EPA 600/9 76 001
May 1976
OFFICE
U.S. EN
HANDBOOK for PREPARING
OFFICE of RESEARCH and DEVELOPMENT
REPORTS
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 20460
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This document supersedes all previous scientific and technical report
preparation specifications that have been issued by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD)
or its predecessor organizations. All technical and scientific reports prepared
by or for ORD after the issuance of this document shall conform with the
specifications contained herein.
These specifications substantially conform with, and are intended to
augment, existing EPA specifications contained in Chapters 1 and 2 of
the Scientific and Technical Publications Manual, TN-3, dated May 14,
1974. Minor deviations from Agency specifications are the result of a
redefinition of terms, superseded information, and/or newer approaches,
(e.g., order of elements, use of blank pages, etc.).
These specifications are fully consistent with the ORD publication
policy, which has been issued by the Assistant Administrator for Research
and Development. This handbook is primarily intended for use by authors,
principal investigators, project officers, and those individuals who provide
staff support in preparing draft and camera-ready copy of ORD reports.
A companion document outlining procedures to be followed when
publishing ORD work is available to assist ORD personnel in activities
that involve internal processing, review, clearance, printing, distribution,
and storage of ORD reports. Copies of these procedures are available from
the Technical Information Coordinator assigned to each Laboratory and
ORD Headquarters Office.
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EPA-600/9-76-001
May 1976
HANDBOOK FOR PREPARING
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
REPORTS
Compiled by
Technical Information Staff
of Research and Development
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
TECHNICAL INFORMATION DIVISION
OFFICE OF MONITORING AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Develop-
ment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorse-
ment or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
Section 1. INTRODUCTION, 1
Purpose, 1
Applicability, 1
Exclusions, 1
Waivers, 1
Extramural Considerations, 2
Section 2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 3
Sources of Information, 3
Legal Considerations, 4
Copyrighted, contributed, or unpublished material, 4
Privately owned information, 5
Trade names and manufacturer's names, 5
Notification of draft documents, 5
Disclaimer notice, 5
Metric Units of Measure, 5
Section 3. FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES, 6
Overview, 6
Report Organization (Order of Elements), 6
General Format Requirements, 7
Covers, 7
Print size, 7
Image area, 7
Color printing, 8
Spacing and headings, 8
Page numbering, 8
Equations, footnotes, and abbreviations, 8
Illustrations, 9
Tables, 9
Fold-ins and dividers, 9
Spine, 9
Paper saving considerations, 10
Samples, 10
A. Typing Guide Sheet L. Introduction, 22
instructions, 11 M. Conclusions, 23
B. Title page, 12 N Recommendations, 24
C. Disclaimer notice, 13 Q. Page of text, 25
D. Foreword, 14 p Illustrations, 26
E. Preface, 15 q. Tables, 27
F. Abstract, 16 R References, 28
G. Contents, 17 s Bibliography, 29
H. List of illustrations, 18 T. Glossary, 30
I. List of tables, 19 u. index, 31
J. List of abbreviations and y. Technical Report Data
symbols, 20 sheet, EPA
K. Acknowledgment, 21 Form 2220-1, 32
111
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We wish to acknowledge the considerable help and constructive sug-
gestions provided by ORD's Technical Information Coordinators, other
key ORD personnel who contributed to this document, and EPA's Office
of Planning and Management. Although it was impossible to incorporate
all the useful guidance and suggestions provided, we believe that the final
specifications contained herein will more than adequately meet the needs
of all performing organizations engaged in preparing ORD scientific and
technical reports and that these efforts will result in more uniform and
higher quality output of which we can all be proud.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose
This document contains specifications required by the Office of
Research and Development (ORD) to ensure that the results and
conclusions of its various research, development, and demonstration
programs are documented in a uniform, cost-effective, and quality
manner. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals respon-
sible for preparing ORD scientific and technical reports.
Applicability
These specifications apply to all final scientific and technical
reports, including draft and camera-ready copy of such reports, that
are prepared and/or printed as a result of ORD-sponsored/conducted
research. These specifications are to be followed by all EPA research
components: the performing organization, the project officer, and
all key personnel involved in preparing ORD scientific and technical
reports. These reports are intended to include all final reports that
document in-house, interagency, grant, and contract research activi-
ties performed by or for ORD; project reports that may report on
the findings of several research activities required to produce a
specific research output; or special reports that are specifically tailored
to meet the needs of defined user groups. Examples of special reports
include but are not limited to: criteria documents, state-of-the-art
analysis, technology assessments, design manuals for pollution con-
trol or decision-making models, test protocols, or any other type of
report providing operational or decision-making guidelines.
Exclusions
These specifications are not totally applicable for non-technical
reports and studies, theses, bibliographies, training manuals, catalogs,
administrative or fiscal reports, and manuscripts to be published
by other than ORD (e.g., journals or symposia proceedings). Indi-
viduals responsible for preparing such reports should contact the
Technical Information Staff (TIS), Cincinnati, Ohio, for additional
guidance and assistance.
Waivers
Any deviation from these specifications must be approved by
or through the Project Officer. Project Officers should forward any
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request for approval of a major deviation through their assigned
Technical Information Coordinator to the Technical Information
Staff, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Extramural Conformance with the specifications contained in this document
ont eratons an£j ^g form of submission must be cited in the final extramural
agreement (interagency, grant, or contract). When the final report
is complete and approved, the performing organization shall submit
the reproducible manuscript (and printed copies if so specified) to
the assigned Project Officer.
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2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
This section provides information that is generally applicable
to all ORD scientific and technical reports. It identifies important
reference documents, applicable legal considerations, and criteria for
units of measure.
Sources of The following references are cited as supplemental sources for
Information necessary and helpful information that can be used to prepare ORD
scientific and technical reports. Other guides from engineering and
scientific societies and journals may be used to the extent that they
do not conflict with EPA or ORD specifications.
Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms, Department
of Defense/Engineers Joint Council. This is a compilation
of key words from which the identifiers required to complete
Block 17a of the Technical Report Data Sheet, EPA 2220-1,
must be selected. Each Technical Information Coordinator
has been furnished with a copy, and additional copies are
available from the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161, as order number AD 672 000.
COSATI Subject Category List, Office of Science and Tech-
nology, 1964. The Committee on Scientific and Technical
Information's (COSATI) outline for uniformly arranging all
subject matter used to complete Block 17c of the Technical
Report Data sheet, EPA 2220-1. Each Technical Information
Coordinator has been furnished with a copy, and additional
copies are available from NTIS as order number AD 612 200.
Government Printing and Binding Regulations, Joint Com-
mittee on Printing, Congress of the United States, No. 23,
Oct. 1974. This pamphlet provides background information
on Government Printing Office requirements concerning the
use of color printing, self-mailers, printing requirements re-
sulting from grants or contracts, etc. Copies are available
from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Printing Man-
agement and Distribution Section, Washington, D.C. 20460.
Style Manual, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C., 1973. This manual contains general editorial advice
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and the Federal government's recommended style for capitali-
zation, punctuation, use of numerals, hyphenation, etc. It
may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Metric Practice Guide, ASTM E 380-76. This Guide deals
with conversion of quantities in various measurement systems
to the International System of Units (officially abbreviated
SI in all languages). It is available from the American Society
for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19103.
