s>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory
P. 0. Box 15027
Las Vegas NV89114
EPA-600/7-79-135
June 1979
Research and Development
The Environmental
Protection Agency
Four Corners
Ambient Air
Monitoring Network
Interagency
Energy-Environment
Research
and Development
Program Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, US. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad categories
were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster
technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomtc Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY—ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series Reports in this series result from the effort
funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and Development
Program. These studies relate to ERA'S mission to protect the public health and welfare
from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy systems. The goal of the Pro-
gram is to assure the rapid development of domestic energy supplies in an environ-
mentally-compatible manner by providing the necessary environmental data and
control technology. Investigations include analyses of the transport of energy-related
pollutants and their health and ecological effects; assessments of, and development of,
control technologies for energy systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range
of energy-related environmental issues.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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EPA-600/7-79-135
June 1979
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FOUR CORNERS
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING NETWORK
by
D.E. Smith, O.K. Spencer, J. Richards, and G. Peterson
Ute Research Laboratories
P.O. Box 266
Ft. Duchesne, Utah 84026
and
P.O. Box 659
Blanding, Utah 84511
Contract No. 68-03-2345
Project Officer
Robert Snelling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND SUPPORT LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LAS VEGAS, NEVADA 89114
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Monitoring and Support
Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Protection of the environment requires effective regulatory actions that
are based on sound technical and scientific information. This information
must include the quantitative description and linking of pollutant sources,
transport mechanisms, interactions, and resulting effects on man and his
environment. Because of the complexities involved, assessment of specific
pollutants in the environment requires a total systems approach that
transcends the media of air, water, and land. The Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas contributes to the formation and enhancement
of a sound monitoring data base for exposure assessment through programs
designed to:
• develop and optimize systems and strategies for moni-
toring pollutants and their impact on the environment
• demonstrate new monitoring systems and technologies by
applying them to fulfill special monitoring needs of
the Agency's operating programs.
This report describes an ambient air monitoring network established to
determine an air quality base line for the Four Corners area of Arizona,
Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The data base thus obtained, and the
continued operation of the monitoring network, subsequently will be used to
assess the impact of coal deposit development and the activation of large,
coal-fired, electrical generating plants in the Four Corners area.
The description of this monitoring network and of the initial results
obtained from the network should be of value to those individuals concerned
with the quality of the environment in the Four Corners area, as well as to
those interested in planning or implementing similar programs for other areas
of the country.
Additional information may be obtained from the Environmental Monitoring
and Support Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, P.O. Box 15027,
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114.
Getfrge B. Morgan
Director
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas
iii
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PREFACE
A steadily increasing demand for energy, combined with the need for
reducing the consumption of limited and costly oil and natural gas supplies
for the generation of electrical power, has resulted in an accelerated
development of extensive coal deposits in the Four Corners area of
northeastern Arizona, southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico, and
southeastern Utah. The proximity and availability of such coal supplies has
led, in turn, to the construction and activation of large, coal-fired,
electrical generating plants throughout the same geographical area.
With such a surge in development, protection of the environment has
become a vitally important consideration. Previously, most of the area has
been rural, containing few large population centers but many historic,
cultural, and recreational areas. The introduction of large-scale industrial
activities into this area is seen by many to constitute a potential or actual
threat to the environment and has caused considerable concern in view of the
impact on the physical qualities of the area, the residents, and the visitors.
Under contract to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ute Research
Laboratories has undertaken the planning, design, and implementation of an
ambient air quality monitoring network., together with qualitative and
quantitative studies, to develop a data base for rural air quality in this
area. Subsequently, this data base will be used with continuing monitoring
programs to assess the impact of the industrial development. The monitoring
network and the associated studies have been designed to allow correlation of
numerous factors affecting air quality, including the atmospheric pollutants,
their relative levels over periods of time, the extent of their spread
throughout the area, and a variety of contributing factors such as prevailing
winds, geography, etc.
In this, the first published report on the program, information is
presented concerning the way the program operates, the methods applied, and
the early results in the development of the data base. Most of the efforts
during this initial phase of the program have been devoted to establishing
accurate and reliable methods for obtaining data, analyzing samples, and
evaluating results so that subsequent phases will be based on procedures that
yield statistically valid results.
iv
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ABSTRACT
This ambient air monitoring program was initiated with the overall
objective of establishing an air quality base line for the Four Corners area
of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. The base line will be used in
assessing the impact of the development of coal deposits and the operation of
large, coal-fired, electrical generating plants in the Four Corners area.
A network of 29 monitoring stations was established to obtain data con-
cerning the air quality in a predominantly rural area covering a multistate
region. Analytical procedures were designed and implemented to analyze
samples extracted from ambient air for their content of trace metals,
sulfates, and nitrates. Quality control procedures were developed and
implemented to assure statistically accurate and reliable sampling and
analysis techniques that would provide a valid data base.
Results are evaluated in terms of the total suspended particulates
present in the ambient air at each of the 29 monitoring stations on a seasonal
basis from the winter season of 1975-1976 through the winter season of
1976-1977. Results also are evaluated in terms of the validity of the
sampling and analytical procedures. These data also are available from the
National Aerometric Data Base, using the SAROAD (Storage and Retrieval of
Aerometric Data) system.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract No. 68-03-
2345 by Ute Research Laboratories under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. This report covers the period from November, 1975,
to November, 1977, and work was completed as of January 1, 1978. Actual data
collecting was limited to a period commencing December 1, 1975, and ending
February 28, 1977.
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CONTENTS
Foreword ill
Preface iv
Abstract v
Figures x
Tables xi
Abbreviations and Symbols xii
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. The Monitoring Network 4
General Description 4
Monitoring Site Locations 4
Monitoring Site Activation . . 6
Monitoring Site Equipment 6
High-Volume Air Samplers 6
Low-Volume Air Samplers 7
Three-Stage Multiday Cascade Impactor 7
Timers 7
Electrical Generators 8
5. Field Operations 9
Coordination and Data Flow 9
Field Operators 9
Sampling Schedules 10
Calibration and Maintenance 11
Supplies ......... . 11
6. Analytical Procedures 12
Objective 12
Filter Control.. 12
Filter Storage 12
Visual Filter Inspection 13
Filter Weighing 13
Sample Weighing 13
Trace-Metal Analysis 14
Filter Preparation ...... 14
Refluxing Procedure 14
Contamination Safeguards 15
Sample Extraction .... 15
Sample Concentration 15
Spectroscopic Analysis 16
Spectroscopic Interferences 16
Sulfate and Nitrate Analyses 17
vii
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Sample Preparation 17
Filter Preparation 17
Sample Extraction 18
Nitrate Analysis 18
Sulfate Analysis 19
7. Data Processing and Reporting 20
8. Quality Assurance Procedures 22
General Description 22
Internal Quality Control 22
Filter Quality 22
Filter Weights 22
Monitoring Equipment 23
Laboratory Facility 23
Laboratory Water and Reagents 23
Trace-Metal Analysis 24
Sulfate and Nitrate Analyses 25
Data Processing and Reporting 27
External Quality Assurance 27
Filter Weights 27
Air Sampler Calibration 28
Trace-Metal Analysis 28
Sulfate and Nitrate Analyses 29
On-Going Quality Assurance Measures 31
9. Summarized Data and Analyses 32
References 50
Appendices
A. Data Flow 51
B. Monitoring Stations and Data 55
General Description 55
Arizona Monitoring Stations 55
Bacobi, AZ 55
Bodaway, AZ 56
Coppermine, AZ 57
Kaibito, AZ 58
Lechee, AZ 59
Lee's Ferry, AZ 59
Piute, AZ 60
Redrock, AZ 61
Teec Nos Pos, AZ 62
Tsa Schizzi, AZ 63
Tuba City, AZ 64
Colorado Monitoring Stations 65
Ignacio, CO 65
Redmesa, CO 66
Towaoc, CO 67
New Mexico Monitoring Stations 68
Burnham, NM 68
Chaco Canyon, NM 69
Dulce, NM 70
Huerfano, NM 71
viii
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Navajo Farm Project, NM 72
Utah Monitoring Stations 72
Aneth, UT 73
Bloomington, UT 73
Escalante, UT 74
Glen Canyon, UT 75
Henrieville, UT 76
Huntington Canyon #1, UT 77
Huntington Canyon #2, UT 77
Navajo Mountain, UT 78
Oljato, UT 79
St. George, UT 79
C. Special Projects 81
Two-Stage Air Sampler Head 81
Three-Stage Multiday Cascade Impactor 81
Soil Sampling 82
Reference 83
ix
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Monitoring site locations 5
2 Winter 1975-76 seasonal TSP averages (all stations) 33
3 Spring 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations) 34
4 Summer 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations) 35
5 Autumn 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations) 36
6 Winter 1976-77 seasonal TSP averages (all stations) 37
7 Bacobi, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 38
8 Bodaway, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 38
9 Coppermine, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 39
10 Kaibito, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 39
11 Lee's Ferry, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 40
12 Piute, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 40
13 Redrock, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 41
14 Teec Nos Pos, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 41
15 Tsa Schizzi, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 42
16 Tuba City, AZ, seasonal TSP averages 42
17 Ignacio, CO, seasonal TSP averages 43
18 Redmesa, CO, seasonal TSP averages 43
19 Towaoc, CO, seasonal TSP averages 44
20 Burnham, NM, seasonal TSP averages 44
21 Chaco Canyon, NM, seasonal TSP averages 45
22 Dulce, NM, seasonal TSP averages 45
23 Huerfano, NM, seasonal TSP averages 46
24 Aneth, UT, seasonal TSP averages 46
25 Bloomington, UT, seasonal TSP averages 47
26 Escalante, UT, seasonal TSP averages 47
27 Glen Canyon, UT, seasonal TSP averages 48
28 Henrieville, UT, seasonal TSP averages 48
29 Oljato, UT, seasonal TSP averages 49
30 St. George, UT, seasonal TSP averages 49
A-l Program data flow 52
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Monitoring Site Activation Dates 6
2 Sample of Duplicate Filter Weighings 23
3 Sample of Duplicate Trace-Metal Analyses . 25
4 Sample of Duplicate Sulfate/Nitrate Analyses 26
5 Sulfate/Nitrate Analyses of EPA Samples 26
6 Results of the Sulfate Performance Survey 30
7 Results of the Nitrate Performance Survey 30
B-l Bacobi Seasonal Averages 56
B-2 Bodaway Seasonal Averages 57
B-3 Coppermine Seasonal Averages 58
B-4 Kaibito Seasonal Averages 59
B-5 Lee's Ferry Seasonal Averages 60
B-6 Piute Seasonal Averages 61
B-7 Redrock Seasonal Averages 62
B-8 Teec Nos Pos Seasonal Averages 63
B-9 Tsa Schizzi Seasonal Averages 64
B-10 Tuba City Seasonal Averages 65
B-ll Ignacio Seasonal Averages 66
B-12 Redmesa Seasonal Averages 67
B-l3 Towaoc Seasonal Averages 68
B-14 Burnham Seasonal Averages ..... 69
B-l5 Chaco Canyon Seasonal Averages 70
B-16 Dulce Seasonal Averages 71
B-17 Huerfano Seasonal Averages 72
B-18 Aneth Seasonal Averages 73
B-19 Bloomington Seasonal Averages . 74
B-20 Escalante Seasonal Averages 75
B-21 Glen Canyon Seasonal Averages 76
B-22 Henrieville Seasonal Averages 77
B-23 Navajo Mountain Seasonal Averages 78
B-24 Oljato Seasonal Averages 79
B-25 St. George Seasonal Averages 80
xi
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
C
cfm
cm
dm
EMSL-LV
EPA
F
ft
hr
in
km
m
mg
mi
min
ml
mm
P8 3
pg/m
um
N/A
rad/s
s
SAROAD
TSP
SYMBOLS
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
HC1
HNO.
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
— Celsius scale of temperature measurement
— cubic feet per minute
— centimeter
— decimeter (1.0 cubic decimeter equals 1.0 liter)
— Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
— United States Environmental Protection Agency
— Fahrenheit scale of temperature measurement
— foot
— hour
— inch
— kilometer
— meter
— milligram
— mile
— minute
— milliliter
— millimeter
— microgram
— microgram per cubic meter
— micrometer (1.0 micrometer is the same as 1.0 "micron")
— not activated; tabular entry for nonactivated station
— radians per second
— second
— Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data
— Total Suspended Particulates
cadmium
cobalt
chromium
copper
iron
hydrochloric acid
nitric acid
manganese
molybdenum
nickel
lead
xii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cooperation of the United States National Park Service is gratefully
acknowledged. Without its assistance, operation of the monitoring stations at
Lee's Ferry, AZ (Glen Canyon National Recreation Area), and at Chaco Canyon,
NM (Chaco Canyon National Monument), would not have been possible. National
Park Service personnel in these two areas have been responsible for the
overall operation of the monitoring stations.
We also acknowledge the assistance of the Navajo, Hopi, Mountain Ute,
Southern Ute, Kaibab Piute, and Jicarilla Apache Indian Tribes in permitting
the use of tribal lands for some stations and for their help in obtaining
personnel to operate these stations.
Rockwell International laboratories has furnished valuable support in the
creation and implementation of quality assurance procedures for this study.
Personnel at Rockwell International developed an extensive quality assurance
program, provided audits of the laboratory procedures used by Ute Research
Laboratories, furnished standardized samples, and made other important
contributions to the validity of the results obtained from sample collection
and analysis.
Ernest E. Mau, an independent documentation consultant helped prepare
this report for publication.
xiii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
Steadily increasing energy demands and a need to reduce the amounts of
oil and natural gas used for generating electricity have subjected the Four
Corners area of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah to a surge of
industrial activity. As extensive native coal deposits are being developed,
their proximity and'availability have led to the construction and activation
of coal-fired electrical generating plants in and around the Four Corners
area.
Ute Research Laboratories has developed and implemented an extensive
study program to accumulate, analyze, and correlate ambient air quality data
that will provide the base line for evaluating the present and future impacts
of industrial activity in the Four Corners area. Included in this program are
the establishment and operation of a monitoring network of 29 stations, the
development of analytical procedures for quantitative identification of
suspended particulates at each monitoring station, and the development of
quality assurance procedures that assure the accuracy and validity of all
samples, measurements, and analytical techniques. Further efforts are being
devoted to correlating the data with a variety of factors affecting the
transport of airborne pollutants from their sources to the monitoring
locations. Some of these factors are prevailing winds and air currents, the
geographical characteristics of the affected terrain, and seasonal'variations
such as the frequency of storms and wind shifts.
In this initial phase of the program, data will be evaluated as a base
line, relatively unaffected by the new pollutant sources, for comparison with
future data obtained as the area is developed. In combination with other
studies, this study and its base-line data will permit the assessment of the
impact of coal development and power plant activation as the activity
progresses. If any environmental degradation occurs, it should be apparent
immediately as an increased level of contamination at the monitoring
locations.
The present phase of this program focuses on the implementation of the
monitoring network, the analytical procedures, and the quality assurance
measures taken to establish a meaningful base line.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
Accepting the overall objective of this program as being the development
and implementation of an extensive, accurate, reliable, and valid monitoring
system for measuring selected ambient air quality parameters in a rural
environment, the program has been a success.
As of the closing date of this report (February 28, 1977, for the
collection of air samples and November 30, 1977, for procedural methods), an
extensive monitoring network had been established and placed into regular
operation. The procedures for handling and transmitting samples and data were
implemented with little difficulty. Analytical laboratory techniques were
established to develop meaningful data, and a quality assurance program was
implemented to document the validity of the results.
