SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research Information EPA-600/9-78-032
Center December 1978
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Research and Development
Handbook for
Preparing Office of
Research and
Development
Reports
Revised
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This document supersedes all previous scientific ami technical report
preparation specifications that have been issued by the U.S Environmental
Protection Agency's f£PA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) or its
predecessor organizations. Technical and scientific reports prepared by or for
GRD are expected to conform with the specifications contained herein if the
work is initiated after the issuance of this document,
The$e specifications constitute a revision of the "Handbook for Preparing
Office of Research and De vetopment Reports," EPA 6OO/9 76-001 dated
May 1976.
These specifications ate fully consistent with the ORD publication policy,
which has been issued fry the Assi&t&nt Administrator for Research and
Development, this handbook is primarily intended for use by authors,
principal investigators, project officers, and those individuals who provide
staff support In preparing draft and camera-ready copy of ORD reports,
A companion document outlining procedures to be followed when publishing
QRD work is available to assist ORD personnel in activities that involve
internal processing, review, clearance, priming, distribution, and storage of
OKD reports. Copies of these procedures are available from the Technical
Information Coordinator ^signed to each Laboratory and Off/? Head-
quarters Office,
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EPA-600/9-78-032
December 1978
Handbook for Preparing
Office of Research and
Development Reports
Revised
Compiled by
Technical Information Operations Staff
Environmental Research Information Center
Environmental Research Center
Office of Research Program Management
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati OH 45268
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Disclaimer
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Contents
Section 1. Introduction 1
Purpose 1
Applicability 1
Exclusions 1
Waivers 1
Extramural Considerations 1
Section 2. General Requirements 2
Sources of Information 2
Legal Considerations 3
Copyrighted, contributed, or unpublished material 3
Privately owned information 3
Trade names and manufacturer's names 3
Notification of draft documents 3
Disclaimer notice 4
Metric Units of Measure 4
Section 3. Format Specifications and Samples 5
Overview 5
Report Organization (Order of Elements) 5
General Format Requirements 6
Covers 6
Typing 6
Paste-up 6
Size 6
Image Area 7
Color Printing 7
Spacing and Headings 7
Page Numbering 7
Equations, footnotes, and abbreviations 7
Illustrations 8
Tables 8
Fold-ins and Divider Pages 8
Spine 8
Errata and Addenda 8
Paper Saving Considerations 8
Samples 9
A. Typing Guide Sheet L Introduction 21
instructions 10 M. Conclusions 22
B. Title page 11 N. Recommendations 23
C. Disclaimer notice 12 0. Page of text 24
D. Foreword 13 P. Illustrations 25
E. Preface 14 Q. Tables 26
F. Abstract 15 R. References 27
G. Contents 16 S. Bibliography 28
H. List of illustrations 17 T. Appendices 29
I. List of tables 18 U. Glossary 30
J. List of abbreviations and V. Index 31
symbols 19 W.Technical Report Data sheet,
K. Acknowledgment 20 EPA Form 2220-1 32
in
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Ackno wledg ment
We wish to acknowledge the considerable help and constructive sugges-
tions provided by ORD's Technical Information Coordinators, other key ORD
personnel who contributed to this document, and EPA's Office of
Administration. Although it was impossible to incorporate all the useful
guidance and suggestions provided, we believe that the final specifications
contained herein will meet the need of all performing organizations
engaged in preparing ORD scientific and technical reports and that these
efforts will result in more uniform and higher quality output of which we
can all be proud.
IV
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1. Introduction
Purpose
Applicability
Exclusions
Waivers
Extramural
Considerations
This document contains the essential specifications set forth by the Office
of Research and Development (ORD) to ensure that the results and
conclusions of its various research, development, and demonstration
programs are documented and printed in a uniform, high quality, and cost-
effective manner. It is specifically intended to assist those individuals
responsible for preparing ORD scientific and technical reports by providing
consistent format specifications and guidelines for the actual preparation
of camera-ready reports.
These specifications and guidelines apply to all final scientific and technical
reports that are prepared and/or printed as a result of ORD-sponsored/
conducted research. They are to be followed by all EPA research
components: the performing organization, the Project Officer, and all key
personnel involved in preparing ORD scientific and technical reports. These
reports include all final reports that document in-house, interagency, grant
and contract research activities performed by or for ORD; project reports
that document the findings of research activities required to produce a
specific research output: or special reports that are specifically tailored to
meet the needs of defined user groups. Examples of special reports include
but are not limited to: criteria documents, state-of-the-art analyses,
technology assessments, design manuals for pollution control or decision-
making models, test protocols, or any other type of report providing opera-
tional or decision-making guidelines.
These specifications and guidelines are not totally applicable for non-
technical reports and studies, theses, bibliographies, training manuals,
catalogs, administrative or fiscal reports, and manuscripts to be published
by other than ORD (e.g., journals or symposia proceedings). Individuals
responsible for preparing such reports should contact the Technical
Information Operations Staff (TIOS), Environmental Research Information
Center (ERIC), Cincinnati OH, for additional guidance and assistance.
Any deviation from these specifications must be approved by or through
the Project Officer. Project Officers should forward any request for
approval of a major deviation through their assigned Technical Information
Coordinator to the Technical Information Operations Staff, Cincinnati OH.
Conformance with the specifications contained in this document and the
form of submission must be cited in the final extramural agreement
(interagency, grant, or contract). When the final report is complete and
approved, the performing organization shall submit the reproducible
manuscript (and printed copies if so specified) to the assigned Project
Officer.
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2. General Requirements
This section provides information that is generally applicable to all ORD
scientific and technical reports. It identifies important reference documents,
applicable legal considerations, and criteria for units of measure.
Sources The following references are cited as supplemental sources for necessary
of Information and helpful information that can be used to prepare ORD scientific and
technical reports. Other guides from engineering and scientific societies
and journals may be used to the extent that they do not conflict with EPA
or ORD specifications.
COS/47"/ Subject Category List. Office of Science and Technology, 1964.
The Committee on Scientific and Technical Information's (COSATI) outline
for uniformly arranging all subject matter used to complete Block 17c of
the Technical Report Data sheet, EPA-2220-1. Each Technical Information
Coordinator has been furnished with a copy, and additional copies are
available from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS),
Springfield VA 22161, as order number AD 612 200.
EPA Graphic Standards System. 1978. A graphic identity system that
establishes and delineates the graphic standards which EPA will adhere to
in all its visual communications. Copies are available from the Super-
intendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC
20402, stock number 055-000-00169-3.
Government Printing and Binding Regulations, Joint Committee on
Printing, Congress of the United States, No. 24, April 1977. This pamphlet
provides background information on Government Printing Office require-
ments concerning the use of color printing, self-mailers, printing
requirements resulting from grants or contracts, etc. Copies are available
from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Printing Management and
Distribution Section, Washington DC 20460.
Metric Practice Guide, ASTM E 380-76. This Guide deals with conversion
of quantities in various measurement systems to the International System
of Units (officially abbreviated SI in all languages). It is available from the
American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia PA 19103.
NTIS Subject Classification (Past and Present): An NTIS Data Base
Reference Aid, 1977. The National Technical Information Service subject
category schemes used to supplement COSATI in completing Block 17c of
the Technical Report Data sheet, EPA 2220-1. Each Technical Information
Coordinator has been furnished with a copy, and additional copies'are
available from NTIS as order number SR-77-02.
Style Manual, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. This
manual contains general editorial advice and the Federal government's
recommended style for capitalization, punctuation, use of numerals,
hyphenation, etc. It may be purchased from the Superintendent of
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC 2O402.
