EPA-670/2-75-033C
May 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION OF
MUNICIPAL AND UTILITY SLUDGES AND ASHES
Volume III. Utility Coal Ash
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
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EPA-670/2-75-033C
May 1975
CHARACTERIZATION AND UTILIZATION OF
MUNICIPAL AND UTILITY SLUDGES AND ASHES
Volume III
Utility Coal Ash
by
N. L. Hecht and D. S. Duvall
University of Dayton Research Institute
Dayton, Ohio 45469
Program Element No. 1DB064
Research Grant No. R800432
Project Officers
R. A. Carnes and D. F. Bender
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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REVIEW NOTICE
The National Environmental Research Center--Cincinnati has re-
viewed this report and approved its publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U. S. En-
vironmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or com-
mercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the adverse effects
of pesticides, radiation, noise and other forms of pollution, and the unwise
management of solid waste. Efforts to protect the environment require a focus
that recognizes the interplay between the components of our physical environ-
ment--air, water, and land. The National Environmental Research Centers
provide this multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged in
• studies on the effects of environmental contaminants on man
and the biosphere, and
• a search for ways to prevent contamination and to recycle
valuable resources.
This study was involved with the ash formed from burning coal in
utility boilers. Characterization, disposal, and possible utilization of the
ash were discussed. Changes in technology and possible effects on coal ash
of the future were considered.
A. W. Breidenbach, Ph.D.
Director
National Environmental
Research Center, Cincinnati
111
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ABSTRACT
The residue from the burning of coal, collected from the stack
effluent and the bottom of the boiler unit, is another solid waste
disposal product that the community must be concerned with. Since
1940 more than 300 million tons of this coal ash has been generated,
of which only about 30% has been utilized. In this study the nature of
coal ash has been defined, the quantities produced have been deter-
mined and the locations of the major utilities generating the coal
ash have been established. In addition the anticipated compositional
changes and quantities to be generated in the future resulting from
expanded energy requirements, advancements in technology and
pollution controls have been evaluated. This study also included a
review of current disposal and utilization practices.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
COAL ASH CHARACTERIZATION
COAL ASH UTILIZATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
REGIONAL FUEL USE BY SELECTED
ELECTRIC UTILITIES
ANALYSES AND FUSIBILITY OF ASH
FROM VARIOUS U.S. COALS
ASH UTILIZATION
PAGE
1
5
6
34
46
53
58
64
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance
and support rendered during this study by Professor
S. J. Ryckman, G. S. Skivington, and R. A. Ralston.
The authors also wish to acknowledge the assis-
tance provided by the two project officers: R. A.
Carnes and D. F. Bender.
VI
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SUMMARY
The burning of coal produces an ash residue which is derived from
the inorganic mineral constituents in the coal and the organic material
not completely burned. In coal burning utility boilers, the coal ash
residue is collected from the bottom of the boiler unit (bottom ash)
and from the air pollution equipment through which the stack gases
pass (fly ash). Over 46 million tons of coal ash were collected in
1972 by some 500 power plants in the United States. The distribution
of power plants defines the ash producing regions of the country. The
largest concentration of power plants is in the middle Atlantic and the
east north central states. There are very few coal burning power plants
west of the Mississippi River.
The coal ash residues recovered from the boiler units are primarily
iron aluminum silicates with additional amounts of lime, magnesia,
sulfur trioxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, and carbon. About
12 percent of the coal burned is recovered as coal ash residue. A
high percent of that ash is in the glass state (50-90 percent), with
small quantities of quartz, mullite, magnetite, and hematite mineral
phases. An average chemical analysis for coal ash would be;
SiO 45%
£
3 25%
O3 14%
CaO 4%
MgO 2%
2%
2%
C 4%
B
P
Mn
Mo
Trace
Zn
Cu
Hg
U
Th
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The specific chemical composition of a coal ash is primarily dictated
by the geology of the coal deposit and the operating parameters of the
boiler unit.
About 70 percent of the coal ash residue is collected as fly ash. For
any specific boiler unit the fly ash and bottom ash will have essentially
the same chemical composition except that the bottom ash will be
lower in carbon content. Fly ash generally occurs as fine spherical
particulates having an average particle diameter of 7jx. The fly ash
will range in color from light tan to black, depending on the carbon
content, and have an average specific gravity of 2. 3. The pH of the fly
ash will vary from 6. 5 to 11.5 and will average about 11. About 20
volume percent of the fly ash will be composed of very lightweight
particles which float on the surface of the ash lagoon. These lightweight
particles have a true density of about 0. 5 g/cc and are termed ceno-
spheres. ^These cenospheres are carbon dioxide and nitrogen filled
microsphefes of silicate glass ranging in size from ZOfJ. to 200|J..
The bottom ash is collected either as an ash or a slag depending on
the particular boiler design. The ash material is grey to black in
color, quite angular and has a porous surface. The slag particles
are normally black angular particles having a glass appearance.
The bottom ash particles will have an average particle diameter
size of 2-1/2 millimeters and an average specific gravity of 2. 5.
