xvEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory
Cincinnati OH 45268
EPA-600/7-79-128
July 1979
Research and Development
Reclamation of
Alkaline Ash
Piles and
Protection of Their
Environment
Against Dusting
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-128
July 1979
RECLAMATION OF ALKALINE ASH PILES
AND PROTECTION OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AGAINST DUSTING
Wladyslaw Wysocki
Central Research and Design Institute for Open-pit Mining
Poltegor
51-6l6 Wroclaw, Poland
Project Number 5-
Project Officer
John E. Hardaway
Office of Energy - Region VIII
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Denver, Colorado 80203
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO U5268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has "been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
Region VIII Office and the Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory-
Cincinnati and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names of commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. However, the
report is believed to provide valuable information worthy of review.
ii
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FOREWORD
When energy resources are extracted, processed, converted and used, the
related pollutional impacts on our environment and even on our health often
require that new and increasingly more efficient pollution control methods be
used. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Regional Offices
and Office of Research and Development is striving to develop and demonstrate
new and improved methodologies that will meet these needs both efficiently
and economically.
The effort reported here was conducted as part of the Environmental
Protection Agency's Scientific Activities Overseas Program and was a coopera-
tive venture "between Region VIII, Denver, and the Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-Cincinnati. The research was conducted by Poltegor, the
Main Research and Design Center for Open-pit Mining, Wroclaw, Poland.
In this report methods for the reclamation of ash disposal ponds have
been investigated. The ashes from a bituminous coal and a lignite burning
power plant were studied. Based upon these findings, recommendations for the
reclamation of alkaline ash are made.
Results of this work will be of interest to persons concerned with the
reclamation of power plant ash disposal systems. Furthermore, it should be
of interest to those persons desiring a deeper understanding of the soils and
vegetation aspects of reclamation of drastically disturbed lands.
For further information contact the Office of Energy Activities, Region
VIII, or the Resource Extraction and Handling Division, lERL-Cincinnati.
Alan Merson
Regional Administrator
Denver, Colorado
David G. Stephan
Director
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati
ill
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SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Scientific Activities Overseas, developed and implemented under the
Special Foreign Currency Program, are funded from excess currencies
accruing to the United States under various U.S. programs. All of the
overseas activities are designed to assist in the implementation of the
broad spectrum of EPA programs and to relate to the world - wide con-
cern for environmental problems. These problems are not limited by na-
tional boundaries, nor is their impact altered by ideological and regional
differences. The results of overseas activities contribute directly to the
fund of environmental knowledge of the U.S., of the host countries and
of the world community. Scientific activities carried out under the Pro-
gram therefore offer unique opportunities for cooperation between the
U.S. and the excess foreign currency countries. Further, the Program
enables EPA to develop productive relationships between U.S. environ-
mental scientists and their counterparts abroad, merging scientific capa-
bilities and resources of various nations in concerted efforts toward
U.S. objectives as well as their own.
Scientific Activities Overseas not only supplement and complement
the domestic mission of EPA, but also serve to carry out the mandate
of Section 102(2(E)) of the National Environmental Policy Act to
"recognize the world-wide and long-range character of environmental
problems, and where consistent with the foreign policy of the United
States, lend appropriate support to initiatives, resolutions, and programs
designed to maximize international cooperation in anticipating and pre-
venting a decline in the quality of mankind s world environment".
This study has been funded from Public Law 480. Excess foreign
currency money is available to the United States in local currency in
a number of countries, including Poland, as a result of a trade for
U.S. commodities. Poland has been known for its extensive mining inte-
rests, environmental concern, and its trained and experienced engineers
and scientists in this important energy area.
iv
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ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop methods to reclaim and
stabilize by vegetation fly ash and bottom ash from bituminous and lignite
fired power plants. The ash had been transported from the power plant as a
slurry and disposed of in ponds. Ashes from these power plants were strongly
alkaline (pH from 8.5 to 12.8). Greenhouse experiments were conducted using
white mustard (Synapis alba L.) as the test plant on ashes treated by various
fertilizers, with various moisture levels and with application of amendments
changing the composition or the properties of ash. Three years field experi-
ments were performed to investigate the growth, health, yields and quality of
mixtures of legumes and grasses growing on ashes with admixtures changing
their composition or properties. Different fertilization levels were also
studied. A 3-year field investigation of the growth and health of selected
species of trees, bushes and cuttings was conducted. On the base of periodi-
cal pedological microbiological and phytosociological examination the process
of the soil formation was observed.
Field experiments were carried out in a moderate climate, where signif-
icant air pollution, dusts and gases were emitted from nearby power plants
burning bituminous coal or lignite.
Along with the results of the greenhouse and field investigations,
recommendations for ash reclamation are presented.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of project number 05-531*-!
between the United States Environmental Protection Agency and (the Central
Research and Design Institute for Open-pit Mining), Poltegor, 51-6l6 Wroclaw,
Rosenbergow 25, Poland.
V
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CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Scientific Activities Overseas iv
Abstract v
Figures vii
Tables xi
Acknowledgments xv
1. Summary 1
2. Conclusions 11
3. Recommendations 17
4. The state of the research up to the present 21
5. The object and methodology of research 37
6. The performance of "greenhouse" experiments 43
7. Field experiments 77
8. Properties of ashes of produced soils and of harvest 123
9. Assessment of research results 223
References 252
Glossary 258
vii
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Clessification of power production waste materials . . 15
2 Plow diagram of ash disposal in power plant 15
3 Hydraulic disposal of ashes in sedimentation basins . 23
4 Halemba - the site of field experiments 23
5 Halemba - vertical section of ash disposal stack . . 23
6 Konin - the site of field experiments 25
7 Konin - blasting of solidified ashes 25
8 Konin - ashes after blasting and tilling 25
9 Greenhouse experiments - response of white mustard
(Synapis alba) to mineral fertilization 45
10, Greenhouse experiments - growth of white mustard on
ashes from Halemba 45
11 Greenhouse experiments — growth of white mustard
on ashes from Halemba 49
12 Greenhouse experiments - growth of white mustard
on ashes from Halemba 49
13 Climatic conditions at the Halemba field plots
(1974/77 year) 78
14 Climatic conditions at the Konin field plots (1974/77
year) 79
15 Plan of field plots - Halemba 82
viii
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Number Page
16 Plan of field plots - Konin 84
17 Field experiments in Halemba - cultivation of grasses
and mixtures in the I, II and III year of growth . . 93
18 Field experiments in Halemba - cultivation of lucerne
and grass mixtures in the I, II and III year of
growth 94
19 Field experiments in Halemba. — cultivation of mixtures
of grasses and legumes on ash in the I, II and III
year of growth 99
20 Field experiments in Konin - cultivation of mixtures of
grasses and legumes on ashes covered with 20 cm
layer of fertile soil + NP in I, II and III year of
growth 101
21 Field experiments in Konin - cultivation of sainfoin
with crown vetch and mixtures of grasses on ash
with addition of farm manure + NP in I, II and III
year of growth 105
22 Field experiments in Konin - cultivation of sain-
foin and crown vetch and mixtures of legumes with
grasses on ashes with addition of farm manure + NP
or green manure + NP in the I, II and III year of
growth 1O9
23 Consolidation of the disposal area in Konin with
latex in a month after consolidation and in the I
and II year of growth of legumes Ill
24 Silvan reclamation on the Halemba disposal area.
Cultivation of locust tree in the I, II and III year
of growth 113
ix
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Number Page
25 Silvan reclamation on the Halemba disposal area.
Cultivation of pea shrub in the I, II and III year
of growth 115
26 Silvan reclamation on Konin disposal area. Cultiva-
tion of sea buckthorn in I, II and III year of
growth 117
27 Silvan reclamation on the Konin disposal area.
Cultivation of locust tree in the I, II and III year
of growth I19
28 Dependence of plant seedlings on mineral fertiliza-
tion of ashes 221
29 Dynamics of white mustard growth ashes in
p 25
greenhouse experiment ............ ..... <=.«&-•
30 Development phases of white mustard (Synapis alba)
227
in greenhouse experiment .............
31 Results of greenhouse experiment with cultivation
of white mustard on ashes (l series). Harvest
of dry mass .......... • • ..........
32 Tests of greenhouse experiment with white mustard
cultivation on ashes (ll series) - collection of
dry mass .... ........ ... ........ 233
33 Correlation of yields and water consumption by
white mustard in greenhouse experiments .... 235
34 Content of some constituents in white mustard,
obtained from I greenhouse experiment ....... 239
35 CaO and MgO content in white mustard, from I
greenhouse experiment . .............. 241
36 Specific conduction of ashes of bituminous coal
(Halemba) and of lignite (Konin) ........ 243
x
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Number Page
37 Fodder value of cultures from field experiments in
Halemba 247
38 Location of greenhouse and field experiments .... 249
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TABLES
Page
1 Description of ash treatments for greenhouse expe-
riments, using physical and chemical amendments
(Pot experiment l) „ 35
2 Description, of ash treatments for greenhouse experi-
ments using mineral fertilizers (Por experiment II) 39
3 Germination (sprouting) observed for various control
pots and ash treatments using physical and chemical
amendments. Ash from Halemba 41
4 Germination (sprouting) observed for various control
plots and ash treatments using physical and che-
mical amendments. Ash from Konin 47
5 Germination (sprouting) observed for various control
pots and. ash treatments emphasing mineral ferti-
lization. Halemba ash 51
6 Germination (sprouting) observed for various control
pots and ash treatments emphasing mineral fertili-
zation. Konin ash 51
7 Germination dynamics of white mustard growing on ash
from Halemba. Average height of plants in err . . 54
8 Germination dynamics of white mustard growing on
ash from Konin. Average height of plants in cm. . 55
9 Quantity of microorganisms .".n kg of "soil" taken from
greenhouse experiment ................ 58
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Number !^.^S,
10 Activity of some physiological groups of microorga-
nisms in pot experiment ................ 59
11 Enzyme activity of e.shes in pot experiment ...... 61
12 Yield of white mustard for ash treatments described
in table 1 (l greenhouse experiment) ....... £3
13 Yield of white mustard for ash treatments described
in table • 2 (ll greenhouse experiment) . . . . . . . 65
14 Schedule of standard fertilization of all field plots
with NPK in the spring of 1975 ........... 81
15 Schedule of double dose fertilization of plots - N2PK
in the spring of 1975 81
16 Dust fall on experimental fields
17 Concentrations of SO and P in the vicinity of vege-
tation experiments 89
18 Yields from consolidated surface . . 122
19 Chemical composition of ashes . , 124
20 Spectrographic analysis of ashes ik'.5
21 Tests results of mineralogical composition of ashes
from Power Plant Konin 126
22 Test results of mineralogical composition of ashes
from Power Plant Halemba « 127
23 Characteristic radioactivity of ashes from Halemba
Power Pie nt 128
24 Characteristic radioactivity of ashes from Konin Power
Plant 129
25 Characteristic radioactivity of water extract after
8-day contact with ashes from Halemba Power
Plant 138
xiii
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Number Pace
26 Characteristic radioactivity of water extract after
8-day contact with ashes from Power Plant
Konin 140
27 Migration of radium through water after 8-day contact
with ash ............... 142
28 Grain size distribution of ash treatment plots. Halemba 144
29 Grain size distribution of ash treatment plots. Konin 145
30 Physical and aqueous properties of treated plots.
Halemba 146
31 Physical and aqueous properties of treated plots.
Konin 147
32 Analysis of changes in chemistry of treated ash with
time. Halemba 150
33 Analysis of changes in chemistry of treated ash with
time. Konin 152
34 Analysis of changes in trace element content of
treated ashes with time - Halemba 157
35 Analysis of changes in trace element content of
treated ashes with time - Konin 158
36 Sorptive capacity of soils formed from ashes in
Halemba 160
37 Sorptive capacity of soils formed from ashes in Konin 164
38 Salinity check of soils under reclamation ....... 168
39 Specific electric conductivity of water contacting
ashes from Power Plant Halemba 172
40 Specific electric conductivity of water contacting
ashes from Power Plant Konin 173
xiv
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Number _pa.Se
41 Chemical analysis of water extracts after 8-day con-
tact with ashes from Power Plant Halemba .... 174
42 Chemical analysis of water extracts after 8-day con-
tact with ashes from Power Plant Konin 176
43 Occurence of microorganisms in produced ash soils 180
44 Activity of biochemical processes in generated soils 181
45 Ground cover of experimental plots by plant spacies
in percents - Halemba 182
46 Ground cover of experimental plots by plant species
in percents - Konin 184
47 Yields of green mass (above ground portion) from
experimental plots Halemba 188
48 Yields of green mass (above ground portion) from
experimental plots Konin 192
49 Yields of hay from experimental plots - Halemba . . . 194
50 Crops of hay from experimental plots Konin 198
51 Chemical analysis of vegetation material samples
collected from experimental plots in Halemba . . . 200
52 Chemical analysis of vegetation material samples
collected from experimental plots in Konin .... 202
53 Radioactivity of crops collected from experimental
plots in Halemba 206
54 Radioactivity of crops collected from experimental
plots in Konin 207
55 Assessment of trees and shrubs cultivation cuccess-
fulness - Halemba 210
56 Assessment of trees and shrubs cultivation success-
fulness - Konin 216
XV
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the execution of this project the assistance was provided by
the Institute of Pedology and Agricultural Chemistry, Agricultural Academy
in Wroclaw (Dr. Jan Borkowski), the Institute of Agricultural Fundamen-
tals of Melioration (Dr. Stanislaw Bieszczad) and the Institute of Soils
and Plant Cultivation (Dr. Roman Kr^giel), the Institute of Protection
and Formation of Environment of Mining - Metallurgical University in
Cracov (Professor Tadeusz Skawina) and the Institute of Mineralogy
and Mineral Raw Materials of the same University (Dr. Andrzej Manecki),
the Institute of Environment Formation in Katowice (M.Sc. Anna Szmit
and Dr. Waclaw Kwapuliriski), Geological Enterprises in Katowice (Wia-
dyslaw Piekarski, M.Sc.), the Center of Research and Control of Envi-
ronment in Poznan (Andrzej Czubryj, M.Sc.), the Institute of Meteorology
and Water Resources Management in Poznan (Elzbieta Tomczyhska,
M.Sc.) and the same organization in Katowice (Jerzy Wlodarczyk, Dr.),
the Regional Chemical - Agricultural Station in Wroclaw (Jozef De.bowski,
M.Sc.), Enterprise of Hydrotechnics and Reclamation in Czeladz (Antoni
Koralewski, M.Sc.), the Department of Reclamation of Konin Mine
(Ryszard Skorupski, B.Sc.), and the team of scientific and engineering
personnel of the Central Research and Design Institute for Opencast
Mining, POLTEGOR. To all above mentioned institutions and persons
we are grateful and acknowledge their cooperation.
On the part of the US EPA the supervision of project was provided
by Merrrs. John Hardaway and Russel W. Fitch (Office of Energy
Activities, Region VIII, E.P.A., Denver, Colorado.).
Dr. Jacek Libicki of Poltegor coordinated the research project.
We express acknowledgements and thanks to the U.S. E.P.A., to
Consultants and also to the Coordinator for allowing us to acquaint
xvi
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ourselves with pertinent issues in the U.S.A., for making available
relevant American literature, for facilitating contacts with the U.S. scien-
tific centers, and especially with Universities in Blackburg (Virginia
Polytechnic Institute), in Bozeman (Montana State University, Montana
Agricultural Experiment Station) and in Denver (The University of
Denver Research Institute), and for arranging on-site inspections of
reclamation operations carried out at mines and in association with
coal conversion facilities in the U.S.A.
For the assistance rendered in financial and organizational matters
we are grateful to Mr. Thomas J. Lepine, Chief of Special Foreign
Currency Program of E.P.A., the program which supported this research
work, and to Dr. P. Blaszczyk from Ministry of Administration, Local
Economy and Environmental Protection in Warsaw.
xvii
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SECTION 1
SUMMARY
The object of the research was the in-situ examination of land
reclamation procedures that appeared applicable to stabilize (to pre-
vent dust) and revegetate coal ash produced from coal-fired electrical
power plants. The ash consists of "bottom" ash collected from the
bottom of the fire box and "fly" ash collected from electrostatic preci-
pitators. The proportion of "bottom" ash was not exceeding 5 percent
in the mass.
The investigations were carried out on alkaline ashes derived
from the bituminous coal - fired Power Plant Halemba, and the lignite -
fired Power Plant Konin. These ashes are commonly strongly alkaline
and have a pH between 12.0 - 12.8.
Ashes from Halemba consist mainly of the minerals quartz (SiO )
and mullite (Al Si 0 ). Gypsum, magnetite, hematite and amorphous
O 4~ JLo
substances are found in smaller quantities. Due to content of about
47 percent Si02 and about 27 percent of A12°3 *ne ashes are termed
"aluminium siliceous" ashes. They are characterized by small amounts
of CaO (about 4.5 %) and SO (0.4 - 0.!6 %). Ashes from Konin con-
O
sist mainly of quartz, anhydrite (CaSO.) and CaO. Hematite and magne-
tite occur in smaller quantities. Due to the high concentrations of
SiO , CaO and SO (36 - 90 % SiO , 28 - 34 % of CaO and 0.5 -
*— *3 ^
-8.3 % of SO the ashes from Konin are termed "calcium - sulphate"
O
ashes.
All tested ashes are characterized with plant available potassium
but lack of othercomponents nutritious to plants. Ashes from Konin are
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more saline up to 2 °/o NaCl and contain more potentially toxic boron
(up to 37.5 mg/kg of dry mass).
In the course of hydraulic transport of ashes to the pond disposal
area, the pH decreases to between 8.5 and 9.5. The salinity and con-
tent of toxic boron also decreases. Despite this, such ashes are not
fit for cultivation of vegetation. To facilitate vegetation of herbaceous
plants, field and greenhouse experiments were performed using neutra-
lized and fertilized ashes.
In greenhouse experiments, -white mustard (Synapis alba) -was
planted in control mediums of: (a) mineral sandy - loamy soil;
(b) sterile -washed river sand, and (c) pure ash from disposal stacks
with pH 8.35 - 9.5. Adopting as criterion the production of dry mass,
the results of tests of neutralization and enrichment of ashes with nutri-
tious substances are ranked (from highest to lowest crop production):
ashes from bituminous coal (Halemba)
l) mineral soil (control l);
2) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot + NPK (nitrogen, potassium,
phosphorus) Mg + m (microelements); (Pot volume «= 7 kG
of mineral soil);
3) ash covered with 1 cm layer of clay + NPK Mg + m;
4) ash + NPK Mg + m, by 80 % max. water capacity;
5) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
6) ash strongly compacted + NPK Mg + m;
7) ash + 25 % of light soil + NPK Mg + m;
8) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
9) ash + green manure of nitrogen-fixing plant (80.'5 g/pot) +
NPK Mg + m;
10) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
ll) ash + green cereal grass manure (80.5 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
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12) ash + 2 (NPK Mg);
13) ash + NPK Mg;
14) ash + mountain peat + (31.4 g/pot) + 2 (NPK Mg) H- 2 m;
15) ash + NPK Mg + m;
16) ash + sulphuric acid (l25 ml/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
1?) ash + gypsum (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
18) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + sulphur (lO g/pot) +
+ NPK Mg + m;
19) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + sulphur (lO g/pot) +
+ NPK Mg + m;
2O) ash + low moor peat (31.54 g/pot + 2 (NPK Mg) + 2 m;
21) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot);
22) ash + green cereal grass manure (322 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
23) ash + 25 % of river sand;
24) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot);
25) ash + green nitrogen - fixing plant manure (322 g/pot) +
+ NPK Mg + m;
26) ash (control in);
2?) river sand (control II);
ashes of lignite (Konin)
l) mineral soil (control l);
2) ash -H low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK (nitrogen, phospho-
rus, potassium) Mg + m;
3) ash + NPK Mg + m (microelements);
4) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
5) ash + 1 cm layer of clay + NPK Mg + m;
6) ash (control III);
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7) ash + NPK Mg;
8) ash + 25 % of light soil + NPK Mg + m;
9) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
10) ash + green cereal grass manure (80,'5 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
11) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
12) ash + sulphuric acid (125 ml/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
13) ash + 25 %-of river sand;
14) ash + low moor peat (31.4 g/pot);
15) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot);
16) ash + strongly compacted + NPK Mg + m;
1?) ash rf- gypsum (31.4 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
18) ash +• green nitrogen - fixing plant manure (80.5 g/pot) +
+ NPK Mg + m;
19) ash by 80 % maximal water capacity + NPK Mg + m;
20.) ash +• low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + 2 (MPK Mg) + 2 m;
2l) ash +• low moor peat (31.4 g/pot) + sulphur (10 g/pot) +
+ NPK Mg + m;
22) river sand (control II);
23) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + sulphur (lO g/pot) +
NPK Mg + m;
24) ash + mountain peat (31.4 g/pot) + 2 (NPK Mg) + 2 m;
25) ash + green cereal grass manure (322 g/pot) + NPK Mg + m;
26) ash + 2 (NPK Mg);
27) ash + green nitrogen-fixing plant manure (322 g/pot) + NPK ME
+ m;
The productivity of crops on all field ash plots were lower than
that measured for crops grown in soil (control plot). In 3-years field
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experiments 5 types of mixes of grasses and nitrogen fixing plants
were cultivated. Highest fodder value (in terms of conversion to protein)
was acquired from grass mixture No. 2 as described below:
Grass mixture No, 2
- meadow fescue - Festuca pratensis Huds. by weight 15 %
- orchard grass - Dactylis glomerata L-. " 5 %
- smooth bromegrass - Bromus inermis Leyss " 15 %
- June grass - Poa pratensis L. " 6.3 %
- creeping fescue - Festuca rubra L/.3 " 21.2 %
- white clover — Trifolium repens L/, " 3.!8 %
- black medic - Medicago lupullina L. " 8.'7 %
- white melilot - Melilotus albus " 3.8 %
»
- tall rye grass - Arrhenatherum elatius P.B. " 16.2 %
- bentgrass - Agrostis stolonifera L. " 5 %
Total: lOO.'O %
The next highest fodder value was obtained from mixture No. 3:
Grass mixture No,' 3
- alfalfa (lucerne) - Medicago media L. by weight 85.'7 %
- orchard grass - Dactylis glomerata li. " 14,33 %
T o t a I : 100.'0 %
Crops of both of these mixtures converted to air-dry mass amounted 0,87
to 14.28 t/hsk in 1977. In Poland it is normally expected that crops from
average fertile meadows and pastures should annually produce at least
3 t^ia. Taking as criterion the 3 t^a of dry mass crop, one can conclu-
de that positive results of neutralization, cultivation and fertilization
were obtained in the following cases of field trials:
ashes from bituminous coal in Halemba;
grass mixture No.J 1 Composition: alfalfa (Medicago sativa Iv) -
83 % and white melilot (Melilotus albus Med.) - 17 %:
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l) plots E-l, with addition of low moor peat + NPK - 10.99 t/ha
2) plots F-l, with addition of high moor peat + NPK - 7.71 t/ha
3) plots D-l, with addition of bentonite + NPK - 6.'68 t/ha
4) plots G-l, with addition of farm manure + NPK - 5.76 t/ha
5) plots H-l, with addition of NPK - 5.]73 t/ha
6) plots 1-1, with double N2PK fertilization - 4/78 t/ha
7) plots 0-1, check without fertilization - 4.320 t/ha,
grass mixture No.: 2 Composition: mix of grasses:
l) plots A-2, with addition of 20 cm fertile soil + NPK - 10.83 t/ha
2) plots F-2, with addition of low moor peat + NPK - 9.61 t^ia
3) plots B-2, with addition of 10 cm fertile soil + NPK - 8.368 t/ha
4) plots C-2, with addition of 5 cm fertile soil + NPK- 8.329 t^ia
5) plots H-2, with addition of NPK - 6.382 t/ha
6) plots G-2, with addition of farm manure + NPK - 6.18 tfha
7) plots P-2, with addition of high moor peat + NPK - 5.'94 t/ha
8) plots 1-1, with addition of double NPK dose - 5.76 t/ha
9) plots D-2, with addition of bentonite + NPK - 4.'76 tfha
10) plots 0-2, check - 4/73 t/ha
grass mixture No.1 3 Composition: alfalfa (86 %) and orchard
grass (14 %):
l) plots A-3, with addition of 20 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 7.11
2) plots E-3, with addition of low moor peat + NPK - 6.393
3) plots B-3, with addition of 10 cm fertile soil layer +
+ NPK - 6.'83
4) plots G-3, with addition of farm ma,nure + NPK - 5.'95
5) plots P-3, with addition of high moor peat + NPK - 5.J80 t/ha
6) plots C-3, with addition of 5 cm fertile soil + NPK - 5.369 t/ha,
7) plots H-3r with addition of NPK - 5.64 t/ha
8) plots D-3, with addition of bentonite + NPK - 5.51 t/ha
9) plots 1-3, with addition of double N2PK fertilization - 4,397 t/ha
10) plots 0-3, check - 3.45 t/ha
-------
grass mixture No.1 4 Composition: white melilot (Melitotus albusMed):
l) plots A-4, with addition of 20 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 9.60 tjha
2) plots B-4, with addition of 10 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 8.375
3) plots C-4, with addition of 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 6.02
ashes from lignite in Koriin
grass mixture No. 1 Composition: sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia
scop - 66.7 %, crown vetch (Coronilla varia I*) - 33.'3 %:
l) plots H-l(K-l), with green manure + NPK - 4.396 t^ia
2) plots G-l, with farm manure + NPK - 4.'69
3) plots D-l, with tertiary sand + NPK - 3.94
4) plots 1-1, with double mineral fertilization, N2PK - 3.355 t/ha
5) plots E-l, with low moor peat + NPK - 3.53 t/ha
6) plots F-l, with high moor peat + NPK - 3.53 t/ha
grass mixture No. 2 Composition as provided earlier:
l) plots A-2, with 20 cm fertile soil layer + NPK - 13.'78 tjha
2) plots B-2, with 10 cm fertile soil layer + NPK - 12.368 t^a
3) plots G-2, with farm manure + NPK - 12.340 t/ha
4) plots C-2, with 5 cm fertile soil layer + NPK - 10.66
5) plots H-2, (K-2),with green manure + NPK - 9.393
6) plots 1-2, with double mineral fertilization, N2PK - 9.29
7) plots P-2, with high moor peat + NPK - 9.13
8) plots E-2, with low moor peat + NPK - 9.S05
9) plots D-2, with added tertiary sand + NPK - 7.362 t^ia
grass mixture No.3 3 Composition provided earlier:
l) plots A-3 with added 20 cm fertile soil layer + NPK - 14.27 t/lna
2) plots B-3 with added 1O cm fertile soil layer + NPK - 12/14
3) plots G-3 with added farm manure + NPK - 11.41
4) plots C-3 with added 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 10.366
5) plots E-3 with added low moor peat + NPK - 9.49
6) plots H-3 with added green manure + NPK - 8.'87
-------
7) plots P-3 with added high moor peat + NPK - 8.'4O t/ha
8) plots D-3 with added tertiary sand + NPK - 8.'22 t/ha
9) plots 1-3 with added NPK - 7.'10 t/ha
10) plots 0-3 check - 5.]34 t/taa
grass mixture No.3 4 Composition provided as above:
l) plots A-4 with added 20 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 8.56 t/ha
2} plots B-4 with added 10 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 7.87 t/ha
3) plots C-4 with added 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK - 5.54 t/ha
Prior to placing soil amendments and seeding vegetation on the
ashes on the Konin disposal, the ashes were loosened up by blasting
followed by deep plowing.3 Mineral nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization
was added to all field plots before sowing and then spread after ger-
mination in a manner described in section 7 of this report.
Tree and shrub growth on ash disposal at both sites -was investi-
gated using the following species. (The species were ranked from
best growing on disposals to poorest groving, applying here the criteria:
Percent of losses and height increments):
H a I e m b a :
Percent of losses height increments
l) locust tree - 1 % l) locust tree - 2.12 m
2) poplar I - 5.5 °/o 2) pea shrub - 1.O3 m
3) poplar II - 11.1 % 3) poplar II - 0.70 m
4) pea shrub - 24.2 % 4) poplar I - 0.'62 m
5) basket willow - 27.2 % 5) black alder - 0.'47 m
6) black alder - 42.9 % 6) grey alder - 0.J47 m
7) grey alder - 44.4 % 7) basket willow - 0.'33 m
8) larch - 72.5 % 8) birch - 0.329 m
9) birch tree - 88.5 % 9) larch - 0.28 m
-------
K o n i n;
Percent of losses Height increments
l) poplar I - 43.J3 % l) locust tree - 0.363 m
2) grey alder - 47.10 % 2) willow - 0.49 m
3) poplar II - 47.8 % 3) grey alder - O.'43 m
4) willow - 49.'4 % 4) birch - O.36 m
5) pea shrub - 52.<0 % 5) black alder - 0.35 m
6) larch - 53.'4 % 6) poplar II - 0.31 m
7) sea buckthorn - 55.33 % 7) poplar I - 0.329 m
8) locust tree - 58.J3 % 8) sea buckthorn - 0.'28 m
9) black alder - 58.4 % 9) pea shrub - 0.313 m
1O) birch - 62.3 % 10) larch - O.'ll m.3
The above specified species are listed in order of decreasing growth
from best growing ones on the disposals to the weakest growing, taking
as criterion: the percentage of losses (failure of a tree or shrub) and
the growth in height.
Trees and shrubs •were planted in pits of dimensions ranging from
30x30x30 to 50x50x50 cm excavated in the ash. The pits were then
filled with mixtures of ashes with amendments in the following five combi-
nations (where the volumes are for aim of mixture volumetrically):
3 3
a) ash 0.75 m + fertile soil O.325 m ;
o o
b) ash O.j75 m + Tertiary age sand 0.'25 m (only Konin), or ash
o o
O.-9O m + bentonite 0.1O m (only Halemba);
3
c) ash 1.00 m +8 kg of mountain peat;
d) pure ash and
e) fertile soil (only Konin).s
It was found after 3-years' observation, that positive results were
obtained on the disposal in Halemba in cases of locust tree and pea
shrub.3 The method of pit dressing was shown to be unimportant.'
On the disposal in Konin during the 2-years of research, no satisfac-
tory growth was achieved (large number of losses, small growth).
The best results appear to be achieved when the trees and shrubs
are planted in pits wholly filled with fertile soil.1
9
-------
Field investigations of effectiveness of biological - chemical and
physical protection of the surface against a repeated wind erosion
involved seeding of grasses and legumes in varying mixtures, and
covering of the ash surface with a water solution of latex in amounts
o o 3 *}
of 0.10 mm (0.-10 dm' /m ) and 0.20 mm (0.20 dm /m ).3 On the basis
of crop measurement in the second year of cultivation, a positive influ-
ence of latex on the yields of grasses and a negative action on the
growth of alfalfa was found.'
10
-------
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Investigations were carried out on biological, chemical and physi-
cal stabilization and reclamation (agricultural and silvicultural) of
disposal sites of alkaline ashes derived from burning bituminous
coal (power plant Halemba ) and lignite (power plant Koran).
The results of investigations can be accepted as typical for ashes
characterized with the following features:
a) originate from bituminous coal or from lignite
b) hydraulically transported to surface sedimentation basins
c ) a Ika line
d) salinity not exceeding 2 % (by weight), converted to NaCl
e) soluble in water boron reserves up to 37.5 ppm.
Field experiments were performed in conditions of moderate climate
(transient from oceanic to continental) with relatively low atmos-
pheric precipitation in the first year at one site Konin 434 mm the
first year (as against long term average of 517 mrn), and with
favourable precipitation in the remaining years. Negative results of
the first year experiments in Konin are attributed to dry and cold
conditions. In assessing results of the remaining years of the expe-
riments in Konin and in Halemba, the positive influence of relati-
vely large amounts of precipitation should be taken into account.
Pield experiments in Konin and in Halemba were performed in
close proximity to industrial activities including power plants which
emit to the atmosphere relatively large amounts of particulates
2
(dust fall 106 to 414 t/km jye&r) and potentially toxic gases
(maximum 20-m.inute concentrations of SO,-, and P measured were
11
-------
2.9 and 0.145 mg/m respectively). This pollution has an adverse
effect on the vegetation, particularly in the case of growth and sur-
vival of trees and shrubs,
4. Chemical and mineralogical composition and differentiated physico-
chemical properties determine the classification due to suitability
for the soil formation. And so ashes from Halemba containing mulli—
tes and typified with presence of 21.8 to 27.5 percent Al 0 must
«^ O
be included to aluminous. The ashes from Konin on the other hand
characterized by the 3.25 to 34.1 percent CaO and O.48 to 8.3
percent SO content - occurring mainly in the form of calcites and
*3
anhydrites - are included to calcium - sulphatic ashes.
5, Ashes from lignite and from bituminous coal are characterized by
their strongly alkaline reaction (pH 11.5 to 12.8) and for this reason
are not suitable without modification of amendment for vegetation.
6. The pH of the ash was reduced to between 8.0 and 9.5 by the
process of hydraulic sluicing of the ash to sedimentation basins.
The calcium - sulphatic ashes characteristic of the lignite at Konin
were noted to change their properties in terms of CaO and MgO
changing to carbonates and sulphates. In the aluminium rich ashes
at Halemba characteristics of the chemical transformations are not
so intensive.
7. Ply ash retained by electrostatic precipitators are highly saline
(to 2.0 % NaCl). Reduction in the salinity occurs when the fly
ash is hydraulicalty sluiced to the sedimentation basins, and by
rain water, to such an extent that on experimental plots it was not
exceeding 0.82 percent in Konin, and 0.16 percent in Halemba.
8. The ashes show sufficient reserves of available (to plants) pota-
ssium. But there is shortage of available nitrogen and phosphorus.
Significant magnesium occurs in bituminous ashes from Halemba,
as does calcium in lignite ashes from Konin. Manganese occurs
in large quantity but is not assimilable to plants due to alkaline
reaction of ashes.
12
-------
9. Of the potentially toxic substances soluble in water, boron occurs
in excess (up to 37.5 ppm) in the ash. Concentrations of molyb-
denum, cobalt, selenium and cadmium were found to be normal.
Boron concentrations are reduced by leaching of infiltrated preci-
pitation and as a result of assimilation by legumes.
10. Ash radioactivity (in particular the total alpha and gamma radiation)
is higher in comparison with normal soils. Thus some increase in
radioactivity of harvested crops is expected. It appears, however,
that accumulated quantities are not harmful to humans or animals.
11. Ashes are characterized by particle size distribution of silts.
The ashes are permeable - but their water retention characteristics
are poor.
12. Protection of ash disposal from wind erosion can be achieved
by consolidation with chemical and biological methods. Successful
results were achieved by first spreading a water solution of latex
(lO;l) and then sowing with mixtures of grasses and legumes
accompanied by organic or mineral fertilization.' Covering with latex
can adversely affect the germination and development of legumes,
but does not influence the development of grasses.
13. Greenhouse experiments have shown that neutralization of alkaline
ashes by acidification with means used in agriculture (flowers
of sluphur, sulphuric acid, gypsum) do not give the expected
results. Additions of such materials of acid reaction as low and
high moor peats, green manures and fertile soil did tend to lower
the pH somewhat, probably because they loosened the soil ma-
terial facilitating the leaching of alkaline materials.
14. Mineral fertilization hinders germination of the plants, retarding
their development. High doses of fertilizers can prevent germina-
tion. It was found most advantageous to apply nitrogenous and
phosphatic fertilizers in small doses long before the sowing of
seeds, and then to apply a profuse fertilization to the surface
13
-------
after germination and after each mowing. Response to such fertili-
zation is great. Fertilization with micro - components in large do-
ses was found to hinder growth of plants in greenhouse experi-
ments.
15. The most positive effects exerted on growth of plants and on the
formation of soil were caused by additions (to the ashes) of
fertile soil, bentonite peats and farm manure. Positive influence
depends on the amount of substance added. A directly proportio-
nal relationship was ascertained between crop productivity and
thickness of soil layer, and between productivity and soil fertility.
16. The addition of substances such as fertile soil, bentonites, peats,
farm manure, green manures increase nutrients, reduce alkalinity,
increase sorptive and water capacity, reduce radioactivity through
dilutio^ increase biological activity, and improve biochemical
processes in the ashes.
17. Those ashes to which organic substances (farm and green mass
manures) were added showed increased productivity in the second
year of growth.
IB. The best vegetative species in terms of productivity were found
to be grasses and alfalfa (Medicago sativo). Orchard grass
(Dactylis glomerata) was found to grow aggressively. White me lilot
(Melilotus albus) sown alone did not produce the expected effects,
nor did the crown vetch (coronilla varia) or sainfoin (Onobrychis
viciaefolia).
19. Mixtures of legumes with grasses make a good forecrop for the
cultivation of cereal grains and industrial plants such as flax,
hemp, rape, barley and sunflowers. Cultivation of root (potatoes,
beets, onions) crops is not advised due to numerous treatments
contributing to harmful dusting of ashes.'
20. In tests of forest reclamation consisting of planting trees and
bushes in pits dressed with fertile soil, with peat, bentonite and
14
-------
COAL-FIRED POWER
PLANT WASTES
Pig. no. 1. Classification of power engineering waste materials
Pig. no. 2. Plow diagram of ash disposal in power plant:
1-boiler, 2-chutes before the electrofilters,
3-electric precipitators, 4-electric precipitators
chutes, 5-stack,6-ash tank and water quen-
ching, 7-hydraulic transport of pulp, 8-sedi-
mentation basini, 9-draining of the sedimenta-
tion basin.
15
-------
mineral fertilizers - encouraging results were achieved in cultiva-
tion of locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia ), pea shrub (Caragana
arborescens) and sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides ) on
aluminium - rich ashes from Halemba. Locust and sea buckthorn
survived moderately well in calcium - sulphate - rich ashes at
Konin. Unsatisfactory results were obtained with gray alder
(Alnus incana ), black alder (Alnus glutinosa ), willow (Sal.bc sp. ),
poplar (Populus sp. ), and white birch (Betula verrucosa ). At
both sites though the survival and growth rates of most trees and
bushes planted at Koriiri were not satisfactory, the best results
were achieved where the pits in the ash were filled with soil and
were fertilized with NPK.
21. Failures of trees and bushes is attributed to the relatively high
salinity* of ashes at the greater depths necessary to support the
root system as well as to the air pollution.
22. The short period available for research did not allow for acquisi-
tion of sufficient data to generalize as to changes in ash-soil
characteristics at depths equivalent to the root zones of trees.
Q Q /?
23. The concentrations of Ra in water in contact with ashes
(table 27 ) are much higher (5. 96 - 88.99 pCi/dm ) than average
•3
ones observed in uncontamina ted, surface waters (O.2 - 1.0 pCi/dm ),
and would be hazardous for drinking water supplies. Por this
reason prolonged contact of ashes with surface and underground
waters should be considered as undesirable.
16
-------
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of performed investigations the following recommen-
dations are offered:
1. Owing to leaching of potentially toxic substances (sodium and
boron) and reduction in alkalinity caused by hydraulic sluicing
of ash to sedimentation basins, it is recommended that an open
system of slucing be continued as advantageous for purposes of
reclamation using vegetation. However, the fate of leached ele-
ments and compounds must be determined, (it is presumed that
these elements are redeposited in deeper layers of the ash -
however, this has not been quantitatively demonstrated).
2. In order to intensity the leaching of sodium and boron from the
ash, the sluiced ash should be loosened to a depth of 30 to
50 cm, thus facilitating additional leaching by precipitation.
3.' Ash should be covered by latex, fertilized, and planted with legumes
and grasses to prevent wind erosion and to use the surface produc-
tively.1 Positive results were obtained applying the following methods:
a) Crumbling of the near-surface layer of disposal to at least
20 cm depth - employing rototillers - and in the case of cal-
cium - sulphatic ashes by means of explosives or rippers
and rototillers was effected.1
b) Sowing of mineral fertilizers in preseeding and outside the
roots according to pt. 5.
c) Seeding of grasses and perennial legumes as pt. 6.
17
-------
d) Harrowing or raking of surface, then rolling with a light roller.
e) Surface covering with the latex -water solution, Latex - LBSK -
5545 (production of Oswie^cim Chemical Works in Poland) in
proportion 1:10 (the seeding is possible jointly with the solu-
tion of Latex ) - in dose rate 833 dcm /ha of Latex, which ma-
kes a film layer O.08 mm thick.
f) Better certainty of biological consolidation can be achieved
using neutralization of ashes as per pt. 4.
4. The alkaline ashes are best prepared for planting through one
of the following soil amendment procedures:
a) covering with fertile soil the effectiveness of this treatment is
directly proportional to the thickness of the soil layer,
b) mixing in farm manure applied at a rate of 20 t^ia (dry mass),
c) mixing with green manure applied at a rate of 4O t/taa order,
d) low or high moor peat in doses of 10 - 100 t^ia rank.
5. Fertilization prior to seeding must be limited to small amounts of
nitrogen and phosphorus, in order not to hinder germination.
Further fertilization is necessary after germination and should be
limited to nitrogen and phosphorus at rates of 50 to 100 kg each
per 1 ha identical fertilization after each cutting (harvesting) in
the Spring is recommended.
Positive results were achieved using the following mineral fertili-
zation:
a) in pre - seeding prior to rototiller mixing to 20 cm depth:
- 14O kg of F>~O in the form of 46 percent treble superphos-
& o
phate (3OO kg/ha of comrrercial fertilizer)
- 35 kg N in form of 34 percent ammonium nitrate (lOO kg/ha
of commercial fertilizer) - only on aluminous ashes at
Halemba;
b) in pre - seeding with harrowing:
18
-------
- 70 kg of F-~0 in the shape of 4-6 percent treble super-
phosphate (150 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer)
- 5O kg N in a shape of 34 percent ammonium nitrate
(150 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer)
- 3O kg K 0 in shape of 60 percent of potash salt,
2.
(50 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer);
c) outside the roots
- 35 kg N in shape of 34 percent ammonium nitrate
(100 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer);
d) early in the Spring and after first harvest gathering (with
harrowing):
- 60 kg Pp°p- in shape of 18 or 46 percent of superphosphate
(respectively 400 or 130 kg/ha of commercial fertilizer);
- 100 kg N in form of 46 percent urea 220 kg/ha of commer-
cial fertilizer.
6. Grasses and perennial legumes are recommended as the initial
vegetation for treated ash. Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), the
annual meadowgrass (Poa pratensis), the creeping fescue (Pestuca
rubra), the bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera ), and among legumes
the black medic (Medicago lupullina ), and lucerne species (Medi-
cago media) are recommended. On stands rich in calcium, sainfoin
(Onobrychis viciaefolia) can be used.
In carried out field experiments positive results gave application
of 2 mixtures of grasses with legumes:
a) mixture with grasses predominant:
- meadow fescue ( Pestuca pratensis) 12 kg
- orchard grass (Dactilis glomerata) 4 kg
- smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) 12 kg
- annual meadowgrass (Poa pratensis) 5 kg
- creeping fescue (Pestuca rubra) 17 kg
- white clover (Trifolium repens) 3 kg
19
-------
- black medic (Medicago lupulina ) 7 kg
- white melilot (Melilotus albus ) 5 kg
- tall oat-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius ) 13 kg
- redtop (Agrostis stolonifera) 4 kg
total 82 kg
b) mixture with legumes predominant:
- alfalfa (Medicago saliva ) 36 kg
- orchard grass (Dactilis glomerata) 6 kg
total 42 kg
Better results were achieved using the specified above mixture in
double dose rate i.e. 160 and 84 kg/ha. In the case of unsatis-
factory germination recommended is a supplementary undersowing.
7. Stabilization and reclamation through introduction of trees for
lumber is not recommended, due to the difficult soil conditions.
However, when necessary in limited areas used to protect broad
expanses or slopes from erosion, such species as locust tree
(Robinia pseudoacacia), pea shrub (Caragana arborescens ), sea
buckthorn, (Hippophae rhamnoides) can be used on clayey -
siliceous ashes, and sea buckthorn can be used on calcium -
sulphatic ashes.
8. Investigations should be continued into more effective methods
of desalinization and pH reduction of the ash, into the degree of
ioni zingradiation, harm and cumulation of radioactive substances
in crops, and also on increasing the assortment of plants to be
used in reclamation. Necessary also are long term measurements
of the grasses and legumes since the 2-3 years measurements
fall somewhat short of vegetative (and possibly climatic) cycles.
20
-------
SECTION
THE STATE OP THE RESEARCH UP TO THE PRESENT
INTRODUCTION
It is estimated that future production of coal ash waste in Poland
will increase as follows:
- in 1980 - 17.5 million tons
- in 1985 - 24.5 " "
- in 1990 - 30.0 "
Assuming that the ash is disposed of in deposits averaging 2O m high,
the land requirements necessary for storing this waste material in the
2
period 1975 - 1990, amount to over 210 km of land area, or about
0.07 % of the country's territory.' This estimate was made assuming
that no dramatic utilization of this waste product will occur.'
Obviously it is important to store such ash in a manner compatible
with regulations protecting the natural environment and allowing econo-
mic utilization of the land surfaces covered by the ash.d
Dependent on their origin the wastes from power plants and from
thermal-electric power plants operated on a coal fuel can be divided
into two main groups (fig. l):
a) ash from bituminous coal burning
b) ash from lignite.'
Both the first and the second type of waste material can be further
subdivided into bottom ash and into fry ashes.' The bottom ash is pro-
21
-------
duced in a furnace chamber of a boiler during the combustion process.
Ply ashes are the sintered particles of a waste rock, collected in elec-
trostatic precipitators from combustion gases. These two groups of
ashes are usually mixed together for disposal,'
In Poland the costs of ash disposal are currently lowest when
hydraulic transportation is used to slurry the ashes to sedimentation
basins.' The ash is deposited in incremental lifts of 2 to 5 m.' Dried
ash is used to contain the slurry.
The water - ash pulp is transported on the disposal sites in pipe-
lines (fig. 3). Water is drained from the settling basin and recirculated
for reuse in the hydraulic sluicing operation.
The settling characteristics of the sedimentation basins are reflected
in the distribution of ash by particle size and weight,3
The following patterns are evident in the distribution of ash: 22
a) weight density of ashes decreases with increasing distance from
the pipeline outlet;
b) organic content of ashes increases -with increasing distance from
the outlet;
c) mean particle size decreases with increasing distance from the
outlet;
d) the coarsest fractions settle first, in view of this the disposal
storage in its vertical cross-section has a streaky - bandy struc-
ture with alternately placed coarsely grained and finely grained
layers (fig.' 4).
In other situations dry ash disposal is practiced in Czechoslovakia,
German Democratic Republic and Poland,' In these cases the ash is
quenched and hauled by rail or conveyor to the disposal area,1 There
is no particle size or density sorting of wastes under dry disposal
conditions. Stabilization and reclamation of dry disposal sites were not
included in the scope of this research effort.'
22
-------
Pig. no. 3. Hydraulic
disposal of ashes in
sedimentation basins.
Pig. no. 4. Halemba -
the site of field experi-
ments.
Pig. no. 5. Halemba -
vertical section of ash
disposal stack.
23
-------
In view of the shortage of land area for ash disposal in the neigh-
bourhood of power plants, hydraulic disposal of wastes in sedimentation
basins is more frequently used for interim disposal. Then, after draining,
the ash is transported to more distant, centralized sites.3 In such cases
a belt conveyor, or rail-road transportation and dry disposal is employed
[30].
On the basis of present research one can say that ashes from
the polish bituminous • coal are comprised principally of silica (about
40 %), aluminium oxides (about 20 %), iron oxides (several percent),
and oxides of magnesium, calcium, sodium, potassium.3 The amount of
unburned coal in the ash also amounts to several percent,1 Mineralo-
gically ashes consist mainly of quartz, amorphous carbon, and mullite
(Al,.Si 0 ).' Chemical composition of fly ash produced from American
o £ 1«3 *
coal appears similar
Lignite deposits in the Konin area are calcium - sulphate type,
fundamentally different than the alumino silicate type produced from
bituminous coal.
Ashes from the lignites of the Konin area according to present
studies - contain from 3.'O to 7.1 percent of Al 0_. Content of CaO in
£ O
ashes from Konin is from 5.0 to 46 percent. In a mineralogical respect
Konin ashes consist of grains of quartz, calcite and of minerals of
a montmorillo-illite group, ash from other lignites located in the Turoszow
region are richer in AIQ0 (37 %) and contain less CaO (1.4 % ave-
^ *3
rage, 7 % maximum). Ashes from the Czech lignites have a composition
similar to the Turow ashes ["±6, 17, 18J,J
Ashes from bituminous coal are characterized by a strongly alka-
line reaction (pH Q.'O - 12.6). This may be reduced as the ashes
"age" to a pH of 8.5.J However, only small amounts of vegetative nut-
rients (particularly N and P 0 ) are left in the ash. Porosity of the
^ O
material is considerable, but the capacity for storage of water availa-
ble to the plants is small.1 Ashes of the Konin 's lignite contain large
quantities of Ca and S. In the course of combustion calcium oxide is
24
-------
Pig. no. 7. Konin -
blasting of solidified
ashes.
Pig. no. 6. Konin -
the site of field expe-
riments.
Pig. no. 8. Konin -
ashes after blasting
and tilling.
25
-------
formed from the oaLciujn compounds, and it combines with water during
its hydraulic transportation producing hydroxides of calcium.' Their com-
L.nii.\t'} _»j;~ with sulphur, coal, sodium produce CaSO , or CaHSO , CaCO,.
or ,Ma0ir-JO . Thus a gypaum-carboriate rock is formed by the ash.1
Siu'.ability of ashes for a biological consolidation thus varies and
will depend upon the type of burned coal, on the technology of com-
busrion, or, the manner of ash disposal, and on the age of disposal
stacks.
DUST SUPPRESSION - SUMMARY OP PREVIOUS RESEARCH
The .surface layer of the ash deposits weathers and is subjected
to water and wind erosion. Fugitive dust problems do result from the
wind erosion. At present the water erosion is localized by the seams
used initially to contain the ash - water slurry.
In order to choose the most effective means of preventing forma-
tion of fugitive dust, alternative treatments of ash piles were examined;
these were:
a) the coverage of surface of ash with a non-erosive layer of mine-
ral soil;
b) coverage of surface with film forming substances;
c) biological or biological - chemical consolidation of the surfaces.
The first method is the most effective but little used due to diffi-
culties of obtaining adequate non-erosive soils.J As a rule such treatment
can be considered where economic utilization of the area for the pur-
poses of agriculture or forestry is intended.
An initially effective, but not very durable treatment is the method
of covering ash with film-producing substances or consolidating the
surface. More than 30 substances were tested |32, 34 | , that could
create either the semipermeable conditions or conditions consolidating
superficial layers of ash. Every attempt was made to utilize substances
26
-------
which are wastes from other branches of industry, The i
were obtained using clutan product (lye of sulphitation), One-percent
2
in solution applied at a rate of 0.5 l/m wholly protects the ashes
against dusting,3 Positive results -were also obtained using the flushing
water used to regenerate phenolic resins; this water was applied at
2
a rate of 1,5 l/m ,
Good results were also achieved using a 3 percent osacryi arid
a 30 % osacryi solution modified with latex (S136) applied at a rate
2
of 1-2.5 ifm »3 Positive results were shown with application of detergent
solutions, such as a 3 percent water solution of the fluid "T/udwik"
and a 1 percent solution of the sulphapol. Use of these substances
is limited since they are easily eroded from the surface and they offer
only small resistance to mechanical disturbances of the soil such as
are caused by walking or running a vehivle over the surface of the
ash J32, 34~j.
During previous research near the power plant Jaworzno 13, about
15 ha of the ash disposal surface was covered with a 20 percent
asphalt cationic emulsion,1 This treatment both prevented wind erosion.,
and permitted infiltmtion of water.' On plots covered with this emulsion
the plants germinated and were growing very well and this ;s aUrifouier!
to the protection of seeds against wind erosion arid a greater retention
I— ~i
of humidity in upper layers of the ash subsoil 6 I .
In field tests conducted by other researchers in the period 1971-72
6, 12, 22, 34| , other substances protecting against dusting were
used, such as curasol and molasses as well as osacryi. Vegetation test
experiments did not indicate any negative effects on the plant growth,
The materials are applied to the surface by spraying. Selection of spr^yir
equipment depends on the size and the configuration of a, treatment
site and on the dust suppressing substance employed,
In 1969 tests were carried out using soil binding materials such
as cement and gypsum J22 | . Also tested were oil-water emulsions
using recycled machine oil. Analysis of results gathered from wi.•••><-] tunnel
27
-------
tests indicates that the effectiveness of an oil - water emulsion incre-
ases with the decrease in content of water in same emulsion. A draw-
back, of the oil - water emulsions is the adverse effect on vegetation.
Moreover, the presence of oil limits further use of ash for production
of building materials ["221.
The Central Office of Research and Water Melioration Projects
has investigated the approach of sprinkling ash disposal areas with
water in order to prevent wind erosion and to improve conditions for
the vegetation Life |6,9J with good results. In the course of these stu-
dies the maximum safe gradient of slopes of a dry ash disposal was
determined to be 26 (about 1:2). Also successfully tested were trans-
planted grasa mats placed directly on an ash subsoil 16, 111. During
the first few days these carpets required irrigation. After 2 weeks the
grass mats were completely tied to the subsoil.'
In the quoted publications no more detailed descriptions of substan-
ces used or their manufacture were provided.
Advanced tests of biological protection of ash against wind erosion
have been conducted in Poland near Oswie,cim; this ash is produced
from low grade bituminous coal [8, 23~|. The mesh analysis of these
ashes indicated the following distribution:
- grains under 1 mm size - 61 to 84 %
- grains from 1-3.5 mm - 7 to 29 %
- grains above 3.5 mm size - 2.5 to 7 %,
The effuents from the disposal were characterized with pH 11 the
ash disposal areas supported a natural succession of the following
plants:
- Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. (moss)
- Carex hirta L, (hairy sedge)
- Poa annua 1^ (annual meadow grass)
- Poa trivalis I* (rough stalked meadow grass)
- Atriplex hastatum L,1 (spear leaved orache)
28
-------
- Capsella bursa - pastoris L/. Med. (shepherd's purse)
- Chameaenerion angust.ifol.ium L. (firewood)
- Chenopodium album, glaucum, polispermum, rubrum (white, glaucous,
many seeded, red goosefoot)
- Polygonum aviculare I*, minus Huds, persicaria Li. (knotweed, minor
knotweed and persicary)
- Potentilla anserine L. (silverweed cinquefoil)
- Senecio vulgaris L/. (common groundsel)
- Salix sp, (willow)
- Sambucus nigra L., S. racemosa I*, (golden elder, red berried elder)
- Tusilago farfara L. (common coltsfoot),
- Ulrica dioica L., (stinging nettle).
It appeared that Punaris hygrometrica (moss ) appeared first. Trees
were planted on a bank of peat as part of the experiments. Results of
tests indicated the following: poor growing: Ulmus scabra Mill (Scotch
elm), Betula pubescens Ehrh, (common birch), Robinia pseudoacacia L,,
(locust tree). Pair growing: Populus balsamifera L% (balsam poplar),
Populus italica Much, (black poplar), Alnus incana L. Much (grey alder),
Alnus glutinosa L. Gaerth (black alder), and Salix acutifolia Willd
(sharpleaf willow). Best suited: Tamarix caspica i Tamarix odessana
(the tamarisks). However, in subsequent years it was decided to cover
disposal with fertile soil, as the previous vegetative growth was con-
sidered insufficient J8, 23J.