The quality assurance program indicated some defects in laboratory
procedures, primarily affecting the trace-metal analysis. Changes to the
laboratory techniques were incorporated, beginning with the samples collected
July 1, 1977. However, the data in this report do not reflect the changes to
the laboratory techniques.
Multistate ambient air monitoring on a scale such as this has proven to
be a workable concept. The data accumulated by the operation of this
monitoring network are expected to become invaluable in assessing the present
and future impact of large-scale industrial development in the Four Corners
area.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
Thus far, this program has been limited to developing and implementing
monitoring and analysis techniques for a limited range of air pollutants
within the geographical area of concern. Now that the sampling and analysis
techniques for total suspended particulates (TSP), specified trace metals,
sulfates, and nitrates have been implemented, it is necessary to start
correlating the measurements with other data affecting the transport of
pollutants (winds, precipitation, etc.) and the effects of other factors such
as terrain, vegetation, soil composition, etc.
A soil analysis program, now being conducted, is designed to determine
the concentrations of metals in the soil at and around the various monitoring
stations. High concentrations of iron oxides in the rocks and soil near the
monitoring stations may be affecting the iron content of the samples. Con-
centrations of other metallic compounds may have similar effects. Hopefully,
the soil analyses will indicate where and to what extent these native elements
may be expected to contribute to the air quality measurements.
Additional consideration should be given to collecting appropriate
meteorological data. At present, the data are limited to the field operator's
judgment of weather conditions during the sampling periods, and they rely on
the operator's ability to gauge the average wind conditions, the presence or
absence of storms and precipitation, etc. At least some of the monitoring
stations should be equipped with sufficient meteorological instrumentation and
chart recorders to provide a continuous measurement of wind speed and direc-
tion, barometric pressure, humidity, temperature, and measurable precipi-
tation. Meteorological data may provide the only means of correlating
measurements with individual sources for stations within the affected radii of
more than one source.
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SECTION 4
THE MONITORING NETWORK
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The 29 monitoring stations that constitute the ambient air monitoring
network were selected to provide measurements typical of rural background
values in and around the Four Corners area expected to be most affected by the
development of coal deposits and the construction and activation of the
electrical generating plants. The sites are considered representative of
existing rural air quality throughout the area, and they are likely to reflect
any environmental degradation as a result of emissions from the industrial
activity now beginning.
The exact location of each monitoring station was influenced by consider-
ations including the site's suitability to the purposes and objectives of the
monitoring program, the availability of personnel to operate the station, the
availability of electrical power for the equipment, and the accessibility of
the site.
To effectively manage the monitoring program, Ute Research Laboratories
established a field office in Blanding, UT. This office is responsible for
the overall management of the program, including personnel assignments and
schedules, equipment maintenance, instrument calibration, data processing and
submission, and report preparation. The field office also handles all
communications with the Ute Research Laboratories' main office in Ft.
Duchesne, UT, and with the field personnel responsible for the operation of
the individual monitoring stations.
MONITORING SITE LOCATIONS
Figure 1 shows the locations of the 29 monitoring stations that are
providing data for this program. The network consists of 11 stations in
Arizona, 3 in Colorado, 5 in New Mexico, and 10 in Utah.
The two Huntington Canyon stations, near central Utah and distant from
Four Corners, have been established specifically to monitor the effects of
emissions from the Huntington Power Plant on the local ambient air quality.
Additional information on the individual monitoring stations is contained in
Appendix B, including further definition of their locations and the immediate
terrain surrounding and influencing each station.
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» «
0 ?0 40 60 80
_IOO_ 1*0 «t't
160 180 700 H
UTAH
L
Capito1 % \
• Green River
Canyonland/
\ •> • •
s "'
23*--
*28
COLORADO
Grand Junction
Pagosa Sprs.
6 '^.
*4
*3
/ *2
. ,
•s Grand Canyon •
> V
ARIZONA
FlagstaH
9*
8*
Canyon de Chelly
19
*15
Farmlngton
*«fc
Chaco Canyon
NEW MEXICO
Vindicates Ute Research Laboratories' monitoring stations:
1 Bacobi, AZ
2 Bodaway, AZ
3 Coppermine, AZ
4 Kaibito, AZ
5 Lechee, AZ
6 Lee's Ferry, AZ
7 Piute, AZ
8 Redrock, AZ
9 Teec Nos Pos, AZ
10 Tsa Schizzi, AZ
11 Tuba City, AZ
12 Ignacio, CO
13 Redmesa, CO
14 Towaoc, CO
15 Burnham, NM
16 Chaco Canyon, NM
17 Dulce, NM
18 Huerfano, NM
19 Navajo Farm Proj., NM
20 Aneth, UT
21 Bloomington, UT
22 Escalante, UT
23 Glen Canyon, UT
24 Henrieville, UT
25 Huntington Canyon //I, UT
26 Huntington Canyon #2, UT
27 Navajo Mountain, UT
28 Oljato, UT
29 St. George, UT
Figure 1. Monitoring site locations.
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MONITORING SITE ACTIVATION
Table 1 lists the activation dates of the various monitoring stations.
Most of the stations originally were activated during a previous study and
were reactivated for this one.
TABLE 1. MONITORING SITE ACTIVATION DATES
Monitoring
Site
Activation
Date
Monitoring
Site
Activation
Date
Bacobi, AZ
Bodaway, AZ
Coppermine, AZ
Kaibito, AZ
Lechee, AZ
Lee's Ferry, AZ
Piute, AZ
Redrock, AZ
Teec Nos Pos, AZ
Tsa Schizzi, AZ
Tuba City, AZ
Ignacio, CO
Redmesa, CO
Towaoc, CO
Burnhara, NM
02/27/76
06/21/76
02/02/76
01/22/76
05/22/77
10/05/76
01/27/76
01/12/76
01/20/76
04/02/76
02/16/76
01/19/76
04/19/76
04/29/76
05/17/76
Chaco Canyon, NM 06/30/76
Dulce, NM 05/17/76
Huerfano, NM 04/13/76
Navajo Farm Project, NM 02/06/77
Aneth, UT 02/11/76
Bloomington, UT 02/02/76
Escalante, UT 01/24/76
Glen Canyon, UT 10/13/76
Henrieville, UT 01/24/76
Huntington Canyon #1, UT 04/18/77
Huntington Canyon #2, UT 05/06/77
Navajo Mountain, UT 01/30/77
Cljato, UT 01/23/76
St. George, UT 07/14/76
MONITORING SITE EQUIPMENT
The air sampling equipment at each station is mounted on a 4.6-meter (m)
[15-foot (ft)] tower, with the intent of minimizing the effects of local dust
and other ground-level interferences on the air samples obtained.
High-Volume Air Samplers
With the exception of the Navajo Farm Project in New Mexico, each station
is equipped with a high-volume air sampler. These samplers are standard,
commercial units and are equipped with continuous flow recorders. Prior to
the start of this program, most of these samplers had been fitted with new
motors to assure reliable operation.
The filters used in the high-volume air samplers are spectrographic
grade, Type A, glass-fiber filters that measure 203 by 254 millimeters (mm)
[8 by 10 inches (in)]. The filters are rated at 99.9% retention for particles
measuring 0.3 micrometer (pm) and larger. New filters are installed in each
sampler prior to the start of each 24-hour (hr) sampling period. At the end
of the sampling period, the filters are removed, inserted into storage folders
on which associated data also are recorded, and submitted for analysis.
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In addition to the regular high-volume air sampler, the station at
Henrieville, UT, has been equipped with a second high-volume air sampler. At
the request of the Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory-Las Vegas
(EMSL-LV), this second sampler has been fitted with a two-stage sampling head
that separates the captured particulates into two size ranges. This is part
of an evaluation to enable the EMSL-LV to appraise this particle-size
discriminating sampler and its potential value for this and other programs.
The filter samples from this two-stage sampler also are prepared and submitted
for analysis (refer to Appendix C for additional information).
Low-Volume Air Samplers
Two of the stations are equipped with low-volume air samplers. At
Lechee, AZ, the low-volume sampler is used in addition to the regular
high-volume sampler. At Navajo Farm Project, NM, the low-volume sampler is
used exclusively.
The low-volume air samplers also are standard, commercial units.
However, they are not equipped with flow recorders, but are equipped with
standard magnehelic gauges that measure the airflow through the units.
The low-volume samplers use membrane-type filters, measuring 102 mm
(4.0 in) in diameter and having a rated retention of 99% for particles
measuring 0.45 pm and larger. Like the high-volume samplers, the filters for
the low-volume samplers are installed prior to the start of each sampling
period. At the end of each 24-hr sampling period, the filters are removed,
inserted into storage folders on which associated data are recorded, and
submitted for analysis.
Three-Stage Multiday Cascade Impactor
At the request of the EMSL-LV, the station at Henrieville, UT, also has
been equipped with a three-stage, multiday, cascade impactor. This unit
segregates particulates by three size stages and has been installed to operate
on a continuous 7-day-per-week basis. The cascade impactor also is part of an
evaluation study to enable the EMSL-LV to assess the value of particle-size
determinations in this and other programs. The samples are analyzed by the
University of California at Davis. Additional information is contained in
Appendix C.
Timers
Two stations, at Lee's Ferry, AZ, and Chaco Canyon, NM, are equipped with
24-hr timers. Both stations are operated by personnel of the National Park
Service, for whose convenience the timers are provided to start and stop the
sampling equipment. The timers relieve the National Park Service personnel of
the need to be physically present at the monitoring station for the beginning
and end of the sampling period.
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Electrical Generators
Three stations, located at Bodaway, AZ, at Tsa Schizzi, AZ, and at
Burnham, NM, have no commercial electrical power available and are equipped
with propane-powered electrical generators.
The generators are installed on the sampling towers at a height of 1.8 m
(6 ft) above the ground to minimize the detrimental effects of sand and other
materials that otherwise might be blown into the generators.
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SECTION 5
FIELD OPERATIONS
COORDINATION AND DATA FLOW
The field office of Ute Research Laboratories in Blanding, UT, locally
manages the program and the monitoring network. Personnel from this office
maintain the equipment, calibrate the samplers, analyze the accumulated data,
prepare reports, and assist and supervise the individual field operators.
As shown in the data flow chart of Appendix A, all samples collected by
the field operators at the monitoring stations are sent to the field office in
Blanding. The samples are sealed in folders, on which are recorded the field
operator's observations on the types of winds encountered, precipitation, and
visibility. The data on the folder are recorded in bound notebooks at the
Blanding office, and the samples then are transmitted to Ft. Duchesne for
analysis.
The Ute Research Laboratories' facility at Ft. Duchesne, UT, performs the
actual laboratory analyses of the collected samples, processing them in the
manner described in later sections of this report. Once the samples have been
analyzed, the laboratory results and any remaining portions of the sample
filters are returned to the field office in Blanding which performs the
required calculations and prepares Storage and Retrieval of Aerometric Data
(SAROAD) forms for submission to the EMSL-LV. The quarterly and annual
reports on the program are initiated at the Blanding field office and
submitted to the EMSL-LV.
FIELD OPERATORS
Most of the field operators used in this program had prior training and
experience in performing the tasks required to operate the monitoring
stations. In a few cases, new operators had to be trained in the operation of
newly implemented monitoring stations.
Each operator is responsible for the proper conduct of scheduled
procedures at a preassigned station. Each station is assigned to its own
operator to minimize variations that otherwise might result from individual
differences in the way observations are made and recorded.
For the stations not equipped with timers, the operator travels to the
site on the morning of the day on which the 24-hr sampling period begins. The
operator inspects the equipment, making sure that all equipment is properly
-------
operational, installs the appropriate filter(s) in the sampler(s), installs a
new chart on the flow recorder (used with the high-volume sampler), and starts
the sampler(s). At the start of the sampling period, the operator records the
beginning flow rate(s) for the sampler(s), the filter number(s) used, the time
of day, the date, the location, and his observations on the condition of the
equipment and filter(s). This information is recorded on the folder(s) used
to send the filter(s) to the field office.
At the end of the sampling period, the field operator records the final
flow rate(s) for the sampler(s). The operator also completes a simple weather
report for the previous 24 hr, including the types of winds encountered, the
precipitation (if any), and the visibility; these also are recorded on the
folder(s) that will contain the sample(s). The operator then shuts off the
sampling equipment, removes the filter(s), and places the filter(s) in the
folder(s) on which the applicable data have been recorded. These folders then
are mailed to the field office in Blanding.
Operators at the three sites having propane-powered electrical generators
also are responsible for turning on the propane supply, checking the oil in
the generator, and checking the condition of the starting battery. Before
actuating the sampling equipment, the operator must start the generator and
make certain it is functioning properly. At the end of the sampling period,
the operator must turn off the generator, turn off the propane, and perform
any required oil change (after every third sampling period; averaging once per
week).
The operator at Henrieville, UT, also must perform tasks associated with
the operation of the two-stage, high-volume air sampler and the three-stage,
multiday, cascade impactor. These tasks include the installation of the
appropriate filters and impaction drums. Furthermore, upon each visit to the
station during the 7-day operating interval of the multiday impactor, the
operator must check the device for proper time synchronization and operation,
making any necessary adjustments and recording observed deviations.
As mentioned earlier, the stations at Lee's Ferry, AZ, and at Chaco
Canyon, NM, are equipped with 24-hr timers. The operators of these stations
need only inspect the equipment, install the filters, and set the timers.
They may return at any time after the end of the sampling period to remove the
filters and prepare the samples for transmission to the field office.
SAMPLING SCHEDULES
Between January, 1976, and April, 1977, there was no uniform sampling
schedule in use. As a result, not all monitoring stations were in operation
at any one time, although sampling was required for three 24-hr periods each
week.
In April, 1977, uniform scheduling was implemented, requiring all
operators to activate their stations during the same periods of time. A
calendar is prepared in the Blanding field office each quarter, indicating the
specific days on which every station is to be activated. Under normal
circumstances, sampling is performed on even-numbered days, with adjustments
for holidays, etc. This results in an average of three sampling periods per
10
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week, and simultaneous sampling enables comparisons of all areas to be made at
the same time. A sampling period normally starts between 7:00 and 10:00 a.m.
CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE
Routine calibration and preventive maintenance are performed on all
sampling equipment by personnel from the Blanding field office at intervals of
not more than 2 months. Should the operator encounter problems with the
equipment or observe any conditions that might adversely affect the sampling,
the operator contacts the field office immediately. Such problems are
corrected as soon as possible (normally within 3 days) to assure continued and
reliable monitoring. Every sampling unit is recalibrated immediately after
repair.
SUPPLIES
Filters and other associated sampling supplies are routinely distributed
to the field operators by the Blanding field office every 2 months. Before
being distributed, filters are subjected to extensive quality assurance
procedures, as described in a later section of this report. As a final check,
operators are instructed to visually examine filters and supplies before use
to verify that they are free from flaws and defects.
11
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SECTION 6
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
OBJECTIVE
To establish the desired data base, it has been necessary to implement
analytical procedures that accurately reflect the concentrations of the
various pollutants in the samples obtained from the monitoring stations. Each
sample is subjected to analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy to determine
the concentrations of trace metals. The specific metals of concern are
cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese
(Mn), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe).
In May, 1977, additional analyses were implemented to determine the
presence and concentrations of sulfates and nitrates. The sulfates are
analyzed by the methylthymol-blue colorimetric procedure, and the nitrates are
analyzed by the copperized-cadmium reduction colorimetric procedure.
