on mined land, Kentucky
R75-137
George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, NASA, U.S.
Government
R75-106
Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Division of Solid Waste Control
R73-187
Maryland Geological Survey
R76-3 R76-4
Maryland, surface-mine inventory
R76-3 R76-4
Maryland, University of, Law School
R72-21
Massachusetts, University of, Amherst, Massachusetts
ARSTECNICA and Institute for Man and Environment
R76-19 R76-57 R77-13 R77-56
Massengale Mountain, Campbell County, Tennessee
R74-2 R77-18
Mathematica, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey
R74-30 R74-111 R75-14 R76-24 R77-72
Mathematical model (See also Agricultural water needs, models; Costs of
mining, —; Costs of reclamation, —; Hydrology, spoil bank, —)
costs of mining and reclamation
R76-68
costs of reclamation
R74-117
equipment selection for large mining and reclamation operations
R77-60
impacts of mining on streamflow
R75-149
parting handling
R77-25
plans for small surface mines
R77-14
streamflow
R72-64
surface mining systems
R75-8 R75-45
water availability and use, western United States
R76-38
water quality
R75-49
Mayes, Sudderth and Etheredge, Inc., Lexington, Kentucky
R75-139
John McCormick and Associates, Devon, Pennsylvania
R75-46
Meadowlark Farms, Inc., AMAX Coal Company
R52-2 R71-7 R73-38 R73-120 R74-75 R74-81 R74-82
R74-83 R77-74
324
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Meridian Engineering, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
R75-130
The Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (See also Chicago
Prairie Plan; Palzo site; Sewage as fertilizer)
R73-82 R73-88 R73-104 R73-149 R74-70 R74-121 R75-37
Mice on surface-mined land
Illinois
R57-9
Michigan State University, East Lansing
R61-5
Michigan, University of, Department of Conservation, Ann Arbor
R61-1
Microorganisms
in soil (See also Leaf litter decomposition)
R77-17 R77-50
effect of storage of soil on
R76-63
Montana
R77-32
in spoil (See also Rhizobium)
R56-3 R73-95
Midland Coal Company, Trivoli, Illinois
R75-12 R75-86
Mid-West Coal Producers Institute, Inc., Terre Haute, Indiana
R62-10 R67-17 R71-50
Mid-west reclamation (See1 also names of mid-western states; Western Interior
Coal Province)
R75-22
Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri
R76-60
Mined Land Conservation Conference, National Coal Association, Washington,
D.C.
R64-33 R64-38 R64-41 R65-27 R65-35 R66-13 R72-51
Mines, Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior
R66-7 R68-8 R69-21 R70-10 R71-34 R71-48 R72-10
R74-19 R74-65 R74-117 R75-14 R75-22 R75-124 R76-40
R76-76 R76-82 R77-25 R77-66
Division of Environment Field Office, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
R76-5
Eastern Field Operation Center - Field and Environmental Activities
R75-95
Office of Assistant Director, Mining
R76-15 R76-24 R76-28 R76-88
Mining and Metallurgy, University of, Krakow, Poland
R75-144
Mining forecast
R65-29
325
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Mining methods
(See also Advance surface mining; Auger mining; Backfilling; Bench method;
Block-cut method; Box-cut method; Controlled placement; Cross-ridge
mining; Haulback method; Head-of-the-hollow method; Longwall surface
mining; Machinery for mining and reclamation; Multiple-seam mining;
Periphery mining; Slope-reduction method; Steep-slope mining; Terrace-pit
mining; Throw-it-over-your-shoulder; Tower excavator mining)
R55-3 R60-10 R69-20 R71-40 R72-22 R72-38 R72-51
R74-5 R74-41 R75-62
feasibility study
R76-15
overburden handling
R76-24
Minnesota, University of
Forestry Library, bibliography
R76-1
Missouri reclamation
R54-1 R74-19
Project Reuse
R75-76
Missouri River Basin
R75-53
Missouri surface-mine ponds
R64-26 R74-54
Missouri, University of
Agricultural Experiment Station
R51-2
Division of Biological Sciences
R77-7
Rolla, Missouri
R75-67
Models, modeling; See Mathematical models
Monitoring reclamation; See Remote sensing techniques
Monongahela Power Company, West Virginia
R72-3
Monongahela River Basin, pollution control costs in
R73-7
Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology
R74-104 R76-94
Montana College of Mineral Science & Technology
R77-25
Montana Department of Fish and Game
R75-93 R75-117
Montana legislation
R69-11 R70-7
Montana mining
hydrology
R76-94
Montana reclamation (See also Peabody Coal Company; Vegetation on spoil
banks)
326
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Montana reclamation (continued)
R72-25 R73-39 R73-40 R73-66 R73-115 R74-99 R75-89
R75-93 R75-105 - R75-108 R75-119 R75-141
at Colstrip
R73-136
soil development
R77-77
Montana spoil characterization
R75-132
Decker Mine, Montana, hydrologic and soil properties
R76-36
Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
R75-119 R77-32
Agricultural Experiment Station
R72-25 R72-26 R77-77
research review
R78-4
Animal and Range Sciences Department
R73-136
Montana surface-mined lands
R77-32
Moraine State Park, Butler County, Pennsylvania
R70-10 R73-57
Morava River, Yugoslavia
R73-52
Mountain rye
R73-171
Mountaineer Coal Company, West Virginia; See Consolidation Coal Company
Mountaintop removal (See also Cross-ridge mining; Head-of-the-hollow fills)
R74-10 R74-26 R75-27 R75-96 R76-92 R77-61
in multiple-seam mining
R77-79
Mulches
R72-46 R73-106 R75-66
Multiple-seam mining
R73-6
contour backfilling
R74-2
costs
R75-13
with mountaintop removal
R77-79
Municipal compost
R73-132
Muskrats
R59-1
Mycorrhizae
R75-74 R75-115 R77-53
effects on tree establishment
R76-62
327
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Myles Job Mine
R68-2 R68-3
NUS Corporation; See Cyrus Win. Rice Division, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
National Academy of Sciences
Study Committee on the Potential for Rehabilitating Lands Surface
Mined for Coal in the Western United States
R74-126
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S. Government; See Goddard
Space Flight Center; Langley Research Center; George C. Marshall Space
Flight Center
National Coal Association, Washington, D.C. (See also Mined Land Conservation
Conference)
R71-18 R73-8 R73-33 R74-4 R74-37
National Endowment for the Arts, U.S. Government
R76-19
National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S. EPA
R72-22 R74-41
Natural plant succession
western United States coal fields
R77-23
Natural restoration of surface-mined land
R74-85
New Mexico reclamation (See also Los Lunas Plant Materials Center; Soil
characteristics; Utah International, Navajo Mine; Vegetation on spoil
banks)
R73-171 R74-6 R74-102 R75-75 R75-99 R76-67 R76-84
R77-1
New Mexico spoil characterization
R75-41 R77-53
New Mexico State University
Agricultural Experiment Station
R75-134 R77-59
Department of Agronomy
R75-41
New plant material
R73-127
New River Watershed, Tennessee
R75-149 R77-16
Nitrogen
availability in acid spoil
R68-4
requirement on mined .land
R74-115
Noise control
R75-15 R75-31
Norfolk and Western Railway Company, Roanoke, Virginia
R73-117
328
-------
GENERAL INDEX
The North American Coal Corporation, Western Division, Bismarck, North Dakota
Indian Head Mine, Beulah, North Dakota
R74-33 R75-92 R75-109 R76-63
North Appalachian Experimental Watershed, U.S. Departmer.t of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service, Coshocton, Ohio
R77-29
North Branch Potomac River
R74-84
North Central Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R74-121