Zak [34~j performed tests sowing grasses over the tops and slo-
pes of ash disposal sites and covering these surfaces •with asphalt
emulsion. These tests had shown no toxic action of emulsion, and im-
proved protection of seeds.
Tarczewski [25,261 states, that the ashes from the Ural power
plants he investigated were rich in microelements, but did not possess
adequate nutrient substances in assimilable form. In order to enrich
these ashes with the nitrogen, the ash was covered with a layer of
fertile soil (2 cm), or peat (4 cm), NPK fertilizer was added along with
29
-------
municipal sewage waters. Subsequent observations have shown excellent
response to these methods, particularly to the use of municipal sewage.3
The planting of trees and shrubs in pits filled with 20-30 cm layers of
soil was successful, especially with willows, poplars, apple trees and
birches. On plots treated with sewage waters mesophytes and hydrophy-
tes appeared first and were followed in the second year by self -
seeded willows, espens and birches. The tests were conducted on as-
hes with a pH of 6-7.
Pikalowa ("21"] carried out tests using vegetation on ash having an
acid pH (pH 5.2). The tests were made in the following treatment com-
binations: (a) ash covered with a 3-4 cm layer of peat; (b) ash +
+ NPK; (c) ash + NPK; (d) ash + amide of poly-aery late; (e ) ash -
no treatment; (f) soil - no treatment. Seeds were sown at a rate two
times greater than used for normal field sowing. Germination of seed
planted in pure ash was disappoining.1 Growth of plants on ash treated
with peat and those fully fertilized was good. BYom 24 species of plants,
the hardiest are the grasses. Such grasses include Gromus inermis
(smooth bromegrass); Roegneric fibrosa (slender wheat grass), Pestucca
rubra (creeping fescue), Pestucca pratensis (meadow fescue), Agropy-
ron cristatum (crested "wheat grass), Agropyron tenerum (wheat grass),
DactiLis glomerata (orchard grass), Beckmania eruciferrris Host, (slough-
grass), and papilionaceae: Medicago media (lucerne species), Melilotus
alba (white melilot).'
Stina investigated [24 J the development of micro-flora on slightly
alkaline (pH 7.36 - 7.9) waste ash and concluded that the ashes contain
.iron, aluminium and manganese in toxic quantities.' Vegetation appearing
first on such ashes are cyanoses and in this the Nostoc forms combi-
ning the nitrogen,3 She found that fertilization stimulated mi cr of lor a deve-
lopment.
Vanic'ek states that in Czechoslovakia a site disposal of ash and
slags was planted in 1954 - 1957 with 43 species of trees and bushes
(2576 specimens) and 84 varieties of grasses and herbaceous plants
[28] .'
30
-------
After 4-7 years, 16 species of trees and shrubs were established
(1292 pieces) as were 26 varieties of grasses and herbaceous plants.
The best development of plants took place where peat and mineral
fertilizers were added to the ash [2&\ .
The following varieties of trees were recommended as suitable for sta-
bilization:
- Ailanthus glandulosa (tree of heaven)
- Popolus canadensis (Canadian poplar), P. nigra (black poplar),
P. Simonii (Simons poplar), P. alba (white poplar), P. Charkoviensis
(Charkov poplar)
- Tamarix gallica (tamarisk)
- Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive )
- Colutea arborescens (English name wanting)
- Evonymus europaea (European evonymus)
- Alnus incana (grey alder)
- Salix alba (white willow)
- Betula alba (white birch)
- Populus tremula (aspen)
the following grasses and herbaceous plants were recommended by
Vanicek:
- Elymus arenarius (European dune wildrye )
- Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass)
- Calama grostis epigeics (chee reed grass)
- Melilotus officienalis (melilot)
- Datura stramonium (thorn apple)
- Crambe maritima (sea kale ).J
Vanicek did not analyze the agricultural value of the vegetation. The
characteristics of the ash were not presented,
Wagner reviews methods of the ash disposal and vegetative growth
thereon in the German Democratic Republic 129] . He states that on
31
-------
the ash disposal at Rasitz (some 25 m high), a locust tree stand with
some grasses has evolved naturally on a south - facing slope.1 On the
remaining area poplars were planted in pits filled with compost of muni-
cipal (solid) wastes. Natural competitors to poplars were locust trees,
willows and weeds (e.3g. reeds, rrotherwort, melilot, tancy). The author
recommends planting locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), mountain - ash
(Sorfous aucuparia), lime (Tilia), cherry (Prunus arium), larch (Larix)
and service (Gingko biloba),' However, the author favours a covering
of the surfeice with fertile soil and using the areas for domestic vege-
table and flower gardens.
Hryncewicz and others previously attempted to plent vegetation on
alkaline ashes in Halemba [ll, l^H . Twenty - nine species were used
(6 species of grasses, 7 legumes, 6 varieties of trees, and 5 of shrubs).'
The plants were cultivated on plots irrigated by a rill method, by sub-
surface irrigation, and by sprinkling machines. It appeared that the best
pioneering plant was the white melilot (Melilotus alba) either alone or
in combination with following grasses: Pestuca rubra (creeping fescue ),
Dactylis glomerata (orchard grass), Lolium perenne (English bluegrass).
Tests of trees and shrubs were disappointing.1
RECLAMATION FOR AGRICULTURAL USE OP ASH DISPOSAL AREAS
Agricultural reclamation in Poland means technological and biologi-
cal treatments carried out to prepare disturbed areas for future agri-
cultursl production. Very often vegetative protection against wind ero-
sion is identified as agricultural reclamation. This is so, only when this
protection is achieved with vegetation that qualifies for an economic
use (e.g. grasses or legumes with a good fodder usability, and with
sufficient yield ),The crops must be fit for animal consumption to be
classified as agricultural crops.
According to Barber sj , who conducted revegetation tests in
alkaline ash (pH 8.5 and higher), the best growth was achieved using
white melilot (Melilotus alba), while the growth of mixtures of grasses
and legumes was relatively lower.
32
-------
Interesting tests were carried out in Leeds (Gt. Britain) by Hod-
gson and others |lOJ • There the washes were found to be toxic by
virtue of a high pH and a targe concentration of borates. The use of
sulphur, iron, aluminium sulphates, and sulphuric acid did not reduce
alkalinity and did not improve the growth of vegetation. In regions
where atmospheric precipitation is significantly greater than evaporation,
the salts are leached. The reduction in dissolved boron is of conside-
rable interest. A few species of plants tolerate boron in quantities of
20-30 ppm, but a majority of plants do not tolerate it.
The most radical method of agricultural reclamation is to cover
the ash with a layer of soil. Greenhouse tests showed that various
fertilizers can substitute to some degree for the soil, especially if spe-
cies of plants that are resistant to toxic elements in ash, are used.'
Highest yields were obtained with an "insulating" soil layer of 30 cm,
by a simultaneous fertilization,3 When there is a shortage of soil, one
can use substitutes such as the subsoil shale or peat. Sewage sludge
gave negative results in the pot experiments due to the poor physical
condition of the mixture. Pield results were inconclusive.' Bulky materials
added to the ashes increase their sorption capacity and decrease the
toxicity after 3 or 4 years. Later on their significance as a source of
nutrients diminishes.
Particularly suitable in ameliorating detrimental properties of ashes
are legumes since these diminish the boron concentrations,' White melilot
(Melilotus alba), has been used successfully,'
Other nitrogen- fixing plants can also be used, particularly the
Trifolium sp. and Medicago saliva.
Reports of a Czech investigator (Mr. Maty, [l6, 17, is] seem to
be perfect from a point of view of methodology, however these concern
weakly acid or neutral ashes of lignite. The tests involved the intro-
duction of vegetation into a soil covering (thickness of 10-50 cm layers)
placed on the ash. On plots fertilized with lime saltpetre (150 kg/ha)
satisfactory growth was obtained with a mixture of sainfoin (Onobrychis
33
-------
vic.iaefol.ia) with grasses. However the grasses (tall oat grass - Avena
elatior, creeping fescue-Pestuca rubra), were experiencing strong com-
petition from the sainfoin. Good growth was indicated, by English blue-
grass (lyolium perenne), red meadow clover (Trifolium pratense), and
bird's foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ). The initial growth of creeping
fescue (Pestuca rubra) sheep's fescue (Pestuca ovina ), and white
meLilot (Melilotus alba) was initially satisfactory, but later on the growth
of these species fell off,
In 1965-66, Maly carried out a series of experiments covering the
ash surfaces with fertile Boil of thicknesses of 10, 30 and 50 cm flTJ .
He adopted 3 crop rotation variants: a spring mixture alfalfa (Medicago
saliva) a spring mixture of alfalfa and grass of cereal grains were
planted in all cases for protection. Oats (Avena sativa), spring barley
(Hordeum sativum), tall pea ( Pisum sativum), and field pea (Pisum
arvense) were used. The crop of green mass was highest (7.395 t^ia )
on plots covered with the most soil (50 cm). The crop was somewhat
smaller (5.889 t/ha) on plots with a 30 cm soil layer and was lowest
(0.623 t^ia) on the control plot of ash. Maly states that crops depend
also on the quality of the soil.
Hryncewicz and others ll carried out tests introducing agricul-
tural plants to the alkaline ash disposal at Halemba and obtained good
crops of grasses (8^0 - 11.5 t^-»a of green mass), and of spring barley
(3.1 - 3.a2 t/ha of grain), and also sufficiently good crops of fodder
beetroots (25 - 32 t/ha of beets). The results were obtained with cul-
tivation, organic and mineral fertilization, and with artificial watering.
In Northern Italy, (power plant Pietrafitta ), fertile soil is spread on
waste ash to a depth of 0.5 m, and the wheat is cultivated there after
mineral fertilization; good crops are achieved there ]7 ] .
In summary, previously reported investigations of ash disposal
utilization were limited to small tests, and it is not always clear what
the characteristics of the ashes are and under what conditions the
tests were performed. Hence the observations often seem incompatible,
and there is no discussion of reasons for the differences.
34
-------
OF;SCHIPTION OF ASH TREATMENTS FOR
GREENHOUSfc EXPERIMENTS USING PHYSICAL ANO CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS
/Pot experiment I/
Basic
•oil and
no. of
teat
1
light loll
I
•terilo,
river Band
II
B8h
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Appl teat -
.one of
fertili-
"r8 x/
NtP+KtMg '
I:0,8:1.2i0.5
1-single
2-double
2
1
1
none
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Appl ica-
t ions
elements '
1-alngle
2-double
3
1
1
none
none
none
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Amendment treatments the
growth of plants
/w • pot/
4
Control /no ash or amendments/
Control /no ash or amendments/
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat /31.4 g/w « 10 t/ha/
Low bog peat /SI. 4 g/w • 10 t/ha/+
+ sulphur /1O g/w - 3.O t/ha/
Low bog peat /SI. 4 g/w . 10 t/ha/
Mountain peat /31.4 g/w • 10 t/ha/
Mountain peat /31.4 g/w • 1O t/ha/
+ eulphur /1O g/w » 3.0 t/ha/
Mountain peat /31.4 g/w/
Shredded green mass from cereal
plants /8O.5 g/w « 25 t/he/
Shredded green mass from legumes
/80.5 g/w . 25 t/ha/
Light sandy soil /25 X capacity/
Gypsum /3.14 g/w - 1 t/ha/
Sulphuric acid 1 n /125 ml/w -
. 40 m3/ha/
60 % maximal water capacity
Strong compacting of ash in pot
Cover of surface with clay layer
/I cm/
Low bog peat /314 g/w - 1OO t/hs/
Mountain peat /314 g/w « 100 t/ha/
Shredded green mass from cereal
plants /320 g/w - 100 t/ha/
Shredded green mass from legumes
/320 g/w • 100 t/ha/
Low bog peat /31.4 g/w - 1O t/ha/
Mountain peat /Si. 4 g/w • 10 t/ha/
25 % /by volume/ eterlle rlvsr
sand
Total weight
of dry mass
of material
in pot
Halemba/
Konin
/kg/
5
6.4
6.9
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.3
3.6/2.4
3,6/2.4
5.5/3.9
3.6/2.4
3.6/2.4
3.6/2.4
3.6/2.4
3.6/2.4
4.0/2.7
2.9/1.9
3.2/2.0
3.1/2.4
3.6/2.4
3.6/2.4
5.4/4.4
Doees and forma of NPK Mg and of microelements are given in
-------
FOREST RECLAMATION
Under the term "forest reclamation" is included the creation of
timber-producing and recreational forests.
No thorough investigations of forest reclamation of waste ash dis-
posal sites as such exist. Relatively lew attempts have been made to
protect the surface through planting of trees and shrubs.
The experiments to establish tree stands and shrubbery on the
disposals of ash and slags of bituminous coal made by Szczygiel and
others |23J were the first ones, and have been discussed above.
The tests made by the Soviet Union researchers [21, 24, 25, 26^,
in Czechoslovakia [l6, 17, 18, 29j , in the German Democratic Re-
public [29] and in Poland [~8, 22, 23~|are also discussed.
Noteworthy are the observations made by Tarczewski [25, 26J of
the introduction of organic life on ash disposal of the Ural power
plants. They had shown that particular varieties of trees and bushes
planted directly on ash extend their root systems even after 10 years.
Greszta and others [~8~] conducted tests of ash formed from Lignite
(pH 6-7) and from bituminous coal (pH 8.5 - 9.3). After 3 years of
observation they stated that the locust tree, the poplar, the birch, the
grey and black alders, the black currant and the tamarisk provided
relatively good growth. The authors provide no detailed information re-
garding the method of neutralization, fertilization or vegetative growth.
The problem of forest reclamation cannot be considered as solved
and requires further investigations. It seems advisable to consider
local conditions as these can greatly alleviate difficulties of reclamation,
which the papers seem to suggest [lO, 30, 31, 32J.
36
-------
SECTION
THE OBJECT AND METHODOLOGY OP RESEARCH
GENERAL ASSIGNMENTS
The object of this research effort is the solution of the problem
of stabilizing the surface of coal ash waste piles in order to:
(l) minimize fugitive dust, and (2) reclaim the land surface for agri-
cultural or forest use.
Since significant progress has been made in laboratory evaluations
of ash stabilization as is noted in section 4, the principal emphasis of
the effort herein described was field testing of a chemical-biological
treatment procedure that would support agricultural uses of the land.
The subject of the research are alkaline waste ashes produced by
burning bituminous coal and lignite coal in coal-fired electric generating
facilities.
Two ash disposal sites were selected in Poland for this study.
These were (fig. 38):
l) ash disposal for the power plant Halemba (bituminous coal ash);
asd
2) ash disposal for the power plant Konin (lignite ash).
37
-------
LOCATION OF THE RESEARCH WORK
Ash disposal for the power plant Halemba
Deposits of bituminous coal in Poland occur in the Upper Silesia
Basin, in the Sudety Mts, and in the Lublin Basin. These coals are
used for steam plants and thermal - electric facilities. Coal seams occur
throughout the Namurian and Westfalian formations (upper carboniferous).
The average content of ash in these coals ranges between 20 and 25
percent.
The investigations herein reported were conducted on the ash
disposal of the power plant Halemba, which burns bituminous coal
extracted from the Upper Silesian Basin (fig. 38). There are the was-
tes constituting a mixture of fly ash and bottom, formed from coal
burning in granulating dust boilers. The portion of bottom ash does
not exceed 5 percent of total waste material. Bottom ash and fly ash
are removed from the power plant with hydraulic system. The mixture
of fly ash is transported through pipelines to an impoundment situated
1.5 km from the plant. Deposition began behind 4-6 m dikes. Subse-
quently, the dikes have been raised to achieve a total height of 13 m.
T^he area of the disposal is about 10 ha, and the quantity of ash de-
3
posited from 1962 through 1973 is about 2,000,000 m . The ash mixture
was discharged along one side of the impoundment. Dreunage wells
were located along the opposite side. The water collected in the drai-
nage wells was either discharged or reused in the hydraulic ash dis-
posal system.
The ash disposal in Halemba is situated at an altitude of 245 m
a.s.U, within the limits of co-called "Silesian Upland". Climatic conditions
of this region are discussed later. One should note that the disposal
is located in a strongly industrialized region, and the location, did
affect the results of the field tests to some extent.
38
-------
l>1 fSC KIP IION Oh' /\SH TKFATMJ-'.NTS KOU < iH KK Nl IOHSF:
1-. XI'KUIMKN I S
li.SINC, MINI' IJ/M, PHP! ILI/FRS
( Pell l'\|M'l illK'lll II)
MM. iif
ll'V.I
1
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Hiisic
«l>il
2
ash
ash
fish
fish
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
ash
FVililixeTK*'
3
none
1/2(NPK Mi>]
.1/2 (NPK Mt>)
NPK Mi>
NPK Mt>
1/2 N
1/2 K
1/2 P
1/2 MB
no tic
none?
none
none
none
none
NPK My;
( alkaline- )
M icr no tt1-
tlH'ttts
4
none
nonr
1
none1
1
none
none
none
nont1
1
nonp
none
none
none
none
none
At Iditi onti 1 sul'stnn^es chnnuine composi-
tion or properties r>f nsOi
r>
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Low bog pe at ( 3. 5 g/pot - 1 0 t A"ia )
Mountain peat (3.5 g/pot - JO t^ia )
Shredded green mass from cereal plants
(8.9 g/pot - 25 t^a)
Shredded green mass from legumes
(8.9 g/pot - 25 L/lia)
Sulphur (1.1 g/pot - 1 tAia)
none
Doses and forms of NPK Mg and nf micr ooleme nts are given in section 0
39
-------
Efforts to stabilize the top of the ash disposal at Halemba were
successfully tried in 1972 through 1974. These efforts consisted of
seeding with grasses and were discussed in preceeding section 4.
Ash disposal for the power plant Konin
Lignite deposits of recent tertiary age, characterized by a high
(21-25 %) content of alkaline ashes, are found in the Wielkopolski
Mining Region of Poland (fig. 38 ). The tertiary sediments consist of
grey clays with alternating bands of silts, sands and gravels. Lignites
occur within these sediments in extensive strata up to 10 m thick.
The lignite formations are Miocene in age.
The field research has been conducted on the ash disposal for
the Konin power plant, which is supplied with Lignite extracted from
the Konin rrines. The coal is burned without any additives for improved
combustion.
Due to varying sulphur contents in the coal coming from various
open pits of the Konin mining complex, the coal is blended to achieve
an average sulphur content.
The bottom ash and fby ash from electric precipitators are remo-
ved hydraulicalty to the sedimentation basins - as at the Halemba
power plant. However, the impoundment dikes are only 4-6 m high due
to unfavourable physical properties of the sediments.
The ash disposal area chosen for the field experiments is situated
at an elevation of about 90 m a.s. L, in the central climatic sector, of
Poland. A detailed description of the climatic conditions is provided in
later sections of this report. The field site is located near both the
power plant and an aluminium plant.
The surface area of waste ash is about 13 ha. At present it is
used for additional ash disposal only sporadically. To protect the
experimental area against further deposition of ash, it is surrounded
40
-------
GERMINATION (SPROUTING) OBSERVED FOR VARIOUS CONTROL POTS
AND ASM TREATMENTS USING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
AMENDMENTS
ASH FROM HALEMBA
(I experiment )
Tnble 3
No. of
lest
1
I
11
111
IV
V
VI
Vll
via
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
xvm
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
xxiu
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Added substances changing com-
position and properties of ashes
in pots
2
Control - Mineral soil
Control - Sterile sand
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat ( 10 t^io)
bow bog peat ( 1O t^io) + 5
Low bog peat ( 1O t/ha )
Mountain peat (lO t/ha)
Mountain peat (10 t^ia )
Mountain peat ( 10 t^ia )
Green cereal mass (25 t^ia )
green legume mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Gypsum ( 1 i/ho )
Sulphuric acid 1 n
80 % max. water capacity
Strong compacting of ashes
1 cm clay layer
Low bog peat ( 1OO t^ia )
Mountain peat ( 1OO t/ha)
•Green cereal mass (100 t/ha)
Green legume moss (100 t|ho)
Low bog peat (lO t^ia )
MoLintain peat (10 t^ia )
25 % sterile sand
Fertilizers*'
NPK
Mg
3
1
1
none
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
none
none
none
Micro-
ele -
ments
4
1
1
none
none
none
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Number ol seed-
lings
(white mustard)
Aug.
16
5
2
0
17
21
20
2O
19
18
17
IS
13
22
14
17
IS
16
15
14
14
0
9
23
4
7
28
27
26
Aug.
17
6
22
1O
27
28
27
28
28
28
27
27
28
28
26
26
28
26
27
26
26
13
25
24
15
16
30
28
28
Aug.
19
7
26
21
28
28
28
30
29
28
28
28
29
29
27
27
29
29
29
28
28
21
28
24
20
20
30
28
29
Fertilization according to table 1
-------
by an ash dike. Revegetation experiments were performed prior to this
project to stabilize the surface of adjoining ash disposal sites. Howe-
ver, due? to the smalt thickness of a porous surface layer, the results
were not promising and are not discussed here.
RESEARCH METHODS
The research program to stabilize ash and to permit future use
of affected lands was divided into the following stages:
I - surnmciry of previous tests and experiments made by various
investigators concerning the properties of ash wastes affecting
potentials for stabilization and revegetation;
II - verification through greenhouse "pot" test experiments of effects
of adding soil amendments to alkaline ashes to improve growth
conditions.
Ill - selection of promising soil amendment procedures from green-
house tests and application to field plots;
IV - evaluation of effectiveness of various field treatments indirectly
through photographic observations and directly through measu-
rements of vegetation yields, of dynamics of the soil environment
and of the utility of the vegetation; with reference to the planted
trees and shrubs, evaluation of the effectiveness of various
treatments through measurement of growth, of observations of
hardiness and of changes in the growth medium.
The field and "pot" experiments were designed to provide guidance
in reclaiming waste ash areas at other locations.
The details of the pedological, hydrogeological, climatic and bio-
chemical investigations are discussed in subsequent sections of this
report.
42
-------
SECTION 6
Cl)
THE PERFORMANCE OP "GREENHOUSE"v 'EXPERIMENTS
PREPARATIONS FOR THE EXPERIMENTS
The objective of these experiments was the determination of suita-
bility of certain soil treatments, to effect favorable changes in the che-
mical and physical character of ashes in terms of supporting vegeta-
tion.
The experiments were carried out in an experimental agricultural
station situated near Wroclaw under conditions of ambient temperature
and air and normal sunlinght, but a controlled water supply.
Samples of ash were taken from inactive disposal areas at Ha I err b a
and Konin, specifically, from the top 2O cm. D.uring the time of sample
collection (July, 1974) the surface of the wash was partially covered
with loose, dry clumps of grass which remained from previous, revege-
tation tests.
Soil treatment experiments were set up in accord with the methoo
of independent series with one variable. Basic variants of experiment
were the 20 treatments (Nos. I thru IX of table l) which were conduc-
ted in four repetitions. Seven additional treatments (Nos. XXI thru
XXVII in Table l) were set up in two repetitions. Pots of treatment
(light soil), and treatment (rinsed sterile river sand) were combined
for the experiments. Weight of the "soil material" mass in particular
pots in provided in table 1.
(l) The experiments were carried out in a shelter which was not A
"greenhouse" in terms of a controlled climate. Tests were conducted
in small containers in a sheltered area.
43
-------
White mustard (Sinapis alba L. ) was used as a test plant of the
variation "Borowska". This plant is characterized by its sensitivity to
soil environment, and its continued growth during cooler seasons.
The first experiment (l) was carried out in pots of the Mitscher-
lich type with capacity of about 7 kg "soil". The moisture content of
each test pot was maintained at 7O % of maximal capillary capacity,
with exception of VIII treatment, where the content was maintained at
80 % of maximal capillary capacity. A single dose of fertilizer was
added to all treatments except nos. Ill, XXV, XXVI and XXVII (table l]
the dose rate was:
- l.O g/pot N in the form of 20.5 % of ammonium sulphate
- 0.8 g/pot P?°K in the form of 47.5 % of superphosphate
- 1.2 g/pot K 0 as K SO
t-i £• ^t
- 0.5 g/pot MgO as Mg SO4< 7^0.
The phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers were dosed in a stable
form, the potassium and magnesium fertilizers in a water soluble form.
Micro elements (nutrients) were added as follows:
- 1.0 mg/pot of Mo as (NH4)6 M°7°24 • 4H2°
- 3.0 mg/pot of B as 2NaB40? . 10H20
- 3,0 mg/pot of Cu as CuSO .
5.0 mg/pot of Zn as ZnSO4 .
- 20.0 mg/pot of Mn as MnSO
- 30.0 mg/pot of PeCl . 6H 0.
*J fff
An additional set of pots was established to ascertain the influence of
particular macroelements on vegetation. One-half the dose rate of
NPK Mg fertilizers used for the first twenty-seven treatments was used.
Table 2 shows the experiment schemes for this second set of treat-
ments.
44
-------
Pig. no. 9. Greenhouse experiments - response
of white mustard (Synapis alba) to
mineral fertilization.
4
Pig. no. 10.
Greenhouse experiments - growth
of white mustard on ashes from
Halemba; from left: control (ll) -
river sand + NPKMg + m; ash
+ 25 % of river sand; control (l)
- light soil + NPKMg + m; ash
+ 25 % of mineral soil + NPKMg
+ m; control (ill) pure ash
(m=microelements ).
45
-------
Dose rates in the second set of treatments were as follows
o
(calculated to 1 pot containing 0.6 dm of ash):
Pure
component
Dose rate in mg/pot
full rate
1/2 rate
Type of fertilizer
a) macro elements:
all tests with exception of XVI:
N
P2°5
K2°
MgO
110
9O
130
60
55
45
65
30
20.5 % ammonium sulphate
47.5 % superphosphate
K SO chemically pure
MgSO4 . 7H 0 chemically pure
test XVI
N
P2°5
K2°
MgO
110
60
30
130
60
NH.NO,. chemically pure
K PO " "
«J •*
47.5 % superphosphate
K P O chemically pure
o *- 4
MgSO . 7H2° chemically pure
b) micro elements:
all tests:
Mo
B
Cu
Zn
Mn
Pe
0.11
0.33
0.33
0.55
2.20
3.30
(NH ) Mo 0 . 4H 0
Na2B4°7 ' 10H2°
CuS04 . 5 H20
ZnS04 . 2 H20
MnS04. 5 HO
Pe(S04)3
THE WEATHER PROGRESS
The white mustard began to sprout on 16 Aug.74 and was harves-
ted on 14 Oct. 74.
During the time of germination the air temperature was relatively
high (average daily 20.3 to 26.8 C) and the humidity was low (ll,3 mb
-------
GERMINATION (SPROUTING) OBSERVED FOR VARIOUS CONTROL POTS
AND ASH TREATMENTS USING PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
AMENDMENTS
ASH PROM K O N I N
(I experiment)
Table 4
No
of
object
1
I
II
in
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIU
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
xxvn
Added substances changing
composition and properties
of ashes in pots
2
Control - Mineral soil
Control - Sterile sand
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat (10 l^ia )
Low bog peat (lO t/ha ) + S
Low bog peat ( 1O l^ia )
Mountain peat (lO tfho )
Mountain peat (10 t/ha)
Mountain peat (lO tjrio )
Green cereal mass (25 t/ha)
Green leguminous mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Gypsum ( 1 t/ha )
Sulphuric acid 1 n
60 % max. water capacity
Strong compacting of ashes
1 cm clay layer
Low bog peat (lOO t AIO )
Mountain peat (lOO t/ha)
Green cereal mass (lOO t/ha)
Green legume mass (100 t/ha)
Low bog peat (10 t/ha)
Mountain peat (lO t/ha)
25 % sterile sand
Fertilizer *'
NPK
mg
3
1
1
none
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Micro-
elements
4
1
1
none
none
none
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
umber, of seed-
lings
while mustard)
Aug.
16
5
2
O
24
n
10
2O
19
13
4
14
7
9
22
18
18
13
15
19
18
1
18
25
14
12
25
24
24
Aug.
17
6
22
1O
29
26
21
25
25
19
13
23
19
14
28
22
24
23
22
25
26
13
24
28
21
18
30
28
29
Aug.
19
7
2
21
29
28
27
27
26
27
19
29
27
25
28
28
28
29
28
29
28
22
27
28
26
29
3O
29
29
x/ Fertilization according to table 1
-------
partial pressure). This weather adversely influenced growth of small,
plants. Sunny and warm days in much of September advantageously
influenced the vegetation of white mustard. By the end of September and
in October average daily temperatures of air fell to between 6.0 and
9.0 C, accompanied by low humidity (0.7 to 3.5 mb).
In the first half of October ground frosts -were observed. They did
not have any evident effects on the vegetation of white mustard, as the
pots were standing on push-carts at a height of 60 cm, under a glass
roof of the shelter. However, fearing the occurrence of lower tempera-
tures of air, the white mustard was cut on 14 Oct. 74,
PROGRESS OP GERMINATION IN THE FIRST GREENHOUSE
EXPERIMENT
The white mustard was sown on 13 Aug. 74, 30 seeds to a pot
at a depth of 2 cm. Germination was observed to range from 63 to
94 % (see tables 3 and 4). A large quantity of seeds was sown to
ensure sufficient plants to measure differences in growth.
Sprouting began 3 days after sowing, i.e. on 16 Aug. 74. Their
dynamics is shown in Tables 3 and 4.
On 29 Aug. 74 the number of individual plants in all experiment
plots was reduced to 20 specimens (the smallest number in any repiti-
tion). During the period of germination on ashes collected from Halemba
it was observed that the germinating seeds moved upward to within 0.5
to 1 cm of the surface. The seeds were separated from the soil, and
during watering were often moved. This occurred until the plants were
rooted.
In the case of ash from Konin, water percolated poorly into the
ash mixtures. The surface ash agglomerated quite easily, and at a
depth of 2 to 3 cm a compacted layer formed. Thus, root penetration
was restricted. A number of plants sprouted without the seed-leafs.
48
-------
Pig. no. 11. Greenhouse experiments - growth
of white mustard on ashes from Halemba; from
left: ash + mountain peat + NPKMg + m; ash
+ mountain peat + 2 (NPKMg + m); ash +
mountain peat + NPKMg + S; ash + mountain
peat + NPKMg + m; ash + mountain peat; con-
trol (ill) - pure ash (m = microelements).
Pig. no. 12. Greenhouse experiments - growth
of white mustard on ashes from Halemba; from
left: ash + low moor peat + NPKMg + m + S;
ash + low moor peat + NPKMg + m; control (ill)
- pure ash (m = microelements).
-------
In cases the roots extended upward toward the surface, while the seed-
Leafs remained in the soil. One had to "fight" to keep each plant alive.
This lasted for about 2 weeks, until the white mustard rooted itself more
firmly.
On ashes from Halemba the greatest number of sprouts in the first
day of visible germination was noted in pots of treatments XXV, (ash
with low bog peat), XXVI, (ash with mountain peat), and XXVII (ash
with river sand) (Table 3). In these variants no mineral fertilization
was used. Only a few plants germinated in pots treated with high doses
of green cereal mass (treatment XXIIl), and alfalfa mass ( treat -
ment XXIV), or in those with dose of low bog peat (treatment XXI). In
the following two days the germinations on majority of comparable variants
became even, apart from the treatments II, XXIII and XXIV, where only
about 2/3 of seeds germinated.
On ashes from Konin the greatest number of sprouts observed the
first day of germination were for treatments III (pure ash), XXII (ash
with mountain peat), XXV (ash with low mountain peat), XXVI (ash with
mountain peat) and XXVII (ash with sterile sand) There was no mine-
ral fertilization for all but treatment XXII. Retardation in germination
occurred on ash with a 1 cm layer of clay (treatment XX), on peats
with double doses of macro - and microelements (treatments IX and XII)
and on mountain peat with a sulphur addition (treatment XI). During
the next two days the sprouting equalized with the exception of treat-
ments II, IX and XX where germination was limited to about 2/3 of the
seeds.
PROGRESS IN GERMINATION IN THE COMPLEMENTARY EXPERIMENT
White mustard was sown on 12 Aug. 74, 15 seeds to a pot, to
depth of 2 cm. The dynamics of germination is shown in Tables 5 and 6.
The first plant sprouts were observed on 15 Aug. 74.
On ash from Halemba, the germination was somewhat lower for
those treatments of fertilizer and microelements and sulphur (treatments
50
-------
GERMINATION (SPROUTING) OBSERVED FOR VARIOUS
CONTROL POTS AND ASH TREATMENTS EMPHASING MINERAL
FERTILIZATION
(II experiment)
Halemba ash
Konin ash
Table 5
Ul
No. of
treat-
ment
1
I
II
III
rv
V
VI
VII
vin
IX
X
XI
XII
xin
xrv
XV
XVI
Added substances changing
composition and properties
of ashes in pots
2
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat (10 t/ha)
Mountain peat (10 t/ha )
Green cereal mass
(1O t^ia)
Green Legume mass
(10 t/ha)
Sulphur
Alkaline fertilizers
Fertilizer
NPK
Mg
3
none
1/2 NPK
Mg
-"-
1 NPK
Mg
"
1/2 N
1/2 K20
1/2
P2°5
1/2 MgO
none
none
none
none
none
none
NPK
Mg
Micro-
ele-
ments
4
none
none
1
none
1
none
none
none
none
1
none
none
none
none
none
none
Number of
seedlings
(white mustard
Aug.
16
5
12
8
4
2
Aug
17
6
13
11
1O
10
1 8
5 • 1O
9
9
10
12
12
14
4 1O
10
12
10 i 14
8
8
0
1
11
9
6
7
. Aug.
19
7
14
13
13
12
11
14
14
15
14
13
14
15
14
11
12
1O
x/ See table no. 2
No. of
treat-
ment
1
I
II
in
IV
V
VI
VII
vm
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
Added substances changing
composition and properties
of ashes in pots
2
none
Fertilizer
NPK
Mg
3
none
none 1/2 NPK
none
none
none
none
none
none
Mg
-"-
NPK
Mg
'•
1/2 N
1/2 K20
1/2
!P2°5
none
none
Low bog peat (10 t^ia )
Mountain peat (10 t/ha)
Green cereal mass(lOt/ha^
Green legume mass
(10 tAia)
Sulphur
Alkaline fertilizers
1/2 MgO
none
none
none
none
none
none
NPK Mg
Micro-
ele-
Number of
seedlings
(white r:
.Au2j.A us
16 1 17
me nts j
4 5
none j 6
none 5
6
9
10
I
i j
i ; 4 j 10
none O 5
1 ; 0
4
none 2 j 9
none
10
none 11
none I 9
1 11
none
none
none
none
none
none
12
11
9
10
0
O
13
14
14
12
14
13
14
12
6
5
ustara
.(Aug.
'19
1
14 I
15 j
' 13
10 !
i
' 10
! 13
• 14
: is
' 14
' 14 i
14 i
14
14 j
14
11
10
-------
II, III, IV, V, X, XV and XVI as well as for the treatment with alfalfa
(XIV). One hundred percent germination was observed with treatments
of phosphorus (treatment VIIl) and mountain peat (XIl).
On ash from Konin the best germination was achieved on most
treatments using peat or certain fertilizers and with no amendments
(I, II, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII and XIV) while delayed germination
was observed in cases of high fertilization.
DYNAMICS OP GROWTH OF WHITE MUSTARD IN THE FIRST
GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT
Beginning on 22 Aug. 74 the progressive growth of four selected
plants in each pot was measured approximately every tenth day. In
each successive measurement the same plants were observed. Results
of these measurements are given in tables 7 and 8.
White mustard plants grew most prolificacy on Halemba ashes
treated with mountain peat and fully fertilized (treatment XXII (table l).
White mustard also did well in the early stages on ash treated only
with peat (treatments XXV and XXVl). These two treatments supported
fewer leaves and appear a paler green than those of treatment XXII
in the later stages of growth; these peat treatments supported relatively
little growth. Plants grown on ash treated with sand (treatment XXVIl)
showed similar dynamics of growth, the addition of 25 percent light soil
with NPK Mg and microelements was successful (treatment XV), Plants
growing on this treatment grew vigorously, were very well leafed and
were dark green. Green mulch in small dose (treatments XIII and XIV)
was suitable for white mustard. The same manure applied at a rate
four times higher (treatments XXIII and XXIV) hindered growth and
development. White mustard on plain ash grew well initially but after
2 weeks growth suddenly halted (treatment III). Double doses of
mineral fertilizer (treatments V, IX and XII) hindered the growth of
white mustard during the early stages of growth. Growth on these fer-
tilized treatments was improved, but at the time of harvest the plant
52
-------
heights did not match the heights of the highest plants in other treat-
ments. Additions of sulphur (treatments VIII and XI), restricted plant
growth.
At the time of harvest (Oct. 14, 74), the white mustard was in
different phases of development depending on the ash treatment. White
mustard had shed blossoms and developed capsules in the soil
(treatment l), on treatments with large amounts of mountain peat with
NPK Mg (treatment XXIl), on treatments with small amounts of moun-
tain peat and no fertilizers (treatment XXVI) and treated ash with sand
(treatment XXVIl). White mustard was in full flower on plain ash (tre-
atment IIl)f treatments with a layer of clay (treatment XX), and on ash
treated with low bog peat and no fertilizers (treatment XXV), while
mustard had begun to flower on ash treated with the NPK Mg (treat-
mens IV), on ash treated with NPK Mg and microelements (treatment
Vl), on ash treated with peat (treatments VII and X), on ash treated
with light soil and fertilization (treatment XV), on ash containing 80
percent maximum water capacity (treatment XVIIl), on strongly compac-
ted ash (treatment XIX) and on ash treated with large amounts of low
bog peat (treatment XXI). From the remaining treatments the white
mustard was collected at the bud-forming phase.
The Konin ashes appear to produce considerable diversification
in growth and development of •white mustard among the different treat-
ments (table 8) vigorous growth (particularly in initial stage) was
supported by plain ash (treatment III). Intensive growth also took place
on ash treated with mineral fertilization and microelements (treatment VI),
somewhat poorer growth occurred on ash treated "with NPK Mg ferti-
lizer (treatment IV). Double fertilization with NPK Mg (treatment V)
retarded growth. Large doses of green mulch (treatments XXIII and
XXIV), also halted the growth. The addition of light soil to ash (treat-
ment XV) appeared favorable to growth. At the time of harvest flowers
had developed on the white mustard only on plants growing on plain
ash (treatment III), Flower buds did form on plants growing in ash
treated with a single dose of NPK Mg fertilizer (treatment IV), as well
53
-------
GERMINATION DYNAMICS OF WHITE MUSTARD GROWING ON ASH FROM HALEMBA
AVERAGE HEIGHT OF PLANTS IN CM - I EXPERIMENT
Table
No of
treatment
1
Added substances changing composition and
properties of ashes in pots
2
I i Control - mineral soil
I] Control - sterile sand
III • none
IV none
V
VI
VII
vni
IX
X
none
none
Low bog peat ( 1O t/ha)
Low bog peat (lO t/ha ) + S
Low bog peat ( 1O tfria)
Mountain peat (10 tftia )
XI | Mountain peat (lO t/ho)
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVI II
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
xxm
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Mountain peat (lO tfria }
Green cereal mass {25 t/ha)
Green legume mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Gypsum (l t^ia)
Sulphuric acid 1 n
SO % max. water capacity
Strong compacting of ashes
1 cm clay layer
Low bog peat (lOO t/ho)
Mountain peat (1OO t/ha)
Green cereal mass ( 1OO I/ha)
Green legume mass (100 t^ia )
Low bog peat (lO tfria)
Mountain peat (lO t/ha )
25 % sterile sand
Fertilizer
(tab. l)
NPK Mg
3
1
1
none
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Micro-
elements
4
1
1
none
none
none
1
Average height of plants
Aug.
1C
5
1.7
1.1
2.5
2.8
2.4
3.3
Sep.
1
Sep.
11
6 j. 7
11.7
6.2
19.2
7.5
11.2 14.2
12.3 19.4
6.8 j 13.2
11.5 18.8
1 3.4 12.2 20.6
1
2
3.7
3.2
1 3.6
1 3.7
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9.1
11.8
7.7 8.8
12.4
10.3
3.2 9.7
2.8
3.4
2.7
3.0
2.8
2.8
2.6
1 1.8
1
1
1
1.9
2.8
1.2
1 1.4
10.8
12.O
13.2
11.4
12.0
12.7
11.8
11.9
10.3
20.2
5.5
18.9
13.4
14.2
14.4
17.2
19.5
16.4
18.7
21.O
19.3
20.8
18.3
28.8
8.4
4.6 '[ 6.5
none 2.9 17.1
none 3.O
none
2.6
15.7
15.1
25.3
32.2
20.0
Sep.
23
8
37.6
10.6
17.2
35.2
29.6
36.6
36.7
19.7
18.3
32.7
25.2
28.6
28.0
32.0
35.3
31.6
30.5
41.4
36.6
39.2
! 38.8
j 41.2
! 17.4
11.8
29.8
30.8
28.2
(cm) j
Oct. I Oct.
4 | 14
9 ; 10
57.9 j 64.5
13.5 i 14.2 ;
21.3 27.0
46.8 ! 56.3
44.4 ; 53.1
41.7 60.1
52.9 62.7
35.0 42.9
32.O 43.2
49.6 : 57.6
39.8 ! 45.7
47.6 . 56.4
49.0 • 58.8
53.8 i 62.3
54.8 62.2
46.6 ; 51.7
45.0 49.4
57.6 i 62.2
i 52.2 ' 57.4
! ;
53.8 6O.8
57.4 : 63.6
59.5 69.7
3O.8 37.1
j 21.7 • 24.9
4O.2 , 49.4
45.9 ; 51.6
46.1 56.4
-------
GERMINATION DYNAMICS OP WHITE MUSTARD GROWING ON ASH PROM KONIN
AVERAGE HEIGHT OP PLANTS IN CM - I EXPERIMENT
Table 8
No. of
treat-
ment
1
I
II
III
rv
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
xn
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
xvn
xvni
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
xxin
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
Added substances changing composition and
properties of ashes in pots
2
Control - mineral soil
Control - sterile sand
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat (1O t/ha )
Low bog peat (10 t^ia) + S
Low bog peat (lO t^ia )
Mountain peat (lO t^ia )
Mountain peat (lO t/ha)
Mountain peat (lO tA^a )
Green cereal mass (25 t/ha)
Green legume mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Gypsum (l t/ha)
Sulphuric acid 1 n
80 % max. water capacity
Strong compacting of ashes
1 cm clay layer
Low bog peat (lOO I/he)
Mountain peat (lOO t/ha)
Green cereal mass (100 t^ia )
Green legume mass (100 t^ia )
Low bog peat (lO t/ha)
Mountain peat (lO t^ia)
25 % sterile sand
Fertilizer
(tab. l)
NPK Mg
3
1
1
none
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Micro—
elements
4
1
1
none
none
none
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Average height of plants (cm)
Aug.
22
5
1.7
1.1
2.6
1.6
1.0
1.6
1.9
1.4
0.9
1.6
1.2
0.9
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.2
2.O
1.1
1.7
2.O
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.6
i.e
Sep.
1
6
11.7
6.2
12.4
6.8
4.2
7.5
Sep.
11
Sep.
23
Oct.
i 4
783
19.2 37.6
57.9
7.5 10.6 13.5
; 1
16.9 ; 30.0
1O.1 23.8
4.8 6.4
11.8 j 28.6
8.9 14.3
4.6 j 5.5
3O.7
6.7
44.1
38.4
6.4
43.1
46.8
9.6
4.3 j 5.3 7.3 14.0
6.8 | 9.6 18.6
5.2
3.7
6.8
6.5
7.2
5.2
5.7
4.9
6.2
7.2
6.2
7.8
5.7
4.5
32.4
6.9 9.5
5.4 6.8
8.2 2O.4 38.5
8.5
11.0
6.0
8.1
6.1
7.5
17.1 29.7
23.9 41.0
14.6
16.5
19.0
23.8
10.2 i 14.9
11.3
17.8
13.4 28.3 35.3
8.8 16.8 28.2
11.9 28.0 | 34.2
4.3 j 4.8
4.0
6.6
6.8
6.8
5.6 7.5
4.3 4.9 5.2
8.8 15.8 ! 23.0
8.4
9.4
16.2
17.6
24.2
25.6
Oct.
14
10
' 64.5
; 14.2
50.6
i 46.7
i 7.8
i 51.1
' 52.7
| 11.2
j 18.7
! 39.0
1 10.8
1O.O
43.6
35.0
47.0
23.0
25.0
17.6
22.4
42.3
34.8
45.2
8.4
5.6
27.4
28.9
33.8
cn
Oi
-------
as with an ash treated with macro- and microelements (treatment Vl),
with a small dose of peat (treatments VII and X), with a small dose
of green cereal mulch (treatment XIIl), and with mineral soil (treatment
XV), and on acidified ash (treatment XVIl), strongly compacted ash
(treatment XIX), ash covered with layer of clay ash (treatment XX),
on ash treated with large doses of peat (treatments XXI and XXIl), and
ash treated with small doses of peat without fertilization (treatments
XXV and XXVI). White mustard was harvested for the remaining treat-
ments at a time when the plants had formed two to four pairs of ma-
ture leaves,
DYNAMICS AND GROWTH OP WHITE MUSTARD IN SECOND
GREENHOUSE (COMPLEMENT) EXPERIMENT ECHAMINING THE
EFFECT OF FERTILIZATION
Starting from the Aug. 22, 74 the height of four plants was measured
periodically as in the previously-described experiment.
White mustard initially grew best, in the case of ashes from Halemba
on ash treated with a single dose of phosphorus (treatment VIIl), of
magnesium (treatment IX), and of potassium (treatment VII, However
after 5 days (Aug. 28, 74) the plants growing on ash treated with peats
(treatments XI and XIl) supported equivalent growth. The addition of
sulphur (treatment XV) retarded growth. To a smaller extent, the addi-
tion of alkaline mineral fertilizers (treatment XVI) also retarded growth.
Ashes treated with full doses of physiologically acid mineral fertilizers
(treatments IV and V) supported less growth in the early stages than
in the later stages of growth. Ash treatments with full doses of fertili-
zers supported darker green foliage but, development was somewhat
delayed. Treatment with microelements only (treatment X), supported
plant growth similar to that on ash •with no amendments (treatment I),
which signifies, that the microelements are not essential for growth of
plants in this type of ashes.
56
-------
At the time of harvest, the plants growing on Halemba ash treat-
ments -were in different development phases. White mustard was forming
capsules on ashes treated with fertilizers (treatments VI, VII, VIII, IX).
Plants with additions of phosphorus were observed to flower earliest.
On ash with additions of sulphur (treatment XV) the plants had not
formed flower buds at the time of harvest.
In the case of ashes from Konin white mustard growth was consis-
tently vigorous on ash treated with phosphorus (treatment VIII), and
with magnesium (treatment IX). Ash fertilized with potassium only
(treatment VII), also supported good growth. The poorest growth was
observed on ash treated only with nitrogen (treatment VI). Addition of
half doses of mineral fertilizers to the Konin ash initially hampered the
growth of white mustard, later on however the growth rate increased.
Addition of microelements similarly hampered the growth of white mustard
(treatment III). On ash with full dose of macroelements, with or without
microelements the growth of white mustard was consistently hindered
from the start through to the tirre of harvest. Addition of sulphur clearly
halted growth (treatment XV).
At the time of harvest white mustard had formed capsules on ash
fertilized with potassium only (treatment VIl), phosphorus only (treat-
ment VIIl), magnesium only (treatment IX), with microelements only
(treatment X), and on ash treated with green cereal manure (treatments
VII, VIII, IX and XIII, respectively). Plants on the remaining treatments
were delayed in development. White mustard was gathered while blosso-
ming from treatments IV (NPK Mg fertilization), V (fertilization with
macro- and microelements) and XV (fertilization with sulphur).
Generally the growth of plants on ashes from Halemba was much
better than on ashes from Konin.
57
-------
QUANTITY OF MICROORGANISMS !N
1 kg OP 'SOIL1' TAKEN' PROM GREEN HOUSE E.XPEKIMENT
(IN THOUSANDS)
Table 9
No of~
treatment
1
in
VI
VII
x
xm
XIV
XV
s
III
VI
VII
X
xm
XIV
XV
c
Added substances
changing composition
and properitea of
ashes in pots
2
none
none
Low bog peat ( 1O t/ha)
Fertilizer
(tab. l)
NPK Mg
Micro-
e lements
3 4
none
1
1
none
1
Mountain peat (1O t/ha) 1 1 11
Green cereal mess (25 t^ia )
Green legume mass
(25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Sulphur
none
••
Low bog peat (lO t/ha)
Mountain peat (lO t/ha)
Green cereal mass(25 t/ha)
Green legume mass
(25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Sulphur
1
1
1
none
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
1
1
1
none
Nourishing substances
1 Soil extract
Bac-
teria
5
H A L I
94
293
42
203
313
289
160
28
Actino-
myces
6
; M B P
17
26
30
39
62
90
5O
1
Pungi
7
4
15
1
5
7
6
8
23
K O N I N
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
6100
7100
68OO
1300
1600
250O
1500
660
8300
9600
370O
6OO
9OO
aoo
300
200
1000
5OO
6OO
1OO
O
200
2OO
800
Bac-
teria
8
1.3
14
90
59
75
63
58
0
100
0
0
700
400
700
700
0
Actirio-
myces
hme nt
Fungi
9 10
12
35.1
0.4
1.6
3. Martin
nouris-
hment
FXmgi
11
0.6
4.Bristcl
nouris-
hment
Algae X'
Re tr:fi rk s
12 13
O.1O
0.7 0.13
47.6 2.1 0.7 0.19 j
48.2 4.3 2.6
98.6 O.9
O.7
93.B 1.0 0.73
82.6
0
730O
9400
74OO
1500
1400
l.O 0.7
2O 8.4
1100
70O
8OO
10O
10O
1200 20O
1200
600
30
50O
170
19O
260
30
10
100
70
120
0.2O |
0.27 !
0.25
0.23
;
O.OO5
largest
number of
fur gi
450
200
60O
260
44O
60
56O
51O
1
Ul
oo
x/ Extinction measurement of light passed through chlorophyl extracted from algae.
-------
ACTIVITY OF SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL GROUPS OP MICROORGANISM IN POT EXPERIMENT
(IN THOUSANDS )
Table 1O
No of
treatment
1
III
VI
VII
X
Xin
Added substances changing
composition anci properties
of ashes in pots
2
none
none
Low bog peat (1O t/ha)
Mountain peat (10 t/ha)
Green cereal mass (25 t/he)
XIV 1 Green legume moss
XV
s
ni
VI
(25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Sulphur
none
rione
Fertilizer
(tab.- l)
NPK Mg
3
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
1
VI! ! Low bog peal (lO l/ha }
X
xin
XIV
XV
s
Mountain peat (lO t^ia )
Green cereal mass (25 t/hia)
Green leeume mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Sulphur
.1
1
1
1
1
none
Micro-
elements
4
Number of microbes
(in thous/1 g. of soil)
Anilolythic
Bacteria
5
Fungi
6
Pr oleo-
lythic
Bacteria
7
H A L E M B A
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
3.3
23
10
6O
47
116
51
7
5.7
6.2
3.0
7.O
4.3
5.O
1.5
20
Nitrogen
bacteria
6
6B 0
164
256
134
S63
4 73
178
47
K O N I N
none
1
1
1
1
1
t
none
860O
890O
9500
3BOO
250O
44OO
3200
1100
8000
11800
12900
13000
13OCO
10OOO
12000
10700
O
O
0
0
O
0
0
0
O
O
0
Microorga-
nism fixing
atmospheric
nitrogen -
(% glucose
loss)
Nitrifica-
tion
(ir.g of
NO,J
1
9 10
I
Cellulose
decompcsition
1% CFllulcse
loss )
13
8.35 11
2
13.20 j 2O 4
36.40
6.90
20.12
20. 80
13.60
6.9
1320
1260
42 9
25
55
4O
128
7
16
35
38
10 IS (fungi)
QOOO 1 17OOO
18OOO
3520 43OOO
490OO
46OOO i
i
3520 :. 12000
O 64O 42OOO
O
0
it
'
576O i 12QOO
256O
448O
1250OO
9000
280OO
160OO •
14OOO
34OOO
24OOO i
01
-------
OBSERVATIONS OP PLANT VIGOR
Ashes from Halemba
Plants (white mustard) growing on all ash treatments that did not
have additions of NPK Mg, yellowed during the early stages of growth,
and the bottom leaves dried (treatments III, XXV, XXVI, XXVII - table l).
Leaves of these plants were also smaller, lighter in colour and fewer
in number than on plants growing in fertilized treatments. Prom the mo-
ment of germination plants growing on ash treated with sulphur were
not healthy. Their stems turned violet, and this colour stayed until the
time of harvest. The stems narrowed close to the roots. As a result,
the plants bent over and twisted. In addition, the leaves assumed a
tesselated (mosaic pattern of square blocks) colouring, and then necro-
tic stains. Not until the end of September had these plants started to
form flower buds. Treatments with green mulch (treatments XIII, XIV,
XXIII and XXIV) of table 1 produced plants which showed a lack of
vigor in the early stages of growth. These plants had shrivelled small
leaves. These symptoms occurred particularly strongly on treatments
with a large dose of green manure (treatments XIII and XIV), where the
sprouts were weaker, and plants were very smalU However on treat-
ments with a small dose of green manure, the white mustard overcame
illiness, grew vigorously and was well-leafed.
In the experiment described in table 2, leaves began to yellow and
dry out early (Sep. 2, 74) on white mustard growing on plain ash
(treatment I - table 2), on ash treated with microelements (treatment X),
and on all ashes with no nitrogen added (treatments VII, VIII, IX, XI
and XII). After treatments with NPK Mg (treatments II and III) and espe-
cially with a full dose (treatments IV and V), the plants consistently
were green and their leaf blades were larger than on other treatments.
The leaves of plants growing on ash treated with alkaline fertilizers
(treatment XIV), had a tesselated pattern and the edges began to yellow
(but did not dry out). White mustard on ash treated with sulphur turned
violet, the plants narrowed near the root neck, were twisted and were
60
-------
ENZYME ACTIVITY OF ASHES IN POT EXPERIMENT
11
No of
treatment
1
ni
VI
VII
X
xjn
XIV
XV
s
ni
VI
VII
X
xni
XIV
XV
s
Added substances changing
composition and properties of
ashes in pots
2
none
none
Low bog peat (id tfria )
Mountain peat (10 t/ha )
Green cereal mass
Green iegume mass
Light sandy soil
Sulphur
none
none
Low bog peat (lO t/l-a)
Mountain peat (lO tA^a )
Green cereal mass
Green legume mass
Ltght sandv soil
Sulphur
Fertilizer
(tab; 1)
NPK Mg
3
HAL
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
K O
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
elements
4
E M B A
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
N I N
none
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
Enzyme determination
Proteinases
(% of decomposed
ge latine )
5
42
58
52
52
72
86
60
56
30
27
74
40
45
37
100
25
Urease
mg of NH4 per
1 g of soil
6
0.26
O. 65
0.65
0.65
O. 78
O.65
a 78
O. 13
O. 39
0.82
0.81
0.65
0.65
0.65
0,79
0.26
Saccharsse
mg of converted
sugar per 1 g
of soil
7
0.24
0.36
0.84
0.24
0.84
L20
0.96
2.16
i
O. 24
C.3O j
0.60 !