Advancing boiler design technology and the establishment of stricter
air pollution codes for boiler facilities may alter the nature of the
coal ash produced in future years. The various proposed desulfuriza-
tion processes, coal fractionation processes, and new designs for
electric generating facilities can result in coal ash and slag products
considerably different from those currently being produced.
The coal fractionation processes used for obtaining clean gas or
liquid fuels and the reconstitution of the coal to obtain a clean low-
ash, low-sulfur fuel results in the production of slag and char residues
at the conversion facility rather than at the power plant. The
liquefaction process produces a filter cake of inorganic materials.
The fluidized-bed gasification generates a powder waste composed of
the fluid media, the coal residue, and a calcium sulfate precipitate.
In the high temperature gasification process the residue is a glassy
slag. The chemical composition and physical characteristics of these
residues have not been well defined due to the relative newness of these
processes.
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Conversion of existing boiler units to fluidized bed units will result
in a change in the nature of the coal ash recovered. Ash from this
process will be less vitrified, due to the lower operating temperatures.
Also, the quantity of crystalline material increase (quartz, magnetite,
alumina, and calcium sulfate) and the alkaline content is likely to be
higher.
Several processes have been developed for meeting the newly established
codes for control of SO2 emissions from stationary sources. A number
of these processes completely alter the nature of the collected fly ash
and others add a new residue material tot he solid waste stream.
Most of these processes require the wet or dry injection of an alkaline
powder (limestone, dolomites, etc.) to absorb the gaseous sulfur
in the stack effluent. The wet injection or scrubbing process (lime-
stone) which appears to be more prevalent, in most cases, results
in the generation of a new waste (CaSO4) rather than modifying the fly
ash. Preliminary calculations indicate that these wastes will most
likely result in a doubling of utility residue waste. Since thfe"se
desulfurization processes are still largely in the development or pilot
state, it is not possible to adequately define the chemical character-
istics at this time.
Since 1966,coal ash utilization has fluctuated around 1 5 to 16 percent
of the total ash collected in the United States. From data supplied
by the Edison Electric Institute it is apparent that the single
largest application for coal ash is as mineral fill material for roads
and other construction products. Average European usage of
bituminous coal ash for 1972 was almost 27 percent and in Belgium,
France, Poland, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, usage
exceded 50 percent. The two largest applications for European coal
ash were filler on construction sites and for concrete block.
Although a multitude of technically sound applications have been
developed for the utilization of coal ash, usage has been very
limited. Yearly fluctuations in the quantities of coal ash used in the
various applications developed, would suggest that firm markets
have not been established for these coal ash uses. At the present
time, appreciable quantities of coal ash are only being used as fill
material for roads and other construction projects. The use of coal
ash as a replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products
is starting to increase and a more stable market is being established.
The use of fly ash in concrete offers a number of technical advantages,
e. g. , improved mechanical strength and improved resistance to sulfate
leaching, etc. Fly ash, and boiler slag are also being used to an
appreciable extent for road base stabilization and as filler in asphalt.
Boiler slag is particularly noted for increasing the skid resistance of
asphalt pavement. The use of coal ash as a raw material in the
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manufacture of Portland cement is another application where usage
has increased during the past several years. Recent research results
indicate that large quantities of coal ash can also be effectively used
for agriculture, land, and water reclamation projects. Fly ash has
been effectively used in reclaiming surface mine spoil (high pH of ash
neutralizes mineral soil), as a soil nutrient, and as an aid in the
treatment of polluted waters.
A number of the applications developed for coal ash have the potential
to utilize the entire quantity of ash generated. These include agriculture
and land recovery, road base stabilization, structural fill, and cement
and concrete products.
Effective utilization of coal ash in the many defined applications requires
that the potential user be favorably impressed with the product and
the product be economically advantageous. The economic competitive-
ness of coal ash is impaired by the discriminatory federal practices
that favor virgin materials in freight rates and depletion allowances.
Improved federal economic policy toward secondary materials like
coal ash would enhance their utilization potential.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In 1972, approximately 46 million tons of coal ash were collected
from the burning of some 350 million tons of coal in over 500 utilities.
About 16% of the ash collected was utilized. Therefore, over 38
million tons of ash had to be removed to disposal sites at the expense
of the utility. At the present time, disposal costs are approaching
$2. 00/ton of ash disposed. By 1980, coal consumption by the utilities,
to meet expanding energy needs, is predicted to be almost 500 million
tons. The projected increase in coal consumption coupled with the
decreasing quality of available coal (higher ash content) will result in
substantially increased quantities of coal ash. Stricter air pollution
codes (reduction of particle and sulfur emission) will also result in
an increase in the quantity of coal ash collected.