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Legal Considerations
Copyrighted,
Contributed, or
Unpublishea
Material
Privately Owned
Information
Trade Names and
Manufacturers'
Names
Notification of
Draft Documents
Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms, Department of Defense/
Engineers Joint Council. This is a compilation of key words from which the
identifiers required to complete Block 17a of the Technical Report Data
Sheet, EPA 2220-1, must be selected. Each Technical Information Coordi-
nator has been furnished with a copy, and additional copies are available
from NTIS, as order number AD 672 000.
Units of Weight and Measure: International (Metric) and U.S. Customary,
LJ. Chisholm, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of
Standards, NBS Misc. Pub. 286, revised October 1972. This document
provides definitions and conversion factors from various systems of
measurements to the international system. It may be purchased from the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington DC 20402.
The Government may be subject to liability for misuse of the literary or
intellectual property (patents, trademarks, "proprietary information") of
others. Report writers and editors should observe the following guidelines:
Copyrighted material may not be incorporated in a report unless written
permission of the copyright owner has been obtained. Prior use of copy-
righted material in another government publication does not necessarily
constitute permission to use it in an EPA/ORD publication. When permis-
sion has been obtained and the material is used in a report, it shall be
identified by a statement substantially as follows:
Reprinted from (title of publication, year of first publication) by (name of
author) with permission of (names of copyright owner, if different from
that of author).
Unpublished work may be protected under common law or equity, even
though there is no copyright notice. Refer problems relating to the protec-
tion given to unpublished work to EPA's Office of General Counsel
(Washington DC 20460).
Courtesy requires that uncopyrighted materials from, or assistance
rendered by, other persons be acknowledged through the use of footnote,
bibliographic reference, or statement in the text. Credit lines shall not be
given for material purchased by a department; nongovernment designers,
typographers, or layout artists; and government art directors, designers,
typographers, layout artists, or photographers.
To avoid restricting the availability of a report, make every effort not to use
information accepted by the government for limited purposes. Such
information will be used only when it is essential to the understanding of a
report and only after approval for its use is authorized by the Office of
General Counsel. Reports containing such information will bear a state-
ment restricting availability and handling, as required.
The use of trade names, etc., should be explicitly brought to the attention
of the Project Officer and the cognizant approving official before the report
is cleared for publication.
As a.result of provisions contained in the Freedom of Information Act and
for other programmatic reasons, draft copies of ORD reports are often
distributed outside the Agency. To prevent misunderstanding, the following
notice must appear in the top half of the first page of the general text of all
draft scientific and technical reports:
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Notice
This document is a preliminary draft. It has not been formally
released by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
should not at this stage be construed to represent Agency
policy. It is being circulated for comments on its technical
merit and policy implications.
Disclaimer Notice Select the appropriate disclaimer statement indicated in Sample C of this
document. The Disclaimer Notice will always appear on the reverse side of
the title page.
Metric Units The modernized metric system utilizing the International System of Units
of Measure (Syst'eme International d'Unites, SI) shall be used unless otherwise speci-
fied by the Project Officer. Equivalent units may be expressed paren-
thetically, if desired. If other than metric measures are used, the reason for
such use should be footnoted at the first nonmetric measure, and reference
should be made to a conversion table included in the report.
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3. Format Specifications and Samples
Overview
Report Organization
This section identifies the format specifications to be followed by authors
and typists when preparing either draft or final camera-ready copy of ORD
scientific and technical reports. It is to be used by others who are
responsible for performing format reviews of ORD scientific and technical
reports to ensure conformance with these specifications. Within any one
report, strive for consistency; there are many acceptable modes for
abbreviations, tables, figures, order of headings, etc. A common-sense,
consistent approach will usually produce a visually acceptable document.
The following paragraphs contain general information and typing guidelines
that apply to all sections of the report, an outline of the major elements
that usually appear within a report, and a sample of each major element.
Each sample also contains specific guidance for the preparation of
that element.
In the outline below, the major elements of most ORD scientific and
technical reports are itemized. When some or all of the elements occur,
they are included in the order shown. The outline also indicates, in the
second column, those elements required tor all reports (*); those elements
that, although not required, would appear in most ORD reports (t); and
those elements that are included only if needed to enhance communication
with the reader or the utility of the report (f). The third column indicates
the sample (found in this volume) that illustrates and gives information
about the particular element.
Order of Elements
Element
Front Cover
Front Matter
Title page
Disclaimer notice
Foreword
Preface
Abstract
Contents
List of illustrations
List of tables
List of abbreviations and symbols
Acknowledgment
Body of Report
Introduction
Conclusions
Recommendations
Text
Back Matter
References
Bibliography
How Necessary Sample
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O.P.Q
R
S
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General Format
Requirements
Covers
Typing
Paste-Up
Appendices
Glossary
Index
Technical report data sheet, EPA Form 2220-1
Back Cover
Spine
T
U
V
w
Size
' Element necessary; t element usually included; } element optional
This subsection provides specifications that are applicable to more than
one of the report elements previously identified. It provides general specifi-
cations for report covers, print size, image area, spacing, headings, page
numbering, equations, footnotes, abbreviations, illustrations, tables,
fold-ins, dividers, and paper-saving considerations.
The Technical Information Operations Staff (TIOS), Cincinnati OH, is
responsible for the design and production of camera-ready artwork for all
covers (front and back), including the assignment of report numbers for all
ORD scientific and technical reports. Requests to TIOS for cover artwork
and report numbers must be submitted in writing through the cognizant
Project Officer and Technical Information Coordinator.
In cases where the authorfs) have a specific design idea to be used as part
of the cover art, the original piece of art must be submitted to TIOS in
advance with the written request for cover artwork.
When final camera-ready copy is typed, considerable attention should be
given to the selection of equipment to maintain consistency of type styles,
spacing, point sizes, etc., throughout the publication.
The recommended typeface is Univers. Where Univers is not available,
Helvetica may be used. Two alternative type faces. Times Roman and
Baskerville, may be substituted for body copy only. Typewriter type or IBM
Composer (10-point) may also be used for text bodies, if the report is not
to be typeset.
Type size for tabular material, callouts, illustrations, charts, graphs, tables,
etc., must be no smaller than 6-point or approximately 1/16 of an inch,
and no larger than 10-point, or approximately 1/9 of an inch when used
for the final camera-ready copy.
This is an example of 6-poinl type.
This an example of 8-point type.
This is an example of 10-point type.
If text matter is not typed directly on the Typing Guide Sheet (TGS) and
is typed in galley form, the galleys must be mounted on the TGS for printing.
RUBBER CEMENT should be used for this purpose. This applies to mounting all
copy, tables, charts, illustrations, photos, etc. within the image area.
DO NOT USE SCOTCH TAPE, GLUE OR STAPLES TO MOUNT CAMERA-READY
ART or COPY! The use of tape, glue, staples, etc. creates a distortion on the
camera-ready material and will show up on the negatives that the printer uses in
making his plates.
All standard ORD research reports and manuals are to be printed on 8V2 by
11-inch paper.
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Image Area
Color Printing
Spacing and
Headings
Page Numbering
Equations,
Footnotes, and
Abbreviations
Final camera-ready copy of ORD reports must be prepared within an image
area of 61/2 by 9Va inches (16.51 by 23.18 cm or 391/a x 55 picas) including
page number. The image area dimensions also apply to text which is
typeset in two-column widths. In these instances each column should be
approximately 3Vs inches (19 picas) in width with 1/4 inch (18 points) of
separation. The Typing Guide Sheet (TGS) which specifies exactly these
dimensions is to be used for the preparation of the camera-ready copy.