North Dakota Geological Survey
R64-3 R75-121
North Dakota legislation
R69-11 R70-7 R73-172
North Dakota reclamation
R65-9 R66-8 R67-2 R73-188 R75-121 R75-154 R76-21
R76-70 R77-36 R77-44
history
R73-176
North Dakota spoil banks
R64-3
North Dakota spoil characterization
R75-132 R76-85 R77-17
North Dakota surface mining
impacts of
R73-182
socio-economic effects of
R73-178
North Dakota, University of, Grand Forks
R75-121
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R63-5
R67-5
R69-23
R72-17
R75-66
R78-13
Berea,
R63-20
R67-6
R69-24
R72-52
R75-69
Kentucky
R64-5
R67-7
R70-4
R73-111
R75-77
R66-3
R67-8
R70-5
R74-31
R75-131
R66-12
R68-12
R71-46
R74-123
R76-26
„
R67-3
R68-15
R72-12
R75-47
R76-72
R67-4
R69-2
R72-13
R75-49
R78-12
R75-136 R76-31 R77-19
revegetation manual
R75-137
Surface-Mined Area Restoration Research Project
R71-38 R74-16
Kingston, Pennsylvania
R73-175 R77-20
Princeton, West Virginia
R73-184
program review
R78-8
329
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Northern Great Plains reclamation (See also names of Northern Great Plains
States; Vegetation on reclaimed lands, —)
R73-129 R73-185 R74-33 R74-114 R75-17 R75-92 R77-4
R78-9
mine inventory
R76-91
wooded waterways
R77-65
Northern Great Plains Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Mandan, North Dakota
R75-91 R75-132 R76-73 R76-77 R76-78 R77-26 R77-36
R78-9
Northern Great Plains Resources Program
R73-32 R74-67 R74-122 R75-53
Northumberland County reclamation
R70-14
Nut trees (See also Black walnut trees)
R71-21
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
Energy Division
R76-83
National Science Foundation Environmental Program
R72-41 R75-44 R76-64
Systems Studies of Coal Production Programs
R75-146
Office; See other part of title
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station
R53-2 R60-9 R61-10 R62-8 R64-13 R65-20
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio
R65-21 R66-15 R70-16 R73-148 R73-155 R77-28 R77-29
R77-82
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Board on Unreclaimed Strip Mined Lands
R74-56
Division of Wildlife
R54-4
Mined Lands Restoration Unit
R74-112
Ohio Edison Company, Akron, Ohio
R70-17
Ohio legislation
R64-7 R72-27
Ohio Mining and Reclamation Association
R64-39 R64-44 R70-20 R75-126
Ohio Power Company, Canton, Ohio
R64-21 R67-10 R68-10 R69-16
Ohio reclamation (See also Conotton Creek, —; Peach trees, Ohio;
Recreation; Tree establishment; Vegetation on spoil banks, Ohio)
R41-2 R49-3 R52-4 R53-2 R54-3 R61-4 R64-18 R64-23
R64-24 R65-17 R65-31 R65-33 R66-14 R68-11 R70-21 R70-22
R73-170 R74-19 R74-56 R74-108 R75-142 R77-52
330
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Ohio spoil characterization
R47-4 R61-5 R61-10 R64-2
Belmont and Noble Counties
R72-78
The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
R47-4 R52-4 R72-77 R73-30
Department of Agronomy
R77-28
Department of Botany
R77-49 R77-50 R77-51
Water Resources Center
R72-64 R73-155
Ohio surface mining
R64-15 R64-16 R64-17 R69-4 R73-3
Ohio surface-mine ponds
R52-4 R60-5 R60-7 R68-10
Ohio surface-mined land
Perry County
R75-113 R77-49 R77-50
Tuscarawas County
R47-4
Ohio University, Athens
R73-3 R73-170
Oil shale, vegetation on
R74-87
Oklahoma reclamation
R53-1 R54-1
Oklahoma surface mining
R41-1
Old West Regional Commission, U.S. Government
bibliography
R74-118
Outdoor Recreation, Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior
R74-74
aid in reclaiming mined land
R74-91
Overburden (See also Spoil)
analysis
R76-71
estimating amount of
R76-18
handling (See also Mining methods; Parting handling)
in mining Stearns #2 coal, Kentucky
R75-29
Ozarks Regional Commission, U.S. Government
R71-3 R71-27 R72-37
P & K Inc., Port Allegany, Pennsylvania
R54-2
331
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Palar lovegrass
R73-77
Palzo Project, Williamson County, Illinois
R72-71 R75-114 R76-47
Park Aerial Surveys, Inc., Louisville, Kentucky
R75-26
Parting handling
R77-25
Pastures on mined land
R64-21
Patoka River, Indiana
R65-5 R65-6
Peabody Coal Company, St. Louis, Missouri
R65-4 R66-4 R67-16 R69-10 R71-32 R72-44 R73-28
R73-64 R73-91 R73-105 R74-38 R75-15 R77-67
Big Sky Mine, Colstrip, Montana
R73-115 R74-51 R74-76 R75-132 R75-143
Black Mesa, Arizona
R70-11 R74-96 R75-63 R75-150 R75-151 R77-81
Central City, Kentucky
R77-68 R77-76
disposal of sewage on mined land
R76-44
Seneca 1 and 2 Mines
R75-42
Universal Mine
R71-19 R73-103
Peach trees
Ohio
R57-6
Pennsylvania Coal Mining Association
R67-11 R68-13
Pennsylvania Coal Research Board
R65-1
Pennsylvania Conservation Association
R63-13 R65-16
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
R75-46
Bureau of Surface Mine Reclamation
R76-98
Pennsylvania Department of Health
R65-1
Pennsylvania legislation (See also Pennsylvania Surface Mining, regulation)
R49-6 R65-13 R71-41 R72-48
Pennsylvania reclamation (See also Tioga County, Pennsylvania, Demonstration
Project; Tree establishment; Vegetation on spoil banks)
R54-2 R56-2 R62-9 R63-7 R64-12 R65-1 R66-7
R66-10 R67-11 R72-33 R75-6 R75-10 R77-15 R77-20
and mining (See also Hillman State Park; Anthracite surface mining)
R49-6 R76-27 R77-21
332
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Pennsylvania Science and Engineering Foundation
R76-54
Pennsylvania spoil banks
R60-4
The Pennsylvania State Forest School
R48-1 R58-3 R62-6 R63-3
The Pennsylvania State University
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences
R73-141
Department of Forestry and Wildlife
R71-12
Department of Geography
R76-54
Department of Landscape Architecture
R68-9
Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources
R74-90 R75-94
Office of Remote Sensing of Earth Resources
R73-5
School of Forest Resources
R70-15 R71-37 R73-86 R77-46
Pennsylvania surface mining (See also Anthracite surface mining)
Allegheny County
R67-13
regulation
R76-25
Pennsylvania surface-mine ponds
R72-5
Performance bonds
R74-39
Periphery mining
R76-15
Permits, requirements for
R74-51 R75-65
West Virginia
R75-50
Perry and Hylton, Inc., West Virginia
R74-69
Perry Brothers Coal Company, Pennsylvania
R75-6
Personnel for environmental studies
R75-56
Phosphate mining, Idaho
R73-102
Phosphorus in spoil
R69-23
requirement on mined land
R74-115
Photogrammetric Services, Inc., Reynoldsburg, Ohio
R76-18
333
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Pines, direct seeded on Kentucky spoil
R74-123
Pioneer Fuel Company, West Virginia
R74-107
Pioneer vegetation
R60-4
Pittsburg & Midway Coal Mining Company, Denver, Colorado
R55-4 R65-4 R73-21 R73-31 R73-69 R73-70 R73-71
R75-28 R75-107 R75-122 R75-124 R76-67 R77-63
Madisonville, Kentucky
R77-76
McKinley Mine, Gallup, New Mexico
R77-1
Pittsburgh, University of, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Graduate Center for Public Works Administration
R72-60
Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology
R73-2
Pittston Company, Greenwich, Connecticut
Buffalo Mining Company, Lorado, West Virginia
R77-11
Coal Group
R72-50
Planning for reclamation; See Reclamation planning
Plant ecology
R75-88
Plant Stress Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, ARS-USDA
R74-116
Planting methods
R76-96
Poland (See also Mining and Metallurgy, University of; Spoil amendments, )
lignite mining
R75-157
openpit mining and environmental problems
R75-111
spoil toxicity
R74-109 R75-144
surface-mined land and reclamation