The technology for a diversity of applications, for coal ash, has been
well established. The potential market for most of these applications
is quite good and several of these applications have potential markets
which can utilize all the ash collected. The major need at this time
is the initiation of programs which will encourage greater use of the
coal ash in these applications. With the anticipated increase in coal
ash collected and the increase in disposal costs, the need for programs
to stimulate ash utilization becomes more important. Some study
should be devoted toward determining the types of programs best
suited for effectively stimulating increased ash utilization. Studies
characterizing ash residue from fluidized bed boiler units, gasification
and liquefaction processes, and desulfurization processes are needed
if effective utilization technology for these wastes are to become available.
Further, implementation of these new processes will result in the
generation of new waste products that can significantly add to the
disposal problem unless applications for these materials are available.
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COAL ASH CHARACTERIZATION
The burning of coal produces an ash residue derived from the inorganic
mineral constituents and the organic material not completely combusted.
The quantity of organic residue is primarily a function of the combustion
conditions. The nature of the inorganic residue is, primarily, a result
of the geologic and geographic factors associated with the coal deposits.
The quantity and character of the coal ash generated will to a large
extent be dictated by the boiler unit in which the coal is burned. The
ash collected from the stack effluent is termed fly ash and the ash
collected from the bottom of the boiler is termed slag or bottom ash
depending on its condition of collection. Boiler units can be classified
into three main categories:
1. stoker fired units,
2. cyclone furnace units,
3. pulverized coal fired units.
Boilers fired by underfeed and traveling grate stokers emit the smallest
amount of fly ash (10to20% of the total ash content). The fly ash
generated in these units is relatively coarse and only about 5% is
less than 10 microns. The spreader stoker units, which burn more
of the coal in suspension, generate a greater quantity of fly ash.
The amount of fly ash produced will depend, to a large extent, on the
amount of smaller than 1/8 inch coal fired in the unit. Between 15 to 55%
of the total ash collected in a spreader stoker unit will be fly ash and
10 - 45%of this material will measure less than 10 microns.
In a cyclone unit from 80 to 85% of the coal ash never reaches the
combustion gas because burning takes place at such high rates that
the melting point for the ash is exceeded causing most of the ash to
melt and be continuously tapped from the bottom of the furnace as a
slag. The ash that does enter the gas stream is very fine and about
90% is less than 10 microns. The cyclone units operate on minimum
excess air and fly ash in the gas stream can be as high as 2-1/2 Ibs.
per 1, 000 Ibs. of gas.
In the pulverized coal (PC) fired units the coal is burned in suspension and
the majority of the coal ash enters the gas stream during combustion.
About 65% of the fly ash will be minus 10 microns. There are two
types of PC units; wet bottom and dry bottom. In the wet bottom
unitSjUp to 50% of the ash can be prevented from entering the gas stream
while for dry bottom units only 20 to 25% of the ash is retained in the
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furnace. Fly ash loading in the dry bottom units can run as high as
12 Ibs. per 1,000 Ibs. of gas. The PC units are quite widely used in
industry, especially when boiler capacities in excess of 50,000 Ibs. of steam
per hour are required. (1)
Coal ash constitutes between 8 to 14% of the coal burned and averages about
12%. As the coal consumption in the United States continues to increase to
meet the increasing demands for electrical energy, there will be a corre-
sponding increase in ash production. In addition the quality of the coal being
used is deteriorating and the ash content is increasing, (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) Some
of the sub bituminous and lignite coals now being used contain 15 to 18%
noncombustible mineral constituents.
In 1970 about 517 million tons of bituminous coal were consumed in the
United States. Of this amount 320. 5 million tons, 61. 9%, were used by
the electric utilities; 101.4 million tons, 19.7%, were used in other
manufacturing processesjand 12.4 million tons, 2.4%, were used in
retail markets. Of the total bituminous coal used in 1970 about 80% was
used in applications resulting in the production of coal ash. In addition
some 6 million tons of lignite coal were used by utilities and some of the
oil used by eastern utilities also produced fly ash. In 1970 about 39.2
million tons of coal ash were produced by the nation's utilities. In 1972
over 46 million tons of ash were generated by some 500 power plants
throughout the United States. By 1978 an additional 86 coal burning
facilities are expected to be in operation resulting in added generation of
coal ash. (2, 6)
Utilization of coal ash has lagged significantly behind production and
has created a serious solid waste management problem, Since World
War II over 300 million tons of ash have been generated, of which only
about 3% has been utilized. In 1972 only about 16. 5% of the total ash
produced was utilized, which means that over 38 million tons of ash
had to be removed to disposal sites at the expense of the utility. Ash
disposal costs range from $0.50 per ton to $3.00 per ton and average
more than $1.00 per ton. (2, 3, 6, 7, 8)
The projection for coal consumption and ash production till 1980 is shown