Instructions for its use are contained in Sample A. A supply of TGS's is
available upon request through the Project Officer, the Technical Informa-
tion Coordinator, or the Technical Information Operations Staff (TIOS),
Cincinnati OH 45268 or by calling 513-684-7551
The use of color must be approved by the EPA Headquarters Printing
Management Office. The Project Officer will submit the request to the
Director of Technical Information, ORD, (RD-674), Washington DC 20460.
The DRAFT of a final report (prepared for approval of the Project Officer)
shall be typed double space or space-and-a-half. After the draft is approved
by the Project Officer, the camera-ready copy of the FINAL report must be
typed single space on one side of the TGS, which is suitable for repro-
duction (see Sample 0, Page of Text).
Headings should stand out from the text, and the relative importance of
each heading should be readily apparent.
Front Matter (Preliminary Pages): Except for the title page (which is
counted as page i, but not indicated), number the front matter consecu-
tively with lower case Roman numerals (ii, iii, iv, etc.).
Body of the Report and Back Matter: Only the first page of the body of the
report (normally, the Introduction) begins on a new right-hand page (page
1); thereafter, each new section begins on the next available page. The
body of the report and the back matter must be numbered consecutively
with Arabic numerals. Allow no blank pages.
Equations: short, simple, and unnumbered equations should be treated as
part of the text. When possible, type simple fractions on one line using a
diagonal line and parentheses to avoid ambiguity, e.g., 1/(a + b) not
1 /a + b or a \ b. Treat equations (and formulas) that require special
symbols, positioning, or brackets as figures, and display the equation on a
line by itself, centered on the width of the page with spacing (e.g., 1 Vi
lines) above and below.
Instructions concerning mathematical and chemical equations—that is, the
numbering, defining of symbols, breaking (dividing), building up, enclosing
in parentheses, etc.—can be found in the Government Printing Office
Style Manual and in other style manuals such as those issued by the
American Chemical Society (1155 Sixteenth St., NW., Washington DC
20036) or the American Society of Civil Engineers (345 East 47th Street,
New York NY 10017).
Footnotes: In the text, footnotes should be kept to a minimum. The symbols
used for table footnotes (*, t. t) may be followed or superscript numerals
may be used, if desired.
Abbreviations: Acceptable modes for general abbreviations are found in
standard dictionaries and in the Government Printing Office Style Manual.
Technical abbreviations may be found in the appropriate reference
documents for the particular subject area involved. (See also Sample J.)
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Illustrations
Tables
Fold-ins and
Divider Pages
Spine
Errata and
Addenda
Paper Saving
Considerations
Illustrations should be treated consistently throughout the document and
used only if they: relate entirely to the transaction of public business and
are in the public interest; relate directly to the subject matter and are
necessary to explain the text; do not aggrandize any individual; are in good
taste; or illustrate employees engaged in work- or service-related duties.
Examples and instruction on preparing illustrations are given with Sample R
When preparing illustrations for ORD reports, make sure that line-weights,
tone values or any shading used is consistent throughout the report.
Take care in preparing line-illustrations, making sure that only BLACK ink
is used! Any lines to be used for illustrations, tables, charts, graphs, etc.
should be ruled with ink, preferably with technical drafting pens.
The use of Xerox copies, blueprints, and diazo prints is NOT ACCEPTABLE
for camera-ready art or copy. These DO NOT reproduce well when
photographed for printing.
Oversized illustrations should be reduced to fit within the image area or
sectioned and mounted on TGS's.
When charts and graphs are used in a report and a visible grid is desired,
MAKE SURE that the grid background is RED! BLUE and GREEN grids do
not photograph well.
The Government Printing Office Style Manual may be helpful for preparing
tables. When a report contains only a few pages of text and many tables,
place tables in numerical sequence following the text. A typical table used
in an ORD report and suggestions for preparing tables are given with
Sample Q.
Do not use divider pages—those that merely serve to separate the report
into parts. The use of fold-ins is also not acceptable. The paper, printing,
binding efforts, and costs normally incurred when using fold-ins can
usually be saved with preliminary planning: reduce wide tables, have tables
fall on successive pages, separate maps into several parts, etc.
An identifying brief title and the report number will be printed on the back-
bone or spine of each ORD publication having a thickness of approximately
V* inch or more (1/4 inch is approximately 96 pages).
All changes to reports already printed and listed with the National Techni-
cal Information Service (NTIS) must bear the same EPA number and
issuance date which appear on the original printed report. For additional
information and procedures for processing and distributing modifications to
existing reports, contact the Technical Information Operations Staff (TIOS),
Environmental Research Information Center (ERIC), Cincinnati OH 45268.
Because of the rising cost and scarcity of paper and increased shipping
and mailing costs, reproduction costs, book storage and shelving costs, etc.,
each individual responsible for preparing ORD reports is strongly encour-
aged to consider appropriate techniques for saving paper. Suggestions for
this purpose include: reducing and cropping tables, figures, and photo-
graphs to their smallest usable size; combining tables and figures with text
on one page; and where practical, placing lists of items in double columns.
8
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Samples This subsection provides examples of each major element of an ORD report
(previously listed in the paragraph entitled "Report Organization") and
examples of material such as the Typing Guide Sheet, illustrations, tables,
etc. (described in the above material on "General Format Requirements").
Each sample is intended to illustrate an acceptable form, style and content
for the particular element or area of the report being addressed and to
provide additional guidance that will assist the individual responsible for,
preparing that element/area of a given report.
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FIRM
HfRI «
DROPPED
HEAP
BEGIN
SECTION
HFHf
I
Bt'jItSl
LAST LINE
Uf IE«T •
TlfPING GUIDE SHEET .__ „
CENTER IU u
. f^
9 8"
BOTTOM OF
MAGE AREA
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FOB TABLES
' J3TT i ^ANDIUUS
I T f , TRAflONS
PAGE NUMBER
The sample Typing Guide Sheet (TGS) above specifies the required image area to be used for
preparing final camera-ready copy of ORD reports. Any ORD report not prepared on TGS's will be
rendered UNACCEPTABLE and returned. TGS's are available from the Project Officer or the Technical
Information Coordinator. If their supply is exhausted, the TGS's can be obtained from the Technical
Information Operations Staff, (TIOS), Cincinnati OH.
When using a TGS for normal text, begin typing one line below the top of the image area border. For
front matter (preliminary pages) and section headings, begin typing on the "dropped head" line (see
Sample O. Page of Text). Fill the page fully, but do not exceed the line indicated for "last line of text."
If tables and illustrations occupy or can be reduced to occupy less than a full page, combine with
text. If, however, a table or illustration will occupy the greater portion of the image area, center it
within the image area. Oversized tables or illustrations should be reduced to fit within the TGS
image area or be separated into parts and placed on several succeeding pages (see Sample P. Illus-
trations, and Sample Q. Tables).
Place page numbers on the perpendicular mark (identified at Page No.). The printer uses properly
placed page numbers as a benchmark to position (align) pages; this aids in presenting a uniform
appearance to the report.
Sample A. Typing Guide Sheet instructions.
10
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Supplied by TIOS
The title should be limited to 10 words
or less.
For grant, contract, or interagency
agreement, list authors (without
degrees or title) as they appear on EPA
Form 2220-1, Block 1, together with
their organizational name and location.
For in-house reports, list authors
(without degrees or titles), their first
organizational subdivision (e.g., divi-
sion), and the laboratory/off ice name
and address.
For grants or contracts, add appropriate
extramural number.
For grant, contract or interagency
agreement, give Project Officer (without
degree or title), the first organizational
subdivision (e.g., division), and the
laboratory/office name and address.