Throughout the monitoring and analytical procedures, strict quality
assurance measures have been implemented to validate the sampling procedures,
the analytical procedures, and the final results obtained.
FILTER CONTROL
Upon receipt from the supplier and prior to distribution to the field
operators, each filter is subjected to rigorous quality checks to assure that
it is free of any flaws that might influence the samples obtained or their
subsequent analyses. Any filters found to contain flaws are rejected.
Filter Storage
Each filter received from the supplier is prenumbered. The numbers are
recorded and used throughout the sampling and analytical procedures to
identify the particular filter and sample. The filters are stored in the
balance room for a minimum of 48 hr before inspection and weighing. The
balance room is maintained at a constant temperature of 21.1°C H^ 1.1°C (70°F +
2°F). The relative humidity in the balance room is recorded continuously,
with filter weighings being performed only when the relative humidity is
between 20% and 45%; the nominal humidity in the balance room is 20%.
No filter weighing is performed at a relative humidity greater than 45%;
the possible influence of atmospheric water vapor is considered too great to
allow proper determination of sample weights. At a relative humidity lower
12
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than 20%, the filters are subject to accumulation of static electric charges
that also constitute an interference.
Visual Filter Inspection
Each filter is examined on a light table. In this examination, the
filters are checked for creases, holes, thin spots, excessively large glass
particles, inclusions that might be impurities, and any other flaws that might
adversely affect the sampling and analytical procedures. Any visible flaw
causes the filter to be rejected.
Filter Weighing
The acceptable filters are individually weighed on an analytical balance
which is calibrated prior to each session with a set of Class "S" weights.
The number and weight of each "unexposed" filter are recorded in a bound
notebook for later use in determining the actual sample weight from the
difference between the exposed and unexposed weights.
Every tenth filter is reweighed by a second technician. If a difference
of more than 1.0 milligram (rag) is found between the weights determined by the
two technicians, all of the filters within 4-10 filters of the questionable
measurement are reweighed. All reweighings are reflected in the recorded data
for the filters.
Every 50th filter is pulled from the stock of acceptable filters. These
are used in the quality assurance procedure as unexposed control filters for
the laboratory analyses. Unexposed filter concentrations are used during the
calculations of the metal, sulfate, and nitrate concentrations.
SAMPLE WEIGHING
When the exposed filters containing the air pollutant samples are
returned to the Ft. Duchesne laboratory facility, they are conditioned in the
balance room for 48 hr. The conditioning period allows the filters to
stabilize at a close approximation of the temperature and humidity conditions
under which they were weighed in their unexposed state. The procedures used
during this second weighing are the same as those used in the original
weighing.
After conditioning, the exposed filters are weighed again on the
analytical balance, and the new weights are recorded in the bound notebook.
The weight difference between the unexposed and exposed weighings for any
given filter is a measure of the weight of the particulates captured during
the sampling period. In nearly all cases, particulate concentration is not
sufficient to form a "cake" on the filter that might be subject to loss of
collected material in the handling process. A few filters with large amounts
of collected particulates have shown some settling of the materials into the
fold in the filter, but, in most cases, the particulates appear to be impacted
firmly onto the filters.
13
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TRACE-METAL ANALYSIS
The analysis for trace metals is accomplished by means of atomic
absorption spectroscopy. The atomic absorption spectrometer is a standard,
commercial instrument, and the techniques for sample preparation are standard
methods requiring the preparation of an extract from a portion of the exposed
filter. The atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis is not applied to an
entire filter and its sample, but to only a portion of the filter. As a
result, the analysis determines the concentration of a given trace metal in a
filter segment. This value is related to the total concentration on the
filter by a simple proportion. The filter concentration value then is
adjusted for the filter background and divided by the volume of air that was
passed through the filter, yielding an average 24-hr ambient air concentration
for the trace metal.
Filter Preparation
Since only a portion of the total particulate sample is used for the
trace-metal analysis, a section of filter material, with its captured sample,
must be removed from the whole filter. This is accomplished with a
sharp-edged instrument and a plastic template that serves as a cutting guide
and assures a uniform sample size. Every effort is made to cut the samples
from the same areas of the individual filters.
For high-volume filter samples collected prior to July 1, 1977, filter
strips measuring approximately 51 by 203 mm (2 by 8 in) were cut from the
filters for use in the refluxing procedure. Samples collected after that date
are subjected to a revised refluxing procedure described later in this section
and use filter strips measuring 19 by 203 mm (0.75 by 8 in).
For the round filters used in the low-volume air samplers, half of the
filter is used in the refluxing procedure. This is a semicircular section
having a radius of 51 mm (2 in).
For the two-stage, high-volume air sampler, the second-stage filter is
treated identically to those from the regular high-volume samplers. The 76- by
127-mm (3- by 5-in) first-stage filter is cut to obtain a 38- by 127-mm (1.5-
by 5-in) strip perpendicular to the slits in the filter.
Refluxing Procedure
The refluxing procedure is the method by which samples are prepared for
analysis with the atomic absorption spectrometer (Thompson et. al, 1970).
This procedure consists of extracting the sampled material from a portion of
the filter and concentrating the extract to a point suitable for use in the
spectrometer.
Sample preparation is the single most important aspect in the analysis of
trace metals contained in airborne particulates. Extreme care is exercised in
the process of preparing samples to prevent any loss or contamination of the
samples.
14
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Contamination Safeguards—
To prevent contamination of a sample, certain safeguards are incorporated
into the refluxing procedure. These safeguards prevent residual metals from
entering the sample as a result of glassware contamination and impurities in
the chemical reagents.
Before use, all glassware used in the refluxing procedure is cleaned
thoroughly by soaking for a period of 2 to 6 hr in 20% (by volume) nitric acid
(HNO.J). Then, the glassware is rinsed thoroughly with redistilled water to
assure the removal of all metals.
The HNO« and hydrochloric acid (HC1) used in the refluxing procedure are
distilled in an all-glass still to assure the removal of any metal contami-
nants that might be present in the solutions.
Unexposed glass filters from each filter lot are subjected to the reflux-
ing and analysis procedure along with the actual samples. The resultant data
provide a measure of the metals content of the filters themselves. Those data
then can be applied to the results for the actual samples from filters of that
lot to compensate for the influence of the filter itself.
Sample Extraction—
Each filter section subject to the refluxing procedure is placed in a
glass thimble, which, in turn, is placed in an extraction tube. A 125-
milliliter (ml) Erlenmeyer flask having a 24/40 female joint then is charged
with 8 ml of constant boiling, 19% (approximate by volume) HC1 and 32 ml of
40% (by volume) HNO-. The extraction tube containing the filter sample is
attached to the flask and then is fitted with a condenser.
The acid solution is maintained at its boiling point of 110°C to 115°C
(230°F to 239°F) by the heat from a large electric hot plate. For a 3-hr
period, the acid solution is refluxed over the filter sample, extracting the
metals from the sample. Throughout the entire extraction process, the filter
sample and the glass thimble remain at the temperature of the boiling acid
solution.
Sample Concentration—
At the end of the 3-hr refluxing period, the extraction tube and
condenser are removed from the flask. The flask then contains the acid
solution with the metals extracted from the sample, and it is boiled on a hot
plate until only 1 to 2 ml of concentrated extract remains. This concentrate
then is allowed to stand and cool overnight.
When the concentrate has cooled, it is transferred quantitatively to a
graduated 15-ml centrifuge tube. The transfer includes washing the flask
three times, each time with 5 to 10 drops of the same type of solution used in
the refluxing. Then, the sample is centrifuged for 30 minutes (min) at 21
radians per second (rad/s) (200 revolutions per minute). After having been
centrifuged, the supernatant liquid is decanted into a polypropylene tube
suitable for use in the spectrometer. The volume of each tube is brought up
to 10 ml by the addition of a sufficient volume of 19% HC1.
15
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At this point, the sample is ready for analysis by atomic absorption
spectroscopy. The polypropylene tubes are sealed immediately with a thin
plastic film to prevent contamination. Although the samples may be stored for
24 hr before they begin to deteriorate, they are analyzed the same day that
they are centrifuged.
As a result of the special study described in Section 8, the extraction
procedure outlined above has been replaced with a simpler and more reliable
procedure. For all samples collected after July 1, 1977, the revised
refluxing procedure was used.
Under the new procedure, each filter section is placed in a 50-ml beaker
and immersed in 15 ml of 10% HNO». The beaker then is covered with a
watchglass and heated to a gentle boil. After boiling for about 30 mln, the
solution is allowed to cool. The extract solution then is filtered though a
20-mm square of tissue, and the filter strip is washed with three 5-ml
portions of HNO-. These washings and the extract solution are combined in a
25-ml volumetric flask and diluted to volume with 10^ HNO,,. At this point,
the sample is ready for analysis.
Spectroscopic Analysis
After the samples have been prepared by the refluxing procedure, the
entire sample batch is analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. This
analysis determines the presence and relative concentrations of cadmium,
chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and iron in
each of the samples. The concentration of each trace metal in each sample is
determined by comparing the atomic absorption of the sample solution to that
of standard metal solutions containing known concentrations. The standard
solutions are prepared in the laboratory using spectroscopic-grade reagents
and standard laboratory methods.
The Ute Research Laboratories' facility prepares the working spectro-
scopic standard solutions for each day that the analyses are performed. The
working solutions are prepared from a stock solution, containing from 0.5 to
1.0 milligrams per milliliter (mg/ml) of each metal. The metal concentrations
of the working standard solutions vary with the sensitivity of the spectrom-
eter and the detection limits for the particular metals.
Spectroscopic Interferences
Interferences that may affect the Spectroscopic analyses are well defined
in the existing literature, and they may include spectral, chemical, and
ionization interferences. In nearly all cases, these interferences can be
overcome, or their effects minimized, by matching the matrices of the standard
solutions to those of the individual samples.
The most significant interference encountered in analyzing glass-fiber
extracts can be attributed to large amounts of dissolved solids present in the
solution to be analyzed. The effect of this interference is overcome by using
sample dilution to decrease the dissolved s-olids content to less than 0.5% by
volume.
16
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Another interference results from silica present in the sample extracts.
This silica content results from the action of the refluxing procedure on the
glass fibers of the filters and on the sample of particulate matter. The
presence of silica interferes with the analyses of calcium, iron, manganese,
and zinc. Of these elements subject to silica interference, iron and
manganese are included in the required analyses. To overcome the effect of
silica in the samples, the refluxed concentrate is allowed to stand for 12 to
24 hr and then is centrifuged. Decanting then separates the acid extract from
the silica prior to spectroscopic analysis.
SULFATE AND NITRATE ANALYSES
The analyses for sulfates and nitrates are accomplished with the
methylthymol-blue and copperized-cadmium reduction colorimetric methods
respectively. The analyses are performed by a standard Technicon
Autoanalyzer™ , using standard dyes and reagents. Standard laboratory
procedures are followed for the preparation of the sample extracts used in
these analyses.
As in the trace-metal analysis, these procedures are not applied to an
entire filter and its sample, but only to a portion of the filter. The
concentration determined for the filter strip is corrected for filter
background and is related to the entire filter by a simple proportion. The
resulting value is divided by the volume of air sampled, giving a 24-hr
average ambient air concentration.
Sample Preparation
The analyses for sulfates and nitrates require the preparation of a
sample extract for use in the Technicon Autoanalyzer™ . To assure accuracy in
the analytical procedures, these samples must be prepared carefully, with
appropriate measures taken to avoid contamination. All glassware is cleaned
thoroughly before use and then rinsed thoroughly with distilled, deionized
water. Prepared samples are stored in sealed, polyethylene bottles that also
have been cleaned and rinsed to prevent contamination by sulfate and nitrate
residues. Unexposed glass-fiber filters from each filter lot are subjected to
the extraction and analysis procedures along with the actual samples to
measurei, the presence of any sulfate or nitrate contamination in the filters
themselves.
Filter Preparation—
Since only a portion of the total particulate sample is used for the
sulfate and nitrate analyses, a section of the filter material, with its
captured sample, must be removed from the whole filter. This is accomplished
with a sharp-edged instrument and a plastic template that serves as a cutting
guide. Every effort is made to cut the samples from similar areas of the
individual filters.
For a round filter from a low-volume air sampler, the second half of the
filter is used; the first half was used in the trace-metal analysis. This is
a semicircular section having a radius of 51 mm (2 in). For a 203- by 254-mm
(8- by 10-in) rectangular filter from a high-volume air sampler, a strip
17
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measuring 19 by 203 mm (0.75 by 8 in) is cut from the filter adjacent to the
strip removed for the trace-metal analysis.
For the two-stage, high-volume air sampler, the second stage filter is
treated identically to the filter from a regular high-volume sampler. The
first-stage filter is cut to obtain a 38- by 127-mm (1.5- by 1.5-in) strip
that crosses the slits in the filter.
Sample Extraction—
Each filter section is placed in a 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask having a 24/40
female joint. The flask then is charged with 35 ml of distilled, deionized
water, and a condenser is connected to the flask opening. The contents of the
flask are boiled gently for 1 hr and then allowed to cool to room temperature.
When cool, the condenser is rinsed twice into the flask with distilled,
deionized water. The contents of the flask are filtered through a fritted
glass Buchner funnel, washing the funnel twice with water. The collected
filtrate is brought to a total volume of 50 ml with distilled, deionized
water, and the contents then are transferred to a polyethylene bottle for
storage until sufficient samples have been prepared for analysis.
Each analysis sequence takes place after 60 samples have been prepared.
Normally, this occurs every 2 days. The polyethylene bottles are sealed to
prevent contamination during storage. Storage is at room temperature, and the
48-hr period required to accumulate the necessary 60 samples is not long
enough to cause deterioration of the samples.
Nitrate Analysis
When 60 samples have been accumulated, the entire batch is analyzed with
the Technicon Autoanalyzer™ . The Autoanalyzer1" is allowed to warm up for at
least 1 hr before the analysis begins. The dyes and analytical standards,
which are kept refrigerated, are allowed to reach room temperature before use.
When the proper dyes and reagents have been placed in the Autoanalyzer1"
the instrument is calibrated. Calibration is accomplished by running a
standard nitrate solution of 10 micrograms per milliliter (pg/ml) until a
constant reading is obtained from the instrument. A full set of standard
solutions then are run to obtain calibration curves for nitrate concentrations
of 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 10.0 pg/ml.
When the Autoanalyzer1" has been calibrated, sampling tubes for the
instrument are charged with 10 ml of sample solution from each of the storage
bottles. With every 10 samples, one control sample having a known
concentration of 5.0 jig/ml is included. Every 10th sample has a second strip
cut, extracted, and run as a duplicate, and a sample extracted from an
unexposed filter is run every 50 samples.
The results from the Autoanalyzer™ for each of the samples are recorded
on a strip-chart recorder. If any one of several deviations in the analysis
occurs, the entire set of samples is rerun until the deviation is eliminated.
The deviations causing the samples to be rerun include failure to indicate the
18
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proper 5.0-pg/ml concentration for the control sample of known concentration,
or the failure to obtain duplicated results for the duplicated extract
samples.
Sulfate Analysis
The sulfate analysis procedure is the same as that for the nitrate
analysis, including the calibration procedure, standard control samples,
duplicated samples, and samples from unexposed filters. However, the reagents
are changed to utilize the methylthymol-blue colorimetric method for sulfates
instead of the copperized-cadmium reduction colorimetric method for nitrates.
The Autoanalyzer"1 is equipped with a commercial resin-base ion exchange
column, and a linearizer is used on the chart recorder.