Units o/ Weight and Measure: International (Metric) and
U.S. Customary, L. J. Chisholm, U.S. Department of Com-
merce, National Bureau of Standards, NBS Misc. Pub. 286,
revised Oct. 1972. This document provides definitions and
conversion factors from various systems of measurement to
the international system. It may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
Legal
Considerations
The Government may be subject to liability for misuse of the
literary or intellectual property (patents, trademarks, "proprietary
information") of others. Report writers and editors should observe
the following guidelines:
Copyrighted,
contributed, or
unpublished
material
Copyrighted material may not be incorporated in a report
unless written permission of the copyright owner has been
obtained. Prior use of copyrighted material in another gov-
ernment publication does not necessarily constitute permission
to use it in an EPA/ORD publication. When permission has
been obtained and the material is used in a report, it shall
be identified by a statement substantially as follows:
Reprinted from (title of publication, year of first publica-
tion) by (name of author) with permission of (name of
copyright owner, if different from that of author).
Unpublished work may be protected under common law or
equity, even though there is no copyright notice. Refer
problems relating to the protection given to unpublished work
to EPA's Office of General Counsel (Washington, D.C. 20460).
Courtesy requires that uncopyrighted materials from, or
assistance rendered by, other persons be acknowledged through
the use of a footnote, bibliographic reference, or statement in
the text. Credit lines shall not be given for materials pur-
chased by a department; nongovernment designers, typog-
raphers, or layout artists; and government art directors, de-
signers, typographers, layout artists, or photographers.
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Privately owned
Information
To avoid restricting the availability of a report, make every
effort not to use information accepted by the government for
limited purposes. Such information will be used only when
it is essential to the understanding of a report and only after
approval for its use is authorized by the Office of General
Counsel. Reports containing such information will bear a
statement restricting availability and handling, as required.
Trade names and
manufacturers'
names
The use of trade names, etc., should be explicitly brought
to the attention of the Project Officer and the cognizant
approving official before the report is cleared for publication.
Notification of
draft documents
As a result of provisions contained in the Freedom of
Information Act and for other programmatic reasons, draft
copies of ORD reports are often distributed outside the
Agency. To prevent misunderstanding, the following notice
must appear in the top half of the first page of the general
text of all draft scientific and technical reports:
Notice
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been
formally released by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and should not at this stage be construed to repre-
sent Agency policy. It is being circulated for comments on
its technical merit and policy implications.
Disclaimer
notice
Select the appropriate disclaimer statement indicated in
Sample C of this document. The disclaimer notice will always
appear .on the reverse side of the title page.
Metric Unltt
of Measure
The modernized metric system utilizing the International System
of Units (Systeme International d'Unites, SI) shall be used unless
otherwise specified by the Project Officer. Equivalent units may be
expressed parenthetically, if desired. If other than metric measures
are used, the reason for such use should be footnoted at the first
nonmetric measure, and reference should be made to a conversion
table included in the report.
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3. FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS AND SAMPLES
Overview
This section identifies the format specifications to be followed
by authors and typists when preparing either draft or final camera-
ready copy of ORD scientific and technical reports. It is to be used
by others who are responsible for performing format reviews of
ORD scientific and technical reports to ensure conformance with
these specifications. Within any one report, strive for consistency;
there are many acceptable modes for abbreviations, tables, figures,
order of headings, etc. A common-sense, consistent approach will
usually produce a visually acceptable document. The following para-
graphs contain general information and typing guidelines that apply
to all sections of the report, an outline of the major elements that
usually appear within a report, and a sample of each major element.
Each sample also contains specific guidance for the preparation of
that element.
Report
Organization
In the outline below, the major elements of most ORD scientific
and technical reports are itemized. When some or all of the elements
occur, they are included in the order shown. The outline also indi-
cates, in the second column, those elements required for all reports
(*); those elements that, although not required, would appear in
most ORD reports (t); and those elements that are included only
if needed to enhance communication with the reader or the utility
of the report {$). The third column indicates the sample (found in
this volume) that illustrates and gives information about the particu-
lar element.
Element
FRONT COVER
ORDER OF ELEMENTS
How necessary
FRONT MATTER
Title page
Disclaimer notice
Foreword
Preface
Abstract
Contents
List of illustrations
List of tables
List of abbreviations
and symbols
Acknowledgment
t
t
t
t
t
Sample
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
6
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BODY OF REPORT
Introduction t L
Conclusions t M
Recommendations t N
Text * O, P, Q
BACK MATTER
References f R
Bibliography $ S
Appendices t —
Glossary $ T
Index J U
Technical report data
sheet, EPA Form 2220-1 * V
BACK COVER
SPINE
* Element necessary; t element usually included; J element
optional.
General Format This subsection provides specifications that are applicable to
Requirements more tnan one Of fae report elements previously identified. It pro-
vides general specifications for report covers, print size, image area,
spacing, headings, page numbering, equations, footnotes, abbrevia-
tions, illustrations, tables, fold-ins, dividers, and paper-saving con-
siderations.
Covers The Technical Information Staff (TIS), Cincinnati, Ohio,
is responsible for preparing and issuing the camera-ready
artwork for all covers (front, inside front, and back), including
the assignment of report numbers for all ORD scientific and
technical reports. Requests to TIS for cover artwork and
report numbers must be submitted through the cognizant
Project Officer and Technical Information Coordinator,
Print size Print size for text should not be less than 8-point type,
or approximately 1/9 of an inch, when printed in the final
report.
This is an example of 8-point type.
Tabular material or callouts on illustrations may, however,
be printed in 6-point type, or approximately 1/12 of an inch
when printed in the final report.
This is an example of 6-point type.
image area Final camera-ready copy of ORD reports must be prepared
within an image area of 6^ by 9% inches (16.51 by 23.18 cm)
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(including page number). Detailed specifications for prepar-
ing a Typing Guide Sheet (TGS) consistent with these
requirements and instructions for its use are contained in
Sample A. A supply of TGS's is available upon request by
writing the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Technical Information Staff, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio 45268 or by calling 513-684-7551.
Color printing
The use of color must be approved by the EPA Head-
quarters Printing Management Office. The Project Officer
will submit the request.
Spacing and
headings
The DRAFT of a final report (prepared for approval of the
Project Officer) shall be typed double space or space-and-a-
half. After approval by the Project Officer, the original (or
camera-ready) copy of the FINAL report shall be typed
single space on one side of good quality paper, which is
suitable for reproduction (see Sample 0).
Headings should stand out from the text, and the relative
importance of each heading should be readily apparent.
Page numbering
Front Matter (Preliminary Pages): Except for the title
page (which is counted as page i, but not indicated), number
the front matter consecutively with lower case Roman
numerals (ii, Hi, iv, etc.).
Body of the Report and Back Matter: Only the first page
of the body of the report (normally, the Introduction) begins
on a new right-hand page (page 1); thereafter each new sec-
tion begins on the next available page. Number the body
of the report and the back matter consecutively with Arabic
numbers. Allow no blank pages.