in Figure 1. It should be noted that the data presented are for the use of
bituminous coal, since very little lignite coal is currently being used in
the United States. The projected coal consumption by 1980 for the
utilities is estimated to be about 500 million tons and the expected ash
production will exceed 50 million tons. These projections definitely indicate
the need for a greater effort toward establishing more effective programs
for coal ash utilization. (2)
This geographical distribution of ash production is also an important
factor for consideration. It is obvious that the distribution of power
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800
PROJECTED COAL v
CONSUMPTION
ACTUAL COAL
CONSUMPTION
PROJECTED
TOTAL ASH
ACTUAL TOTAL
ASH PRODUCTION
IWO
Figure 1. Coal Consumption and Total Ash Production, by
U.S. Utilities, Millions of Tons. (2)
8
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plants will define the ash producing regions of the country. The geo-
graphical distribution of the major power stations in the United States
is shown in Figure 2 and a compilation of coal consumption by geographical
areas for 1971 is presented in Table I. A more detailed compilation of
electric utilities around the country and their coal requirements for 1970,
with projections for 1975 to 1980, is presented in Appendix I. From these
compilations it is apparent that the major concentration of ash production
is located in the large metropolitan areas presently served by electric
utilities using coal to generate power. The Middle Atlantic area, which
includes New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, and the East North
Central area, which includes Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and
Wisconsin consume the largest amounts of coal in the generation of electri-
cal energy. These are followed in order by the South Atlantic, East South
Central, West North Central, New England, and the mountain area. (6, 9)
Although the large utilities in the Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and
East South Central areas are in rather close proximity and, therefore,
afford coal ash availability, large areas still exist where coal ash is unavail-
able. Very little fly ash is available west of the Mississippi River, in the
New England area, and in parts of the South. Of the approximately 500 power
plants in the United States that burn coal, only about 200 consume over
400,000 tons of coal per year. However, these 200 power plants generate
approximately 90% of the total quantity of ash produced. (6, 9)
The chemical and physical characteristics of the coal ash will, to a large
extent, dictate the applications for which the ash can be used. Although
coal ash is a complex heterogeneous material, highly dependent on the
type of coal and combustion process used, it possesses common chemical
and physical characteristics. Coal ash is, primarily, an iron-aluminum-
silicate with additions of lime, magnesia, sulfur trioxide, sodium and
potassium oxides, and carbon. Traces of heavy metals are also found in
the coal ash. A high percent of the ash is in the glassy state. For any one
type of coal the chemical composition of the different ash fractions, fly ash,
bottom ash, and slag will be similar except that the bottom ash and slag
will have a lower carbon content. A schematic showing the concentration
range for the major constituents in the United States fly ash is shown in
Figure 3. A more detailed compilation of the chamical constituents in coal
ash is presented in Table II. The solubility of coal ash in distilled water
is presented in Table III. (1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13)
As stated, the resultant coal ash composition will be dictated by the
minerals incorporated in the particular, coal deposit. A listing of the
common minerals found in the United States coals is presented in Table
IV and a compilation of ash analysis for various United States coals is
presented in Appendix II.
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DENOTES POWER STATIONS WITH ANNUAL COAL
BURN EXCEEDING 400,000 TONS PER YEAR
Figure 2. Power Stations.
(6)
o
u
5C
4?
30
20
10
0
.1
"
-
.
'
'
r i xAverjje
Range 1 ff
(_ i
1
1
! ,
t * • * -
' -
-
•'
SiOj AI2°3 Fe2°3 Ca° M*° S03 N'2° Other Loss on
CONSTITUENT "ni"an
Figure 3. Range and Average of Analyses
of United States Fly Ashes/8'
10
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TABLE I
COAL BURNED BY U.S. UTILITIES, 1971, GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
(9)
Geographical Area
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Moutain
Pacific
TOTAL
Coal Burned
(Thousand Tons /Year)
2, 701
43, 869
119, 444
27, 898
65, 903
51, 565
10
15, 885
None
3Z7, 358
Percent
0. 8
13. 4
36. 5
8. 5
20. 1
15. 7
Negligible
4. 9
0
_ _ _ _
Geographic areas are as follows:
New England: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut.
Middle Atlantic: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania
East North Central: Ohio,Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin
West North Central: Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, SouthDakota, North Dakota.
South Atlantic: Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida.
East South Central: Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky.
West South Central: Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Oklahoma.
Moutain: New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho.
Pacific: California, Oregon, Washington.
NOTE: Western States rely heavily on hydroelectric power.
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TABLE II
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF COAL ASH
Constituents
Range
Average
Uranium (U) and
Thorium (Th)
*
Alkalies
0. 0 - 0. 1
Silica (SiO2) 20-60
Alumina (Al O,)
Ferric Oxide (Fe O.)