R73-95 R74-49 R76-12 R77-5
Turow Lignite Mine
R73-119 R75-81
vegetation studies on amended spoils
R74-109 R75-81 R76-11
Ponderosa pine
R77-20
Ponds; See Fish in surface-mine ponds; See surface-mine ponds under names
of states
Population trends in mined areas, Indiana
R61-12
334
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Potassium requirement on mined land
R74-115
Potomac Engineering & Surveying, Petersburg, West Virginia
R74—66
Potomac River; See North Branch Potomac River
Powder River Basin, Wyoming, Montana
R75-23 R75-156
planning for mineral resource development
R74-17
water quality
R75-133
Precipitation effects on pond water levels (See also Floodine)
R60-5 6
Princess Susan Coal Company, Charleston, West Virginia
R74-21
Production reports; See Computer generation of monthly production reports
Pulpwood production
in Pennsylvania
R64-8 R64-27
in the South
R67-9
Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana
R49-4 R49-5 R50-3 R54-6 R55-1 R73-22 R73-96
Pyrite
effect of grain size on quality of drainage
R73-26
oxidation
R75-67
RECLAM, USDA Program for Reclamation of Lands Affected by Minine
R76-48 6
Rainfall simulation
R76-55
Raleigh Empire Coal Company, West Virginia
R76-35
Rangeland drill
R75-69
Reclamation associations (See also names of associations)
R50-1
Reclamation costs; See Costs of reclamation
Reclamation forecast
R65-11 R69-17 R69-18
Reclamation history (See also pre-1960 publications)
R64-14 R65-35 R66-27 R67-17 R69-18
North Dakota
R73-176
Reclamation methods (See also Valley-fill method)
evaluation
R76-24
335
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Reclamation planning (See also Spoil analysis)
R64-10 R64-20 R65-35 R72-20 R72-54 R73-123 R73-150
R73-165 R73-166 R74-19 R74-41 R74-79 R74-88 R76-14
R76-28 R76-96 R76-97 R77-6
aesthetics
R76-19
computer graphics
R77-56
western coal fields
R76-75
Reclamation programs, states
R76-50 R76-51
Reclamation research (See also Natural restoration of surface-mined land)
R49-1 R66-16 R67-12
cooperative program of U.S. Department of Agriculture and Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University
R72-69
needs
R71-47 R74-92
not used in developing legal regulations
R76-79
Reclamation review (See also United States, mining and —)
R57-7 R60-8 R62-2 R63-4 R63-18 R64-22 R64-30
R64-41 R65-22 R65-24 R66-27 R69-15 R69-26 R70-6
R70-23 R72-56 R72-73 R72-75 R73-29 R73-33 R73-80
R73-135 R73-142 R73-177 R74-15 R74-20 R74-29 R74-72
R75-16 R75-104 R75-130 R76-30 R76-76
Illinois
R71-52
Reclamation technology training
R76-6
Recreation (See also Camp sites; Conference on Reclamation of Surface-
Mined Lands for Outdoor Recreation; Fish and fishing; Friendship Park,
Ohio; Lakes from final cuts; Moraine State Park, Pennsylvania)
R55-3 R61-6 R62-10 R63-8 R64-29 R72-43 R73-180
R75-39 R75-40
Great Britain
R78-3
Illinois
R66-18 R70-18
Indiana
R64-37 R65-32 R71-49
Ohio
R69-16
Pennsylvania, Lackawanna County
R76-5
Red pine
R73-2
Refuse from coal cleaning (See also Vegetation on refuse banks)
336
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Refuse from coal cleaning (continued)
characteristics, Will Scarlet Mine, Illinois
R72-74
disposal costs, Alabama and Kentucky
R69-21
Remote sensing techniques (See also Aerial photography)
R71-34 R72-49 R73-3 R73-5 R73-30 R73-51 R73-152
R73-161 R73-170 R74-84 R74-108 R76-91
ERTS-1 imagery
R75-142
LANDSAT imagery
R75-78 R76-3 R76-4
MOSAIC/Photomontage
R76-33
Research and Development, Office of, U.S. EPA
R74-66 R74-88
Research and Monitoring, Office of, U.S. EPA
R72-30
Resource and Land Investigations (RALI) Program, U.S. Geological Survey
R76-49 R76-50 R76-51 R77-48
Resources for the Future, Inc.
R66-1
Revegetation; See Vegetation
Rhizobium used to enhance nitrogen fixation of Robina pseudoacacia L_.
R73-126
Cyrus Wm. Rice Division, NUS Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
R72-30
Road design and construction
R68-14 R76-88 R77-58
drainage
R65-28
Rock layers between coal seams; See Partings
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, U.S. Department of
Agriculture
R73-4 R73-171 R75-70 R75-74 R75-128 R75-156 R76-2
R76-84 R77-1 R77-53 R77-65
research program review
R75-75 R78-1
Rodent population survey, Colstrip, Montana
R73-136
Row crops; See Farming
Runoff (See also Erosion control)
R72-11
from agriculture
R76-53
from spoil
R49-9 R65-5 R65-6
rainfall simulation studies
North Dakota
R77-26
337
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Runoff (continued)
Wyoming
R76-55
treated with sewage sludge
R74-121
Palzo site
R72-71
Rural Mining Company, Hurley, Virginia
R75-123
Russia, mining
R69-13
SUNEDCO Coal Company, Dallas, Texas
Cordero Mine, Gillette, Wyoming
R77-80
St. Meinrad College, Indiana
R72-8
Sand and gravel mining and reclamation
R62-15
Sandstone weathering
R74-47
Saskatchewan, Canada
vegetation on spoil banks
R74-119
Saskatchewan, University of, Saskatoon, Saskachewan, Canada
R74-119
Schools on reclaimed land
R76 92
Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R78-11
Scrapers
Sediment ponds (See also Erosion and sedimentation; Turbidity reduction)
R73-49 R75-43
Drainage Handbook, West Virginia
B.75-20
Engineers' Handbook, Kentucky
R74-36
West TJirsirvia
R7 4-107
Seed ledges
R73-76
-
R73-42 R73-134 R74-61 R74-62
of pitve
R73-169 R75-48
of trees and shrubs
R76-72
timing
R73-13
338
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Seeds
collected from native western plants
R75-143
in topsoil
R75-82
Seminoe Mine No. 1, Hanna, Wyoming; See Arch Mineral Corporation
Senate, U.S. Congress
Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs
R72-39 R73-35
Sewage as fertilizer (See also Chicago Prairie Plan; Municipal compost;
Palzo site)
R70-15 R71-12 R71-37 R72-24 R72-31 R72-32 R72-45
R72-62 R73-86 R73-148 R74-90 R74-121 R75-94 R76-44
R77-34
sludge disposal on mined land
Illinois, odors from
R76-60
Ohio
R76-10
Shawnee National Forest, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg,
Illinois
R72-71
Shear strength of mine spoils
R78-13
Sheban Mine, Mahoning County, Ohio
R74-1
Sherwood-Templeton Coal Co., Indianapolis, Indiana
R56-4
Sierra Club
R75-17
Site preparation
R73-18
Skelly and Loy, Engineers, Consultants, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
R73-114 R75-22 R75-24 R76-17 R76-76 R76-88 R77-10
R77-13 R77-58 R77-72
Slippery Rock State College, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
R76-62
Slope reduction method
R70-8
Slope stability (See also Shear strength of mine spoils; Spoil bank
stability)
R76-89
Socio-economic effects of western coal mining
R74-67
North Dakota
R73-178
Sodic spoils
chemical reclamation, leaching with soluble Ca salts
R75-91
339
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Sodium sulfate, effect on perennial forage species
R76-78
Soil; See also Topsoil
Soil analysis methods
R78-11
Soil characteristics
R76-31
Alabama mined land
R76-56
mapped
R76-70
New Mexico, San Juan County
R75-134
wettability, Fruitland formation, New Mexico
R77-59
Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
R64-1 R64-32 R64-36 R65-2 R66-11 R69-25 R70-23
R72-78 R74-20 R74-101 R75-38 R75-54 R77-12 R77-24
Morgantown, West Virginia
R76-43
plant performance review
R78-10
Program RECLAM
R76-48
Soil development (See also Earthworms; Leaf litter decomposition; Micro-
organisms in soil)
R71-35 R75-12 R75-30 R75-88
Montana, Colstrip area
R77-77
Soil mechanics