0.20
O. 7O
O.2O
1,20
2.16
-------
poorly held in the ground, and about 60 percent of them perished, growing
in a mulch similar to that occurring on the same treatments described
in table 1.
The ashes from Konin
Wherever white mustard was hampered in its growth on Konin ash,
regardless of the treatment, the leaves assumed a chlorotic colouring.
The leaves were small, few in number, and often dried out along the
edges. In the experiment described on table 1, these symptoms occurred
wherever a double dose of mineral fertilization had been applied (tre-
atments V, IX and XII - table l), (treatments VIII and XI) where ash
was treated with both types of peat and with.- addition of sulphur, on
ash treated with large doses of green mulch (treatments XXIII and XIV).
Plants growing on treatments with sulphur (VIII and XI), had a strong
violet colouring in the stems in addition to a narrowing of the stems
near the roots, accompanied by abnormal bending of the plants -
a condition similar to that observed in similar treatments (with sulphur)
of ash from Halemba.
In the fertilizer experiment II (table 2) illness symptoms appeared
only on white mustard growing on ash treated with sulphur. The plants
on this treatment did not grow, the stalks turned violet, the root narro-
wed and the plant subsequently bent over and was twisted, A tessela-
ted colouring pattern was observed on the leaves.
WATER CONSUMPTION
During the 60 - day period growth( approximately) of white mustard,
the water consumption of plants and for evaporation from the surface
of ashes varied widely for various ash treatments (fig. 33). Consumption
depended mainly (but not exclusively) on the size and mass of the
plants. The greatest water consumption was measured in treatments
where the capillary water capacity was maintained at 80 percent of
maximum (treatment XVIII - table l). The smallest consumption occurred
on ash treated with sand (treatment table l).
62
-------
YIELD OF WIIITF. MUSTARD FOR ASH TREATMENT PFSCRltlED
IN TAULF. 1
(l greenhouse experiment)
Table 12
No. of
treat-
ment
1
1
U
IU
rv
V
VI
vn
vni
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
xxn
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
xxvii
Added substances changing
composition and properties of
ashes in pots
2
Control - Mineral soil
Control - Sterile jand
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat (10 tAia)
Low bog peat ( 1O l^ia ) + S
Low bog peat (lO t^ia)
Mountain peat ( 1O l/ha )
Mountain peat (10 t/ha)
Mountain peat (10 l/fna)
Green cereal mass (25 t/ha )
Green legume mass (25 t/ha)
Light sandy soil
Gyprum (l t/ria)
Sulphuric acid 1 n
SO % max. water capacity
Strong compacting of ashes
1 cm clary layer
Low bog peat (lOO t^a )
Mountain peat (lOO t/ha)
Green cereal mass,(lOO t/ha)
Green legume mass (lOO t^ia)
Low bog peat (10 tjW> )
Mountain peat (10 t/ha)
25 % sterile sand
Fertilizer
(tab. 1)
NPK
Mg
3
1
1
none
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Micro-
ele-
ments
4
1
1
none
none
none
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
none
none
none
Halemba
Average
crop of
green
mass
(g/pot)
5
239.8
11.4
20,6
150.6
175,9
160.2
169.8
119.9
126.5
179.9
141.9
194.4
218.9
230.1
199.4
171.4
148.1
205.4
176.4
173.1
226.5
131.5
104.5
46.2
64.S
59.5
52.2
Average
crop of
dry moss
(g/POl)
6
14.8
22.8
21.4
17.0
15,0
15.5
17.1
14.1
11.8
15.7
13.5
13.0
12.2
12.1
14.3
13.8
16.4
14.7
16.3
18.2
15.4
21.1
11.6
10.4
21.6
19.4
21.4
'Konin
Average
crop of
green
mass
(s/pol)
7
239.8
11.4
107.6
116.5
3.9
148.0
152.2
8.6
22.0
108.3
5.8
6.9
115.4
58.9
117.2
40.7
64.6
23.8
39.5
115,2
76.0
122.2
3.8
2.0
48.O
5"0.5
65.2
Average
crop of
dry
m n .= B
(s/pot)
8
14.0
22.8
14.5
13.2
15.4
13.8
13.9
14.O
1O.9
13.1
15.5
11.6
11.9
11.4
13.0
12.3
14.7
12.6
12.6
15.7
14.5
15.2
21.0
18.2
15.0
14.3
14.1
63
-------
Ashes from Halemba
The water consumption was reduced where plant growth was Limi-
ted, Therefore, water consumption was low where' mineral fertilizers
were lacking (treatment III, table l) and where sulphur was added
(treatments VIII and IX). The addition of small quantities of green mulch
(treatments XIII and XIV), particularly cereal grains (treatment XIII)
caused a decrease in evapotranspiration despite relatively high yields
of white mustard.
Ashes from Konin
Water consumption on ash was generally lower than, on mineral
soil (treatment I - table l). Relatively high consumption was noted on
ash mixed with soil (treatment XV), while a little less consumption
occurred on pure ash (treatment III), and on ash fertilized with nnecro-
and microelements (treatment VI). However crops grown on treatment
VI exceeded those on treatment in by more than 4O percent. Maintenance
of ash at a high soil moisture content (treatment XVIIl) adversely affec-
ted the size of the plants. Nonetheless water consumption equalled wa-
ter consumption on treatment III. Minimal crops of white mustard grew on
treatments XXin, XXIV, and thus water consumption amounted to only
57 percent of that observed for treatment.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OP ASHES IN GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
Selected ash treatments were examined for biological activity.
Untreated ash (ill-table l) was used for control. The other treatments
analyzed were (table l) ash treated with NPK Mg and microelements
(Vl), ash treated with peat (treatment VII and X), ash treated with green
mulch (treatments XIII and XIV) and ash treated with sulphur (treatment
XV - table 2).
The following analyses were performed:
64
-------
en
YIELD OF WHITE MUSTARD FOR ASH TREATMENTS DESCRIBED IN TABI/E
(II greenhouse experiment)
Table 13
No of
^'reatment
1
I
I
III
IV
V
VI
VII
vin
IX
X
XI
XII
xm
xrv
XV
XVI
Added substances changing
composition and properties
of ashes in pots
2
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Low bog peat (lO tA^a)
Mountain peat (lO tftna )
Green cereal mass (10 t^ia)
Green legume moss ( 1O t/ha)
Sulphur
Alkaline fertilizers
Fertilizer
(tab.' 2)
NPK Mg
Micro-
elements
Halemba
Average crop
of green mass
(g/P°0
3 | 4 5
none
1/2 NPK
Mg
1/2 NPK
Mg
1 NPK Mg
none
none
1
none
1 NPKMgj 1
1/2 N
1/2 K20
1/2 P205
1/2 MgO
none
none
none
none
none
none
NPK Mg
15.5
22.2
18.0
23.3
25.0
none 23.6
none
none
none
1
none
none
none
none
none
none
15.1
Average crop
of dry mass
(g/pot)
6
3.4
5.1
4.0
5.1
4.8
4.0
4.1
14.0 | 2.8
15.2 | 3,7
f
14.1
17.8
17.0
19.9
21.6
6.6
19.0
3.1
3.9
3.9
4.4
4.9
1.7
3.2
Konm
Average crop
of green mass
(g/pot)
-
34.2
38.7
33.2
Average crop
of dry ma s s
(g/POt)
8
5.3 '
6.8
5.0
18.6 I 2.3
24.6
29.9
3.5 '
4.3 i
34.2 5.9
43. 1 7. 4
43.1
7.O j
41.1
36.7
33.6
38.6
35.9
4.2
40.2
6.6
6.0
5.2 :
6.8
6.5
0. c
6.3
-------
I - identification of microorganisms present in ash based on accele-
rated growth in selected nutrients itemized below:
1-1) extractions from investigated soils (subsoil approximated to
natural conditions), affording a development of bacteria and
fungi;
1-2) Conn with ammonia nitrogen to identify bacteria, especially
of actinomyces and fungi benefiting from this form of nitrogen
[39],
1-3) denotation of the: number of fungi using neutral red and
chloram - phenicol which halts the development of bacteria
according to method of Martins 44 ;
1-4) determination of algae present according to method of Bristol
[38];
H - Denotation of the activity of the basic, physiological groups of
microorganism activity by:
II-l) the rank value of amylolythic microbes growing on potato
agar after application of Lugol reagent [~36l j
II-2) the rank value of proteolythic microbes growing in a gela-
tinous base according to the method of F're»zier fsel ;
II-3) the rank value of Azobacter growing on agar base in fluid
nourishing substance of Ashby [37] using the gland met-
hod ;
II-4) activity of microorganisms fixing nitrogen in fluid nourishing
substance of Ashby expressed in per cent of glucose con-
sumption 37 ;
II-5) nitrification intensity in Winogredzki [45] nourishing substan-
ce on the basis of quantity of nitrite nitrogen formed;
II-6) decomposition of cellulose by microbes in terms of percent
cellulose loss
66
-------
Ill - Determination of enzyme activity of ashes by:
III-l) saccharose according to Hofmann and Seegerer
III-2) urease according to Hofmann and Schmidt [40j ;
III-3) proteinases according to Hofmann and Niggeman
The results of investigations are presented in tables 9, 10 and 11.
Ash from Halemba
The results of microbiological analyses indicate a low biological
activity in ash from Halemba in comparison -with the control samples of
cultivated soil control (tables 9, 10 and 11).
Treatment of ashes with mineral and organic substances produced
changes in biological activity. The greatest increase in biological acti-
vity occurred in ash treated with alfalfa (treatment XIV, table l) and
cereal grains (treatment XIII). This indicates the presence of large
numbers of bacteria, of actinomyces and of algae, on the substance
added.
Treatment with peat produced a relatively smaller increase in bio-
logical activity, though high moor peat seems to be better than low
moor peat (treatment X). None the less some microbe groups fared
better in more mineralized low moor peat (microorganisms utilizing
ammonia nitrogen combinations in Conn nourishing substance ).
Mixing ash with light soil (treatment XV) improves "soil" conditions
in terms of supporting bacteria to a level approaching that of high moor
(mountain) peat treatment (treatment X). Treatment with light soil impro-
ves nitrification.
Addition of sulphur decreased biological activity in terms of bacteria,
yet increased the number of fungi.
Ash from Konin
Microbiological measurements made during the greenhouse experi-
ment, indicate an average biological activity of ashes from Konin in
67
-------
comparison to the activity of cultivated light soils. This ash has more
organic matter.
Enrichment of ash v;ith low moor peat (treatment VII - table l) or
mineral fertilizers (treatment VI), caused an increase in microorganisms
(table 9) and consequently greater enzyme activity (table 11).
Treatment of ash with green plants mulch (treatments XIII and XIV),
and of high moor peat (treatment X) decreased the numbers of micro-
organisms in the ash (table 9). The treatments also adversely affected
conditions for enzyme production (table 11).
Treatment with light soil (treatment XV) improved conditions for
nitrification and increased enzyme activity. Introduction of sulphur
(treatment XV - table 2) produced deteriorated conditions for enzyme
production.
YIELDS IN VEGETATION EXPERIMENTS
The production of white mustard was measured three times on
Sep. 2, on Sep. 11 (control crops) and on Oct. 14, 74 (final harvest).
Table 12 presents the average yields for the harvests.
Ashes from Halemba
The weights of green and dry mass produced by ash treatments
Listed in table 1 are compiled in table 12. The highest weight yields
were achieved on the control of mineral soil (treatment l). The yields
of white mustard grown on plain ash without fertilization (treatment III)
were exceptionally low. Treatment with a single NPK Mg dose (treat-
ment IV) increased crops seven—fold. Supplementing this fertilizer with
microelements (treatment VI) further increased in yields by about
6 percent. On the series of ashes fertilized exclusively with mineral
fertilizers, the highest yields were achieved with the double dose of
NPK Mg (treatment V) despite the fact that plants initially grew poorly,
and were not particularly tall at the time of harvest.
68
-------
In the case of treatments with small amounts of peat, the yields
were supported by high moor peat (treatment XIl). But in the case of
high rates of peat applications, better yields were supported by low
moor peat (treatment XXI). Treatments with peat and no mineral fertili-
zers (treatments XXV and XXVI) appeared insufficient for the plants,
and yields were small.
Greens in smaller amounts produced higher yields than did peat.
Yields of white mustard growing on ash fertilized with MPK Mg and
green mulch were essentially equal to the yield obtained from the con-
trol of mineral soil. However, large doses of green mulch reduced
yields. Treatment with light soil and NPK Mg (treatment XV) supported
good yields.
"Acidification" of ashes with sulphuric acid, sulphur, or with gypsum,
(treatments XVII, VIII and XI, XVI), produced poorer yields.
High yields of green mass were achieved on ash treated with soil
(treatment XV), on ash covered with layer of clay (treatment XX) and
on compacted ash (treatment XIX).
In the experiment conducted to determine the effect of fertilizers
(described in table 2) the highest yield of white mustard (green mass)
was obtained on ash treated with mineral fertilizers and microelements
(treatment V, table 13). Smaller doses of macro- and microelements
produced smaller increases in yields. The highest yield of dry mass of
white mustard was measured on ash supplemented with NPK Mg (tre-
atments II and IV). Addition of microelements diminished the yield.
Of those treatments involving mineral fertilizers in single doses, the
highest increase green mass was measured on ash treated with nitrogen
(treatment VI). The highest yield of dry mass was supported by ash
treated with potassium (treatment VIIl). Crops of green and dry mass on
ash treated with sulphur (treated XV) were about 50 percent lower than
supported by the control pot (l).
69
-------
Ashes from Konin
A relatively high yield of -white mustard was obtained on untreated
Konin ash (table 12 - treatment III). However treatments with single
doses of macro- and micro-elements increased the yield of green mass
by 40 percent (treatment VI) over that of untreated ash. A somewhat
lower yield was produced on ash treated with NPK Mg (treatment IV).
Single dose treatments with macro- and microelements increased the
yield of green mass by 40 percent (treatment VI). A somewhat lower
yield was supported by ash treated with NPK Mg (treatment IV).
Double doses of macro— and micro-elements visibly halted the growth
of white mustard, and the yields were lowest (treatment V). Treatment
with mineral soil supported higher yield resembling those of treatment
VI.
LOTA; moor peat combined with macro- and microelements gave the
highest yield of all the treatments of Konin ash. Large amounts of
green manures (treatments XXIII and XXIV) and treatments with sulphur
(treatments VIE and XI) restricted growth of white mustard as did the
treatments with gypsum and with sulphuric acid (treatments XVI and
XVII).
Yields of green mass on ash treated with peat and with double
doses of mineral fertilizers were low.
In the fertilizer experiment (table 13) the highest yields of green
and of dry mass were; supported by ash treated with phosphorus
(treatment VIE), and with magnesium (treatment IX). High yields were
also supported on treatments with microelements only (treatment X),
and on treatments with full dose of physiologically alkaline fertilizers
(treatment XVI). Treatments with full doses of mineral fertilizers (tre-
atment VI) caused a reduction in the yield of green mass by about
45 percent, and of dry mess almost by 60 percent (in comparison with
crops obtained from plain ash (treatment l). However, the same fertili-
zation supplemented with microelements (treatment V) reduced crops by
only 30 percent. Fertilization with potassium did not affect yields. Tre-
atment with sulphur ceused an 8-fold decrease in yields.
70
-------
CONTENT OP SELECTEE' NUTRIENTS IN WHITE MUSTARD
HARVESTED FROM ASH TREATMENTS
Determinations of N, F^s1 K2°' CeG> Na20> MS° and s were made
on harvested white mustard. The results are presented graphically on
fig. 34 and 35 tabulated specifications are provided in interim reports.
Nitrogen
Halemba
White mustard growing on plain ash (treatment III - table l) con-
tained less nitrogen than plants grown on cultivated soil (treatment I).
Addition of macroelements (treatment IV) insignificantly affected the con-
tent of N. Doubling the dose of NPK Mg (treatment V) increased the
content of nitrogen to 3.6 percent.
Small doses of low bog peat (treatment VIl) increased the content
of nitrogen in plants as did the addition of sulphur (treatments VIII
and XI). Treatments with green mulch (treatments XIII and XIV), treat-
ment vath soil (treatment XV), and treatment with gypsum (treatment
XVl), produced less nitrogen.
Large doses of high moor peat and green manures (treatments
XXII, XXIII and XXIV) caused diminution of crops and a decrease in
nitrogen content, which can be explained by an intensive decomposition
of organic material in the alkaline ash accompanied by a liberation of
toxic compounds.
On ash treatments with low bog peat (treatment XXV) and with
mountain peat (treatment XXVI) and with sterile sand (treatment XXVII),
the nitrogen contents were similar. While the plants from these treat-
ments contained less nitrogen in comparison with plants from pure ash
(treatment III), the crop yields were about three times higher.
71
-------
Konin
The content of ritrogen Ln white mustard grown on the various
Konin ash treatments varied widely from that measured for the control
treatment (treatment l). Relatively large amounts of nitrogen were found
in plants growing on plain ash (treatment III). Additions of macro— and
microelements to ash from Konin (treatment VI ) produced less nitrogen
than did unfertilized ash even though the dry mass was higher.
Addition of organic mass in the form of peat variously influenced
the nitrogen content. Low bog pest in small doses caused a decrease
in the content of nitrogen. The dose of high mcor peat (treatment X)
as well as larger additions of green mulch (treatments XIII and XIV)
increased the content of nitrogen in the crops. High doses of organic
fertilizers also increased the nitrogen content of the' plants.
The addition of river sand to ash without fertilization (treatment
XXVIl) produced a Icwer yield than on plain ash (treatment III), but
the plants contained large amounts of ritrogen (4.64 %).
Phosphorus (P 0 )
The highest content of phosphorus (l.36 percent) was contained
in white mustard growing on mineral soil (treatment I - fig. 34).
The phosphorus content cf plants growing on ash from Halemba
was less variable then the nitrogen content. In particular ash treatments
the plants contained quantities of phosphorus approaching that of plants
harvested from pots containing sterile sand (treatment II) and vary from
0,83 to 1,09 percent. This shows that phosphorus in ash v;as passing
into forms less suitable for plants. The highest phosphorus contents
occurred in treatments with low bog peat plus sulphur (treatment VIl)
and in ash treated with large doses of peat (treatment XXI),
Plants cultivated in pots with e.sh from Konin contained even less
phosphorus than the plants cultivated on sterile sand. This probably is
related to the high alkalinity of ashes, where phosphorus, in the pre-
sence of lime, was transformed to difficult to assimilate forms (e.g.,
72
-------
tricalcium phosphorus ) the lowest content of phosphorus (0.58 - 0.61
percent) was contained in plants without minered fertilization. Gypsum
and sulphuric acid had relatively small effects on the concentrations
of phosphorus (treatments XVI and VIl).
Potassium (K 0)
White mustard harvested from cultivated soil (treatment l) contained
2.O9 percent potassium. All other treatments of ash, both from Halemba
and Konin, produced while mustard with 2.5 to 3 times more potassium
in comparison to treatment I. This indicates large resources of plant
available potassium in ash. The white mustard growing on plain ash
from Halemba (treatment III) contained 3.64 percent potassium and even
Konin ash contained 5.23 percent potassium.
Treatments with green cereal mulch (treatment XXIIl) produced the
highest potassium content for treatments of ash from Halemba (7.62
percent).
Treatments of esh from Konin which showed the highest potassium
content were green manures (treatments XIII and XIV) and soil (treat-
ment XV). The lowest potassium contents were measured in plants
raised on the high humidity treatments (treatment XVIIl), on treatments
with low moor peat (treatments XXV and XXI) and on treatments invol-
ving strong compaction of ash (treatment XIX).
Calcium (CaO)
Calcium concentrations in white mustard cultivated on treated ash
from Halemba were low indicating small calcium reserves in the subsoil
of this macroelement. Main supply source of calcium for the plants were
fertilizers. Plants growing on plain ash and on sterile soil contained
only a little calcium (treatments II and III).
A definite variation pattern among ash treatments in the content of
calcium was not established, as all combinations were collected in the
73
-------
green mass state.
Different concentrations of calcium were correlated with certain
treatments of ash from Konin while white mustard in all treatments of
ash contained greater quantities of lime in comparison with soil, the
most calcium was contained in plants grown on ash (from Konin) wit-
hout niinc-rcil fertilization (treatments III, XXVI and XXVIl). The least
calcium occurred in plants grown on treatments XIV, VII and XXI.
Sodium (Na 0)
Plants, from treatments with soil (treatment l) contained 5.7 percent
sodium compared to only 0.19 percent for plants grown in sterile sand
(treatment II). Content of sodium in plants grown on treated ashes
varied considerably from 0,20 to 0.83 percent (ash from Halemba), and
from 0.56 to 0.94 percent for ash from Konin.
On ash from Halemba the highest amounts of sodium (0.83 and
0.81 percent) were contained in plants grown on ash treated with low
moor peat and fertilized with macro- and microelements (treatments XXI
and VIIl). Lower sodium content is as a rule, connected with lower
nitrogen contents.
On ashes from Konin the greatest amounts of sodium were contained
in plants harvested from the treatments having a raised humidity level
(treatment XVIIl). The least amount of sodium was measured in plants
growing on plain ash and in ash treated with peat (treatments XXI,
XXII, XXV and XXVI).
Magnesium (MgO)
On ashes from Halemba the highest contents of magnesium (above
2 percent) were typical of plants grown on treatments using mineral
fertilizers of peat, treatments of pure sulphur, and treatments of green
mulch.
74
-------
Plants grown on Konin ash treatments contained up to throe times
more magnesium than the plants grown on mineral soil.
Sulphur
Sulphur was measured in plants harvested from selected ash treat-
ments to determine whether additions of sulphur in a form of pure sulp-
hur, of sulphuric acid or as gypsum affected the sulphur content of
plants.In all treatments tested the plants contained large amounts of
sulphur. The plants apparently obtained enough sulphur from the mineral
fertilizers and additional amounts of sulphur did not produce any incre-
ase in sulphur content. Contrary to expectations the most sulphur was
contained in plants grown on ash fertilized with macro and microele-
ments (treatment VI - Konin), and on ash treated with high moor peat
(treatment X - Konin).
CHANGE IN PHYSICO - CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OP ASHES
DURING THE GREEN HOUSE EXPERIMENTS
After harvesting the plants, measurement of the ash-soil materials
were made to determine whether changes had occurred during the
growth period of about 60 days. These laboratory measurements were:
- the grain size distribution
- reaction (pH in HO and in KCl )
- chemical composition (SiO , Fe 0 , P 0 , Al 0 , CaO, MgO, K 0,
£* £ o £ O £v O <—•
Na20, S
- content of C and CaCO
\J
- content of macro- and microelements (P 0 , K 0, Mg, N, B, Cu,
£v O ^
Mn, Mo, Zn)
- content of exchangeable cations and sorptive capacity
- weight and bulk densityt general porosity
- capillary and total water capacity
- pP 1.0, 2.0, 2.54, 2.87, 3.0.
75
-------
Detailed results of analyses were presented in the first interim (pro-
gress) report for 1975.
This paper contains a summary analysis of changes in ash properties
determined through greenhouse and field tests. (Section No. 8).
76
-------
SECTION 7
PI ELD EXPERIMENTS
PREPARATION OP THE SITE
The field investigations had, as their objectives:
a) The test of protection of the ash surface against wind erosion
b) The test of effectiveness of ash treatments investigated in green-
house experiments
c) Elaboration of methods of agricultural restoration of the wash
d) Study of methods of agricultural reclamation.
The field experim e nts on the ash disposal at Halemba were located
on surfaces planted in previous years. In 1972, the study area was
treated with a mineral fertilizer and sown -with a mixture of grasses. In
1973 and 1974 these areas were fertilized with phosporus and nitrogen.
A sparse mono-culture of orchard grass (Dactytis glomerata) was thus
created. The continued growth of these grasses is dependent on the
quantity and the distribution of precipitation and on fertilization. It is
believed that after a longer drought or cessation of fertilization, the gra-
sses will die and the surface of ash will again become a source of
fugitive dust.
Pield experiments on the Konin disposal were set up on an un-
planted area as described in Section 5. However, the ash was com-
pacted and required blasting to prepare a plant growth medium. Blasting
was conducted from March 17 to April 15, 1975. Blast holes (0.18 m
diameter) were drilled on a 1.5 m x 1.5 m grid, to a depth of 1.5 m.
Pour kg of ammonium nitrate and 1 kg of dynamite were used for each
77
-------
C°C]
- DAILY AIR TEMPERATURES
MEASURED 1M. ABOVE
Long term average
monthly temperature
r\\ i r v\ i i r^r i i rn FT i I
LONO TERM AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION - 681 mm
PRECIPITATION IN YEAR 1975 - 942 mm ; IN YEAR 1976 - 813 mm; IN YEAR 1977
ATMOSPHE
RIC
PRECIPITA-
TION
RELATIVE
AIR
HUMIDITY
WIND
VELOCITY
AT. 14 M.
ELEVATION
r.^/«*v? f
WIND
DIRECTIONS
Pig. no. 13. Climatic contiuons at the Halemba field plots
(1974/77 year).
78
-------
Long Farm avarag*
monthly («mp«ratur»
ATMOSPHE-
RIC
PRECIPITA-
TION
mm
20-
10 - DAILY AIR TEMPERATURES
MEASURED 1M. ABOVE
I i i i i i i i i i ! i i rr^
1 LONO TERH AVERAOE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION -
I I I I I I
LONO TERH AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION - 517 mm
PRECIPITATION IN YEAR 1975 - 434,5 mm; IN VEAR 1976 « 472,6 mm, IN YEAR 1977-662,7mm
I I I I I I
X)-Daily precipitation
Average
monthly Claud cov«r
RELATIVE
AIR
HUMIDITY
-T.
^ IT
rl
mil
WIND
VELOCITY
AT. 1*M.
ELEVATION
If
Lr
Jl"
I
MONTHS
YEARS
1974
1975
1976
1977
WIND
DIRECTIONS
YEAR AVERAGE
sw
\SE
Pig. no. 14. Climatic conditions at the Koniri field plots
(1974/77 year).
79
-------
hole a total of 1434 holes were drilled and 5736 kg of ammonium nitrate
and 1434 kg of dynamite were used. The blasting loosened rock to
about a depth of 1.5 m in places where the holes were made, and to
about 0.6 m between the holes. After blasting, the terrain was levelled
with a bulldozer, and then ploughed to depth of 40 cm. In the process
the ash rock was crushed into aggregates with sharp edges and dia -
meters up to 50 mm (fig. 6 and ?).
Initial attempts to plough with a specially built, heavy plough and
without blasting ended in failure, as the blade of the plow could not
penetrate more than 1O cm and slid along -wet surfaces created in the
process of hydraulic disposal.
The areas of experimental plots on both disposals were fenced
to prevent unauthorized access by people or anirrals.
PREPARATION OP EXPERIMENTS REGARDING AGRICULTURAL
RECLAMATION
The field tests of useful vegetation on ash were carried out using
the method of independent series with one variable, on 30 cultivated
rectangular blocks 6 x 18 m, each with 4 repetitions of the treatment
p
on plots 4 x 5 m (2O m - fig. 15 and 16).
The cultivated area was used to test:
a) Ten different ash treatments designed to change the soil properties
of the ash
b) 4 plant crop combinations designed to provide good growth and
agricultural benefits.
The number of individual plots with 4 repetitions amounted to 30 x 4 s»
= 12.0 plots.
Ash treatments (fig. 15 and 16)
The ten ash treatments consisted of:
A - Covering with fertile soil - 20 cm surface layer (2000 m /ha) +
+ NPK;
80
-------
KC 1 II ,1)1 ' I/I' or STANDARD FKHT1 LI/AT ION ()!• ALL, FIFLI) I'LO'l'S
WITH NPK IN THF SI'PINO OF 1 <) 7 r.
'1 i mi TIP, and
placement of
fr-H nitration
1
& ) prior to mixiny
fijoh witli neutm-
h" ' 1 it? oy.c fits.
t: ) before sow in a
c ) out Bide the roots
(broadcast )
Type of fertiliser
2
treble suprrphosphfitr,
46 % of P0<-V,
ammonium riifrnte
34 % of N
treble super pi uispholf*.
46 % of I'20
30
35
30 d
coninit1* i" 1 ol
ferlitix.pr
4
3OO
1OO
ir.o
i;>o
r-o
100
850
Kf >nir,
pure-
c: oniponent
r,
140
-
l/io
r>o
:io
3F.
41O
t (;intii
•MIC
-
I
300
150
r>o
100
90O
SCHEDULE; OF DOUBLE DOSE FERTILIZATION OF PLOTS - N2PK
IN THF. SPRINC, OF 1975
Timing and per cement
of fertilization
1
o ) prtor to mixing
a Ft- 1 with neutra-
lizing agents
b ) be lore sowing
'.' } r>.i!side the roots
' •' - * ">
Typo of
fertiliser
2
treble superphospha-
te, 46 % of P005
ammonium nitrate,
34 % of N
treble superphosphate,
46 % of P0r-!r
ammonium nitrate
34 % of N
potash an It
6O % of K00
ij, m m n n i um n i t rf 1 1 1
:vi ^i 01 N
T o t a ;
Dose of fertilizer in kg /ha
Ha lemba
pure
c omponent
3
210
35
140
r>0
30
3*
commerc ial
fertilizer
4
450
100
3OO
15O
50
,00
!>OC 1 '. .!".(•
I
Konin
pure
component
5
210
14O
5O
30
3 :>
46f.
commerc ial
fertilizer
f.
45O
3OO
1 Ti O
50
100
3050
81
-------
! 0-H i O*12 I O-1» O-14
i 1 i
r—j— T— r~-
1 |-*1 i l-*2 I l-M l~»*
r ' i
I I -21 ! 1-22 [ 1-21 1-24
I 1 ~ 1
i | i
j I -11 I 1 -21 | 1-22 1-21
t_ _1 i
J T 1
i 0-*1 ] D-321 0-n 0-14
L L L
1 | 1
1 0-21 l 0-22 1 O-2* 0*24
t- L _ U -
I 1 -i
1 '
1 D-H 0-12 > D-11 0-14
L i J
r— T-— |
1 C-41 1 C-42 1 C-41 C-44
L L -I
f , T
1 ' !
1 1 1
r~T" "i
[ C-21 t C-22 [ C-M C-«
1 i 1
• -41 | 1-421 B-41 »-44
1 1
r ____, r __
• -•1 { •-« 1 •-» • -•*
L- -1 I _
• -21 ! B-22 1 0-21 »-24
i 1
t 1 i 1
r - T -) f —
A-M ! A-49 t A-4» A-*4
1 t
L J. -I _1 _)
] j
A-21 I A- 22 i A-2t A-24
rt ri
TO 1
° j Ot
n i *J>
T l
7 4
I , £
t i r
I i i
4 *
o i
1
So i j
I ' 1
T i | T
* ' T
6 ', o
? : I a-24
L J. _L J
[— -r — r— ]---
I 0-11 I a- 12 i a-1* i tt-«
L- -L -J - J
J j ,. J.
(_ _1 I. I
r ~1 ~T T
iii
l F-21 1 P-22 1 F-2S P*24
1 !_ .i __i .
I r T [
F-tl 1 F-12 i f-11 1 F-tt
l | ( i
r - T "'I j ~ "
E-H I i-»a] K-nli-SA
i 1 1
j- -r — ,
1-21 1 E-22 ! 1-2* E-24
1 J
• -11 | E-12 1 C-11 E-U
1 l 1 1
-
?
i
r
III -4
1
^— III —
III -2
-'
1 - S
II -
1 - 3
1 - 1
IV-
K- IV
IV-
IV-
1
4
1
V -
V
V-
V-
1 -
4 VI-4 V«-4 VtH-4 IX -4 X-4
1 VI - 2 VM- 2 VII -3 IX- 2 1-2
f II > XI f
Ml -2
XI -1
KI-* ki-1
Pig. no. 15. Plan of field plots - Halemba.
82
-------
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION
1. COMBINATIONS
I with ferM* (oil (SO cm I
* NPK
H Covering with fertile >oil (10 c
* NPK
E Covering with bentfinile (100m'/ho]
» NPK
B Addition or 10 Mg /ho of low peal
* NPK
E Addition of X) Mg/ho of mounfaino
peat * NPK
H Addition of 20 MB/ ho of form n calculation of dry man) * NPK
[ H [ Addition of N2PK
{J~| Addition of NPK
0 | mipection without fertilization
I 1 (control)
2. MIXTURES OF SEEDS
i Lucerne:
O) lucerne - 50 kg/ha
DJwhite melilot -10 -*-
together *O kg/ha
! 2 | Gran mixture :
a) meadow fktcue - 12 Kg/Ho
ojorchflrd grot* - 4 -.-
cjimooih brftmegrats - 12 -»-
d)*»nfucHj' Mu«0rait - 5 - * -
•)cr«*pfng f«tcu« - 1? _,_
f)wMt* Clov.r - 3 ...
D) block m*dlc . 7 _ , _
h) whit* mcliiat - 5 _ t .
<} darn«l -13 _ „_
j) rvdtep _ 4 _ , _
logtlhor 80 kg /ha
Ml*lor» of ttgumtt
a) luc«rno . 36 kg/ho
bjorchord gran - 6 - -
or darn«l - 34 _ _
together 42 or «O kg /ha
i ->
4 [ White melllot:
FOREST RECLAMATION
1. SPECIES OF TREES AND BUSHES
(_! [ Poplar l in pit! a? « Q7 . o,7m - ipacing 3Om
jj/ J PopJar H — *• — — , —
[lH~J Birch in pitt aS'Q5*0,5m - ipocing 1j>1m
[jl Black aldtr — » — — — « —
WHlow m piti - * — - — * —
I Wmow cutting] - spacing 0,S » 1m
Poplar cuffj/tfli - — * —
2. CULTIVATION COMBINATIONS
mTVeofmenl of pin wi
tar 1 m* flu fl.K
rfIt* lot);
-O.TSm*
fertile soil -0,25m*
ammonium nitrate -0,13kg
luperphoiphate -0,30kg
potaih tolt -0.13 Kg
I Treatment of pitt with aih » bentonite cloy,
1 for 1 m» oih -a»X)m«
btntonlti -0,10m*
ammonium nitrate -O,« kg
tuperphojphate - 0.3O kg
potam talt -O,13 kg
I Treating of piti with peat,
for 1 m*: ash -I.OOm*
mounfoin peaf -fko(16Ng/ho)
mineral ferliljteri as in po».1
Filling up of dltchei with mUlure*NPK,
for 1m* 01 h -1,00m*
mineral ferttltieri 01 in pot. 1
83
-------
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i
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...._!. .. ...-- 13 .... l._._ - __ H - •• 1- — 1 ----- J- 0 --*
Fig. no. 16. Plan of field plots - Konin.
-------
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION
r COMBINATIONS
H Covering wilh fertile foil (20cm)
• PK
PK
\~B~[
r*T~] Covering with ferlil* toil (5cm)
rg-| Covering with tertiary land SOO ro"/ha
["•'""I Addition of 10 Mg/ho of tow peat
H Addition of 10 Mg/ho of montalnoui
peat t PK
rr~| Addition of 20 No;/ho of form manure
I tfj [In calculation of dry man) * PK
H I Addition el to Kg/no of green
1 ' fertlllter | moiio) « PK
I I Addition of PK
». MIXTURES Of SEEPS I1976war)
M I Sainfoin :
a) lofnfoln In • pure
LJ I 8ra»i mixture:
o) meadow feicu*
t») orchard gran
c) smooth bromegroH
d| Kentucky blue gran
e) creeping feieu*
M white clover
h}white melilot
0 darnel
Dredtop
2«0kg/ha
34 kg/ha
24 - —
10 -"-
34 -*-
6 -.-
1* —
3» ---
together 1»0 kg/he
Mixture of legumet
o| lucerne 72 kg/ha
b) orchard grett 12 -•-
FOREST RECLAMATION
1. SPECIES Of TREES AND BUSHES
| I | Poplorl - in BmQ?«Q7»a7m-ipatin0 3«3m
JJB ] Poplar il - — * — — * —
| II j Bfreh - in piti OS "OS-OSm - (pacing 1 * 1 rr.
| |V I Orey alder - — • — - — - —
{ V | Wo en older- — « — - — • —
|_Vl] Locuit tree- — » — — —* —
|VM | Willow - — • — - —* —
[VB] S«o ouckrhorn - in ptti Q3 »O,3»a3l>-»pO«ftfl 1
[ IX | P»o tdru B- — * — — *
[ X j Poplar cutting! - (pacing O,5 » 1 m
fxij Larch -in pit* OJ.QS»QSm - i pacing 1 > 1m
2.CULTtVATtON COMBINATIONS
Treatment of pit* wtth fertile soil *•«* * PK,
J for 1 m«:
afh Q75»n
fertile soil 0,25m*
orrnnaniurr, phosphate O,» kg
urea o,13 kg
I Treatment of piti witn o*h * tertiary sand + PK;
for 1 **
o»h 0.7SIT11
tertfory sand OJ5 m*
mineral UrtJlliers ai in poi 1
j Treating of pit* with low peat * PK
for 1m*:
aih 1,00m*
low peal (dry mois) 16 ka
mineral fertilizer) as in DOS. 1
j Filltng up of ditchet with mliiture t PK;
for 1 m*
ash 1,00 *i*
mineral fertlliier* as in pot. 1
I Treatment of pits with fertile lolt - PK ,
for 1m*
fertile toll 1.OO m*
ammonium phosphate a30 kg
urea O,U kg
potaih salt 0,13 kg
together 84 kg/ha
White mtfilot:
a) White melflot in a pure
•rote XX) kg/ha
85
-------
B - Covering with fertile soil - 10 err. surface layer (lOOO m /ha ) plus
NPK;
o
C - Covering with fertile soil - 5 cm surface layer ( 500 m /ha) plus
NPK;
D - Covering surface with 5 cm layer of tertiary sand (500 m /ha ),
(only on disposal in Konin), or with 1 cm layer of bentonite and
NPK 100 m /ha (only disposal in Halemba)
o
E - Mixing of low moor peat (lO t/ha dry mass) i.e. 30 m /ha of air
dried peat, plus NPK
P - Mixing of gardening mountain peat (10 t/ha dry mass plus NPK)
G - Parm manure (20 t/ha} plus NPK
H - Mineral fertilization with double dose of phosphoric fertilizers
(N2PK)
I - Standard mineraj fertilizers (NPK) in quantities given in table 14
0 - Control.
The types and amounts of ash treatments were determined from the
greenhouse experiments previously described. Green mass was not
available during the time of setting up the experimental plots (spring
time), therefore farm manure was used as a substitute. Due to the
lack of vegetation on H series plots at Konin, the plot treatment of
H series plots was modified with the additional treatment of chopped
maize at a rate of 40 t/ha mixed in with a deep plow. Plots of this
series were then redesignated by the letter K.
The "fertile soil" used on plots A, B and C was:
- at Halemba a humus soil from meadow areas including shallow peats
(organic-rich materials);
- at Konin organic layers of agricultural soils formed from clayey
sands of glacial origin.
The tertiary sand used at Konin was obtained from the overburden of
lignite mine; there the sand contains lignite which does reduce the pH
of the material.
86
-------
DUST PALL ON EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS
Table 16
CO
Period (month)
1
Ja nus ry
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
Oct ober
November
December
Total
Dust fall in I/tan /msntr)
Ha L e m b a
1975
2
.
.
.
.
.
14.2
21.8
12.6
12.6
14.9
14.9
15.1
106.1
1976
3
20.3
20.3
19.8
29.1
20.3
26. 0
22.5
14.5
14.5
14.9
20. S
18.5
241.5
1977
4
3O.2
19.3
18.4
14.8
19.5
15.1
17.3
17.4
18.0
17.5
14.9
14.4
216.8
K o ri i n
1975
5
.
12.9
14.3
26.8
27.7
20.6
15.7
15.6
14.6
10.4
10.4
18.1
187.1
1976
6
18.6
23.8
27.4
15.8
113.7
30.9
22.4
21.0
30.8
34.6
60.9
14.3
414.2
1977
7
5.6
SO. 3
45.3
16.2
54.7
53.1
58.3
3O.O
f.4
15.5
20. 2
361.6
-------
Bentonites used at Halemba was obtained from the bituminous coal mines
there,, Its main component is montmorillonite0 which has a high sorption
capacity,, which could improve the water holding capacity of porous ma-
te rial So
The peat used at the two sites was;
- at Halemba a thin layer of woody peat produced in the valley of
Czarna Przemsza river
- at Konin thin layers of woody sedge peat formed in the valley of
Struga Biskupia creek,,
These peats are characterized by significant mineralization. Peats from
the valley of Czarna Przemsza appear to be strongly contaminated with
znic compoundss which are likely produced by effluents from zinc smel-
ters located in the region,,
The high moor mountain peat was garden peat produced from
spaghnum mosses,, It is slightly decomposed and acid.' Standard NPK
fertilization amounts in the amounts described in table 14 and double
fertilization N2PX - according to table 150
Seed mixture (fig0 15 and 16)
Pour general seed mixtures were used in the field trials, with modi-
fication in the case of one mix for the differences of the two sites9 The
mixtures were as follows,,
Seed mix 1:
a) Halemba; Seeding rate
- alfalfa (Medicago Sativa ) - 50 kg/ha
- white melilot (Melilotus albus) - 10 kg/ha
Total 60 kg/ha
b) Konini
- sainfoin (Onobrichis viciaefolia) =• 140 kg/ha
- crown vetch (Coronilla varia) - 70 kg/ha
Total 210 kg/ha
88
-------
OJ
(O
CONCENTRATIONS OF SO2 AND F IN THE VICINITY OP VEGETATION-
EXPERIMENTS
(2O min, collection period)
iable 17
1
Month
1
Ja nuary
February
March
April
May
June
Jul>
Augus t
September
October
November
December
Max.
H a 1 e ir, fc ci
1975
Measu-
rement
date
£
x/
^
.
^
.
4
7
12
12
13
1C
2
20 -nun. con-
centration
/ 3
in trig/in
so2
3
•
•
.
.-
.
0.4
2.9
0.7
0.8
O.9
1.06
O.98
2.9
F2
4
r
^
.
-
O.O84
O.G96
O.C&S
o.oas
O.O90
O.O95
O.125
0.125
1976
Measu-
re me nt
date
5
9
a
9
9
10
9
1O
1O
10
:i
10
10
2O min,con-
centration
, 3
in mg/m
so2
6
OrSO
O.7O
0. 70
0.85
0,70
0.95
0.66
0.63
0.63
0.62
0.67
0.62
0.95
F2
7
0.103
0.103
0,096
0.098
0.083
0.145
O.O9O
O.O9O
0.090
O.125
O.O95
0.103
0.145
1977
Measu-
rement
date
8
7
7
7
7
6
7
7
8
a
7
7
7
20-rr.tn. con-
centration
•s
in mg/m~
so2
9
O.t
F2
10
0.12
O.7 OJ.
0,9 0,1
O.7
O>7
0.4
0.8
o;7
0.-7
0.9
a-'i
1.0
LI
O.-l
O.I
0.1
0.1
O.'l
0.1
0.1
0.1
O.I
0.1
K o n i n
1975
Measu-
rement
date
11
.
t
.
.
14
2o
23
7
3
2
26
1O
2O-nr,in. con-
centration
/ 3
in mg/m
so2
12
.
.
r
.
0,03
0.015
0.'31
0.55
U.049
0,085
O.CO2E
O.O1
0.55
F2
13
.
t
1976
Measu-
rem*; nt
date
14
26
4
5
.
2G-nun. con-
centration
in rn g/m
^'2
15
O.lOOO
0.0925
O.1100
a JO.01O4
traces 3
0.0125
truces
O.O25
traces
••
0.-C>50
0.025
0.050
2i
30
30
27
28
29
23
F2
1977
Meaau- 2O-rr;in. con-
lemtnt centraUon
date in rr.g/m
SO, I F2
i '
16 | -17 18 | 19
! !
tracer
»
"
2-t 0.0237 JO.C 922
28 IO.O275 JO.C750
1 !
22 O.OJ45 Io.u90(/
O.O25 27 t'j.Oloi i tracts
O.J3 J0.025
0,261
0.0054
0.1096
0.0675
0.0117
O.'O244
O.O512
0.33
27 JU,01Y9 ! "
0.12a ] 30 JG.Oloi i "
:racet I 2o lu.'OSOO | "
0.027=; 31 0.0202 "
0.027b ^6 0.0^16
O.OibO
0.0899
O.O3S3
0.125
+ 7 ut046O "
25 o.otei; "
21 0.0432| "
0.0661 0,0922
xl Observations began June 1975
-------
Seed mix 2;
C^ra.ss mixture:
.- meadow fescue (Pestuca pratensis) - 12 kg/ha
- orchard grass (Dactylis glomerate) - 4 kg/ha
- smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) - 12 kg/ha
- meadow grass (Poa pratensis) - 5 kg/ha
- creeping fescue (Pestuca rubra ) - 17 kg/ha
- white clover (Prifolium repens ) 3 kg/ha
- alfalfa (Medicago Lupulina ) 7 kg/ha
- white melilot (Melilotus albus) - 5 kg/ha
- tall rye-grass (Arrhenatherum elatius ) - 13 kg/ha
- bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) - 4 kg Ma
total 82 kg/ha
Seed mix 3:
- lucerne (Medicago sativa ) - 36 kg/ha
- orchard grass (Dactilis glomerate) - 6 kg /ha
total 42 kg/ha
Seed mix 4:
- white melilot (Melilotus albus) - 50 kg/ha.
Seed bed preparation
The amendments and initial portions of fertilizers were rototilled to
a depth of 2O cm into the ash prior to seeding. After 6-10 days the
second addition of mineral fertilizers was raked in. A few days later
the various seed mixtures (described above ) were broadcast, raked
in, and rolled with a smooth roller.
PREPARATION OP EXPERIMENTS USING TREES AND SHRUBS
The surface of field plots used to test forest-type reclam&tion were
prepared according to the type of trees and shrubs planted.
The area for forest-type reclamation was divided into:
90
-------
a) 10 combinations of trees and shrubs
b) 4 ash treatments dependent on the method of ash preparation.
Planting combinations (fig. 15 and 16)
a) Halemba
I - poplar robusta I (Populus robusta Schn. )
II - poplar robusta II (Populus robusta Schn.)
Ill - white birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh. )
IV - black alder (Alnus glutinosa Geertn. )
V - grey alder (Alnus incana Moench. )
VI - locust tree (Robinia pseudoacaccia L.)
VII - European larch (Larix decidue Mill.)
VIII - pea shrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.)
DC - gray willow cross with basket willow (Sallx cinersa
S. viminalis L. )
X - willow cuttings - Russel willow (Salbc cross with rousse-
liana Willd = Salbc alba cross with Salix fragilis)
b) Konin
I - Simon poplar (Populus sirronii Carr.)
II - poplar robusta (Populus robusta Schn.)
Ill - white birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)
IV - grey alder (Alnus incana Moench. )
V - black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn. )
VI - locust tree (Robiria pseudoacaccia L.)
VII - sharpleaf willow (Salix acutifolia Willd.)
VIII - sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. )
IX - pea shrub (Caragana arborescens Lam.)
X - cuttings of late poplar (Populus cress with serotina HarU
91
-------
Ash treatments (fig. 15 ar;d '!& )
1. Treatment of ash pits (dug in disposal area ) with soil and fertili-
/ i 3 \
zers in the following proportion.? (perjm ):
^ -r- 3
ash - 0. ;5 m
3
fertile so.il - 0.25 m
amn.'oniun nitre te, 34 °/c N - 0.13 kg.
superphosphate. 46 % P00,_ - 0.30 kg.
2. Treatment of ash pits with miners1, fertilisers e.nc) tertiary sand
(Konin) or bentorv.te (Helenas) >r (-.he following proportions
(per 1 m ):
Konin
- ash 0.75 ra
3
Halemba
0.90 rr:
3
- tertiary sane! (Koran! ~.
bervon.'re • He!err:ra ') 0,25 rr'" 0.10 m'
i
an: rr. on'urn nib'cte, 34 °A> N 0.53 kg ! C.. 13 kg
j
- superphosphate, 46 % P,Gr 0.30 kg | O.30 kg.
Treatment of esh v. it1" mc'i.irtojr neat plus NP in the foltowir.g
proporticris? (per 1 IT" i:
ash -
mountair peat. - 6 kg (dry mass)
- ammonium nitrate - 0.33 kg,
superphosphate - 0.30 kg.
Treatment of ash with mineral fertilizers in the following proportions
o
(per 1 m" ):
- amr.iOniurr; nitrate 34 °/c K - 0,13 kg.
- superphosphate 46 % J-V,°- - G. 30 Kg
92
-------
year I
year II
year III
Pig. 17. Field experiments in Halerm
cultivation of grasses {A-2) and ^.A-3)
mixtures in the 1, II and II! year of growth
(plots cove cm layer ot fertile
93
-------
Plot preparation and planting (fig. 15 and 16)
At Konin the ash was crushed as described above and deeply
tilled to a depth of 0.40 m. At Halemba grass was removed from the
vicinity of the plots.
The trees and shrubs were planted using the following spacing:
- poplars - 3.0 x 3.0 m
other types of trees - 1.0 x 1.0 m
poplar combined with willow cuttings - 1.0 x 1.0 m
The sizes of the pits dug in the ash were:
3
poplars - 0.7 x 0.7 x 0.7 m =0.347 m
3
- other types of trees - 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 m - 0.125 m
3
- bushes - 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 m = 0.027 m .
The pits were backfilled with ash and amendments described above.
3
The trees and bushes were irrigated once after planting with 10 dm
3
for poplars and 5 dm for all other species.
The plots for poplar and willow cuttings were treated with four variants
as follows:
l) A top dressing of fertile soil (20 cm layer), plus NPK as on
grass test plots designated series "A".
2) A top dressing of either tertiary sand (Konin), or bentonite
(Halemba) plus NPK, as on grass test plots of designated series
"D".
3) Treatment with mountain peat and fertilizers, as on grass test plots
designated series "P".
4) Treatment with fertilizers as on grass test plots designated series
HTM
1 •
-------
year I
year II
year III
Fig. no. 18. Field experiments in Halemba _
cultivation of lucerne (E-l) and grass mixtures
(E-2) in the I, II and III year of growth (plots
treated with low moor peat + NP).
95
-------
CONSOLIDATION OF SURFACE
To counteract wind erosion of the ash surface of experimental
area (until the time when the vegetation provides adequate stabilization),
it was temporarily stabilized with a latex emulsion applied to the sur-
face.
The ash disposal area at Konin was first disk harrowed in the
areas surrounding the plots. These areas were then fertilized and
seeded with a mixture of grasses and nitrogen-forming plants (forbs).
These surfaces were then covered - together with the expriment plots-
with the solution of latex. The fertilizers applied prior to seeding were:
- 150 kg/ha of superphosphate, containing 46 % P 0
- 150 kg/ha of ammonium nitrate containing 34 % N.
%
The grass-forb mixture was that described above as "seed mix 2".
On 11 Jun. 75 the whole area of the Konin experimental field was
covered with water solution of latex LBSK-5545, supplied by Chemical
Works "Oswie,cim" in Oswi^cirr.. The water solution was obtained by
3 3
diluting 1200 dm of latex with 12000 dm of water (volume ratio 1:10).
The solution was distributed using fire fighting, apparatus mounted on
o
a tank truck. Distribution of latex amounted to 833 dm /ha, which cre-
ated a layer roughly 0,08 mm thick (fig. 23).
On 12 Jun. 75 the surface layers of the ash (3 to 6 mm) on the expe-
rimental plots was observed. The land between the plots which had
been harrowed and seeded did not show any visible hardening of the
near surface layers.
A similar surface hardening was observed on the experimental
plots at Halemba. The latex application at Halemba was the same as
at Konin. The land surrounding the plots was already covered with
grass from previous experiments.
96
-------
THE WEATHER DURING THE FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Halemba
Precipitation measurements were conducted at a Location about
5 km from the experimental field. All other climatic data were measured
in climatic station Ciekanow, 10 km away. The results of observations
for the period November 1974 through October 1977 are presented on
fig. 13.
The winter of 1974/75 -was characterized with air temperatures
higher than the long term average, which was related to prevailing
south - westerly winds, that generally carry warm and moist air.
May was particularly warm and this was conducive to vegetative growth
of grasses. In the autumn (October 1975) the temperature fell to below
the long term average and heavy precipitation occurred. Low tempera-
tures were maintained during winter and in to the early spring of 1976.
The summer of 1976 was normal. During the second half of October
1976 the temperature again dropped (to - 3.0 C). The winter of
1976/77 had average temperatures. Temperatures increased in the late
spring of 1977 (to 17.7°C on Mar. 23 and 25, and 27.2°C on Apr.30)
but then suddenly dropped (to 0.7 C on the June l), the effect of
which was a freezing of all the young shoots of the trees, especially
of the locust and alder. Subsequent rises in temperatures accompanied
by high rainfall positively influenced the first cutting of hay in June
1977.
The average annual precipitation is 681 mm for the Halemba region.
1975 was an exceptionally wet year since the measured precipitation
was 942 mm. After a relatively high precipitation (snow and sleet) in
the winter of 1975/1976, the spring season was average. In June and
July storms occurred. In May, low precipitation was combined with high
temperatures, low humidity of air, little overcast, and strong winds. Such
conditions contributed to many failures of trees and shrubs planted in
April and May. During the 1976/77 winter snow falls with moderately
low temperatures permitted accumulation of moisture which was utilized
97
-------
year I
year II
year III
Pig. no. 19a,b,c. Field experiments in Halemba
-cultivation of mixtures of grasses (0-2) and
(0-3) on ash in the I, II and III year of growth
(in the IH-rd year N and P fertilization) -
control.
98
-------
in the spring. In 1976 precipitation (812 mm) was clearly smaller than
in 1975, but its distribution was better for plant growth. In May the
precipitation was two times greater than average. Thus the spring of
1976/77 helped tc further supplement the soil humidity. This and perio-
dical spring rains in 1977 gave good yields for the first harvest of
grasses.
Konin
Climatic measurements were performed at a station 1 km from the
experimental field. The results of observations are presented on fig. 14.
In contrast to Halemba, the climatic conditions here were not favo-
urable for the field experiments. The winter of 1974/75 was characteri-
zed with higher temperatures than average,January was particularly warm
(average + 4.0 C in comparison to the long term average of 2.8 C).
Spring and summer temperatures were also higher than average. These
temperatures were accompanied by low rainfall which caused excessive
drying of the soil and adverse effects on germination and growth of
plants. The autumn months of 1975 were exceptionally cold (November
temperatures were lower than in the winter of 1975/76). Moreover, the
lew temperatures persisted to the end of March 1976. Temperatures
during the remaing part of the year were average. The winter of 1976/
1977 was also long and cold. The spring of 1977 he,d alternating warm
and cold spells as also occurred in Halemba. The spring of 1977 was
average in comparison to longer term trends, but was more advantageous
for growth of vegetation than the preceding years.