When a public or private organization
originates the report in cooperation
with EPA, reflect that information
several places below the Project
Officer's name and address:
This study was conducted
in cooperation with
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville MD 20705
When an in-house study was
performed for another governmental
agency, add:
Prepared for
Department of Defense
Washington DC 20305
•M-i^H
Publisher's full name always appears
on title page. Place city, state, and zip
code on TGS's "last line of text" line.
EPA Report Number
Month and Year of Publication
- ALL CAPS CENTERED
10 WORDS OR LESS
itle, if Applicable
Author(s)
Organizational Name
City, state, and zip Code
Number
Project Officer
Name
First Organizational Subdivision
Laboratory Name
City, State, and zip Code
1
LABORATORY/OFFICE NAME
OFFICE OP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CITY, STATE, AND ZIP CODE
SOT TOM .,5!
tMAGF Af
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GUIDE SHEET
DISCLAIMER
name.)
This report has been reviewed by the __
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies,
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Example 1
•itiiir..
i i us T
• tit . .1
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
OF- PAGF
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the
tobotuitoiy name)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Mention
of trade name* or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
fxamp/0 2
For grants or contracts use Example 1; for in-house reports, use Example 2.
Sample C. Disclaimer notice.
12
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TYPING GUIDfc SHEET
FOREWORD
Man and him environment must be protected from the adverse effects of
i>esticideSf radiation, noise, and other Corns of pollution, and the unwise
unageuent of solid waste. Efforts to protect the environment require a
focus that recognitt* the interplay between the components of OUT physical
environnent—air, water, and land. The (intesit tubpiaitoMj name)
contributes to this nultidisciplinary focus throU9h programs engaged in
* studies on the effects of environments! contaminants on the
biosphere, and
• a search for ways to prevent contamination and to recycle
valuable resources.
Then pHipcuie. a pa>iagjuipfe/4en*enee negating the. ntpoxt that
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IVI'ING OUIDE SHEti
PREFACE ,
The intensified concern with potable water quality and the development
of criteria and standards for various classes of natural water are reflected
in increased requests for more laboratory analyses. These requests now in-
clude not only the traditional total coliform procedure used to monitor con-
tamination breakthroughs into finished waters, but also standard plate counts
to detect water quality deterioration in distribution networks. Recreational
water quality criteria include fecal coliform limits, and epidemiological in-
vestigations may require examinations for some specific waterborne pathogens.
Thus, the bacteriological laboratory today must have capabilities for expand-
ed examinations.
In 1943, L. A. Black of the U.S. Public Health Service developed a
survey form for water bacteriology laboratories, which was utilized by the
Public Health Service personnel during periodic evaluations of state labora-
tories. Additionally the form was used by various state survey officers when
evaluating those laboratories within their respective states involved in the
examination of water.
The demand for expanded laboratory involvement by various environmental
agencies has created a need for this second edition of the manual Evaluation
0|( Wate* LabolntoiUeA first published by the Public Health Service in 1966.
This document was the product of prepared notes and ideas developed by both
iarold F. Clark and Edwin E. Oeldreich in their assignments to evaluate those
bacteriological laboratories responsible for the examination of water sup-
plies. Many of their laboratory research developments in methodology have
ince been adopted by Standard Method* (jo* the. Examination 0|j UateA and
tila&tewteA.
while preparing the second edition, a more general coverage of labora-
tory practice beyond the scope or intent of Standard MtthodA |jo/i Examination
0|j dlatVL and WaAttimteA. was sought. This new approach was also used in re-
vising the bacteriological survey form (EPA-103) to increase its flexibility
and make it more useful in evaluating laboratories that examine stream and/or
marine pollution samples in addition to potable waters. In developing both
the survey form and the handbook, the intent was to present guidelines for
conformity with Standard Hzthodl, fa*, tint. Examination o& UattH and UaAtetaatfi,
.S. Environmental Protection Agency methods manuals, and other generally
ccepted laboratory practices. The underlying goal is to facilitate the
ollection of data having the greatest sensitivity, reliability, and precis-
on whether for monitoring potable and recreational water quality or for
nforcement actions concerned with water quality degradation.
A report may include a preface prepared by the author. Here the author can include such information
as the reasons for undertaking the work, the research method, if it might bear on the reader's
understanding of the text, or the limitations within which the subject was studied. Because the
reader assumes the preface was written by the author, it usually is not signed.
If a preface is used, it follows the Foreword on a new page.
Sample E. Preface
14
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ABSTRACT „ __J
This research piogre* was initiated with the overall objective of deter-
mining incinerator design and operational criteria that can effect complete
therMl degradation of pesticides, j
An experimental incineration system was designed and constructed to
evaluate th* effect of operational variables (rate of pesticide Injection,
percent axcess air, operating temperature, and retention time) on the effi-
ciency with which organic pesticides can be incinerated, This system
include! a pilot-seal* incinerator (45.4 Jig/hr (10O ib/hr) Typa 1 vast*
capacity), • three-stag* scrubber, and a scrubber water treatment systasi.
Nine pesticides (DOT, aldrin, plclore*., Mlathion, toxepnene, etrasin*,
cap tan, slneb, end mirex) in IS liquid and solid f emulations were t*it«d by
injection into the primary coBbuation chamber.
Results of the. Incineration test were evaluated in tens* of the effi-
ciency of active ingredient destruction, i.e., the percent of the pesticide
destroyed. Efficiencies of greater than 99.99% were achieved for all pesti-
cides tested except ilrex over * range of combustion chamber retention time-
t«Bp»rature combinations. Test results were used to estimate stsck emission
rat«s for the »ub}eet pesticide! when incinerated at 1000'C [1832'r) with
2-sec retention tUM. j
A set of operating conditions (tesperature, retention tisw, and excess i
air rate) was developed fro* comparable results for all IS fonmtlationsi i
these conditions ace believed to be applicable to the incineration of all !
organic pesticides. j
Analysis of the incinerator effluents also showed that high concentra-
tions of sulfur dioxide and cyanide were present when organoeulfur and I
orgeitonitrogan pesticides, respectively, were incinerated under certain oper-
ating conditions. Particulate loadings in the effluent gases during the
incineration of solid pesticide forsnilatiorui (duits, vettable powders,
granules, and pellets) were above Federal limits established for new station-
ary sources having a capacity of or greater than 45,000 kg/day (SO tent/day).
Thus, SHisBion control devices will be required for pesticide incinerators.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract Ho. 68-03-0286 by
Hidweat nesaarch Institute under the sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This report covert the period February 1, 1974, to
January 31. 1976, and work was ccstt>leted as of February 28, 1976.
T
Abstracts are precis of the contents of the report and are intended to make it unnecessary for
readers to refer to the original report unless the material is of real interest to them. They may be
indicative or informative.
The indicative (descriptive) abstract is generally limited to between 200 and 250 words; it tells the
reader what the report is about—narrative facts about what will be read in the actual report. An
informative abstract gives details, in the most concise manner, of what was reported and presents
conclusions and results.
The EPA Form 2220-1 (Technical Report Data sheet, Sample W) limits the abstract to 200 words
and, thus, generally permits the use of the indicative abstract. The Abstract, as it appears on page iv
of a report, may contain up to 450 words, which permits the use of an informative-type abstract.
In the "work-done-under" statement, which is always placed as the last paragraph of the abstract in
extramural reports, the relationship of the prime and the subgrantee or subcontractor can be
described in addition to the necessary information contained in the following statement: This report
was submitted in fulfillment of (grant or contract number) ty (contractor or grantee) under the
(partial) sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report covers a period from
(date) to (date), and work was completed as of (date).
On in-house project reports, the following statement is always the last paragraph of the abstract:
This report covers a period from (date) to (date) and work was completed as of (date).