Calcium Oxide (CaO)
Magnesium Oxide (MgO)
Titanium Dioxide (TiO )
*
Potassium Oxide (K O)
#
Sodium Oxide (Na O)
b
Sulfur Trioxide (SO3)
Carbon (C)
Boron (B)
Phosphorus (P)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Zinc (Zn)
Copper (Cu)
Mercury (Hg)
10 - 35
5-35
1 -20
0.25 - 4
0. 5 -2.5
1. 0 - 4. 0
0. 4 - 1. 5
0. 1 - 12
0. 1 - 20
0. 01 - 0. 6
0. 01 - 0. 3
0. 01 - 0. 3
0. 01 - 0. 1
0. 01 - 0.2
0. 01 - 0. 1
0. 0 - 0. 02
48
26
15
5
2
1
2
1
2
4
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
trace
12
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TABLE III
COAL ASH SOLUBILITY IN DISTILLED WATER
(14)
Soluble Ions
Range (for 1-1. 7% dry solids)
Ca
++
Mg
SO,
K
+4-
BO
200-850 ppm
185-400 ppm
200-250 ppm
Trace
Trace
0-5 ppm
0-10 ppm
13
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TABLE IV
(8)
COMMON MINERALS IN U. S. COALS
Pyrite, marcasite - FeS
2
Chalcopyrite - CuFeS
£*
Arsenopyrite - (FeS • FeAs )
b Lt
Stibnite - Sb2S3
Gypsum - CaSO. • 2H_O
Calcite - CaCO3
Quartz - SiO
Lt
Siderite - FeCO,
(7)
Kaolinite -
Dolomite - CaMg(CO3)2
Apatite - Ca5(F, Cl, OH)(PO4)3
Mica - KA12 (Si,Al)3010(OH)2
14
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During combustion, the inorganic minerals in the coal are subjected
to furnace temperatures between Z500°F and 3100°F. At these
temperatures the minerals will react to form various silicates,
oxides, sulfates, and glassy phases which make up the coal ash. The
predominate crystal phases observed are mullite, quartz, hematite,
and calcium sulfate. The distribution range for these mineral phases
is compiled in Table V. (3,15)
Fly ash generally occurs as fine spherical particulates ranging in
diameter from 0. 5|a to 100(x , and having an average diameter of 7jj.
A profile of a typical fly ash particle size analysis is shown in Figure
4. The carbon phase is present in the fly ash as irregularly shaped
lace-like particles lOp. to 300fo. across. A general sieve analysis for
fly ash is presented in Table VI. Photomicrographs of fly ash samples
are shown in Figures 5a and b. (8,11,14,15,16,18,19)
The color of fly ash will range from light tan to gray to black depend-
ing on the iron and carbon content. As the carbon content increases,
the fly ash will go from gray to black, while increased iron content
tends to produce a tan color. The pH of the fly ash will vary from
6.5 to 11. 5 and will average about 11. The alkaline nature of the ash
enhances its use for neutralization of acidic soil and water. A
summary of the typical physical properties of fly ash is presented in
Table VII. (11)
The residue from the burning of coal recovered from the bottom of
a boiler unit occurs as either bottom ash or slag. In 1972, bottom ash
and slag accounted for 32% of the coal ash generated. The condition
of this residue will depend on the type of boiler: dry bottom or wet
bottom. The dry bottom boilers, which are more common among
the newer installations, burn pulverized coal and have open grates
at their base. Below the grate is an ash hopper which is generally
filled with water. The ash obtained from these types of units is
generally gray to black in color, quite angular, and has a porous
surface texture. In the wet bottom or slag tap boilers, which burn
both pulverized and crushed coal, the residual ash is tapped from
the bottom of the boiler unit, in the molten state, into the water-
filled ash hopper. The quenched slag is composed primarily of
black angular particles having a glassy appearance; in addition
some of the particles are rod shaped. The larger slag particles
have a somewhat porous texture and the very fine particles
are very glassy. A grain size distribution curve for various bottom
ash and slag samples is shown in Figure 6 and a comparison of the
grain size distribution curves for bottom ash and fly ash from a PC
unit is shown in Figure 7. A typical slag sieve analysis is given
in Table VIII. An average value for the specific gravity of bottom
ash and slag is 2.5. In general, boiler slags tend to have greater
specific gravities than dry bottom ash. However, it should be noted
15
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TABLE V
MINERAL PHASES FOUND IN COAL ASH(15)
Phase Percent
Quartz 0-4
Mullite 0-16
Magnetite 0-30
Hematite 1-8
Glass 50-90
16
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Fisure 4 (4)
FLYASH PARTICLE SIZE
ANALYSIS SUMMATION CURVE
APPALACHIAN
POWER CO.
FLYASH
15 20 25
DIAMETER IN MICRONS
17
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TABLE VI
TYPICAL FLY ASH SIEVE ANALYSIS*17*
MESH PERCENT
<60 1-2
60to 100 2-5
lOOto 150 2-4
150to200 4-8
>200 81-91
18
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Figure 5a. Photomicrograph of a Fly Ash Showing
Angular as well as Rounded Black Particles,
Spheroidal Glass and Minute Silica Grains. (15)
Figure 5b. Photomicrograph of Fly Ash Fraction
passing 44-p. Sieve Showing a Large
Proportion of Spheroidal Glass and some
Rounded Black Par tides. (15)
19
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TABLE VII
TYPICAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLY ASH
FROM PULVERIZED COAL FIRED PLANTS (3)
Constituent Range
Range of particle size microns 0. 5-100
Average percent passing No. 325
sieve (44(x) percent 60-90
Bulk density (compacted) Ib/cu feet 70-80
Specific gravity 2. 1-2.6
Specific area/gram cm /g 3,300-6,400
20
-------
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\
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-A —
0 1
TRS
I
I
0.