The long term average annual precipitation for the Konin region is
517 mm. In 1975 the precipitation was only 434.5 mm. The period from
February to mid June was dry since precipitation constituted merely
40 percent of average precipitation for that period (89.6 mm, instead
of 187.3 mm).
In Poland the snow fall from Xovember through February has
agreat influence on vegetation, as do the spring rains from March
99
-------
year I
year II
year HI
Fig. no. 20. Field experiments in Konin -
cultivation of mixtures of grasses (0-2 and
(A-3) on I, II and III year of growth.
100
-------
through June. At Konin during 1975 the precipitation in the form of snow
during this period amounted to only 50 mm. Thus soil moisture was
quite low. Increased precipitation in the autumn of 1975 caused partial
regeneration of the soil moisture. 1976 was an exceptionally dry year,
since from February to mid June only 76.C mm of precipitation was
measured (in comparison to the long term average of 187.3 mm). Not
until autumn did more normal precipitation occur. Precipitation during
the winter of 1976/77 and during 1977 was closer to normal and hig-
her growth of vegetation on the test plots was observed.
AIR QUALITY NEAR ASH TREATMENT AREAS (tables 16 and 17)
Measurements of air quality in the vicinity of the ash experiment
areas involved: (l) dust fall, (2) SO concentration, and (3) P
concentration.
The results of these measurements are presented in tables 16
and 17 dust fall was measured by weighing the dust collected in
vessels suspended over the test areas. The vessels were exposed bet-
ween the measurement dates shown in the tables.
Sulphur dioxide concentrations were measured by absorption in
a 5 % solution of potassium chlorate.
Fluoride concentrations were measured using sodium hydroxide
titration with thorium nitrate against alizarin indicator (at a pH of 2.9).
These measurements indicate that significant air pollution exists
in the arees of the experiments. Thus there is a high potential to
adversely affect biochemical processes. This has to be considered in
the assessment of results of field tests.
101
-------
THE COURSE OP THE FIELD EXPERIMENTS OP PERFORMED
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION IN YEARS 1975 - 77
Halemba
Relatively good germination occurred on the experimental treatment
plots at Halemba during the spring of 1975. However, there were varia-
tions in germination and growth between various treatments.
In August of 1975 all the plots were fertilized (with the exception
of "0" series) with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 50 kg/ha, (20 kg/ha
of nitrogen). This same dose was applied to the land occurring bet-
ween the test plots.
On the 29-th of September 1975 the plants on all plots were cut
and samples collected for drying and for laboratory analysis.
After significant frosts and sparse snow cover freezing of many
plants was observed especially alfalfa (Medicago saliva). This pheno-
menon is often observed in Poland and often results in the death of
the plant. In the experimental plots the frozen plants were not abando-
ned, but rather in the spring of 1976 the area was refertilized and
harrowed. These applications of fertilizers on all plots amounted to:
60 kg/ha of P2°5» (40O kg/ha of fertilizer in a form of 18 % super-
phosphate )
- 50 kg/ha of N (110 kg/ha of 46 % (N) urea).
The initial plant response was not ideal at Halemba as a result
of freezing and drought, and it was also decided to reseed the plots.
All p.lots were reseeded with;
a) alfalfa (Medicago sativa ) at a rate of 70 kg/ha and
b) orchard grass (Dactilis glomerata) at a rate of 12 kg/ha.
In June of 1976 the plants were mown again and samples taken
for laboratory analyses (chemical composition, protein content). Imme-
diately after mowing mineral fertilizers were again applied at thtJ follo-
wing rates:
102
-------
50 kg/ha of PO^B *n ^e *orn! °* granulated treble superphosphate
(46 % P205)
- 50 kg/ha of N (llO kg/ha of 46 % (N) urea).
By the end of June of 1976 after harrowing and reseeding the
plots of treatment series A through D had developed a much more
dense stand of vegetation. Effects of the freezing and drought appeared
to have been alleviated. Treatment series E through H and O were
adversely affected to a high degree by the freezing and dry weather,
and vegetation remained stressed even after reseeding. While rains on
the 6 and 12 of July finally provided needed moisture, at the end
of the growing season the development of plants remained unsatisfac-
tory, cmd was reflected in the measured yields. In fact, the yields were
satisfactory only on treatment plots of A and B series, and on some
treatment - vegetation combinations of the E and H series.
The plants were mown on 30 Aug. 76 and the plots subsequen-
tly fertilized with nitrogen at a rate of 50 kg/ha (llO kg of 46 %
urea). Some plant growth continued until winter and permitted a third
harvest.
In response to the expressed wish of Project Officer during the
1977 growing season mineral fertilization was applied to only two repe-
titions of each series from A through I (e.g. repetitions A-21 and A-22).
The remaining two other repetitions remained without fertilization and
without cultivating treatments (e.g. repetitions A-23 and A-24).
In the spring of 1977 fertilizers were applied only to the above
described repetitions (nos 1 and 2) at the rates:
60 kg/ha of P~0,_. (130 kg/ha of treble superphosphate)
tL O
- 100 kg/ha of N, (22.0 kg/he of 46 % urea).
The plots were harrowed after fertilization. The first cuttirg was collec-
ted on 30 May 77, and the treatment plots were refertilized et the same
rate used ir the spring and described above. The second haruest was
gathered Sept. 8, 1977. An increasing difference was observed ir crops
from fertilized and from not fertilized plots.
103
-------
year I
year II
year III
Fig. no. 21. Field experiments in Konin -
cultivation of sainfoin with crown vetch (G-l)
and mixtures of grasses (G-2) on ash -with
addition of farm manure + NP in the I, II and
III year of growth.
-------
The acquired results, characterizing suitability of treatments per-
formed in the course of reclamation, ere presented in later part of
this report. During the 3 years of field experiments, the changes in the
character of the soil medium were measured. Pesults of these investi-
gations are discussed ir, a later p>art of this report. (Section 8 and 9).
Konin
The experimental treatment plots at Konin showed relatively goad
growth in the spring of 1975 only on plots of A, B and C series
(plots treated with soil) however, unsatisfactory results were obtained
on those plots where white melilct (Melilotus albus) was seeded. None
of the crown vetch germinated. The germination of sainfoin (Onobry-
chis vicieefolia) was completely unsatisfactory. The best germination
occurred v/ith orchard grass (Dactylis glomerato) and (Medicogo saliva).
Poor germination can be ascribed mainly to adverse weether conditions
(shortage of precipitation and high temperatures), end to significant
salinization. of the soil. Furthermore, mixtures of grasses and nitrogen-
producing plants are not always productive in the first year growth in
Poland.
In order to counteract the poor growth of grasses and nitrogen-
forming plants at Konin, all plots except those of the "0" series were
fertilized on the 28 Aug. 75 at the rates:
a) 24 kg/ha of N (50 kg/ha of 46 % (N) uree).
b) SO kg/ha of P00 and 35 kg/he of N in the form of ammonium
^ £
phosphate (±8 % N and 46 % P2®2 at 200 kg/ha).
Despite sufficient precipitation during the second half of 1975 little
improvement in vegetative growth occurred and therefore the vegetation
was not cut in 1975. In autumn months of 1975 numerous colonies of
very primitive cyanoses (Chroococcales) appeared on the test plots.
These colonies usually grow (in Poland) on wet limestones or on
masonry. They play & role in the first colonizing of plants on rocks.
105
-------
On three treat me-, ni combinations in the H series (H-I, H-2 and H-3 )
and in all four repetitions - where vegetation wholly vanished - the
plots were further tre ated with 4-0 t/he of "green manure" (cut maize ).
These plots were also fertilized at the following rates:
a) 90 k.c:/ha N and 230 kg/ha P O,_ (500 kg,/ha of ammonium phosphate
^ •—'
with 18 % N and 46 % PpO,.)
b) 90 kg/ha N (200 kg/he of urea with 46 % N).
The; maize and fertiliser was tilled in and left ir straight furrows for
the wirier.
In the spring of 1975 on all treatments the plots were cultivated, ferti-
lized and reseeded to varying extents. These additional treatments were
applied as follows:
a) Fertilization
l) 60 kg/ha of P^5 in the form of triple granulated superphosphate
(l.3O kg/ha of industrial fertilizer) was applied to all plots but
those of the "0" series.
2) 50 kg of N in the form of urea (llO kg/ha of fertilizer) was
applied to all plots after germination (except those of the "0"
series ).
b ) Cultivation
l) All plots were harrowed after snow had melted and the surfaces
had dried out
2) All plots were harrowed after applying fertilizers
3) All plots were harrowed after reseeding.
c) Supplementary seeding
Mix l) On plots D, E, P, G, K, I, O: Seeding rate
— sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia) - 28O ke/he
Mix 2) On plots A-0 - mixture of grasses with nitrogen -
forming plants:
106
-------
year I
year II
year III
Fig. no. 22. Field experiments in Konin -
cultivation of sainfoin and crown vetch (H-l),
and mixtures of legumes with grasses (G-3)
on ashes with addition oi' farm manure + NP
(G-3) or green manure + N2P in the 1,11 and
III year of growth.
1.07
-------
Seeding rate
- meadow fescue (Pestuca • pratensis ) 24 kg/ha
- orchard grass (Dactylis glomerate) 8 kg/he
- smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) 24 kg/ha
- June meedowgrass (Poa pratensis) 10 kg/ha
- red fescue (Festuca rubra) 34 kg/ha
- white clover (Trifolium repens) 6 kg/ha
- alfalfa (Medicago lupulira) 14 kg/ha
- white melilot (Melilotus albus) 6 kg/ha
- tall rye grass (Arrhenatherum elatius) 26 kg/ha
- bent grass (Agrostis stolonifera) 8 kg, /ha
Total 160 kg/ha
Mix. 3) On plots A-0 - mixture of nitrogen-forming plants with grasses:
- lucerre (Medicago saliva) seeding rate 72 kg/ha
- orchard grass (Dactilis glomerata) - " - 12 kg/he
Total 84 kg/ha
Mix' 4) On plots A,B,C:
- white melilot (Melilotus albus) seeding rate 100 kg/ha
All seeds of nitrogen-forming plants were treated with nodule beicteria.
As noted earlier, the sprirg of 1976 was characterized at Konin by
very low precipitation and prolonged cold weather. At the beginning of
June (in normal years the time for the first harvest of the grasses,
the seeds hod only begun to germinate. However, in comparison to the
results of the preceding year, this germination was quite satisfactory on
treatment plots of the series A,B,C, (mixtures of grasses and nitrogen-
forming plants) and G series (treatment with farm manure) where gra-
sses were seeded.
On 7 Jun. 76 the plants were harvested from those plots where the
development of vegetation permitted. Samples were used for chemical
and for radiological analyses. The highest yields were obtained from
the combined plantings of grasses and nitrogen-forming plants on plots
treated with soil or with farm manure.
108
-------
year I
I
•>»SLS .
V '
••**
N
year II
year III
Pig. no. 23. Consolidation ol the disposed area
surfaces in Konin with latex in a month after
consolidation and in the I and II year of growth
of legumes.
109
-------
On the day after harvesting, the plots of series A through K were fer-
tilized at the following rate:
50 kg/ha of N (110 kg/ha of 46 % (N) urea)
50 kg/ha of P0°,- (400 kg/ha of industrial fertilizer in a form con-
£~t O
taining 18 % super phosphate).
On 23 Sep. 76 the vegetation was harvested a second time. The hig-
hest yield of this harvest was obtained from the A-2 plot (covered
with 20 cm layer of fertile soil and sown with grasses and nitrogen-
forming plants), from B-2 and C-2 plots (10 or 5 cm layer of fertile
soil sown with the same seed mixture ) and from B-2 and C-2 plots
(lO or 5 cm layer of fertile soil sown with the same seed mixture.).
No yields were obtained from plots D-l, F,-l, E-3, P-l, F-3, G-l, K-l,
K-3, 1-1, 1-3 and none from control plots (o series).
At the request of the sponsor and as was done at Halemba, ferti-
lization of the treatment plots was eliminated in 1977 for one-half of
the repititions. Therefore in the spring of 1977 mineral fertilizers and
harrowing was conducted only on repetitions 1 and 2. The rates of
fertilizer applications were:
- 60 kg/ha of P 0 (330 kg/ha of industrial fertilizer in a form con-
<« O
taining 18 % superphosphate)
100 kg/ha of N (220 kg/he urea containing 46 % N).
In the spring of 1977 at time of favorable precipitation and tempe-
rature, the growth of plants was satisfactory. The plants were harvested
on 7 Jun. 77. The yield from many plots compare favorably with crops
from surrounding fields or meadows which are intensively farmed. Yields
from fertilized repetitions are usually several score (in per-cent) hig-
than from the unfertilized plots.
Immediately after harvesting, one-half of the repititions were again
fertilized (only repetitions 1-2, of series A-K; no plots of the 0 series).
The fertilization rate was:
60 kg^-ia of PpOc (330 kg/ha of industrial fertilizer containing 18 %
superphosphate )
110
-------
year I
year II
|Fv.'. '•> -. ,
year III
Pig. no. 24. Silvan reclamation on the Halemba
disposal area. Cultivation of locust tree in the I,II
and III year of growth.
Ill
-------
100 kg/he of N (220 kg/ha of urea containing 46 % N).
In autumn of 1977 the second harvest was collected, and differences
in yields from fertilized and unfertilized plots were measured.
The results characterizing the utility of the ash treatments for recla-
mation are presented in section 5 and 6 of this report.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS USING TREE;S AND SHRUBS - 1975-77
Halemba
Trees and shrubs were planted in the sprirg of 1975 in the com-
binations discussed above in chapter: Preparation of experiments
using trees and shrubs. Weeds and grasses were cleared from the
plots during the experiment period.
The first planting of birch (Betula verrucosa), larch (Larix decidua),
and grey alder, (Alnus incana) did not survive at Halemba and new
trees were planted on these plots. No fertilizers or ash treatments were
added and the new trees were planted in the very same locations as
the described first plantings. New popler trees were also planted in
piece of those lost in plant series "II".
An additional test plot ("XI") was developed at Halemba usings
cuttir.gs of poplar shoots planted on four ash treatment combinations
described as follows:
plot XI-1 - pits covered with 20 cm layer of fertile soil and fertili-
zed with 130 kg/ha of Po°5 in the form of granulated triple super-
phosphate (300 kg/ha)
Q
plot XI-2 - pits mixed with 100 m /ha bentonite and fertilized with
130 kg/ha of PO°K in the term of granulated triple super phosphate
ti O
(300 kg/h&)
- plot XI-3 - pits mixed with 10 t/he of high moor peat (calculated in
terras of t.ae air-dry mass ) fertilized with 130 kg/he of P2°5 in
the form of granulated triple superphosphate (300 kg/ha )
112
-------
year I
year II
year III
Pig. no. 25. Silvan reclamation on the Halemba
disposal area. Cultivation of pea shrub in the
I, II and III year of growth.
113
-------
- plot XI-4 - pits mixed with 130 kg/ha of P2°5» ir. the fcrm of granu-
lated concentrated superphosphate (300 kg/ha ).
Following these additions, all plots were turned over and left for
the winter. In the spring of 1976 - before the growing season, the area
was reked and the poplar shoot cuttings planted in & spring of 1 x 0.5 m
(40 shoot cuttings tc 1 plct). Plots of the X series (willow shoot
cuttings), and this new XI series (poplar shoot cuttings) were' fed with
nitrogenous fertilizers - 50 kg/ha of N as urea.
All of the trees and bushes v.ere also supplied with nitrogenous
fertilizers in following doses (per tree or bush):
plots of I and II series (poplars) - 55 g for 1 tree
plots of III to IX series (remaining types of trees and bushes) -
7 g of N per one cutting.
After fertilizing, the area around the plemts was hoed. In the auturrr.
of 1976, an analysis of the plants was made with the objective of deter-
mir.irg the success of plantings, in terms of vigor and increments of
growth. Most dead plants were replaced with new cuttings. In the spring
of 1977 the' dead poplars and willows were also replaced.
In 1977 the plants were not fertilized and the cultivation was limited
to removal of weeds and to hoeing to break up the crust on the surface
of the "soil".
In autumn of 1977 the plants were examined for the second time
to determine the success of the reclamation method. Ihe results are
presented later in this report.
Konin
The first leaves of about 50 percent of those trees that v/ere
planted at Konin dried out shortly after the initial sprouting ir, the
spring of 1975. Leaves reappeared on some plants in June however
these also dried out. The number of live specimens gradually decre-
ased so that in autumn only the following specimens remained alive:
11)4
-------
year I
year II
year III
Pig. no. 26. Silvan reclamation on Konin disposal
area. Cultivation of sea buckthorn in I, II and III
year of growth.
115
-------
I series - 4 specimens of poplar (with shoots and dry coronas)
II series - 11 specimens of poplar (with shoots - 5 spec, cr turned
green tree tops - 6 spec.)
IV series - 1 cutting of groy alder (with shoots)
VI series - 3 cuttings of locust tree
VIII series - 4 cuttings of sea buckthorn
DC series - 12 cuttings of pea shrub.
By the end of the 1975 growing season the plantings of shoot cuttings
survived as follows:
X-l plot - 26 shoot cuttings (of 40 planted) attained increases in
heights of 22-54 err. (average 35 cm)
X-2 plot - 11 shoot cuttings attained increases in heights of
13-26 cm (average 20 cm).
In view of these unsuccessful attempts to introduce trees and bus-
h€?s ir. the spring (this may be explained by the drought, the loosening
of the ash before planting, and the high salinity of the ash), it was
decided to repeat the experiment in autumn 1975, and to add a fifth
combination of culture based on filling the; pits (dug in the ash) entirely
with soil. The pits for previous plantings of trees and bushes were
completely dug out and filled with dressing prepared according to the
treatments described in chapter: Preparation of experiments, using trees
and shrubs. Trees and bushes were planted (except larch) a few days
after preparation of the pits. Larch was planted in the spring of 1976.
Since rainfall was low again ir the spring of 1976, the cuttings
were' watered a few timers. During the summer, areas around plantirgs
were hoed. In autumn of 1976 measurements of growth and health were
made. Dead plants were replaced with new plants as at Halemba.
The losses of poplar shoot cuttings in X series were also made
up for with new cuttings during 1977. The entire area was cultivated
in 1977 to remove weeds and to break up a crust that had formed.
In autumn measurements of growth and health were made.
116
-------
year I
year II
year III
Fig. no. 27. Silvan reclamation on the Konin disposal
area. Cultivation of locust tree in the I, II and III year
of growth.
117
-------
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE: THE EFFECT OF"
SURFACE TREATMENTS USED
Evaluations of the success of latex compounds for stabilizing the
ash surfaces were not possible at either Haleniba or Konin since in-
sufficient vegetation was available fcr harvest and evaluation. In order
to evaluate the use of latex, additional plots were established at Konin
in the spring of 1976 tc test various application rates of latex. The
plots measured 4 x 9 m end consisted of one repetition of each appli-
cation rate (fig. 16 and 23).
a) Cultivation and fertilization
In the autumn of 1975 the plot area at Konin was plowed. In the
spring of 1976 the area was harrowed and fertilizers were added to
the entire area as follows:
60 kg/ha of PpOj- (in the form of triple granulated superphosphate);
50 kg/ha of N (in the form of uree ).
b) Seeding (fig. 16)
Approximately 14 days after fertilizing, two different seed mixtures
were sown. These were:
Mix l) on plots U-l, U-2 and U-3 consisting of:
seeding rate
- nieadcw fescue (Festuca prater.sis) - 24 kg/ha
- orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) - 8 kg/ha
- smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis) - 24 kg,/ha
- June mesdowgrass (Poa pretensis) - 10 kg^ia
- red fescue (Festuca rubra) - 34 kg/ha
- white clover (Trifolium repens) - 6 kg/ha
- alfalfa (Meedicago lupulina ) - 14 kg/ha
- white melilot (Melilotus albus ) - 10 kg/he
118
-------
seeding rate
tall rye grass (Arrhenatherum elatius)- 26 kg/ha
- bentgrass (Agrcstis stclonifera ) _- 8 kg./ha
Total 164 kg/he.
Mix 2) on plots U-4, U-5, U-6 a mixture of a grass and a forb
consisting of:
lucerne (Medicago sativa ) - 72 kg/he
orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) _- 12 kg./he
Total 84 kg/ha
c) Application of latex solutions
Latex compound DBSK-5545 in solution with water 1:10 was applied
at the following rates:
o o
l) single thickness of 0.10 mm; rate of 0.10 dm /m on plots U-2 and
U-5;
3 2
2) double thickness of 0.20 mm; rate of 0.2O dm /m on plots, U-3 and
U-4;
3) control, without latex on plots U-l and U-6.
d) Durirg the germination and growth of plants in 1976, no differences
were observed on any particular plots that could be interpreted
as a positive or negative effect of latex. The latex formed a crust
3 to 8 mm thick on the surface of the ash. This crust remained
until autumn. In the spring of 1977 the crust had disappeared and
any differences in vegetative growth observed thereafter could only
be attributed to the differences in seed mix.
e) On the 7 June 77 the plants were cut and the green mass was
weighed.
The yield data results (table 18) show positive influence of latex
on the crop of grasses and harmful effects on the growth of lucerne.
To obtain definite data, one would have to carry out additional and
119
-------
more specific tests. On the basis of performed experiments one can state that
optimum rate of latex amounts to 0.10 mm, i.e. 0.10 dm3/m^ of consoli-
dated surface.
Table 18
Treatments
I-st cut in 1977
Control
Latex - 0.10 mm thick
Latex - 0.20 mm thick
Il-nd cut in 1977
Control
Latex - 0.10 mm thick
Latex - 0.20 mm thick
Total
Control
Latex - 0.10 mm thick
Latex - 0.20 mm thick
Yields of green mass from plots
in kg/36 m2
plots with grass
No.
U-l
U-2
U-3
U-l
U-2
U-3
U-l
U-2
U-3
2>
kg,/36 m
29.00
38.30
35.80
20.60
21.70
10.80
49.60
60.00
46.60
plots with grass
and forb
No
U-6
U-5
U-4
U-6
U-5
U-4
U-6
U-5
U-4
2
kg/36 m
26. 60
23.60
13.00
37.20
38.90
26.70
63.80
62.50
39.70
120
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SECTION 8
PROPERTIES OF ASHES, OP PRODUCED SOILS
AND OP HARVEST
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OP ASHES
Methodology
Chemical and physical analyses of fly ash ("fresh" ash) and a
mix of fly and bottom ash were performed according to the following
procedures:
a) SiOp - through fusion of sample with sodium carbonate and
emission of silicic acid by means of double evaporation with hydro-
chloric acid. |46J.
b) A100 - with II complexometrie method through direct titration of
<,. o
aluminium ions with solution of bi-sodium versenate against coper
comp lex onian [46j .
c) Pe 0~- with complexometric method through direct titration of
iron ions with bi-sodium versenate against salicylic acid [46j .
d) Ti00 - through titanium oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the
presence of sulphuric acid and measurement of intensity of yellow-
orange colouring of formed pertitanyl compound [46j .
e) CaO - gravimetricalty through precipitation of calcium in a shape
of oxalate f46J .
f) MgO - gravimetrically through emission of magnesium in a form
of ammonium - magnesium phosphate with the aid of bi-ammonium
phosphate in the presence of ammonia [46J .
121
-------
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ASHES
(weight percent)
Table 19
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5,
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12,
13.
C ompo—
nent
K o n i n
fresh fly ash from electro-
filters
K-4 1 K-5
K-6
ash from disposal under
reclamation
K-l
K-2
from chute from chute from 1O from expe- from
of the 8
and 9
boilers
2
AI2°3
Pe2°3
Ti02
P~°-
2 o
CaO
MgO
Na20
K 0
S°3
S(total)
free
Fe2°3
sirtering
losses
3
39.18
10.10
5.80
of 8 and and 11 jrimental experi-
9 boilers
boilers [field by the] mental
chute
39.87
10.36
5.75
1.74 | 1.63
0.09
28.02
5.32
0.26
0.22
8.30
3.41
5.72
0.11
27.94
4.78
5
36.26
4.22
7.70
1.16
0.07
34.13
7.28
gate ! field by
pipeline
outlet
of pulp
j discharge
t>
75.22
2.23
2.60
O.55
O.02
7
90.53
K-3
from
central
part of
sedimen-
tation
basin
8
53.88
0.53 3.05
2.60 5.65
O.45
O.01
8.45 3.25
O.82 traces
0.28 O.14 O.06
0.22
8.17
3.35
5.54
O.85
1.01
0.16
7.79
3.12
7.68
1.05
0.10
O.03
0.10
1.32 0.48
O.53 0.29
2.60 2.48
O.62
0.03
18.23
1.58
O.O6
0.10
0.80
0.38
5.44
8.40 2.18
15.66
H a I e m b a
fresh fly ash from electro-
filters
H-4
from
H-5
from
central medial
chute.
chute
H-6
from
medial
chute
ash from disposal
reclamation
H-l
experi -
H-2
experi-
mental mental
field by field
Sep. 29. Sep. 3O, Dec. 12, j the hut
75
75 75
mediate
part of
sedime n-
tation
t
9 i 1 O 1 11 12
47.47
27.49
6.45
1.13
0.28
4.21
2.49
0.8C
2.56
0.49
O.23
4.28
6.76
47.05
27.18
6.45
1.16
47.26 j 49.04
26.56
6.45
1.25
basin
13
47.48
22.43 23.44
10.05 11.15
1.O5
0.29 0.29 0.27
4.41 I 4.41
2.69
2.52
I
4.96
1.O2
O,2 9
5.OO
2.49 2.55
0.82 0.82 0.42 0.40
2.50
0.40
0.24
4.28
7.02
•2.56
2.38 2.34
0.57 I 0.53
0.65
O.28 O.21 O.29
4.16 7.34 j 3.20
7.21
6.37 5.64
1
j
under
H-3
by outlet
of pulp
iron
pipeline
14
46.50
21.84
11.20
0.90
0.29
6.55
2.38
O.42
2.34
O.51
O.23
8.88
6.94
ro
ro
-------
SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF ASHES
(concentration in ppm)
Table 20
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Com-
ponent
2
Ba
Be
Co
Cr
Cu
Ga
Ni
Pb
Mn
Sr
11 | V
12
Zn
K o n i n
fresh fly ash from electrofilters
K-4
from
the 8 and
9 boilers
3
450
3O
30
50
40
10
50
60
21OO
ISO
100
20O
K-5
from
8 and 9
boilers
4
620
30
30
70
50
20
50
30
31OO
200
90
200
K-6
from 10
and 11
b oi lers
5
8OO
3O
30
40
50
10
50
30
4OOO
240
120
200
ash from disposal under recla-
mation
K-l
from expe-
rimental
field by
the gate
6
150
30
30
20
40
10
50
30
75O
5O
SO
200
K-2
from expe-
rimental
field by
pulp out-
let dis-
charge of
pipe line
7
5OO
30
30
30
70
10
50
60
86O
40
50
2OO
i
K-3
from cen-
tral part
of sedi-
mentation
basin
8
100
30
30
20
10
10
50
30
12OO
30
50
200
H a I e m b a
fresh fly ash from electrofilters
H-4
from
medial
chute.
Sep.29,
75
9
680
30
30
50
70
20
50
50
370
80
70
20O
H-5
from
medial
chute
Sep. 30.
75
10
68O
30
3O
50
1OO
30
50
80
H-6
from me-
dial chu-
te
Dec. 12,
75
11
80O
3O
30
6O
10O
3O
50
70
62O 54O
6O 11O
70 90
200
200
ash from disposal under
reclamation
H-l
experi-
mental
field by
the hut
12
1O80
30
30
40
9O
20
50
50
9OO
6O
60
200
K-2
experi-
mental
field cen-
tral
part of
sedimen-
tation
basin
H-3
by pipe
outlet of
pulp
i
13
12OO
30
3O
50
80
20
50
60
84O
90
80
20O
14
115O
3O
30
4O
7O
2O
50
50
86O
7O
6O
200
J
ro
-------
g) K20 and Na20 - photometrically
h) S - through dissolution of sample in aqua regia and precipitation
in filtrate of sulphates with solution of barium chloride [4r3j
i) p_0 - colorometrically with vanadium - molybdenum method 43|
j) free Fe 0,, - in sodium citrate, employing reduction with hypo-
sulphite - according to Jackson [43J
k) content of trace elements was determined on spectrograph.
Mineralogical - petrographic analysis was performed using:
optical microscopes, electron microscopes, Roentgen investigations, and
spectroscopic investigations (infra-red).
The optical examinations were performed on powdered samples
mixed with distilled water and fixed on glass slides with Canada balsam.
Optical features were determined with a polarizing microscope (LABO-
VAL) with one nicol, and with crossed nicols. In order to determine
the properties of transparent anisotropic and isotropic grains and opa-
que fragments, a planimetric analysis was made using an integration
table (ELTINOR).
Dust particles were affixed to the carbonate - covered graticules
for the electron microscopy analyses. The analyses were performed
using a C. Zeiss - EPV microscope with an accelerating voltage of
75 kV.
Roentgen phase analysis was carried out using the powder method
of Debye - Scherrer - Hull by means of diffractometer (TUR M-6l).
Samples were prepared for analysis in the shape of flat discs, pressed
to diminish the effects of the preferred orientation of lamellar minerals.
Diffraction images of samples were recorded within a range of 0-30 ,
using shift of counter GM 30 /min. and a 600 mm/h velocity tape feed.
On the basis of measurements of interference positions on diffractograms
their respective interface distances were computed. As a measure of
intensity the area described by the reflexes was determined from the
intensity. Infra-red spectroscopic investigations were made using the
12U
-------
TEST RESULTS OF MINERALOCilCAL COMPOSITION OP ASHES
PROM POWER PLANT KONIN
Table 21
Sample
1
K-l
K-2
K-3
K-5
K-6
Determination
of sample
2
Ash from tested fic'ld
Ash from tested field
Ash from tested field
Ash from el, prec.
Ash from el. prec.
.Jj'~CM
t 0
§„">
it
10
_
-
+
+
+
O
g CM
E «
£t
11
_
-
+
+
+
amorphous
substance
12
(+)-
( + )-
+
+ +
+ +
+ +
Explanation;
+++ - main component in tested sample
V+ - secondary component
+ - accessory component
- Lack of component
TEST RESULTS OP MINERAl/OGICAL COMPOSITION OP ASHES
PROM POWER PLANT HALEMBA
Table 22
Sample
1
H-l
H-2
H-3
H-4
H-5
H-6
Sample
determination
2
Ash from tested field
Ash from tested field
Ash from tested field
Ash from el. prec.
Ash from el. prec.
Ash from el. prec.
quartz
(Si02)
3
+++
•f-M-
+++
+ + +
++ +
gypsum
(CaS04.
•2H20)
4
+
+
+ +
+
*
mullile
.2S102)
5
++
++
+
++
* +
magnetite
6
•f
+
+ +
+
+
*
lematite
7
+
+
+
+
++
*
amorphous
substance
8
+ *+
+ +
+ +
+ +
+ ++
+ ++
Explanations:
+++ - main component in the tested sample
+4- - aecondory component
+ - accessory component
125
-------
Zeiss UR-10. Samples were prepared for analysis in the form of pre-
ssed tablets of KBr. Absorption images were recorded withir renge of
wave numbers of 400 - 1800 and 3000 - 3800 err?" . For the range of
— 1 _i
400 - 700 cm the prism was made of KBr, for 700 - 1800 cm
the prism was constructed
the prism was made of Li P.
the prism was constructed of NaCl, and for the range 3000 - 3800 cm"
Chemical composition of ashes
The results of analyses are presented in tables 19 and 20.
Analyses of fresh fly ash from Konin indicate a large difference in
Al_0 and CaO concentrations which are a function of size characteris-
tics of the ash and the type of coal. The results are influenced by
contamination of the coal with gob, (clays and tertiary sands). In a
process of hydraulic sluicing such as occurs to transport the ash to
the disposal area, CaO and MgO are leached from the ashes, therefore,
the chemical composition of ashes in the disposal basin changes from
that of fresh ash. The proportion of Si09 increased from 36 - 39 % to
54 - 90 % (table 19), dependent on the place of sample collection in
relation to the outlet of the pipeline transporting the slurry to the dis-
posal basin. Simultaneously, the content of Cao and Mgo decreases
from 32-41 % to 3-20 %. The content of SO., was diminished on the
Konin ash. This may be related to leaching of calcium, magnesium, so-
dium and potassium sulphates, and also to the higher sulphur content
of lignite coal at Konin. The extent of leaching of ash depends to large
degree on the total dissolved solids content of the water used for
transport. When the water is recycled, it becomes saturated with dissol-
ved salts, and further leaching of ashes is limited. Chemical (table 19)
and spectrographic analyses (table 20 ) indicate that the soils created
from treatment of Konin ashes are characterized with sufficient macro-
and microelements such as Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co. However,
these may not be available to plants due to alkaline reaction of these
elements within the ash.
The changes in chemical composition of ashes derived from Halemba,
bituminous coal is not so great as that of ash from Konin (table 19).
126
-------
In contrast to the Konin ashes, ash from bituminous coal contains
2-3 times more A100 and 4-7 times less Cao. The content of MgO is
£ O
2-3 times less. The minimal change in CaO and MgO concentrations
between fresh ash and ashes collected from the disposal basin indicate
only minor leaching by the transport fluid. This conclusion is borne out
by the Na 0 and KgO analyses. The ashes from Halemba seem to
have higher Cu, Zn and Pb concentrations than Konin. However the
manganese content was lower (table 20).
Mineralogical composition of ashes from Halemba
X-ray tests of fresh ashes of bituminous coal, taken from electric
precipitators of Halemba power plant samples (table 19) indicate that
the main mineral component is silica. Significant quantities of gypsum
and mullite (CaSO. . 2H-0 and AlfiSi201«) were also measured.
Magnetite (Pe 0.) and hematite (Fe203) occurred in smaller quantities.
A diffuse diffraction band in the range of 4-10 indicates the presence
of an amorphous substance, or "glaze". Spectroscopic tests (infrared)
indicate that the main component of samples is a silicate glaze. Quartz
(crystalline) appears in trace amounts. Mullite is quite clearly present.
Its grain are small and either square in cross sections (up to 15 mm
square), elongated, stick - or pin-like. The silica glaze occurs in
spheres which are generally colourless, but which are sometimes cream
yellow or brown coloured. The diameters range from 20 to 60 u.m.
The prevalance of quartz grains is notable in sample H-6 (table 22
Ash at Halemba also contains hematite in the form of lamellae, tablets,
or rhombohedrons with sharp outlines. Magnetite also appears but in
the shape of single, fine rectangular or ortorhombic crystals.
The phase composition of all the ash samples collected at Halemba
(samples H-l, H—2, H-3) is similar. The main crystalline component is
guartz. Amounts of gypsum (CaSO4 . 2H-0) and mullite (A16Si20i3^
are present. Magnetite (Pe 0 ) and hematite (Fe 03) occur in lesser
quantities. The amorphous substance, a silica glaze, occurs in all sam-
ples.
12?
-------
Optical microscopy confirms that main components of the H-3, H-4
and H-6 samples are glaze and mullite. Also identified were quartz and
small amounts of calcium carbonate and sulphate. A significant propor-
tion of these samples consisted of opaque chips which are difficult to
identify with optical microscopy.
Additional observations of sample H-3 using the electron microscope
showed that these opaque particles had spherical or ellipsoidal outlines
and were opaque to the stream of electrons. These characteristics
suggest that the particles are mullite.
Mineralogical composition of ashes from Konin
The main crystalline component of ashes derived from lignite
(sampled from electric precipitators of Konin power plant) is quartz.
X-ray tests further indicate significant quantities of anhydrite (CaSO )
and CaO. Hematite (Fe 0«), and magnetite (Pe 0 ) are present in
smaller amounts. The diffraction lines of hematite are more intensive
than of magnetite. The diffraction diagrams of samples within the range
of 4—10 is characterized by a wide diffraction band, representing an
amorphous substance. This band is clearly divided into 2 maxima of
values 9.5 and 7.4 R. This may indicate a partial crystallization of
glaze substance leading to formation of a gyrolite type or other hydra-
ted calcium silicate.
Spectrogram of K-4, K-5. and K-6 samples (ashes from the preci-
pitators) differ clearly from samples K-l, K-2 and K-3 (ashes from
the disposal area). Analyses showed absorption within a range band
_1
800 to 1000 cm , indicating the presence of silicates. The presence
of carbonates and anions associated with the quartz was indicated by
-1 1
responses at wave length of 1430 cm and a 680, 615, and 595 cm ,
respectively.
Observations using the micro scope indicated the presence in sam-
ples 4, 5, and 6 of glaze, CaO, smaller amounts of calcium carbonate
and calcium sulphate and opaque fragments with spherical sections. The
size of the quartz grains varies greatly from 200 x 150 um to 40 x 30 um
128
-------
A considerable portion has isometric forms with spherical section, and
is either colourless or more rarely cream or brown coloured. Inside
some of the spheres is a dispersed, black, opaque substance. This sub-
stance is assumed to be glaze, the diameters of which range from 20
to 5O um. Microscopic analysis shows this glaze to have square cross
sections and to be comprised of gray grains of CaO. Carbonates in
small spheres with diameters under 10 um. Anisotropic crystals of caL-
cium sulphate (CaSO . 2H 0) were observed around the edges of
these quartz crystals.
The major crystalline constituent in samples of ashes taken from
disposal area (samples K-l, K-2, K-3) is quartz. Small X-ray reflec-
tions indicate the presence of unknown admixture of xonotlite (5CaSiO_.
O
. HO) — hydrated calcium silicate. Some samples also contain gyrolite
(2CaO . 3SiO_ . 2H 0) and calcium silicate (Ca SiO ). Gypsum is also
-------
RADIOACTIVITY OP ASHES
Method of investigations
Investigations of radioactive components of the ash were performed
on selected samples of both ashes and water extracts prepared accor-
ding to chapter: Polution of waters and in agreement with recommenda-
tions of International Atomic Agency - I.A.E.A. and International Commi-
ssion of Radiological Protection - I.C.R.P.
General characteristic radioactivity alpha beta and gamma was
determined with the method of a "thick layer" using the following mea-
suring systems:
l) MPS-3, scintillator Zn (Ag)
U = 1200 V, own run 0.2 - 0.3
- alpha radiation
2) LL1 with UCB-2 head
U = 990 V, own run 1,38
- beta radiation
3) PE-1, scintillation probe, SSU-4,
U - 980 V, own run 310
- gamma radiation.
The time of samples and of background measurement was determined
O 9 (-\
on the basis of Putman formulae. Determinations of Ra was based
on dissolution in hydrochloric acid and separation of evolved chlorides
from the insoluble parts. Then the excess hydrochloric acid was eva-
porated and chlorides dissolved in distilled water. The content of
radium in water was determined with the Goldin method. The investi-
gations were performed in 1975 (spring and autumn) and in 1976
(autumn) with the objective of studying any changes in radioactivity
occurring during reclamation.
130
-------
Results of tests
Alpha and beta radioactivity of ashes and of mixtures of ashes
treated to improve the soil properties presented in tables 23 and 24.
The radioactivity in natural soil is also presented for comparison.
On the basis of these investigations it cannot be said whether the
reclamation treatments affect the radioactivity of the ash.
Rather it seems that the radioactivity fluctuations are related to
the fall-out of ashes emitted by the stacks of nearby coal-fired power
plants. This thesis seems plausible in view of the fact that increased
alpha activity on treatment plots at Konin (samples taken on the
6 Sep 76) followed after exceptionally high particulate concentrations
P
were observed (113 t/km , in May, 1976) and after relatively high
particulate levels were observed during the air quality sampling period
prior to collection of the ash samples. The high radioactivity of the
fly ash confirms analysis of fresh fly ash (table 26). Alpha activity
in the ash was 43 times higher than in soil, and gamma activity was
as much as 57 times higher.
The alpha and gamma activity of water extracts of all ash samples
(tables 25 and 26) is higher than the control sample of soil. The
highest alpha activity was measured:
- at the Halemba site on treatment plots with double fertilization
(245.5 pCi/dm3, table 25 );
- at the Konin site also on plots with double fertilization and on those
plots covered with 5 cm layer of soil (66.2 pCi each); the III series
^
of tests indicated a few times higher activity (e.g. 440.7 pCi/dm on
plots covered with 2O cm layer of fertile soil).
Highest gamma activity was found:
o
- at Halemba on plots covered with 10 cm layer of soil (138.8 pCi/dm )
o
_ at Konin on plots treated with farm manure (105.6 pCi/drr ).
Presh ash from the electrostatic precipitators of the power plant Konin
contained the highest alpha and gamma activity (alpha activity 1O59.1
131
-------
CHARACTERISTIC RADIOACTIVITY OF ASHES PROM HALEMBA POWER PLANT
I series of tests
II series of tests
- samples taken on Jun. 6, 75
- samples taken on Sep. 9, 76
Table 23
oo
ro
Sample
marking
Number
of plots
1
A-C
00
01
0
A
B
P
G
H
Description of sample
2
A. Material used for treatments
Soil used to cover disposal
in Halemba (plots A-C) - "control"
B. Fresh ash
Ash from electrofilters
Ash from sedimentation basin prior
to reclamation treatments
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash without fertilization (control)
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 1O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + farrr. manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Test
series
Alpha
activity
PCi/g
!
3 i 4
I
1
I
I
in
i
m
i
m
i
in
i
in
i
m
26.81
42.00
74.12
2O.OO
146.9
24.CO
79.10
11. O4
372.9
294.9
traces
74.12
440.7
26.81
9O.4
Standard
deviation -
5
5.8
14.O
12.0
3.6
6.9
4.8
7.3
2.1
15.8
18.4
.
8.3
1.6
10.3
5.2
Gamma
activity
pCi/g
6
20.60
71.51
1.3
26.66
traces
47.87
99.9
138.77
traces
56.OO
62.60
52.12
traces
50.30
traces
1
Standard Potassium
.
deviation- | activity
pCi/g
7 : 8
Standard
deviation -
9
i !
5.1
14.0
12.3
4.9
.
8.0
3.6
14.0
.
8.0
7.1
2O.5
28.O
2O.1
30.O
21.6
14.3
17.3
6.4 j 32.4
10.3
•
25.8
2.0
2.1
2.5
1.3
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.8
3.0
-------
CHARACTERISTIC RADIOACTIVITY OP ASHES FROM K.ONIN POWER PLANT
I - series oi tests - samples taken on the May 13, 75
in - series of tests - samples taken on the Sep. 6, 76
Sample
marking
Number
of plots
1
A-0
K-01
0
A
B
c
D
E
P
G
H
i
1
Description of sample
2
A. Material used for treatments
Soil used to cover disposal in Konin
(plots A-C) - "control"
B. Fresh ash
Ash from sedimentation basin prior to
reclamation treatments
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash without fertilization (control)
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash -f 10 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
Ash +• low bog peat + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK.
Ash + NPK
Test
series
3
I
I
I
I
in
i
ID
I
in
i
m
i
in
i
m
i
in
i
in
i
Alpha
activity
pci/g
4
26.81
42.0O
11.04
26.81
440.7
24.0
293.8
66.23
259.9
2.0
293.9
38.50
226.0
42.58 j
traces
26.81 j
282.5
66.23
90.4
11.04
Standard
deviation
5
5.8
4.6
2.0
2.8
6.2
2.0
11.2
5.4
5.2
2.0
1.6
6.3
2.3
5.7
.
4.3
6.1
6.O
2.3
2.7
Gamma
activity
i
6
1
20,60
3O.OO
21.0O
46.06
33.8
25.00
58.4
49.09
traces !
20.60 ;
traces
32.OO '•
58.4 i
52.0O
97.0
38.78 j
105.6 !
15.77
traces
47.87 j
Standara
deviation -
7
5.1
2.7
1.9
6.0
2.3
2.8
3.1
7.8
4.0
.
7.6
8.1 j
5.6
2.3
3.8
1.8
3.0
.
3.8
Potassium
activity
PCi/g
8
20.5
30.3
24.0
33.0
17.0
23.O
3.3
13.4 i
23A
37.0
38.0
30.0
Standard
deviation-
! 9
2.0
i
2.8
i
3.7
3.3 )
i
1.7
2.S
2.0
I
5.0 !
j
4.6 :
|
4.S \
4.8 :
1
5.0 i
UJ
U)
-------
*3 ^
pCi/dm , and gamma activity 700.4 pCi/dm ). The beta activity of ash
was, in all cases, in concert with protective standards.
The levels of radioactivity measured are not, for that matter, con-
sidered hazardous for humans or animals. However the concentrations
O O A
of Ra in water in contact with ashes (table 27) are much higher
than average ones observed in uncontaminated surface waters (0.2 -
O
- 1.0 pCi/dm ) and would be hazardous for drinking water supplies.
Por this reason prolonged contact of ashes with surface und undergro-
und waters should be considered as undesirable.
PHYSICAL AND AQUEOUS PROPERTIES OP ASHES
Halemba
Ashes of bituminous coal are characterized with a prevalence of
fine particles (59 % with diameters of 0.1 - 0.02 mm) (table 29).
Por this reason they are comparable to soils classified as dusts.
Treatments with certain amendments changed the particle size distri-
bution very little.
The density of samples taken from different treatment and vegeta-
tion combinations in the field plots varied widely (2.22 to 2.56 table 30),
The weight of untreated ash taken from a depth of 10-20 cm was
o
2.15 mg/cm . All samples taken from treatment plots show a higher
specific gravity. The highest specific gravity (2.44 to 2.50) occurred
in samples taken from plots with the 20 cm layer of soil. Similarly,
increased specific gravity was observed on plots fertilized with bento-
nite. Repetitions of treatments gave relatively consistent specific gravity
values.
Bulk density on all combinations is lower than 1 and fluctuates
o
within limits of from 0.65 to 0.99 g/cm (plots 0-3 and A-4, respecti-
vely, table30). The lowest bulk density was measured for a sample
collected at a depth of 20 to 30 cm below the surface. It is therefore
concluded that the material was not compacted but was rather porous.
-------
The capillary water capacity ranged from 46.4 percent (plot B-2), to
60.2 percent (plot 1-3). The capacity appeared highest in untreated
ash. Field water capacity ranged from 19 to 31.6 percent (table 30).
In the majority of cases the field capacity comprised half the capillary
capacity. Field water capacity is the amount of water which a soil is
capable of retaining with capillary forces above the level of capillary
rise. Therefore field capacity is considered the best indicator of water
content in soil available to vegetation.
Konin
Lignite ashes from Konin region (collected from electric precipitators)
contained 72 percent of material ranging between 0.10 and O.O2 (table 29).
This ash would be classified as "dust". Samples of ash collected from
the disposal area were classified as light loamy sands since they con-
tained fewer dust—sized partices. Treatment with soil caused an incre-
ase in the content of larger particles, (table 29)
The results of specific gravity measurements (table 31) show little
difference between plots. Weight by volume shows greater varia-
tion ranging 0.56 (samples from plot 1-2) to 1.48 (plot A-4). Weight
by volume of ash from deeper layers was 0.54. Additions of soil
(A,B,C series), and of sand (D series) caused increases in weight.
Series A plots did not show any particular variation in weight for the
various seed mixtures.
The porosity of the samples can be grouped into two categories
dependent on the degree of soil amendment ' (table 31):
- those treated with 20 and 10 cm of soil which show less than 50 %
porosity
_ all other treatments with porosity between 50 and 80 percent.
The capillary water capacity ranges from 26.4 to 58.2 percent and
also reflects the effect of adding materials to the ash which initially
has a high capillary water capacity. However, additions of soil and
sand reduced the capacity while other treatments did not.
131?
-------
CHARACTERISTIC RADIOACTIVITY OF WATER EXTRACT ABATER 8-DAY CONTACT
WITH ASHES FROM HALEMBA POWER PLANT
(in proportion: 1 kg of ash + 2 dm of distilled water)
I series of tests
I] series of tests -
in series of tests -
samples taken on Juru 6,75
samples taken on Sep. 2 9,75
samples taken on Sep. 9,76
Table 25
Sample
marking
number
number
of plots
1
A-0
H-OC
H-O1
O
A
6
C
D
E
P
G
H
1
Description of samples
2
A, Material used for treatments
Soil used to cover disposal in Halembe
(plot; A-C) - "control"
B. Prrsh ash
Ash from electrofilters
Ash from sedimentation basin
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash without fertilization (control)
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 10 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash + IOT/V bog peat + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Test
series
3
I
1C
t
II
ni
I
in
i
11
in
i
ii
in
u
in
II
in
ii
in
i
ii
in
!
a
m
i
u
in
ii
m
Alpha
activity
pCt/dm
4
24.3
199.5
27.6
32.2
30.0
6X0
83.3
28.3
38.7
aa.s
58.3
67,9
104.3
0.0
111.8
171.5
87.8
134.1
traces
45.3
23.2
27.3
45. O
77.3
66.1
24.3
245.5
42.4
81.2
85.6
Standard +
deviation -
5
5.0
6.3
2.9
6.6
6.S
3.7
6.9
3.fl
7.8
a. 6
4.3
13.6
6.7
0.2
6.6
54.4
61.3
27.0
.
3.2
4.6
5.3
4.0
15.6
14.1
3.0
50.0
16.1
16.4
13.2
Beta
activity
pCi/dm3
6
17.0
34.6
27.8
16.9
O.O
32.0
0.0
17.8
26.4
10.7
26.0
2.1
5.9
29.1
14.8
15.9
17.5
1.47
3.6O
24.0
5.9
10.5
28.O
5.O
3.8
26.3
16.2
5.3
6.5
6O.5
Standard
deviation -
7
3.0
6.9
3.2
9.4
•
7.0
.
3.2
5.3
6.3
4.6
O.4
8.3
6.0
6.9
3.2
6.6
O.3
0.8
2.8
1.2
3.6
4.O
l.O
6.3
3.0
3.3
6.6
1.3
1.1
Gama
activity
pCi/dm
3
13,8
385.9
4O.3
109.3
46.1
45.6
60.O
18.3
8.24
19.2
49.3
5.16
146.1
79.9
22.6
44.7
28.3
68.1
0.0
63.7
36.9
42.1
55.8
9.08
traces
Standard
deviation —
9
4.0 j
16.3
1.9
22.0
18.1
2.8
8.9
2.6
1.6
1.9
6.1
l.O
8.1
16.0
16.3
8.9
6.8
13.7
•
8.3
7.4
6.6
6.1
1.9
32.8 i 1.6
44.9 9.0
194.6
26.1
4a8
16.1
5.3
4.9
U)
o\
-------
The water field capacity may also be segregated into two groups:
- in A,B,C combinations it fluctuates from 14.0 to 20.'3 percent
- in I and 0 combinations it exceeds 40 percent and fluctuates from
42.9 to 44.2 percent.
The first group reflects the influence of the soils.
The second group is more like heavy loams and clays, where the
field capacity makes up more than 70 % of capillary capacity.
CHEMICAL AND SORPTION PROPERTIES
Halemba (table 32, 34 and 36)
The fresh ash from electrofilters is strongly alkaline (pH 12.0 -
table 32). During the process of hydraulic sluicing, the pH decreases
to about 9.1 after treatment of the resulting soils show pH ranging
from 4.2 to 8.8 The most suitable pH for plants was measured in the
plots treated with soil. Plots treated with organic and mineral matter
showed trends back toward more alkaline conditions during the expe-
riment. Only on plots covered with thick layers of soil did the "soil"
undergo a shift toward acid conditions. Measurements of carbon sho-
wed quite high values (perhaps due to incomplete combustion in the
power plant see table 32). Additional quantities of carbon were
added in the form of soil, which contained 11.5 to 12.4 percent of C.
During the course of the experiments, the humus horizon was enriched
with carbon derived from the plants.
The content of assimilable P00K is high and effects of large doses
£* O
of phosphatic fertilizers can be seen. However, a phosphorus deficiency
remains for the plants.
The ash contains large amounts of K-0 and for this reason no
potassic fertilizers were used. The K20 concentrations of the plots
decreased with time.
Content of water-soluble boron (table 34) is high only in fresh
ash (9.2 - 15.0 ppm) samples suggesting removal of boron during
hydraulic sluicing.
-------
CHARACTERISTIC RADIOACTIVITY OF WATER EXTRACT AFTER 8-DAY CONTACT WITH
ASHES PROM POWER PLANT KONIN (in proportion: 1 kg of ashes + 2
I series of tests - samples taken on the IVSay 13, 75
II series of tests - samples taken on the Sep. 25, 75
in series of tests - samples taken on the Sep. 7, 76
Table 26
M
U)
00
sample
number
number
of plots
1
A-O
K-00
K-01
0
A
B
C
O
E
P
Description of sample
2
A, Material used for treatments
Soil used to cover disposal in Halemba
(plots A-C) - "control"
B. Fresh ash
Ash from electrofilters
Ash from sedimentation basin
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash without fertilization (control)
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 10 cm layer of soil +• NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash 4- tertiary sand + NPK
Ash 4- low bog peat + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Test
series
3
I
I
I
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
in
i
ii
in
i
ii
m
i
a
in
i
ii
m
Alpha
activity
pCi/dm
4
24.3
1059.1
99.2
275.1
0.0
167.1
103.8
116.2
49.1
23.6
79.4
298.9
24.0
186.8
158.6
27.0
165.2
traces
9O.5
375.9
199.0
45.0
192.0
349.1
Standard +
deviation-
S
5.0
212
18.3
24.0
.
18.6
18.3
24.0
31.6
5.8
16.O
6.9
6.1
38.O
18.0
6.0
33.0
.
12.3
74.5
3.8
5.7
39.0
16.3
Beta
activity
pCi/dm
D
17.0
23.9
49.0
47.6
14.4
1O.5
32.2
6.67
traces
18.1
8.O3
29.1
9O.O
9.19
0.0
O.o'
5.54
3.30
23.3
8.43
3.44
72.7
17.30
9.83
Standard
deviation —
7
3.0
4.8
7.2
8.0
2.9
4.9
2.8
1.4
.
3.7
1.6
4.9
2.5
2.O
.
2.0
1.1
16.1
3.7
1.7
4.9
2.8
3.4
6.3
Gamma
activity
pCi/dm
8
13.8
70O.4
34.9
37.2
9.27
112.8
43.2
9.73
21.3
19.5
61.9
traces
28.0
58.3
141.8
18.9
154.3
216.7
42.4
16.4
42.1
43.5
378.3
524.O
Standard
deviation -
9
4.0
14O.O
3.7
4.0
1.9
8.3
3.6
2.0
2.9
3.0
12.4
6.2
2.9
12.0
9.6
2.0
3O.O
18.3
3.8
3.4
9.2
4.0
76.0
18.1
-------
Table 26 continuation
OJ
a
H
i
Ash + form manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
3
I
II
III
I
II
III
1
II
III
4
65.9
208.4
445.3
65.2
180.0
211.6
60.O
28.7
381.6
5
6.8
42.0
16.7
6.8
36.0
12.7
2.9
5.8
16.2
6
116.7
24.80
10.5
137.6
6.16
23.6
25.2
19.0
16.O
7
12.0
5.0
6.9
8.0
1.3
2.8
6.3
3.8
6.3
B
83.9
235.1
66.2
39.0
479.2
traces
46.3
139.6
124.3
9
2.9
48. 0
21.3
3.9
96.0
2.8
28.O
23.3
-------
MIGRATION Of RADIUM THROUGH WATER AFTER 8-DAY CONTACT WITH ASH,
IN PROPORTION 1 K<3 OF ASH + i dm3 OF DISTILLED WATER
Table 27
1
-I.