Sample F. Abstract.
15
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TYPING (iUIDt SHfcFT
CONTENTS
Foreword iii
Abstract iv
Figures vi
Tables vii
Abbreviations and Symbols viii
Acknowledgment ix
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 2
3. Recommendations 3
4. Materials and Methods 4
Test strains 5
Stock solutions 10
5. Experimental Procedures 15
General procedures 15
Laboratory application 20
Field application 25
6. Results and Discussion 30
References 35
Bibliography 36
Appendices
A. Operational data summary 37
B. Cooperative research report 47
Glossary 57
— -I
J -i
L.
TABLES
•R/-UOMS
The contents page should begin on a new right-hand, odd-numbered page, usually "v." Although
preliminary pages (front matter) are not part of the subject matter, they are part of the document and
are included in the contents.
The contents include the main headings of the document and the pages on which they appear; use
dot leaders to aid readability. Meaningful subheads (indented and subordinated) may be included, if
necessary. Avoid double spacing between major sections when it would cause contents to have a
short overrun on the following page. Omit contents on short, under 24- to 32-page documents or
if unnecessary.
Sample 0. Contents.
16
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TYPING GUIDK SHEFJ
FIGURES
Number
Schematic of sewage treatment operations sludge
characteristics
2 Schematic of existing sewage treatment plants modified
to provide secondary and/or tertiary treatment. . . .
Page
10
3 Questionnaire used in nail survey 55
4 Distribution of sewage treatment plants using land-
spreading on a routine basis 64
8 Sample collection points for multi-stage activated sludge
system
74
9 Effects of time and temperature on bacterial survival
during sample storage 78
I
vi
A list of illustrations (figures, maps, charts, plates) need be included only if considered helpful or
essential. For each illustration, give the figure number, the figure legend as it appears in the report
(in shortened form, if lengthy), and the page number. Avoid double spacing when it would cause a
list of figures to have a short overrun on the following page.
If lists of tables and illustrations are short, combine on one page or combine with contents page.
Sample H. List of illustrations.
17
-------
WING GUIDF SHEtT
TABLES
Number
1
2
Page
Properties of Digester Supernatant 12
Bacteria in Sewage Sludge 14
Representative Sludge Compositions 15
4 Bacteriological Studies of Sludge Produced in Plant-Scale
Tests of Line Stabilization 17
5 Average Costs for Ultimate Sludge Disposal 25
6 Effect of Population on Unit Cost of Sludge Disposal 26
7 Precision of the DO Analysis 27
8 Maximum Sustained slope vs. Minimum Distance to
Watercourses 3
9 Metals Content of Corn 40
10 Summary of Bacteriological Analyses 43
A list of tables need be included only if considered helpful or essential. For each table, give table
number, table caption as it appears in the report (shortened if necessary), and page number. Avoid
double spacing when it would cause lists of tables to have a short overrun on the following page. If
lists of tables and figures are short, combine on one page, or combine with table of contents.
Sample I. List of table*.
18
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TYPING GUIDE SHEH
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ABBREVIATIONS
DTPA — diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid
EC — electrical conductivity
Jtu — Jackson turbidity units
kg/ha — kilogram per hectare
meq — milliequivalent
nmhos/cm — millimhos per centimeter
t/ha — metric tonne per hectare
r — correlation coefficient
RJ — coefficient of multiple regression squared
SS — suspended solids
TS — total solids
VS — volatile solids
SYMBOLS
C — carbon
Ca — calcium
0)4 — methane gas
II — viscosity
rb2°3 — ytterbium oxide
Area) also constant used in one-
dimensional flow solution
a Channel width
8 Constant used in one-dimensional
flow solution
B! Depth of acumboard below weir
82 Overflow height (Pig. 5)
C Particle concentration
d Channel minimum depth {
Ml) Channel depth as a function of|
radius j
fe von Karman constant i
L Weir length
n Manning coefficient
P Pressure
q Lateral discharge
: viii
Abbreviations of symbols for the less common or specialized terms used in the text should be given
in parentheses following their first use in the text. Thereafter, the abbreviation or symbol may
be used.
When is a list necessary? For each report, define the possible readership, the number of abbrevia-
tions and symbols used, and the unusualness of or difficulty in defining or understanding these
terms; if assembling and defining them will aid the reader, do so.
Consider using two colums when the list exceeds more than one page.
Sample J. List of abbreviations and symbols.
19
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BEGIN
FIRST TYPING GUIDE SHEET
r-CMTcn TOP OF
LINE OF CENTER luryr
nc PA/;C , IMAGE
TEXT Uh f Abt ^,nr.
HERE »
DROPPED
HEAD.
BEGIN
SECTIONS
HERE •
^- . —
-
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The cooperation of the Board of Education of the Omaha Public Schools,
Dr. Rene E. Hlavac, Assistant Superintendent, and of School District 66,
Dr. Vaughn Phelps, Superintendent, is gratefully acknowledged. We are par-
ticularly indebted to Mrs. Betty Bundle tt. Supervisor of Health Services,
Omaha Public Schools, and to the nurses and teachers at the participating
schools for their cooperation, active support, and sustained interest in the
project.
1 The Omaha-Douglas County Health Department participated in the design
of the project and conducted the environmental sampling; Mr. Donald Olson, '
Chief of the Environmental Health Division, Mr. Clarence Monich, Supervisor
BEGIN
LAST LINE
OF TEXT *
of the Sanitation Engineering Section, and Mr. Joe Palensky, Sanitarian,
were major contributors.
Assays of the environmental samples in 1974 were conducted by the healtl
department laboratories directed by Mr. John Wiley; Dr. Gory Love, Project
Officer, and Dr. Anthony Colussi, Environmental Research Center, U.S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency , provided valuable guidance; the analyses of
air and dustfall lead in 1973 and 1974 were directed by the EPA and carried
out by Dr. E. R. Williams, North Carolina Department of Health.
— .
*^ncM
BOTTOM OF :
IMAGE AREA.
OUTSIDE
DIMENSION
FDR TARIFS
is.-?- i tm''^$&f. ,=••< "Y^iu-ys...
i J _I '••'•-•-• ix '.•-•'••'••'•'• i "^^''v1*^
PAGE NUMBER -
Limit acknowledgments to key personnel and organizations associated with the project that have
aided in a major way, e.g., by supplying material or equipment/doing'special studies, interpreting
special data, or doing statistical analyses. Use simple, formal, and concise wording. Ordinarily,
supporting staff work is not included in an acknowledgment.
Sample K. Acknowledgment.
20
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WING GUIDf SHEET
LAST Llflf
or u;xi
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
At least 550 different chemicals have been sold commercially in the
United States for use as pesticides, but a far larger number of pesticide
products are on the market for the following reasons: (a) a chemical may be
formulated" with other ingredients in different physical forms and in dif-
ferent strengths for different applications; (b) two or more pesticidal
chemicals may be mixed to meet specific use requirements. About 8,000
different "formulations" are available and over 500 products contain two or
more "active ingredients" each.
Each company that markets a pesticidal product under its own name must
have a registered "label" for iti the U.S. Department of Agriculture has
registered over 50,000 labels for interstate shipments and the states have
registered thousands of other labels for intrastate sale. Thus, the variety
of pesticidal products that the layman may wish to dispose of is extremely
large.
The multiplicity and complexity of formulated pesticide products, the
significant information gaps that exist at present on the degradation and
hazards of pesticides, and the variations in local regulations preclude
assignment of specific preferred disposal procedures for all pesticide prod-
ucts on the market.