OS 0.01
I
,
6.005 0.0
MT ot cur
0
10
M
30 i
40 s
JO |
40 S
«
70 *
•0
to
100
01
Figure 6. Grain Size Distribution Curves for Selected Samples of
Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag. (20)
21
-------
100
•0
10
70
£ 60
5
30
20
10
0
50
U.S. STAND
6 4 3
I
I
1 1
!
i
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i
i i
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T*
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KNING IN INCHES U.S. STANDARD SIEVE NUMHRS HYDHOMtTM ""
It fc H 3 4 4 110 14 1« 20 30 40 50 70 WO 140 200
,^\
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\ v
\. y
\ ^
i i
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1
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— 1
1
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Bottom Ash A
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PK
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|3S3gSSS8S0
fff CCNT COAtSE* tY WEICMT
« 100 JO 10 i 1 O.J 0.1 O.OS 00 0005 (Tom"
GRAIN SIZE MUIMETMS 3 ' °°>
COULES
CUVIl
COAISf i IHl
SAND
1 co«m | «ww. 1 ««
ftltT Oft CUY
Figure 7. Grain Size Distribution Curves for Bottom Ash and Fly Ash
From the Fort Martin Power Station. (20)
-------
TABLE VIII
(4)
TYPICAL SLAG SIEVE ANALYSIS
MESH PERCENT
12-60
10 to 16 10-30
16 to 20 8-26
2 0 to 48 8-25
48 to 100 1-5
MOO 1-5
23
-------
that the chemical composition for any specific ash will dictate its
specific gravity and the iron content will have a major effect. A
compilation of specific gravities for several bottom ash and slag
samples is presented in Table IX. (15, 20)
Another fraction of coal ash of specific interest is comprised of the very
lightweight particles which float on the surface of the ash lagoon. These
lightweight particles, termed cenospheres, are carbon dioxide and
nitrogen-filled microspheres of silicate glass ranging in size from
20|i to 200|JL. The coherent nonporous shell is about 10% of the sphere
radius and the true particle density of the sphere ranges between
0. 4 g/cc and 0. 6 g/cc. The bulk density ranges between 0. 25 g/cc
andO. 40 g/cc. The collected cenospheres tend to be free of soluble matter
and have the following chemical composition;
SiO9 - 55 to 61%
£
Al O3 - 26 to 30%
Fe O - 4 to 10%
£» j
CaO - 0. 2 to 0. 6%
MgO - 1. 0 to 2. 0%
Na O & K O - 0. 5 to 4. 0%
£f £t
C - 0. 01 to 2. 0%
The cenospheres can be as much as 5 weight percent or 20 volume
percent of the fly ash generated. Because of its unique
characteristics the cenosphere fraction appears to have a considerable
utilization potential. (3,11,21)
The establishment of new and stricter air pollution regulations for
utilities may alter the types of coal ash produced in the next several
years. The various proposed desulfurization processes, coal
fractionation processesi and new designs for electric generating
facilities may result in coal ash and slag products that are considerably
different from those currently being produced. Many of the concepts
currently under investigation for the fractionation of coal to obtain
clean gas or liquid fuels, or the reconstitution of the coal to obtain
clean low ash coal will result in the production of slag or char
residues at the conversion facility rather than at the power plant.
In addition most of the proposed desulfurization processes and new
concepts for power generation facilities will result in a modified
coal ash at the power plant. Greater utilization of the lignite coal
deposits would also result in a modified coal ash composition.
24
-------
TABLE IX
(20)
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES FOR SELECTED BOTTOM ASHES AND SLAGS
Sample No. Specific Gravity
Bottom ash #1 2. 35
Bottom ash #2 2. 48
Bottom ash #3 2. 28
Bottom ash #4 2. 78
Bottom slag #1 2. 72
Bottom slag #2 2. 47
Bottom slag #3 2. 61
25
-------
Several processes have been developed for meeting the newly
established codes for control of SOj emissions from stationary
sources. Some of these processes completely alter the nature
of the collected fly ash and others add an additional
solid waste product to the steam generating process. A compilation
of the various SO, emission control systems and their effect on the
fly ash characteristics has been prepared by TVA and is presented
in Table X.