2.
3.
4.
Description of sample
2
Fresh ash from electrofitters
Ash from sedimentation basin
Ash from treatment plots of 0 series
Ash from treatment plots of A series
(20 cm layer of soil -f NPK)
Test
series
3
I
I
II
in
i
ii
in
i
ii
m
Ash from Power Plant Konin (from
lignite )
Sample
designa-
tion
4
K-OO
Sampling
date
5
May 13,75
K-01 JMay 13,75
0
May 13,75
O ;Sep. 25,75
0 !Sep. 6,76
A
A
A
May 13, 75
Sep 25, 75
Sep. 6, 76
226 [Standard
from*0
•water
(pCi/dm3'
6
29.54
24.30
23.85
25.49
10.31
14.91
62.11
7.97
deviation
-
7
6.0
5.8
5.6
•5.2
6.3
4.O
12.6
13.3
Ash from Power Plant Hatemba
(from bituminous coal)
Sample
designa-
tion
8
H-OO
H-01
H-01
H-01
0
0
O
A
A
A
Sampling
date
9
Sep.9,76
Jun. 6,75
Sep.29,75
Sep. 9,76
Juru 6,75
Sep. 29,75
Sep. 9,76
Jun. 6, 75
Sep. 29,75
Sep. 9, 76
226
Ro
from
water
(pCi/dm3)
Standard
deviation
-
1 j 11
1
15.08 | 2.9
5.96-
27.61
11.65
11.93
16.77
27.68
6.56
9.12
88.98
2.0
5.6
5.7
2.8
3.4
3.6
2.3
1.8
6.3
-------
The ash samples lack manganese on other than the plots fertilized
with soil (table 34). Zinc occurs in excess- especially on plots cove-
red with soil. The soil contained from 90 to 122 ppm Zn. It is possible
that the excess quantity of Zn contributed to a decrease in crops on
plots covered with soil.
The denotations of the sorption capacity of the formed soils
(table 36) had shown a significant diversification, (the sum of basic
cations from 0.13 to 48.11 mval/100 g of soil) whereby difficult is here
to ascertain any regularity. It appears, that the additions of fertile soil
(combinations A,B,C) lowered the sorption capacity of the formed soils,
probably because the sorptive capacity of ashes was higher than the
sorptive capacity of the added fertile soil.
The participation of particular cations in the total of bases is also
strongly differentiated and on the whole deviates very much from con-
ditions obtaining in cultivated soils. And so on plots of D combination
(bentonite added), E (low moor peat added) and P (addition of high
moor peat) was found the content of 80-90 % of Mg++ with a low por-
tion of Ca . In some samples collected from plots of C combination
(added 5 cm layer of fertile soil), of D (added bentonite), of G (added
farm manure), and of H (added N2PK.) the content of K+ amounted
to as much as 43 - 85 % of the total sum of bases, with the proportion
of 3.2 - 4.1 % in pure ash (0 combination). Highest salinity was ascer-
tained in some samples of C series (added 5 cm layer of fertile soil)
and D series (added bentonite) coming to 10-38.9 percent of the total
sorptive capacity.
Strong fluctuations in the sorptive capacity and in the ratio of:
Mg++ : Ca : K : Ma explain to a large extent the considerable
variations in yield of vegetation and reflect on the non-uniformity of
ashes under reclamation and on their chemical composition.
lUl
-------
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ASH TREATMENT PLOTS
H A I/ E M B A
Table 28
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
0
Description of plots
treatment
2
A. Materials used for treatments
Bentonite
Fertile soil
B. Fresh ash
Fresh ash from electrofilters
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash + 20 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 1O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + fern ir.anure + NPK
Ash + K2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization (control)
Fraction
larger
than
1,0 mm
<*)
3
8.0
O.O
0.0
O.O
0.7
0.0
0.0
5.3
0.0
O.O
1.3
0.7
4.7
0.0
Percentage content of fractions (diameter in mm)
1-0,5
4
13.2
1O.9
0.2
6.5
11.4
19.8
18.5
11.6
12.0
15.O
17.5
25.9
9.5
26.6
O,5-
0,25
5
40.4
45.1
1.8
14.8
28.9
38.6
32.5
29,4
26.5
33.7
29.3
31.4
31.0
26.8
O,25-
O,10
6
24.4
26.0
9.0
18.7
24.7
2O.6
23.0
18.0
19.5
16.3
20.2
8.7
49.5
12.6
0,10-
0,05
7
4
5
26
28
10
4
10
20
25
23
22
22
25
21
O,O5-
0,02
6
4
6
33
20
14
8
7
11
11
7
6
6
11
7
O.O2-
0,006
9
4
2
22
8
3
3
3
5
3
2
2
3
3
3
0,006-
0,002
10
4
1
5
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
2
O
1
below
0,002
11
6
4
2
2
5
3
4
3
2
2
2
1
1
2
Pedologies L
classification
(polish)
12
light loamy sand
slightly loamy
sand + peat
plsiin dust
plain dust
light loamy sand*
•f peat
slightly loamy sandi
+ peat
- " _
slightly loamy dusty-
sand
loose, dusty sand
»
— n
slightly loamy
dusty sand
loose dusty sand
slightly loamy sand
ro
-------
QRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF ASH TREATMENT PLOT'S K O N I N
Table 29
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A
B
C
D
E
P
G
H(K)
I
O
Description of plot treatment
2
A. Material used for treatments
Tertiary sand
Fertile soil
B. Fresh ash
Ash from electrofilters
Ash from sedimentation basin
C. Ash under reclamation
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 1O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash * 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + green manure + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash (control)
Fraction
larger
than
1.0 mm
(*)
3
1.7
6.7
0.0
0.0
1.3
3.0
3.0
0.0
O.O
O.O
O.O
0.0
0.0
0.0
Percentage content of fractions (diameter in mm)
1-O.5
4
12.2
6.7
0.8
2.8
11.3
10.6
11.2
14.0
6.1
4.6
8.5
10.5
9.0
9.2
0.5-
0.25
5
44.0
23.7
4.1
19.4
22.2
23.8
27.7
36.9
10.3
12.0
17.5
16.2
2O.2
28.0
O.25-
O.1O
6
33.0
28.6
15.1
39.8
25.5
25.6
Z4.1
28.1
39.6
39.6
3O.O
27.3
26.8
32.S
O.1O-
O.05
7
5
13
23
21
15
14
15
io
25
21
19
17
18
12
O.O5-
0.02
8
1
9
49.
5
8
7
7
4
7
7
12
12
9
IO
O.02-
O.O06
9
2
6
1
5
7
8
7
4
7
8
8
12
11
5
O.O06-
O.OO2
10
1
5
1
3
3
4
3
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
below
0.002
11
1
8
6
4
8
7
5
2
3
4
3
3
4
2
Pedologicel
classification
(polish)
12
loose sand
full loamy sand
plain dust
light loamy sand
full loamy sand
_ » -
light loamy sand
slightly loamy sand
ash + peat
light loamy sand
light loamy dusty
sand
full loamy dusty
sand
full loamy sand
sligrttty loamy sand
-p-
UJ
-------
PHYSICAL AND AQUEOUS PROPERTIES OF TREATED PLOTS
HALEMBA
(Date of sampling - Now. 18, 1976)
Table 30
Sample
designation
Numbers
of plots
' I
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C— 4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
F-2
P-3
G-l
G-2
G-3
H-l
H-2
H-3
t-1
1-2
1-3
O-l
* O-2
O-3
Description of plot
treatment
2
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil* NPK
- " -
— fl —
Ash + 1O cm layer of soil + NPK
"
- " -
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
_ « _
"
Ash + bentonite + NPK
— " -
_ i» _
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
- " —
— M —
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
- " -
— " —
Ash + farm manure + NPK
— n —
_ n _
Ash + N2PK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash + NPK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization (control)
_ n _
— i» —
Seed
mixture
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Depth
sample
(cm)
4
0-1O
O-10
0-10
O-1O
0-10
0-1O
0-10
0-1O
0-10
O-10
0-10
0-1O
O-10
0-10
O-1O
0-10
0-10
O-1O
0-1O
O-10
0-10
0-10
O-1O
O-1O
O-1O
O-1O
0-10
0-10
0-10
O-1O
10-20
Density
weight in g/cm
weight
density
5
2.54
2.55
2.56
2.44
2.40
2.42
2.41
2.35
2.40
2.46
2.43
2.34
2.29
2.3O
2.32
2.33
2.36
2.40
2.44
2.51
2.50
2.33
2.31
2.29
2.50
2.28
2.22
2.46
2.27
2.26
2.15
bulk
density
6
0.88
O.99
0.93
O.67
0.91
0.77
0.91
0.82
0.93
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.73
O.76
0.71
O.73
O.78
0.81
0.82
O.85
O.87
0.77
0.75
0.74
O.97
O.82
0.78
0.81
0.75
O.65
O.64
General
porosity
%
7
65.4
61.1
63.7
72.5
62.0
7O.6
62.4
60.8
61.2
62.6
63.8
62.8
68.1
66.9
69.4
68.9
66.9
66.2
66.4
66.1
65.2
66.9
67.5
67.6
61.2
64.O
64.5
67.1
66,9
72.1
70.2
Water capacity
% of volume
capillary
8
49.2
49.8
48.1
46.4
50.5
52.1
52.6
55.4
53.9
47.9
52.5
51.7
58.3
57.6
55.8
52.0
52.2
57.6
54.6
56.3
56.2
57.5
52.O
57.3
51.9
58.1
60.2
56.9
54.2
6O.1
55.4
field
9
21.2
! 19.0
1
20.3
22.1
26.7
24.3
26.1
31.6
i
29.2
23.0
23.7
-------
PHYSICAL AND AQUEOUS PROPERTIES OP TREATED PLOTS
K O N 1 N
(Dote of sampling - Now. 11, 1976)
Table 31
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers of
plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-i!
C-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-*
E-3
P-l
F-2
P-3
G-l
G-2
G-3
H(K)-1
H(K)-2
H(K)-3
J-l
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
Description of plot
treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of fertile soil
+ NPK
_ •* «.
_ » -
Ash + 1O cm layer of fertile soil
+ NPK
_ n •
— * _
Ash + 5 cm layer of fertile soil
+ NPK
— ** —
— * —
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
— •* *
— " —
Aah + low moor peat + NPK
_ « _
_ " -
Ash + mountain -peat + NPK
- " -
— w —
A»h + farm manure + NPK
_ » _
_ » _
Ash + green maize manure +
+ N2PK
_ »
_ " _
Ash + NPK
Ash + NPK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization ( control )
— •• -
- "
Seed
mixture
3~
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3 1
1
2 '
3
1
2
3
Depth
sample
(cm)
4
0-10
0-10
0-1O
0-10
0-10
0-1O
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-10
0-1O
0-10
0-10
O-1O
O-10
O-1O
O-10
O-10
0-10
O-10
O-10
0-10
0-10
O-10
0-10
0-10
O-1O
0-10
0-10
o-io
10-20
20-30
Density 3
weight in g/cm
weight
density
5
2.65
2.68
2.64
2.68
2.62
2.69
2.65
2.63
2.71
2.72
2.70
2.59
2.71
2.56
2.60
2.72
2.58
2.62
2.31
2.72
2.55
2.59
2.72
2.61
2.64
2.70
2.66
2.63
2.58
bulk
density
b
1.4O
1.47
1.48
1.41
1.43
1.35
1.31
1.22
1.12
1.01
O.88
X.22
0.65
0.68
0.74
0.75
0.68
0.74
0.75
0.61
0.68
0.61
0.56
0.57
0.74
0.71
0.63
0.60
0.54
General
porosity,
%
7
47.2
45.1
43.8
47.4
45.4
49.8
50.5
53.6
58.6
62.8
67.4
59.9
76.0
73.8
71.5
72.4
74.2
71.7
67.5
77.5
73.3
76.4
79.4
78.1
71.9
73.7
76.3
77.2
79.0
Water capacity,
% of volume
capillary
8
30.3
26.4
29.5
31.6
28.1
3O.8
33.7
41.8
43.9
37.8
41.9
34.7
56.2
55.9
54.1
53.6
54.4
52.7
54.1
55.7
52.9
55.6
55.9
58.0
54.1
56.3
58.2
56.O
54.9
field
9
14.0
16.7
20.3
17.3
19.2
-------
Konin (tables 33, 35 and 3?)
The pH of fresh ash from Konin ranges from 12.6 to 12.7 (table 33),
The ash in the disposal areas is reduced to between 9.2 to pH 10.9.
The ash in the treatment plots had pH's from 7.6 to 8.8.
Fresh ash from the precipitators shows only 7.93 % of calcium
carbonate (table 33) despite the presence of 27.94 - 34.13 % of CaO
(table 19). On fresh disposal stack the content of CaCO varied up
to 17.29 percent.
Fresh ash from the precipitators contained 0.16 to 0.32 percent
organic carbon. In samples taken from plots being reclaimed the C
reserve ranged up to 4.85 percent (table 34), and was generally
correlated with increases in CaCO,.. In samples of plots treated with
O
fertile soils and organic materials the C content was as high as 0.92
percent, which can be explained by the addition of humus treatment
and by root growth.
Ash from the precipitatcrs did not contain assimilable forms of
phosphorus, magnesium,1 manganese and zinc (tables 34 and 35).
In the process of hydraulic sluicing, manganese did become available.
Phosphorus concentrations "were low even -with fertilization.
Fresh ash contained 8-10 ppm of water-soluble boron (table 35).
Samples of ash from the still-wet disposal area contained 19 to 29 ppm
of boron, and samples from plots contaiwed as much as 37.5 ppm.
Large amounts of this microelement could cause negative effects on
plants at the early stages of growth. Relatively low amounts of boron
were measured in plots covered with thick layers of soil where the
soil serves as insulation.
The sorptive properties of produced soils are here even more
diversified than in Halemba (table 37). The total of bases amounts
from 14.12 mval/100 g (D combination with added tertiary sand), to
99.59 mval/100 g (combination with added high moor peat). Pure ash
on the control combination plots is characterized by a high sorption
capacity within limits of the 40-52 mval/100 g, which seldom happens
-------
in Poland in cultivated soils. This results probably from a considerable
portion of silty substance of a montmorillonite origin. Further increase
in this capacity was accomplished through additions of low moor peats
(52-57 mval) of high moor peats, (55-59 mval), of farm manure
(72-82 mval), and of green mulch (to 67 mval). Addition of mineral
soil in combinations A, B and C lowered the total of bases to about
the 16-19 mval/100 g. The proportion of particular cations in the total
quantity of bases is also strongly diversified. And so the participation
of Mg in the total sorption complex fluctuates from 7.5 % (A—3 combi-
nation with addition of 20 cm layer of fertile soil), to 92.3 °/o (G-3 com-
bination with added farm manure), and the proportion of Ca fluctuates
from 5.3 % (G-3 combination with farm manure), to 90.4 % (combina-
tion A-3 with addition of 20 cm of fertile soil). The proportion of K
is relatively small in the total high sorption capacity (0.6 - 3.3 %)t
similarly is the proportion of Na (0.7 - 3.4 %). Pure ash from control
plot (0 combination) has a composition of cations similar to the fertile
soil used to fertile combinations A, B and C.
SALINITY
In order to ascertain the levels of salt in the ashes, the sodium
3
chloride concentrations were measured. Concentrations of over 9 g/dm
were measured for fresh ash (or 1.67 % NaCl). Soils containing more
than 1 % NaCl are considered saline in Poland. In the presence of
CaCC* , NaCl will be changed to NaOH and will thereby result in an
•J
increase in alkalinity.
Salinity was measured by calculating the quantity of salts dissolved
in water (by the method of Sturway in Nowosielski modification) through
measurement of electrical conductivity with a conductance bridge (Hun-
garian manufacture) of AK 102/1 type - and converting it to Na Cl
3
content per dm of the measured substance.
Results of the sodium chloride measurements are presented in table
38 the ashes of bituminous coal contained relatively less soluble salts
than those from lignite ash. Hydraulic sluicing caused a reduction in
1U7
-------
ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN CHEMISTRY OF" TREATED ASH WITH TIME
H A L E M B A
I series of te-sts - samples Uiken on the JUM. 9t }975
V series of tests - samples taken on the Sep. 5, 1977
Toble .T^
Sample
designa
tiori
Numbers
of plots
plots)
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
R_.,
B-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C— 4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
P-l
F-2
F-3
G-l
Descriptio'n of
plot treatment
2
Ash +20 cm layer of
sojl + NPK
_ " «.
_ H _
Ash + 1O cm layer of
soil + NPK
_ H _
"
Ash + 5 cm lay_er ol
soil + NPK
t(
Ash 4- bentonite 4- NPK
l(
_
Ash 4- low bog peat 4-
+ NPK
- -'
— H _
Ash + mountain peat +
+ NPK
'• -
_
Ash + farm manure +
+ NPK
pH
reac-
tion
in
KC1
P2°5
content
in
mg/lOOg
(after
Egner)
K20
content
in
mg/lOOg
( after
Egner)
Mg
content
in
mg/100 g
0 gen.
content
in %
CaCO
conlont
in %
Series of tests
1
3
6.0
4.2
6,4
5.2
5.8
5.6
5.9
6.7
7.1
B.2
8.4
8.6
8.1
6.2
8.0
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.7
V
4
5.6
4,4
5.4
4.2
5.6
6.4
5.8
5.3
4.7
5.5
7.7
6.8
8.1
7,3
8.3
7.7
9.6
8.2
9.5
8.1
8.8
8.6
8.9
8.7
8.0
8.3
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.9
8.8
8.8
1
5
11,8
4.6
22.O
7.8
16.5
12.5
14.O
25.0
35.C
75.C
64.0
59J3
88.5
56.0
56.0
54.4
53.0
37.5
36.5
V
6
2.9
1,3
1.4
1.3
3.8
16.5
5.8
2.3
5.0
6.0
13J6
16.5
18.3
19.1
13.2
18.3
7.0
19.1
14.0
21.0
25.0
16.5
18.3
18.3
22.9
105O
21.0
25.0
20.0
22.9
24.0
14.O
20.0
18.3
17.7
21.0
16.5
24.0
1
7
11.5
6.5
16.5
17.5
17.4
20,5
la.o
19.0
20,0
36/3
43.0
29.0
23.5
20.0
18.0
16.O
15.0
13.5
20.5
V
8
1.5
1
9
aXls.O
3.0
1.5 a 15.0
2.5
2.0 » 15. 0
4.0
2.5 a 15.0
3.0
2.5 "15.0
2.5
4.0 a 15.0
4.0
5.O n 15.O
5.5
5.0
6.0
7.5
5.5
7.5
10.0
8.5
9.5
6.S
12.5
6.0
6.O
6.0
8.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
6.5
8.0
8,0
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.0
a 15.O
a 15.0
a 15,0
V
10
7.8
11.0
8.9
10.6
13.O
26.5
21.0
30.0
12.2
32.0
38.0
23.0
3O.O
15.5
68.5
23.0
46.0
27.0
44.0
30.0
33.5
33.5
29.5
44.0
12.0
11.0
19.5
13.8
27.0
12.7
18.5
13.4
33.5
36.5
44.0
24.5
40.0
21.5
'
11
5.19
9.67
5.16
2.61
13,85
13.77
5.64
5.46
5.17
2.97
2.70
2,64
4.74
6.38
6.37
5.06
4.90
3.60
2.46
V
12
3.15
3.62
.
4.85
3.91
5.08
,
8.19
5.73
9.18
t
5.03
3.51
4.59
3.45
3.56
1.57
2.92
1.40
1.69
2.86
1.72
3.15
1.75
5.67
5.32
5.85
5.49
4.56
4.56
4.32
6.08
2.86
3.62
3.48
3.10
2.80
I
13
0.33
O.16
0.25
0.16
0.33
0.25
O.16
0.76
1.26
2.28
2.09
3.72
1.77
2.29
2.71
3.22
3.98
4.39
6.08
V
1-1
0.33
O.33
0.25
0.33
0.25
0.42
0.33
O.42
0.25
0.42
0.42
0.59
2.54
1.35
4.32
2.8O
7.42
3.13
6.15
3.98
.
4.41
3.90
5.60
1.27
1.78
1.69
1.95
3.39
2.29
2.6J
1.86
4.45
7.42
5.51
4.87
6.15
4.32
-------
Table 32 continuation
1
a-a
G-3
H-l
H-2
H-3
l-t
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-12
0-3
H-00
2
Aah + form manure -f
•f NPK
"
Aah + N2PK
— » -
- " -
A»h + NPK
_ M _
— " -
Aah without fertilization
(control)
"
"
Fresh ash from
elect rofUtera
3
8.8
8.7
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.6
12.0
4
8.8
.7
8.6
8.9
8.6
8.6
8.2
8.7
8.6
8.6
B.9
8.8
8.8
8.8
8.7
9.9
».6
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.6
8.5
5
19.1
41.5
75.0
57.5
72.5
13.0
46.O
31.0
43.0
51.5
48.5
BO.O
6
17.7
59.O
30.0
18.3
24.0
22.9
22.9
22.0
2O.O
25.O
22.9
15.0
20.0
22.0
22.9
2O.O
22.9
22.9
22.0
24.0
20.0
25.0
7
24.0
3O.O
30.0
22.5
22.0
18.5
22.0
15.0
12.0
12.5
10.5
25.0
8
6.0
7.5
6.5
1.0
9
a 15.O
a 15.0
8.0 .0 15.0
8.5 f
8.O o 15.O
8.0
7.O
7.5
5.5
7.5
8.5
6.0
5.5
12.0
5.0
5.0
19.5
7.0
7.5
7.0
5 15.O
1 15.0
i 15.0
> 15.0
S 15.0
l 15.0
I 15.0
l 15.0
10
42.5
19.5
24.5
35.0
19.5
24.5
13.1
12.3
23.0
11.8
32.0
36.5
35.0
30.0
22.5
47.0
21.5
25.0
20.0
11.6
19.5
11.6
11
2.73
3.15
4.37
4.05
3.54
2.40
2.52
2.61
4.05
4.57
4.80
4.41
12
2.57
3.15
3.86
3.30
3.56
3.04
4.32
2.92
3.97
2.69
1.34
3.42
1.34
4.27
2.36
4.03
3.27
3.86
4.32
4.27
13
6.08
4.O5
3.13
1.94
2.11
3.31
4.9O
6.O8
3.89
4.07
4.05
0.50
14
6.57
3.60
3.13
5.O9
1.48
4.66
2.12
1.78
3.47
2.54
5.17
6.87
3.47
5.94
2.96
3.47
4.07
6.36
2.33
2.12
2.12
2.03
x/ o - above
149
-------
ANALYSIS OP CHANGES IN CHEMISTRY OP TREATED ASH WITH TIMS;
K O N I N
I series of tests * samples token ori the Jun. 12, 75
II series of tests - samples taken on the Sep. 8, 1977
Table 33
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
ot plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-i!
C-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
P-l
P-2
P-3
Description of
plot treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer
of soil + NPK
m 1 it w
w « —
Ash + 10 cm layer
of soil + NPK
i.
«. " w
Ash •»• 5 cm layer of
soil + NPK""
,,
_ H _
Ash + tertiary '
sand + NPK
_ H m
» " —
Ash + low bog peat +
+ NPK
» M •
_ " •>
Ash + mountain peat +
+ NPK
» " —
_ -ii w
pH
reaction
In KC1
I
3
7.7
7.8
7.7
8.2
7.6
8.0
8.2
8,3
8.4
8.5
a. 5
8.8
8.6
8,3
8.6
8.5
8.7
8.6
V
4
8.1
8.3
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.4
8.5
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.4
8,3
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.1
8.7
7.7
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.5
8.7
8.8
3.6
8.6
3.6
8.6
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.5
P2°5 C0r"
tent In
mg/100 g
(after
Egner)
I
5
13.!
12.3
17.7
20.0
11.8
19.1
17.7
11.2
16. 0
12.2
8.0
7.8
5.6
0.7
1.9
1.7
1,0
l.~
V
6
11.8
9.0
16.0
15.5
21.0
18.3
16.O
16.5
19.1
12.5
9.7
12.3
14.5
13,2
14.0
10.0
5.6
12.5
16.0
6.4
8.8
L1.8
7,5
8.6
5.4
2.5
1.4
2.0
3.8
2.9
3.4
3.2
3.2
^.6
J.6
3.4
K20
content
in mg/
lOOg
(after
Egner)
Serie
.
7
9.5
7.5
9.5
10.0
7.5
12.0
8.5
12.5
22,5
11.0
14.0
20.0
26.0
29.5
28.0
33.5
18.5
31.0
V
8
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
6.5
4.5
3.5
3.0
4.5
3.0
4.0
3.5
3.5
8.5
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
3.0
1.0
3.0
3.0
2.5
1.0
12.5
9.5
6.0
8.5
7.0
9.5
12.5
10.0
9.0
8.5
8.0
10.0
Mg con-
tent
in
mK/:!00X'
C aen.
content
in
%
CnCO
contont
in %
a of testa
I
9
6.0
7.2
7,6
9.1
7.1
7.8
10.2
13.3
13.7
a 15
a 15
a 15
a 15
a IS
a 15
a 15
* 15
a 15
V
10
6.2
8.9
7.3
10.0
10.9
11.0
8.9
20.0
21.5
14.9
11.6
9.2
20.O
9.7
19.5
21.5
30.5
9.3
19.0
11.4
2,6.0
13.4
20.0
7.8
35.0
72.0
79.0
84.0
41.0
53.5
67,0
49.5
61.5
39.0
50.0
64.5
I
11
0.81
0.81
0.87
0.81
0.87
0.78
0.74
O.76
0.71
0.90
1.04
1.09
1.86
1.57
1.84
1.88
1.56
2.03
V
12
0.92
0.78
0.93
0.80
0.90
0.80
0.78
0.83
0.92
0.83
0.89
0.81
0.87
0.86
0.89
0.99
0.92
0.84
0.90
1.60
1.36
1.33
1.27
0.92
2.01
2.21
1.88
2.33
2.19
2.04
2.61
2.28
2.33
1.47
2.47
2.43
I
13
1.01
t.Ol
1.43
3.69
1.26
1.18
1.18
1.86
1,01
1,16
4.05
4.39
13.93
12.00
12.00
12.00
13.08
14.58
V
14
1.10
1.86
1.1(1
1.65
1.52
1.86
1.18
3.10
5.30
2.89
1.95
2.07
3.60
2.27
4.66
4.76
15.93
1.80
4.55
1.24
9.31
2.89
6.62
1.44
16.56
20.22
17.18
17.72
16.76
19.60
15.93
16.05
18.4!
10.76
15.52
18.63
a • above
150
-------
Table 33 continuation
1
0-1
G-2
G-3
Jl(K)-l
H(K)-2
H(K)-3
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
2
Ash + farm manure +
+ NPK
"
_ « ..
A»h 4- gree»t manure
+ N2PK
"
>•
Aah + NPK
_ "• _
_ *i _
Ash without fertilisation
{ control)
"
_ ii _
Fresh ash from electro-
fUtera
3
8.8
B.5
8.6
8.6
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
a. 8
8.5
8.6
8.8
12.
4
8.6
8.5
8.7
B.6
.7
8.4
8.5
8.4
B.5
8.6
8.5
8.4
8.6
8.4
8.6
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
B. 8
8.6
8.5
8.4
.
5
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.6
O.7
0.6
1.0
1.2
0.3
1.6
1.2
0.5
0.0
6
2.9
6.4
2.0
2.3
2.5
6,4
5.O
5.4
6.2
1.8
7.3
4.O
3.4
5.6
2.0
2.7
3.2
3.2
3.6
4.0
1.6
2.3
2.7
5.2
.
7
55.O
40.0
62.0
24.0
2O.O
25.5
33.0
26.0
20.5
33.0
32.5
2O.O
12.5
8
17.5
20.5
7.5
6.0
9.5
O.5
11.5
24.0
17.0
1O.S
21.5
15.0
19.0
12.5
9.5
10.0
14.5
17.5
11.0
10.0
5.5
6.0
19.0
21.5
.
9
a 15
n 15
a 15
a 15
a 15
o 15
10
53.0
40.0
71.5
75.0
62.O
39.0
46.5
55.0
6O.5
83.0
56.O
80.0
a 1555.0
a 15
a 15
a 15
a 15
a 15
1.2
58.5
64.5
80.0
42.0
53.0
38.0
36.5
64.0
48.5
55.0
38.0
.
11
1.77
1.90
1.79
1.56
2.00
2.01
1.95
1.90
1.60
1.11
1.46
1.81
0.32
12
2.37
2.55
1.57
4.85
1.97
1.76
1.81
2.36
1.41
2.95
2.07
1.85
2.12
2.73
2.O7
1.98
2.15
2.13
1.30
1.29
1.54
1.12
2.OO
2.00
.
13
15.22
17.37
15.22
16.51
16.72
17.37
16.29
14.15
14.15
5.75
7.07
17.79
7.93
14
11 ^2
9.04
15.73
18.63
2.83
17.BO
16.76
9.2.r>
13.24
22.35
14.60
6.97
17.18
25.46
17.80
23.18
21.32
21.73
13.66
14.49
19.45
13.24
18.OO
21.94
.
x/ a - ahove
151
-------
salts. Treatment with salts, sand,1 and manure likewise reduced the
salinity an additional drop in salinity was measured over the 3-year
period of the experiment.
The ashes of lignite are more strongly saline. The salinity is also
reduced by hydraulic sluicing: and treatment. Treatments of lignite ash
showed that the salinity of the mixture is inversely proportional to the
thickness of. fertile soil layer (a dilution effect).
As in the case of bituminous ash, the salinity of lignite ashes
further decreased during the period of the experiment.
Of the plots planted with trees and bushes, the lowest salinity
occurred on those treated with soil. Observations of salinity on the
remaining plots provide nb: noticeable differences.
After the* 3 year cultivation of grasses and papilionaceous vegeta-
tion the highest salinity level :was ascertained in samples taken from
the experimental field in Konin, in particularly from plots of the H
combination, (addition in the first year of cultivation of double dose of
mineral fertilizers, and in the following year of green mulch of corn) —
3
to 3.45 g of NaCl in a 1 dm of the dry soil mass.
The ash from control plot contained 2.5 - 3.1 g of NaCl. Least
saline'were samples taken from plots of the A combination (addition of
fertile soil.- 20 cm layer), containing 0.18 —. 0.30 g of NaCl/dm of soil.
As nqnsaline can be considered the plots of combinations:
- A (layer of 20 cm of fertile ;soil + NPK)
--•' B (layer of 10 cm of fertile, soil (+ NPK)
C (layer of 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK)
and the plots of the D combination (addition of tertiary sand + NPK
during the 1975-76 period) hot treated in 1977 with mineral fertilizers.
Samples taken from the experimental field in Halemba in 1977
o
indicate salinity from O.O9 to 0.75 g of NaCl/dm of soil, therefore can
be considered as freed from salt in the effect of three yearly cycle of
performed reclamation. Fresh ash from the electrofilters contained about
5.1 g NaCl (table 38).
.152
-------
POLLUTION OF' WATERS
Methodology
The objective of the investigations described below was the deter-
mination of composition and of amounts of substances which could be
leached from ashes with water. Opportunities for such leaching exist
during hydraulic sluicing to the disposal area and as a result of in-
filtration of precipitation.
The tests were carried out on samples of:
a) fresh ashes collected from the electrostatic precipitators,
b) fresh ashes collected from surfaces freshly drained of water in
the disposal area,
c) mixtures of ashes and amendments, collected from the various
experimental plots.
Samples were collected from the treatment plots every year in
order to observe the dynamics of weathering processes and the effect
of prolonged contact of the water with the ash.
Five kg samples were placed in polyethylene containers and satu-
"i
rated with distilled water in gravimetric ratio of 1:2 (10 dm of water).
The water remained in contact with the samples for eight days. Chan-
ges in the dissolved solids concentrations were monitored through
electrical conductivity measurements. After 8 days the water was de-
canted and chemical analysis performed The results of sodium chloride
calculations were presented in table 38. Tables 39 and 40 contain
specific conductance data for the analyzed samples. Specific chemical
analyses performed on water extracts are summarized in tables 41 and
42.
153
-------
ANALYSIS OK CHANC1ES IN TRACK FLAMENT CON'IKNT
OF TREATED ASHES WITH TIME - H A I, E M B A
J lest series - samples token on Jun. 9,75
V test series - scimplps taken on Sep. r>,77
Table 34
des LRnti—
Lion
Numbers
of plots
]
A- 2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C-4
13-1
D-2
I>-3
E-l
E-^
E-3
P-i
F-2
P-3
G-l
G-2
Description of plot
treatment
2
Ash + 2O cm layer of
soil + NPK
» -
"
Ash + 1O cm layer of
soil + NPK
»
- " _
Ash + 5 cm layer of
soil + NPK K
"
" _
Ash + bentonite + NPK
"
"
Ash + low bog peat +
+ NPK
"
— w _
Ash -f mountain peat +
+ NPK
_
11
Ash + farm manure +
+ KPK
"
Content of microelements in ppm
B
Cu
Mn
Mo
Zn
Test series
f
3
0.8
0.6
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.6
V
4
0.36
0.30
0.28
0,27
0.40
O.54
0.36
0.69
0.39
O.80
O.65
O.60
O.56
0.69
0.77
O.61
0.80
O.65
1.80
0.56
1.00
0.52
0.72
0.71
0.67
0.74
0,74
O.66
O.74
0.68
0.58
0.59
0.83
1.68
0.81
0.77
0.83
0.68
0.67
O.OO
I
5
4.2
4.2
9.0
7.0
7.8
7.8
8.6
11.8
12.5
12.5
13.2
15.8
14.8
14.8
14.4
16.2
17.3
i9,a
18.8
18.8
V
6
2.3
2.8
2.3
4.4
1.8
3.6
3.1
] 2.2
10.6
3.8
4.7
2.6
9.5
15.0
11.8
15.0
14.4
6.9
19.4
10.5
26.0
16.7
25. 0
17.5
15.0
12.4
15.0
13.0
12.4
12.4
14.2
14.5
15.6
12.2
14.6
14,6
13.4
16.4
13.6
17.2
I
7
29.5
52.5
54.0
64.0
50.0
56.0
4S.O
41.0
13.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
V
8
19.O
32.0
8.0
38.O
12.0
17.0
21.0
14.0
3.0
3O. O
3.0
10.0
O.O
7.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
O.O
0.0
2.O
O.O
0,0
O.O
O.O
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
1.0
O.O
2.0
O.O
0.0
O.O
0.0
o.o
O.O
O.O
O.O
O.O
f
9
O.O9
0.07
O.21
0.16
0.16
0.13
0.13
O.16
0.19
0.23
.20
0.33
0.32
0.26
0.27
0.29
0.20
0.25
0.28
O.3O
V
10
0.04
O.04
0.05
O.O3
O.O7
O.O 7
0.07
O.OQ
0.12
0.13
0.17
0.10
0.13
0.13
0.26
0.15
0.18
0.12
0.29
0.14
0.16
0.13
0.26
0.14
0.16
).18
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.18
0,13
0.17
O.1B
0.16
0.16
0.13
O.22
0.13
O.16
I
11
95.0
102.5
197.5
235.0
245.0
225.0
245.0
235.0
180.0
31.0
22. 0
12.0
45.0
37.0
50.0
21.5
19.5
3,8
1.6
0.7
V
12 '
46.6
23.2
24.8
20.4
25.6
50,0
5O.O
50.0
7.3
5 O.O
50.0
50.0
4O.5
23.2
18.2
27.1
14.6
0.0
O.O
8.8
0.0
10.3
7.1
0.0
11.4
16.8
8.9
16.0
6.5
2.4
2.4
2.0
0.0
1,8
0.0
0.3
0.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
-------
Table 34 continuation
1
0-3
H-l
H-2
M-3
1-1
1-2
1—3
O-l
0-2
0-3
H-00
H-01
2
Ash + farm manure +
+ N2PK
Ash -f N2PK
"
" -
Ash + NPK
- " -
- " -
Ash without fertilization
(control)
- " -
"
Fresh ash Irom electro-
fUtera
Fresh ash from sedimen-
tation pond
3
1.6
1.3
o.a
O.S
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
O.9
1.5
9.2
15.0
4
0.43
0.74
0.68
0.64
O.31
0.50
0.53
0.46
1.22
O.69
2.00
0.76
1.34
1.48
O.75
0.90
O.82
0.6O
0.66
0.62
0.62
•
5
15.0
16.2
16.6
13.1
18.8
18.0
18.8
1S.8
15.5
20.0
27.6
15.0
6
15.2
14.2
15.0
14.6
8.9
14.2
11.2
15.2
18.5
2O.O
14.4
15.8
11.6
12. B
8.9
8.6
8.4
13.1
9.4
13.1
•
•
7
0.0
0.0
o.o
o.o
0.0
0.0
o.o
o.o
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
a
o.o
0.0
0.0
o.o
3.0
0.0
3.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
o.o
o.o
0.0
0.0
o.o
0.0
0.0
•
•
9
0.25
0.35
0.24
0.34
0.28
0.35
0.3O
O.29
0.26
0.29
1.38
0.80
1O
O.16
0.14
0.15
O.12
(1.16
0.17
0.16
0.17
0.26
O.19
O.22
O.ll
0.22
0.19
0.2O
0.22
0.13
O.2O
0.15
0.16
•
•
11
5.6
•>2.0
2O.5
22.0
2.2
1.6
0.9
1O.6
17.0
6.5
12.8
17.0
12
1O.7
10.O
9,O
15.2
13.2
8.1
6.6
8.6
5.0
O.O
6.0
0.0
8.1
15.9
15.9
1 5.5
10.0
41.3
9.0
16.7
.
•
155
-------
ANALYSIS OK CHANC.F.P IN "IKACf, KLFIMKNI CONTF.NT
OF TREATED ASIIF.S WITH T1MF - K O N I N
1 te.!.«
I
11
fl.7
6.8
0.5
5.8
7.4
5.8
5.5
5.4
7.O
1.4
O.5
0.5
0.3
0.1
0.2
O.3
0.2
>.5
.2
.3
'.2
V
12
7.2
7.4
6.4
7.4
6.6
6.2
7.8
0.4
2.7
1.6
1.4
2.2
0.8
0.6
O.7
O.S
O.4
0,5
0.6
0.4
O.4
156
-------
Table 35 continuation
1
H(K)-:1
H(K)-2
H(K)-3
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
K-OO
K-01
2
Ash + green manure
+ NPK
-
Ash + NPK
- " -
- " -
Ash without fertilization
( control)
„ ii _
- " -
FVesh ash from
elect rofilters
Fresh ash from sedimen-
tation pond
3
29.5
33.5
33.3
28.7
27.O
28. 7
25.0
26.5
27.5
8.0
19.5
4
19.0
21.5
26.5
25.5
9.0
26.O
21.5
16.5
26.3
19.O
21.5
18.5
16.0
28.O
21.5
17.5
19.5
,
•
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
O.O
0.0
5.2
4.8
O.O
0.0
4.8
6
0.2
0.75
0.3
0.55
0.05
O.O5
3.55
2.0
O.O5
.
•
7
3.0
6,5
2.0
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.O
0.0
0.0
8
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
3.0
O.O
O.O
2.0
2.0
4.0
0.0
O.O
0.0
0.0
40
0.0
,
•
9
O.27
O.25
0.27
0.32
O.28
O.29
0.21
0.27
O.25
0.38
0.24
10
0.17
0.16
O.19
O.19
O.21
0.19
0.16
O.16
O.19
O.16
O.19
O.16
0.14
O.12
0.16
O.17
0.22
0.18
.
•
11
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.0
O.O
12
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
O.4
0.4
0.8
0.4
O.4
.
•
157
-------
SORPTIVE CAPACITY OF SOILS FORMED PROM ASHES IN HALEMBA
(samples t&ken on Sep. 9, 76)
Table 36
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-2
0-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
F-2
F-3
Description of plot treatrrent
2
Ash + 20 cm of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + 10 cm of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + 5 cm of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + bentonite + NPK
-
-
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
"
"
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
-
-
Seed
mixtu-
re
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Content of basic cations (mvsl/lOO g of soil)
^g++
4
1.03
1.44
1.23
1.44
1.44
1.64
1.85
1.23
2.26
4.53
1.O3
2.O6
9.47
10.51
10.09
9.10
9.06
11.33
ca++
5
9.88
14.06
9.66
9.66
11.42
9.44
12.08
1O.1O
16.69
14.5O
14.93
16.25
0.43
6.37
0.43
0.43
1.53
O.87
K+
6
0.43
0.55
O.59
O.33
0.45
0.38
21.08
O.84
18.79
3.22
0.56
23.78
0.51
19.87
0.33
0.43
0.31
0.6 I
Na+
7
0.73
0.23
0.25
O.2O
0.26
0.21
4.20
2.77
5.83
4.11
10.52
6. 02
0.23
4.59
O.20
0.18
0.25
O.95
Total S
B
12.07
16.28
11.73
11.63
13.57
11.67
39.21
14.94
43.57
26.36
27.04
48.11
10.64
41.34
11.05
10.14
11.15
13.76
Proportion of cations
(per cents)
V "*"*"
~~S
9
8.5
8.8
1O.5
12,4
10.6
14.1
4.7
8.2
5.2
17.2
3.S
4.3
89.0
25.4
91.3
89.8
81.3
82.3
Ct++
c
1O
81.9
86.4
82.4
83.1
84.2
80.9
30.8
67.6
38.3
55.0
55.2
33.8
4.O
15.4
3.9
4.2
13.7
5.3
K+
S
11
3.6
3.4
5.O
2.8
3.3
3.2
53.8
5.7
43.1
12.2
2.1
49.4
4.8
48.1
3.0
4.2
2.8
4.5
Na+
S
12
6.0
1.4
2.1
1.7
1.9
1.8
10.7
18.5
13.4
15.6
36.9
12.5
2.2
11.1
i.e
1.8
2.2
6.9
\J\
CD
-------
Table 36 continuation
1
G-l
G-2
G-3
H-l
H-2
H-3
t-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
O-2
0-3
2
Ash + farm manure + NPK
_ t» _
_ " —
Ash + N2PK
•» ** •»
- .
Ash + NFK
_ .
_ « _
Ash without fertilization - control
_ it _
- " -
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
O.61
1.23
traces
O.61
0.82
traces
3.70
2.88
1.03
2.26
2.88
3.7O
5
8.78
11.86
traces
10.76
13.78
traces
14.26
9.OO
10.75
12.30
17.35
15.37
6
9.98
O.59
0.12
O.28
0.28
0.11
1.93
O.42
0.20
O.53
0.67
0.84
7
2.OO
1.40
O.O2
0.66
0.24
O.O2
3.92
0.25
0.22
O.22
0.33
0.35
8
21.37
15.O8
0.14
12.31
14.52
0.13
23.83
12.55
12.21
15.31
21.23
20.26
9
2.9
8.2
0.0
5.0
5.6
O.O
15.5
22.9
8.4
14.8
13.6
18.3
1O
41.1
78.6
0.0
87.4
9O.8
0.0
59.9
71.7
88.2
8O.3
81.7
75.9
11
46.7
3.9
85.7
2.3
1.9
84.6
8.1
3.3
1.6
3.5
3.2
4.1
12
9.3
9.3
14.3
5.3
1.7
15.4
16.4
2.1
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.7
VJ1
vo
Reference to col. 3:
1 - mixture of lucerne with white melilot
2 — mixture of graaaea
3 - mixture ol lucerne with orchard grass
4 - white melilot
-------
Changes in properties of ashes in the process of hydraulic sluicing
as represented by analyses of leachate
Halemba
The electrical conductivity of ash sampled at Halemba decreased
by a factor of 17.5 in the process of hydraulic sluicing to the disposal
area (table 41). This confirms the hypothesis that significant leaching
took place during hydraulic transportation. The highest specific con-
duction value measured occurred in ash after 8 hours contact (3.9 mS),
then the conductance decreased, indicating that complex chemical pro-
cesses take place in the ash disposal area.
Chemical analysis of water extracts collected after 8 - day contact
time (table 41) shows the ash has generally high hardness (23.2 mval)
and a high chemical oxygen demand (52.0 mg O-). In the process of
hydraulic stacking these concentrations decrease to 5.4 mval and 9.2
mgO respectively. The degree of leaching is indicated by the high
o
dissolved solids concentration (751 mg/dm - sum of pos. 17, 18, table 41).
The ashes collected from the newer portions of the disposal area con-
o
tain only 116 mg/dm of dissolved substances and thus show the effects
of leaching during hydraulic transport from the power plant.
Konin
The electrical conductivity of ash sampled at Konin was reduced
from 14.6 mS to 0.7 mS during the process of hydraulic sluicing to
the disposal area (table 42). It must be emphasized that the electrical
conductivity changed with increased contact time in a different manner
for ash samples than it did for samples of treated ash from the expe-
rimental plots. Namely the conductance decreased with increased con-
tact time for the ash samples while conductivity in the remaining sam-
ples of water extracts increased systematically. On the basis of these
results it is concluded that the ash is strongly leached during initial
contact with water. Subsequently the dissolved solids are converted
160
-------
as is indicated by the measurements of other chemical parameters and
hardness (table 42) shown below:
- total hardness 319 mval in fresh ash decreases to 14 mval in ash
in the disposal area
— content of dissolved solids decreases from 5 734 mg/kg to 278 mg/kg.
Noteable among the soluble substances contained in fresh ash are Ca
(1815 mg/kg of ash), magnesium (282.4 mg/kg), sulphates (970 mg/kg),
and boron (4.54 mg/kg). In samples of ash collected from the disposal
area basin the content of these substances decreases considerably
(see table 42).
Changes in properties of ash treated "with soil amendments as ^presen-
ted by analysis of leachates
Halemba
The electrical conductivity of leachates of treated ash did not
exceed 0.706 mS (table 39). Thus the salinity level is low.
Other chemical analyses of water extracts show relatively small
changes caused by the ash treatments, because, as described this
was expected since the concentration in the ash in the disposal area
were quite low to begin with. The bentonite treatment did produce
a relatively large amount of sodium in the leachate.
Konin
The electrical conductivity of water extracts from treated ash
remained about as low as measured for untreated ash collected from
the disposal area (table 4O).
The pH of water extracts from treated ash showed a relative decre-
ase for ash treatments of manure and soil, but showed a slight increase
in the case of ash which had been fertilized (only).
Prom the data presented in table 42, it is apparent that the nitrate,
161
-------
SORPTIVE CAPACITY OP SOILS FORME.
(Samples taken on Sep.
SHES IN KONIN
Table 37
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C-4
D-l
I>-2
D-3
E-l
E~2
E-3
P-l
P-2
P-3
Description of plot treatment
2
Ash +• 2O cm of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + 1O cm of soil +• NPK
" -
"
Ash + 5 err. of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + tertiary sajnd + NPK
-
_
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
-
-
Ash 4- mountain peat 4- NPK
"
"
Seed
mixture
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Content of basic cations (mval/lOO g of soil)
Mg++
4
1.72
1.37
2.23
2.23
2.58
2.92
3.27
3.96
3.27
2.15
1.54
2.23
34.44
35.64
43.91
49.76
39.95
72.67
Ca+ +
5
13.96
16.50
14.91
15.87
13.64
16.18
13.64
32.69
19.67
17.61
12.37
19.36
15.87
19.67
6.66
23.17
13.64
25.07
K+
6
0.54
0.23
0.25
0.26
0.23
0.27
0.51
0.51
0.36
0.19
0.09
0.11
0.84
0.97
1.12
1.29
1.O4
0.80
Na+
7
0.14
0.16
0.13
0.19
O.15
0.18
0.17
0.33
0.22
0.13
O.12
0.12
1.O1
1.21
1.26
0.57
1.23
1.05
Total. =
8
16.36
18.26
17.52
18.55
16.65
19.55
17.59
37.49
23.52
2O.08
14.12
21.90
52.16
57.49
52.95
74.79
55.86
99.59
Pr< Proportion of cations
(percents )
Mg++
S
9
10.5
7.5
12.7
12.0
15.5
14.9
18.6
10.6
13.9
10.7
10.9
10.2
66.0
62.0
82.9
66.5
71.5
73.0
Ca++
c
10
85.3
90.4
85.1
85.6
81.9
82.8
77.5
87.2
83.6
87.7
87.6
88.4
3O.4
34.2
12.6
31.0
24.4
25.2
K+
£
11
3.3
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.7
1.4
2.9
1.4
1.6
0.9
0.6
0.5
1.6
1.7
2.1
1.7
1.9
0.8
Ne,+
£
12
O.9
0.9
0.7
l.O
0.9
0.9
1.0
0.8
0.9
0.7
0.9
0.9
2.O
2.1
2.4
0.8
2.2
1.0
r-1
ON
-------
Table 37 continuation
1
G-l
G-2
0-3
H(K)-1
H(K)-1
H(K)-1
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
2
Ash + farm manure + NPK
-
-
Ash + green manure + N2PK
-
-
Ash + NPK
- " -
- " -
Ash without fertilization - control
- " -
"~ —
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
56.65
44.77
66.81
31.68
25.63
29.1O
7.74
4.82
8.95
5.16
6.02
7.92
:>
22.35
27.29
3.80
33.96
6.98
17.45
43.80
43.16
45.O7
46.02
33.32
35.S6
6
0.84
0.67
O.9U
0.78
0,72
O.75
0.87
0.94
0.90
0.58
O.49
O.9O
7
1.46
0.66
0.86
1.14
1.15
1.22
1.27
1.28
1.34
0.62
O.31
1.49
8
81.80
73.39
72.37
67.56
34.68
9
69,3
61.0
92.3
46.9
74.4
48.52 1 6O.O
53.68
50.20
56.26
52.38
4O.64
46.17
14.4
9.6
15.9
9.9
14.8
17.2
10
27.9
37.2
5.3
50.3
20. 1
36.0
81.6
86.0
80.1
87.9
82.0
17.7
11
1.0
O.9
1.2
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.6
1.9
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.9
12
1.8
o.y
1.2
1.7
3.4
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.4
1.1
2.0
3.2
UJ
Reference to col 3:
1 - sainfoin
2 - mixture of grasses
3 - mixture of lucerne with orchard grass
4 - white melilot
-------
ammonia and organic nitrogen content (of water extracts) generally
increased for the treated ash. On the other hand, the chloride and
sulphate concentrations were lower than in the fresh ash. Note worthy
is the large increase in sodium for those plots treated only with ferti-
lizers.
Changes in properties of water extracts after —3years reclamation
Halemba
Samples of the treated plots were again collected in September,
1977, or 27 months after the first collection (table 41). Relative to the
results of analyses of water extracts from the first samples, the second
samples showed increases in levels of ammonia, nitrates and organic
nitrogen, and decreases in boron and zinc. The amount of dissolved
solids decreased in plots of A series, while the samples of the other
series were characterized with increases. The chemical oxygen demand
increased on all series while the biological oxygen chemical increased
on all but the B and I series plots. Prom these analyses it is concluded
that: (l) there are relatively small amounts of soluble salts in the bi-
tuminous coal ashes,1 (2) the treatments cause only small changes in
the character of the leachate, (3) there is a relatively small probabi-
lity of surface and ground water contamination through contact with the
bituminous ashes studied, especially if the ash is disposed of in a
dryer climate.
Konin
The treatment plots at Konin were reassessed in Sep. of 1977,
These analyses indicated a larger change in water - soluble elements
than did the reanalyses performed on Halemba samples. Content of
dissolved solid was particularly large in the second set of samples
taken from plots treated with peat, with farm manure and with fertilizers.
The dissolved solids concentrations were relatively low in water
-------
extracts from samples of plots treated with soil.
Samples collected after 3 year reclamation period produced highly
mineralized water extracts (table 42) mainly due to large contents of
calcium, of nitrates, organic nitrogen, magnesium, sulphates (45 to 2266
mg SO ) of sodium and potassium.
The soluble salts were decreased by treatment with soils, peat or
manure. This is reflected in the improved response of plants during
the later stages of the revegetation experiment.
In view of the high concentrations of soluble substances in the
Konin ash, pollution of surface or ground waters may take place when
in contact with these ashes.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OP TREATED ASH
During the first ten days of September 1977 samples of soil were
taken from a depth of 5-10 cm from all treatment plots seeded with
seed mixture No. 3 and from G and 0 series plots seeded with plant
mixtures No. 1 and 2; for laboratory control purposes, a sample of ash
was washed with water of a neutral pH.
Designations of rank and activity of basic groups of microorganisms
and of enzyme activity were performed using the methods described in
section 6.
Comparison of the results indicates greater biological activity in
ashes derived from lignite, this was also evident in the greenhouse
experiments.
Halemba
The highest activity occurred on those plots wherelow moor and
high moor peats were added(sec. E-3, F-3 - tables 43 and 44). Plots
treated with farm manure (G), also showed greater biological activity
in comparison with control samples. The addition of soils to ash did
not increase the activity to the degree expected. In fact, additions of
165
-------
SALINITY CHECK OP SOILS UNDER RECLAMATION
Table 38
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A- 2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-X
r-3
C-4
D-l
0-2
D-3
D-l
D-*
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
P-2
F>- 3
G-l
Description plot treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of
soil + NPK
- " -
" T
A»h + 1O cm layer o(
soil + NPK
- " ..
-
Ash + 5 cm layer of
soil + NPK
"
"
Ash + bentonite + NPK
"
_ M —
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
- " —
-
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
_ M —
_ II _
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
- "
"
A*h + farm manure -f NPK
Seed
mixture
3
mixture 2
" 3
n 4
n 2
3
4
2
" 3
" 4
" 1
n 2
" 3
" 1
n 2
•' 3
" 1
2
•• 3
" 1
ii 2
" 3
11 1
Halemba
Konin
NaCl fi/dm3
I
Fun. 9, 7
4
0.57
0.57
0.78
O.87
O.78
0.93
0.78
0.78
1.02
0.66
0.66
0.63
0.45
0.39
0.45
0.39
0.3O
0.45
3.45
II
Aug. 30
76
5
0.15
0.09
O.O9
0.15
0.15
0.24
0,18
0.12
0.09
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.15
0.21
0.15
0.15
O.18
f •
0.18
HI
Sep.5
77
6
0.18
0.12
0.09
0.09
0.12
0.27
0.12
0.21
0.12
0.30
0.12
0.42
0.42
0.42
0.48
0.36
0.51
0.39
0.75
0.27
0.51
0.33
0.39
0.33
0.24
0.27
0.33
0.27
O.3O
0.30
O.36
0.24
O.42
0.39
0.45
0.33
0.45
0.36
I
Jim. 12
7f>
7
1.38
O.81
O.87
1.62
O.75
1.29
2.43
2.34
3.06
1.86
2.73
2.91
3.21
3.21
3.22
2.58
3.21
3.54
3.O6
11
Sep. 7,
8
O.51
O.24
0.24
o.ia
0.33
1.62
O.54
2.73
1.68
i.on
0.66
1.14
3.42
3.21
.1.66
3.57
3.21
3.36
3.21
III
Scp.H,
77
9
0.18
0.27
0.38
()..' 1
0.27
0.3O
0.