R76-31
Soil reconstruction
R76-61
Soil stabilizers (See also Latex)
R72-46 R73-106
Solid waste disposal
in surface-mine pits
R60-3 R71-42 R72-4
with mined-land reclamation
R76-32
Solid Waste Management Programs, Office of, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
R73-187
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota
R75-133
Southeast Kansas Outdoor Recreation Association
R65-34
Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Athens, Georgia
R75-115
340
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois
Coal Research Center
R77-78
Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory
R56-8 R59-1 R62-10 R72-28 R72-74 R75-102
R75-103 R77-62
Department of Botany
R78-2
Southwestern Illinois Coal Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana
R66-18 R69-13
Special Foreign Currency Program, U.S. EPA
R74-109 R76-11
Spoil acidity (See also Acid spoil; Lime)
decreased by blending acid and neutralizing strata
R75-58
Kentucky
R67-3 R69-23
Spoil amendments (See also Fly ash; Fungal culture filtrates)
Poland, to treat toxic spoils
R75-144
Spoil analysis [See also AMAX Coal Company, SOAP (Soil Overburden Analysis
Program)]
R74-8 R74-31 R74-89 R75-85
Illinois, Will Scarlet Mine
R72-74
New Mexico
R75-99
Spoil bank outslopes, calculating the area of
R63-10
Spoil bank stability
R68-7
bibliography
R64-13
Kentucky
R66-21 R73-163
manual for landslide prevention
R75-145
Spoil characterization (See also under names of states)
R49-5 R55-2 R60-7 R64-32 R71-16 R73-22 R73-61
R73-81 R74-42
Northern Great Plains
R76-78
Spoil chemistry
R75-101
Spoil classification
R48-3 R69-25 R72-78 R73-158 R74-88
Ohio
R44-2 R77-28
Pennsylvania
R73-90
341
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Spoil compaction
R58-5
effect on tree growth
R67-14
Spoil fertility
R73-45
availability of phosphorus
R69-23
and potassium
R73-14
Spoil, graded, moisture and density of
R73-44
Spoil leachates
R75-133
Spoil pH, determination of
R69-2
Spoil properties that influence minesoils
R76-87
Spoil texture, aggregation
R57-5
effect on vegetation
R71-46
Spoil toxicity
manganese
R68-15
Poland
R74-109
to treat toxic spoils
R75-144
zinc, copper, and nickel in eastern Kentucky spoil
R72-34 R72-35
Spoil weathering (See also Sandstone weathering)
R61-5 R62-8 R64-34 R65-21
affected by furrow grading
R73-122 R73-124
Spoil wettability; See Water infiltration, wettability of spoils
SP°" F,l8herl«" and Wildlife, Bureau of, U.S. Department of the Interior
Roo—1
Stability; See Ground stability; Spoil bank stability
Stahlman Coal Company, Inc., Corsica, Pennsylvania
R56-2
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California
R72-57
State legislation
R60-12 R64-6 R64-30 R72-56 R74-78
Steeply pitching seams
R72-63
Steep-slope mining and reclamation
R74-46 R74-57 R74-94
back-to-contour demonstration
R77-18
342
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Steep-slope mining and reclamation (continued)
Tennessee
R73-6 R74-13
West Virginia
R73-140 R74-45
Streamflow affected by surface mining, mathematical model
R75-149
Stripmine; See Surface mine
Sunnyhill Coal Company, New Lexington, Ohio
R54-3
Surface manipulation for moisture retention
R75-109 R77-35
Surface Mining Research Library, Charleston, West Virginia
R74-35
Surface mining review
R63-1 R63-19 R74-95
Survey of public attitudes; See Attitude Survey
Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania; See West Branch Susquehanna River
Systems analysis in reclamation
R75-152
Tall fescue
R74-116
Taxes
on coal produced
R74-39
on surface-mined land
R72-59 R73-25
Technical College of Aachen, West Germany
R73-10
Tennessee Department of Conservation
R75-72
Tennessee reclamation
R75-72 R77-9
Tennessee regulations
head-of-hollow fills
R76-80
Tennessee surface mining
R60-2 R66-22
Tennessee, University of, Knoxville
Appalachian Resources Project
R73-186 R74-13
Department of Civil Engineering
R75-149 R77-16
Department of Economics
R76-83
Water Resources Research Center
R73-153
Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Government
R63-1 R73-12 R73-13 R75-71 R75-72 R75-73 R77-69
343
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Tennessee Valley Authority, U.S. Government (continued)
Division of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife Development
R77-18 R77-55
National Fertilizer Development Center
R74-59
Office of Engineering Design and Construction
R71-39
Terrace pit mining
R76-15
Texas A&M University, Research Center
R78-7
Texas reclamation
R75-155
Throw-it-over-your-shoulder mining method
R70-8
Tioga County, Pennsylvania, Demonstration Project
R77-34
Todd Giddings and Associates, State College, Pennsylvania
R76-32
Topography of reclaimed areas
R75-156
Topsoil (See also Soil)
R73-138
effects of thickness and quality on vegetative response
R76-73
reconstruction
R74-58
seed source for revegetation
R75-82
storage, effect on soil microorganisms
R76-63
Tower excavator mining
R76-15
Toxicity; See Aluminum —; Manganese—; Spoil —
Trace elements; See Lichen, accumulation of metals from acid spoils
Tradewater River, Kentucky
R72-23
Tree establishment (See also Alder; Apple trees; Arnot bristly locust;
Beech; Black locust; Black walnut; Browsed pine; Conifers; Container-
grown seedlings; Corsican pine; European alder; Fruit trees; Hybrid
poplar; Loblolly pine; Nut trees; Peach trees; Pines; Ponerosa pine;
Red pine; Seeding; Virginia pine; Wooded waterways)
R47-1 R47-2 R48-2 R51-1 R53-1 R54-3 R55-1
R57-3 R59-2 R59-3 R60-6 R62-1 R64-20
affected by ground cover
R68-12 R73-156 R73-157
Alabama
R76-56
Cape Breton, Canada
R74-80
344
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Tree establishment (continued)
effects of grading spoil banks on
R67-14
Illinois
R78-2
Indiana
R43-1 R46-2 R48-6 R49-7 R49-8 R49-9
R50-3 R54-5 R54-6 R62-14 R64-28 R69-22
R71-49 R71-50
Kansas
R54-1 R62-11 R73-60 R78-12
Kentucky
R60-11 R74-123 R75-131
Ohio
R58-6 R63-6 R64-24 R69-16 R70-20 R73-57
Kehota Area, Perry County
R44-2
Pennsylvania
R48-1 R52-1 R57-2 R58-3 R59-4 R62-6
R63-3 R63-17 R64-5 R64-43 R65-16 R68-5
R68-13 R71-20 R71-21 R72-13 R73-2 R74-52
on anthracite spoils
R63-5 R66-3 R69-7 R70-4 R73-41
plantings with grasses and legumes
R76-98
pulpwood production
R64-8 R64-27
West Virginia
R55-5 R62-4 R63-20 R72-6
with mycorrhizae in Ohio, Virginia, and Kentucky
R75-115
in Pennsylvania
R76-62
Wyoming
R66-9 R75-128
Tree-planting guides
R42-1 R63-9
Truax-Traer Coal Company; See Consolidation Coal Company
Turbidity reduction
R73-84 R73-85 R74-27
Underground drainage; See Hydrology
The United Electric Coal Companies, Chicago, Illinois
R50-2 R63-16 R64-41 R69-6
United States, mining and reclamation review (See also Land use, statistics
on land mined and reclaimed)
R75-129
United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
R71-33 R72-6 R73-118 R74-62
345
-------
GENERAL INDEX
United States Steel Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (continued)
Gary District, McDowell County, West Virginia
R71-51
University of; See other part of name
Usibelli Coal Mine, Inc., Alaska
R72-53
Utah Development Company, Australia
R77-73
Utah International, Inc., San Francisco, California
Goonyella Mine, Australia
R72-61
Navajo Mine, Fruitland, New Mexico
R74-6 R74-63 R75-2 R75-68 R76-2 R77-1
R78-7
Utah State University, Logan
R72-18
Vacuumed soil for seed collection
R75-143
Valley Camp Coal Company, Cleveland, Ohio