The present study has focused on methods for the safe disposal of un-
wanted small amounts (less than 5 gallons or 50 pounds) of the 550 active
ingredients, and of empty containers in the possession of the public.
sour*.' ul-
IMAGE ARC A
OU1SJOC
PiMfNS-iON
K)i< T ABIE'S
AIMCi iLI US
TRATIOtoS
i-AGl NUMBt*
The introduction, as Section 1, sets the stage for the conclusions and recommendations and for the
taxi proper. With this orientation, the reader learns what he should know before he reads the other
•actions of the report. In one (or two) pages, the problem is stated and the present work is related to
•artier work.
A formal introduction, as such, may not be needed in all reports; in simple, short reports, this
information could be combined with conclusions or conclusions and recommendations.
Sample L. Introduction.
21
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; C.UIDf SHEET
SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
The result* of experimental studies on the treatment of leachate by
recycle or separate biological and physical-chemical methods, or both, 'have
indicated that a combination of these methods may be necessary to reduce the
pollutional potential of leachate from refuse disposal sites to a concentra-
tion acceptable for ultimate disposal.
Recirculation of leachate through a landfill promotes a more rapid de-
velopment of an active anaerobic bacterial population of methane formers,
increases the rate and predictability of biological stabilization of the
readily available organic pollutants in the refuse and leachate, dramatical-
ly decreases the time required for stabilization, and reduces the potential
for environmental impairment.
Leachate "circulation with pH control and initial sludge seeding
•ay further enhance treatment efficiency so that the time required for bio-
logical stabilization of the readily available organic pollutants in the
leachate can be reduced to a matter of months rather than years with the
opportunity for controlling the final discharge or treating the residuals,
or both, as may be required.
Separate aerobic and anaerobic biological processes have proven satis-
factory for treatment of leachatei residual organics and inorganics in the
effluent are best removed by carbon adsorption followed by mixed resin ion
exchange. The degree of residual treatment is predictable and therefore
responsive to whatever effluent requirement may be imposed.
The landfill of the future may well be conceived of as a controlled
process conducive to accelerated stabilization with rapidly realized poten-
tials for land reclamation or other ultimate use.
After all the measurements are made—the surveys conducted—the experiments performed—and the
significance of these results analyzed and interpreted—what problems did this research solve? These
are the conclusions. If the problem was not solved or major mistakes or hazards occurred, they can
be included here.
Usually, the conclusions can be stated on one page; when both conclusions and recommendations
are short and straightforward, combine them.
Sample M. Conclusions.
22
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TYPING GUIDE. SHEET
, SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The specific interrelationships between viral replication on hepatic
endoplasmic reticulum and the drug-metabolizing enzymes of the hepatic
endoplasmic reticulum should continue to be investigated. Whether these
phenomena are of major importance from the point of view of environmental
protection or from a clinical health services point of view must be evalu-
ated by the appropriate governmental agencies. They certainly are of con-
siderable biological importance and should be investigated for the basic
information to be gained if not for any other reason.
The effect of exposure to xenobiotic compounds on subsequent viral re-
plication should be investigated in addition to investigating the effect of
viral replication on Induction of the drug-metabolizing enzymes.
In spite of the study reported here and the reports of others in the
literature, a good experimental model system for studying the interrelation-
ships between microsomal drug-metabolizing enzymes and viral replication is
still lacking. A good experimental model must first be found and character-
ized before any substantial progress can be made in this interesting area of
research.
When the research has been completed and the conclusions have been drawn, is further study or
additional information needed to solve the problem? Is a pilot-scale feasibility study needed to rein-
force the laboratory findings? Can the conclusions be applied now? Such suggestions for future
investigations or activity can be included in a recommendations section. These need occupy but one
page, or they can be combined into a conclusions and recommendations section.
Sample N. Recommendations.
23
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[»PIM(i GUIDf
1st order head -
2nd order head •
3rd order head •
4th order head •
5th order head •
SECTION 5
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
(ZNERAL PROCEDURES
The effect of variables that influence disinfection was assessed by
developing standardised procedures to characterize samples, analyze disin-
fectants, and measure the degree of disinfection (3-4).
Simulated Combined Sewer Overflows
A Siaulated combined sewer overflow (SCSO) sample was Bade each week;
equal parts of the influent to the Onodaga Metropolitan Sewage Treatment
Plant were siixed with distilled water. Mien the composition of an average
of three SCSO samples Hu compared with that from randomly selected 6-month
characterisations of three contained sewer overflows (CSO), no significant
variations were observed (Table 4).
Method of Analysis—
The membrane filter IMF) techniques of Harius and Delaney (5) offer a
rapid means to detect indicator bacteria.
Blending of samples—Samples containing both high (>1,000,000) and low
(<10O) counts/ml, as measured by the Mr procedure, were blended for varying
lengths of time to obtain an optimum blending time. Layne (6) developed a
least squares linear regression analysis to illustrate the relationship
between amount and timet
A • 6 * 31 Iog10 I
where A - amount, kg/cu m (Ib-mass/cu ft)
I - time, cu m/see (cu in./mini
(2)
double space
- triple space
- double space
•double space
-double space
-double space
•double space
The sample page of text (above) is designed to illustrate some common situations that may be
encountered while a manuscript is being prepared; it is intended only as an example.
The use of "headings" (one of many possible "Order of Headings") indicates how they should stand
out from the text with their relative importance readily apparent The spacing between the para-
graphs and the headings is designed to aid this.
Other acceptable modes for numbering equations, citing and numbering literature references in the
text, defining acronyms, using consistent abbreviations, etc., are illustrated.
Sample O. Page of text
24
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•if
j
Because good illustrations enhance the value of technical reports, use them to emphasize,
demonstrate/and summarize. Treat illustrations consistently throughout the document.
Place illustrations closely following their first reference in the text; combine with text when possible
(see Figure 8 above). When a report contains only a few pages of text and many illustrations,
however, place the illustrations in numerical sequence after the text.
When necessary, place illustrations broadwise and center within the image area on a page so that
the head of the illustration is to the reader's left, and the bottom of the illustration is to the reader's
right, i.e., will be readable when the page is turned clockwise 90° for normal viewing (see Figure
9 above).
In preparing illustrations, care must be exercised to ensure that details and lettering within the
illustration are 6 points (about 1/12 inch) or larger and clearly legible after final reproduction.
Photographs should be cropped or masked to eliminate insignificant details. Unnecessary border
frames should be eliminated.
As far as practical, place lettering (callout; label) on an illustration horizontally, unboxed, and near
the item identified. There should be high contrast and easy readability. Use a UNIVERS or
HELVETICA typeface for all illustrations.
Number illustrations within the text with consecutive Arabic numerals preceded by the word
"Figure" (Figure 1, Figure 2). Within appendices, include appendix letter (Figure A-1, Figure B-9).
Each illustration must have a descriptive legend. Center the legend beneath the illustration following
the figure number. The legend is usually styled as a sentence; capitalize the first letter of the first
word and any proper nouns or chemical or mathematical symbols, and close with a period.
If photographs are required, submit GLOSSY black and white photo prints. Satin finish photo prints
are NOT ACCEPTABLE! The finish on these conflicts with the screens used by the printer when
preparing the finished plates and causes shadowing and variations in the texture.
Sample P. Illustrations.
25
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TfPIMG
SHEFF
After analyzing a number of quench water samples in duplicate (three
final DO determinations were performed to ensure reasonable duplicate re-
suits), the precision of the observations was evaluated by calculating
(with the Olivetti Programna 101) the pooled standard deviation of all
observations except thoee obtained on samples collected from dump truck
drainage (Table 7).