0.81
O.6O
O.HI
0,81
0.3O
0. GO
0.24
0.51
D.6O
1.62
0.33
O.9O
0,60
2.13
1.83
O 33
2.46
2.5B
3. 39
2.94
2.5B
3.O9
2.67
2.73
3.00
2.58
2.73
3.0O
3.00
2.73
166
-------
Table 38 continual in
1
0-.
C.-3
H(K)-1
H(K)-2
H(K)-3
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
O-2
0-3
2
Ash + farm manure + NPK
- " -
Ash + green manure
+ N2PK
- " -
-
Ash + NPK
- " -
- " -
Ash without fertilization
( control)
"
- " -
Ash from el ectrof liters
Ash from fresh disposal
Tertiary sand
Berilonite
Mountain peat
1/ow moor peat
Fertile soil
3
mixture 2
3
" 1
M 2
11 3
" 1
" 2
3
1
„ 2
" 3
4
0.51
0.07
0.51
0.45
0.57
0.45
0.45
0.57
0.36
0.30
0.36
5.10
0.78
1.41
0.33
0.24
0.32
5
0.24
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.15
0.21
0.15
0.27
0.21
6
0.39
0.27
0.36
0.39
0.33
0.33
0.24
0.30
0.30
0.27
0.39
O.39
0.33
0.39
0.33
0.39
O.3O
O.33
0.30
0.27
O.30
0.24
7
3.78
3.96
3.21
3.21
3.69
3.21
2.73
3.30
3.00
2.67
3.63
9
1.62
0.12
0.36
0.71
0.32
a
3.21
3.36
4.20
3.90
4.32
3.72
2.94
3.66
2.82
3.00
3.15
9
2. 88
3.30
2.73
2.88
2.88
3.45
3.30
3.39
2.88
3.30
3.09
3.21
3.00
3.15
3.30
3.21
2.46
2.58
3.O6
2.64
2.67
2.88
Notice: III series of samples taken on Sep. 5, 77 (Halemba) and on Sep. 8, 77
(Konin) concern plots fertilized in 1977 (the upper line), and the not
f*»i'( ili^nci nl nf cz it r\vm^r lints I _
^rvvMiirij ^i_jrii_*-;i!i fjioi;-! ifini
fertilized plots (lower line).
167
-------
bentonite resulted in higher activity than did soil treatments.
Greater activity was measured for plots treated with single doses
of NPK than was achieved with double doses.
The addition of soil induced a mass development of fungi (table 43).
Large colonies of actinomyces were found. This development favors
alkaline reaction in the medium.
The complete lack of algae and the lack of measurable effects after
vaccination with Chlorella vulgaris algae indicates the toxicity of these
treated ash soils towards this group of organisms. Lack of azoto bac-
teria in all samples also indicates unfavourable fertility conditions and
a poor medium for biological activity. Even treatment with soil was not
conducive to development of these bacteria.
The microbiological investigations show the presence of Clostridium,
spirillum and other bacteria (short bacilli, very active), especially in
mountain peat (P-3), and bentonite (D-3) (table 44). One would assume
that the further development of this group of bacteria is hampered by
adverse reaction "soils" analyzed. Nitrifying bacteria require development
conditions which are absent in the ash. Only average quantities of ni-
trates were identified which indicates the lack of nitrifying processes.
One can ascertain the minimal but advantageous effect of mountain peat
(P-3) and of seeding with a mixture of lucerne and orchard grass
(no. 3 seed mix.). In this last case the results approximate a level of
activity similar to that obtained with soils.
Partial denitrification (table 44) leading to reduction of nitrates to
nitrites in a microbiological manner involving aerobic and anaerobic
microbes occurred on treatment plots fertilized with farm manure and
seeded with the mixture of lucerne and orchard grass (G-3). Treatment
with mountain peat and with bentonite (p-3 and D-3) also encouraged
this process.
Cellulose was most actively decomposed on plots treated with farm
manure (G-3); with bentonite (D-3) and with mountain peat (P-3).
The results were better for peat and bentonite than for treatments with
soil.
168
-------
The activity of saccharose correlates, in general, with the organic
content of the soil, hence the highest values were obtained for plots
treated with soil (table 44). The addition of low bog peat (E-3) and
farm manure (G-3) also increased saccharose activity.
Konin
Conditions of soil environment for biological activity in lignite ash
were better than those of bituminous ash hence the treatments of the
ash did not produce significant differences in activity.
Greatest activity of microorganisms was measured for plots fertilized
with farm manure (G), and especially on ones seeded with mixture
No 3, table 43 . High activity was also found where soil (A, B, C), and
tertiary sand (D) were used. Alfalfa (0-1, 0-3) encouraged development
of microbes. Comparing the results of fungi rank measurements conduc-
ted on soil extracts and on selected nutrients of Martin,1 a large num-
ber developed on plots with increased phosphoric fertilization (H-3),
on plots with mineral fertilization only (l-3), and where tertiary sand
was added (D-3).
The actinomyces rank values indicate better development conditions
ori plots fertilized with soil (A-3, B-3, C-3), with farm manure (G), and
with low bog peat (E-3).
The presence of algae on the lignite ash indicates much greater
biological activity in comparison with bituminous ashes from Halemba,
A particularly large development of algae was noted on plots treated
with peat (E-3 and P-3). In other treatments, the lack of organic matter
constrained the occurrence of algae.
The azotobacter introduced to the soil was sustained and enhanced
in the lignite ash treatments which should reflect the better chemical
and physical conditions. One could probably successfully innoculate
with azotobacter chroococcum.
Microorganisms fixing atmospheric nitrogen were successfully deve-
loped on plots treated with soil (A, B,c) low bog peat (E) and farm
169
-------
SPECIFIC ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER CON'TACTIN'G
ASHES PROM POWER PLANT H A L E M B A
I test series - samples taken on Jun. 6, 75
ill test series - samples taken an Sep. 9, 77
Table 39
Sample
desi^na- Description of plot treatment
lion
Numbers
of plots
I ! 2
"•" — • • — r
H-00
Fresh ash irom electrofilters
1
H-Ol i Fresh ash from sedimentation pond
0 Ash without fertilization (control)
i
A
B
C
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash +• 10 cm layer of soil + NPK
A^h * 5 cm layer of soil 5 NPK
D Ash + bentorute + NPK
E
P
G
H
I
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
Asrr •*• mountain peat -f NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Seed
mixture
3
1
1
I
m
i
in
i
in
i
m
I
m
i
m
i
m
i
m
i
in
i
in
Specific el. conductivity (in uS ') - contact time in hours :
]
2
4
1395
81
67
175
158
116
177
125
232
183
297
162
260
137
35
123
167
135
279
115
167
161
4
5
32O8
103
117
176
177
158
2O9
226
283
332
302
228
302
195
98
181
172
167
279
156
241
271
6
6
3720
117
130
216
196
193
26 O
279
325
446
335
272
343
214
159
214
195
19O
288
181
297
330 ,
8
7
3952
144
115
27O
2O 9
203
339
325
381
493
353
291
372
232
186
232
209
2O9
307
205
353
353
24
8
3813
2O6
163
307
237
216
4O9
386
446
586
393
358
418
284
253
283
260
270
381
240
455
418
48 I 72
9
3552
272
195
318
274
216
5O2
395
576
6O4
483
381
488
302
322
305
325
297
446
260
584
451
1O
3236
274
203
335
269
214
5O2
120
11
265O
144
12
2371
t
3O 9
227
363
276
221
529
414 390
585
623
483
400
488
325
329
325
333
321
446
285
595
493
627
623
529
409
529
339
376
342
365
348
52O
309
668
507
311
23O
381
272
206
502
423
627
651
529
428
529
361
376
363
369
363
529
335
669
539
192
13 ;
2185
330
246
395
279
223
520
450
669
670
567
440
557
375
4 OS
375
395
370
580
345
7O6
554
H
—1
O
1 u S - 1,10
IS -
~3
(Simens)
-------
SPECIFIC ELECTRIC CONDUCTIVITY OP WATER CONTACTING ASHES PROM
POWER PLANT KONII\
I series of tests - samples taken on May 13( 75
111 series of tests - samples taken on Sep, 7, 77
Table 40
! Sample j ;
de = icnation i : Seed
' OescripLior] oi ulDt treatment
Numbers '. mixture
ot plots t >
t ] |
! i i
il| 2 3
: K-OO ! Fresh ash from electrofitters
1
K-O1 : Presh ash from sedimentation pond ! I
"<-A Ash + 20 cm layer soil + NPK !
Ill
K-B Ash -1- 1O cm layer of soil + NPK 1
1
I
K-C Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
K-D Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
K-E ' Ash + low bog peat + NPK
K-F | Ash + mountain peat + NPK
i
K-G j Ash + farm manure + NPK
III
I
111
I
m
i
UI
i
m
;
III
K-H i Ash + N2PK 1
1
III
i
K-l i Ash + NFK ' i
1 "I .
K-O Ash without fertilization (control) I
III
i
Explanation: xl 1 u S « 1,1O ~ mS = 1.1C~' 5 (Simens)
IS - 1 : Ohm -1m". '•--gT~ . S .A
' Soecific ei
!
,
i
1 4
9672
530
214
6O
325
172
372
293
186
228
465
800
483
1162
744
976
309
809
762
1162
670
767 i
-
4
5
94S6
600
232
85
335
349
381
469
2O5
372
483
1093
548
1627
aie
1423
474
1348
1228
1488
762
1255
conductivity (in us" ) - control time in hours
6
6
93OO
650
232
114
4O9
465
409
604
232
456
540
1274
725
1813
950
1655
558
1674 '.
1460
1627
762
1395 j
I
8 j 24
1
f
7 a
9114 8356
730 892
251 288
124 153
!
362( 442
5111 595
437 j 548
669J 3OO
26O' 349
5O2J 679
603! 717
1395J 16&3
aooi 967
193412046
1070! 1283
1767! 2O46
716; 883
1907 ; 2046 i
1785 I2C55
1767 ;1 9 53 ;
810: 95O
1581 ; 1860
i
1 ! ! 1
48 72 1 12<- ' 144 1 192
i ! i !
' '. t :
9 \ 10 ! 11 i 12 , 13
: ' !
8184 j 7988 J7526 17440 i 7254
1090 ; 1330 J1190 11190 ; 1227
349 i 363 ! 400 j 400 I 427
167 J 190 : 223 ] 256 j 260
614 •. 668 j 726 j 752 : 78O
725 i 790 • 865 i 930 !
' ' ' i
688 i 762 : 865 j 855 j 9O6 j
828 ! 874 i 948 j 976 i 99O j
465 | 502 595 i 613 1 67O
697 j 753 818 j 893 i 910 ;
! i
902 i 913 11020 J1020 ! 1O70
1720 ; 1765 ;1860 |1934 i 1980
1210 ; 1210 il375 J1385 ', 1440 ;
2223 j 2278 J2325 ,2371 i 2320
1490 i 1620 j 1720 '• 1675 ; 1720
212O \ 2167 ! 2213 . 2278 ' 2350
1134 ^ 114O : 1140 i 1190 1273
2278 j 2343 i 2408 j 25O2 ! 2530
2650 !2790 ^2790 12830 2970
2046 :2139 12232 '2232 : 2315
1O98 11145 ; 1220 H22O i 1375
1860 I2O01 '2092 2139 : 2205 |
i i i :
-------
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OP WATER EXTRACTS AFTER 3-DAY CONTACT WITH ASHES
PROM POIVF.R PVAXT HALE-MBA (comt?rted to 'J kg it dry mass of ash )
1 te=' series - samples taken 2>r. Jun, 6, 75
III test series - samples taken DH Sep. 9, "'T
Table 41
1 : Content in j^mples collected from experimental plots and from electrofilters
J Parameter J-K^I
series
H-dO
H-01
j
!
t
i
-\ .
2_
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
6.
9_
; 10.
! 11.
;
12
2 3
Ammonia — fng ^^,1
Nitrate? - me NO,
3
Organic nitrogen - nig Norg.
Phosphates - rr.e, PO4
Calcium - me Ca.
Magnesium - mg Vty,
Iron — mt^ Pe
Chlorides - -nt; Cl
Sulphates - rrn^ SO
4
?v1angajiese - nig Mn
Sodium - mt Na
Potassium - me K
I
III
1
H!
I
III
111
I
III
1
III
I
111
i
III
-
HI
1
II!
I
ill
I
111
0 A
B
- ' / i /i
! (con-
4
O.36
0.32
6.2
0.02
147.8
10.9
i.:i
22.5
31
0.1
53,2
30,21
i trol )
A ash
C D
E
^jji^jm ^gji^fia
A ash ic as!i
+ 2O 1 + 1C ] + 5 cm
cm
layer
cm 1 layer
layer of &oU
< of soil ol soil
5
O. 02
O.26
0.00
0.74
11.2
16.4
2
2ti
.
1.4J
0.97
6
O.C6
0.02
1.76
35.20
0.00
11. 8C
o.as
1.6G
11.8
57.1
57.1
44.3
l.r.
2
+ NPK]
7
4.OO
4.20
O.OO
9.20
0.46
15.40
o.2a
0.11
1O1.6
29.6
97.0
22.5
.
1.5
10
6 4
10 54
2u
f
0.1
1.45
O.OO
6.39
46
O.7
2.00
5.38
S.47
+ NPK)
8
1,34
2.90
O.OO
34.40
1.28
B.40
O.3O
O.06
41.4
78.6
30.0
4S.9
.
1.1
14
3
103
63
,
O.4
2.42
7.24
9.31
+ NPK)
9
O.14
1.90
1O.OO
33.90
0.00
O.OO
O.7O
0.51
35.6
71.1
27.8
1O0.5
.
1.2
20
6
4
92
P
/
D ash i E ash F ash
+ ben— + low + mo—
t on; te
boa
+ NPK) peat
! + NPK)
10
0.18
1.10
3.8O
34.0O
0.70
6.30
1.24
0.07
8.8
93.2
12.2
15.2
0.9
8
7
12
124
0.3
2.25
7,50
8.56
O.O
20.66
11.94
25.48
11
0.06
0.39
4.6C
13. 9O
0.50
7.20
1.44
0.65
31.4
54,5
19.7
43.7
,
1.2
26
6
32
36
0.0
1.73
B.OO
6.63
untain
G
t i
G ash
•t- farm
manure
peat + NPK)
+ NPK))
12
0.06
O.O4
0.4B
3O.1O
2.72
7.70
1.26
1.76
20.8
51.9
19.4
37.9
1.1
6
5
44
33
O.O
2.44
3.36
4.59
13
O.16
0.07
1.80
18. 6O
3.96
O.OO
1.24
1.70
16.2
44.1
19.4
44.0
.
1.0
8
6
22
39
O.I
2.14
6.34
7 .64
H I
H ash 1 1 ash
+ N2PK +
14
0.32
0.04
7.72
39.20
3.38
7.70
1.54
1.89
27.4
49.4
26.0
35.1
.
1.1
20
5
34
27
0.1
2.41
13.14
NPK
15
1.26
0.04
3.86
14.00
27.9O
3.30
1.92
0.33
22.0
44.2
30.6
34.1
l.O
18
6
62
56
0.1
1.69
3.44
6.18 1 9.76
ro
-------
Table 41 continuation
—3
U>
1 2
13.
1-1.
13 .
16.
I 7.,
18.
19.
20.
21,
22.
23.
24.
25.
i Lead - mg Pb
I
i
i
! Copper - mg Cu
Zinc - mg Zn
Boron - mg B
Dissolved solid substances - mg
Dissolved volatile substances -
mg
Total hardness — mval
Non— carbonate hardness — mval
B.O.D.5 - mg 02
Permanganate oxygen consumpti
- mg 02
C.O.D. - mg 02
Cadmium - mg Cd
Selenium - mg Se
3
I
hi
I
III
I
in
i
in
i
in
i
in
i
in
i
in
i
in
in I
III
I
III
III
III
4
O.O40
0.0095
0.023
0.853
623
128
23.2
2.3
1.0
8.2
52.0
O.OO154
0.01
5
0.000
0.0022
0.386
0.704
62
54
5.4
1.2
O.2
0.8
9.2
0.00058
O.O1
6
0.000
O.O28
0.001
0.027
0.546
0.010
0.586
O.060
54
178
35
239
5.6
18.1
1.2
12.8
1.2
5.O
O.8
15.2
21.0
84.O
0.00088
0.01
T
0.016
0.026
0.004
0.012
0.702
0.947
0.658
0.048
300
126
134
ISO
37.0
9.2
34.2
8.3
8.6
31.2
80.0
96.9
235.6
364. 0
0.00329
O.01
8
0.043
O.O26
0.012
O.O19
0.282
0.033
0.728
0.086
218
298
226
247
14.2
22.3
13.6
11.9
29.0
6.5
248.0
22.9
75.6
257.1
0.00150
O.O1
Q
0.033
0.064
O.OO9
0.017
0.136
0.033
0.524
0.116
15^
341
156
363
12.O
33.1
4.4
15.9
5.6
13.8
20.4
74.7
6.0
303.0
O.00149
O.OJ.
10
0.014
0.026
O.O01
O.O65
O.O36
0.060
0.760
0.012
162
306
68
186
7.4
16.6
2.6
11.8
5.6
4.2
6.2
12.2
31.4
91.O
0.00085
O.O1
11
0.011
0.027
O.O01
O.O28
0.134
0.016
0.350
0.088
162
205
68
165
7.2
17.6
2.4
6.6
1.6
6.2
3.4
16.4
34.4
lll.O
0.00087
O.O1
12
0.012
0.028
0.032
0.023
0.266
0.010
0.328
0.088
108
181
44
191
7.4
15.8
2.8
7.7
1.0
5.4
1.0
14.3
25.4
102.O
0.00056
O.O1
13
O.O15
0.028
0.003
O.OO3
0.200
0.015
0.690
0.059
82
ISO
74
186
6.8
16.3
1.0
6.9
0.2
6.6
0.6
11.4
21.0
154.0
0.0005?
14
0.018
0.028
0.002
O.O21
0.106
0.059
0.506
0.028
128
156
102
187
7.4
15.0
4.6
7.8
0.2
1.5
0.6
9.0
22.6
74.0
0.00059
O.O1 I O.O1
15
0.000
0.028
O.OO1
O.O21
0.346
O.O11
0.482
0.123
184
254
98
267
10.6
14.0
3.8
4.2
3.6
7.0
2.0
23.4
23.8
163.O
O.OOO59
O.O1
-------
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER EXTRACTS AFTER 8-DAY CONTACT WITH ASHES FROM
POWER PLANT KONIN (converted to 1 kg of dry mass of ash)
I test series - samples taken on May 13, 75
HI test series - samples taken on Sep. 7, 77
Table 42
1
I
1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1O.
11.
Parameter
2
Ammonia — mg NH
Nitrates - mg NO_
Organic nitrogen - mg Norg.
Phosphates - mg PO
Calcium - mg Ca
Magnesium — ma Mg
Iron _ mg Pe
Chlorides - mg C
Sulphates _ mg SO
Manganese - mg Mn
Sodium - mg Na
Test
series
3
I
II!
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
III
I
III
Content of samples collected from experimental plots and from electrofilters
K-OO
f re sh
ash
from
elec-
trofil-
ters
A
4.8
0.32
O.OO
0.00
1815. 0
282.4
6.0
30
970
traces
.
10.40
K-O1
fresh
ash
from
sedi-
men-
tation
basin
O.72
O.3O
0.00
0.04
57.2
26.2
0.0
14
188
.
.
6.36O
O
(plots
0 ash
without
I fertili-
zation
recla-
mation
(con-
trol)
1.20
0.35
4.16
35.50
0.68
6.1O
O.50
O.19
128.6
784.9
13.2
706. 0
.
0.8
8
21.0
322
1980
t
traces
2.920
16.O1
A
(plots
A ash
+ 2O cm
layer
of soil
+ NPK)
0.60
O.20
6.88
0.16
0.30
5.70
0.78
4.35
33.8
84.0
5.6
19.9
1.5
8
7.0
32
45
traces
1.290
2.77
B
(plots
B ash
+ 10 cm
layer
of soil
ff NPK)
0.22
O.04
6.96
0.15
0.12
8.3O
0.04
0.37
84.4
255. 0
3.O
49.2
l.O
8
3.2
158
512
.
1.1
1.520
3.O9
C
(plots
C ash
+ 5 cm
layer
of soil
+ NPK
O.64
2.60
4.34
O.65
O.OO
O.OO
0.08
0.23
6O.8
351.0
3.0
67.8
1.3
10
5.8
134
687
.
1.0
1.956
4.O3
D
(plots
D ash
+ ter-
tiary
sand
+ NPK
1O
0.68
O.O4
4.70
3.22
1.40
4. 2O
0.08
0.53
46.2
234.2
3.8
56.2
1.1
6
2.7
no
516
0.6
1.860
2.49
E
(plots
E ash
+ low
bog
peat +
+ NPK
11
3.38
0.27
3.38
27.21
2.76
8.4O
0.16
O.O4
1O1.2
748.0
11.4
162.1
1.1
12
17.7
282
2040
.
0.2
3.360
16. 05
F
(plots
F ash
+ mo-
untain
peat
+ NPK
12
2.38
O.28
6.56
36.3O
2.16
31.30
0.02
0.01
25.0
873.8
1.8
2O4.O
1.4
8
21.7
60
2266
.
traces
7.160
27.17
G
(plots
G ash
•*• farm
manure
+ NPK]
13
4.7O
0.44
0.36
5.5O
2.70
O.OO
0.06
0.01
167.6
663,2
13.2
320.5
C.9
40
22.2
494
1919
races
10.58O
15.90
H
(plots
H ash
+
N2PK;
14
3.54
0.21
2.94
213.3O
2.84
32.1O
0.46
O.O2
35.4
823.4
0.8
246.4
1.3
14
26.6
122
2233
traces
5.000
12.28
I
(plots
ash
It- NPK
15
3.80
0.22
2.66
O.5O
2.66
6.8O
O.06
O.04
91.6
B57.1
3.2
109.5
1.2
190
51.1
18
1773
traces
2.860
29.39
-------
Tab le 4 2 c ontinuation
1
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.'
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
L
2
Potassium - mg K
Lead — mg Pb
Copper - mg Cu
Zinc - mg Zn
Boron — mg B
Dissolved solid substances
- mg
Dissolved volatile substances
Total hardness - mval/kg
Non-caronate hardness - mval/kg
B.O.D.5 - mgO
Permanganate oxygen consumption
- mg02
C.O.D. - mg 0_
Cadmium — mg Cd
Selenium - mg Se
3
1
in
i
in
i
in
i
HI
i
in
i
in
i
in
i
in
i
HI
i
HI
i
in
i
in
in
in
4
5.08
O.O96
0.012
O.038
4.S4O
5.734
246
319.2
138.0
2.4
4.8
43.4
.
t
5
14.56
O.O08
0.0024
O.382
O.696
278
4O
14.0
3.8
0.8
10.4
33.4
.
f
6
4.30
16.28
O.O08
0.054
0.001
O.O11
O.126
O.O56
O.624
2.489
570
3.097
78
3O8
20.8
162.5
18.0
159.5
1.4
1.3
3.6
11.4
27.8
38.0
0.00152
0.01
7
1.248
3.13
0.008
o.ooa
0.005
O.O18
0.112
O.0^2
0.494
O.015
122
187
88
97
6.0
16.3
4.0
8.4
1.4
4.3
6.0
21.7
27.0
86.0
O.00051
0.01
8
0.238
4.50
0.01O
O.O59
O.0068
O.O29
0.116
O.031
0.26O
1.146
25O
9 2O
132
142
12.6
46.9
8.8
40.6
0.4
2.6
11.0
16.0
27.4
81.0
O.O3171
0.01
9
3.040
9.01
0.008
O.O91
O.OO52
O.O11
0.088
0.052
0.380
1.174
214
1.341
54
168
9.2
64.8
4.8
59.8
1.2
1.9
8.4
9.0
24.4
78.O
0.00171
0.01
10
3.720
3.91
0.006
O.O93
0.0056
O.O57
0.174
0.032
0.396
0.701
176
84O
56
223
7.2
45.7
3.0
4O.8
1.4
3O.O
16.4
290.3
25.6
636.0
0.00251
0.01
11
13.520
19.63
O.O08
0.076
O.OO02
0.051
O.19O
O.O49
O.394
2.113
404
2.685
94
339
16.8
142.1
12.4
137.9
1.6
8.4
11.4
22.5
38.8
60.0
0.00179
O.O1
12
1.732
32.29
0.010
0.132
0.01O2
O.O14
0.2O3
0.053
O.356
-
184
3.321
60
377
4.0
169.2
_
162.2
0.4
7.3
10.0
25.4
34.3
117.0
0.00433
O.O1
13
0.326
20.98
0.014
O.O96
O.O104
O.O35
O.177
O.O50
O.352
2.229
762
2.709
1O8
316
26.6
18.9
20.6
13.5
5.2
3.8
25.6
29.6
64.2
111.0
0.00144
O.01
14
4.110
16.58
O.012
O.118
0.0034
O.O2O
O.169
0.052
0.294
2.677
218
3.414
54
452
5.0
172.O
_
168.2
0.4
3.4
3.6
16.8
32.2
5.0
0.00173
O.O1
15
9.52O
26.52
O.OOO
0.120
0.002
0.023
0.476
O.043
0.730
2.459
322
3.O97
78
454
13.6
145.3
_
141.2
0.2
1.9
5.2
16.1
32.4
65.O
0.00387
O.O1
H1
^J
VJl
-------
manure applied (G). Relatively large numbers of these microorganisms
were found on plots, treated with mineral fertilizers (H, l).
Nitrification was weakest on plots with fertile soil (A, B, C) added.
•The highest denitrification activity was measured in incubated ma-
terial collected from plots treated with mountain peat (P—3) and "with
farm manure (G-l, G-3). Treatment with soil also increased denitrifi-
cation activity but did so in an inverse relationship to the soil thickness.
The most active cellulose decomposition was found on plots treated
with farm manure (G-l, G-2, G-3) and with peat (E,P). Mineral fertili-
zation also favoured development of cellulolytic microflora.
The activity of saccharose was highest on plots treated with fertile
soil (A, B, C) and on treatments with farm manure (G-3, G-2, G-l).
GROUND COVER OP EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS (tables 45 and 46)
The ground cover density of the experimental plots was measured
using a modified phytosociological method. The measurements were
made before gathering the second harvest in 1976 and in 1977. Results
of these measurements for 1977 are presented in tables 45 and 46 as
averages of measurements performed on 4 repetitions of each plot.
Comparison of the ground cover density measurements made at
Halemba and Konin supports the following conclusions:
1. Better ground cover was achieved in Halemba than in Konin
(81 versus 50 %).
2. Both in Halemba and in Konin seed mixture no. 3 (lucerne and
orchard grass) gave the best ground cover. In Konin the ground
cover with this mix averaged 69 percent. In Halemba the ccver was
to 89 percent. The next highest ground cover density was obtained
with seed mixture no. 2 (Konin - 60 percent, Halemba - 85 percent).
White melilot provided a low 30 percent ground cover at Konin and
73 percent at Halemba.
176
-------
3. Mixtures No 2 and No 3, which were sown on fertilized,1 cultiva-
ted objects, covered in Konin about 65 % of area, and in Halemba -
87 %. Poorest coverage with these mixtures took place in Konin,
on plots fertilized with high, and low moor peats (E,P) and on con-
trol object (o), and weakest coverage of 68 % in Halemba was on
object H-2, with double mineral fertilization.
4. Crown vetch (coronilla varia) in the seed No. 1 did not germinate,
at Konin and the covering with sainfoin was generally not satisfac-
tory. Especially on plots treated with peat, farm manure, and those
plots without treatment. At Halemba, lucerne predominated at those
plots seeded with mix No. 1 (particularly on plots treated with farm
manure and with a double dose of fertilizer).
5. In mixture* No. 2 orchard grass was strongest (the amount of seeds
was 5 percent in the mixture, but after 3 years of cultivation it
provided from 5 to 58 percent of the ground cover at Halemba and
from 9 to 67 % at Konin). This grass grew aggressively on ash
fertilized with soil, and on plots treated with tertiary sand at Konin
(D-2), and with farm manure also at Konin (G-2). Other species
such as white clover, tall rye grass, and annual meadowgrass pro-
vided minimal ground cover.
6. The No. 3 seed mix contained 86 percent lucerne and 14 percent
orchard grass. However the ground cover consisted of from 39 to
95 percent orchard grass at Halemba and 4 to 84 percent orchard
grass at Konin. The orchard grass grew particularly aggressively
on plots treated with soil, with bentonite, and with tertiary sand.
Ash treatments with peat, particularly peat from low moor, were not
particularly suited for orchard grass.
7. White melilot did not grow well, particularly in Konin, where both
the ash and the fertile soil were alkaline. Better results were
obtained at Halemba on the plots treated with 10 and 5 cm thick
layers of soil (B-4, C-4).
ITT
-------
OCCURRENCE OF MICROORGANISM? IN PRODUCED ASH SOILS
Table 43
Sample
designa-
XLimbers
ot plots
1
A-3
r i
C-3
D-3
-—3
E-3
F-3
G-l
G-2
| G-3
H-3
H(K)-3
1-3
O-l
0-2
0-3
Description of plot
treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of soil
+ XPK
A=h + 10 cm layer of soil
+ NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil
+ NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
Ash -f mountain peat + NPK
Ash -f farm manure + NPK
-
-
Ash + N2PK
Ash + green manure + N2PK
A2h + N'PK
A^.t-1 without fertilization (control)
-
"
Absolute control
Seed
mixture
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
Microorganism occurence on extracts from ash (thousands to 1 a)
bacteria
4
551O
513O
4860
636O
12600
9960
7S9O
6650
7524
4576
629O
3060
4080
3231
0
H a 1 e m b a
actino—
myces
o
399O
266O
2754
6510
6510
3520
56OO
1824
3990
3360
442O
378O
1370
3332
O
fungi
o
114
19O
540
57
0
48
256
247
O
0
102
O
0
102
0
total
nurr.ber
of micro-
organisms
7
9614
7980
8154
12927
1911O
13528
13696
8721
11454
7936
1O812
6S4O
595O
6715
O
K o n i n
bacteria
8
3330
7OOO
5780
374O
756O
828
2266
9060
4242
54
1140
42OO
510
3740
O
actino—
myces
9
63OC
1O2OO
12580
77OO
966
1674
462O
10600
42OO
1616
627O
630
561
5661
0
fungi
10
54
54
170
220
O
108
44O
120
14O
126
19O
2 2O
0
170
,~i
total
number
of micro-
orsanisms
11
9684
17254
18530
1166O
8526
2610
7326
19683
8582
1796
76OO
5O50
2142
9571
0
—J
CO
-------
ACTIVITY OF BIOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN GENERATED SOILS
Table 44
Sample
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A-3
B-3
C-3
D-3
D-3
E-3
F-3
G-l
0-2
G—3
H-3
H(K)-3
1-3
0-1
0-2
O-3
Description of plot treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of soil
+ NPK
Ash + 10 cm layer of soil
+ NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil
+ NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash •*• tertiary sand 4- NPK
Ash + low bog peat +, NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash + farm manure + NPK
-
-
Ash + N2PK
Ash + green manure + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization (control)
_
-
Absolute control
Seed
mixture
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
3
Occurrence of
microorganisms
assimilating ni-
trcgen in incu-
bation soil,
expressed with
amount of con-
sumed sugar in
mg/g of ash
Halemba
4
0.00
2.56
0.96
1O.O2
3.20
10.98
8.64
3.20
6.40
6.40
8.96
8.00
8.96
6.72
0
Konin
5
13.93
14.95
19.62
3.37
8.71
O.OO
6.5O
O.5O
1.92
7.18
15.80
0.00
4.30
5.50
O
Nitrification
activity in
incubation soil
72 hrsf con-
verted mg of
NO2" to 100 g
of ash
Halemba
6
0.60
0.52
O.46
0.36
0.49
0.60
0.15
0.22
0.54
0.27
O.14
0.17
0.25
0.66
O
Konin
7
0.24
0.03
O.O2
O.S4
0.52
0.3O
0.42
0.66
0.33
0.72
0.39
0.54
0.67
0.85
O
Denitrification
activity in in-
cubation soil
48 hrs, in
mg NO^~ con-
verted to
1OO g of ash
Halemba
8
20
80
2OO
2 SO
20
210
150
6O
410
60
100
20
20
90
O
Konin
9
130
170
230
0
0
480
250
1OO
280
0
110
0
100
200
200
Cellulose
decomposition
in incubation
soil in % of
cellulose loss
Halemba
10
38.0
34.3
31.4
70.O
62.2
41.9
34.O
59. 0
79.3
49.0
52.3
19.0
2.7
5,7
O
Konin
11
18.30
12.70
21.OO
2.70
45.90
37.50
54,70
61.80
76.80
49.30
32.40
7.89
36.0O
18.80
O
Saccharose
activity in
mg of hydroly—
se
-------
GROUND COVER OF EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS BY PLANT SI'FCIF.S
IN PERCENTS
Holemba - prior to II swotb 1977
T.lhlo
Treatment scries
Seed mixture
Plant species - — —
Alfalfa - Medicago satival L.
White melilot - Melilotus albns Med.
Total
Cree.-pinfc> fescue - Festuca protensis
Muds.
Orchard gross - Dactylis glomeratal.
Smooth gromegross - Uromus iner—
mis Leyss.
Annual n-eadowgrass - Poa. praten-
sis L.
Meadow . fescue - Festuca rubra L.
White clover - Trifojiurn repens L.
Black medic - Medicago lupulina L.
Wlii ft:' rnolijot - MelUotus olbus Med.
Tall ryegre.ss - Arrl.e natherum
elntius P.M.
Bentgray-s - Agrostis stoionifero, L.
Total
Lucerne species - Medicngo media L,
Orchnrd grits s - De ctylis glomerate I
Total
WhitfN melilot - Melilot us albus Mud.
J^etuaining species of plants and
weeds:
White campion - MeJnmlium album
Gorcke
Common yarrow - Achiljea mlllefoJiuin
L
Creeping thislle - Cirsium arvense
scop L.
Cemmium fleabane - Rriyeron
canaden&is L,
C.aKiei^soriol - Rumex acetosella L.
Conimoi: wnrmwoRd - Artemisia
viilearis L.
Ilpiiy rockcress - Arabis uror.osa
-Scop.
Hod clover - Trifoliun. pratense L.
'J uftod tuiirgrass - DUE chcunp*ia
caespilosa P.E*.
While- L'.oosefool - Chcnopadiiirn
album L.
officinale wob.
Tolt.l
llnrr? firr;as
2
12
3O
4
9
a
1
8
7
13
3
95
'.
+
+
+
(^
A
'"
+
4
90
94
+
4
1
+
16
1
21
ns
2
+
i
+
2
+
+
•,
a
2
2
5B
4
2
8
+
5
7
2
4
92
+
+
+
+
+
13
3
1
+
1
9
80
89
+
+
]
4
+
+
6
3
9
82
+
•f
+
K
•f
2
7
2
•f
23
+
D
12
+
19
18
+
4
ei
+
+
9
c
3
+
8
84
-------
CiROUND COVER OP EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS nY PLANT SPKCIKS
IN PERCENTS
Haleinlia - prior to II swath
1977
Table 451)
Treatment series
I ii t " Tj i -— — ^T*M ' ' ' * mixture
Alfalfa - Me die ago sativa L,
Whit«? melilot
Total
Creeping fes cue - Fcstuca pra-
tensis Hud£>.
F
I
66
11
77
Orchard grass - De.ctylis glomerata L. 2
Smooth brome grass - Dromus
inermis Lcyss
Annual meadowgnxas - Poa pra-
t ens is L,
Meadow fes ci.it1 - FeetucA rubra L/.
While r lover - Trifolium re pens L,
1 Hark menfc - Medicago Inpulina I-*.
White melilol - Melilotus albus Med.
Tall rye gross - Arrhenatherum
elatiuq, p.p..
Hont ij,ra£r>s - Agrostis p.t olonifera L.
Total
2
7
11
Lucorne species - Medicflgo media L.
Or chord c^ra&s — Oc.ctylis glomerata '
Tot cl
Wliite melilot - Melilotus olbus Med.
V-4«? maining^ species of plants, and
White- campion - Melani liurn album
Gar eke
Common yeirrc-w - Achillea mille-
foliuni \Jm
Creeping thistle - Cirsiuin arvense
scop
Canadian flea bane - Erigeron ca-
nadensis L.
Jt
Ot'.riJcri se-rr «:•! - F^umex acetosella L.
Common wonnw ood — Artemisia
vtUt-'riris L-.
1 lo iry rcckcrcss - Ai abis arenosa
Scop.
Peel clover - TrifcJium pratense L.
Tufted nairgreiss - DeF-cl'iempsia
caespitoaa f'.n.
White t>oosofoot - Chenopadium
album L.
Common dandelion - Tara_xa.ci;m
officinole web.
Total
Fiare areas
+
32
2
3
30
+
2
7
+
60
4
+
2
88
+
12
3
33
52
85
+
+
1
a
72
8
80
+
)
8
10
+
30
2
3
2
5
9
+
29
7
+
2
80
+
20
3
68
24
92
8
H
3
S3
8
73
.
+
2
3
+
24
+
16
^
2
2
2
26
1O
+
*
68
•f
+
32
3
T-
b
95
K
i
4
2
6
4-
.
+
+
14
2
5
5
+
4
8
2.7
0
+
O9
11
3
65
23
86
+
14
O
j6
73
2
1
13
14
2
7
33
-*•
5
5
2
28
2
+
9O
+
+
1O
3
•f
22
r>3
75
+
25
x/ -»-- traces (below 1 %)
181
-------
(••ROUND COVER OP EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS BY I'JjANT SPECIES
IN PERCENTS
Konin - prliir lo 11 svKilh 1077
Tnble 4 Cm
Treatment series
"~ — Seed mixture
Plant species ~— -— —-,.,_
Sainfoin - Onobrychia vicinelolia
Scop.
Axseed - Goroni.Ua vorifc L
TotaJ
Meadow fescue - K'ostucn. pro-
terisis Hiids,
Orchard grass - Dftctylis
glomerntn U
Smooth brotnt'fti'n^s - Bromus
irtermis l^eyss
Annual mead ft wd;r ass - Poa
protensia I,,
Creephm foscrne - Festuca
rubra I/.
White* f lover - Trifoliiim repent
I U rick medic - Modi en go
Lupulina U
While tncliJot - M*'JUotua uJhua
M« c).
'i nil ryr-c^f vj.^s - Arrhenal ht'nnn
f-lnlius PJi.
1 irjnl urft>i -. - Ailt'o^' is strOonife-
r.i U
Tot ol
i— — -rt—
Orchard grnss - Oaclylis <.;lo-
me rat a I/,
TotaJ
White rnelilot
[•ieniainmg plant species:
Hai-nyard gross - Echinochjon
crus-iJ.iHi L.
Knolweed - Polygonhcm f,vicu-
rare U
White campion - Metandriiim
albnin O«rcke
Golden t-arnotpile - Anthoniis
tinctoria f/.
Wild c:uniomile - Matricuria
chamoinilla L.
White itoosefout - Clieiiopoiliuni
i,ll)uin
Field viulet - Vinla arvonsis
Murv,
Wliile dim-lock - Uaplmnus
i-opl'diiistnun t,.
x/ t - 1 race a (he tow 1. %)
A
2
6
-10
2
4
0
, +
+
+
1 U
,ri
O (1
+
*
3
14
72
86
+
+
4
25
10
ir>
11
4
3
n
*-
4
5O
2
5
0
+
I
•f
18
'1
9O
+
+
+
3
B
84
92
+
+
4
4-
+
+
8
6
a
o
+
c
2
4
02
3
'•'•
'.1
+
•f
1
7
2
•J3
+
4-
3
•>o
17
9
+
•f
4
+
+•
J7
29
+
+
+
.,
n
-If)
+
4O
4
t-
-1
+
•f
+
2
4
52
•f
3
1 1
•f
+
+
1
J
77
+
3
23
5 f)
.'It
+
F,
1
2l>
20
+
+
2
+
9
+
+
2
>
2
2
H
+
I .'"
3
2 1
'1
25
•f
182
-------
Table 4f>a continuation
Treatment perils
"~ — ^_^Seed mixture
Plant species " — — ^___^
Stork's bill - Erodium cicuta-
rium I/, Merit,
Roof bromei^rass - Hrotnus
tectoi'iun L.
Common yarrow - Achillea
rni ljt?f rxlii im L.
Common wormwood -
Artemisia vulgaris 1^
Total
Flare areas
A
2
+
10
a
+
14
4
4
55
20
n
2
+
10
3
+
0
4
+
+
34
38
C
2
7
3
•f
11
4
+
+
29
34
D
1
+
56
2
23
3
22
E
5
+
80
2
05
3
+
75
x/ + - traces (below 1 %)
183
-------
GROUND COVER OP EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS HY PLANT SPKCIK.S
IN PERCKNTS
Konin - prior to II swnth 1977
Treatment series
' ' . Seed mixture
Plant species ' — -— ^______^
Sainfoin - Onobrychis viciaofolia
Scop.
Axseed - Coronilla varia L.
Total
Meadow fescue - Festuca praton-
sis Huds.
F
3f
+
3O
Orcliard grass - Daclylis glomeral a b. +
Smooth 'bromegrass - Brotnus
inermis Leyss
Annual meadowgrass- - Poa pra-
tensis I;.
C reaping fescue - Festuca rubra L.
White clover - Trifolium repens L,
Hlnck^ medic - Medicajio LupuJina L.
White meJilot - Melilotus aJbus Med.
Tall ryeyrass - Arrhenatherutn
el at i us P.n.
BenlRras& - Ayrostis stolonifera L.
Total
+
+
+
lA-icerne species - Modicmio merlin L.
Orcliard grass - Dactylis glomerate L.
Total
While meJilot - Molilotus alhua Med.
Remaining plant species:
narnyard grass - Echinocliioa
crus-galli L.
Knotwoect - Polygonum avic:ureu-el
White campion - Metandrium all>nm
Garcke
Ciolden carnomille - Anttietnis
tinctoria L.
Wild cQmomille - Matricaria ch?>-
White goosofoot - Chonopodium
album L.
Field violet. - Viola arvensis Murv.
White charlork - Raphanus I apha-
nistriifn L.
Stork's bill - Erodium cicuUtrium
L. Merit
Root bromegross - Hfomus tecto-
rum L.
Common yarrow - Achillea mille-
lOliuni L.
Common wormwood - Artemisia
vulgaris b.
Total
Hart areas
+
+
0
2
+
10
+
2
4
+
6
+
+
+
22
+
78 '
3
17
13
3O
+
O f
a
1
3
1
32
1
+
+
1
]
-j
+
2
j5
2
1
4
67
+
2
3
-l.
+
+
B
2
06
+
14. 1
3
44
44
88
2 ;
'I(K)
L
7O
4
74
+
+
'.6
2
•f
11
+
2
2
*
55
+
+
7O
30
3
90
4
94
6 f
I
1
45
2
47
+
+
+
)3
2
14
+
2
+
15
31
69 C
:<
63
63
17 7
0
1
30
+
30
+
0
2
13
j
3
+
4
+
24
76 5
3
" ' ~
•33
4
47
3
- traces (lielow 1 %)
184
-------
8. Adopting criterion of ground cover achieved with seed mixtures No.2
and No. 3 (indicators of practical seed mixes for reclamation) the
ash treatments can be grouped in the following manner:
Treatment series
Halemba
Konin
A,B,C
D,G,H
E.P.I
A,B,C
D,G,H
E.P.I
Ground cover density
(*)
87 - 94
82 - 86
86 - 87
88 - 91
78-87
20 - 47
Average (%)
91
85
87
9O
82
31
Note: seed mixes No. 2 and 3 used for
analysis
... ,
j
I
YIELDS OP VEGETATION GROWN ON EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
The yields of the agricultural reclamation plots were determined by
cutting, weighing, drying and reweighing the vegetation above the ground.
A sample of the harvested material was retained for chemical analyses.
The results of green mass weighings are presented in tables 47 and
48. The results of air-dried hay weighings are presented in tables 49
and 5O.
Halerrba
The first harvest at Halernba was obtained in the late autumn of
1975. The yields of air-dried hay may be summarized by the seed
mixes used as follows (the series are arranged from highest yield to
lowest yield):
_ seed mix No. 1 (lucerne): E,O,P,D,H,I,G (highest 3.5, lowest 0.45
t/ha)
185
-------
YIELDS OF c;«EEN MASS (ABOVE C.ROUND PORTION) FROM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
HALEMRA
Table 47
Snm-
ple
desi-
BM.V-
Iton
Nt'IM-
tier?
r»f
,i {.» _
j
/\-'.i
A- 3
A- 4
H-2
1 1-3
H-'l
r.-2
'i-'.\
( -•!
i:>-i
D-2
It-.i
>•:- 1
K-2
K-3
!•-- 1
P-2
1 '-:i
<;-i
C—2
l.i-3
11-1
ii-a
Description of plot
tri?ntlTH>ril
2
Ar>h + *i(> cm l.iyer of
soil + HF'K
— i' _
_
Asli + 1i> crn layer o(
soil + NPK
_ it _
_ „ _
Ash -I- r> ctn layer of
^-nil + NI'K
_
_
A fill + bfc'iilonile + NI'K
_ 11 _
_
A*li + low Ijog peat +
^ Ml'K
_ *i _
_
Ash + mountain peat +
+ NPK
_ " —
,
Ash -f far-iT. tnanure + NPh
_
„
Ash + N2F'K
- " -
Seed
niixturf?
3
2
3
<«
2
3
4
2
J
4
1
2
3
]
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Crops in conversion to t/ha In years
1975
swath
1
Sep.
29
4
13.13
7.46
3.96
10. 08
7.56
4.28
5.79
5.27
2.22
4. 78
2.24
4.92
53.14
fi.72
4.82
4.44
0.26
0.33
-J.26
0.17
2.10
4.77
1.26
1976
swath
I
Juru
10
5
16.32
9.42
11.3B
12.66
1O.O1
11.04
7.47
7. 8fi
.-J.G9
4.3H
3.52
4. OB
5.22
6.27
4.74
6.25
O.70
1.38
3.4 O
•1.29
4.86
6.35
5.12
II
Aug.
30
6
6.92
5.14
4.96
3.11
2.34
3.03
2. IB
2.2r.
2.ir>
1.70
1.1-1
1.42
5.O6
2.1ft
.1.37
1.49
0.51
0.37
0.54
0.72
0.88
O.O4
2.22
1 _l _]
IOI CU
7
23.24
14.56
16.34
15.77
12.35
14.07
9.62
10.10
5.74
6.00
4.66
5.50
"
11.08
8.43
6.11
7.74
1.21
1.55
3.94
2.01
5.74
7.19
7.34
1977
swath
1
May
31
a
26.95
18.8
25.15
12.5
23.72
12.1
22,52
12.0
20.00
11.8
18.7.1
10.5
19.28
10.0
18.50
10.0
16.22
7.8
15.75
7.5
12.78
7.5
14.30
.10.5
25.88
18.1
22.40
14.8
19.40
13.6
17.90
13.0
15.05
9.6
14.95
9.0
12.80
8.8
13.32
9,4
12.5
9.1
13.5O
9.6
14.68
10.4
II
Sep
5
9
14.33
fi.88
6.68
3.38
12.75
11. OO
11.O5
6.75
8.35
4.83
14.70
9.8«
12.80
5.58
6.83
3.5fi
8.7O
6.55
9.73
7.58
6.70
6.88
6.4O
2.70
13.98
12.6f>
1O.83
5.73
7.75
3.73
8.28
1O.O8
6.30
7.58
4.65-
4.63
4.78
5.5D
4.70
5.0O
4.73
4.75
7.35
7.5O
9.13
7.35
total
10
41.28 ,
25.7 *'
31.83 ,
15,9 '
36.47 t
33.1 '
33.57 ^
18.8 '
28.35 ,
16.6 '
33.45 .
20.4 '
32.0BV/
15.6 '
2R.33 ;
13.6 '
24.92,
14.4 '
25'*BX/
15.1 '
19'48x/
14.4 '
20.70 ;
13.2 '
39.86 ^
31.0 ^
33.23 x/
20.5 '
27.15x/
17.3 '
26.18x/
23.1 '
21.35
17.2
19.60 ;
13.6 '
17.S8xy
14.4 '
18.02x/
14.4 '
17.23 ,
13.8 ^
20.85X/
17.1 '
Total
In
years
1973-
1977
11
7O.73
53.0f>
62.B9
59.42
48.26
51. BO
47.49
10.70
32.88
30.20
26.30
3.12
64.08
16.38
38.08
38.36
22.82
21.48
22.7B
20.20
23.07
32.81
23.81/32.41
17.8^'j
186
-------
To hie 17 r on I i MHO t ion
1
H-3
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
O-.l
2
Ash + N2PK
Aah + NPK
"
— " —
Ash without fertilization
(control)
"
3
3
1
2
3
JXX/
2
a1™/
3
4
3.22
3.31
1.S9
5.96
8.15
0.53
5.07
5
9.20
1.70
2.99
4.81
5.66
4.76
10.02
6
3.52
0.75
0.90
1.50
2.42
2.52
3.50
7
12.72
2.45
3.89
6.31
8.08
7.28
13.52
8
14.88
11. 1
12.30
8.8
.13.25
9.5
1O.8O
9.5
10.118
8.2
11.52
8.4
12.51)
10.2
9
7.OO
4.38
0.38
2.55
7.50
4.08
5.50
3.') 3
7 .OO
a.io
6.23
<">. 1 3
3.OO
3.3..
10
21,80,
15.5 '
1 8.0H
11.1
20.8.I
I 4.. I X/
16.3H
13.1 "'
I7.3H
I 7.75
li.r.
1 5,r.o
in.r.
l (
37.8?
24.12
2f..3l
2H.C.5
.'l.'l.ti 1
.M.OQ
plaiiatiuri; without fffrtilivsntion in 1977
*x/ forlili/.ntion in 1977 only
18?
-------
- c=&ed mix No. 2 (mixture of grasses): A,B,C,D,R,U,l,F-,O,G, (4.O to
0.1 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 3 (mixture of nitrogen fixing plants "with grasses):
A,B,C,I,O,E,HfD,G,F (2.7 to 0.15 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 4 (white melilot = white sweetcl over): A,B,C (l.5 to
0.6 t/ha).
In 1975, the best resultswere achieved on plots covered with soil, the
best results were achieved on plots covered with soil, and the thickness
of the layer determined the yields. Low yields were measured on plots
treated with farm manure for unexplained reasons. Low yields were
again obtained on these plots in the following years.
High yields were obtained on plots treated with low bog peat
seeded with lucerne. Exceptionally high crops of lucerne were measu-
red in subsequent years.
in 1976 with relatively good precipitation conditions, the crops were
harvested two times. While it would have been possible to obtain a
third cutting, this was not done in the late autumn. The yields were
(arranged as in the criteria noted earlier):
~ seed mix No. 1: E,O,D,F,H, G,I (highest 3.1, lowest 0.71 t/ha);
- Feed mix No. 2: A,B,C,E,OtH,D,IfG,F (0.2O to 0.35 t/ha);
.- scad mix No. 3: A,B,C,H,O,I,E,D,G,F (5.1 to 0.44 t/ha);
- seed mix No. 4: A,B,C (3.4 to 1.7 t/ha).
In 1977 favourable weather conditions again allowed two harvests,
a.nd growth continued into the late autumn as in 1976. Gn one half of
me plots of ail treatment combinations mineral fertilization was conduc-
ed as in previous years. On the other half of the plots no fertilizer
v/as added. Yields in 1977 were 50 to 102 percent higher on the ferti-
lized plots.
The crops of hay for the year 1977 can be arranged here as
ioilows:
188
-------
a) yields from parts of plots fertilized -with NP:
- 1-st combination: E (10.99 t/ha ),P,D,G,H,O,I (4.78 t/ha )
- 2-nd combination: A(10.82 t/ha),E,B,C,H,G,F,I,D,O (4.51 t/ha)
- 3-rd combination: A(7.11 t/ha),B,C,E,G,F,H,D,I,O (3.81 t/ha)
- 4-th combination: A(9.70 t/ha),B,C (6,02 t/ha)
b) yields from parts of plots not fertilized in 1977:
- 1-st combination: E(8.7 t/ha), F,H,G,D,O,l(2.7 t/ha)
- 2-nd combination: E(6.2 t/ha) A,H,G,F,B,O,I,C,D (3.8 t/ha)
- 3-rd combination: G(4.9 t/ha), E,F,B,I,H,A,O,C,D (3.1 t/ha)
- 4-th combination: A(6.6 t/ha) B,C (3.8 t/ha).
After 3 years of reclamation treatments was found that (table 49)
the highest yields of hay (for 3 years) were gathered from the A-2
plot, with placed on it 2O cm layer of fertile soil, and seeded by the
combination of grasses with legumes (mix no. 2).
Apart from this the highest crops of the 3-year period were gathe-
red as follows:
- from the mixture No. 3 (lucerne and orchard grass) on plots of A
series
- with alfalfa and melilot (mix. no. l), on plots of E series, fertilized
with low moor peat + NP (ash fertilized with low moor peat and NP).
Konin
No cuttings were performed in 1975 due to very unsatisfactory
growth of the plants.
In 1976 the experimental plots were seeded again as discussed
earlier (section 7), Continued unfavorable weather caused no growth
on part of the plots (o, partially I,H,E and F) on other plots only one
cutting was obtained. The best results (in 1976) were obtained on
plots treated either with soil or with farm manure. The yields of plants
could be arranged in a following way starting from highest yield (table
5O):
189
-------
YIELDS OF GREEN MASS (
ABOVE GROUND PORTION) FROM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS
K O N I N
Table 4B
Soni-
ple
dcsl-
Rno-
liun
Nlum-
Ijcrft
of
pluls
1
A-2
A-3
A-1
rt-:i
f3-3
n-4
C-2
C-3
f.-'l
l>-1
n-?
r>-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
p-1
P-2
P-3
G-l
G-2
G-3
H(K)
Description of
jilol treatment
2
Ash + iio cm Inyer of
soil + NPK
„
. ii .
Ash + 1O cm loyer of
soil + NPK
_
_
Ash + 5 en: loyor i>f
soil + NI'K
"
_ *• _
Ash H tfirliary pfmd 4-
+ NI'K
_ ii ^
_ *i _
Ash + low bog peat *
+ NTK
ii
_ ii _
A*h + nioiintoin peal +
+ lil'K
.
-
Aed + farm manure +
+ NPK
• " —
_ H ^
•] As hi + green mainiu'e
+ N2PK
Seed
mixture
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
Craps In conversion lo t/ha in years
1975
swath
I
4
_
_
-
_
_
_
._
_
_
_
_
-
.
_
-
—
-
_
_
_
-
1976
swath
I
Jun.7
5
8. 09
H.34
3.37
a. 22
7.31
2.96
'
7.15
6.94
1.80
0.11
5.55.
5.82
- •
0.72
0.17
-
0.43
0.41
0.62
10.06
7.54
-
II
Sep.