One expected type of modified fly ash is that resulting from the
injection of limestone or dolomite into boilers to fix gaseous sulfur
oxides as solid calcium and magnesium sulfates. Both dry and wet
collection processes are being developed. In the dry collection
method, gaseous sulfur oxides are absorbed on pulverized limestone
or dolomite, which is injected into the furnace above the flame
envelope, and collected with fly ash in the precipitators. In the wet
collection process, similar injection methods are used but the
precipitators are replaced by wet scrubber units, or by a water-
lime stone/dolomite wash mixture used with the scrubber unit. The
widespread use of these processes will result in significant increase
in the expected quantities of coal ash. The use of limestone or
dolomite injection processes can increase the ash generated by a
power plant by a minimum of 50%. At the present time wet limestone
or dolomite scrubbing appears to be one of the leading processes
for SO£ removal from stack gases. In the more recent designs
electrostatic precipitators are used before the scrubbing stage in order
to reduce erosion of the scrubber unit, and result in the generation
of two separate waste products: fly ash and calcium sulfate. For
purposes of comparison, the ash compositions generated by the
combustion of bituminous coal and lignite coal are compared with
the ashes obtained in the limestone and dolomite injection processes,
in Table XI. The impact of the limestone and dolomite processes
are difficult to assess since these processes are currently being
utilized primarily in pilot studies and conclusive information is not
yet available. However, with technological improvements and the
lower cost of this technique,versus other proposed sulfur control
processes, it is quite possible that large quantities of modified ash
may be produced in the future. It is important to note that the
chemistry of this modified ash is considerably different from bituminous
ash and it may not be appropriate for many of the same applications.
Disposal of this modified ash may also create new problems because
of the increased arsenic and mercury content reported in the sulfate
sludge, due to the scrubbing action. (3, 22,23, 24)
26
-------
TABLE X
CHANGES IN FLY ASH COMPOSITION RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF SO EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (22)
•W
to
-J
PROCESS
L Fly ash Characteristic* Unchanged
A. Catalytic Oxidation
1. Kiyoura
REACTANT
B.
C.
Z.
Monsanto
Dry SO, Absorption
1. Atomic* International
Hitachi
Reinluft
2.
3.
4.
Alkalized Alumina
U.S. Bureau of Mine*
5. Esso-Babcock fc Wilcox
6. Lignite Ash
7. DAP-Mn (Mitsubishi)
Wet SO2 Absorption
1. Sulfacid (Lurgi)
Vanadium, pentoxide
catalyst, ammonia
Vanadium, pentoxide
catalyst
Molten carbonate
Activated carbon
Activated charcoal
Alkalized alumina
Proprietary
Lignite ash. calcium
hydroxide
Manganese dioxide
Sulfuric acid
Table prepared by Tennessee Valley Authority
FLY ASH REMOVAL
MECHANISM
FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS
Dry hot electrostatic precipita tors (ESP) Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry hot electrostatic precipitators (ESP) Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry ESP (hot or standard)
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
-------
TABLE X (continued)
CHANGES IN FLY ASH COMPOSITION RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF SO2 EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (22)
to
00
PROCESS
IL Minor Changes to Fly ash Characteristics
A. Dry SO, Absorption
REACTANT
FLYASH REMOVAL MECHANISM
FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS
1.
GriUo
B. Wet SO2 Absorption
1. Showa Denka
2. Potassium Formate
(Consolidation Coal Co.)
Manganese dioxide.
manganese hydroxide
Ammonia
Potassium formate
Ionics Inc. , Stone & Webster
Inc. (Alkaline Scrubbing)
Sodium hydroxide
Fly ash collects in reactant bed and is separated
by decantation during regeneration of the
reactant
Alternatives:
1. Dry mechanical, ESP, or combination
of mechanical plus ESP preceding
scrubber
2. Wet scrubber
Alternatives:
1. Dry mechanical, ESP, or combination
of mechanical plus ESP preceding scrubber
Z. Wet scrubber
Alternative*:
1. Dry mechanical, ESP. or combination
of mechanical plus ESP preceding scrubber
Dry fly ash plus small quantities
reactant and products
Dry fly ash - characteristics
unchanged
Wet fly ash only (possibly small
quantities of reactants and
products also present)
Dry fly ash - characteristics
unchanged
Wet fly ash only (possibly small
quantities of reactants and products
also present)
Dry fly ash - characteristics
unchanged
-------
TABLE X (continued)
CHANGES IN FLY ASH COMPOSITION RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF SO_ EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (22)
PROCESS
REACTANTS FLY ASH REMOVAL MECHANISM
2. Wet Scrubber
FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS
Wet fly aah only (possibly small
quantities of reactants and products
alao present)
to
V£>
4. Sodium or Potassium
Sulfite Scrubbing
(Wellman-Lord)
Sodium sulfite or
potassium sulfite
Alternatives:
1. Dry mechanical. ESP. or
combination of mechanical
plus ESP preceding scrubber
Z. Wet scrubber
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
Wet fly ash only (possibly small
quantities of reactants and products
also present)
Fly ash Contains Significant
Reactants or Solid Diluents
A. Dry SO2 Absorption
1. Dry Limestone Injection Calcium carbonate or
magnesium carbonate
Dry mechanical. ESP. or combination Dry fly ash plus reactant. <™""<<;d J
of mechanical plus ESP
and deadburned limestone) and product*
2. Foster-Wheeler
(Chemical Dihydrate
Injection)
Calcium hydroxide
Dry mechanical, ESP, or combination of Dry fly ash plus reactants (unreacted
mechanical plus ESP <""» deadburned limestone) and product.