19
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SECTION 7
DATA PROCESSING AND REPORTING
As described in Section 4, Ute Research Laboratories' field operators
record the station name, the filter number, the starting and stopping times of
day, the starting and stopping flow rates, the date, some brief weather
information, and their comments for each sampling period. This information is
recorded directly on the folder in which the sample filter and the flow-meter
chart (high-volume sampler) are transmitted to the field office in Blandine
UT.
At the Blanding field office, the information from the folder is
transcribed to bound notebooks. The average flow rate is calculated from the
flow-meter chart (high-volume sampler) or from the magnehelic gauge readings
(low-volume sampler) and the calibration graphs for the individual sampler.
The average flow rate also is recorded in the bound notebook. The Blanding
field office then transmits the folder and its filter to the Ft. Duchesne
laboratory facility for analysis.
At Ft. Duchesne, the readings obtained for each sample from the atomic
absorption spectrometer are recorded on consecutively numbered tables that
then are bound together. This information, together with the unexposed and
exposed filter weights and the results of the sulfate and nitrate analyses
(from the Autoanalyzer™ strip charts), then is transcribed into a bound
notebook and onto the folder containing the filter. The unused portions of
the filters and their folders containing the data then are returned to the
Blanding field office for final calculations and report preparation.
The Blanding field office uses a programmable printing calculator to
complete the required calculations. The TSP and the concentrations of the
various trace metals, sulfates, and nitrates are calculated from the analysis
results and the average flow rates.
The results of these calculations are recorded on the filter folder and
on SAROAD forms for submission to the EMSL-LV. One copy of the completed
SAROAD form for each sample is retained by the Blanding field office as a
permanent record. The printout from the calculator is retained with the
folder for the filter, and all folders, filters, flow charts, and calculator
printouts are stored permanently at the Blanding field office.
At the end of every quarter, the Blanding field office averages the data
accumulated during that quarter for each monitoring station. All of the
20
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quarterly data, including analysis results, calculated concentrations, etc.
are incorporated into a quarterly report submitted to the EMSL-LV. The
Blanding field office also prepares an annual report for the monitoring
program and submits the report to the EMSL-LV.
21
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SECTION 8
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROCEDURES
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The quality assurance procedures implemented for this monitoring program
can be divided into two categories—internal quality control and external
quality assurance. The internal quality control measures consist of the
procedures that have been implemented within Ute Research Laboratories for
evaluating the accuracy and precision of the sampling procedures, analytical
methods, data reporting, etc. The external quality assurance measures consist
of participation in the Western Energy Quality Assurance Program, conducted by
Rockwell International under a contract with the EPA.
INTERNAL QUALITY CONTROL
The internal quality control measures implemented by Ute Research
Laboratories affect the monitoring procedure, the analysis methods, and the
data calculations and reports. For the most part, these internal measures
have relied upon standard techniques of performing various tasks and checking
for repeatability of results obtained from duplicated procedures.
Filter Quality
Every filter is subjected to a thorough visual examination on a light
table. Any filter found to have a crease, hole, thin spot, large glass
particles, or inclusion of any kind is rejected and is not used for sample
collection or for an unexposed control sample in the analytical procedures.
Filter Weights
Each filter is allowed to stabilize at a constantly maintained
temperature and a known humidity before it is weighed (whether unexposed or
exposed). If the relative humidity in the balance room is higher than 45% or
lower than 20%, filters are not weighed on that day.
All weighings are performed on an analytical balance calibrated against a
standard set of Class "S" weights to assure its accuracy. Ten percent of all
filters that passed the visual inspection are first weighed by one technician
and then reweighed by a different technician. If a difference of more than
1.0 mg is observed between the two weighings of the the same filter, all
filters within +10 filters of the questionable weight are reweighed; in such a
case, a total of 21 filters would be reweighed. Any problems or deficiencies
22
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noted are corrected immediately. Table 2 summarizes a portion of a weighing
sequence, indicating the results that are responsible for reweighing an entire
filter sequence.
TABLE 2. SAMPLE OF DUPLICATE FILTER WEIGHINGS
Filter No.
1104103
1101385
1121922
1125100
1124029
1124084
1122354
1127042
1123070
1126126
1st Weight,
grams
4.1804
4.0879
4.1339
4.2069
4.1350*
4.0130
4.1105
4.2783
3.9527
3.9475
2nd Weight
grams
4.1811
4.0877
4.1336
4.2065
4.1367*
4.0128
4.1100
4.2779
3.9520
3.9471
, Filter No.
1122463
1125250
1097226
1094659
1124449
1122415
1089489
1107452
1112297
1111285
1st Weight,
grams
3.9755
4.2110
4.0928
4.0210
3.9002
4.2506*
4.3166
4.0608
4.2369
3.9943
2nd Weight,
grams
3.9747
4.2110
4.0929
4.0213
3.9000
4.2491*
4.3159
4.0608
4.2366
3.9941
* denotes duplicated filter weighings not within 1.0 mg; 21 filters
within +10 filters of these were reweighed.
Monitoring Equipment
Field operators are responsible for a thorough inspection of the samplers
and associated monitoring equipment at the start of every sampling period.
Deficiencies are reported immediately to the Blanding field office for
correction. Personnel from the Blanding field office routinely perform
preventive maintenance and complete recalibration of each sampler at intervals
not exceeding two calendar months. Whenever a sampler is repaired, it is
recalibrated before being returned to operation.
Laboratory Facility
The Ft. Duchesne laboratory facility routinely follows specific quality
control procedures governing the water the chemical reagents used, duplication
of samples, use of control samples, and calibration of equipment.
Laboratory Water and Reagents—
All water used in the analytical procedures is distilled and deionized.
A daily check of the electrical conductivity is made to assure the water
quality; if a rise in the electrical conductivity is noted, the deionization
tank is changed immediately.
23
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All laboratory reagents are stored in accordance with standard procedures
to prevent deterioration of the chemicals or any form of contamination. Dyes
and reagents for the sulfate and nitrate analyses are kept under refrigera-
tion. Acids used in the trace-metal analysis are distilled in all-glass
stills to assure freedom from metallic contamination; the water used to dilute
these acids also is redistilled in an all-glass still.
All samples subject to storage are sealed and protected from contami-
nation.
Trace-Metal Analysis—
The analysis of the samples for trace metals has been and continues to be
an area of major concern for quality control. Ute Research Laboratories
established routines designed to prevent contamination of the samples by
metallic compounds from outside sources, including distilling acids in an
all-glass still, redistilling water in an all-glass still, meticulous cleaning
and rinsing of all glassware used in the process, and refluxing and analyzing
unexposed control filters for any background trace metals that might
contribute erroneous data.
As a quality control check, duplicate analysis of 10% of the filter
samples was implemented, with the results from the two analyses being compared
for repeatability. Despite all safeguards incorporated into the procedure,
the duplicate analyses showed poor reproducibility in some of the results.
Further checks performed by an outside laboratory, as described later in this
section, also indicated a reproducibility problem. Table 3 lists a portion of
the duplicate data; near the beginning of the table, some of the data show a
fair level of agreement and repeatability, but other values show a wide
scattering of the data obtained.
Overall, the duplicate data obtained for the trace-metal analyses were
not good. Preliminary results indicated that extraction and refluxing
procedures may have been at fault. Additional information on this problem and
its resolution is included in the external quality assurance portion of this
section.
24
-------
TABLE 3. SAMPLE OF DUPLICATE TRACE-METAL ANALYSES
Filter No.
1101299
1103643
1103642
1111948
1089005
1112488
1103444
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
d*
.01
.03
.01
.01
.06
.04
.01
Cr*
0.10
0.08
0.18
0.10
0.12
0.02
0
0.02
0.20
0.06
0
0.34
0.11
0
Co*
0
0
0.10
0.10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cu*
3.49
2.34
2.16
1.64
10.80
2.30
0.10
0.25
1.48
0.67
0.37
0.25
9.90
2.30
Pb*
0.60
0.50
0.15
0.40
0.60
0.20
0
0.10
0.80
0.20
0.20
0.30
1.30
0.40
Mn*
0.51
0.52
3.90
3.86
0.30
0.16
0
0.07
0.77
0.52
0.94
0.85
0.56
0.33
Ni*
0
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.07
0
0
0
0.07
0.10
0
0
0
0
Mo*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fe*
30
25
154
166
16
13
2
2
51
26
45
46
40
18
.8
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.65
.60
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
* Concentrations are expressed in ug/ml.
Sulfate and Nitrate Analyses—
The quality control aspects of the analyses for sulfates and nitrates
have been considerably less of a problem than those for the trace-metal
analysis. Again, routine preventive measures are in effect, including the use
of distilled, deionized water, meticulous cleaning and rinsing of glassware,
sealing of samples while being stored for analysis, and other normal
laboratory techniques.
Additionally, the Technicon Autoanalyzer™ used in these procedures is
fully calibrated immediately prior to each use, utilizing standard control
samples having a known concentration of sulfates or nitrates. The quality
control procedure also requires that 10% of the samples be subjected to
duplicate analyses, and that 2% of the analyzed samples be taken from
unexposed filters to assess the effects of any sulfate or nitrate residues in
the blank filters.
As a further check of the procedures and techniques, samples were
acquired from the EPA in Research Triangle Park, NC, and their analyses were
compared with those obtained from the same samples by Ute Research
Laboratories.
Table 4 summarizes some of the results obtained from the duplicate
analyses of samples taken from the same filter. Table 5 compares the Ute
Research Laboratories' analyses of samples obtained from the EPA with the
EPA's own analyses. Overall, the results show good agreement, with a good
level of repeatability. However, no standards have been established for the
rejection of any set of samples. Most results show less than a 5% difference
between the duplicate analyses, and Ute Research Laboratories presently is
25
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attempting to establish a set of standards and criteria for rejecting a set of
sulfate or nitrate analyses.
TABLE 4. SAMPLE OF DUPLICATE SULFATE/NITRATE ANALYSES
Filter No.
Initial Analyses
Sulfates* Nitrates*
Duplicated Analyses
Sulfates* Nitrates*
1105391
1-911
1112240
1102627
1103430
1103631
1102688
1102612
1088692
1105333
1105351
1105334
1103470
1103466
1103462
1088514
1088618
1125243
1103741
15.5
15.8
8.5
6.6
7.0
8.4
11.3
9.8
7.5
7.6
6.1
9.2
12.3
15.6
15.1
8.0
13.6
17.3
6.3
3.1
1.0
2.1
2.7
4.9
5.2
2.6
1.8
2.2
6.3
0.8
4.1
1.2
1.4
0.8
1.7
2.4
8.5
3.9
14.7
15.8
8.5
6.5
6.9
8.4
10.1
10.0
7.8
7.7
8.3
9.2
10.8
13.3
15.2
7.8
14.3
16.2
6.4
2.9
0.9
2.2
2.6
4.5
3.7
2.9
2.0
2.3
6.6
1.0
4.1
1.1
1.4
0.8
1.7
2.6
7.9
3.8
* All concentrations are expressed in ug/ml.
TABLE 5. SULFATE/NITRATE ANALYSES OF EPA SAMPLES
Sample No.
Ute Research Values
Sulfates* Nitrates*
EPA Values
Sulfates*
Nitrates*
2161
0261
2111
3180
5284
8276
5088
2169
1118
1199
6500
3820
6720
7.6
2550
1440
2450
6350
280
250
1000
1895
1000
0
810
620
795
1030
20
95
6550
3588
6550
0
2400
1400
2400
6300
250
200
1035
1878
1035
0
850
700
850
1000
10
91
* All concentrations are expressed in ug per strip.
26
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Data Processing and Reporting
At all stages in the processing, recording, and reporting of data, all
data are checked and rechecked for accuracy. Extreme care is taken at all
stages to avoid erroneously reporting data until the checks and rechecks have
been completed.
EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
In addition to the internal quality control program implemented by Ute
Research Laboratories, an external quality assurance program has been
implemented with the assistance of Rockwell International. This program was
necessitated by the need for validation of the Ute Research Laboratories' and
other Western Laboratories' procedures in terms of accuracy.
The external quality assurance program began with a thorough audit of the
Ute Research Laboratories' facilities and procedures by Rockwell Interna-
tional, and it continues with periodic "spot checks" of the procedures and on-
going studies of areas that have been found to be subject to particular
difficulties. In many instances, recommendations made by Rockwell Interna-
tional for improvement of the procedures were incorporated immediately, while,
in other instances, both Rockwell International and Ute Research Laboratories
are participating in continuing studies of the problems prior to implementing
revised procedures.
The external quality assurance program concentrates on the filter
weighings, the air sampler calibration, the trace-metal analysis procedures,
and the sulfate and nitrate analyses. Each is described in the following
paragraphs.
Filter Weights
Every 6 months, Rockwell International provides Ute Research Laboratories
with a set of standard weights for checking the analytical balance. In the
first semiannual weight performance survey performed in March, 1977, the
weights determined by the Ute Research Laboratories' analytical balance showed
a significant difference from the weights obtained by Rockwell International.
For all three standard weights, the Ute Research Laboratories' readings were
approximately 2.5 mg less than those of Rockwell International. This was
considered to be insufficient agreement, and appropriate adjustment of the
balance was made. However, this consistent offset would cancel itself out,
resulting in no error in the TSP values. Even if this were not the case, a
2.5-mg error would result in only a 1.5-pg/m error in the reported TSP
concentrations.
The analytical balance was checked and adjusted by the manufacturer's
service representative to assure accurate, reliable, and repeatable
performance. Ute Research Laboratories then obtained a set of standard Class
"S" weights for checking and calibrating the balance; these weights are used
prior to every weighing session to verify that the balance is adjusted
properly.
27
-------
In the second semiannual weight performance survey in November, 1977, an
average daily difference of only 0.2 mg was observed between the readings
obtained with the Ute Research Laboratories' balance and the readings obtained
by Rockwell insternational. This is considered excellent agreement. Regular
checking and calibrating of the balance with the Class "S" weights now is a
routine part of the Ute Research Laboratories' procedures, and the semiannual
weight performance surveys using Rockwell International's weights continue.
Air Sampler Calibration
On a semiannual basis, Rockwell International provides Ute Research
Laboratories with a flow calibration kit containing a series of orifice
plates. The equipment is mounted on one of the high-volume samplers, and
measurements of the pressure drop across each plate and of the flow based upon
a Ute Research Laboratories' flow meter are recorded. These values and the
test equipment are returned to Rockwell International, where flows are
computed and the flow values are compared.
In March, 1977, the first semiannual calibration survey indicated that
Ute Research Laboratories' airflow measurements averaged 11% less than
Rockwell International's measurements for the same sampler under the same
conditions. This was stated to be a satisfactory but improvable level of
agreement by Rockwell International.
In November, 1977, the second semiannual calibration survey indicated
that Ute Research Laboratories' airflow measurements had improved to within
1.5% of Rockwell International's measurements for the same sampler under the
same conditions. This was stated to be a very good level of agreement by
Rockwell International.
Semiannual calibration surveys, using the flow calibration device
furnished by Rockwell International, are a continuing and routine part of the
overall quality assurance program for the monitoring network.
Trace-Metal Analysis
The analysis of the samples for trace metals has been and continues to be
a subject of major concern in obtaining accurate and repeatable data.
A sampling of filter strips taken from the some of the filters collected
by Ute Research Laboratories was sent to Rockwell International for
comparative analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The comparison of
the analyses performed by the two laboratories showed a poor level of
agreement.