Equations,
footnotes, and
abbreviations
Equations: Short, simple, and unnumbered equations should
be treated as part of the text. When possible, type simple
fractions on one line using a diagonal line and parentheses
to avoid ambiguity, e.g., l/(a + b), not 1/a + b or
a + b'
Treat
equations (and formulas) that require special symbols, posi-
tioning, or brackets as figures, and display the equation on
a line by itself, centered on the width of the page with spacing
(e.g., 1% lines) above and below.
Instructions concerning mathematical and chemical equa-
tions-that is, the numbering, defining of symbols, breaking
(dividing), building up, enclosing in parentheses, etc.-can
be found in the Government Printing Office Style Manual
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and in other style manuals such as those issued by the
American Chemical Society (1155 Sixteenth St., N.W., Wash-
ington, B.C. 20036) or the American Society of Civil Engi-
neers (345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017).
Footnotes: In the text, footnotes should be kept to a
minimum. The symbols used for table footnotes (*, t, t)
may be followed, or superscript numerals may be used, if
desired.
Abbreviations: Acceptable modes for general abbreviations
are found in standard dictionaries and in the Government
Printing Office's Style Manual. Technical abbreviations may
be found in the appropriate reference documents for the
particular subject area involved. (See also Sample J.)
Illustrations
Illustrations should be treated consistently throughout the
document and used only if they: relate entirely to the trans-
action of public business and are in the public interest; relate
directly to the subject matter and are necessary to explain
the text; do not aggrandize any individual; are in good taste;
are restricted to the minimum size necessary for the purpose;
or illustrate employees engaged in work- or service-related
duties. Examples and instruction on preparing illustrations
are given with Sample P.
Tables
The Government Printing Office's Style Manual may be
helpful for preparing tables. When a report contains only a
few pages of text and many tables, place tables in numerical
sequence following the text. A typical table used in an
ORD report and suggestions for preparing tables are given
with Sample Q.
Fold-Ins and
divider pages
Do not use divider pages-those that merely serve to separate
the report into parts. The use of fold-ins is also strongly
discouraged. The paper, printing, binding efforts, and costs
normally incurred when using fold-ins can usually be saved
with preliminary planning: reduce wide tables, have tables
fall on successive pages, separate maps into several parts, etc.
Spine
An identifying brief title and the report number will be
printed on the backbone or spine of each ORD publication
having a thickness of approximately Vi inch or more (^4 inch
is approximately 96 pages).
Paper saving
considerations
Because of the rising cost and scarcity of paper and
increased shipping and mailing costs, reproduction costs, book
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storage and shelving costs, etc., each individual responsible
for preparing ORD reports is strongly encouraged to consider
appropriate techniques for saving paper. Suggestions for this
purpose include: reducing and cropping tables, figures, and
photographs to their smallest usable size; combining tables
and figures with text on one page; and where practical,
placing lists of items in double columns.
Samples This subsection provides examples of each major element of an
ORD report (previously listed in the paragraph entitled "Report
Organization") and examples of material such as the Typing Guide
Sheet, illustrations, tables, etc. (described in the above material on
"General Format Requirements"). Each sample is intended to
illustrate an acceptable form, style, and content for the particular
element or area of the report being addressed and to provide addi-
tional guidance that will assist the individual responsible for preparing
that element/area of a given report.
10
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BEGIN
FIRST
LINE OF
TEXT
HERE •
DROPPED
HEAD.
BEGIN
SECTIONS
HERE I
BEGIN
LAST LINE
OF TEXT •
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
CENTER
OF PAGE _^
^
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9-1/B"
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-
1 1 3/g.. ' 1 1
| J J! ; 1
TOP OF
.IMAGE
AREA
BOTTOM OF
IMAGE AREA:
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FOR TABLES
•AND ILLUS-
TRATIONS
PAGE NUMBER
The drawing above specifies the required image area to be used for preparing final camera-
ready copy of ORD reports. Typing Guide Sheets (TGS) for this purpose are available from
the Technical Information Staff, Cincinnati, Ohio.
When using a TGS for normal text, begin typing one line below the top of the image area
border. Fill the page fully, but do not exceed the line indicated for "last line of text." For
front matter (preliminary pages) and section headings, begin typing on the "dropped head" line.
If tables and illustrations occupy or can be reduced to occupy less than a full page, combine
with text. If, however, a table or illustration will occupy the greater portion of the image area,
center it within the image area. Oversized tables or illustrations should be reduced to fit within
the TGS image area or be separated into parts and placed on several succeeding pages.
Place page numbers on the line at the tick mark (identified at Page No.). The printer can
use properly placed page number as a benchmark to position (align) pages; this aids in presenting
a uniform appearance to the report.
Sampl* A. Typing Quid* ShMt Instructions.
11
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Supplied by TIS
For grant, contract, or inter-
agency agreement, list authors (with-
out degrees or titles) as they appear
on EPA Form 2220-1, Block 1, to-
gether with their organizational name
and location.
For in-house reports, list authors
(without degrees or titles), their first
organizational subdivision (e.g., divi-
sion), and the laboratory/office name
and address.
For grants or contracts, add appro-
priate extramural number.
For grant, contract, or inter-
agency agreement, give Project Officer
(without degree or title), the first
organizational subdivision (e.g., divi-
sion), and the laboratory/office name
and address.
When a public or private organ-
ization originates the report in co-
operation with EPA, reflect that
information several spaces below the
Project Officer's name and address:
This study was conducted
in cooperation with
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
When an in-house study was
performed for another governmental
agency, add
Prepared for
Department of Defense
Washington, D.C. 20305
Publishers full name always ap-
pears on title page. Place city, state,
and zip code on TGS's "last line of
text" line. —
SHEET
FOP OF-
..IMAGE
EPA Report Number
Month and Year of Publication'
- ALL CAPS CENTERED
WORPS OR LESS
Subtitle, if Applicable
Author(s)
Organizational Name
City, State, and zip Code
project Officer
Name
First Organizational Subdivision
Laboratory Name
City, State, and zip Code
1
LABORATORY/OFFICE NAME
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CITY, STATE, AND ZIP CODE
BOTTOM OF
IMAM" AW A
oursinr
PIMEIMSION
'•OR lABl.Ci
•ANC III U3
1HA1IONS
Sample B. TIM* page.
12
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TYPING GUIDE SHEET
DISCLAIMER
name.)
TOP OF
APE A
This report has been reviewed by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names '
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Example 1
BfGIN
FIRST
11 IMF OF
TF..XT
HEW »
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
CENTER
OF PAGE:
HERE
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the
tabonatoiy name.)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
TOP Of
LIMAGF
AREA
/- —-N
( Example 2 \
For grants or contracts use Example 1; for in-house reports, use Example 2.
Sample C. Dlsetabmr notice.
13
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BEGIN
I lf«T
LINE Of
TEXT
HEW »
DROPPED
HEAD
SECTION
Htllf
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
Han and hie environment must be protected (ran the adverse effects of
pesticides, radiation, noise, and other forms of pollution, and the unwise
management of solid waste. Efforts to protect the environment require a
focus that recognizes the interplay between the components of our physical
environment—air, water, and land. The (JnAeJit takaitaJtoiuj name.)