23
6
5.86
3.42
1.25
5.52
3.52
2.18
5.12
3.06
2.23
_
3.50
2.89
-
0.82
0.15
-
1.33
0.13
_
2. 98
2A9
-
total
7
.13.95
11.76
4.62
13.74
1O.83
5.14
12.27
10.00
4.03
0.14
9.05
8.71
-
1.54
0.32
-
1.76
0.54
O.62
13,04
!OfO3
T
1977
swath
1
Jun.7
8
23.48
14.5 '
23.76
15.O
14.98
9.0
2^.82
9.4
22.05
ID. 8
14.38
7.5
20.35
B.7
18.78
52.9
11.32
11.1
10.80
6.9
15.40
6.4
15.02
6.4
12.ffi
7.9
19.62
10.4
19.3E
16.2
13.02
8.3
18.80
12.1
16.P2
15.8
17.55
11.4
26.32
11.3
2 4. 2O
17.6
18.52
16.8
II
Sep.U
9
22.13
3.9
23.48
10.3
13.03
0.7
13.GO
2.5
17.08
11.5
10.75
5.0
32.40
2.0
12.75
7.5
8.1O
4.1
1.15
-
7.70
1.7
8.83
1.2
0.4O •
-
13.10
3.1
14.70
8.9
-
-
8.43
3.0
11.40
9.7
1.05
-
9.03
2.5
12.43
1O.3
- '
-
total
1
10
45.61
18.4 *
21.15 ,
2J5.3 *'
28.51 ;
15.7 '
36.42 ,
11.9 '
39.13 ,
27.3 X'
25.13 ,
i2.r> '
32.83 ;
10.7 '
31.53,
10.4 *'
™-*\,
15.2 '
n.<3*x/
6.9 '
23.10,
8.3 '
23.85 ,
7.6 '
13.05/
7.9 '
32.72 ,
13.5 '
34.08 /
25.1 '
13.8^
8.3 '
27.23,
15.1 '
28.22 ,
2S-.5 '
18.00 ,
11.4 X<
35.35 ,
13.8 '
36.03,
27,9 '
18.52/
16.8 '
TotaJ In
years
1975—
77
11
59.56
56.39
33. J 3
50.16
49.96
30.27
40.1O
41.03
23.45
12.0P
32. IS
32 .56
13.05
34.26
34.40
13.82
28.99
!8.76
19.22
48.39
46.66
18.52
190
-------
Table 48
1
2
H(K)-2 Aah + grocti manure +
N2PK
H(K)-3
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
O-2
0-3
Ash + NPK
- " -
Aali without fertilization
(i.-ontrol)
-
-
3
2
3
1
2
3
, xx /
1
2 **/
2 |
3 xx/
3
4
_
-
_
-
^ '
_
-
-
S
^
. r
.i
.
_
_
'
.
_
6
1.8O'
- p.OS
_
0.98
_
^
-
-
7
•1.80
0.05
_
0.98
^
^
_
-
8
24.12
22.1
2O.52
1B.O
13.92
7.B
22.46
13.6
17.72
15.3
5.7.5
9.62
7.6
1F..52
13.O
9
10. Ml
5.1
13.15
8.7
_.
-
0.83
2.8
5.50
5.4
o.2r-
' 0.2
2.30
1.3
1.1
10
31.70
27.2 *l
33.67 ,
20.7 *'
1.3.93 ,
7.HX/
' 29.31. ,
.16.4 5<'
23.22 .
20.7 "'
6.1 Ml
2.1
] 1/12
n.o
17.1
LI
3Ci.rio
.13.72
13/12
,30.29
2't 22
6.OO.
I1.'J2
1! ( * "2
BxfJcuialioii: X' without (erllllKalloii in 1977
xx / fortlllKolton In 1977 only
191
-------
YIELDS OF HAY FROM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS (air - dried mass)
HALEMBA
Table 49
Sample
Description of
tion plot treatment
,
of plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
~
C-2
C-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
.
~
E-l
E-2
F^— 3
F-l
P— 2
!•-
U-1
G — 2
G-3
ll-l
H-2
2
Ash + 2O cm layer
of soil + NPK
- •• -
- " -
Ann +• 10 cm layer
,f soil t NPK
,.
„
Ash + 5 cm layer
of soil + NPK
-
-
Ash + bentoriite +
+ NPK
_ ii _
pl
Ash + low bog peat •*•
+ NPK
„
H
Ash + mountain peat
+ NPK
_ M _
„
Ash + farm munure +
+ NPK
,,
l(
Ash + N2PK
- " -
Seed
mixtu-
re
3
2
3
4
£.
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Crops in conversion to t/fria
1975
I
swath
4
4.03
2.69
1.53
2.82
2.12
1.26
1.54
1.65
0.62
1.27
0.6O
1.25
3.50
1.25
1.29
1.3O
0.12
0.15
0.45
0.09
0.59
1.02
0.41
1976 1977
swath
1 r
un.
ItL
5
3.69
2.93
1.63
2.32
2.27
1.90
1.70
2.10
0.90
1.28
0.86
O.95
1.31
1.38
1.11
1.49
0.13
0.27
0.75
0.35
1.07
1.59
0.93
I
"8.
a°~ -
6
2.51
2.19
1.78
1.24
1.10
1.21
0.85
1.05
0.77
0.68
0.39
0.63
1.79
0.75
0.57
O.45
0.22
0.17
0.23
0.35
0.47
0.34
1.O3
}tal
7
6.20
5.12
3.41
3.56
3.37
3.11
2.55
3.15
1.67
1.96
1.23
1.58
3.10
2.13
1.68
1.94
0.35
O.44
0.98
0.70
1.54
1.93
1.96
swath
I
/lay
_3JU
8
5.75
3.4
4.20
2.1
4.97
2.5
4.39
r.3
3.44
1.9
3.28
1.8
3.62
1.9
3.01
1.7
2.74
1.3
3.08
1.5
2.56
1.5
2.62
1.9
6.08
4.3
5.16
3.8
3.38
3.2
4.87
3.5
3.67
2.3
3.63
2.2
3.99
2.7
4.37
3.2
4.00
2.9
2.87
2.1
3.64
2.6
I)
=ep.
_5 .
9
5.071
2.4
2.91
1.5
4.73
4.1
total
.-
10
D.82 ,
5.8 '
7.11 ,
9.70 •
6.6 X/
t
4.29
2.6
3.39
2.0
5.29
3.6
4.67
2.0
2.68
1.4
3.28
2.5
3.60
2.8
2.20
2.3
2.89
1.2
4.91
4.4
4.45
2.4
2.30
1.6
2.84
3.5
2.27
2.7
2.17
2.2
1.77
2.0
1.81
1.9
1.95
2.0
2.86
2.9
3.18
2.6
a. r.8 ,
4.9 '
6.82x/
3.9
8.57 ,
5.4 "'
8.29 ,
3.9 "'
3.1 *'
6.02 ,
3.8 '
6.68 ,
4.3 '
4.7r>x
3.8
5.Dlx
3.1
O.99
8.7 X
9.61
6.2
6.68
X
4.8
7.71
7.0
5.94
5.0 X
5.70
4.4
5.76
4.7 *
6.18
5.1 X
5.95
4.9
5.73
5.0
6.82
5.2
otal
in
pars
975-
977
11
1.05
4.92
4.64
5.O6
2.31
2.94
2. 38
0.49
8.31
9.91
6.61
8.34
17.59
12.99
9.65
1O.95
6.41
6.29
7.1.9
6.97
8.08
8.68
9.19
r?atio
of
hay
to
reen
noss
._
12
1.298
1.277
0.233
0.2D3
).25fj
0.250
).261
0.258
0.253
0.273
0.251
0.268
0.275
O.280
0.253
O.2B5
0.281
O.293
0.316
0.345
0.322
0.265
0.284
192
-------
Table 49 continuation
1
H-3
1-1
t-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
2
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
"
- " -
Ash without fertiliza-
tion (control)
-
"
3
3
1
2
3
!«*/
2XX/
3XX'
4
0.77
0.86
0.39
1.67
2.O6
0.11
1.66
5
2.13
0.43
O.77
1.32
1.29
1.01
1.66
6
1.39
0.28
O.38
O.56
0.96
1.06
1.32
7
3.52
0.71
1.15
1.88
2.26
2.07
2.98
8
2.86
2.1
2.52
1.8
2.93
2.1
2.34
2.1
2.51
1.5
2,12
2.2
2.40
2.2
9
2.78
1.7
2.26
0.9
2.79
1.8
2.63
1.8
2.66
2.6
2.39
2.5
1.41
1.3
10
5.64x/
3.8 '
4.78
2.7
5.72
3.9 X'
4'97x/
3.9 *'
5.17
4.]
4.5 ;
4.7
3.01
3.5
11
9.93
6.35
7.26
7.26
8.52
9.48
6.69
8.45
12
0.263
0.263
O.27C.
O.297
0.282
0.262
0.248
Explanation: ' without fertilization in 1.077
xx/ fertilization in 1977 only
193
-------
- seed mix No. 1: G,D (0.20 to 0.04 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 2: A,BtG,CtDtH,KlP,E,I (5.10 to 0.36 t/ha)
_ seed mix No. 3: A,B,G,C,D,P,E,H,K (4.42 to 0.02 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 4: B (1.26 t/ha) ,A,C ( 1.25 t/ha).
In 1977 more favourable weather conditions resulted in higher
yields and, in fact, higher yields than at Halemba. The plots at Konin
were also split into fertilized and unfertilized segments in 1977. Simi-
larly to that measure** at Halemba, the crops grown on fertilized plots
at Konin were from 5 to 90 percent higher than on the unfertilized
plots. All plots were cut twice in 1977 and the yields measured and
categorized by seed mix as follows (from highest to lowest yield):
a) plots fertilized in 1977 (table 50):
_ seed mix No. 1: G(4.97 t/ha), H,D,'I,E,F,O (l.69 t/ha )
- seed mix No. 2: A£.3.78 t/ha),B,G,C,H,I,P,E,D,O (3.79 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 3: A (14.27 t/ha), B.G.C.E.H.F.D.O.I (7.10 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 4: A(8.57 t/ha), B,C (5.54 t/ha);
b) plots not fertilized in 1977 (table 50):
- seed mix No. 1: H(4.5 t/ha), G,D,E,P,I,O (0.8 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 2: H(8.0 t/ha),A,I,F,G,B,E,C,O,D (2.9 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 3: G(9.O t/ha),B,A,F,E,H,C,I,O,D (3.0 t/ha)
- seed mix No. 4: A(4.8 t/ha),C,B (3.9 t/ha).
After 3 years of the reclamation was found, that highest yields of
hay (for 3 years), were gathered similarly as in Halemba from the A-2
plot with a brought on it 20 cm layer of fertile soil and seeded with
combination of grasses with legumes (mix no. 2).
Highest yields of other mixes were obtained from the following plots:
- seed mix No. 3 (alfalfa with orchard grass) on A-3 plots (addition
of a 20 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK), on B-3 (addition of a
10 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK), G-3 (added farm manure +
NPK) - 15.22 to 16.13 t/ha
-------
- seed mix No. 4 (white melilot) on A-4 plots (20 cm layer of fertile
soil + NPK) - 9.83 t/ha
- seed mix No. 1 (sainfoin and crown vetch) on G-l plots (farm
manure fertilization + NPK) - 5.17 t/ha.
CROP UTILITY
The scope and method of investigations
Chemical analyses were performed on hay to determine its utility
as fodder for animals and to determine relationships between macro and
microelements contained in ashes, in fertilizers, and in plants. Radio-
activity of the crops were also determined.
Samples were collected from all treatment combinations wherever
growth was adequate. Prom 1.0 to 2.0 kg of vegetation were dried to
7 percent moisture content. Laboratory tests were used to determine
the fodder (protein) content, ash, and chemical composition. The con-
tent of macro and microelements was determined with standard methods
employed in Polish chemical - agricultural stations 43 . The results
are presented in tables 51 and 52. Radioactive properties of hay were
determined with methods previously discussed in chapter: Radioactivity
of ashes. The results of these tests are also given in tables 53 and 54.
Halemba
The content of nitrogen (table 41) in the yields of the crop cut
in 1977 (after 3 years of reclamation) fluctuated from 2.02 % (mix no. 2
from plot covered with 20 cm layer of fertile soil +• NPK) to 2.92 %
(mix no. 1, from plot fertilized with NPK only). The lowest content of
nitrcgen (l.61 %) was found in samples of mix no. 3, grown on the 0
control plot, without any applied fertilization). The content of this macro-
element in cultivated normal soils amounts to:
_ in grasses - on the average to 1.22 % (max. 2.05 %),
- in legumes - average 2.88 % (max. 3.63 %).
195
-------
CHOPS OP HAY FROM EXPERIMENTAL PM'TS (nir dri.'d mnss )
KONIN
Tab If r'O
Sam-
ple
desi-
tion
Num-
bers
of
plots
1
A- 2
A-3
A-4
H-2
D-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C-4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
F-2
F-3
G-l
G-2
G-3
H(K)-
Description of
plol treatment
2
Ash + 20 c:m layer "1
ertile soil + NPK
_
_
Ash + 1O cm layer of
ertile soil + NPK
_
„
Ash + 5 cm layer of
soil + NPK
__ „ _
"
Ash + tertiary sand +
+ NPK
"
„
Ash + low bog peat -f
+ NPK
„
_ „ _
Ash + mountain peat +
+ NPK
_ ii _
_
Ash + farm manure +
+ NPK
'•
— " H
Ash + tjreen manure
+ N2PK
H(K)-2 - " -
Seed
n ixti i™
re
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Crops in conversion to t/hn
197.r>
I
svvall i
4
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
197r>
swath
I
Jun.7
5
2.99
2.97
0.81
2.85
2.34
0.77
2.13
2. 2O
0.44
0.04
1.89
1.83
-
0.19
O.O5
-
0.13
0.12
O.2O
3.16
2.48
-
-
11
Sep.
23 •
6
2.11
1.45
o.-in
1.98
1.6S
0.78
1.82
J.43
O.81
-
1.26
1.28
-
O.29
O.64
-
0.47
O.06
-
1.08
1.33
.
O.62
total
7
fi.lf)
4.42
1.26
4.83
3.9')
1.55
4.2S
3.63
1.25
0.04
3.15
3.11
-
0.48
O.69
-
0.60
0.18
O.2O
4.24
3.81
_
O.62
1977
swnlh
I
Jun.
7
B
B.31
">.I
'.11
5.8
5.12
3.1
8.67
3.6
7.72
5.5
4.64
2.4
7.12
3.0
7.12
4.9
3.18
3.1
3.64
2.3
5.33
2.4
5.7
2.7
3.42
2.1
5.73
3.0
6.36
5.3
3.53
2.1
6.62
4.2
5.91
5.6
4.69
3.0
9.92
4.2
8.28
6.4
4.96
4.5
7.38
6.8
I!
s,.,,.
8
9
5.47
1.0
5.16
2.5
3.45
1.7
4.01
total
10
13.78x
6.1
14.27
8.3
8.57
4.8 "
12.68
O.7 4.3
4.42 12.14
J(
3.0 8.5
3.23 7.87
1.5 3.9
3.54 10.60
0.6 3.6 *
3.54 10.66
2.1 7.0 *
2.36 5;b4
1.2 4.3 X
0.30 3.94x
2.3
2.29 7.62
0.5 2.9
2.45 8.22^
0.3
0,11
-
3.0
*f*
2,1
3.32 9.05
0.8 3.8
3.13 9.49
1.9 7.2
; M3x
2.51
0.9
2.49
2.1
<£• -L
9.13
r 1 x
5, I
8.40x
7.7
O.28 ' 4.97X
3.0
2.48 12.40^
0.7 4.9
3.13 11.41
2.(i 9.°
2.55
1.2
4.96
* i- x
4. T>
9. 93
8.0 X
Total
years
1175-
-77
11
18.HS
15.69
9.83
17.51
1 6. 1 3
9.42
14.91
14.29
6.79
3.98
1O.77
11.33
3.53
9.53
1O.18
3.53
9.73
8.58
5,17
1 6.64
15.22
4.96
10.55
Mntin
of h,\y
to
tireeti
mn.ss
12
0,317
O.270
0.297
0.349
0.323
O.31 1
0.331
0.344
0.290
0.329
0.335
0,34t,
0.270
0.278
O.296
0.255
0.336
O.298
0.269
0.344
0.326
0.268
O.289
196
-------
Tablr TiO e:onliriunlinn
I
M(K)-S
1-1
1-2
1-3
0-1
0-2
0-3
2
Ash + t'repti mnriurp
•f N2PK
Ash + NPK
- " -
- » -
Ash without fertiliza-
tion (control)
•'
»- "
3
3
1
2
3
jXX/
2XXI
3**/
4
_
-
-
_
_
_
r>
—
_
-
..
_
_
6
O.O2
_
0.36
-
_
_
-
7
O.O2
_
O.36
_
_
_
_
8
6.15
5.4
3.55
2.0
7.60
4.6
5.88
5.1
1.62
O.8
3.22
2.7
6.68
4.3
f)
2.72
1.8
_
-
1.69
O.7
1.22
1.2
O.07
O.O
O.57
0.3
1.38
1.1
10
fl.87
7.2 x
j >••;
2.'o "
9.29
S.3
7. 1O
f>.3 "
1.69
O.R
3.7"
3.0
8.00
5.4
1 I
H.O9
3.r.n
0.6D
7.10
1.C.9
3.79
8.06
12
I) ->< '4
o.2r>r>
0.310
O.3O(i
0.282
0.318
0.38LV
x/
Explanation: ' without fertilization in 197V
xx/ fortiliy.alion in 1977 only
197
-------
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OP VEGETATION MATERIAL SAMPLES COLLECTED PROM EXPERIMENTAL
PLOTS IN HALEMBA
(samples collected May 31, 1977)
Table 51
Sarnie
designa-
tion
Numbers
ol plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-2
B-3
B-4
C-2
C-3
C_4
D-l
D-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
F-l
F-2
F-3
G-l
G-2
• G-3
Description of plot
treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of soil +
+ NPK.
-
-
Ash + 1O cm layer of soil
+ NFK
"
-
Ash + 5 cm layer of fertile soil
+ NFK
-
-
Ash » bentonite + NPK
-
-
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
-
-
Ash •*• mountain peat +• NPK
-
-
Ash + farm manure + NPK
" -
— " _
Seed
mixture
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Hay
humidity
%
4
1O.95
10.88
1O.83
10.73
10.90
11.O2
11.23
11.34
11.03
10.98
11.14
11.12
11.03
10.74
1O.B4
11.16
11.28
11.26
10.69
1O.91
10.78
Ash
Jo
5
4.91
4.01
5.4O
4.41
4.27
4.91
4.84
4.71
5.85
6.02
5.86
5.94
6.68
6.23
5.85
7.87
5.76
7.53
7.O9
6.09
6.08
Protein
%
6
12.63
13.81
13.38
13.06
13.13
13.56
14.25
14.56
16.13
17.50
15.44
16.75
16.31
13.88
12.81
17.0O
13.88
14.00
16.19
13.13
15.25
Macroelement content
in %
N
7
2.02
2.21
2.14
2.09
2.10
2.17
2.28
2.33
2.58
2.80
2.47
2.68
2.61
2.22
2.05
2.72
2.22
2.24
2.59
2.10
2.44
P2°5
8
0.49
0.49
0.53
O.49
0.49
O.53
0.53
0.42
0.38
0.58
O.53
0.42
O.70
0.58
O.49
0.58
O.58
0.49
0.53
0.58
0.65
K2°
9
1.1O
1.05
1.70
1.69
1.30
1.41
1.71
1.61
2.01
2.53
2.60
2.77
1.69
1.65
1.78
1.62
1.81
1.84
1.71
2.04
1.89
CaO
1O
O.61
0.58
O.69
0.63
0.66
0.64
0.74
O.71
O*95
O.83
0.77
O.68
1.71
1.54
O.78
1.37
1.21
0.96
1.18
O.89
0.91
MgO
11
0.56
0.63
0.53
0.53
0.65
0.6B
0.71
0.78
1.05
0.96
0.96
0.96
l.OO
0.76
0.71
l.OO
l.OO
1.08
1.34
1.01
1.01
Microelement content in ppm
B
12
9.5
9.0
10.5
7.5
12.0
12.0
13.5
15.5
19.5
24.5
18.5
21.S
46.0
20.5
2O.O
41.O
36.5
34.5
38.O
22.0
28.0
Cu
13
7.O
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.5
5.0
4.7
4.O
4.7
3.5
6.0
4.5
4.0
4.0
Mn
14
66.O
84.O
98.0
86.0
56.5
44.O
56.0
37.0
31.0
31.0
31.0
24.0
28.5
28.0
33.5
3<3.0
3O.O
45.0
39.O
41.0
32.0
Mo
15
0.8O
0.75
0.80
0.75
1.25
1.00
1.60
2.OO
1.20
2.OO
1.30
1.7 O
3.50
3.10
2.OO
2.95
2.35
2.95
2.60
2.1O
2.50
Zn
16
138 ,0
125.0
137.5
131.0
125.0
8O.O
80.0
66.0
75.0
62.0
55.0
51.0
53.5
4B.5
45.0
47.5
46.5
47.0
53.5
48.0
50.0
Pe
17
725
360
575
342
285
59O
415
415
56'
465
652
320
625
720
825
1075
1050
1488
1037
10O5
69O
Co
18
O.34
0.31
0.34
0.31
0.33
O.43
0.34
0.42
0.31
0.34
0.34
0.31
0.31
0.32
0.37
O.4O
0.31
0.37
0.35
0.28
0.28
VO
CO
-------
Table 51 continuation
1
H-l
j H-2
1 H-3
1-1
1—2
Ash + N2PK
-
-
Ash + NFK
. •• _
1-3 - " -
C-l
Ash without fertilization (control)
j
0-2 j
i
0-3
_ » _
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1 */
1
2 x/
i-l
1*1
3
4
10.54
10.62
10.78
11.63
11.53
11.38
10.81
11.03
10.83
10.56
11.05
10.43
0
9.12
T.33
5.71
5.98
3.74
5.22
5.94
6.70
5.75
5.77
j.40
4.51
6
15.88
14.44
14.14
18.25
16.13
15.25
14.69
15.88
15.63
11.38
15.56
10. O6
7
2.54
2.31
2.31
2.92
2.58
2.44
2.35
2.54
2.50
1.82
2.49
1.61
8
0.58
0.53
O.53
0.49
0.49
O.42
0.49
0.53
0.49
0.49
O.49
O.53
9
1.81
1.90
1.69
1.S9
1.87
1.71
1.45
1.55
1.87
1.78
2.01
1.61
10
O.94
1.04
0.89
1.02
0.85
O.68
0.86
1.46
1.07
0.85
O.8O
0.56
11
1.01
0.90
0.93
1.23
1.00
0.93
0.86
1.16
1.00
0.75
0.93
G.63
12
31.5
29.0
31.5
26.5
20.0
20.0
24.0
37.5
35.0
21.0
31.0
14.0
13
6.0
4.7
3.5
6.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
14
65.5
45.0
31.0
37.5
26.0
21.0
27.5
39.0
27.0
29.5
25.5
27.0
15
3.45
2.95
3.65
2.15
1.40
1.8O
2.00
6.15
3.OO
2.25
3.05
2.25
16
132.0
58.5
58.5
66.5
51.0
43.0
51.5
62.0
53.0
44.5
52.0
33.5
17
1775
1143
645
850
420
18
0.43
0.40
0.36
0.43
0.37
35 O |O.36
620
725
59O
565
585
320
0.39
0.37
D.29
0.43
3.30
0.23
vo
Explanation: x/ fertilization in 1977 only
-------
:HEMICAL ANALYSIS OF VEGETATION MATERIAL SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM EXPERIMENTAL
PLOTS IN KONIN
(samples collected June 17, 77)
Table o2
Same le
Description of plots treatment
a
A-2 Ash + 20 cn-i of fertile soil + NPK
A- 3 - " -
A— J - " -
B-2 Ash + 10 cm of fertile soil + N'PK
13-3 - " -
B-4 -
C-2 1 Ash + 5 cm of fertile soil + NPK
C-3
C-4
D-l
Ek-2
D-3
E-l
E-2
E-3
-
Ash + tertiary sand + NPK
-
-
Ash + low bog peat + NPK
-
-
F-l 1 Ash + mountain peat + NFK
F-2
F-3
"
"
Q-l j Ash + larm manure + NPK
G-2
Ash + farm rranure + NPK
G-3 i - " -
K(K)-1] Ash + greer. manure + N2PK.
i
oeed
mixture
3
2
3
4
2
3
4
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
Hay
humidi-
ty
J
1O.02
9.91
11.53
9.76
9.12
1O.51
9.79
9.74
10.68
10.00
9.53
9.66
9.79
9.74
10.12
10.33
9.82
1O.10
1O.68
10.43
1O. 27
11.35
Ash
content
5
4.40
4.60
5.78
4.78
4.40
5,50
4.87
4.93
7.06
4.46
4.O1
4.71
5.40
5.99
5.30
5.41
5.25
6.90
5.64
5.3C
6.43
3.63
Protein
content
6
8.88
8.31
9.31
7.56
7.38
9.00
7.38
7.88
13.38
9.OO
7.0O
9.50
10.88
8.75
9.5O
10.00
7.88
11.19
9.31
6.88
8.OO
11.25
\iacroelerr.ent content
in s°
N
7
1.42
1.33
1.49
1.21
1.18
1.44
1.18
1.26
2.14
1.44
1.12
1.52
1.74
1.40
1.52
1.5O
1.26
1.79
1.49
1.10
1.28
1.8O
i
P2°5
8
0.58
0.58
0.58
K2°
Q
1.97
2.18
2.46
0.42 1.77
0.49
0.49
0.53
0.42
0.49
0.38
0.31
0.38
0.42
0.31
0.31
0.49
0.26
0.38
O.58
O. 31
0.38
O.49
1.85
1.96
1.86
2.00
2.O1
1.94
1.85-
1.93
2.19
2.13
2.18
2.42
2.21
2.36
2.32
1.89
2 .80
2.37
CaO
MgO
10 11
0.61
0.53
1.22
0.61
0.61
1.15
0.61
0.55
2.11
0.86
0.54
0.64
1.12
0.90
1.35
0.98
0.86
1.82
0.35
0.38
O.58
0.73
0.38
0.46
O.42
Microelement content in ppm
p
12
39.0
34.0
35.5
50.0
62.0
55.0
66. 0
0.42 J61.0
O.83
O.46
O.38
O.56
0.50
0.42
0.53
0.50
O.3B
0.63
1.O3 to. 46
O.64
1.12
1.14
0.38
0.46
0.56
108JJ
128.0
UOX1
116.0
160.0
122.0
ruxo
160.0
92.P
104J3
138.0
1O2.0
Cu
13
3.O
3.5
4.O
2.6
3.0
3.7
3.O
3.0
4.5
3.5
2.0
2.6
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.5
3.O
3.5
3.5
3.0
1C6.0 3.0
273 .0
2.5
Mn
14
33.0
39.0
41.O
28.0
36.5
34.5
31.5
29.0
36.O
34.5
37.0
34.O
38.0
41.0
32.5
41.5
30.0
29.O
42.0
39.5
41.0
37.0
Mo
15
0.50
O.5O
0.90
0.40
0.6O
0.95
0.50
0.90
3.40
3.60
O.65
0.65
5.75
1.50
1.45
4.90
1.60
1.50
4.7O
0.80
1.25
4.5O
Zn
16
20.5
20,0
1B.O
16.5
15.0
17.5
18.0
15.5
18.5
13.5
12.5
11.5
15.O
9.5
12.5
16.5
9.5
11.0
16.5
17.5
13.5
16.5
Fe
Co
17 IS
132 i 0.22
109 ' 0.23
156 i 0.25
103 O.23
1OS 0.29
159 0.31
1O4
1O6
0.36
0.37
174 0.39
129 0.31
100
122
O.36
0.36
250 0.48
600
0.43
144 O.43
131 O.30
105
250
253
147
141
"
0.34)
0.43
0.40
0.45
O.37
0.37
ro
o
o
-------
Table 52 continuation
21
H(K)-2
H(K)-3
1-1
' 1-2
1-3
O-l
0-2
0-3
2
Ash + green manure + N2PK
-
Ash + NPK
- " -
- " -
Ash without fertilization (control)
-
-
3
2
3
1
2
3
1 x/
1
2 *l
2
3 X/
3
4
10.43
9.11
9.66
9.23
9.53
1O.18
9.81
9.95
9.61
9.83
9.98
5
5.58
7.95
6.48
5S2
6.60
5.28
5.89
6.06
5.53
8.98
8.80
6
9.19
10. 1O
11.19
7.75
10.38
8.25
8.88
7.88
6.88
1O.88
11.06
7
1.47
1.63
1.79
1.24
1.66
1.32
1.42
1.26
1.10
1.74
1.77
8 | 9
0.42
0.31
0.65
0.31
0.26
O.49
0.42
0.31
0.26
0.26
0.26
2.30
2.58
2.40
2.32
1.94
2.20
2.04
1.87
1.97
2.80
2.87
10
1.13
2.27
1.31
1.02
1.87
0.97
1.18
1.37
1.11
2.6O
2.58
11
0.56
0.83
0.68
0.42
0.68
0.42
O.56
O.56
0.50
0.80
0.75
12
76.0
126.0
350.0
64.0
90.0
132 .D
185.0
22O.O
114 .C
116.0
11O.D
13
2.2
3.2
3.5
•2.5
3.5
3.0
3.5
3.0
2.0
2.5
2.7
14
34.5
37.0
4O.O
33.0
24.5
42.5
47.O
42.5
45.0
33.5
33.C
15
2.45
2.45
6.50
1.95
1.80
3.30
8.50
3.20
2.85
2.8O
2.75
16
12.5
13.5
16.5
12.5
12.5
12.0
20.0
12.0
11.5
12.5
13.5
17
140
400
3OO
113
152
158
9OO
147
115
325
185
18
0.34
0.36
0.4O
0.40
0.35
0.39
O.33
0.23
0.25
O.37
O.36
ro
o
Explanation: xf fertilization in 1977 only
-------
This means, that the content of this component in the yields of
plants from Halemba may be considered as normal. Similarly no phos-
phorus famine in plants was observed. While the P20 content in gra-
sses cultivated on normal soils amounts to 0.49 % and in pulse crops
to 0.43 percent, then in plants collected from plots in Halemba the ccn-
>',erl of this macroelement was estimated as 0.38 % (combination from
C-l p.lot) to 0.70 % (E-l plots).
Grasses and papilionaceae cultivated in natural soils contain up
to 3.4 percent K 0 whereby this value is strongly differentiated depen-
dent on the plant species. It was found in samples from Halemba the
content of K 0 being from 1.05 % (A-3 plot) to 2.77 % (plot fertilized
£-•
w.-.th bentonite + NPK). On the basis of acquired results one could
a&surrc, that in a further reclamation work this potassium deficiency
would have to be supplemented. There is however fear, that the addition
of potassium may hinder as substitute the uptake of sodium, which
would decrease the rate of desalinization. Necessary here is to carry
out supplementary tests regarding the potassic fertilization.
The content of CaO in plants cultivated on agricultural soils amounts
to;
- in .grasses on average to 0.54 % (max. 0.90 %),
- in legumes average 2.95 % (max. 3.8 %).
One can say therefore, that the ascertained reserves in yields of
calcium are not sufficient and amount from 0.58 % (the A-2 plots), to
1.71 % (on E-l plots). This affects particularly the mixtures with gre-
ater proportion of legumes (mix. no. 3 and no. 4), where the CaO con-
tent, did not exceed 0.96 % (P-3 plots). This problem should be bro-
ught to light in further investigations of aluminous ash reclamation.
The limitary values of microelements in lucerne, obtaining in Polish
conditions are as follows in ppm:
min max average
B 25.5 54.0 36.0
Cu 5.6 18.8 10.4
Mn 26.3 60.2 35.8
202
-------
mm max avera.se
Mo O.O1 2.76 O.68
Zn 28.8 50.2 39.0
Pe 117 247 160
Co 0.05 0.29 0.13
In the light of these data in reference to yields of vegetation collected
at Halemba it can be said that:
l) The content of boron is insufficient in plants gathered from plots
fertilized with fertile soil, in other combinations it fluctuates within
18.5 ppm (D-2) to 46 ppm (E-l);
2) The content of copper is not sufficient in most cultivation combina-
tions, and in yields gathered from control plots is exceptionally low
(2 - 3.5 ppm);
3) The content of manganese fluctuates from 21 ppm (plants from 1-3
plot), to 98 ppm (plants from A-4 plot), which can be considered
as maximum, higher Mn values contain plants growing, on plots
fertilized with fertile soil.
4) The content of molybdenum is exceeding the given above figure of
2.76 ppm in plants coming from plots supplied with peat (E—1, E-2,
P-l, P-3), with mineral fertilizers in double dose (H-l, H-2, H-3)
and from the not fertilized control plots (0-1, 0-2, 0-3); a particu-
larly high Mo value was found in the mixture no. 1 (lucerne and
melilot) coming from the control plot 0-1 (6.15 ppm).
5) The content of Zn stays within the permitted limits only in plants
coming from some of the plots; considering that harmful for health
is the content of Zn above the 50 ppm level the yields of following
plots are not fit for animal consumption:
- the A, B and C combinations with brought on fertile soil + NPK -
66 to 137.5 ppm Zn
- the D combinations with bentonite fertilization + NPK - 51 to
62 ppm Zn
203
-------
RADIOACTIVITY OF CROPS COLLECTED PROM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS IN HALEM3A
(samples taken on Sep. 9, 1976)
Table 53
Sample
destination
Numbers
of ptuts
A-2
A-3
A-",
B-3
C-3
D-3
E-2
P-3
G-3
H-3
1-3
0-3
Description of plot treatment
2
Ash + 20 cm layer of soil + NPK
-
A=h •+ 10 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + bentonite + NPK
Ash 4- low bog peat + NPK
Seed
mixture
Alpha activity
(pCi per g of
mass )
!
green j dry
3 4
2
3
3
3
3
3
Ash + mountain peat + NPK 3
Ash +• farm manure + NPK
Ash + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization - control
3
3
3
3
6.99
3.02
12.21
17.154
8.28
7.19
traces
traces
20.87
4.07
5.19
5.10
5
19.43
7.3O
34.08
37.58
17.70
16.26
traces
traces
39.18
10.45
13.95
13.37
Beta activity ! Gamma activity
( pCi per g of mas=) CpCi per g of mas=)
green
6
4.21
4.47
5.37
9.67
5.36
9.65
6.61
7.96
8.29
5.38
6.88
6.3r<
dry
7
11.69
10.52
14.98
20.57
11.45
21.81
20.25
17.37
15.56
13.BO
18.51
17.79
cree n ; dry
i
8
traces
1.21
3.76
traces
traces
9
treices
2.83
10.50
traces
traces
O.59
traces
O.94
traces
'•
0.74
traces
1.34
traces
2.04
traces
»
1.99
traces
ro
o
-c-
-------
RADIOACTIVITY OF CROPS COLLECTED PROM EXPERIMENTAL PLOTS IN KONIN
( samples taken on the Sep. 6,1976)
Table 54
designa-
tion
Numbers
of plots
1
A-2
A-3
A-4
B-3
C-3
D-3
E-3
F-3
G-3
H(K)-3
1-3
0-3
Description of plot treatment
2
Ash + 2O cm layer of soil + NPK
- " -
-
Ash + 10 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + 5 cm layer of soil + NPK
Ash + tertiary sond + NPK
Ash + low bog pent + NPK
Ash + mountain peat + NPK
Ash •§• farm manure + NPK
Ash + green manure + N2PK
Ash + NPK
Ash without fertilization - control
Seed
mixture
1
3
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Alpha activity
(pCi per 1 g of mass
green
4
12.76
27.09
1.98
13.11
13.13
11JS
11.80
traces
12.37
4.70
nc crop
no crop
dry
D
22.43
43.34
4.16
25.27
24.53
27.95
26.30
traces
27.48
12.85
Beta activity
(pCi per 1 g of
ma ^s }
green
6
10.66
9.47
5.77
6.18
9.70
7.80
6.03
8.43
9.06
7.35
dry
i
18.74
15.15
12.15
11.92
18.12
19.50
13.44
17.98
20.14
20.06
Gamma activity
(pCi per 1 g of
ma == )
green
8
5.77
2.08
traces
2.60
traces
traces
3.05
4.63
4.62
traces
I dry
9
10.15
3.32
traces
S.Oii
traces
traces
6.79
9.88
10.27
traces
ro
o
VJ1
-------
- the H combinations with double mineral fertilization - 58.5 to
112 ppm Zn
- the 0 combinations (control) and I (with mineral NPK fertilization)
- 51.5 to 66.5 ppm Zn.
6) The content of iron is number of times higher in all tested sam-
ples in comparison with normal vegetation, which fact speaks of
intensive uptake of this element from the soil (320 to 1775 ppm
of Pe).
7) The content of cobalt stays within the provided above limits or
is slightly higher (within limits to 0.43 ppm).
In summary one may state, that the acquired yields of hay from
particular plots in few cases only are fit for use as fodder for animals,
and this is due to an excessive amount of zinc or of molybdenum.
Particular amendments improving growth of plants by and large, do not
improve the fodder value of hay. In the given example it seems, that
excessive quantities of zinc are derived from fertile soil used in the
A,B and C combinations to meliorate the ashes. Hence the proposition
that one has to consider the exact composition and properties of sub-
stances utilized to improve ashes. The content of zinc in pure ashes
stays close to the upper permitted limit value, or exceeds it but slightly.
Konin
The content of nitrogen (table 52 ) in yields of the first crop
cut in 1977 (after 3 years of reclamation) fluctuated from 1.10 %
(mix of grasses with legumes on plots fertilized with farm manure and
NPK) to 2.14 % (mixture no. 4 on plots covered with 5 cm layer of
fertile soil). This implies, that content of this component in the crops
from Konin can be regarded as close to content of nitrogen found in
plants grown on normal soils. Also the content of P20_, within ranges
from 0.26 percent, (mixture no. 2 and no 3 growing on control plots,
and mixture no. 2 growing on plots fertilized with high moor peat and
NPK) to 0.65 % (mixture no. 1 cultivated on plots fertilized with NPK)
206
-------
may be considered as satisfactory. Pure ash requires a supplement in
fertilization of phosphorus. The content of K?0 fluctuates from 1.77 %
(mixture no. 2 grown on plots supplied with 10 cm layer of fertile soil)
to 2.87 % (mixture no. 3 growing on not fertilized control plots), which
might indicate a moderate deficiency of this component in used cultiva-
ted soil to fertilize the ash. The potassic fertilization was restricted in
the course of the field experiment due to a significant salinity of the
not treated ashes. The content of CaO in yields of hay amounts from
0.53 % (mixture no. 3 - on plots fertilized with a 20 cm layer of fertile
soil + NPK), to 2.60 % (mixture no. 3 - on control plots without ferti-
lization used),speaking of sufficient reserves of this element in the
fodder.
Regarding the contents of basic microelements one could state
precisely the following regularities:
1) The content of boron exceeds often by several times the standards
presented above for plants gathered from normal soils, achieving
the 275 ppm B (mixture no. 1 grown on plot supplied with green
manure and NPK) and 220 ppm (mixture no. 2 - on control plot);
the results of boron designations speak of considerable effective-
ness of fertilization with fertile soil:
_ the B content of 34 - 39 ppm by 20 cm thick layer of soil;
_ the B content of 50 - 62 ppm by 1O cm thick layer;
_ the B content of 61 - 108 ppm by 5 cm thick layer.
2) The content of copper in yields gathered from all plots is insuffi-
cient and amounts from 2.0 to 4.5 ppm.
3) The content of manganese conforms to standards stated for plants
grown on normal soils.
4) The content of molybdenum approaches the 8.5 ppm value in crops
of mixture no. 1 gathered from the control plot) other mixtures of
grasses with legumes from this plot have also a raised Mo content;
a high content of this element was also ascertained in mixture no.l,
gathered from plots fertilized with NPK (5.75 ppm), and with high
moor peat and NPK (4.90 ppm); the crops of these plants when
207
-------
ASSESSMENT OF TREES AND SHRUBS' CULTIVATION SUCCESSFUI/NESS.
HALEMBA
Numbers
of plots
1
!-l
1-2
1-3
1-4
11-1
11-2
11-3
11-4
1II-1
HI-2
Ilt-3
II1-4
IV-1
IV-2
IV-3
rv-4
V-l
V-2
V-3
V-4
VI-1
VI-2
Vl-3
VI-4
Kind of culture
2
Poplar I
"
11
Poplar II
••
"
"
Birch
••
"
»
Gray alder
M
"
„
Black alder
..
,.
M
Locust tree
„
„
,.
Method
of pit
dressing
3
Ia)
2b)
!d>
i
2
3
4
3
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
Cuttings in years (spc.
1975
4
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
1976
5
-
-
:
-
i
-
2
23
24
24
24
5
6
7
9
23
24
15
17
-
1
_
_
1977
6
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
_
-
-
5
9
9
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
Total
7
9
9
9
9
9
11
9
11
47
48
48
48
34
39
-
46
47
48
39
41
24
25
24
24
Losses in years (spc.)
1975
8
-
-
:
-
i
-
2
21
24
22
23
4
14
14
18
5
10
6
4
-
1
-
_
1976
9
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
2
1
6
1
2
4
18
7
9
13
-
-
_
_
1977
10
1
-
1
-
-
1
-
18
17
20
19
2
3
1
-
5
7
10
1
-
-
-
_
Total
11
1
-
1
-
2
1
2
41
41
44
43
12
18
17
22
28
24
25
18
-
1
-
_
%
12
11.1
C.C
0.0
11.1
'0.0
22.2
11.1
22.2
87.2
85.4
91.7
89.6
35.3
46.2
42.5
47.8
59.6
50.0
64.1
43.9
O.O
4.0
0.0
0.0
Average increase in
height (cm)
1975
13
O.24
0.21
0.22
O.21
O..2.4
O.23
0.20
0.23
0.19
0.06
O.O9
O.O9
0.12
0.14
O.O9
0.14
0.09
0.15
0.11
0.78
0.63
0.68
0.56
1976
14
0.12
0.08
0.04
0.11
0.24
0.15
0.19
0.19
-
-
-
-
O.14
0.12
0.1O
0.06
.
0.40
0.24
0.42
0.45
0.50
0.37
1977
15
0.53
0.19
0.31
O.24
0.36
0.17
0.29
0.42
0.12
0.23
0.22
0.27
O.31
O.22
0.29
0.19
0.15
0.11
0.32
O.16
1.02
0.99
0.98
1.09
in years
1975-77
(jointly)
16
0.89
0.48
0.57
0.56
0.74
0.55
0.68
0.84
0.31
0.23
0.28
0.36
0.54
0.46
0.53
0.34
0.29
0.20
0.87
0.51
2.22
2.07
2.16
2.02
ro
o
CO
-------
Table 55 continuation
1
vn-i
VI 1-2
\11-3
VI 1-4
V1II-1
VI 11-2
VII1-3
V1II-4
IX-1
IX-2
IX-3
IX-4
X-l
X-2
X-3
X-4
XI- 1
XI-2
XI-3
XI-4
2
Larch
"
"
"
Pea shrub
r,
n «
..
Willow
it
"
M
Willow shoot cuttings
.. ..
"
"
Poplar shoot cuttings
3
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
4
24
24
24
24
24
24
5
30
32
32
36
7
5
f
24
24
24
24
24
24
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
5
11
8
9
6
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
32
42
45
47
36
37
29
22
7
54
56
56
60
31
29
29
35
32
33
30
36
80
90
93
95
84
85
77
70
8 .
24
24
24
24
2
1
1
-
6
8
3
7
-
-
-
-
36
37
29
22
9
6
6
8
12
5
4
4
11
2
1
3
5
32
42
45
47
-
-
-
-
1O
10
6
11
9
1
—
1
2
-
1
-
-
34
15
18
22
29
15
29
15
11
40
36
43
45
8
5
6
13
3
1O
6
12
46
57
63
69
65
52
58
37
12
74.0
64.3
76.8
75.0
25.8
17.2
20.7
37.1
25.0
30.3
20.0
33.3
57.5
63.3
67.7
72.6
77.4
61.2
75.3
52.9
13
.
.
.
.
O.O7
0.11
0.11
0.06
0.13
0.12
O.O6
O.10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
14
0.15
O.14
0.13
0.14
0.33
0.33
0.42
0.25
0.07
0.03
0.04
O.05
O.31
0.10
O.09
.
0.36
0.18
0.23
0.13
15
0.17
O.13
0.13
0.13
0.63
0.71
0.6O
0.49
0.23
0.15
0.15
0.20
O.13
0.14
0.06
O.05
0.12
0.11
O.46
0.14
16
0.32
0.27
O.26
0.27
1.03
1.15
1.13
O.SO
0.43
0.30
0.25
0.35
.44
0.24
0,15
O.O5
0.48
0.29
0.69
0.27
ro
o
Explanation to col. 3:
a) pits dressed with ash +• fertile soil + NPK
b) pits dressed with ash +• bentonite + NPK
pits dressed with ash * mountain peat + NPK
pits dressed with ash + NPK
-------
consumed in greater quantities may induce molybdenum illness in
cattle;
5) The content of zinc seems to be insufficient as opposed to yields
from Halemba, for it does not exceed the 20.5 ppm;
6) The content of iron is much lower than in yields from Halemba, in
some samples however is much higher than in plants gathered from
cultivated soils;
7) The content of cobalt in crops of plants grcwn on plain ash exceeds
the quoted above levels only to a small degree, one cannot there-
fore regard these crops as toxic to cattle.
Summarizing one may state, that the crops of plants cultivated on
the Konin Power Plant disposal stacks may be consumed by cattle
after cheking if the norm of molybdenum content is not exceeded. One
should continue the investigations of effects of excessive amounts of
boron in plants liking boron, on animals fed with such plants.
Value of nourishment
Nutrient value of gathered crops was determined by laboratory
methods through designations of the protein and ash contents and also
on the basis of macro and microelements content (table 51 and 52)
In Poland is accepted, that grasses may contain on average 7.67 per-
cent raw protein (maximally 12.8 %} and 5.90 % of ash (maximally
8.5 %) and pulse crops respectively 18.0 % (maximally 22.7 %) of
protein, and 6.75 % (maximally 8.05 %) of ash. The usefulness of
obtained fodder for consumption by animals was discussed above
Halemba
Most protein (17.5 %) contained mixture of grasses (no. 2) collec-
ted from plots fertilized with bentonite and NPK. The lowest protein
content had mixtures gathered from control plots (lO.O - 15.8 %), ho-
wever it was high enough still, and indicated a high nutrient value.
210
-------
Content of ash was the highest in mixtures of grasses with legumes
collected from plots fertilized with double N2PK dose rate (9,12 %).
With a small ash content (under 5 %) distinguishes itself mixture of
grasses (no. 2) collected from plots fertilized with fertile soil + NPK,
and mixture of legumes with orchard grass (no. 3), gathered from plots
fertilized with fertile soil + NPK. No correlation between the method of
ash melioration and the ash content in crops was ascertained.
Summing up one can state, that crops of grasses and legumes
from Halemba have a high nutrient value, however are not fit to be
consumed by animals in greater quantities due to an increased con-
tent in some samples of zinc and molybdenum.
Konin
The content of raw protein below 7.67 % level was not encounte-
red. Similarly no reserves of protein above the 18.0 % level were
found. One may assume, that the acquired crops average in the protein
reserves, whereby no direct relationship of the protain reserves to the
method of the ash "soil" melioration was established. The content of
ash in plants is low as rule, and only in some cases exceeds the
5.90 % level. Large amounts of ash contain crops of the mixture no.3
(lucerne and orchard grass) gathered from plots without fertilization.
Ash fertilized with fertile soil giving crops with lesser ash content.
In summary one may say, that the highest nutrient values possess
grass mixtures gathered from plots fertilized with organic substances
provided these contain no excessive amounts of harmful to animals
molybdenum. Highest reserve of protein distinguishes the mixture no. 3
(lucerne and orchard grass).
Radiactivity
Measurements of radioactivity performed on harvested vegetation
are presented in tables 53 and 54andwas determined that the beta
211
-------
radioactivity of hay samples (per unit of fresh mass) 'was less than
the established standards (30 pCi/g of fresh mass). The highest
activity occurred in vegetation collected in Halemba from plots covered
with soil, and from plots treated with farm manure. The beta activity
40
comes principally from the natural potassium radioisotope K.
The content alpha radioactivity per unit green mass ranged between;
- 3.02 to 17.64 pCi/g for vegetation collected at Halemba;
- and from 1.98 to 27.09 pCi/g at Konin.
This indicates the ability of radioisotope concentration in the grasses.
Insufficient data are available to determine -whether the grasses also
concentrate alpha activity.
The highest gamma activity was measured in crops grown on the
plots at Halemba covered with soil or treated with farm manure (simi-
lar to alpha activity.
THE GROWTH OF TREES AND SHRUBS
Method of assessment
As criteria to assess the vigor and growth of trees and shrubs,
the following observations were made:
a) the survival of particular species;
b) increases in height.
In the spring (May) and in autumn (September) quantitative inven-
tories were performed for all living specimens. In cases when the spe-
cimen had dead corona but living side shoots,' the height was measu-
red in relation to the shoot. Simultaneous analysis of the health of the
species was performed. Results of measurements are presented in
tables 55 and 56.
212
-------
Halemba
Statistical analysis showed that survival of species was not affec-
ted by the method of treating the planting pit. Por example, losses of
cuttings were lowest on plots treated with soil the first year but losses
were among the highest in the second year.
However, the differentiation in survival of particular species was
quite evident.
The highest rate of survival occurred for locust tree, Siberian pea
shrub, and poplar trees.
A moderate survival rate was measured for willow, black alder and
European larch.
The lowest survival rate occurred for gray alder and birch.
The rate of survival (and the growth) is influenced by climatic
conditions, atmospheric pollution and illnesses. About 90 percent of
trees have on their butt swellings frost ribs. Airborne compounds
of fluorine had an adverse impact on birch at Halemba while SO
adversely affected gray alder. Gray alder had some beetle damage
and several specimens withered as a result of worm (cimbex) damage.
Fungi were numerous and they can also cause cuttings to die. Root
zone cultures isolated on artificial substrates with nutrients produced
Pusarium sp., numerous saprophytic soil species of Glicoladium roseum,
and a number, of species of Penicillium, Aspergillus Alternaria and
Trichoderma. Nectria cinnabarina and Nectria dittisima were found on
locust trees. Where no industrial air pollution is evident these are only
present as saprophytic fungi, however at Halemba they appear in force
on all living specimens. Willow contained Cryptodiaporthe salicina
(Discella carbonacea in sex stage) - this fungus causes, in birch
family a bark scorch and kills shoots. During the early autumn, alder
leaves showed the typical symptoms of SO damage as well as a num-
ber of saprophytic fungi in injuries of abiotic nature. Cladosporium
herbarum Line., Alternaria tenuis Noes,' Stemphylium sp., were espe-
cially numerous. By the end of the growth period, the internerve area
of gray alder leaves contained typically ginger-brown stains, which
213
-------
ASSESSMENT OP TREES AND SHRUBS' CULTIVATION 3UCCES3PULNESS
K O N I N
XutTioers
of plots
1
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-3
II-l
11-2
11-3
1 1-4
11-5
III-l
1II-2
I1I-3
III-4
m-5
1V-1
IV-2
IV-3
rv-4
IV-5
V-l
V-2
V-3
V-4
V-5
K-ind of culture
2
Poplar 1
»
••
«
-
Poplar II
-
»
-
..
Eirch tree
..
»
«
»
Gray alder
..
«
„
.,
Black alder
.,
..
„
„
\1ethod
of pit
dressing
3
I*'
2^
3C'
4d)
5e^
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
Cuttings in years (spc.)
1975
4
9
9
9
9
_
9
9
9
9
-
20
20
20
20
_
20
20
20
20
_
20
2O
20
20
-
1976
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
39
40
38
38
36
30
26
27
22
20
40
33
38
35
28
1977
Total
6 7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
18
18
18
18
9
18
18
18
18
9
59
60
58
58
36
50
46
47
42
2O
6O
53
58
55
28
Losses in years (spc. )
1975
a
1976
9
8
2
4
7
-
8
7
5
7
-
20
2O
20
20
.
20
20
20
20
-
2O
20
20
20
-
1
7
5
2
_
1
2
4
2
-
19
2O
18
18
16
10
6
7
2
-
2O
13
18
15
e
1977
10
3
-
-
-
-
4
-
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
2
-
-
1
-
1
1
-
Total
11
12
9
9
9
-
*
12
66.7
50.0
5O.O
5O.O
O.O
13 72.2
9
10
9
1
40
40
39
38
16
31
27
29
22
-
41
33
39
36
8
5O.O
55.6
5O.O
11.1
67.8
66.7
67.2
65.5
44.4
62.0
58.7
61.7
52.4
0.0
68.3
62.3
67.2
65.5
28.6
Averaae increase in height
(cm)
1975
13
-
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1976
14
-
O.20
-
-
0.34
-
O.13
0.19
O.52
O.07
-
-
O.O9
0.17
0.19
0.11
0.16
0.11
0.19
O.29
-
O.23
0.09
O.1O
0.11
1977
15
0.12
0.16
0.15
O.21
0.27
O.O3
0.11
O.16
0.17
0.19
0.28
0.22
O.18
0.21
0.47
0.12
0.15
0.14
0.28
o.eo
0.32
0.38|
0.15
0.11
0.26
in years
1975-77
(jointly)
16 |
1
0.12
0.36
O.15
0.21
O.61
O.O3
0.24
0.35
0.69
0.26
0.28
0.22
0.27
0.38
0.66
O.i
0.
0.25
0.47
O.89
0.32
O.61
0.24
0.21
0.3T
-------
Table 56 continuation
3
VI-1
VI-2
V1-3
VI -4
\1-5
VIi-1
V1I-2
Vll-3
V1I-4
VI1-5
VI 11-3
VIU-2
VHi-3
VU1-4
V1II-5
IX- 1
ix-a
IX-3
tX-4
IX-5
X-l
X-2
X-3
X-4
Xl-1
Xl-2
2
Locust tree
" tp
ii 11
Caspian wiliov.
„
.,
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
•i ii 4
.,
Sea buckthorn
.,
M it
.,
Siberian pea shrub
.,
Poplar shoot cuttings
„
,.
European larch
.,
5
1
Z
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
S
1
2
3
4
1
2
4
2O
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-
20
20
20
20
_
20
20
20
20
_
40
40
40
40
-
-
J
33
21
24
1 1
23
31
30
37
29
20
35
32
29
30
24
24
30
34
31
21
18
57
65
54
2O
2O
6
-
-
_
-
-
-
~
53
41
44
41
25
51
50
57
. 49
20
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
20
20
52
49
50
24
44
50
54
51
21
58
97
105
94
40
4O
9
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
-
2O
2O
20
20
-
20
20
20
20
-
18
35
35
3O
-
-
Q
13
1
4
1
1 3
11
10
17
9
-
15
12
9
10
4
4
10
14
11
1
-
22
30
24
20
20
1O
3
1
3
3
1
-
-
-
-
2
2
4
-
4
5
2
1
1
17
13
5
1
1
-
11
42
29
25
24
1
i 0
32
30
12
79.2
70.7
56.8
58.5
26.1
S2.7
60.0
37 64.9
29 i 59.2
-
37
34
29
34
4
26
35
36
32
2
35
70
7O
55
21
20
0.0
67.3
65.4
59.2
68.0
16.7
63.6
70.0
54.0
62.7
9.5
60.3
72.2
66.?