To identify the source of the problem, Rockwell International prepared
some sample solutions that were analyzed at their own facility and at the Ute
Research Laboratories' facility. Rockwell International also prepared some
filters containing metals to simulate the exposed filters collected from the
monitoring network. The filters were subjected to the complete extraction,
sample preparation, and analysis procedures by both Rockwell International and
Ute Research Laboratories.
28
-------
In comparing the results of the analyses, a good level of agreement was
evident, indicating that the problem was not in the use of the spectrometer.
However, a poor level of agreement still was evident when the prepared filters
were subjected to the complete extaction, sample preparation, and analysis
procedures. The source of the problem has been identified as being in the
extraction and sample preparation procedures. On Rockwell International's
recommendation, a change in the extraction procedure was implemented for all
samples collected after July 1, 1977, and the revised procedure is outlined in
Section 6.
Sulfate and Nitrate Analyses
On a quarterly basis, Rockwell International prepares filters with
sulfate and nitrate compounds to evaluate the quality of the analyses. Five
or six strips from the various filters are analyzed by Ute Research
Laboratories. Meanwhile, Rockwell International analyzes 10 strips from each
filter and determines a mean that then may be used for a comparison of the
analyses.
The objective is for the Ute Research Laboratories' analyses to be within
a target range established by Rockwell International. Rockwell International
then plots the data from its analyses against the Ute Research Laboratories'
analyses to determine a coefficient of linearity, as well as the slope and
intercept of the best-fit straight line. The precision of the analyses is
shown by the coefficients of linearity, which should approach unity ("1").
The accuracy of the data is shown by the slope of the best-fit straight line,
which should approach unity ("1"), and by the intercept, which should approach
zero ("0"). Extraction problems often are indicated by a slope that does not
approach unity.
Table 6 summarizes the results of the sulfate analysis performance survey
for two quarters (Ute Research Laboratories has participated in only the
second and third quarter surveys in 1977). Rockwell International stated that
the second quarter results were excellent, showing excellent slope, intercept
and coefficient of linearity. They reported that the third quarter results
were good, having good slope and intercept with an excellent coefficient of
linearity.
Table 7 summarizes the results of the nitrate analysis performance survey
for the same two quarters. For the second quarter, the results show excellent
data precision, as evidenced by the "1.000" coefficient of linearity.
However, the slope is poor, and the actual values obtained are higher than
expected, indicating poor data quality. The most probable cause of this
defect has been traced to the use of a poor quality or contaminated standard
solution in the Technicon Autoanalyzer™ . The results of the third quarter
survey show a significant improvement and were rated as good by Rockwell
International. The slope has improved considerably, while the coefficient of
linearity remained good. These performance surveys are continuing on a
quarterly basis.
29
-------
Survey
Occurrence,
1977
2nd Quarter
3rd Quarter
TABLE 6.
Ute
Value* ,
pg/m
0.12
2.58
3.42
7.56
7.92
27.12
0.21
2.28
3.15
11.40
13.80
16.35
RESULTS OF THE SULFATE PERFORMANCE SURVEY
Control
Valuet,
pg/m
0.09
2.44
3.18
6.97
6.97
26.82
0.00
2.10
3.03
10.31
12.77
15.99
Target Range Slope Intercept Coefficient
of
Linearity
0.05 - 0.14 1.0054 0.3327 0.9994
2.14 - 2.74
2.93 - 3.43
6.07 - 7.87
6.07 - 7.87
18.67 - 24.97
0.00 - 0.10 1.0418 0.1938 0.9987
1.30 - 2.90
2.83 - 3.23
9.76 - 10.86
11.72 - 13.82
14.19 - 17.79
* Values obtained by Ute Research Laboratories.
t Mean values
Survey
Occurrence,
1977
2nd Quarter
3rd Quarter
obtained
TABLE 7.
Ute
Value* ,
ug/m
0.00
0.96
1.02
6.90
9.66
10.92
0.08
0.75
1.45
4.54
5.77
6.66
by Rockwell International.
RESULTS OF
Control
Valuet ,
0.01
0.80
0.80
5.15
7.27
8.15
0.00
0.72
1.30
4.67
5.85
7.54
THE NITRATE PERFORMANCE SURVEY
Target Range Slope Intercept Coefficient
of
Linearity
0.00 - 0.03 1.3440 -0.0604 1.0000
0.70 - 0.90
0.70 - 0.90
4.65 - 5.65
6.47 - 8.07
7.75 - 8.55
0.00 - 0.10 0.9018 0.1910 0.9969
0.57 - 0.87
1.10 - 1.50
4.12 - 5.22
5.65 - 6.05
6.74 - 8.34
* Values obtained by Ute Research Laboratories.
T Mean values obtained by Rockwell International.
30
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ON-GOING QUALITY ASSURANCE MEASURES
With the continuation of the monitoring program, all internal and
external quality assurance measures are expected to continue, providing an
increasing degree of confidence in the data being obtained. No problems have
been noted as a result of the quality assurance measures that cannot be
eliminated as the procedures are modified and refined.
At the time of this report, overall data collection and analysis has
shown continuous improvement. Modifications to the procedures for analyzing
the trace-metal content of collected samples have been implemented and are
expected to eliminate significant problems with the program.
31
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SECTION 9
SUMMARIZED DATA AND ANALYSES
This section graphically summarizes and analyzes the data obtained during
this project from December, 1975, through February, 1977. Individual tabular
summaries of the data for each of the monitoring stations are included in
Appendix B. Values in this section are based on available data and may not
represent statistically valid means. The validity of these means can best be
evaluated using the information in Appendix B.
Figures 2 through 6 show the geometric mean values of TSP concentrations
as measured at each of the monitoring stations during an individual season.
Figure 2 compares all monitoring stations active during winter 1975-76, Figure
3 compares them for spring 1976, Figure 4 compares them for summer 1976,
Figure 5 compares them for autumn 1976, and Figure 6 compares them for winter
1976-77.
Figures 7 through 30 utilize bar graphs to indicate the relationships
between the geometric mean TSP concentrations for each individual monitoring
station that was active during the data-collection period. In each figure, a
broken line is used to indicate the overall geometric mean value for TSP
concentrations.
As mentioned in Sections 6 and 8, the quality assurance program results
indicate a problem with the trace-metal analysis procedures. The special
cross checks suggest errors in accuracy of from 10% to 50%. Since the
trace-metal data presented in this report were analyzed prior to the
identification of this problem, the quality of these data is considered
questionable. For this reason, no detailed analysis of trace-metal data is
provided.
32
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Bacobi
Bodaway
Coppermine
Kaibito
Lechee
Lee's Ferry
Piute
Redrock
Teec Nos Pos
Tsa Schizzi
Tuba City
Ignacio
Redmesa
Towaoc
Burnham
Chaco Canyon
Dulce
Huerfano
Navajo Farm Project
Aneth
Bloomington
Escalante
Glen Canyon
Henrieville
Huntington Canyon #1
Huntington Canyon #2
Navajo 'Mountain
Oljato
St. George
0 10
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Winter 1975-1976 (Dec., Jan., Feb.)
Figure 2. Winter 1975-76 seasonal TSP averages (all stations).
33
-------
Bacobi
Bodaway
Coppermine
Kaibito
Lechee
Lee's Ferry
Piute
Redrock
Teec Nos Pos
Tsa Schizzi
Tuba City
Ignacio
Redmesa
Towaoc
Burnham
Chaco Canyon
Dulce
Huerfano
Navajo Farm Project
Aneth
Bloomington
Escalante
Glen Canyon
Henrieville
Huntlngton Canyon #1
Huntington Canyon #2 | N/A
Navajo Mountain
Oljato
St. George
100
TSP Seasonal Averages (jig/m )
Spring 1976 (Mar., Apr., May)
Figure 3. Spring 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations).
34
-------
Bacobi
Bodaway
Coppermine
Kaibito
Lechee
Lee's Ferry
Piute
Redrock
Teec Nos Pos
Tsa Schizzi
Tuba City
Ignacio
Redmesa
Towaoc
Burnham
Chaco Canyon
Dulce
Huerfano
Navajo Farm Project
Aneth
Bloomington
Escalante
Glen Canyon
Henrieville
Huntington Canyon #l|N/A
Huntington Canyon #2|N/A
Navajo Mountain | N/A
Oljato
St. George |N/A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Summer 1976 (June, July, Aug.)
Figure 4. Summer 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations).
35
-------
Bacobi
Bodaway
Coppermine
Kaibito
Lechee
Lee's Ferry
Piute
Redrock
Teec Nos Pos
Tsa Schizzi
Tuba City
Ignacio
Redmesa
Towaoc
Burnham
Chaco Canyon
Dulce
Huerfano
Navajo Farm Project
Aneth
Bloomington
Escalante
Glen Canyon
Henrieville
Huntington Canyon #1 |N/A
Huntington Canyon #2 |N/A
Navajo Mountain |N/A
Oljato
St. George
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Autumn 1976 (Sept., Oct., Nov.)
Figure 5. Autumn 1976 seasonal TSP averages (all stations).
36
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Bacobi
Bodaway
Coppermine
Kaibito
Lechee
Lee's Ferry
Piute
Redrock
Teec Nos Pos
Tsa Schizzi
Tuba City
Ignacio
Redmesa
Towaoc
Burnham
Chaco Canyon
Dulce
Huerfano
Navajo Farm Project
Aneth
Bloomington
Escalante
Glen Canyon
Henrieville
Huntington Canyon #1
Huntington Canyon #2|N/A
Navajo Mountain
Oljato
St. George
50.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (jag/m )
Winter 1976-1977 (Dec., Jan., Feb.)
Figure 6. Winter 1976-77 seasonal TSP averages (all stations).
37
-------
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (27.5)
Summer 1976 (23.7)
Autumn 1976 (10.5)
Winter 1976-77 (11.9)
I 1 I I I
Geometric Mean = 16.9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 7. Bacobi, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (48.5)
Autumn 1976 (17.0)
Winter 1976-77 (13.0)
Geometric Mean = 22.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 8. Bodaway, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
38
-------
Winter 1975-76 (15.2)
Spring 1976 (24.5)
Summer 1976 (34.1)
Autumn 1976 (13.4)
Winter 1976-77 (9.9)
i I I I I
Geometric Mean = 17.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 9. Coppermine, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (29.4)
Spring 1976 (51.2)
Summer 1976 (44.1)
Autumn 1976 (27.9)
Winter 1976-77 (11.4)
T I I I I
Geometric Mean = 29.2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 10. Kaibito, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
39
-------
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (N/A)
Autumn 1976 (20.9)
Winter 1976-77 (20.4)
IH^H
m
r
«•••
•
"
!
c
Jeome
trie
Mean
= 2C
.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 11. Lee's Ferry, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (19.8)
Spring 1976 (27.2)
Summer 1976 (20.6)
Autumn 1976 (14.1)
Winter 1976-77 (12.1)
I i i i
Geometric Mean
18.0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 12. Piute, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
40
-------
Winter 1975-76 (19.7)
Spring 1976 (35.2)
Summer 1976 (22.9)
Autumn 1976 (23.0)
Winter 1976-77 (20.0)
i i i i i r
Geometric Mean = 23.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 .70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 13. Redrock, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (30.7)
Spring 1976 (38.3)
Summer 1976 (33.9)
Autumn 1976 (27.5)
Winter 1976-77 (19.7)
1 1 T 1 I
Geometric Mean =29.3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 14. Teec Nos Pos, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
41
-------
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (22.5)
Summer 1976 (18.4)
Autumn 1976 (11.6)
Winter 1976-77 (14.1)
I I I I I
Geometric Mean = 16.1
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 15. Tsa Schizzi, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (28.6)
Summer 1976 (35.9)
Autumn 1976 (34.8)
Winter 1976-77 (27.8)
I I I I I
Geometric Mean = 31.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
o
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 16. Tuba City, AZ, seasonal TSP averages.
42
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Winter 1975-76 (19.9)
Spring 1976 (23.4)
Summer 1976 (22.9)
Autumn 1976 (20.5)
Winter 1976-77 (28.3)
I 1 I I I
Geometric Mean =22.8
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 17. Ignacio, CO, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (28.3)
Summer 1976 (24.2)
Autumn 1976 (22.3)
Winter 1976-77 (21.3)
I I I I I I
Geometric Mean = 23.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (ug/m )
Figure 18. fcedmesa, CO, seasonal TSP averages.
43
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Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (28.2)
Summer 1976 (26.5)
Autumn 1976 (21.6)
Winter 1976-77 (18.5)
I I I
Geometric Mean
I I
' 23.4
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 19. Towaoc, CO, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (27.9)
Autumn 1976 (20.5)
Winter 1976-77 (23.2)
l I I I I ]
Geometric Mean =23.7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TSP Seasonal Averages
80 90 100
Figure 20. Burnham, NM, seasonal TSP averages.
44
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Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (53.6)
Autumn 1976 (32.0)
Winter 1976-77 (16.7)
I I I I I
Geometric Mean = 30.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 21. Chaco Canyon, NM, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (10.6)
Spring 1976 (20.8)
Summer 1976 (13.9)
Autumn 1976 (10.0)
Winter 1976-77 (9.3)
T I I I I
Geometric Mean = 12.3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages
Figure 22. Dulce, NM, seasonal TSP averages.
45
-------
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (53.0)
Summer 1976 (46.1)
Autumn 1976 (41.3)
Winter 1976-77 (39.3)
Geometric Mean = 44.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m3)
Figure 23. Huerfano, NM, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (31.6)
Spring 1976 (33.7)
Summer 1976 (33.7)
Autumn 1976 (24.6)
Winter 1976-77 (26.0)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages
Figure 24. Aneth, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
46
-------
Winter 1975-76 (24.3)
Spring 1976 (29.0)
Summer 1976 (33.3)
Autumn 1976 (22.8)
Winter 1976-77 (21.5)
Geometric Mean = 25.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 25. Bloomington, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (61.5)
Spring 1976 (59.3)
Summer 1976 (64.6)
Autumn 1976 (47.0)
Winter 1976-77 (50.0)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 26. Escalante, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
47
-------
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (N/A)
Autumn 1976 (14.8) ^^
Winter 1976-77 (15.7) !••
~
*
Gee
>metr
ic Me
.an =
15. /
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
2
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 27. Glen Canyon, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (30.6)
Spring 1976 (38.1)
Summer 1976 (56.8)
Autumn 1976 (58.9)
Winter 1976-77 (35.0)
Geometric Mean = 42.4
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 28. Henrieville, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
48
-------
Winter 1975-76 (29.8)
Spring 1976 (38.5)
Summer 1976 (31.1)
Autumn 1976 (17.1)
Winter 1976-77 (17.7)
i I I I r
Geometric Mean = 25.5
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 29. Oljato, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
Winter 1975-76 (N/A)
Spring 1976 (N/A)
Summer 1976 (N/A)
Autumn 1976 (14.7)
Winter 1976-77 (16.8)
I I I I l
Geometric Mean = 15.7
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
3
TSP Seasonal Averages (pg/m )
Figure 30. St. George, UT, seasonal TSP averages.
49
-------
REFERENCES
Thompson, R.J., Morgan, G.B., and Purdue, L.J., Division of Air Quality and
Emission Data, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Air
Pollution Control Administration, Cincinnati, OH. "Analysis of Selected
Elements in Atmospheric Particulate Matter by Atomic Absorption," Atomic
Absorption Newsletter. Vol. 9, No. 3, May-June 1970, pp. 53-57.
50
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APPENDIX A
DATA FLOW
Figure A-l illustrates the flow of data and samples within the course of
accomplishing this program. This chart shows the interrelationships of the
mainline data collection/analysis tasks with the external and internal quality
assurance programs.