BHiiN
! AST UN
OF It.XI
FOREWORD
contributes to this multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged in
• studies on the effects of environmental contaminants on the
biosphere, and
* a search for ways to prevent contamination and to recycle
valuable resources.
Thin piepote a. fmAa.3iaph/i>e.nte.nc.i ittating the. ntpoXJt that ioUouiA to
the. above cbje.cti.vu.
Name
Director
Laboratory/Office
^_ iii.
BOTTOM ill
iMAC.l ARC A
niMI t-BiON
._ '-OR TASLES
'YANI: ILIUS
, '{RATIONS
The Foreword is a statement from someone other than the author and is signed by that person.
In ORD reports, the format is structured so that the first paragraph describes the type of
research, or direction, of the originating laboratory /office and its relation to the overall purpose
of EPA or to the laws under which EPA, the laboratory, or the office operates.
The last paragraph (or sentence) can be used by the author or Project Officer to relate, in
lay language, the work being reported to the overall objectives of the laboratory-consider the sub-
ject matter, the potential reader, the application of the reported work.
The Foreword for each laboratory should differ; this sample is intended only as a guide.
Sample D. Foreword.
14
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BEG 1C,
FIRST
LINE i>
TEM
HEW •
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
DROPPED
HEAD.
BEGIN
SECTIONS
HERE •
BEGIN
LAST I.INK
OF TEXT
PREFACE
The intensified concern with potable water quality and the development
of criteria and standards for various classes of natural water are reflected
in increased requests for more laboratory analyses. These requests now in-
clude not only the traditional total col i form procedure used to monitor con-
tamination breakthroughs into finished waters, but also standard plate count:
to detect water quality deterioration in distribution networks. Recreational
water quality criteria include fecal coliform limits, and epidemiological in-
vestigations may require examinations for some specific waterborne pathogens.
Thus, the bacteriological laboratory today must have capabilities for expand-
ed examinations.
In 1943, L. A. Black of the U.S. Public Health Service developed a
survey form for water bacteriology laboratories, whicH was utilized by the
Public Health Service personnel during periodic evaluations of state labora-
tories. Additionally the form was used by various state survey officers whei
evaluating those laboratories within their respective states involved in the
examination of water.
The demand for expanded laboratory involvement by various environmental
agencies has created a need for this second edition of the manual Evaluation
\»ateJl La.boHatoli.ZJ> first published by the Public Health Service in 1966.
This document was the product of prepared notes and ideas developed by both
Harold F. Clark and Edwin E. Geldreich in their assignments to evaluate thos<
bacteriological laboratories responsible for the examination of water sup-
plies. Many of their laboratory research developments in methodology have
since been adopted by Standard Method* ion tint {.lamination orf Wote* and
While preparing the second edition, a more general coverage of labora-
tory practice beyond the scope or intent of Standard Method* (,01 Examination
0|j (Vote/I and UtaAtewoteA was sought. This new approach was also used in re-
vising the bacteriological survey form (EPA-103) to increase its flexibility
and make it more useful in evaluating laboratories that examine stream and/or
marine pollution samples in addition to potable waters. In developing both
the survey form and the handbook, the intent was to present guidelines for
conformity with Sjtanda/id Method* JJOA. £Jie Examination of, Wate/i and WaitewateA,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methods manuals, and other generally
accepted laboratory practices. The underlying goal is to facilitate the
collection of data having the greatest sensitivity, reliability, and precis-
ion whether for monitoring potable and recreational water quality or for
enforcement actions concerned with water quality degradation.
L1.":.
HuTTOM uF-
IMAGE AREA
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FOR TABUS
A report may include a preface prepared by the author. Here the author can include such
information as the reasons for undertaking the work, the research method if it might bear on the
reader's understanding of the text, or the limitations within which the subject was studied. Because
the reader assumes the preface was written by the author, it usually is not signed.
If a preface is used, it follows the Foreword on a new page.
Sample E. Preface.
15
-------
>•,;
•lining incinerator design and operational criteria that can affect complete
thernal degradation of paitlcldaa. I
fat experimental Incineration ays tea waa designed and conatnicted to j
evaluate th« effect of operational varlablaa (rate of pesticide injection, !
percent excess air, operating temperature, and retention tlma) on the effi- I
cisncy with which organic pesticides can be inclnajrataa. This ay»t*B 1
Included a pilot-seal* incinerator (45.4 kg/hr (1OO Ib/hr) Type 1 vast*
capacity), A three-stage scrubber, and a scrubber water treatment systems
Nine p*aticid*B (DPT, aldrin, picleram, ma lathi on, tox*ph*n*i atraxln*.
captan, ilneb, and airtx) In 15 li^Ud and solid formulation* were tested by,
injection into th* primary combustion chamber.
Result* of the incineration test ware evaluated In term* of tha *ffi- j
Clancy of active ingredient destruction, i.e., tha percent of th* pesticide i
destroyed, efficiencies of greater than 9».W% war* achieved for all paatl-
clda* tested except Hirax over a rang* of combustion chamber retention time-
tenperature combination*. Test results were used to •stimat* stack emission
rates for the subject pesticides vhen incinerated at lOOO'C (1913*?) with ,
2-.ec retention time. I
A set of operating condition* (temperature, retention time, and exceaa
air rate) waa developed from comparable result* for all 15 forsnilationsi
these condition* ar* believed to be applicable to the incineration of all
organic pesticides.
Analysl* of th* incinerator affluent* al*o shoved that high concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide and cyanide were present when organowlfur and i
orqanonitroqan p**U314M. respectively, w*r« incinarttjed ondei certain oper-
ating condition*. Particulate loading* in the effluent ge*e* during tha
incineration of solid pesticide formulation* Idust*, wettable powder*,
granules, and pallet*) war* abov* Federal limit* established for n*w station-
ary sources having a capacity of or greater than 45,000 kg/day (SO tone/day).
Thus, emission control devices will be required for pesticide Incinerator*.
Thi* report M* submitted In fulfillment of Contract Ho. 60-03-0286 by
Midwest Research Institute under tha *pon*or*hip of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This repoit covers, tha period February 1, WH, to
January 31, 1976, and work was completed aa of rebruary 26, 1976.
Abstracts are precis of the contents of the report and are intended to make it unnecessary
for readers to refer to the original report unless the material is of real interest to them. They may
be indicative or informative.
The indicative (descriptive) abstract is generally limited to between 200 and 250 words; it
tells the reader what the report is about-narrative facts about what will be read in the actual
report. An informative abstract gives details, in the most concise manner, of what was reported
and presents conclusions and results.
The EPA 2220-1 Form (Technical Report Data form, Sample V) limits the abstract to 200
words and, thus, generally permits the use of the indicative abstract. The Abstract, as it appears
on page iv of a report, may contain up to 450 words, which permits the use of an informative-
type abstract. If desired, an expanded, executive-type summary could be substituted here for
the Abstract.