West Virginia mines
R73-153 R73-154 R74-55
Valley-fill method
R70-8 R73-34 R74-10 R74-11 R74-69 R76-11 R76-34
West Virginia specifications for
R75-20
Vecellio & Grogan, Inc., West Virginia
R77-61
Vegetation for reclaiming mined land
R75-123 R76-96
Kentucky, western coal field
R77-68
Montana
R74-114
recommended by the Soil Conservation Service
R77-12
wildlife management
R56-7
Vegetation guides (See also Manual for establishment of vegetation on mined
land)
Kentucky
R64-36 R73-78 R74-48
Ohio
R69-25
Pennsylvania
R71-17
Virginia
R64-1
western United States
R74-110
346
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Vegetation on acid spoil
R62-3 R63-20 R70-16 R71-43
evaluation of acid spoil ability to support plant growth
R73~27
manganese and aluminum toxicity
R73-16
Virginia pine adapted for acid spoil
R73-107
Vegetation on reclaimed mined land (See also Irrigation; Mycorrhizae; Plant
ecology; Planting methods; Row crops; Seeds; Soil; Tree establishment;
Topsoil; Vegetative cover measurement; Wheat)
R71-51 R76-14
Appalachia
R76-7
Colorado
R75-84
Kentucky
R77-3
Montana
R75-93 R75-141
New Mexico
R75-75
North Dakota
R75-154
Northern Great Plains
R74-122
Texas
R75-155
Washington
R75-118
West Virginia
R71-51
Wyoming
R75-112
Vegetation on refuse banks
R73-175
Vegetation on spoil banks (See also Alberta, Canada, —; Alkali sacaton-
Bermudagrass; Berries; Crownvetch; Fertilizer requirements; Forage crops;
Fourwing saltbush; Grasses; Leaf litter decomposition; Legumes; Mountain'
rye; Mycorrhizae; Natural plant succession; Palar lovegrass; Poland,
vegetation studies on amended spoils: Saskatchewan, Canada; Tall fescue;
Tree establishment; Vineyards; Weeping lovegrass)
R28-1 R41-1 R42-2 R48-3 R49-3 R49-4 R49-5
R50-1 R52-4 R55-2 R57-5 R58-4 R60-9 R64-32
R65-20 R66-15 R71-30 R72-52 R73-18 R73-108 R73-175
aids to establishing plants (See also Fertilizers; Latex as soil
stabilizer; Mulches; Seed ledges; Seeding; Soil stabilizers)
R69-14 R73-19 R73-110
Alabama
R73-12 R73-13
347
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Vegetation on spoil banks (continued)
Colorado
R73-15
eastern United States
R76-13
evaluation of plants for critical sites
R73-128
Germany
R73-47
heat injury to, from surface temperature of spoil
R73-50
Illinois
Grundy County
R76-45
Perry County
R56-6
Indiana
R68-16 R73-89
Iowa
R55-6 R77-8
Montana
R72-26
New Mexico
R75-1
North Dakota
R73-188 .
Ohio
R47-4 R57-8
Pennsylvania
R68-8 R72-5 R72-63 R73-90
plant performance studies, Soil Conservation Service
R78-10
prediction of plant growth by soil testing
R73-14
seasonal planting effects on
R73-48 R74-105
species characteristics
R77-27
West Virginia
R66-11 R73-19
Wyoming
R68-6 R71-23 R77-39
Vegetation on toxic spoil
R71-43
Ohio
R73-146 R73-147
Vegetative cover measurement
R77-7
Vegetative Rehabilitation and Equipment Workshop
R75-64
348
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Vegetative succession (See also Natural plant succession; Pioneer vegetation)
R73-22
Vertical shaft excavation and spoil placement
R77-84
Vineyards
R75-61 R77-57
Virginia Department of Conservation
R75-73
Virginia pine
R73-107 R74-98
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
R72-69 R74-117 R75-49 R76-40 R77-69
Virginia reclamation (See also Lonesome Pine Soil Conservation District;
Wildlife on surface-mined land, Hagy Wildlife Management Area)
R75-73 R75-123 R77-69
Wise County
R73-132 R75-27
Virginia Water Control Board
R77-34
W. A. Wahler & Associates, Palo Alto, California
R75-13
Wallick Coal, Inc., Strasburg, Ohio
R64-18
Washington Irrigation & Development Company, Centralia, Washington
Centralia Coal Mine
R73-84 R73-85 R74-27
Washington (state of) reclamation
R75-118
Water for Energy Management Team, U.S. Department of the Interior
R75-53
Water handling (See also Drainage control)
R44-1 R54-2 R64-11 R66-4 R71-5
Water harvesting (See also Black Mesa, Arizona, multiple land use, with—)
with wax and silicone
R76-84
Water infiltration
wettability of spoils, Fruitland formation, New Mexico
R77-59
effects of wetting agents
R78-7
Water management
R76-79
Water Programs, Office of, U.S. EPA
R71-16
Water quality (See also Acid mine drainage; Golf courses; Mathematical
model,—)
R71-1 R75-35
Clear Creek Swamp and the Palzo Project
R75-114
349
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Water quality (continued)
control
R73-114
Illinois
R74-70
Kentucky
R73-143
North Appalachian Experimental Watershed
R77-29
Ohio
R73-155 R74-1 R74-34
Powder River Basin
R75-133
turbidity control
R75-118
West Virginia
R75-47
Water Quality, Office of, U.S. EPA
R72-58
Water requirements for energy production
R75-53 R75-59
Water Resources Research, Office of, U.S. Department of the Interior
R71-37
Water retention in spoil
R65-23
Weeping lovegrass
R72-17 R74-116
D. G. Wertz Coal Co., Renovo, Pennsylvania
R62-9
West Branch Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania
R73-5
West Coal Corporation, Oneida, Tennessee
R75-29
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources
Drainage handbook for surface mining
R75-20
West Virginia reclamation (See also Cabin Creek demonstration project;
Elkins demonstration project; Land use, — ; Steep slope mining; Tree
establishment; Vegetation on spoil banks; Wildlife on surface-mined land)
R45-1 R48-3 R55-5 R60-1 R62-3 R65-25 R66-20
R71-51 R72-16 R72-46 R73-17 R73-34 R73-72 R73-76
R73-99 R73-117 R73-159 R73-160 R73-184 R74-12 R74-71
R75-30 R76-35 R76-59 R76-92 R77-10 R77-11 R77-61
Dents Run
R75-34
Laurel Run
R75-33
the Stanford Report
R72-57 R73-145
350
-------
GENERAL INDEX
West Virginia regulations
head-of-hollow fills
R76-80
West Virginia spoil characterization
R73-111
West Virginia Surface Mining and Reclamation Association, Charleston
(See also Longwall surface mining)
R72-36 R73-162 R74-94 R75-50 R76-17
West Virginia University Foundation
bibliography
R73-97
West Virginia University, Morgantown
R76-71
Agricultural Experiment Station
R45-1 R48-3 R55-5 R57-5 R60-1 R62-4
R63-15 R66-11 R71-35 R73-19 R74-47 R75-58
R76-87
Appalachian Center
R68-3
College of Agriculture and Forestry
R71-16 R74-88 R76-90
Western Energy Company, Butte, Montana
R78-4
Rosebud (Colstrip) Mine, Colstrip, Montana
R72-25 R73-39 R73-40 R75-109 R75-119
Western Illinois University, Macomb
R75-12
Western Interior Coal Province (See also Mid-west reclamation)
R51-2
Western United States coal fields (See also Arid land reclamation; Northern
Great Plains; Peabody Coal Co.; See under names of western states)
R69-11 R70-9 R73-28 R73-139 R74-43 R75-14 R75-22
R75-59 R75-79 R75-88 R75-152 R75-153 R76-96 R77-41
costs of reclamation
R77-66
hydrology, mathematical model
R76-38
natural plant succession
R77-23
reclamation planning
R76-75
reclamation potential, study of
R74-126
soil analysis methods
R78-11
southwestern area (See also Black Mesa)
R78-1
Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Environmental Systems Department
R76-97
351
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Westmoreland Resources, Billings, Montana
Absaloka Mine, Hardin, Montana
R75-108
Wheat, yield from mined and unmined land compared
R76-21
Wildlife affected by surface mining
R68-1
Wildlife on coal lands
mined and unmined areas, Iowa
R76-42
Wildlife on reclaimed land (See also Canadian geese; Rodent population
survey)
R54-4 R56-5 R57-3 R63-14 R65-9 R68-5 R73-67
North Dakota
R67-2
Pennsylvania
R75-10