51
-------
External Quality Assurance.
Semiannual balance check;
results reviewed by
Rockwell International.
Ln
NJ
External Quality Assurance.
Semiannual flow calibra-
tion; device provided and
results reviewed by
Rockwell International.
Unexposed filters checked at lab:
1. Conditioned at least 48 hours.
Inspected on a light table.
Weighed on analytical balance.
10% reweighed on the balance.
Numbers and weights recorded.
Every 50th filter held
out for analysis as blank
for metals, sulfates, and
nitrates.
Filters sent to
field office.
i
Filters placed with folders and
envelopes for delivery to sam-
pling sites. Numbers recorded.
Samplers serviced and recali-
brated at 2-month intervals.
Filters delivered
to sampling sites.
i
Filters exposed by field operators,
Filter numbers, start/stop times,
start/stop flows, date, weather in-
formation, and comments recorded.
I
Filters mailed
to field office.
i
Filters received at field office.
Recorded information transcribed
to record books; filters reviewed.
T
Figure A-l. Program data flow (continued),
-------
External Quality Assurance.
Quarterly sulfate/nitrate
samples provided by
Rockewell International;
results reviewed.
Ui
CO
External Quality Assurance.
EPA samples analyzed as an
additional check of sul-
fate/nitrate analyses.
I
Filters delivered
to laboratory.
I
Exposed filters analyzed at lab.
1. Conditioned at least 48 hours.
2. Weighed on analytical balance.
3. 10% reweighed on the balance.
4. Weight data recorded.
5. Subjected to lab analyses.
Blank filters
analyzed with
exposed filters.
Sulfate and nitrate analyses:
1. Sample strips cut from filters.
2. Extracts prepared for analyses.
3. Automated analyses.
4. Data recorded.
External Quality Assurance.
Samples sent to Rockwell
International for compara-
tive analysis; strips and
solutions prepared for
analysis by Ute laboratory.
External Quality Assurance.
EPA samples analyzed for
some metals as additional
check.
Internal Quality Control.
10% of all filters are
reanalyzed for sulfates/
nitrates.
Metals analysis:
1. Sample strips cut from filters
2. Extracts prepared for analysis
3. Atomic absorption spectrometry
4. Data recorded.
Data & filters sent
to field office.
Internal Quality Control.
Filter strips with known
metals content prepared
for quarterly analysis.
Internal Quality Control.
10% of all filters are
reanalyzed for metals
content.
Figure A-l. Program data flow (continued)
-------
External Quality Assurance.
Data from Rockwell Interna-
tional used to evaluate the
data, correct problems, and
incorporate into reports.
Field office finalizes data:
1. Final values are calculated.
2. SAROAD forms are completed and
reviewed.
3. SAROAD forms are submitted to
EMSL-LV.
4. Filters are stored.
Internal Quality Control.
All data carefully checked
and reviewed prior to use
in calculations or reports.
Field office prepares reports,
reviewed by laboratory, and sub-
mits them to EMSL-LV.
Figure A-l. Program data flow.
-------
APPENDIX B
MONITORING STATIONS AND DATA
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This appendix contains individual site descriptions and data summaries
for the 29 monitoring stations that comprise the Ute Research Laboratories'
amibent air monitoring network. The network, the stations, and the equipment
at each station are described in Section 4.
For each station, a table is included that summarizes the seasonal
averages for the data obtained. In terms of the TSP and the individual trace
metals, the tables show the average concentrations obtained during the winter
quarter of 1975-76 (December, January, and February), the spring quarter of
1976 (March, April, and May), the summer quarter of 1976 (June, July, and
August), the autumn quarter of 1976 (September, October, and November), and
the winter quarter of 1976-77 (December, January, and February). The maxumum
daily value, the second highest daily value, the arithmetic mean value, the
geometric mean value, and the number of samples for TSP monitoring during the
1976 calendar year also are presented for each site. These values are based
on all available data for the year and may not represent statistically valid
means.
As mentioned in Sections 8 and 9, the quality of the trace-metals data is
questionable. Therefore, these data should be used with caution and are
provided primarily as an indication of trace-metal values in this area.
The SAROAD minimum detectable limits were used in the average values for
metal concentrations that were below the detection concentration. These^
limits are 0.001 pg/m for cadmium, 0.002 ug/m for chromium, O.Q.04 pg/m for
cobalt, 0.001 ug/m for copper, 0.002 pg/m for lead,30.001 ug/m for
manganese, 0.004 pg/m for molybdenum, and 0.010 pg/m for iron.
ARIZONA MONITORING STATIONS
There are 11 monitoring stations operating in the northern portion of
Arizona. The following paragraphs describe each of these stations in detail.
Bacobi, AZ (SAROAD Number 030520003K03)
The Bacobi monitoring station is located in the northwest corner of the
Hopi Indian Reservation. The site is approximately 120 km (75 mi) south of
55
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the Navajo Generating Station and 40 km (25 mi) south of the Black Mesa Coal
Mine, both of which constitute potential or actual stationary emission
sources. There are few paved roads in the general vicinity of the station
but the small village of Bacobi (approximate population of 200) is located
nearby. The terrain is generally flat, consisting of sandy soil with only
sparse vegetation. The major commercial activity in this area is livestock
grazing.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated in February 27, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder, with commercial electrical
power available at the site. Table B-l summarizes the data.
TABLE B-l. BACOBI SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
35.1
27.5
0.001
0.004
0.006
0.044
0.018
0.009
0.005
0.002
0.414
Summer
1976
29.8
23.7
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.062
0.018
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.472
Autumn
1976
14.4
10.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.067
0.010
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.202
Winter
1976-77
18.3
11.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.096
0.007
0.008
0.004
0.002
0.204
No. of Samples
N/A
25
39
38
35
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value . . ,
Second Highest Daily Value
Arithmetic Mean Value . . ,
Geometric Mean Value . . .
Number of Samples
207.6
154.9
24.6
16.9
137
Bodaway. AZ (SAROAD Number 030200012K03)
The Bodaway monitoring station is located in the western portion of the
Navajo Indian Reservation near the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon
National Park. The site is about 56 km (35 mi) southwest of the Navajo
Generating Station and 16 km (10 mi) east of the Cedar Ridge Trading Post on
U.S. Highway 89. Although slightly hilly, the terrain is predominantly flat.
The sandy soil has many rock outcroppings and supports sparse vegetation, with
livestock grazing being the only commercial activity. U.S. Highway 89 is the
56
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only paved road in the vicinity, providing the only main access to the few,
widely scattered homes occupying this remote area.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on June 21, 1976. There is no commercial
electrical power, so the station is equipped with a propane electrical
generator as well as a single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder.
Table B-2 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-2. BODAWAY SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
55.2
48.5
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.043
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.645
Autumn
1976
19.7
17.0
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.044
0.010
0.011
0.004
0.002
0.345
Winter
1976-77
35.8
13.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.070
0.006
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.182
No. of Samples N/A N/A 24 18 34
-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 370.0
Second Highest Daily Value 353.3
Arithmetic Mean Value 38.1
Geometric Mean Value 22.0
Number of Samples 76
Coppermine. AZ (SAROAD Number 030200011K03)
The Coppermine monitoring station is located in the western portion of
the Navajo Indian Reservation about 40 km (25 mi) south of the Navajo
Generating Station and 80 km (50 mi) northwest of the Black Mesa Coal Mine.
The predominantly flat terrain has sandy soil, supporting only sparse
vegetation for livestock grazing, the only commercial activity in the area.
There are no paved roads within a radius of 16 km (10 mi), but there are a
few, widely scattered homes and a trading post located about 1.6 km (1 mi)
north of the station. An abandoned open-pit copper mine is located next to
the trading post.
57
-------
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on February 2, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder; commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-3 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-3. COPPERMINE SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
20.2
15.2
0.001
0.004
0.009
0.023
0.029
0.003
0.008
0.002
0.190
Spring
1976
27.2
24.5
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.025
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.395
Summer
1976
36.9
34.1
0.001
0.005
0.004
0.029
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.552
Autumn
1976
14.1
13.4
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.029
0.014
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.205
Winter
1976-77
11.7
9.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.032
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.097
No. of Samples
10
13
25
16
29
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value . . . ,
Second Highest Daily Value
Arithmetic Mean Value . . ,
Geometric Mean Value . . .
Number of Samples
662.8
89.8
23.0
17.6
93
Kaibito, AZ (SAROAD Number 030200010K03)
The Kaibito monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian Reserva-
tion about 56 km (35 mi) southeast of the Navajo Generting Station and 64 km
(40 mi) northwest of the Black Mesa Coal Mine. The slightly hilly terrain of
the Kaibito Plateau has sandy soil, supporting sparse vegetation used for
livestock grazing. Except for a paved highway about 1.6 km (1 mi) from the
station, all roads in the area are dirt, providing access to a trading post
and small tribal buildings about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) east of the station and to
several homes and a school about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) west of the station.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 22, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder, with commercial electrical
power available at the site. Table B-4 summarizes the data.
58
-------
TABLE B-4. KAIBITO SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
47.7
29.4
0.001
0.004
0.007
0.032
0.024
0.001
0.007
0.002
0.190
Spring
1976
71.7
51.2
0.001
0.003
0.007
0.025
0.014
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.486
Summer
1976
49.0
44.1
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.027
0.023
0.013
0.004
0.003
0.643
Autumn
1976
33.9
27.4
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.025
0.011
0.012
0.004
0.002
0.376
Winter
1976-77
17.4
11.4
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.019
0.007
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.166
No. of Samples 21 31 32 34 34
-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value .... 253.4
Second Highest Daily Value 215.8
Arithmetic Mean Value 43.0
Geometric Mean Value 29.2
Number of Samples 152
Lechee, AZ (SAROAD Number 030200005K03)
The Lechee monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian Reservation
approximately 4.8 km (3 mi) south of the Navajo Generating Station. The
monitoring station is situated on the top of a small mesa that has bare rock
in and around the immediate vicinity of the station, but very sandy soil
around the mesa. To the northwest, the city of Page, AZ, is about 6.4 km
(4 mi) away, and the Glen Canyon Dam is 8 km (5 mi) away. A small housing
development with paved roads is located about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) west of the
station.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on May 22, 1977. It is equipped with a single
high-volume air sampler and a low-volume air sampler that are operated on the
same days. Commercial electrical power is available.
Since the site was activated after the end of the data collection period
covered by this report, no data are included herein.
Lee's Ferry, AZ (SAROAD Number 030200007K03)
The Lee's Ferry monitoring station is located in the Glen Canyon National
Recreation Area. It is situated in the bottom of the Glen Canyon, at the head
of Marble Canyon, about 19 km (12 mi) west of Page, AZ. A small campground
59
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and four homes for National Park Service personnel are 0.8 km (0.5 mi) west of
the station, and a boat launching ramp and small store are 0.8 km (0.5 mi)
east of the station. A small water treatment plant and a boat storage area
are immediately adjacent to the monitoring station, and the road leading to
the site is paved. The National Park Service prohibits any vehicles from
leaving the paved road at any time.
This station is operated by National Park Service Personnel and was
activated on October 5, 1976. It is equipped with a single high-volume air
sampler and a flow recorder, and it also is equipped with a 24-hr timer for
the convenience of the National Park Service personnel. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-5 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-5. LEE'S FERRY SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Autumn
1976
41.9
20.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.011
0.010
0.004
0.002
0.290
Winter
1976-77
31.2
20.4
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.011
0.011
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.358
No. of Samples
N/A
N/A
N/A
24
37
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value . . . ,
Second Highest Daily Value
Arithmetic Mean Value . . .
Geometric Mean Value . . .
Number of Samples
481.0
255.7
35.4
20.6
61
Piute, AZ (SAROAD Number 030500009K03)
The Piute monitoring station is located on the Kaibab-Piute Indian
Reservation. It is approximately 105 km (65 mi) west of the Navajo Generating
Station and 64 km (40 mi) east of the proposed Warner Valley Power Plant.
About 3.2 km (2 mi) north of the monitoring station is a small town
(approximate population of 100) having some farming enterprises. Livestock
grazing is common to the entire area. The Pipe Springs National Monument and
a tribal office building are about 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the station, and
several homes are in the immediate vicinity of the station. The road to the
60
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station is paved, but most others are packed dirt. The predominantly flat
terrain has sandy soil and sparse to moderate vegetation. A high plateau is
northwest of the valley in which the station is located, and a sawmill and
small oil refinery are located about 32 km (20 mi) east of the station.
This station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 27, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-6 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-6. PIUTE SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
28.8
19.8
0.001
0.004
0.008
0.041
0.035
0.002
0.008
0.002
0.336
Spring
1976
35.9
27.2
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.023
0.007
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.403
Summer
1976
23.1
20.6
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.023
0.012
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.431
Autumn
1976
16.6
14.1
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.010
0.012
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.230
Winter
1976-77
14.0
12.1
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.010
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.141
No. of Samples 14 33 30 38 36
-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 192.8
Second Highest Daily Value 134.3
Arithmetic Mean Value 23.6
Geometric Mean Value 18.0
Number of Samples ..151
Redrock, AZ (SAROAD Number 03004000K03)
The Redrock monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian Reserva-
tion approximately 64 km (40 mi) west of the Four Corners Power Plant, 80 km
(50 mi) southwest of the San Juan Power Plant, and 48 km (30 mi) north of the
Canyon De Chelly National Monument. This is a remote, relatively isolated
area, with the nearest paved road 16 km (10 mi) away. The area has many
widely scattered homes and a small school. The predominantly flat terrain has
mountains located to the west. It is a sandy area, supporting only sparse
vegetation other than that growing on the mountains.
61
-------
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 12, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-7 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-7. REDROCK SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
22.8
19.7
0.001
0.006
0.012
0.021
0.031
0.002
0.009
0.002
0.139
Spring
1976
44.3
35.2
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.019
0.022
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.499
Summer
1976
29.0
22.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.019
0.017
0.013
0.005
0.002
0.646
Autumn
1976
26.5
23.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.008
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.282
Winter
1976-77
27.3
20.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.008
0.004
0.002
0.191
No. of Samples 18 28 33 38 38
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 127.6
Second Highest Daily Value 124.8
Arithmetic Mean Value 31.0
Geometric Mean Value 23.6
Number of Samples 155
Teec Nos Pos. AZ (SAROAD Number 030040001K03)
The Teec Nos Pos monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian
Reservation about 64 km (40 mi) northwest of the Four Corners Power Plant and
56 km (35 mi) northwest of the San Juan Power Plant. It is 89 km (55 mi)
north of the Canyon De Chelly National Monument. Except for the main highway,
the roads in the area are not paved. A large school and a housing development
are located 1.6 km (1 mi) east of the station, with some farming and a few oil
wells in the general area. The terrain is typically flat, with sandy soil and
sparse to moderate vegetation other than in the areas being farmed.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 20, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-8 summarizes the data.