In the "work-done-under" statement, which is always placed as the last paragraph of the
abstract in extramural reports, the relationship of the prime and the subgrantee or subcontractor
can be described in addition to the necessary information contained in the following statement:
This report was submitted in fulfillment of (grant or contract number) by (contractor or grantee)
under the (partial) sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers
a period from (date) to (date), and work was completed as of (date).
On in-house project reports, the following statement is always the last paragraph of the ab-
stract: This report covers a period from (date) to (date) and work was completed as of (date).
Sample F. Abstract
16
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r
TYPING GUIDE SHEfT
1.1 Nf Or
I£:»T
HERE •
DROPPED
HP AD
SECTIONS
1-lfRI: I
CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures . : vi
Tables vii
Abbreviations and Symbols vii 4
Acknowledgment ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. Materials and Methods 4
Test strains 5
Stock solutions 10
5. Experimental Procedures 15
General procedures 15
Laboratory application 20
Field application 25
6. Results and Discussion 30
References 35
Bibliography 36
Appendices
A. Operational data summary 37
B. Cooperative research report 47
Glossary 57 I
BO now of
BFG.N
l.ASTUNEj__ IDIM.TWION
Of rt'AND1UU5
; l _ J_ __ __ _ ;::'>;.;. v ;._.... „_ „ _i 'RATIONS
PAGE NUMBfft
h
The contents page should begin on a new right-hand page, usually "v." Although prelim-
inary pages (front matter) are not part of the subject matter, they are part of the document and
are included in the contents.
The contents include the main headings of the document and the pages on which they ap-
pear; use of leadering may aid readability. Meaningful subheads (indented and subordinated) may
be included, if necessary. Avoid double spacing between major sections when it would cause
contents to have a short overrun on the following page. Omit contents on short, under 24- to 32-
page documents or if unnecessary.
Sample Q. Contents.
17
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T»P!NG GUIDE SHEf'T
FIGURES
Number
1 Schematic of sewage treatment operations sludge
characteristics
Schematic of existing sewage treatment plants modified
to provide secondary and/or tertiary treatment. . . .
Page
9
10
3 Questionnaire used in mail survey 55
4 Distribution of sewage treatment plants using land-
spreading on a routine basis 64
! A:>l't. INF
Of Tf;Xl «
8 Sample collection points for multi-stage activated sludge
system
74
9 Effects of tine and temperature on bacterial survival
during sample storage 78
I
.) 'A '
A list of illustrations (figures, maps, charts, plates) need be included only if considered helpful
or essential. For each illustration, give the figure number, the figure legend as it appears in the
report (in shortened form, if lengthy), and the page number. Avoid double spacing when it would
cause a list of figures to have a short overrun on the following page.
If lists of tables and illustrations are short, combine on one page or combine with contents
page.
8«npl«H. List of Illuttrtrtlorw.
18
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BH.IN
FIRS!
I INC Of-
TEX!
HEW •
DROPPED
HtAD
BKGIN
SECTIONS
HP BE t
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
OFNTER
''if PAi',E
TABLES
BtGIN
LASf LINE
OF TEXT 1
Number Page
1 Properties of Digester Supernatant 12
2 Bacteria in Sewage Sludge . 14
3 Representative Sludge Compositions IS
4 Bacteriological Studies of Sludge Produced in Plant-Scale (
Tests of Line Stabilization 17
S Average Costs for Ultimate Sludge Disposal 25
6 Effect of Population on Unit Cost of Sludge Disposal 26
7 Precision of the DO Analysis 27,
8 Maximum Sustained Slope vs. Minimum Distance to
Watercourses
9 Metals Content of Corn 40
10 Summary of Bacteriological Analyses 43
I MAC* ARC A
Ol,TSIDF
DIMENSION
FOR TABl.FS
•AND (LUIS,
IRATIONS
PAGE NUMBER
A list of tables need be included only if considered helpful or essential. For each table, give
table number, table caption as it appears in the report (shortened if necessary), and page number.
Avoid double spacing when it would cause lists of tables to have a short overrun on the following
page. If lists of tables and figures are short, combine on one page, or combine with table of con-
tents.
I. List of tabhM.
19
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TYPING GUIDE. SHEtT
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
DTPA
EC
Jtu
kg/ha
meq
mnhos/cn
t/ha
r
R2
SS
TS
VS
SYMBOLS
C
Ca
CH4
n
— diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
-- electrical conductivity
— Jackson turbidity units
— kilogram per hectare
— milliequivalent
— millinhos per centimeter
— metric tonne per hectare
— correlation coefficient
— coefficient of multiple regression squared
— suspended solids
— total solids
—• volatile solids
—• carbon
•- calcium
— methane gas
— viscosity
— ytterbium oxide
tlf'j'N
I AST UN?
Ol- Tl-XT »
Area; also constant used in one-
dimensional flow solution
Channel width
Constant used in one-dimensional
flow solution
Depth of scumboard below weir
Overflow height (Fig. 5)
Particle concentration
h
hit)
fe
L
n
P
« TABl (.'!"•
•AND II. 11. IV
IRATIi'XS
Abbreviations of symbols for the less common or specialized terms used in the text should
be given in parentheses following their first use in the text. Thereafter, the abbreviation or symbol
may be used.
When is a list necessary? For each report, define the possible readership, the number of
abbreviations and symbols used, and the unusualness of or difficulty in defining or understanding
these terms; if assembling and defining them will aid the reader, do so.
Consider using two columns when the list exceeds more than one page.
Sunplt J. Lht of abbreviation* end •ymbols.
20
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~1
BRilN
rmsi
LINE Of-
rtxi
HfRE •
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
HfRE
TOP Of-
-^ARf A
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cooperation of the Board of education of the Omaha Public Schools,
Dr. Rene E. Hlavac, Assistant Superintendent, and of School District 66,
Dr. Vaughn Phelps, Superintendent, is gratefully acknowledged. We are par-
ticularly indebted to Mrs. Betty Rundlett, Supervisor of Health Services,
Omaha Public Schools, and to the nurses and teachers at the participating
schools for their cooperation, active support, and sustained interest in the
project.
I The Omaha-Douglas County Health Department participated in the design
of the project and conducted the environmental sampling; Mr. Donald Olson,
Chief of the Environmental Health Division, Mr. Clarence Honich, Supervisor
of the Sanitation Engineering Section, and Mr. Joe Palensky, Sanitarian,
were major contributors.
Assays of the environmental samples in 1974 were conducted by the healtl
department laboratories directed by Mr. John Wiley; Dr. Gory Love, Project
Officer, and Dr. Anthony Colussi, Environmental Research Center, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, provided valuable guidance; the analyses of
air and dustfall lead in 1973 and 1974 were directed by the EPA and carried
out by Dr. E. R. Williams, North Carolina Department of Health.
Bt'-ilN
LAST LINE-
Of TEXT •
L L-
L
BOTTOM Oh
IMAGE /»A
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FOR TABl.Eb
AND ILLUS
TRATIONS
PAGE NUMBER
Limit acknowledgments to key personnel and organizations associated with the project that
have aided in a major way, e.g., by supplying material or equipment, doing special studies, inter-
preting special data, or doing statistical analyses. Use simple, formal, and concise wording. Ordi-
narily, supporting staff work is not included in an acknowledgment.