58.5
52.5
50.0
13
-
:
.
:
-
-
-
-
~
-
:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
14
0.27
0.13
0.20
0.13
0.27
O.29
0.43
0.32
O.55
1.08
O.i4
O.O6
o.oa
O.O6
O.O9
0.02
0.04
O.O2
O.O1
0.02
0.50
0.59
c.ia
0.18
-
-
15
0.33
0.54
0.45
0.44
16
O.6O
0.67
O.65
O.57
0.4 1 i 0.68
0.45 0.74
0.60J 1.03
0.57) 0.90
0.54
0.64
0.11
0.19
0.27
0.21
O.24
0.12
o.ca.
0.11
C.04
O.26
0.31
0.12
O.O4
O.O9
0.11
0.15
1.09
1.72
O.25
0.25
O.75
O.27
0.27
0.14
0.06
0.13
O.05
O.28
0.61
O.71
0.22
O.27
O.ll
0.15
p
v_n
-------
Table 56 continuation
rv>
1 - 2
XI -3 1 fc.urope.-m larch
I xj-j !
jx,-- j ..
i !
3
3
4
5
4
_
-
-
5
20
20
20
6
20
20
20
-
40
4O
40
8
-
9
20
20
20
10
1
4
1
11
21
24
21
12
52.5
6O.C
52.5
Explanation to col. 3:
13
.
„
14
_
«
15
0.10
0.10
0.10
16
C.10
O.10
0.1O
a) pits dressed with ash + fertile soil + NPK
b) pits dressed with ash + bentonite + NPK
pits dressed with ash + mountain peat + NPK
d) pits dressed with ash + NPK
e) pits dressed with soil + NPK
-------
are normally caused by a shortage of calcium. Infection of withered
branches with Diaporther sp. and Nectria cinnabarina fungi followed
for the second time. Rabbits also caused damage to and affected the
survival of cuttings despite the use of a wrirenet fence. Attempts tc
wrap the stem of cuttings with foil were not satisfactory.
The greatest growth increment was displayed by locust trees
(to 1.20 m in the first year, and up to 0.80 m in the second year
(table 55). Fea shrub did not show marked increases until the third
year. Poplars showed very slender increases in height. Decreases
in growth in the second and third year indicate a maladjustment to the
growth conditions.
After 3 years of the tree and shrub cultivation it can be stated,
that slightly higher increases in height were achieved in combinations
of pits filled with ash, fertile soil, and industrial fertilizer mixtures.
Smallest increases gave combinations with bentonite or high moor peat
dressing the pits.
The causes of unsatisfactory increases and of many losses of
cuttings are ascribed to the unfavourable habitat conditions (lack of
suitable soil, atmospheric air pollution with SO and P and dust, the
shortage of water during the critical for the cuttings periods), promo-
ting the diseases.
Konin
Statistical analysis indicated that on the experimental field in Konin
there were significant differences in plant response to the treatment
methods used to prepare the ash.
The survival ability of species is grouped into three categories accor-
ding to the survival rate as follows:
- highest survival rate: gray alder, locust tree, Siberian pea shrub
- average survival rate: sea buckthorn, popler, Caspian willow
- low survival rate: black alder, white birch, European larch.
217
-------
i e
Dopei iden! on the method of treating the pits in planting, positive
•tmib-s were achieved with pits filled with soil. Mixtures of ash with
rlilc soil also support good growth. Usatisfactory growth was achie-
ved in (lie other three treatments. In the first year alomost all cuttings
\veie .LO..U ^table 56), (explained by insufficient atmospheric precipita—
lion, by drought intensified by loosened material during blasting, and
;,'V salinity of the ashes /full dressing of pits with fertile soil was
applied only in the second year/). In the second and third year the
losses at Konin were explained, as at Halemba, as due to a strongly
toxic "soil" environment, atmospheric pollution, and abiotic impariments.
r^ablulB also ate shoots of pea shrub, willow, poplar, locust tree and
-.r.-jy alder which affected not only the survival of these species but
.:Uso resulted in poorer development. The influence of industrial emmi-
s.^ions (fluorine and SO ) was evident.
liijuries were caused to willow by the feeding cockchafer (Lamia
text or), and under the bark of willow and alder by the feeding larvae
(Oryptorhynchus lapathe). These insects did not kill cutlings. They
railier colonized on dead me.terial. No appearance of pathogenic fungi
was found on Icrch, alder, pea shrub sea buckthorn, and birch tree
that could in a substantial way contribute to -withering. The root zones
of withered cuttings did contain Pusarium sp, and numerous saprophytic
soil species such as Gliocladium roseum, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and
AH on aria.
The highest annual increases were not as high as that occurring
under riormaj soil conditions. Locust tree and pea shrub which showed
Jarge growth at Halemba, showed lighter growth at Konin. Caspian
willow produced the greatest increase in growth (l.O8 m growing in
pits with soil). Poplar development was considered moderate in pits
filled with soil.
•n summary, the experiments with trees and bushes at Konin did
not provide a solution to the problem of forest reclamation for these
ashes. The failure is attributed to toxic subsoil though some mitigation
of Loxicity was provided by the soil treatments. Atmospheric pollution
218
-------
100
9O
eo
60
30
2O
1O
KONIN
m
6 days 0
I- mineral soil (check)
II - barren sand (check)
III- ash
IV- ash + microelements
V - ash + 2x microelements
VI- ash + NPK + microelements
6 days
Pig= noo 28. Dependence of plant seedlings on mineral fertilization .of ashes.
-------
with fluorine and SO and the low precipitation also contributed to
failures. The weakened cuttings were then susceptible to bacterial
disease and predators.
While the treatments with soil did not bring the expected results,
further tests could be performed after a removal or limitation of atmos-
pheric pollution from the nearby power plant and aluminium works, or
after first, reclaiming with grasses and forbs to reduce soil toxicity
and then planting shrubs and trees.
220
-------
SECTION 9
ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH RESULTS
THE UTILITY OF THE RECLAIMED ASHES
The ashes investigated from bituminous coal or lignite, have one
particular characteristic in common, they are strongly alkaline (pH from
11.5 to 12.8). The causes of alkalinity do differ between the two.
Ash from bituminous coal is alkaline because of a high sodium chloride
content. Ash from lignite also contains significant quantities (up to
34 %) of calcium and magnesium oxides.
Plants cultivated under Polands climate are usually best suited
for soil pH of from 5.6 to 7.0. Only a few plants (e.g. selected spe-
cies of forbs) tolerate conditions up to 8.2 pH. At pH values of 7
to 8 many necessary elements for the plants (e.g. iron, manganese,
zinc, copper, cobalt) pass into forms that are difficult for plants to
assimilate. Conversely the assimilability of molybdenum increases gra-
dually with a rise in pH. This leads to excessive concentration of
this element in crops, which in turn can cause a molybdenum illness
in farm animals. The pH has an interesting influence on the assimila-
tion of phosphorous. Phosphorous is, as a rule, difficult to dissolve.
It dissolves best at the pH 6.5. Thus in alkaline conditions, the plants
often die out due to a pnosphorus deficiency. At pH's above 9 cal-
cium and magnesium become unavailable to plants. Insoluble compounds
such as calcium phosphate are formed in the soil. Furthermore, in
alkaline conditions, algae and nodule bacteria do not form.
Ashes disposed off hydraulically in sedimentation basins do lose
221
-------
some alkalinity (to 8.5 - 9.5) but even in such conditions the vegeta-
tion cannot develop.
Ashes collected after burning lignite contain more than 9 g NaCl
3
per 1 dm which in gravimetric conversion amounts to about 2 percent
of the ash mass. Ashes from bituminous coal are less saline, they have
about 1 percent NaCl. In Poland most situations in NaCl concentrations
above 0.02 percent has an adverse effect on woody vegetation (e.g.,
apple trees, cherries, pear trees, lime trees, chestnut trees, fruit trees).
On these saline soils deciduous species can grow only with extensive
watering. Soils containing 0.3 to 0.6 pe-rcent of dissolved salts are
considered weakly saline. Soils containing mere than 1.5 percent of
these salts are considered excessively saline. Using these limits as
a guide the ashes from Konin lignite should be regarded as excessi-
vely saline, and ashes from Halemba bituminous coal belong to the
average salinity category.
The ashes under study show satisfactory reserves of plant-available
potassium (9.5 - 13.0 mg of K 0/100 g of ash from Konin and 13.5 -
25 mg of K 0/1OO g of ash from Halemba). Such reserves are charac-
teristic of highly fertile soils. Phosphorus concentrations in fresh ashes
from Halemba are very high (80 - 175 mg of P 0/100 g). They are,
however, not available to the plants. The ash from Konin is exceptio-
nally deficient in phosphorus.
The ash from Halemba has significant reserves of magnesium
(15 - 45 mg mg/100 g of ash); the ash from Konin contains insuffi-
cient quantities (0 - 1.2 mg of mg/100 g). Both types of ashes contain
insufficient reserves of nitrogen and of such microelements as Cu and
Zn for satisfactory plant growth. Manganese occurs in moderate con-
centration (370 - 54O ppm in bituminous coal ashes from Halemba and
in high concentraticn (2100 - 4000 ppm) in lignite ashes from Konin).
It is, however, not available to plants in the alkaline conditions of the
ash.
A separate problem is the moderately high concentration of water -
soluble boron (bituminous coal: 7 - 15 ppm; lignite: 8 - 33.5 ppm).
222
-------
ro
ro
U)
20
10
13 VM 22 VI 1K 11K 23 K 4X 1*X
2O
10
•BVB 22VII 1IX HIX 23IX
14 X
I - mineral soil (check) IV - ash t- microelements
II - barren sand (check) V - ash + 2x microelements
I _ QSh VI - ash + NPK * microelements
Pig. no. 29. Dynamics of white mustard growth on ashes in greenhouse experiment.
-------
Boron concentrations above 1O ppm are considered harmful to the
growth of plants. Molybdenum, cobalt, selenium and cadmium concentra-
tions do not exceed the accepted qualitative standards for fertile soils.
Investigations also included determinations of the radioactivity of
ashes. The specific alpha and gamma radioactivity of the ashes was
at least 2.5 times higher than in normal soil. In the case of the bitu-
minous coal ashes, the alpha activity was up to 10 times higher and
the gamma activity was up to 6.5 times higher. While such values are
not harmful to humans or animals in the sense of direct danger from
ionizing radiation, the potential for accumulation of radioactivity in crops
226
points to a necessity for concern. Migration of Ra through water
is one mechanism that could lead to concentration. The specific beta
activity in all investigated cases was within relevant standards. This
activity is attributed in large part to the ne.tural isotope of potassium
40 K.
Ply ash collected in electrostatic precipitators usually does not
contain many particles larger than 1 mm. The main component is dust-
sized material with diameters of 0.1 to 0.02 mm (averages 81 percent
in lignite ashes from Konin, and 59 percent in bituminous coal ashes
from Halemba). Colloidal clay material does not exceed 4 percent.
Material with such a granulometric composition is usually characterized
with high permeability and a vulnerability to water and air erosion. The
ash, once it is deposited in the sedimentation basins, is also charac-
terized with high porosity (approaching 72 percent volumetric ally).
This material also has a high permeability, a low field and capillary
water capacity, is easily eroded by -wind.
These properties of ashes determine that agricultural or silvicultural
utilization of the materials is not possible without adequate preparation.
Lignite ashes from the regions of Konin contain significant quan-
tities of calcium (up to 34 percent of CaO). Por this reason some re-
search workers recommend their utilization in fertilization of arable land.
This use can be considered only in reference to heavy soils requiring
liming with calcium oxide and not with calcium carbonate - and might
22k
-------
HALEM BA
ro
ro
Capsule
setting
Blossoming
Budding
Foliation
Sprouting
Sowing
KO N I N
Capsule
setting
13 VIII 22 VMI 1IX ft K 23IX *X
1*X
I - mineral soil (check )
II - barren sand (check)
III - ash
IV— ash + microelements
V- ash + 2x microelements
VI - ash + NPK + microelements
Pig. no. 30.
Development phases of white mustard (Synapis alba) in greenhouse
experiment.
-------
be done only where use of the ashes, with the detritus that accompanies
the calcium in the ash, is economic because of lack of naturally
occurring calcium.
HYDRAULIC SLUICING OP ASHES AND THE RECLAMATION
REQUIREMENTS FOR WASTE MATERIAL
Analytical tests have shown that essential changes in the proper-
ties of ashes (properties important for reclamation) occur during hydra-
ulic transportation to and settling in the sedimentation basins.
As previously mentioned pH is lowered. This change is explained
by a leaching of sodium hydroxide. A high pH is usually caused by
hydrolysis of sodium carbonate:
2Na+ + C0~ + 2H0 i=± 2Na + + 2OH~ + H
Ions of OH~ are giving pH 10 and higher. The sodium complex under-
goes hydrolysis:
Na [micelle| + HoH s~** H | micelle| + Na + OH .
As the NaOH dissociates to greater extent than the weak H CO ,
a prevalence of OH~ ions occurs. The effect of leaching ashes in the
process of hydraulic transportation is to cause a loss of sodium
(sodium hydroxide) and a decrease in the quantity of OH ions. Furt-
her decrease of the pH would require additional leaching of the ashes
with water. The degree of leaching depends on the salt content of the
reused water. If an "open" system of water sluicing is used, where
fresh water is added in large amounts, the leaching will be greater
than in a closed cycle where water is reused.
The process of leaching salts can be traced by periodic measure-
ments of electric conduction of water in contact with the ashes.
(fig. 36).
226
-------
Fresh fly ash from the electrostatic precipitators produced the hig-
hest electrical conductivity in the first 2 to 8 hours of leaching. Then
the electrical conductivity drops. Samples of ashes taken from the se-
dimentation basin produced a continuing increase in electric conduction.
During a 192 hour period of leaching, fresh ashes from the electro-
static precipitators produced 751 mg and 296C mg (per kg of ash) or
soluble salts for Halemba and Konin, respectively. Ashes collected
from the sedimentation basins produced 203 and 1740 mg respectively.
It is stressed that during transport and settling of the ash, poten-
tially toxic substances such as sodium and boron are leached from the
ashes. For example, in samples of ash from Halemba, after an 8-day
leaching, 1 kg of fresh ash (from electrofilters) produced 0.153 mg of
boron and 53.21 mg of sodium, whereas samples from sedimentation
basins produced only 0.058 mg of boron and 2.87 mg of sodium.
The process of hydraulic sluicing also reduces the radioactivity of
the ashes. For example, fresh ash from electrostatic precipitators at
the Halemba Power Plant produced alpha, beta and gamma, activities
o
of 499.5, 34.6 and 385.6 pCi/dm respectively, while leachate of ashes
collected from the sedimentation basin contained decreased levels of
o
83.3, 0.0, and 60.0 pCi/dm respectively.
Thus the hydraulic sluicing process improves the condition of the
ash insofar as vegetative reclamation is concerned. However, concern
as to the fate of the leached substances must remain.
PROVISION OF ASH DISPOSAL STACKS AGAINST REPEATED WIND
EROSION
It was belived that stabilization of the waste ash against wind ero-
sion could be achieved between the period of initial cultivation and
establishment of vegetation through the application of chemical compo-
unds. It was envisioned that such materials would not adversely affect
vegetation.
227
-------
However, tests performed using the latex compound LBSK-5545
on those plots seeded with grass over a two year period indicated that
the issue was more complex than first thought.
The effect of application of latex at two rates (O.lO and 0.20 mm)
was to create a stromg elastic layer which effectively protected against
erosion. High rates of seeding (164 kg/ha grasses and 84 kg/ha alfalfa)
produced dense stands of vegetation the first year. Only the first har-
vest of green mass during the second year of the experiment showed
distinguishable differences in yields. In these harvests it appeared that
grasses reacted positively to latex treatment giving 32 percent higher
yield than on control plots. Increase in the rate of latex application from
0.10 to 0.20 mm caused an insignificant decrease in crop yield.
On plots planted with alfalfa the response was different. Here the
application of the smaller amount of latex (0.10 mm) caused a reduction
in crop yield by 13 percent and the larger rate (0.20 mm) provided
a decrease as much as 51 percent.
The tests suggest that for best revegetation, a rather thin latex
3 2
layer on the order of the 0.10 mm (0.10 dm /m. ) diluted with water
1:10 or greater is desirable. Greater dilution will likely provide deepe-r
bonding of the near - surface layer of ash. The latex covering protects
ash in sufficient manner against it blowing away until the time this fun-
ction is taken over by herbaceous vegetation.
TREATMENT OP ASHES
Even after the reduction in alkalinity resulting from hydraulic sluicing,
the ashes still are not suited for supporting vegetation.
Treatment of the ashes therefore designed to:
a) decrease the alkalinity to slighty acid or neutral conditions
b) decrease in salinity to the limits recognized as harmless for the
majority of desirable plants
228
-------
ro
ro
KON
1 N
Dry mass of above the ground
level portion of white mustard (g/pot)
S o o o
r
t
i
r
c
i
i
i •"•
1
!
1
1
1
1
I
Mineral
fertilization
•z
-o
^
10
X
X
—
X
2X
X
X
X
2X
X
X
2X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
_
-
Micro-
elements
X
X
-
—
—
X
X
X
2X
X
X
2X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
Additions of substances
changing composition
and properties of ash
in pots
"i ( mineral soil
? check < barren sand
) I ash
—
—
—
low bog peat ( 10 1 / ha 1
low boa oeaf MO t / ha ) * S
low bog peat /10t/ha)
mountain peat (10t/ha)
mountain peat MOt/ha)-tS
mountain _peot ( 101 / ha 1
cereal qreen mass 1 25 1 / No )
legume green mass^25f/hq
25% of mineral soil
gypsum (1t /ha )
sulphuric acid 1n
8O% max water capacity
strona compaction
1cm cover of clay
low bog_peat [100f/ho^
mountain j>eat (I00t/ha)
cereal green mass_^1OO 1 / haj^
legume green massJIOOt/ha)
low bog peat (10 1 /ha )
mountain peat ( 1Ot / ha )
25% barren sand
Combination No
I
I
III
VI
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
xiv
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
X IX
XX
XXI
XXI
XXNI
XXIV
xxv
XXVI
XXVII
HALEMBA
Dry mass of white mustard portion
growing above the ground ( g / pot )
<5 8 »
I
I
I
I
I
I
!
I
I
Fig. no. 31.
Results of greenhouse experiment with cultivation of white mustard on ashes
(i series). Harvest of dry mass.
-------
c) decrease in the concentration of ionizing substances such that the
crops would be harmless fcr human and animal consumption
d) increase the availability of macro and microelements contained in
ashes to plants through conversion of forms or through creation
of environmental conditions in which these components would tae
available
e) maintain the supply of nutrient components for plants at optimal
quantities
f) improvement of physical, air-water, sorptive, and biochemial pro-
perties of ashes to afford optimal soil producing processes.
The principal objective was to reduce the pH. Greenhouse expe-
riments showed that treatment with flowers of sulphur, gypsum, and
sulphuric acid did not increase vegetative yields. Acidification with
pe^at did not result in satisfactory vegetative yields either.
While treatments with peat and manure, as well as with soils and sand,
reduced the pH, there was not a consistent increase in vegetation
yields. This indicates that more variables than pH affected vegetation
success.
The measurement of salinity of the treated ash provided indications
of the dependence of the salinity (Nad) level on the type of treatment.
As emphasized already, the most effective method of reducing content
of dissolved salts in water remained the process of hydraulic sluicing
with water. Due to a shortage of irrigation water, was viewed as a
source of leach water to be used to reduce salt contents. To enhance
infiltration and leaching, the ashes were loosened and deep tilled. The
effect of these treatments was to reduce the salinity in Konin from over
o o o
9 g/dm to 2.67 to 3.63 g/dm , and in Halemba from 2.97 to 5.10 g/dm
3
to 0.69 to 0.89 g/dm . Further reductions in salinity were obtained
through addition of soils, sand and peat. It was found that salinity of
a mixture of ash and soil decreases in inverse proportion to the thick-
ness of soil layer. Peats and farm manure reduce salinity to a smaller
degree. Intensive fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus produces
slight increases in salinity. Addition of bentonite did not affect salinity.
230
-------
ro
U)
H
KONI N
Dry mass of above the ground
level portion of white mustard
(g/pot)
86*20
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mineral
fertilization
•z
•o
7C
10
-
NPKMa
NPtCMg
2NPKM
2NPKMg
N
p
K
Mg
—
—
_
—
_
—
ZNPKMQ
.3
• 5
3o
• i
3
*»
VI
-
—
—
-
_
—
—
-
_
—
—
—
—
Additions of substances
changing composition
and properties of ashes
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— .
—
;ow boa oeat ( 10 t / ha )
mountam bog peat MOt/ha)
cereal green mass (10t/ha)
egume green mass (1Of/ha)
sulphur
alkaline fertilizer
r>
o
3
a-
3
a
•*
6'
o
I
I
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
HA LEM8A
Dry mass of above (he ground
portion of white mustard
, (9{POt) e
1
1
1
1
]
1
!
1
1
1
I
1
Pig. no. 32.
Tests of greenhouse experiment with white mustard cultivation on ashes
(II series) - collection of dry mass.
-------
During the three years of field investigations a gradual reduction
in salinity was observed.
Boron concentrations were also reduced along with salinity.
Changes in the boron concentrations were not consistent over time
since content of boron increased in subsequent time periods, probably
as a result of chemical reactions in which boron passes from inso-
luble to soluble forms. The plants intensively assimilate boron such
that a correlation exists between the boron concentration in the sub-
soil and concentrations in plants. Plants growing in a treatment with
high boron concentrations (29.3 ppm B) contained 212 ppm B (alfalfa
and orchard grass). While the bituminous coal ashes studied at Halemba
contained much smeJle-r amounts of boron, the vegetation uptake was
also higher in 1976 than in 1977.
The positive effect of fertilization on the vegetation was predictable.
The greenhouse experiments (fig. 28) showed the dependence of plant
germination on the type of fertilization. These experiments showed that
increased fertilization retarded germination. Macroelements had a gre-
ater influence than microelements. The dynamics of growth depended
both on the type and on the application rate of fertilization, and the
dynamics differed for different types of ashes. Additions of NPK to
lignite ash caused an increase in growth of the test vegetation (fig. 29)
whereas addition of microelements acted in the reverse. Larger doses
of microelements caused a "poisoning" of the ash-soil medium and a
rapid decrease in crop yields. Increases in fertilization of bituminous
coal ash caused an increase in growth. These interrelations were con-
firmed in field experiments. Field fertilization with both macro- and
microelements caused delays in plant development (fig. 30). In Konin
a delay in budding, in flowering and capsule formation was also caused
by macroelements.
The addition of soil, bentonite, peat, or manure to the ash to pro-
vide a suitable growth medium produced more positive results. Field
experiments confirmed the dependence of vegetation on the physico -
chemical changes produced in ash by adding soil. In previous experi-
ments carried out by other research workers, publications [3, 10, 16,
232
-------
yield of dry mast
34
30
Arabic numerals - HALEMBA /
Roman numerals - KONIN £
'•21
IV. -XV.,
.X
/* .XIII '25
/ .23
Wator use
I. p«r pot
Pig. no. 33. Correlation of yields and water consumption
by white mustard in greenhouse experiments.
233
-------
17, 18^. A thick layer of soil, (O.20 m, 0.50 m thick, and thicker) was
applied. The crops depended almost exclusively on the fertility of the
soil. In this research the goal was also to check the effectiveness of
ash treatment with smaller quantities of soil. By 1976 field experiments
indicated the following correlation of crop yields with the thickness of
fertile soil (grass seed mixture):
Halemba
Konin
Lyer of fertile soil
20 cm
10 cm
5 cm
0 (control)
crop yield (t/ha)
6.20
5.10
3.56
4.83
2.55
4.25
2.07
0.00
In 1977 the crop yields of the field plots continued to respond
favorably to soil additions.
A positive correlation was also determined to exist between the
thickness of fertile soil and:
(l) an increase in essential nutrients in the plant growth medium
(2) a reduction in alkalinity
(3) an increase in sorption and in water capacity of the treated medium
(4) a decrease in radioactivity of the treated medium
(5) an increase in weight by volume, the result of greater compaction
on the "soil" substrate, resulting in a decrease in vulnerability to
water and wind erosion
(6) an increase in biological activity of the plant growth medium through
creation of conditions favorable to growth of algae and bacteria.
These correlations were documented in section 8. Some increases in
macro and microelements in the growth medium resulted from the addi-
tion of low moor and high moor peats, bentonite, and tertiary sand.
Additions of farm manure did not bring expected effects in Halemba,
but did produce high yield on some combinations of plants at Konin.
Often accompanying these treatments was an increase in available
macroelements, good development of soil microflora, increases in organic
23U
-------
matter in tilled layer, and increases in sorption and in water capacity
of the treated medium. In the greenhouse experiments, no clear corre-
lations were found to exist between treatment with green manure and
improvement in physico - chemical and biological characteristics of
treated medium. In field experiments treatment with a green "manure"
of maize produced crops in the second year from treatment plots in
which grasses and forbs had not grown the first year, the second year
yields of these plots were equivalent to those for plots treated with
soil. The effects of fertilization with green manure are expressed in
increased organic matter and macroelement content in the treated ma-
terials, in improvement of soil water-air characteristics, and in more
intense biochemical processes. The favourable influence of green ma-
nure, and of farm manure, existed only in the second year of cultiva-
tion of grass and forbs.
The neutralization treatments in reference to forest reclamation
were not sufficient, which fact indicate the high losses of planted cut-
tings, small annual increments and the incidence of diseases. The
most effective method of reclamation of soil medium it seems to be the
exchange of ash from the pits dug for the planting of cuttings for
fertile soil. Such method was used in Konin in variant no. 5. On the
basis of the 2-yearly experiment, one may say, that the losses of
cuttings were decidedly lower here by some 5-45 % than on remaining
variants of the experiment. And the annual increases in height were by
100-150 % greater here than on remaining variants.
Less effective was the back - filling of pits with mixture of ash
with fertile soil in ratio of 3:10 + mineral fertilizers (NP). The losses
were here much higher than on combination no. 5, and the increases
in height much smaller. The remaining combinations with dressing pits
with high moor peat, with bentonite, sand and mineral fertilizers were
disappointing to such an extent, that losses of cuttings in the three
years time approached 71 % in Konin (locust tree in combination no.3
with dressing pits with a mixture of ash and tertiary sand) and up to
92 % losses at Halemba (birch tree in combination no. 3, on dressing
the pits with high moor peat + NP).
235
-------
The tests of soil sampled from the 5-10 cm layer closest to the
cuttings have shown, that changes in reaction and in chemical proper-
ties are here noticeable in relation only to combination no. 5 in Konin
(back filling of pits with fertile soil supplemented with the NP fertili-
zation), and to a lesser extent in combination no. 1, on both disposal
stacks (pits backfilled with mixture of ash with fertile soil + NP). One
may therefore conclude, that the effectiveness of the employed treat-
ments in the forest reclamation is smaller than in agricultural reclama-
tion.
The use of mineral fertilization in subsequent years for the tree
and shrub cultivation - supplemented with digging of soil to depths of
5 to 1O cm is in effect contributing to intensive growth of weeds (also
of grasses), choking the forest cultures. There is the belief, that the
growth of weeds is contributing to intensification of the soil producing
processes on disposal stacks, but the confirmation of this in laboratory
tests may be only after a longer, at least few years, time period.
CULTIVATION OP HERBACEOUS PLANTS
To simplify the interpretation of the greenhouse experiments only
white mustard was used (Synapis alba L.) since it is characterized
with an easily noted response to changes in the growth environment.
These tests facilitated specification of more promising variants of ferti-
lization and neutralization for use under field conditions. These expe-
riments indicated that high vegetation yields were obtained on treat-
ments of ash "with soil, on ash treated with low and high moor peats in
various doses (more advantageous were high doses on the order of
100 t/ha rank), on mineral soil, and on green manure made of cereal
grains and forbs (but only for Halemba). As the combinations with
exclusive mineral fertilization were very promising, (particularly on ashes
from Konin), therefore second greenhouse experiment was set up (fig.
32) in which determined was the correlation of crop level with the
types of supplied macrocomponents. In ash from Konin a positive re-
action to a composite NPK Me, fertilization was ascertained together
236
-------
KON IN
Content in %
5*321
1 • ^ ^, -T>
L . ,
|77^S
y>, >> > ; , • -'
v /////;/ s * /
E2S
k^o,"
•n^
L
kVx
— c=
EV-
ES
, y-7-7-y ^y"
^^^^^^/
r
\ZZZZ, / ••' Z / '
(O<^T
'
i
'
^ ^L
-__,
V /////// ^^u.
1
r
l/x' /////// / :
TA'.
I",".
1
\/ /////////, ,
1
y , , I-
CZ
cz
r
Eg
r-
r, ,,,,..,,,, ,1
w>' «''*•< -^
L
Minsrol
fertiliza-
tion
a
sc
a.
z
X
X
X
2x
X
X
X
2x
X
X
2x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
micro -
tltmcnis
X
X
X
X
X
2x
X
X
2x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Additions of
substances altering
composition and
properties of ashes
/ mineral
soil
/check 2 barren sand
J lash
-
low bog peat (K)t/ha)
low bog peat
UQt/ha)tS
low bog peat(10t/ha)
mountain peat
(10t /ha)
mountain peat
(10t/ha)tS
mountain peat
l10t/ha }_
cereal green mass
J25t / ha)
legume green
moss(25t/ha
25% of mineral soil
gypsum ( 1t /ha )
sulphuric acid 1n
8O% max. water
capacity
strong compaction
1cm cover of clay
low bog peatfDOt/ha
mountain peat
(100t/ha)
cereal green mass
(100t /ha)
legume green
moss (100t /ha)
low bog peat(10t/ha
mountain peat
(10f / ha )
25% of barren sand
i
Combino
1
i|
10
IV
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
xvin
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
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I- N
I- K,O
Pig. no. 34. Content of some constituents in white mustard,
obtained from I greenhouse experiment.
237
-------
with a required phosphorus and magnesium to be supple mented, and
in ash from Halemba a strong reaction to complex mineral fertilization
used in large doses was observed.
The field experiments, carried out over three years, confirmed in
principle the greenhouse observations. Purther, additional treatment
variants were tried to refine the conclusions of the greenhouse expe-
riments.
Under the field experiment conditions there existed the possibility
of investigating the growth and development of a greater number of
plants than was possible in the greenhouse experiments. On the basis
of current research performed on other fly ash and considering the
habitat and microclimatic conditions and plant requirements, five plant
mixtures were used for the field tests. Initially promising was crown
vetch - Coronilla varia - which under American conditions is reported
to produce green mass but which is not particularly liked by agrono-
mists. However, when sown with sainfoin - Onobrychis viciaefolia -
on the rich calcium ash in Konin, it did not succeed. Only few seeds
germinated. Sainfoin in its first seeding had also shown insufficient
germination, and required reseeding at a high rate. Measureable yield
of these species were not realized until the third year of the experi-
ments and the yields were lower than for all plots with grasses and
forbs.
Similarly, white melilot (sweet clover) did not give the desired
results. The germination of white melilot both in Konin and in Halemba
was not satisfactory. The treatment plots were overgrown with weeds.
The best growth results were achieved with mixtures of grasses
and a mix of alfalfa and orchard grass.
As a criterion of success, the protein value of the crops was me-
asured. These results are presented in figure 37.
Prom the comparisons of production of protein appears, that in
Halemba the best results were achieved in cultivation of:
238
-------
KONIN
Content in %
2 1
c
Y//,
\
\////
I
Y//,
Y////
c
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I
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(Z
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V / / ' s
Mineral
• rtiliza-
tion
01
it
a,
z
X
X
-
X
2x
X
X
X
2x
X
X
2x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
micro -
•l«m»nf$
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X
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2x
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Additions of
substances altering
composition and
properties of ashes
( mineral
| soil
J barren
>check< sand
[ ash
-
ow bog peat (10t/ha)
ow bog peat f!0t /ha )»S
ow bog peat (10t/ha)
mountain peat
( 10t /ha )
mountain peat
(10t/ha)tS
mountain peat
(K)t/ha)
cereal green mass
(25t/ha)
legume green
mass(25t/ha)
25% of mineral soil
gypsum ( 1t / ha )
sulphuric acid 1n
80% max water
capacity
strong compaction
1cm cover of clay
low bog peat (100f/ha
mountain peat
nOOf/ha)
cereal green mass
MOOf/ha)
legume green
mass(100f/ha)
low bog peat (10t/ha;
mountain peat
MOt /ha )
25% of barren sand
Combination No
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
XXI
XXII
XXIII
XXIV
XXV
XXVI
XXVII
HALEMBA
Content in %
1 2
//J
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IZZZZZZl
• •
I
TZZZZZJ
// ///\
I
2ZZZZ3
I
///////// /\
>•'///// /A
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ZZZZZZ3
// ///// ///\
///////
i
••'////// /\
i
ZZZZZZZ2Z
zzzzzzz
/ZZZZ2Z3
I
// / / /// /
'///'//A
I
/// ' ///A
]
2ZZZZZ
!
'/•////A
I
••'//A
////////\
I
'///////A
// // A
I
///\
•-'/// -A
CaO
MgO
Pig. no. 35. CaO and MgO content in white mustard, from
I greenhouse experiment.
239
-------
- mixture no. 1 (lucerne and melilot), on ashes treated with low moor
peat and fertilized with NPK - 1483 kg/ha of protein
- mixture no. 2 (grasses with legumes), on ashes covered with 20 cm
layer of fertile soil and fertilized with NPK - 1410 kg/ha of protein
- mixture no. 4 (white melilot), on ashes covered with a 20 cm layer
of fertile soil and fertilized with NPK - 1265 kg/ha of protein
- mixture no. 3 (lucerne and orchard grass) on ashes covered with
20 cm layer of fertile soil and fertilized with NPK - 842 kg/ha of
protein.
Good results were also obtained on plots treated with low moor
(E combination) and high moor peats. Mineral fertilization without
enrichment of ash with humus gave small results, barely some 5-75 %
higher than on not fertilized controls, from which there was obtained
375 - 603 k§j/ha of protein.
On experimental plots in Konin the definitely highest amounts of
protein were acquired from A combination in which the ash was cove-
red with 20 cm layer of fertile soil and fertilized with NPK:
- the mixture no. 3 (lucerne and orchard grass) - 1515 kg/ha of
protein
- the mixture no. 2 (grasses with legumes) - 1498 kg/ha of protein
- the mixture no. 4 (white melilot) - 1064 kg/ha of protein.
Relatively good results were achieved also from combination, where
ashes were covered with thinner (lO cm) layer of fertile soil and
with NPK. Satisfactory results were achieved on, plots fertilized with
farm manure (mixture no. 3 - 1042 kg/ha of protein), with green ma-
nure (mixture no. 3 - 1071 kg/ha of protein), with low moor peat
(mixture no. 3 - 1050 kg of protein), and with high moor peat (l086kg
of protein). Direct mineral fertilization gave unsatisfactory results
(397 - 866 kg of protein), but much better than on ash of the control
plots (77 - 676 kg of protein). Decidedly poor results gave cultiva-
tion of sainfoin (mixture no. l).
2kO
-------
c
o
o
3
TJ
C
O
o
100
9.0
168 192
time in hours
o
o
T3
C
O
o
10.0
•jO
6/3
4,0
2.0
96
120
168 192
time in hours
Pig. no. 36. Specific conduction of ashes of bituminous
coal (Halemba) and of lignite (Konin)
1 - fresh ash from electrofilters
2 - fresh ash from sedimentation basin
3 - ash from experimental control plot (o) after
a 3-years' cultivation of plants.
-------
It appears from the presented comparisons, that both in Halemba
and in Konin the best effects were acquired in cultivation of mixture
no. 2 (grasses with legumes in proportions as provided in chapter 4)
and the mixture no. 3 (lucerne and orchard grass).
In reference to the latter mixture it was found, that orchard grass
is displaying here a very high aggressiveness. The proportion by
weight of its seeds in the mixture amounted to 14 %, while the phyto-
sociological survey made in the third year of cultivation had shown,
that orchard grass was occupying 21 - 90 % of the plots ' surface
in Halemba and 4 - 84 % in Konin. It seems that its aggresiveness
was backed by profuse nitrogenous fertilization, with which the legumes
cultivated in normal soil are not too happy.
Figure 33 presents the relationship between water consumption
and of the yield of green mass for greenhouse experiments. A straight
line relationship appears to exist, and therefore, the slope of the line
represents the change in yields as a function of water consumption.
Steeper slopes indicate higher benefits of water availability. Por the
greenhouse experiments, the following treatments appeared to produce
higher responses to water consumption:
(l) on ash from Halemba: no treatment, treatment with a high rate
of green manure and full fertilization, treatment with mountain
peat, and treatment with river sand;
(2) on ash from Konin: treatment with large amount of green manure
and full fertilization treatment with a double rate of fertilization
with macro elements, treatment with small amounts of green ma-
nure and treatment with mountain peat and fertilized.
The results show that a high yield under field conditions was
obtained with the application of green manure in Konin. The plants
growing in this treatment used the precipitation water with high efficiency.
In making the comparison of chemical composition of plants coming
from neutralized ashes in the first greenhouse experiment the attention
draws mainly (fig. 34 and 35 ):
-------
a) the lew content of nitrogen in relation to the control pot, "which was
white mustard cultivated on fertile soil,
b) the higher (2-3 times) content of K 0, particularly in combinations
fertilized with green mass of cereal plants, and low moor peats,
c) the generally low content of P 0,_,
d) the higher by 45 % content of CaO in plants coming from Konin,
and the generally lower CaO content in plants cultivated on ashes
from Halemba,
e) the up to 2-3 times higher content of MgO in plants cultivated on
ashes from Halemba, particularly in combinations fertilized with peats
and green manure.
The above relations were not confirmed fully by the field experi-
ment, and so:
a) the smallest amounts of nitrogen were found in composition of hay
coming from the not fertilized control plots in Halemba, however the
deviations from compositions of plants growing on natural soils were
small; in Konin the highest N content had yields from plots covered
with fertile soil,
b) no greater deviations in hay content were found in K20f P20,_,
CaO and Mg in relation to experimental plot covered with 20 cm
layer of fertile soil,
c) in hay coming from both ash disposal stacks was found insufficient
amount of copper, but quite high was content of iron; similar rela-
tions are found in crops from peaty soils,
d) in crops of plants collected from plots covered with fertile soil and
NPK the deficit of such components as B, CaO, K 0 was found
only when the used fertile soil was deficient in the same elements,
and this applied even when the ash subsoil possessed these com-
ponents in excess, pointing to small degree of utilization of availa-
ble in deeper layers of produced soil excess elements; the surplus
of Zn in brought in fertile soil, contributed to an excess reserve
2U3
-------
of this element in the hay,
e) in some combinations - particularly with lack of organic fertilization
were found comparatively high amounts of molybdenum (to 6.15 ppm
in Halemba, and to 8.5 ppm in Konin) which could affect the use-
fulness of hay to animals.
CULTIVATION OP TREES AND BUSHES
In the course of the 3-year period of the investigations of silvan
reclamation of ash disposal stacks, a number of correlations between
trees, shrubs, and ash treatments were observed. The most important
of these are:
a) the correlation of numerical losses of specimens with the charac-
teristics of ashes and treatments there of, and
b) the correlation of growth of particular species of trees and bushes
with characteristics of ashes.
Add. a) The number of losses of selected species was very high,
and is not normally encountered in reforestation. The dead species
were replaced up to two times (in 1975 and in 1976) but on some
plots the number of surviving cuttings constitutes a small percent of
planted cuttings. Por example, 1853 cuttings were planted at Halemba
in 1975 through 1977, but by the end of 1977 only 853 (45.0 percent)
of the cuttings survived. At Konin, only 40.2 percent of the cuttings
survived.
This would imply a more suitable environment at Halemba for forest
type reclamation.
Add. b) The total growth of trees and shrubs in terms of height in-
creases was, on the average, 0.69 m at Halemba and 0.36 m at Konin.
This again points to better conditions for forest reclamation at Halemba.
The more favorable species may be determined by the survival rate
as well as by the growth rate. In terms of survival, the best results
were obtained from the following species (organized from highest to
lowest survival):
-------
HALEMBA
kg/ha
15OO 10OO
50O
ombi-
nation
No of
plot
&
pe
cuttK
veget.
Cultivation-
fertilization
combination
KONIN
500
kg/ha
10OO 15OO
2O cm layer
of fertile soil
B
10 cm layer
of fertile soil
5 cm layer
of fertile soil
tertiary sand
50Om3/ha
>**» •*+•. 1 i V , ,- j-\
W/////A
bento ni to
10Om3/ha
wm
low bog peat
1O Mg / ha
mountain peat
10 Mg/ha
|__. ._,*._'._* / _
I Y///////////,
farm manure
2O Mg / ha
H
2+
green manure
40 Mg /ha
H
2+
I
1234
Pig. no. 37. Podder value of cultures from field experiments in Halemba
and Konin.
245
-------
Halemba:
Konin:
l) locust tree
2 ) poplar I
3) poplar II
4) pea shrub
5) basket willow
6) black alder
7) grey alder
8) larch
9) birch
1.0 % l) poplar I
5.5 % 2) grey alder
11.1 % 3) poplar II
24.2 % 4) willow
27.2 % 5) pea shrub
42.9 % 6) larch
44.4 % 7) sea buckthorn
72.5 % 8) locust tree
88.5 % 9) black alder
10 ) birch
43.3 %
47.0 %
47.8 %
49.4 %
52.0 %
53.4 %
55.3 %
58.3 %
58.4 %
62.3 %
Similar clessification in terms of growth height gives the following
results:
l) locust tree
2) pea shrub
3) poplar II
4) poplar I
5) black alder
6) grey alder
7 ) willow
8) birch
9) larch
Halemba; Konin;
- 2.12 m l) locust tree - 0.63 m
- 1.03 m 2) willow - 0.49 m
- 0.70 m 3) grey alder - 0.43 m
- 0.62 m 4) birch - 0.36 m
- 0.47 m 5) black alder - 0.35 m
- 0.47 m 6) poplar II _ 0.31 m
- 0.33 m 7) poplar I _ 0.29 m
- 0.29 m 8) sea buckthorn - 0.28 m
- 0.28 m 9) pea shrub - 0.13 m
10) larch - 0.11 m
Prom the above comparisons, it appears that the best specie at
Halemba was locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). and sea buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides), and pea shrub (largana arborescens), and
at Konin locust grey alder (Alnus incana) and sea buckthorn.
The treatment plots can be evaluated also based on the survival
of plants and on the growth rates of the surviving species. In terms
of survival the treatments are ranked as follows (highest to lowest):
2k 6
-------
v/\ — Location of field •«ptrim*ntj
(o) — Location of grttnhous* experiments
Fig. no. 38. Location of greenhouse and field
experiments.
247
-------
Halemba:
l) Combination no. 2 - dressing pits with a mixture of ash and
bentcnite + mineral fertilizers - 39.5 % losses;
2) Combination no. 1 - dressing pits with a mixture of ash with
fertile soil in 3:1 proportion + mineral fertilizers - 40.1 % losses;
3) Combination no. 3 - dressing pits with a mixture of ash and
Q
high moor peat (8 kg/m of ash) + mineral fertilizers - 41.3 % loses;
4) Combination no. 4 - backfilling pits with ash and mineral
fertilizers - 43.8 % losses.
Konin:
l) Combination no. 5 - dressing pits with fertile soil + mineral
fertilizers - 20.5 % losses;
2) Combination no. 3 - dressing pits with a mixture of ash and
o
high moor peat (8 kg/m ) + mineral fertilizers - 59.7 % losses;
3) Combination no. 4 - backfilling pits with ash + mineral fertili-
zers - 60.3 % losses;
4) Combination no. 2 - backfilling pits with ash and tertiary sand
+ mineral fertilizers - 61.6 % losses;
5) Combination no. 1 - backfilling pits with mixture of ash with
fertile soil, 3:1 proportion, + mineral fertilizers - 65.8 % losses.
In terms of growth, the treatments are ranked as follows:
Halemba:
1) Combination no. 1
2) Combination no. 3
3) Combination no. 4
4) Combination no. 2
Konin:
1) Combination no. 5
average increase of 0.74 m
average increase of 0.73 m
average increase of 0.67 m
average increase of 0.65 m
average increase of 0.60 m
21*8
-------
2) Combination no. 2
3) Combination no. 4
4) Combination nc. 3
5) Combination no. 1
average increase of 0.40 m
average increase of 0.39 m
average increase of 0.35 m
average increase of 0.31 m
The treatments with soil appear to give the best results, with the
results improving in proportion to the amount of soil used.
The chemical composition of leaves was analysed only for the locust
tree. The other combinations had only scanty leafage, and there was
not enough material to perform the necessary analyses, and what more,
the plucking of all leaves would endanger the results of observations
of these trees and bushes in the following years. The analyses of
chemical compositions - in this the contents of such microelements
as the B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Co - were not indicating any substantial
differences in comparison to trees growing in natural soils.
The limited time available to examine soil changes at Konin has
not yet permitted generalizations as to the successes and failures of
trees and shrubs there.
2U9
-------
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31. Wysocki W.: Wlasciwosci fizykochemiczne i biologiczne popioiovx-
z elektrowni Rybnickiego Okre_gu W^glowego. In.: Skiadowanie
i zagospodarowanie odpe.dow energetycznych i hutniczych. Geolo-
gical Edition, Warszawa 1973, p. 83-92 (Pol.)
253
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32. Wysocki W.: Wykorzystanie popioiow elektrowni Turow do neutra-
lizacji zwatowisk nadkiadowych kopalni Turow. In: Skladowanie
i zagospodarowanie odpadow energetycznych i hutnicr-ych. Ge-
ological Edition, Warszawa 1973, p. 447-450 (Pol.)
33. Wysocki W.: Reclamation of Coal-Fired Power Plant Ash Piles.
In.: Reports of the Polish - U.S. Symposium "Environmental Pro-
tection of Openpit Coal Mines", Denver, Co 1975. Ed. The Uni-
wersity of Denver Research Institute, Denver, Co. 1975, p. 97-
-108. (Eng.)
34. Zak M.: Wplyw powlok asfaltowych przeciwdziataj^.cych wtornemu
pyleniu skladowisk popiolow lotnych na wegetacje, rosiin. In:
Komunikaty XIX Ogolnopolskiego Zjazdu Naukowego Polskiego
Towarzystwa Gleboznawczego. Ed. PTG Pulawy. 1972, p. 488-
-496. (Pol.)
35. Zurawski M.: Wste,pne badania nad mozliwosciej. zagospodarowania
hald popioiowych elektrowni i/aziska Gorne. In.: Komunikaty XIX
Ogolnopolskiego Zjazdu Naukowego Polskiego Towarzystwa Gle-
boznawczego. Edition PTG. Futawy 1972, p. 461-467. (Pol.)
36. Allen O.N.: Experiments in soil bacteriology. Wyd. HI. Burgess
Publ. Co. Minneapolis, Minnesota 1957.
37. Ashby S.: Some observations on the assimilation of atmospheric
nitrogen by the free living soil organisms Azotobacter chrooco-
ccum. Journal Agric. Sci 1907 nr 2
38. Bristol B.M.: On the alga-flora of some desiccated English soil
an important factor in soil biology. Ann. Bot. 1920, nr 34, p. 35-
-79
39. Conn H.J.: The use of various culture media in characterizing
actinomyces ". N.Y. Agr. Exp. St. Tech. Bui. 1921 nr 83
25k
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40. Hoffmann E.: Ensymreaktion und ihre Bedeutung, fur die Bestimmung
der Bodenfruchtbarkeit. 2,f. Planzenernahrung, Dun gun g, Boden-
kunde 1952 nr 56 B z 1-3 p. 68
41 Johnson L.P.: Effect of antibiotics on the members of bacteria
and fungi isolated from soil by the dilution - plate method.
Phytopathology 1957 nr 47 p. 630-631
42 Johnson L.F., Curl E.A.: Metods for research of the ecology of
soil - borne Plant Pathogens. Wyd. Burgess Publishing Company.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 1972
43 Kowalinski St., Borkowski J., Giedrojc Br., Pul W., Szerszen L.:
Cwiczenia z gleboznawstwa i podstaw mineralogii z petrografiq..
Wyd. IV. Wyzsza Szkota Rolnicza Wroclaw 1969, pp, 299.
44 Martin J.P.: Use of acid, rose bengal and streptomycin in the
plate method for estimating soil fungi. Soil Sci 1950 nr 69,
p. 215-232
45 Rodina A.: Mikrobiologiczne metody badania wod. Wyd. PWRiL
Warszawa 1968.
46 Polska Norma PN-69/H-04154 - Analiza chemiczna materialow
ogniotrwaiych glinokrzemianowych.
Edition in language:
(Czech.) - Czech
(Eng.) - English
(Ger.) - German
(Pol.) - Polish
(Russ.) - Russian.
255
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GLOSSARY
acrylate emulsion; Is a water dispersion of acrylate-etherine copolymer
(semi-product in emulsion paint manufacture) Solubility in water
very good. Producent De,bicka Factory of Paints and Varnishes
in D^bica, Poland.
agricultural reclamation: Technical, agrotechnical and biological treat-
ments connected with restoration to the transformed in the effect
of industrial activity soils of their production capacity or utility
value in agriculture.
bentonite; Waste matter derived from the cycle system of mont morillo-
nite - clayey sediments with a variable mineral composition,
characterized with the presence of minerals of the mica group,
indicating also different stages of degradation in the direction
of the mont morillonite typified with a sorptive capacity of 50-
-70 mval/100 g.
_bulk density; Weight of soil after drying in temp 105 C determined in
Kopecky cylinders, of 250 cm capacity J43~].
capillary potential; (pP curve), defines forces bonding water in the
soil. It is expressed as the height of water column and amounts
from 0 (full saturation of soil with water), to 6.000.000 = 6,000
atmospheres (soil dried in temp. 105 C). To avoid the use of
high numbers, one introduces the sign pP =» Iog1 h /cm/ of water
column, corresponding to the force bonding water in soil. The
field water capacity corresponds to pP 2.54 (0.34 atm), maximum
hygroscopicity - pP 2.2 (0.15 atm) to pP 4.2 (15 atm.).
256
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capillary water capacity: Ability to retain water by soil in capillary
voids determined in samples of undisturbed structure in Kopecky
cylinders 143
clutan: See waste sulphite lye.
HiUls - Bodenfestiger Huls 801 - preparation for protective
consolidation of terrain surfaces without fertile soil shield; pro-
duced in West Germany in Chemical Works Huls. Trade name
and chemical composition reserved.
curasol: Preparation for protective consolidation of soil surface,
product of West Germany. Trade name and composition reserved.
curie: Unit of specific activity of radioactive source, defined as the
quantity of radioactive substance in which the disintegrations
per second amount to 3.7 x 10 .
Abbreviation "Ci"; IpCi = 10~12 Ci.
fertile soil: Soil from humus horizon of agricultural lands \vith at least
an average fertility.
forest reclamation (silvan reclamation): Technical, agrotechnical and
biological treatments connected with the restoration to the trans-
formed soils of their production or utility value in forestry.
field water capacity: Ability of soil to retain water by capillary forces
above the reach of the capillary rise in pores smaller than 8.5
jum, corresponding to O.345 atm. pressure (33 800 Pa), and to
the pP = 2.5 value. Water available for plants is taken to be
water quantity contained between the field water capacity and
the point of withering (pP = 4.2 corresponding to pressure of
15 atm. = 1471 kPa) J43~] .
general porosity; Total sum of all free voids occurring in soil, deter-
mined by indirect methods utilizing designations of weight den-
sity (s), bulk density (So) of soil according to formula
257
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Po = S - So . 100
or by direct methods using Nitsch air pycnometer 43
latex LB 6041: Is &. suspension containing up to 50 percent butadiene
- styrene rubber and essential stabilizing agents. Its dissolubility
in water is very good, and working time is 3 months. Product
of the Oswi^cim Chemical Works, Oswi^cim, Poland.
low moor peat: Peat formed in river valleys of trees, water plants,
and grasses deposited in conditions of strong mineralization.
micelle (radical): Strongly charged anion of colloidal particles
(nucleus), surrounded by adsorbed cations [~5i|.
mountain moor peat : Mountain peat formed of sphagnum mosses in
an acid eutrophic medium.
protection against secondary dusting: Consolidation of surface of the
ash disposal stack in a manner preventing the emission of dusts
to atmosphere.
salinity: excessive concentration of easily soluble salts in water
(chlorides or sulphates of sodium or of magnesium, carbonates
and bicarbonates of sodium) when their total content computed
in conversion to NaCl is greater than 0.3 % (gravimetrically).
For practical purposes the degree of salinity is measured in
3
g of NaCl per 1 drr. of soil.
secondary dusting; emission of dusts from disposal stack of ash to
the atmosphere.
_simens: unit of electric conduction defined as the reverse of a unit
1 -3
of electric resistance: IS = r 1 1 mS = 10 S.
258
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waste sulphite lye; Is a waste product in paper production and con-
taining lignosulphonate complex, saccharoses, organic and mineral
acids and their salts. The waste product is in the form of liquid
with 50 percent concentration, or in dry form as chips, and is
named Clutan. Well soluble in water.
weight density: Ratio of dry mass devoid of soil air to the mass of
same volume of water. Determined by pycnometer, by calibrated
flask, or by spirit method [~43] .
259
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-6QQ/7-79-128
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf»NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Reclamation of Alkaline Ash Piles and Protection of
Their Environment Against Dusting
5. REPORT DATE
July 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Wladyslaw Wysocki
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Central Research and Design Institute for Open-pit
Mining, Poltegor
51-6l6 Wroclaw
Poland
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1NE623
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
05-53^-1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U. B. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio U5268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
final .
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA 600/12
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project supported by PL-480 Special Foreign Currency Program in cooperation with
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado and OIA.
16. ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to develop methods to reclaim and
stabilize by vegetation fly ash and bottom ash from bituminous and lignite fired
power plants. The ash had been transported from the power plant as a slurry and
disposed of in ponds. Ashes from these power plants were strongly alkaline (pH from
8.5 to 12.8). Greenhouse experiments were conducted using white mustard (-Synapis
alba L.) as the test plant on ashes treated by various fertilizers, with various
moisture levels and with application of amendments changing the composition or the
properties of ash. Three years field experiments were performed to investigate the
growth, health, yields and quality of mixtures of legumes and grasses growing on
ashes ,with admixtures changing their composition or properties. Different fertiliza-
tion levels were also studied. A 3-year field investigation of the growth and health
of selected species of trees, bushes and cuttings was conducted. On the base of
periodical pedological microbiological and phytosociological examination the process
of the soil formation was observed.
Field experiments were carried out in a moderate climate, where significant air
pollution, dusts, and gases were emitted from nearby power plants burning bituminous
coal or lignite. Along with the results of the greenhouse and field investigations,
recommendations for ash reclamation are presented.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Fertilizers
Trees
Legumes
Grasses
Air Pollution
Reclamation
Agronomy
Soil Chemistry
Revegetation
3olid waste disposal
Poland
jreenhouse experiments
Power plant ashes
13B
48B
48F
68A
68C
85E
91A
98A
98D
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
Jnclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
278
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Jnclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
260
•fl U. S. QOVHWKENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 — 657-063/5"
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