62
-------
TABLE B-8. TEEC NOS POS SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
38.3
30.7
0.001
0.007
0.010
0.038
0.047
0.004
0.005
0.002
0.192
Spring
1976
57.9
38.3
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.034
0.014
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.404
Summer
1976
44.7
33.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.038
0.019
0.008
0.004
0.002
0.600
Autumn
1976
35.6
27.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.018
0.033
0.010
0.004
0.002
0.340
Winter
1976-77
27.0
19.7
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.047
0.022
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.202
No. of Samples 18 34 26 36 27
—————~~3~~
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 473.0
Second Highest Daily Value ..... 170.7
Arithmetic Mean Value 42.4
Geometric Mean Value 29.3
Number of Samples 141
Tsa Schizzi, AZ (SAROAD Number 030200013K03)
The Tsa Schizzi monitoring station is located in a remote section of the
Navajo Indian Reservation about 32 km (20 mi) east of the Navajo Generating
Station. The terrain is generally flat with some large rock outcroppings,
sandy soil, and sparse vegetation. Livestock grazing is the only commercial
pursuit in this area. There are no paved roads, and homes are very widely
scattered.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on April 2, 1976. There is no commercial
electrical power in the area, so the station is equipped with a propane
electrical generator. It also is equipped with a single high-volume air
sampler and a flow recorder. Table B-9 summarizes the data.
63
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TABLE B-9o ISA SCHIZZI SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
24.4
22.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.020
0.005
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.315
Summer
1976
20.8
18.4
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.014
0.008
0.004
0.005
0.002
0.352
Autumn
1976
12.4
11.6
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.015
0.009
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.172
Winter
1976-77
18.1
14.1
OoOOl
0.002
0.004
0.016
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.176
No. of Samples
N/A
10
15
20
22
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 101.9
Second Highest Daily Value „ 57.4
Arithmetic Mean Value 17.9
Geometric Mean Value . 16.1
Number of Samples 67
Tuba City, AZ (SAROAD Number 030200014K03)
The Tuba City monitoring station is located on a Navajo Indian
Reservation about 97 km (60 mi) south of the Navajo Generating Station and
56 km (35 mi) east of the Grand Canyon National Park boundary. The site is
located 1.6 km (1 mi) north of Tuba City, accessible by a dirt road from the
town0 Most of the roads within the small town of Tuba City are paved, but
those outside of the city limits are dirt. The terrain is mostly flat, with
some rolling hills. The ground is very sandy, supporting only sparse
vegetation.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and originally was activated on February 6, 1976. Originally,
the site was 8 km (5 mi) to the east of its present location, but it was moved
on October 6, 1976. The station is equipped with a single high-volume air
sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical power is available. Table
B-10 summarizes the data.
64
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TABLE B-10. TUBA CITY SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/ra )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
33,1
28.6
0.001
0.005
0.011
0.053
0.033
0.009
0.006
0.002
0,519
Summer
1,976
42.0
35.9
0.001
0.006
0.005
0.049
Oo040
0.017
0.005
0.002
0.855
Autumn
1976
38.2
34.8
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.086
0.015
0.016
0,006
0.002
0.488
Winter
1976-77
40.8
27.8
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.039
0.014
0.010
0.004
0.002
0.367
No. of Samples
N/A
15
18
27
39
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value .............. 305.4
Second Highest Daily Value . 123.6
Arithmetic Mean Value .39.1
Geometric Mean Value ...... 31.6
Number of Samples . .............. 99
COLORADO MONITORING STATIONS
There are three monitoring stations operating in southwestern Colorado.
The following paragraphs describe each of these in detail.
Ignacio. CO (SAROAD Number 061300003K03)
The Ignacio monitoring station is located about 4.8 km (3 mi) west of the
small town of Ignacio, CO (approximate population of 800), on the Southern Ute
Indian Reservation. The station is about 80 km,,(50 mi) northeast of the San
Juan Power Plant and 97 km (60 mi) northeast of the.Four Corners Power Plant.
The semimountainous area is heavily farmed, and there are some oil wells in
the immediate vicinity of the station. The station itself is located on an
irrigated farm. Although there are many paved roads in the area, the road
providing access to the monitoring station is dirt. Most of the area has
moderate or dense vegetation, with good ground cover throughout the area.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 19, 1976. The station is equipped
with a single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial
electrical power was readily available. Table B-ll summarizes the data.
65
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TABLE B-ll. IGNACIO SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
24.6
19.9
0.001
0.005
0.012
0.032
0.044
0.005
0.007
0.002
0.210
Spring
1976
35.4
23.4
0.001
0.005
0.005
0.020
0.018
0.008
0.005
0.002
0.409
Summer
1976
27.8
22.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.039
0.016
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.401
Autumn
1976
22.8
20.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.026
0.022
0.008
0.005
0.002
0.255
Winter
1976-77
35.1
28.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.019
0.018
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.164
No. of Samples 18 25 21 32 35
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 188.3
Second Highest Daily Value 171.0
Arithmetic Mean Value 30.5
Geometric Mean Value 22.8
Number of Samples 131
Redmesa, CO (SAROAD Number 061300002K03)
The Redmesa monitoring station is located on the Southern Ute Indian
Reservation approximately 56 km (35 mi) north of the Four Corners Power Plant,
40 km (25 mi) north of the San Juan Power Plant, and 48 km (30 mi) southeast
of Mesa Verde National Park. The semimountainous area is extensively dry-land
farmed, with some irrigation being done in the immediate vicinity of the
station. Farm homes are scattered, and the roads are mostly dirt.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on April 19, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-12 summarizes the data.
66
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TABLE B-12. REDMESA SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
32.4
28.3
0.001
0.003
0.007
0.024
0.016
0.007
0.005
0.002
0.332
Summer
1976
31.1
24.2
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.014
0.016
0.010
0.005
0.002
0.574
Autumn
1976
24.8
22.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.012
0.014
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.336
Winter
1976-77
29.7
21.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.008
0.011
0.010
0.004
0.002
0.378
No. of Samples
N/A
17
33
37
34
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value
Second Highest Daily Value
Arithmetic Mean Value
Geometric Mean Value
Number of Samples
80.2
69.7
29.0
23.9
121
Towaoc, CO (SAROAD Number 061600004K03)
The Towaoc monitoring station is located on the Ute Mountain Indian
Reservation about 56 km (35 mi) northwest of the Four Corners Power Plant,
40 km (25 mi) north of the San Juan Power Plant, 16 km (10 mi) west of Mesa
Verde National Park, and 24 km (15 mi) east of Hovenweep National Monument.
The station is about 1.6 km (1 mi) east of Towaoc, CO (approximate population
of 800), and 0.4 km (0.25 mi) from a paved road. The station is situated in
an area of high, rocky mesas, but has been placed in the lowlands between the
mesas. The soil is sandy, supporting only sparse vegetation, and the nearest
farming activity is 8 km (5 mi) north of the station. Livestock grazing is
the principal agricultural endeavor.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on April 29, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-13 summarizes the data.
67
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TABLE B-13. TOWAOC SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/ra )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
31.9
28.2
0.001
0.003
0.006
0.028
0.031
0.007
0.004
0.003
0.300
Summer
1976
30.9
26.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.038
0.022
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.339
3= = === = ==
Autumn
1976
25.8
21.6
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.023
0.018
0.008
0.005
0.002
0.292
Winter
1976-77
22.5
18.5
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.017
0.019
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.191
No. of Samples
N/A
13
28
37
35
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value ...... 109.7
Second Highest Daily Value 80.6
Arithmetic Mean Value ....... 26.7
Geometric Mean Value 23.4
Number of Samples 113
NEW MEXICO MONITORING STATIONS
There are five monitoring stations operating in northwestern New Mexico.
The following paragraphs describe each station in detail.
Burnham. NM (SAROAD Number 321000012K03)
The Burnham monitoring station is located in a remote and isolated area
about 40 km (25 mi) south of the Four Corners Power Plant and 56 km (35 mi)
south of the San Juan Power Plant. It is approximately 48 km (30 mi) north of
Chaco Canyon National Monument and is situated 4.8 km (3 mi) east of a small
trading post and school as well as the only paved road in the area. Homes are
very scattered, and the arid area contains many deep arroyos. The soil is
sandy, supporting only, sparse vegetation on which some livestock grazing takes
place. However, the Burnham monitoring station is on the site of a proposed
coal mine and coal gasification plant.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on May 17, 1976. There is no commercial
electrical power, so the station is equipped with a propane electrical
generator. It also is equipped with a single high-volume air sampler, and a
flow recorder. Table B-14 summarizes the data.
68
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TABLE B-14. BURNHAM SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
43.3
27.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.020
0.017
0.009
0.005
0.002
0.621
===========
Autumn
197,6
26.8
20.5
0.001
0.004
0.004
0.035
0.009
0.008
0.005
0.002
0.271
Winter
1976-77
44.4
23.2
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.031
0.009
0.017
0.004
0.002
0.477
No. of Samples N/A N/A 23 30 30
._
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value ..... .... 569.3
Second Highest Dally Value .......... 185.1
Arithmetic Mean Value ..... ... 37.7
Geometric Mean Value ........ 23.7
Number of Samples . ........ 83
Chaco Canyon. NM (SAROAD Number 321000011Kd3)
The Chaco Canyon monitoring station is located in the Chaco Canyon
National Monument about 89 km (55 mi) southeast of the Four Corners Power
Plant. This is a very isolated area, having no paved roads within a 40-km
(25-mi) radius of the station. The area is sandy, with many bare-rock
outcroppings and only sparse to moderate vegetation. The site is located in a
canyon with steep, bare-rock sides. A small visitor center and three or four
homes for National Park Service personnel are in the immediate vicinity of the
station. , °
This station is operated by National Park Service personnel and was
activated on June 30, 1976. It is equipped with a single high-volume air
sampler and a flow recorder, and it also is equipped with a 24-hr timer for
the convenience of the National Park Service personnel. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-15 summarizes the data.
69
-------
TABLE B-15. CHACO CANYON SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant Winter
1975-76
TSP* (Arithmetic) N/A
TSP* (Geometric) N/A
Cadmium N/A
Chromium N/A
Cobalt N/A
Copper N/A
Lead N/A
Manganese N/A
Nickel N/A
Molybdenum N/A
Iron N/A
No. of Samples N/A
3
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Second Highest Daily Value
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
59.6
53.6
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.011
0.017
0.027
0.004
0.002
0.833
20
Autumn
1976
38.2
32.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.004
0.010
0.016
0.004
0.002
0.398
24
. 113.2
. 111.0
36.3
30.6
. 75
Winter
1976-77
19.9
16.7
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.009
0.009
0.004
0.002
0.288
31
Dulce. NM (SAROAD Number 320920003K03)
The Dulce monitoring station is located on the Jicarilla Apache Indian
Reservation about 130 km (80 mi) east of the Four Corners Power Plant. The
station is situated in an isolated area about 8 km (5 mi) south of the small
town of Dulce, NM (approximate population of 800). The area is mountainous
and forested, with one home in the forested area near the station. There is
little agricultural activity other than some livestock grazing in the
vicinity. The only road near the station is dirt.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 22, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-16 summarizes the data.
70
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TABLE B-16. DULCE SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
11.2
10.6
0.001
0.003
0.008
0.026
0.023
0.002
0.008
0.002
0.090
Spring
1976
29.1
20.8
0.001
0.004
0.007
0.023
0.014
0.007
0.006
0.002
0.345
Summer
1976
17.0
13.9
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.028
0.017
0.005
0.005
0.002
0.299
Autumn
1976
11.8
10.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.012
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.135
Winter
1976-77
14.8
9.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.025
0.009
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.164
No. of Samples 14 25 37 39
— _ _ _
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 207.4
Second Highest Daily Value 170.8
Arithmetic Mean Value 16.6
Geometric Mean Value 12.3
Number of Samples 153
Huerfano, NM (SAROAD Number 321000007K03)
The Huerfano monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian Reserva-
tion about 48 km (30 mi) southeast of the Four Corners Power Plant and 64 km
(40 mi) southeast of the San Juan Power Plant. The station is situated near
trading post and a tribal building of the Navajo Indian Tribe, with scattered
homes throughout the area. A paved road leads to within 0.8 km (0.5 mi) of
the station. The predominantly flat terrain has sandy soil with sparse
vegetation, supporting little agricultural activity other than limited
livestock grazing. However, there are numerous oil and natural gas wells
throughout the area.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on April 13, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-17 summarizes the data.
71
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TABLE B-17. HUERFANO SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/m )
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
65.0
53.0
0.001
0.004
0.009
0.034
0.017
0.010
0.006
0.003
0.678
Summe r
1976
55.6
46.1
0.001
0.003
0.005
0.045
0.016
0.011
0.004
0.002
0.646
Autumn
1976
48.2
41.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.091
0.013
0.012
0.004
0.002
0.409
Winter
1976-77
51.5
39.3
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.068
0.014
0.012
0.005
0.002
0.484
No. of Samples
N/A
17
32
36
33
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value . . . .
Second Highest Daily Value
Arithmetic Mean Value . . .
Geometric Mean Value . . .
Number of Samples . . . . ,
173.5
170.9
53.6
44.6
118
Navajo Farm Project, NM (SAROAD Number 321000021K03)
The Navajo Farm Project is located at an office and storage area for the
Navajo Farming Project about 29 km (18 mi) east of the Four Corners Power
Plant and 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the San Juan Power Plant. Much of the
land is being irrigated extensively and farmed as part of the large project,
and, during the growing season, good ground cover is being provided for the
sandy soil by the crops. The main road to the monitoring station is paved, as
are many of the other roads throughout this area, carrying a considerable
amount of traffic involved in the farming activities.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on February 6, 1977. It is equipped with a
low-volume air sampler. Commercial electrical power is available.
Since the station was activated near the end of the data collection
period covered by this report, no data are included herein.
UTAH MONITORING STATIONS
There are 10 monitoring stations operating in central and southern Utah.
The following paragraphs describe each of these in detail.
72
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Aneth, UT (SAROAD Number 460960003K03)
The Aneth monitoring .station is located on the Navajo Indian Reservation
near the western extremity of the Mountain Ute Indian Reservation. It is
about 80 km (50 mi) northwest of the Four Corners Power Plant and 64 km
(40 mi) northwest of the San Juan Power Plant. The station is situated near
the San Juan River near a school and several homes; other homes in the area
are widely scattered. The terrain consists of rolling hills and mesas
characterized by sandy soil and sparse vegetation. The road to the station is
paved, but most other roads are dirt. There is a concentration of oil wells
in the vicinity, and livestock grazing is common.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on February 11, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-18 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-18. ANETH SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
39.9
31.6
0.001
0.005
0.005
0.067
0.039
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.243
Spring
1976
43.2
33.7
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.026
0.008
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.285
Summer
1976
38.5
33.7
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.025
0.015
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.406
Autumn
1976
28.4
24.6
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.026
0.018
0.008
0.005
0.002
0.252
Winter
1976-77
30.8
26.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.018
0.020
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.307
No. of Samples 14 43 37 39 24
-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 144.1
Second Highest Daily Value 138.3
Arithmetic Mean Value 36.2
Geometric Mean Value 29.7
Number of Samples 157
Bloomington, UT (SAROAD Number 461280001K03)
The Bloomington monitoring station is located near the Virgin River
approximately 19 km (12 mi) west of the proposed Warner Valley Power Project
and 56 km (35 mi) southwest of Zion National Park. The station is situated in
a small, irrigated farming area surrounded by hilly terrain having dry, sandy
73
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soil and little native vegetation. The area is sparsely populated with homes
but the city of St. George, UT (approximate population of 6,000) is located
8 km (5 mi) north of the station. The road to the station is paved, as are
many of the other roads in the area. Interstate 15 is within 4.8 km (3 mi) of
the station.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on February 2, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-19 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-19. BLOOMINGTON SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
26.0
24.3
0.001
0.004
0.006
0.066
0.021
0.004
0.006
0.002
0.303
Spring
1976
32.8
29.0
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.078
0.028
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.421
Summer
1976
35.8
33.3
0.001
0.005
0.005
0.094
0.044
0.010
0.006
0.002
0.552
Autumn
1976
25.6
22.8
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.125
0.025
0.008
0.006
0.002
0.317
Winter
1976-77
24.7
21.5
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.130
0.030
0.007
0.004
0.002
0.247
No. of Samples 13 28 39 33 39
• •• ^••^ ^ •••••••••••• •••••••^^^^^•n^^^^^^^^^^—. ^^^^^—.——
3 ~~ ——-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 123.0
Second Highest Daily Value 85.6
Arithmetic Mean Value 29.3
Geometric Mean Value 25.8
Number of Samples ..... 152
Escalante. UT (SAROAD Number 460300002K03)
The Escalante monitoring station is located about 97 km (60 mi) north of
the Navajo Generating Station, 48 to 64 km (30 to 40 mi) north of the proposed
Kaiparowits Plateau development, 56 km (53 mi) west of the Glen Canyon
National Recreation Area, and 48 km (30 mi) east of Bryce Canyon National
Park. It is a small, irrigated, farming area about 3.2 km (2 mi) south of the
town of Escalante, UT (approximate population of 1,000). Areas to the north
of the station are forested, but areas to the south generally are flat with
large rock mesas, sandy soil, and sparse vegetation. The town contains a
74
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small sawmill. Except in the town, most roads are dirt, and the road to the
station is dirt for the last 1.6 km (1 mi).