Wildlife on surface-mined land (See also Birds; Bobwhite quail; Fauna;
Fur-bearing mammals; Mice; Muskrats)
R52-4 R57-1 R58-4 R59-5 R59-6
Hagy Wildlife Management Area, Virginia
R73-58
Illinois
R56-8
Kentucky
R56-7 R77-76
Ohio
R47-4 R57-8
small mammals
R73-96
Iowa
R77-83
Montana
R75-117
West Virginia
R76-90
Will Scarlet Mine, Illinois
R72-74
George Wimpey & Company, London, England
R75-120
Wisconsin, University of, Milwaukee
R75-80
Wooded waterways, Northern Great Plains
R77-65
Wyodak Resources Development Corp., Gillette, Wyoming
Wyodak Mine
R71-24 R77-39
Wyoming Environmental Institute
base-line studies, Powder River Basin
R75-23
352
-------
GENERAL INDEX
Wyoming, Gillette area, Campbell County
hydrology-geology survey
R76-52
Wyoming legislation
R69-11 R70-7
Wyoming reclamation (See also Kemmerer Coal Company; Tree establishment,
Wyoming; Vegetation on spoil banks, Wyoming; Wyoming, University of)
R70-13 R71-24 R74-28 R74-101 R75-70 R75-112 R75-128
R76-55 R77-40 R77-80
Wyoming spoil characterization
R75-70
Wyoming, University of, Laramie (See also Wyoming Environmental Institute)
Agricultural Experiment Station
R71-23 R75-82
Plant Sciences Division
R66-9 R68-6 R69-14 R69-19
Water Resources Research Institute
R73-32 R75-135
Yellowstone River Basin
R75-53
York, University of, United Kingdom
R73-27
Yorkshire, England, reclamation
R61-11
Yugoslavia reclamation
R73-52
353
-------
APPENDIX I
COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT SERIES:
MINE DRAINAGE BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Dreese, G. R. (1) and Bryant, H. L. (2) [(1) West Virginia University and (2)
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320-327 (April 1972). CE579 ~
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Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Open-File Report 78-13 (Jan.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE NEW-SOURCE NPDES PERMIT PROGRAM FOR THE WEST
VIRGINIA SURFACE COAL MINING INDUSTRY, 1977-1980 Jack McCormick & Asso-
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CE562
Frost, R. C., THE VARIABLE IRON CONTENT OF MINE FLOOD WATER: IMPLICATIONS
FOR SAMPLING AND POLLUTION CONTROL Colliery Guardian International 226
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DURHAM Colliery Guardian 226 (5), 233-234 (May 1978). Jour
Gleason, V. E., Price, A., Boyer, J. F., Jr., and Ford, C. T., ASSESSMENT OF
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Harrison, J. E., COAL MINING AND SURFACE WATER QUALITY: CROWSNEST PASS, AL-
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Available, Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A OE8
$7.20 outside of Canada. 550. C212
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DUAL-FUNCTIONAL FILTER TO DEWATERING NEUTRALIZED ACID-MINE-WATER SLUDGE
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GEORGES CREEK COMPLEX, ALLEGANY AND GARRETT COUNTIES, MARYLAND Green
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2 (JULY 1976-JUNE 1977) Colorado State University, Natural Resource Ecol-
ogy Laboratory, Internal Project Report No. 13 (Nov. 1977). 58 pp. CE556
Updegraff, K. F. and Sykora, J. L. (University of Pittsburgh), AVOIDANCE OF
LIME-NEUTRALIZED IRON HYDROXIDE SOLUTIONS BY COHO SALMON IN THE LABORATORY
Environmental Science & Technology 1£ (1), 51-54 (Jan. 1976). Jour
USING FLOCCULANT ECONOMICALLY Mine and Quarry 6 (7/8), 63-64 (July/Aug.
1977). Jour
360
-------
Villumsen, A., RECENT IRON-RICH SEDIMENTS IN THE SKJERN& RIVER SYSTEM AND IN
RINGK0BING FJORD. (IRON POLLUTION OF THE RIVER SKJERN& AND RINGK0BING
FJORD, WESTERN JUTLAND) Danmarks Geologiske Undersogelse, Arbog, pp 31-
43, 1975 (Published 1976). CE570
Wachter, R. A. and Blackwood, T. R., SOURCE ASSESSMENT: WATER POLLUTANTS
FROM COAL STORAGE AREAS Monsanto Research Corporation, Report to U.S.
EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA-
600/2-78-004m (May 1978). 106 pp. EPA
Walker, B. N. (1) and Medve, R. J. (2) [(1) Cecil Community College and (2)
Slippery Rock State College], THE EFFECTS OF ACID MINE DRAINAGE ON SPAR-
GANIUM AMERCANUM NUTT. Proceedings of the Pennsylvania Academy of Sci-
ence 50 (2), 170-172 (1976). CE558
Wallace, R. A. P., METHOD OF AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CONCENTRATED SOLU-
TIONS OF IONISABLE COMPOUNDS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS THEREOF Brit. Pat.
1,410,188 (Oct. 15, 1975). 22 pp. Brit Pat
Wangsness, D. J., PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF FOUR PONDS
IN THE HIDDEN WATER CREEK STRIP-MINE AREA, POWDER RIVER BASIN, WYOMING
U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, Cheyenne, Wyoming, USGS/
WRD/WRI-77/072 (July 1977). 43 pp. NTIS, PB-273 512. US Geol
Wentz, D. A. and Steele, T. D. (U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado),
SURFACE-WATER QUALITY IN THE YAMPA RIVER BASIN, COLORADO AND WYOMING—AN
AREA OF ACCELERATED COAL DEVELOPMENT Conference on Water for Energy De-
velopment, Engineering Foundation, Asilomar Conference Grounds, Pacific
Grove, California, Dec. 5-10, 1976. 28 pp. CE568
Whitworth, K., UNIQUE AUTOMATIC WATER TREATMENT PLANT AT SILVERDALE COLLIERY
World Coal 4_ (1), 20-22 (Jan. 1978). Jour
Wilmorh, R. C., COMBINATION LIMESTONE-LIME NEUTRALIZATION OF FERROUS IRON
ACID MINE DRAINAGE U.S. EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Cincinnati, Ohio, Environmental Protection Technology Series, EPA-
600/2-78-002 (Jan. 1978). 52 pp. NTIS, PB-280 169/4WP. CE563
Wilmoth, R. C. (1), Scott, R. B. (1), and Harris, E. F. (2) [U.S. EPA, (1)
Crown Field Site, Rivesville, West Virginia and (2) Industrial Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio], APPLICATION OF ION EXCHANGE
TO ACID MINE DRAINAGE TREATMENT in "Proceedings of the 32nd Industrial
Waste Conference, May 10, 11 and 12, 1977, Purdue University, Lafayette,
Indiana," Ann Arbor, Michigan: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1978.
pp 820-829. 628.2 1323
361
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APPENDIX II
COAL AND THE ENVIRONMENT ABSTRACT SERIES:
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON DISPOSAL OF REFUSE FROM
COAL MINES AND COAL CLEANING PLANTS
Annen, G. and Stalmann, V., WASHERY DISCARD IN DIKE AND EMBANKMENT CONSTRUC-
TION Gliickauf ^05 (26), 1336-1343 (Dec. 25, 1969). National Coal Board,
TRANS.A.2794/AL CE360
ATTACK ON THE PROBLEM OF COAL WASHERY WASTE Queensland Government Mining J.
78 (909), 337-338 (July 1977). CE609
Atwood, G., SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF COAL MINE WASTES. PART 1:
COAL WASTE PRODUCTION, SURFACE DISPOSAL AND REGULATION Underground Space
I (2), 111-121 (1976). CE610
Atwood, G., SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF COAL MINE WASTES. PART II -
UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL Underground Space _! (3), 261-281 (1977). CE611
Bell, F. G. (the Polytechnic, Sheffield, England), COARSE DISCARD FROM MINES
Civil Engineering, March 1977. pp 37-39. CE341
Bennett, H. B. (National Coal Board, East Midlands Division), CONTINUOUS
MINING WITH SOLID PNEUMATIC STOWING AT DONISTHORPE COLLIERY The Colliery
Guardian 189 (4896), 811-819 (Dec. 30, 1954). D-202
Bland, A. E., Robl, T. L., and Rose, J. G. (University of Kentucky), EVALUA-
TION OF INTERSEAM AND COAL CLEANING EFFECTS ON THE CHEMICAL VARIABILITY OF
PAST AND PRESENT KENTUCKY COAL REFUSE Trans. AIME 262, 331-334 (Dec.