Sampl* K. Acknowledgment
21
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BF'MN
> i RS!
l.iNE Of-
TEXT
HERE:
DHOPPt'O
Hf.AP.
BEGIN
HERF !
WING GUIDE SHEET
LAST LINF
of TEXT i
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
At least 550 different chemicals have been sold commercially in the
United'States for use as pesticides, but a far larger number of pesticide
products are on the market for the following reasons: (a) a chemical may be
"formulated" with other ingredients in different physical forms and in dif-
ferent strengths for different applications) (b) two or more pesticidal
chemicals may be mixed to meet specific use requirements. About 8,000
different "formulations" are available and over 500 products contain two or
more "active ingredients" each.
Each company that markets a pesticidal product under its own name must
have a registered "label" for it; the U.S. Department of Agriculture has
registered over 50,000 labels for interstate shipments and the states have
registered thousands of other labels for intrastate sale. Thus, the variety
of pesticidal products that the layman may wish to dispose of is extremely
large.
The multiplicity and complexity of formulated pesticide products, the
significant information gaps that exist at present on the degradation and
hazards of pesticides, and the variations in local regulations preclude
assignment of specific preferred disposal procedures for all pesticide prod-
ucts on the market.
The present study has focused on methods for the safe disposal of un-
wanted small amounts (less than 5 gallons or 50 pounds) of the 550 active
ingredients, and of empty containers in the possession of the public.
1 •'•-::'---
NUMBH-
The introduction, as Section 1, sets the stage for the conclusions and recommendations and
for the text proper. With this orientation, the reader learns what he should know before he reads
the other sections of the report. In one (or two) pages, the problem is stated and the present work
is related to earlier work.
A formal introduction, as such, may not be needed in all reports; in simple, short reports, this
information could be combined with conclusions or conclusions and recommendations.
Sample L. Introduction.
22
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TYPING GUIDE SHEET
I Of' OF
.IMAGE
BEGIN
LAST UNI
Of UU
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The results of experimental studies on the treatment of leachate by
recycle or separate biological and physical-chemical methods, or both, have
Indicated that a combination of these methods may be necessary to reduce' the
pollutional potential of leachate from refuse disposal sites to a concentra-
tion acceptable for ultimate disposal.
Recirculation of leachate through a landfill promotes a more rapid de-
velopment of an active anaerobic bacterial population of methane formers,
increases the rate and predictability of biological stabilization of the
readily available organic pollutants in the refuse and leachate, dramatical-
ly decreases the time required for stabilization,'and reduces the potential
for environmental impairment.
Leachate recirculation with pH control and initial sludge seeding
may further enhance treatment efficiency so that the time required for bio-
logical stabilization of the readily available organic pollutants in the
leachate can be reduced to a matter of months rather than years with the
opportunity for controlling the final discharge or treating the residuals,
or both, as may be required.
Separate aerobic and anaerobic biological processes have proven satis-
factory for treatment of leachate) residual organics and inorganics in the
effluent are best removed by carbon adsorption followed by mixed resin ion
exchange. The degree of residual treatment is predictable and therefore
responsive to whatever effluent requirement may be imposed.
The landfill of the future nay well be conceived of as a controlled
process conducive to accelerated stabilization with rapidly realized poten-
tials for land reclamation or other ultimate use.
I
BCIrow OF
IMAGE: AW:A
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FOR TAB! [.-;
AND ll.U,i<;
TRAtlONS
PAGE NUMBER
After all the measurements are made-the surveys conducted-the experiments performed-and
the significance of these results analyzed and interpreted—what problems did this research solve?
These are the conclusions. If the problem was not solved or major mistakes or hazards occurred,
they can be included here.
Usually, the conclusions can be stated on one page; when both conclusions and recommen-
dations are short and straightforward, combine them.
Sample M. Conduttom.
23
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TYPING GUIDE SHEET
Bf'jIlM
SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS _
The specific interrelationships between viral replication on hepatic
endoplasmic reticulun and the drug-metabolizing enzymes of the hepatic
endoplasnic reticulun should continue to be investigated. Whether these
phenomena are of major importance from the point of view of environmental
protection or from a clinical health services point of view must be evalu-
ated by the appropriate governmental agencies. They certainly are of con-
siderable biological importance and should be investigated for the basic
information to be gained if not for any other re?son.
The effect of exposure to xenobiotic compounds on subsequent viral re-
plication should be investigated in addition to investigating the effect of
viral replication on induction of the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
In spite of the study reported here and the reports of others in the
literature, a good experimental model system for studying the interrelation-
ships between aicxosomal drug-metabolizing enzymes and viral replication is
still lacking. A good experimental model oust first be found and character-
ized before any substantial progress can be made in this interesting area of
research.
T
Ft* TABI.C)
•AND II.IUV
When the research has been completed and the conclusions have been drawn, is further
study or additional information needed to solve the problem? Is a pilot-scale feasibility study
needed to reinforce the laboratory findings? Can the conclusions be applied now? Such sugges-
tions for future investigations or activity can be included in a recommendations section. These
need occupy but one page, or they can be combined into a conclusions and recommendations
section.
Sample N. Recommendations.
24
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TYPING GUIDE SHEET
TIXT
HEW
1st order head
2nd order head *-
3rd order head
4th order head-
5th order head •
BEGIN
LAST I IM
Ul TfrXT
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
GENERAL PROCEDURES
The effect of variables that influence disinfection was assessed by
developing standardized procedures to characterize samples, analyze disin-
fectants, and measure the degree of disinfection (3-4).
Simulated Combined Sewer Overflows
A simulated combined sewer overflow (SCSO) sample was made each week;
equal parts of the influent to the Onodaga Metropolitan Sewage Treatment
Plant were nixed with distilled water. When the composition of an average
of three SCSO samples was compared with that from randomly selected 6-month'
characterizations of three combined sewer overflows (CSC) , no significant
variations were observed (Table 4) .
'•I
Method of Analysis—
The membrane filter (MF) techniques of Harius and Delaney (5) offer a
rapid means to detect indicator bacteria.
Blending of sanples—Samples containing both high (>1,000,000) and low
(<100) counts/ml, as measured by the MF procedure, were blended for varying
lengths of tine to obtain an optimum blending time. Layne (6) developed a
least squares linear regression analysis to illustrate the relationship
between amount and time:
A - 6 + Jl Iog10 I
where A - amount, kg/cu m (Ib-mass/cu ft)
I - time, cu n/sec Icu in./mini
(2)
-double space
-\triple space
-double space
-double space
-double space
\
-double space
I
•double space
HOMO'." uf
t.'AGI AREA
OUtblW
(""MENSiU-j
'•OK 14811%
r'AGf MlWWS
The sample page of text (above) is designed to illustrate some common situations that may
be encountered while a manuscript is being prepared; it is intended only as an example.
The use of "headings" (one of many possible "Order of Headings") indicates how they should
stand out from the text with their relative importance readily apparent. The spacing between
the paragraphs and the headings is designed to aid this.
Other acceptable modes for numbering equations, citing and numbering literature references
in the text, denning acronyms, using consistent abbreviations, etc., are illustrated.