TABLE 7. PRECISION OF THE DO ANALYSIS
Type of
sample
Ho. of
determinations*
Pooled standard
deviation
(s)t
Confidence
interval
Standards (normality)
Dilution water (blank)
Quench water
44
32
76
0.13
0.19
0.49
±o.3et
±0.53*
±1.35*
Both dilution and
quench water
108
0.43
±1.19$
• Includes initial and final determinations,
i A pooled standard deviation was computed for all determinations. It was
assumed that there was no statistically significant difference between
initial and final variances, that is, homogeneity of the variances was
assumed.
f The absolute value of the difference between duplicate readings should
not exceed 1.%/TTsT, or 0.36 ppm, more than 5 percent of the time. The
covarianc* between the duplicate reading* was ignored.
When preparing tables, organize the tables as simply as possible for easy reading. Make sure that
the format of the tables is consistent throughout the publication. Use a UNIVERS or HELVETICA
typeface for all typeset tables. Computer printout sheets for electrically tabulated data must show
clear, black-white contrast and must not contain any grey or broken type or horizontal print bars. The
use of a new ribbon is strongly recommended for the preparation of all camera-ready computer
printouts.
Number tables within the text with consecutive Arabic numerals, preceded by the word 'TABLE"
(TABLE 1, TABLE 2). Within appendices, include the appendix letter (TABLE A-1, TABLE C-3). Place a
descriptive caption above each table after the table number. Type the caption in all caps, without a
closing period.
When necessary, place a table broadwise and center within the image area on a page so that the
head of the table is to the reader's left, and the bottom of the page is to the reader's right i.e., will
be readable when the page is turned clockwise 90° for normal viewing (see Figure 9, Sample P
illustration).
Use symbols for table footnotes, e.g.. *, f, $, §, #, as available; double their use. if needed. Assign
the symbols consecutively, in normal reading order (across the table and from top to bottom).
Superscript lower-case letters may be substituted for symbols if their use will not confuse
the reader.
When a long table is continued on two or more pages, note this continuation at the bottom of all but
the last page, e.g.. (continued). Repeat the table number and "continued." but not the table caption,
on all the following pages, e.g., TABLE 4 (continued). Repeat the column headings, with rules, on
each page.
Sample Q. Table*.
26
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TYPING GUIDE SHF.ET
Bulletin •
i.
2.
Government report
Proceedings of
meeting
Journal-
4.
Collection or book —
by severed authors
Thesis —
Book
Corporate author
REFERENCES
Smith, S. M., and J. R. Miner, stream Pollution from Feedlot Runoff.
Bull. No. 2-1. Kansas state Department of Health, Environmental Healt
Services, Topeka, Kansas, 1964. 22 pp.
Moffa, P. E., and J. E. Smith. Bench-Scale High-Rate Disinfection of
Combined Sewer Overflows! With Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide.
EPA-670/2-75-021, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio
1975. 22 pp.
Low, w. c. Pollutional Implications of Canning Hastes. Int Proceeding!
of the Fourth International Agricultural Haste Symposium, Am. Soc. Agri.
Haste Specialist!, Norman, Oklahoma, 1976. pp. 77-81.
Weiie, E. Proposals for the Future Development of the Berlin Sewage
Management Program. Sewage Works J., 7(11):129-130, 1935.
Marius, G. G., and J. Delaney. Practical Application of Concentric Dis-
posal Schemes. In: Municipal Sewage, E. R. Cole and T. P. Baylest, eda.
Thaumaturgist Press, New Hebredies, Ohio, 1979. pp. 102-204.
Layne, F. M. The Relationship Between Frog Survival and Temperature.
Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio state University, Columbus, Ohio, 1976. 41 pp.
7. Dietrich, D. F., D. Cowles, S. H. Wilson, and A. Tate. Modern Waste
Practices. Inhouse Press, Ltd., North Newport, Kentucky, 1981. 418 pp
8. The Janus Dihedral Corp. Operation and Maintenance of a Dryasdust.
No. 75-53. Par! Passu, Utah, 1926. 21 pp.
_J
References concern source material cited in the document. Present this information in an accurate,
uniform manner; use a style consistent with that of any reputable scientific or technical journal or
society. Take care to include all essential elements of a reference: author(s), title, source, identifying
numbers, pages, and date. The examples above illustrate citing references by the "number" system;
an example of the "author-year" system is illustrated in Sample S, Bibliography. Either system is
acceptable.
To aid in reading from microfilm, a reference should be identified completely at the bottom of the
page on which it occurs. When references are numerous, list them in a "References" section of the
report. Exercise judgment; the length and complexity of the report may well be the determining
factor.
Personal communications are not considered references; if necessary, include them, in parentheses,
within the text.
Sample R. References.
27
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irfinc, i;u
sum
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I
Outt, G. R., M. L. Shaffer, and W. J. Hoore. 1972. Computer Simulation
Model of Dynamic Bio-physiochemical Processes in Soils. Ariz. Agr.
Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 1965. 101 pp.
Gupta, S. c. 1972. Salt Plow in soil* as Influenced by Mater Flow, Root
Extraction and Exchange. Ph.D. Dissertation. Utah State University,
Logan, Utah. 112 pp.
King, L. G., and R. J. Hanks. 1973. Irrigation Management for Control of
Quality and Irrigation Return Flow. EP»-R2-73-265, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.c. 47 pp.
Nimah, M. M., and R. J. Hanks. 1973*. Model for Estimating Soil, Mater and
Atmospheric Interrelations, I. Description and Sensitivity. Soil Sci.
Soc. Amir. Proc. 37:528-532.
NiJUh, N. N., and R. J. Hanks. 1973b. Model for Estimating Soil, Hater and
Atmospheric Interrelations! II. Field Test of the Model. Soil Sci. I
Soc. Amsr. Proc. 37i533-621. '
Bibliographic entries provide supplementary sources for information on the subject of the document.
Present this literature, which has not been cited in the text, in an accurate, uniform manner. There
are many modes of presenting reference and bibliographic data; two of the many approaches for
form and punctuation are illustrated here in Samples R and S.
List bibliographic entries alphabetically by senior author (the examples above illustrate the "name-
and-year" system); take care to include all the essential elements of a reference: authors), title,
source, identifying numbers, pages, date. Be sure to use a style consistent with that of any reputable
scientific or technical journal or society. Within any one report have the punctuation, capitalization.
abbreviation, etc., of the bibliography agree with that used for the reference section.
Sample S. Bibliography.
28
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RFGrr*
FIRST
I.INF Of
T f Jt T
Hf'RF
PHOW'
Hf At'i
BH'iPN
SlCriON
Him
WING GUIDE SHEET
A
JUUU.YT1CAL
Although •*thoo* al«kd in th* baa> of «M« nport van apaaifie to a
•lagU ••dlum. attlti aaill* aptiro»ch*i h«n bMn uwd to darlv* itallar
ooaolulou. Thi* utiitalii is • ooBPllatlo* of the** Mthad* *ad thtlr
•MOoUttd oh«r»ot»rl»tlo«, In partlnlu the** th*t My h«T» mllcatlon In
tto OTincMBtal UMMWnt of rep ud otter tvoteologU*. Ih* optiou rug*
from IMoxtl Bvilcttr Mthods through trchniqow pnMntly onter
•ttm intent im to wmm*zim the pcrtlnut chBrntwrlitiol
and OiHd«ut«gM of oaoh •Ittrnatin rather tbw to pnwnt datallod applioa-
tlon f«oa*«am. I»ch option im, in aadlUoa, clM«ifi««l u to It* •altability
fez Lvral 1 or LM«1 2 «pplio«tlon.
Mblct an u*»d to itaplify th* oo*parl*on* of virlou* t*ehnlqo**.