1977).
Browning, J. S., RECOVERING FINE-SIZE COAL FROM ALABAMA SURFACE MINE WASHER
WASTES USING THE HUMPHREYS SPIRAL University of Alabama, Mineral Resour-
ces Institute and State Mine Experiment Station, MRI Technical Report Ser-
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Burgess, C. (Bethlehem Mines Corp.), COAL PREPARATION—1976 Mining Congr.
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Cass, B. E., Coate, D. W., and Quigley, J. R. (to Carad, Inc.), METHOD AND
APPARATUS FOR RECOVERING BY-PRODUCT SILT FINES FROM A SLURRY THEREOF
U.S. Pat. 4,003,717 (Jan. 13, 1977). 8 pp. US Pat
Chalekode, P. K. and Black-wood, T. R. , SOURCE ASSESSMENT: COAL REFUSE PILES,
ABANDONED MINES AND OUTCROPS, STATE OF THE ART Monsanto Research Corpor-
ation, Report to U.S. EPA, Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA-600/2-78-004v (July 1978). 39 pp. EPA
362
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Charlesworth, D., HOW WASTE LIME IS HELPING TO TRANSFORM COLLIERY TIPS INTO
PRODUCTIVE GRASSLAND British Sugar Beet Review 44 (2), 18-20 (1976).
CE351
Chen, C. Y. (1), Elnaggar, H. A. (2), and Bullen, A. G. R. (3) [(1) Michael
Baker, Jr., Inc., (2) Orbital Engineering, and (3) University of Pitts-
burgh], DEGRADATION AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR STRENGTH AND VAR-
IOUS INDEX PROPERTIES OF COAL REFUSE Symposium on New Horizons in Con-
struction Materials With Special Application to Geotechnical Engineering,
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, by Lehigh University, Nov. 1-3, 1976. (13 pp).
CE416
Chironis, N. P., FROM UK: DEEP-CONE THICKENERS Coal Age £2 (10), 126-129
(Oct. 1977). Jour
Choudhry, V. (TISCO, Jamadoba, India), DISPOSAL OF REJECTS AND CONTROLLING
REJECTS FIRES J. Mines, Metals & Fuels 25^ (4), 122-124 (April 1977).
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A CLEANING PLANT VS. THE SKEPTICS Coal Age 82^ (8), 48-52 (Aug. 1977). Jour
COAL WASTE PROCESSING PLANT PROFITABLY RECOVERS COAL AND BUILDING MATERIALS
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - Technological
Digests j_ (5), 45 (May 1964). CE340
COLLIERY SHALE - A NEW SOURCE OF BULK CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Mining & Miner-
als Engineering 5. (6) , 11 (June 1969). CE334a
Colman, R. B., COLLIERY SHALE—USEFUL IN FORMATION Civil Engineering,
pp 66-67, July/Aug. 1977. CE586
Cook, R. L. (1) and Childress, J. J. (2) [(1) Parkson Corp. and (2) Childress
Corp.], PERFORMANCE OF LAMELLA THICKENERS™ IN COAL PREPARATION PLANTS
Mining Engineering 3Q (5), 566-571 (May 1978). Jour
Cowherd, D. C. (BOWSER-MORNER Testing Laboratories, Inc.), GEOTECHNICAL CHAR-
ACTERISTICS OF COAL MINE WASTE Proceedings of the Conference on Geotech-
nical Practice for Disposal of Solid Waste Material, Univ. of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, June 13-15, 1977. pp 384-406 CE590
Czapowskyj, M. M. and Sowa, E. A., LIME HELPS ESTABLISH CROWNVETCH ON COAL-
BREAKER REFUSE U.S. Forest Service Research Paper NE-348 (1976). 6 pp.
R1025
Davies, W. E., Bailey, J. F., and Kelly, D. B., WEST VIRGINIA'S BUFFALO CREEK
FLOOD: A STUDY OF THE HYDROLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGY U.S. Geological
Survey, Circular 667 (1972). 32 pp. US Geol
Davis, H., COAL PREPARATION FOR GASIFICATION Coal Age 82 (5), 79-82 (May
1977). Jour
363
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Davis, H., MONTEREY NO. 2 BUILDS TOWARD ITS TONNAGE GOAL Coal Age 82 (12),
96-100 (Dec. 1977). Jour
Dennington, V. N. and Chadwick, M. J. (University of York, U.K.), THE NUTRI-
ENT BUDGET OF COLLIERY SPOIL TIP SITES. I. NUTRIENT INPUT IN RAINFALL
AND NUTRIENT LOSSES IN SURFACE RUN-OFF J. Applied Ecology L5 (1), 303-
316 (1978). CE593
Dick, J. B., Gutt, W., and Collins, R. J., BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT:
SOME WORK IN PROGRESS: MINERALOGY OF COLLIERY SPOIL AND ITS UTILISATION
Chemistry and Industry, pp 339-341, April 17, 1976. CE589
DONCASTER CARR PROJECT Surveyor 151 (4485), 16 (May 25, 1978). CE595
Down, C. G. (The University, Bristol, Great Britain), LIFE FORM SUCCESSION IN
PLANT COMMUNITIES ON COLLIERY WASTE TIPS Environmental Pollution _5 (1),
19-22 (1973). CE606
Down, C. G. (The University, Bristol, Great Britain), THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
COLLIERY-WASTE PARTICLE SIZES AND PLANT GROWTH Environmental Conservation
!_ (4), 281-284 (Winter 1974). CE649
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF UTILIZATION OF COAL MINE REFUSE, ESTILL COUNTY, KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky, Research Foundation, Report to Bluegrass Area De-
velopment District, under contract with Appalachian Regional Commission,
Project ARC 74-217-Ky-3685 (Aug. 1976). (269 pp). CE582
Fitter, A. H. and Bradshaw, A. D. (University of Liverpool, U.K.), ROOT PENE-
TRATION OF LOLIUM PERENNE ON COLLIERY SHALE IN RESPONSE TO RECLAMATION
TREATMENTS J. Applied Ecology 11 (2), 609-615 (1974). CE588
THE FUELS OUTLOOK: THE PENNSYLVANIA DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION HAS DEVELOPED A
PRACTICAL METHOD TO HELP ELIMINATE MINE WASTE BANKS IN ANTHRACITE AND BI-
TUMINOUS COAL FIELDS Electrical World 188 (6), 72 (Sept. 15, 1977).
Jour
Goodboy, K. P. (Alcoa Laboratories, East St. Louis, 111.), INVESTIGATION OF
A SINTER PROCESS FOR EXTRACTION OF A1203 FROM COAL WASTES in "Light Met-
als 1976. Vol. II. Alumina and Bauxite Production and Cast Shop Technol-
ogy and Environmental Control," S. R. Leavitt, Ed., Proceedings 105th AIME
Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, Nevada, (1976). pp 19-28. CE339. See D76-29
in Coal and the Environmental Abstract Series: A Bibliography on Disposal
of Refuse from Coal Mines and Coal Cleaning Plants.
Grekhov, I. T., Itkin, Yu. V., Cherkinskaya, K. T., and Shpirt, M. Ya., INTER-
ACTION OF LIMESTONE WITH THE MINERAL PART OF THE SULFUR-CONTAINING WASTES
FROM COAL ENRICHMENT Solid Fuel Chemistry (Khimiya Tverdogo Topliva) j}
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364
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Guin, J. A., POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS IN RUNOFF WATER FROM REFUSE PILES
Auburn University, Water Resources Research Institute, Completion Report
for OWRT Project DI-B-056-ALA, WRRI BULLETIN 26 (March 1977). 39 pp.
CE598
Hampson, R. W., LAND RECLAMATION IN STOKE-ON-TRENT. PAPER TWO: CIVIL ENGI-
NEERING ASPECTS Chartered Municipal Engineer 103 (10), 173-177 (Oct.