Sample O. Pagvoftoxt
25
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3
S
s
i I
78
Because good illustrations enhance the value of technical reports, use them to emphasize,
demonstrate, and summarize. Treat illustrations consistently throughout the document.
Place illustrations closely following their first reference in the text; combine with text when
possible (see Figure 8 above). When a report contains only a few pages of text and many illus-
trations, however, place the illustrations in numerical sequence after the text.
When necessary, place illustrations broadwise (see Figure 9 above) on a page so that the
head of the illustration is to the left, i.e., will be readable when the page is turned clockwise 90°
for normal viewing.
In preparing illustrations, care must be exercised to ensure that details and lettering within
the illustration are 6 points (about 1/12 inch) or larger and clearly legible after final reproduction.
Photographs should be cropped or masked to eliminate insignificant details. Unnecessary border
frames should be eliminated.
As far as practical, place lettering (callout; label) on an illustration horizontally, unboxed,
and near the item identified. There should be high contrast and easy readability (sans serif type
is preferred).
Number illustrations within the text with consecutive Arabic numerals preceded by the word
"Figure" (Figure 1, Figure 2). Within appendices, include appendix letter (Figure A-l, Figure
B-9).
Each illustration must have a descriptive legend. Center the legend beneath the illustration
following the figure number. The legend is usually styled as a sentence; capitalize the first letter
of the first word and any proper nouns or chemical or mathematical symbols, and close with a
period.
If photographs are required, submit glossy black and white photo prints. Do not prepare art
work for color reproduction when government printing is involved unless specifically authorized
by the EPA Headquarters Printing Management Office. Rather than color printing, consider using
screens, crosshatching, or similar techniques to provide the desired effect.
Sample P. lilwtrattoiw.
26
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TYPING GUIDE SHEET
After analyzing & number of quench water samples in duplicate (three
final DO determinations were performed to ensure reasonable duplicate re-
sults) , the precision of the observations was evaluated by calculating
(with the Olivetti Progranraa 101) the pooled standard deviation of all
observations except those obtained on samples collected from dump truck
drainage (Table 7).
TABLE 7. PRECISION OF THE DO ANALYSIS
Type of
sample
No. of
determinations*
Pooled standard Confidence
deviation interval
(s)t ±(1.96>/T7r
Standards (normality)
Dilution water (blank)
Quench water
Both dilution and
quench water
44
32
76
IDS
0.13
0.19
0.49
0.4}
±0.36*
±0.53*
11.35+
±1.19$
* Includes initial and final determinations.
t A pooled standard deviation was computed for all determinations. It was
assumed that there was no statistically significant difference between
initial and final variances, that is, homogeneity of the variances was
assumed.
f The absolute value of the difference between duplicate readings should
not exceed 1.96/7TTF, or 0.36 ppm, more than 5 percent of the time. The
covariance between the duplicate readings was ignored.
When preparing tables, organize the tables as simply as possible for the reader. Use letters
and numbers that will be easily readable and reproduce well; prepare printout sheets from elec-
trically tabulated data so that letters and numbers are sharp and unbroken; if necessary, reduce
printout sheets photographically to fit within the TGS image area.
Number tables within the text with consecutive Arabic numerals, preceded by the word
"TABLE" (TABLE 1, TABLE 2). Within appendices, include the appendix letter (TABLE A-1,
TABLE C-3). Except for short, simple tabular data, which are run-in with the text, place a
descriptive caption above each table after the table number. Type the caption in all caps, with-
out a closing period.
When necessary, place a table broadwise on a page so that the head of the table is to the
left, i.e., will be readable when the page is turned clockwise 90° for normal viewing.
Use symbols for table footnotes, e.g., *, t, t, §, #, as available; double their use, if needed.
Assign the symbols consecutively, in normal reading order (across the table and from top to
bottom). Superscript, lower-case letters may be substituted for symbols if their use will not
confuse the reader.
When a long table is continued on two or more pages, note this continuation at the bottom
of all but the last page, e.g., (continued). Repeat the table number and "continued," but not the
table caption, on all the following pages, e.g., TABLE 4 (continued). Repeat the column head-
ings, with rules, on each page.
Sampl* Q. Tabto.
27
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Bulletin-
Government report
Proceedings of
meeting
Journal•
Collection or book —
by several authors
Thesis
Book
Corporate author •
REFERENCES
Smith, S. M., and J. R. Miner. Stream Pollution from Feedlot Runoff.
Bull. No. 2-1. Kansas State Department of Health, Environmental Health
Services, Topeka, Kansas, 1964. 22 pp.
Hoffa, P. E., and J. E. Smith. Bench-Scale High-Rate Disinfection of
Combined Sewer Overflows; with Chlorine and chlorine Dioxide.
EPA-670/2-75-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
1975. 22 pp.
Low, w. c. Pollutional Implications of Canning Wastes. In: Proceedings
of the Fourth International Agricultural Haste Symposium, Am. Soc. Agri.
Haste Specialists, Norman, Oklahoma, 1976. pp. 77-81.
Heise, E. Proposals for the Future Development of the Berlin Sewage
Management Program. Sewage Works J., 7(11):129-130, 1935.
Marius, G. G., and j. Delaney. Practical Application of Concentric Dis-
posal Schemes. In: Municipal Sewage, E. R. Cole and T. P. Bayless, eds.
Thaumaturgist Press, New Hebredies, Ohio, 1979. pp. 102-204.
Layne, F. M. The Relationship Between Frog Survival and Temperature.
Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio state university, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. 41 pp.
Dietrich, D. F., D. Cowles, S. M. Wilson, and A. Tate. Modern Haste
Practices. Inhouse Press, Ltd., North Newport, Kentucky, 1981. 418 pp.
The Janus Dihedral Corp. Operation and Maintenance of a Dryasdust.
No. 7S-53. Pari Passu, Utah, 1926. 21 pp.
References concern source material cited in the document. Present this information in an
accurate, uniform manner; use a style consistent with that of any reputable scientific or technical
journal or society. Take care to include all essential elements of a reference: author (s), title,
source, identifying numbers, pages, and date. The examples above illustrate citing references by the
"number" system; an example of the "author-year" system is illustrated in Sample S, Bibliography.
Either system is acceptable.
To aid in reading from microfilm, a reference should be identified completely at the bot-
tom of the page on which it occurs. When references are numerous, list them in a "References"
section of the report. Exercise judgment; the length and complexity of the report may well be
the determining factor.
Personal communications are not considered references; if necessary, include them, in paren-
theses, within the text.
Samplt R. References.
28
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TYPING fiUIDE SHfEI
SECTION IX
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Dutt, G. R., M. L. Shaffer, and H. J. Moore. 1972. Computer Simulation
Model of Dynamic Bio-physiochemical Processes in Soils. Ariz. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1965. 101 pp.
Gupta, S. c. 1972. Salt Flow in Soils as Influenced by Water Flow, Root
Extraction and Exchange. Ph.D. Dissertation. Utah State University, I
Logan, Utah. 112 pp. j
King, L. G., and R. J. Hanks. 1973. Irrigation Management for Control of \
Quality and Irrigation Return Flow. EPA-R2-73-265, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 47 pp.