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 24, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-20 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-20. ESCALANTE SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
99.6
61.5
0.001
O.OOA
0.010
0.045
0.027
0.006
0.008
0.003
0.476
Spring
1976
85.9
59.3
0.001
0.003
0.006
0.062
0.017
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.264
Summer
1976
69.9
64.6
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.056
0.023
0.011
0.005
0.003
0.656
Autumn
1976
54.3
47.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.068
0.010
0.012
0.004
0.002
0.407
Winter
1976-77
59.2
50.0
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.071
0.011
0.015
0.004
0.002
0.519
No. of Samples 15 13 37 38 38
-
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 592.0
Second Highest Daily Value ... 360.5
Arithmetic Mean Value 67.4
Geometric Mean Value ..... 56.1
Number of Samples 141
Glen Canyon. UT (SAROAD Number 460400003K03)
The Glen Canyon monitoring station is located just outside of the Glen
Canyon National Recreation Area about 32 km (20 mi) northwest of the Navajo
Generating Station, 32 km (20 mi) south the proposed Kaiparowits Plateau
development, and 80 km (50 mi) southeast of Bryce Canyon National Park.
Hilly, sandy soil supports only sparse vegetation. There are three homes near
the station which is situated about 0.8 km (0.5 mi) from U.S. Highway 89 along
a dirt access road.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on October 13, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-21 summarizes the data.
75
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TABLE B-21. GLEN CANYON SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Autumn
1976
16.3
14.8
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.011
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.171
Winter
1976-77
17.1
15.7
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.009
0.013
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.149
No. of Samples N/A N/A N/A 21 38
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 36.0
Second Highest Daily Value 33.8
Arithmetic Mean Value 16.8
Geomecric Mean Value 15.4
Number of Samples 59
Henrieville, UT (SAROAD Number 460300003K03)
The Henrieville monitoring station is approximately 48 km (30 mi)
northwest of the proposed Kaiparowits Plateau development and 16 km (10 mi)
east of Bryce Canyon National Park. The station is situated in a small,
irrigated, farming area about 1.6 km (1 mi) south of the town of Henrieville,
UT (approximate population of 200). The hilly terrain has good ground cover'
where farming activity is present and to the north and west where it is
heavily forested. To the south and east of the station, vegetation is sparse
to moderate in a generally arid climate. Most roads in the area are dirt, as
is the access road to the station.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories. It is equipped for various sampling activities, including a
regular high-volume air sampler, a two-stage high-volume air sampler (for
size-range separation of particulates), and a three-stage, multiday, cascade
impactor (for size separation of particulates into three size ranges). The
regular high-volume air sampler was activated on January 24, 1976. Commercial
electrical power is available. Table B-22 summarizes the data obtained with
the regular high-volume air sampler.
76
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TABLE B-22. HENRIEVILLE SEASONAL AVERAGES (pg/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
35.4
30.6
0.001
0.005
0.007
0.056
0.035
0.004
0.006
0.002
0.323
Spring
1976
45.5
38.1
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.026
0.010
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.310
Summer
1976
75.7
56.8
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.052
0.025
0.013
0.004
0.002
0.732
Autumn
1976
68.0
58.9
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.039
0.007
0.008
0.004
0.002
0.371
Winter
1976-77
41.3
35.0
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.027
0.007
0.011
0.004
0.002
0.244
No. of Samples 15 27 37 31 33
_
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 308.0
Second Highest Daily Value 196.9
Arithmetic Mean Value 57.2
Geometric Mean Value 42.4
Number of Samples ... ...143
Huntington Canyon //I, UT (SAROAD Number 460280001K03)
The Huntington Canyon #1 monitoring station is located about 6.4 km
(4 mi) west of the Huntington Power Plant. Both the monitoring station and
the power plant are situated at the bottom of the canyon, enclosed by the
steep, rocky, canyon walls. Vegetation is moderate, with some forested
areas. The road up the canyon is paved.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on April 18, 1977. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. The station is served by
commercial electrical power. Since the station was activated after the end of
the data collection period covered by this report, no data are included
herein.
Huntington Canyon //2, UT (SAROAD Number 460280003K03)
The Huntington Canyon #2 monitoring station is located near the mouth of
the canyon containing the Huntington Power Plant. The station is approxi-
mately 6.4 km (4 mi) from the power plant and 4.8 km (3 mi) east of the town
of Huntington, UT (approximate population of 1,500). The land adjacent to the
station is irrigated and farmed, while the unfarmed areas surrounding it are
only sparsely vegetated. The road to the monitoring station is paved.
77
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The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on May 6, 1977. It is equipped with a single
high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. The station is served by
commercial electrical power. Since the station was activated after the end of
the data collection period covered by this report, no data are included
herein.
Navajo Mountain. UT (SAROAD Number 460960001K03)
The Navajo Mountain monitoring station is located on the Navajo Indian
Reservation near the Rainbow Bridge National Monument. The station is
situated approximately 64 km (40 mi) east of the Navajo Generating Station and
80 km (50 mi) southeast of the proposed Kaiparowits Plateau development. It
is an extremely remote and isolated area, with mountainous terrain to the west
and Lake Powell to the west and north. There are many rough, steep-walled
canyons in the area. The soil is sandy, with only moderate vegetation. The
nearest paved road is 56 km (35 mi) from the station, and only a few homes are
widely scattered through the area.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 30, 1977. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-23 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-23. NAVAJO MOUNTAIN SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Autumn
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Winter
1976-77
27.8
21.8
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.031
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.002
0.179
No. of Samples N/A N/A N/A N/A 13
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 98.6
Second Highest Daily Value 56.4
Arithmetic Mean Value 27.8
Geometric Mean Value 21.8
Number of Samples 13
78
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Oljato, UT (SAROAD Number 460960002K03)
The Oljato monitoring station is located in Monument Valley on the Navajo
Indian Reservation. It is about 105 km (65 mi) east of the Navajo Generating
Station and 136 km (85 mi) west of the Four Corners Power Plant. The terrain
is typically flat, interrupted by massive, rocky mesas and plateaus. The soil
is sandy, with sparse vegetation typical of an arid climate. Homes are very
widely scattered, although some livestock grazing does occur on the limited
vegetation. The highway (U.S. Highway 163) is paved, but all other roads in
the area are dirt. The station is situated 0.8 km (0.5 mi) from the highway.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on January 23, 1976. It is equipped with a
single high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical
power is available. Table B-24 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-24. OLJATO SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
38.3
29.8
0.001
0.004
0.006
0.055
0.027
0.001
0.008
0.002
0.084
Spring
1976
54.0
38.5
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.037
0.009
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.355
Summer
1976
40.6
31.1
0.001
0.002
0.005
0.058
0.012
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.440
Au tumn
1976
18.9
17.1
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.039
0.010
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.186
Winter
1976-77
19.4
17.7
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.071
0.009
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.259
No. of Samples 19 25 33 33 40
_
* Annual TSP values (pg/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 207.4
Second Highest Daily Value 193.2
Arithmetic Mean Value 32.1
Geometric Mean Value 25.5
Number of Samples .. ....150
St. George, UT (SAROAD Number 461280002K03)
The St. George monitoring station is located on the top of a mesa about
6.4 km (4 mi) southeast of the city of St. George, UT (approximate population
of 6,000). The station is approximately 6.4 km (4 mi) west of the proposed
Warner Valley Power Project and 40 km (25 mi) southwest of Zion National
Park. The top of the mesa is sandy soil with sparse vegetation, but some of
79
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the areas to the west and north of the mesa are irrigated and used for
farming. There are no homes or other buildings within a radius of 3.2 km
(2 mi) of the station. However, the road to the station is paved, as are many
other roads in the area.
The station is operated by a field operator employed by Ute Research
Laboratories and was activated on July 14, 1976. It is equipped with a single
high-volume air sampler and a flow recorder. Commercial electrical power is
available. Table B-25 summarizes the data.
TABLE B-25. ST. GEORGE SEASONAL AVERAGES (ug/m3)
Pollutant
TSP* (Arithmetic)
TSP* (Geometric)
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Molybdenum
Iron
Winter
1975-76
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Spring
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Summer
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Autumn
1976
16.9
14.7
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.033
0.018
0.008
0.007
0.002
0.206
Winter
1976-77
19.3
16.8
0.001
0.002
0.004
0.023
0.013
0.006
0.005
0.002
0.175
No. of Samples N/A N/A N/A 26 36
* Annual TSP values (ug/m ):
Maximum Daily Value 56.8
Second Highest Daily Value 45.9
Arithmetic Mean Value 18.3
Geometric Mean Value 15.7
Number of Samples 62
80
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APPENDIX C
SPECIAL PROJECTS
TWO-STAGE AIR SAMPLER HEAD
As a special project requested by the EMSL-LV, a high-volume air sampler
was equipped with a two-stage head. This two-stage head separates the air-
borne particulates into two size ranges which may prove useful in character-
izing and identifying the pollutant materials. Information from this project
will be used to assess the value of this size-segregating sampler.
The two-stage head evaluated was a commercially available unit, sometimes
referred to as a "cascade impactor head." The first stage was designed to
collect material larger than 2 urn on a slotted filter measuring 76 by 127 mm
(3 by 5 in). The sample airstream with its smaller particles passed through
the slits and impacted on a standard 203- by 254-mm (8- by 10-in) high-volume
filter. Both of these filters were subjected to normal laboratory analyses
for TSP, trace metals, sulfates, and nitrates. A number of these filters also
were sent to IIT Research Institute in Chicago for further analyses (Scholl
and Draftz, 1977).
This sampler was operated at three sites in an attempt to detect
differences in the size distribution and/or composition of the particulates.
Initially, the unit was operated at Bloomington, UT, from August 1 to
September 7, 1976. It then was moved to Escalante, UT, where it was operated
from October 3 through November 24, 1976. On August 24, 1977, the unit was
moved to its present location at Henrieville, UT.
Data from this study have been reported to the EMSL-LV for further
analysis and interpretation.
THREE-STAGE MULTIDAY CASCADE IMPACTOR
As a special project requested by the EMSL-LV, a three-stage, multiday,
cascade impactor was placed into operation at the Henrieville, UT, monitoring
station during August, 1977.
This commercial instrument is used to determine the type, size, and
amount of particulate matter suspended in the ambient air. The EMSL-LV hopes
to use it to help identify and characterize airborne pollutant materials.
This special project was implemented to assess the value of this type of
instrument as part of the ambient air monitoring network in the Four Corners
area.
81
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The instrument operates continuously, drawing air through a shielded
inlet and through three stages for particulate separation and collection,
segregating the collected particulates into three size ranges. The inlet is
shielded to protect it from the weather and any intrusion by insects or large
airborne particles that might clog the sampling lines.
Under normal operation, the instrument samples about 0.42 cubic
decimeters per second (dm /s) [0.88 cubic feet per minute (cfm)] of air. The
particulates are segregated into three size ranges: (a) the first rotating
impactor drum collects 90% to 100% of the particles ranging from 3.6 to 20 urn
diameter, (b) a second rotating impactor drum collects 90% to 100% of the
particles ranging from 0.65 to 3.6 urn diameter, and (c) a 0.4-mm nucleopore
filter collects 90% to 100% of the particles ranging from 0.1 to 0.65 urn
diameter. The particulate collection is compatible with elemental, chemical,
and optical analyses.
Samples from this project are being analyzed by the University of
California at Davis, and the results are being evaluated by the EMSL-LV.
SOIL SAMPLING
To assess the impact of energy resource development in the area, it is
desirable to separate the natural components of the suspended particulates
from the man-made components. This can best be accomplished by selecting
trace-element analyses that are distinctive of only one of these components.
To approximate the natural components, soil samples were collected at each of
the monitoring sites.
In collecting the soil samples, the area around each monitoring station
was divided into four quadrants. Samples were obtained from each quadrant at
a distance of approximately 100 m (330 ft) from-the monitoring station tower.
Each sample consisted of approximately 0.015 dm (1 tablespoon) of material
taken from the upper 10 mm (0.4 in) of soil. The particulates in the sample
generally were limited to a size of 2.5 mm (0.1 in) or less. All four samples
from a given monitoring site were combined in a plastic bag that was labeled
with the station name and SAROAD identification number.
The bags containing the soil samples were shipped to the EMSL-LV for
subsequent analysis by the University of California at Davis. The planned
analysis procedure consisted of blowing each soil sample into a vertical wind
tunnel, collecting the particulates on a filter in the tube, and then
analyzing the filter for trace metals.
The data gathered from this special study will be available from the
EMSL-LV and will be used in interpreting the data collected by the ambient air
monitoring network.
82
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REFERENCE
Scholl, R.F., and Draftz, R.G., IIT Research Institute, Chicago, IL.
Microscopical Analysis of Total Air-Suspended Particulate Samples Collected in
Bloomington and Escalante, Utah, IITRI Report No. C6383-1, EPA Order No.
CB-7-6096-J, June, 1977, 25 pp.
83
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
/Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-135
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
TITLE AND SUBTITLE
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY FOUR CORNERS
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING NETWORK
5. REPORT DATE
June 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Ute Research Laboratories
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Ute Research Laboratories
P.O. Box 266
Ft. Duchesne, UT 84206
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
INE833
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2345
2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-Las Vegas
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/07
5. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
For further information, contact Robert Snelling, Project Officer,
(702) 736-2969, in Las Vegas, Nevada.
16. ABSTRACT
This ambient air monitoring program was initiated with the overall objective of
establishing an air quality baseline for the Four Corners area of Arizona, Colorado,
New Mexico, and Utah. The baseline will be used in assessing the impact of the
development of coal deposits and the operation of large, coal-fired, electrical
generating plants in the Four Corners area.
The network of 29 monitoring stations was established to obtain data concerning
the air quality in a predominantly rural area covering a multistate region.
Results are evaluated in terms of the total suspended particulates present in the
ambient air at each of the 29 stations on a seasonal basis from the winter of
1975-76 through the winder of 1976-77. These data are evaluated in terms of the
validity of the sampling and analytical procedures, and are available from the
National Aerometric Data Base using the SAROAD system.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
air pollution
quality assurance
fossil fuel
coal
Four Corners
SAROAD
particulate sampling
air monitoring
04B
13B
14B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
100
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
AflR
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1979 - 683-091/2111
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