In
••thod options) «r* c*t*9oria«A as follow* i
Particular*
Liquid*
lolld*
Air-lorn* IMgltlv**
(Tabl* »-l)
(Tabl* A-J)
(Tabl* A-3)
(Tabl* A-4)
(Tabl* A-!)
Aoalytloal matBOd option* ar* o*lln*at*4 a* follow* i
Inorganic ga* analyvi*
Organic analyai*
Il*B*ntal analyaii
fttiifrrt analy*l*
Standard «at*r analyil*
Fu*l analyal*
Physical eharactarlution
of *oild*
(Tabl* »-6)
(Tabl* *-7)
(Tabl** A-8 through A-15)
(Tabl* x-l<)
(Tabl* A-17)
(Tabl* A-18)
(Tabl* A-19)
Haiti Mllla flov •Munmnvnt option* ar* eoipand In Tabl* A-30.
ilOS ,
Appendices contain supplementary illustrative material, original data, and quoted matter too lengthy
for incorporation in the body of the report or generally relevant but not immediately essential to an
understanding of the subject.
The Appendices (or, if there is only one, Appendix) must not be separated from the preceding
material by either a titled cover «heet or a divider page. The title and subtitle (if applicable) are to be
treated as dropped section heads.
The Appendices may be divided into Appendix A, Appendix B, etc., depending on the kinds and
amounts of material used. These divisions should not be arbitrary. There must be a close relationship
among materials compiled within any given appendix.
List all Appendices in "Contents" (Sample G) and number all pages consecutively from the body of
the report. The folio should not show the alphabetical appendix designation.
Sample T. Appendices
29
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GUIDC SHFFT
GLOSSARY
abatement: The method of reducing the degree of intensity of pollution, also
the use of such a method.
acclimation: The physiological and behavioral adjustments of an organism to
changes in its immediate environment.
acid: Host coononly refers to a large class of chemicals having a sour
taste in water; ability to dissolve certain metals, bases or alkalies
to form salts and to turn certain acid-base indicators to their acid
form. Characterized by the hydrated H+ ion.
aeration: The process of adding oxygen to, removing volatile constituents
from, or mixing a liquid by intimate contact with air.
aerobe: An organism capable of growing in the presence of oxygen.
aerobici Description of biological or chemical processes that can occur
only in the presence of oxygen.
aerosol: A suspension of liquid or solid particles in the air.
agar: Dried polysaccharide extract of red algae (Rhodophyceae) used as a
solidifying agent in microbiological media.
algae: Primitive plants, one- or many-celled, usually aquatic and capable
of growth on mineral materials via energy from the sun and the green
coloring material, chlorophyll.
alkalinity: The sum of the effects opposite in reaction to acids in water.
Usually due to carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides; also including
boratea, silicates and phosphates.
ampsrometric chlorine residuali A means of determining residual available
chlorine with phenyl arson* oxide (PAO) titration using current re-
sponse as an indicator of equivalence. For wmstewater, the PAO prefer-
ably is used in excess with iodine backtitration.
anaerobe: An organism capable of growing in the absence of atmospheric
oxygen, with essential oxygen being obtained from sulfates, carbonates,
or other oxygen-containing compounds.
iMAof ARE A
OUTSIDE
P'VFNS'OM
L0a TABLES
Consider the glossary as a partial dictionary where technical or abstruse terms that might not be
readily known can be listed and explained. Its need might well depend on the intended audience for
the report.
Sample U. Glossary.
30
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BEGIN
FIRST
LINE OF
TEXT
HERE
DROPPED
HEAD
BEGIN
SECTION:
HERE ]
TYPING GUIDE SHEET
BEGIN
LAST IINE
OF TEX'! •
Abbreviations, 7, 19, 24
Abstracts, 15
Acknowledgments, 3, 12, 20
Appendices, 25, 26, 29
Applicability of specifications.
Bibliographies, 28
Color printing, 7
Conclusions, 22
Contents, 16
COSATI Subject Category List, 2
Covers, 6
Credit lines, 3, 11, 20
Disclaimers, 4, 12
Divider pages, 8, 29
Draft (preliminary), notice of,
Equations, 7, 24
Exclusions (from specification
coverage), 1
Extramural agreement concerning
specifications, 1
Figures, 8, 10, 17, 25
Fold-ins, 8
Footnotes, 7, 27
Foreword, 13
Glossary, 30
Government Printing and Binding
Regulations, 2
Graphics Standards System, EPA,
Headings, 7, 24
Illustrations, 8, 10, 12, 25
Image area, 7, 10
Index, 31
Introduction, 21
List of abbreviations and symbols, 19
List of figures, 17
List of tables, 18
Metric Practice Guide, 2
Metric units of measure, 4
Numbering
illustrations, 25
pages, 7, 10
references, 27
reports, 6
tables, 26
Organization of report, 5
Paper saving, 8
Personal communications, 27
Photographs, 25
Preface, 14
Print size, 6, 25
Privately owned information, 3
Recommendations, 23
References, 24, 27
Spacing of typed material, 7, 24
Spine copy, 8
Style Manual, GPO, 2, 8
Subject Classification, NTIS, 2
Symbols, 19
Tables, 8, 10, 18, 26
Thesaurus of Engineering and
Scientific Terms, 3
Title page, 11
Trade names, trademarks, 3
2220-1 Form, 2, 11, 15, 32
Typing Guide Sheet, 7, 10
Units of Weight and Measure, 3
Waiver, deviations from
specifications, 1
IMAut ARF '.;
('Ut:yOi
t OR I ABl t.!-
•AN1.J i!I.U!.
L_
- - J
The simple one-page index illustrated above is, in fact, an index for this specification book.
Instructions on indexing can be found in the QBE Style Manual, 3d ed., Council of Biology Editors,
Committee on Form and Style, 1972 (available from American Institute of Biological Sciences,
3900 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20016) or in A Manual of Style, 12th ed.. rev..
University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, 1969.
Sample V. Index.
31
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inunctions on the reverse before c-ompletingj
1 REPORT NO. 2 . .
(EPA report number) TIOS (blank)
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
COMPLETE TITLE: type main title in all caps
7. AUTHORISE
all authors
i PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
complete address of extramural organization
13. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDOESE
Laboratory Name (City, State)
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
City, State, and Zip Code
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSCOI»NO.
(blank)
5. REPORT DATE
(date of issuance) TIOS
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
(usually blank)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
(usually blank)
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Project Officer supplies
11. CONTRAClVGRAtof NO.
Project Officer supplies
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Project Officer supplies
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/laboratory
designation
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES - — —
Prepared by Project Officer if applicable.
18 ABSTRACT "
Prepared by Project Officer.
"• KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS ]
1 DESCRIPTORS
Project Officer: use only terms listed in
the Engineers Joint Council's "Thesaurus
of Engineering & Scientific Terms" (avail-
able from NTIS or see Technical Inforntatioi
Coordinator (TIC)
RELEASE TO PUBLIC (always the same)
b IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Use terms, including
geographical locations
and trademark ed names,
not in the EJC
"Thesaurus ..."
1». SECURITY CLASS ITnto Report I
UNCLASSIFIED (same)
20. SECURITY CLASS tTMjf*t*>
UNCLASSIFIED (same)
c. COSATI Field/Group
Select field/
group from
"COSATI Subject
Category List"
or NTIS Subject
Classification
(total, all pages
31. PRICE
(blank)
CPA Form IJIO-I (••;*)
The Technical Report Data sheet, EPA Form 2220-1 is an essential part of every ORD publication. It
must be properly completed and mounted as part of the Camera-Ready Art as the last page of the
document.
Sample W. Technical Report Data sheet, EPA Form 2220-1.
32
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