Niltiah, H. t). , and R. J. Hanks. 1973a. Model for Estimating Soil, Water and
Atmospheric Interrelations: I. Description and Sensitivity. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 37:528-532.
Nimah, M. N. , and R. J. Hanks. 1973b. Model for Estimating Soil, Water am
Atmospheric Interrelations: II. Field Test of the Model. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 37:533-621.
I7
Bibliographic entries provide supplementary sources for information on the subject of the
document. Present this literature, which has not been cited in the text, in an accurate, uniform
manner. There are many modes of presenting reference and bibliographic data; two of the many
approaches for form and punctuation are illustrated here in Samples R and S.
List bibliographic entries alphabetically by senior author (the examples above illustrate the
"name-and-year" system); take care to include all the essential elements of a reference (author(s),
title, source, identifying numbers, pages, date). Be sure to use a style consistent with that of any
reputable scientific or technical journal or society. Within any one report, have the punctuation,
capitalization, abbreviations, etc., of the bibliography agree with that used for the reference sec-
tion.
Samples. Bibliography.
29
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WING GUIDE SHEET
GLOSSARY
abatement: The method of reducing the degree of intensity of pollution, also
the use of such a method.
acclimation: The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to
changes in its immediate environment.
acid: Host commonly refers to a large class of chemicals having a sour
taste in water; ability to dissolve certain metals, bases or alkalies
to form salts and to turn certain acid-base indicators to their acid
form. Characterized by the hydrated H* ion.
aeration: The process of adding oxygen to, removing volatile constituents
from, or mixing a liquid by intimate contact with air.
aerobe: An organism capable of growing in the presence of oxygen.
aerobic: Description of biological or chemical processes that can occur
only in the presence of oxygen.
aerosol: A suspension of liquid or solid particles in the air.
agar: Dried polysaccharide extract of red algae (Rhodophyceae) used as a
solidifying agent in microbiological media.
algae: Primitive plants, one- or many-celled, usually aquatic and capable
of growth on mineral materials via energy from the sun and the green
coloring material, chlorophyll.
alkalinity: The sum of the effects opposite in reaction to acids in water.
Usually due to carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides; also including
berates, silicates and phosphates.
amperometric chlorine residual: A means of determining residual available
chlorine with phenyl arsene oxide (PAO) titration using current re-
sponse as an indicator of equivalence. For wastewater, the PAO prefer-
ably is used in excess with iodine backtitration.
anaerobe: An organism capable of growing in the absence of atmospheric
oxygen, with essential oxygen being obtained from sulfates, carbonates,
or other oxygen-containing confounds.
1
TOP OF
ARfA
BOTTOM Of-
'MAliF AREA.
ouisipr
DIMENSION
FOR TABLES
AND III US
IRATIUNS
PAC,! NUMBI.R
Consider the glossary as a partial dictionary where technical or abstruse terms that might
not be readily known can be listed and explained. Its need might well depend on the intended
audience for the report.
Sample T. Glossary.
30
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•f
Abbreviations, 9, 20, 25
Abstracts, 16
Acknowledgments, 4, 12, 21
Acronyms, 25
j Applicability of specifications, 1
!
BibliographieSj 29
; Callouts, 26
Color printing, 8, 26
Conclusions, 23
Contents, 17
COSATI Subject Category List, 3
Covers, 7
Credit lines, 4, 12, 21
Deviations, 1
Disclaimers, 5, 13
! Divider pages, 9
Double-spaced report, 8
Draft (preliminary), notice of, 5
EJC Thesaurus, 3
I EPA 2220-1 Form, 3, 12, 16, 32
Equations, 8, 25
Exclusions (from specification coverage),
Extramural agreement concerning
specifications, 2
| Figures, 9, 11, 18
Fold-ins, 9
Footnotes, 9, 27
Foreword, 14
Glossary, 30
Government Printing and Binding
Regulations, 3
GPO Style Manual, 3,8, 9
Headings, 8, 25
Illustrations, 9, 11, 18, 26
Image area, 7, 11
Index, 31
Introduction, 22
Leadering, 17
Legend on i1lustration, 26
List of abbreviations and symbols, 20
List of figures, 18
List of tables, 19
Metric Practice Guide, 4
Metric units of measure, 5
Nonapplicability of specifications, 1
Numbering
illustrations, 26
pages, 8
references, 28
reports, 7
tables, 27
Order of elements, 6
Organization of report, 6
Page numbering
assigning numbers, 8
placement on typed page, 11
Paper saving, 9
Permission to reprint, 4
Personal communications, 28
Photographs, 26
Preface, 15
Print size, 7, 26
Privately owned information, 5
Recommendations, 24
References, 25, 28
Report numbering, 7
Reprinting, permission for, 4
Single-spaced report, 8
Size of print, 7, 26
Spacing of typed material, 8, 25
Spine copy, 9
Style Manual. GPO, 3, 8, 9
Style manuals, 3, 8, 9, 31
Supplemental information sources, 3
Symbols, 20
Tables, 9, 11, 19, 27
Technical Report Data form, 3, 12, 16, 32
Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific
Terms, 3
Title page, 12
Trade names, trademarks, 4, 5
2220-1 Form, 3, 12, 16, 32
Type size, 7, 26
Typing Guide Sheet, 8, 11, 27
Typing, spacing of, 8, 25
Units of Weight and Measure, 4
Waiver, deviations from specifications, 1
"Work-done-under" statement, 16
The simple one-page index illustrated above is, in fact, an index for this specification book.
Instructions on indexing can be found in the CBE Style Manual, 3d ed., Council of Biology
Editors, Committee on Form and Style, 1972 (available from American Institute of Biological
Sciences, 3900 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, B.C. 20016) or in A Manual of Style, 12th
ed., rev., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL, 1969.
Sample U. Index.
31
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TECHNICAL REPORT
(Please read Instructions on the reverse
DATA
before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
(EPA report number) TIS
(blank)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
(blank)
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
COMPLETE TITLE: type main title in all caps
5. REPORT DATE
(date of issue)
TIS
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
(usually blank)
7, AUTHOR(S)
all authors
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
(usually blank)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
complete address of extramural organization
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Project Officer supplies
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Project Officer supplies
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Laboratory Name
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
City, State, and Zip Code
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Project officer supplies
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD (same for all
reports)
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Prepared by Project Officer if applicable.
Prepared by Project Officer.
KEY WOHPS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Project Officer: use only terms listed in
the Engineers Joint Council's "Thesaurus
of Engineering & Scientific Terms" (avail-
able from NTIS or see Technical Informatioi
Coordinator (TIC))
NOTE: mark important terms with (*)
Use terms, including
geographical locations
and trademarked names,
not in the EJC
"Thesaurus. . ."
Select field/
group from
"COSATI Subject
Category List"
(available from
NTIS or TIC)
8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC (always the same)
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED (same)
21. NO. OF PAGES
(total, all pages
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thtspage)
UNCLASSIFIED (same)
EPA Form 2220-1 (f-73)
Sample V. Technical Report Data sheet, EPA Form 2220-1.
•fa U.S. GPO: 1976 - 657-695/5417 Region No. 5-II
32
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