1976). CE335
Harrison, J. E., SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE AS A FACTOR IN REVEGETATION OF COAL
MINE WASTE in Geological Survey of Canada, Report of Activities Part A,
Paper 77-1A (1977). pp 329-332. Available, Geological Survey of Canada,
601 Booth Street, Ottawa, K1A OE8. $7.20 outside of Canada. 550. C212
Haynes, R. J. and Klimstra, W. D. (Southern Illinois University, Cooperative
Wildlife Research Laboratory), SOME PROPERTIES OF COAL SPOILBANK AND
REFUSE MATERIALS RESULTING FROM SURFACE-MINING COAL IN ILLINOIS Illinois
Institute for Environmental Quality, IIEQ Doc. No. 75-21 (Oct. 1975).
126 pp. NTIS, PB-251 184. See R75-103 of this volume for abstract. R777
Hodgkinson, D. R. (National Coal Board, Western Area), PUMP-PACKING SYSTEMS
AT FLORENCE COLLIERY The Mining Engineer 136 (195), 707-716 (Aug./Sept.
1977). Jour
Hodgkinson, N., Pritchard, F. W., and Lewis, S. [to Coal Industry (Patents)
Ltd.], A COMPOSITE MATERIAL Brit. Pat. 1,473,517 (May 11, 1977). 3 pp.
Brit Pat
Howard, G. G., A LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF COAL-BITUMEN
PAVING MIXTURES University of Kentucky, Engineering Experiment Station,
Bulletin No. 71 (March 1964). 46 pp. CE604
Iryo, M. (to Asia Technical Consultant Co.), SYNTHESIS OF LIGHTWEIGHT AGGRE-
GATES FROM LOW CALORIC WASTE COAL DUST Japanese Kokai 73-79821 (Oct. 26,
1973). 4 pp. J Pat
James, J. G. and Broad, B. A., CONVEYING LIMESTONE AGGREGATES AND COLLIERY
SPOIL BY HYDRAULIC PIPELINE: TRIALS WITH A 156MM DIAMETER PIPE Trans-
port and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England, TRRL-SUPPLEMEN-
TARY-354 (1978). 46 pp. NTIS, PB-279 131. CE596
Japp, F. and Hilton, R. (to Gullick Dobson Ltd.), IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING
TO THE PACKING OF DEBRIS IN MINES Brit. Pat. 1,502,284 (March 1, 1978).
7 pp. Brit Pat
Johnson, S. S., Denny, M. V., and Le Van, D. C., ANALYSES OF CLAY, SHALE
AND RELATED MATERIALS—SOUTHWESTERN COUNTIES Virginia Department of Con-
servation and Economic Development, Division of Mineral Resources, in co-
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210 pp. VaMRR
365
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Jones, D. J. and Buller, E. L. (The Hudson Coal Company), NEW USES FOR AN-
THRACITE COAL AND SLATE Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 27_ (8), 953-
954 (Aug. 27, 1935). CE338
Kempster, E. [to Thyssen (Great Britain) Limited], MINING U.S. Pat.
4,019,327 (Apr. 26, 1977). 5 pp. US Pat Removal of refuse from under-
ground mines.
Kettle, R. J. and Williams, R. I. T. (University of Surrey, England), CEMENT
STABILISED UNBURNT COLLIERY SHALE Roads and Road Construction 47, 200-
206 (July 1969). CE349
Kettle, R. J. (1) and Williams, R. I. T. (2) [(1) University of Aston in Bir-
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PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN COLLIERY SHALES Canadian Geotechnical J. 13
(2), 127-138 (May 1976). CE409
Kobeski, W. D., Srocki, S. W., Blosser, W. I., and Needham, J. J. (to United
States Gypsum Company), METHOD OF TREATING EARTHEN AREAS U.S. Pat.
4,076,862 (Feb. 28, 1978). 8 pp. US Pat
Kost, L. A., Novikova, N. N., Sin'kova, L. A., and Shpirt, M. Ya., THE POS-
SIBILITY OF OBTAINING NITRIDE-CONTAINING MATERIALS FROM COAL WASTES
Solid Fuel Chemistry (Khimiya Tverdogo Topliva) _U (5), 27-29 (1977).
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Lawrence, J. A., SOME PROPERTIES OF SOUTH WALES COLLIERY DISCARDS Colliery
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Lindley, T., WHERE SHALL WE PUT THE COLLIERY WASTES? Surveyor 151 (4485),
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Longfellow, R. L. (Dravo Lime Co.), CHEMICAL STABILIZATION ENDS FINE COAL
REFUSE PROBLEMS Coal Mining Process. 15 (1), 63-65 (Jan. 1978). Jour
Mackintosh, I. B., LAND RECLAMATION IN STOKE-ON-TRENT. PAPER ONE: SETTING
THE SCENE Chartered Municipal Engineer 103 (10), 165-172 (Oct. 1976).
CE335
MECHANISED PACKING FOR LONGWALL COAL FACES: FACE-END SYSTEMS AND PACKING
EQUIPMENT Mine and Quarry 1_ (1/2), 40, 43-44, 47 (Jan./Feb. 1978).
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Medvick, C. (1) and Grandt, A. F. (2) [(1) Illinois Department of Mines and
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the Illinois Mining Institute," Annual Meeting, Springfield, Illinois,
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Miller, L. V. (Indiana Geological Survey), PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF
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ern Illinois University, Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory. Report
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OPERATING IDEAS: ELECTRICITY SOLIDIFIES SLIME MINE WASTE Coal Ace 82 (3)
109 (March 1977). Jour —
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PEGWELL BAY HOVERPORT UTILISES UNBURNT COLLIERY SHALE Civil Engineering and
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PENNDOT: PUTTING COAL MINE WASTE TO GOOD USE Transportation Engineerins
.42, 57 (Nov. 1977). CE602
PLANT CLEANS BANK OR RUN-OF-MINE Coal Age 82^ (9), 122-123, 126-127 (Sept.
1977). Jour
POLLUTION CONTROL GUIDELINES FOR COAL REFUSE PILES AND SLURRY PONDS W. A.
Wahler and Associates, Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Devel-
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CUITS pp 1-4.
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PREPARATION pp 5-9.
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SIGN AND CONSTRUCTION pp 11-14.
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COAL INDUSTRY pp 15-18.
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368
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Proceedings Third Kentucky Coal Refuse Disposal and Utilization Seminar
(continued)
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Robl, T. L. and Bland, A. E. (University of Kentucky), THE DISTRIBUTION OF
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PROCESSOR USES GERMAN PREP PLANTS Coal Age 83_ (4) , 99-102 (April 1978) .
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Roberts, J. M. (Ackenheil & Associates Geo Systems, Inc.), COST ANALYSIS OF
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Sawyer, S. G., Mazzei, D. S., and Wu, K. K. (Technical Support Center, Pitts-
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Singh, B. K. and Erdmann, W. , DEWATERING TAILINGS WITH A CONTINUOUS BELT
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370
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inuntctions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-102
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Coal and the Environment Abstract Series
Bibliography on Mined-Land Reclamation
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
April 1979 issuing date
AUTHOR(S)
V. E. Gleason
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE623
11. CONTBACT/GRANT NO.
R-805336
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/12
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project also funded by Office of Surface Mining, Department of the Interior.
6. ABSTRACT
This volume is the third to appear in the "Coal and the Environment Abstract
Series" and is a new edition of "Reclamation of Coal Mined-Land: A Bibliography
with Abstracts." The other volumes in the series are "Mine Drainage Bibliography
1910-1976" and "A Bibliography on Disposal of Refuse from Coal Mines and Coal Cleaning
Plants." The three Bibliographies in the "Coal and Environment Abstract Series" are
intended to complement one another. While each covers one particular subject area,
inevitably some documents listed in one also are relevant to one of the other
Bibliographies. In addition to the abstracts, this volume includes an Author Index
and a General Index.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI 1 ICld/GroUp
Bibliography
Mining
Agronomy
Soils
Erosion
Reclamation
Spoil
Coal
02A
02D
06M
08G
081
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to the public
19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
373
U.S. GOVERNMENT HUNTING OFFICE: 1979-657-060/1668 Region No. 5-11
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