B. Wet SO2 Absorption
1. Chemico-Basic
Magnesium oxide
Wet scrubber
Wet fly ath reactants and products
-------
TABLE X (continued)
CHANGES IN FLY ASH COMPOSITION RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF SO EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (22)
PROCESS
REACTANT
FLY ASH REMOVAL MECHANISM
FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS
2. Lime/Limestone Wet
Scrubber
a. Limestone injection
into furnace
U)
O
(1) Limestone (or
dolomite)
scrubbing
pombustion
Engineering)
Calcium carbonate or
magnesium carbonate
Wet Scrubber
b. Limestone (or
dolomite) to scrubber
circuit
(1) Limestone (or
dolomite) Calcium carbonate or
scrubbing (TVA) magnesium carbonate
Alternatives:
1. Dry mechanical, ESP, or
combination of mechanical
plus ESP preceding scrubber
2. Wet Scrubber
Wet fly ash plus reactants (unreacted
and deadburned limestone or dolomite
and products
Dry fly ash - characteristics unchanged
(possibly small quantities of reactants
present as a result of boiler injections to
control boiler corrosion or improve
ESP efficiency)
Alternatives:
1. If first stage scrubber is used for
fly ash scrubbing only and is
discharged to a segregated pond:
Wet fly ash only1' 5,
-------
TABLE X (concluded)
CHANGES IN FLY ASH COMPOSITION RESULTING FROM OPERATION
OF SO EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEMS (ZZ)
REACTANT
FLY ASH MECHANISM
FLY ASH CHARACTERISTICS
2 . If first stage scrubber or pond i* used for
combined fly ash and SOg removal: Wet
fly ash plus reactants and unreacted lime -
stone4' B
NOTE:
1. Wet scrubbing often subjects the fly ash to very acidic scrubbing liquors which could leach out some of its alkaline components (e. g. Ca.
Mg. Na. K).
Z. Limestone wet scrubber reactant. can po.sibly include: CaO. Ca(OH)r CaSO3. CaSO4> MgO, Mg(OH)2> MgSOj, MgSO4 plus small
.quantities of other compounds and impurities.
3. Dry limestone injection reactant. can possibly include: Same a. for NOTE 2 except for less sulfite.. Also, if the a.h i. removed
dry (e.g. , not sluiced to a settling pond). Ca(OH>2 and Mg(OH)2will not be present.
4. Fly ash and solid diluents will exist in about equal quantities; exact ratio dependent on sulfur and a.h content of coal, stoichiometric
addition of limestone, etc.
5. Possibly small quantities of reactant. and product, also present a. a re.ult of additive, to control pH and to promote the dis.olution or
otherwise increase the effectiveness of the reactant.
-------
TABLE XI
COMPARISON OF ASH COMPOSITIONS''1
(24)
Constituent
SiO
A12°3
F62°3
TiO
L--
CaO
MgO
Na O
K2°
so3
C
HO onliiKI
V— ' OOJ.UU1
Li
Bituminous
Ash
49. 10
16.25
22.31
1. 09
4.48
1.00
0.05
1.42
0.73
2.21
B? R 1
LI ? -» 1
Lime Modified
Ash
30. 85
13.70
11. 59
0.68
33. 58
1.49
1. 12
0.71
2.20
1. 12
7? 11
LL. • 11
Dolomite Modified
Ash
30.81
12. 54
10.72
0.42
17. 90
14.77
0.72
0.99
8.09
1.76
Lignite
Ash
32.60
10.70
10.0
0.56
18. 00
7. 31
0.87
0.68
2.60
0. 11
8C.C.
• ob
Percent of Composition
32
-------
Another new type of ash which may be produced is that resulting
from the fluidized-bed, combustion process. Ash from this process
will be far less vitrified due to the lower operating temperatures,
which range between 1400 F and2100°F. Although the chemical
constituents of the ash from the fluidized-bed process will be similar
to the ash from pulverized coal burning units, the quantity of
unvitrified (crystalline) material will be greatly increased (Fe_O_,
quartz, and CaSO^) and the alkaline content may be higher. (3)
A number of pilot studies for the gasification or liquification of coal are
currently underway and it is anticipated that several of these processes
will be ready for full scale implementation by 1976 - 1977. The
conversion of coal to either gas or oil will result in the generation of
a residue consisting of some carbon (1-2%), the inorganic minerals
trapped in the coal, and precipitated sulfates. The liquification process
produces a filter cake residue of inorganic minerals and the fluidized
bed gasification process generates a powder waste resulting from the
overflow of the bed. This powder waste will contain the fluid media,
the coal residue, and in some cases precipitated calcium sulfate
when limestone is added to the bed media. In the higher temperature
gasification processes the residue will be a glassy slag. The chemical
compositions for these various residues have not yet been established.
However, as these processes approach implementation the residues
will have to be completely characterized and applications for these
materials developed. (25, 26)
33
-------
COAL ASH UTILIZATION
Utilization of coal ash has been quite limited to date, however,
there has been a trend toward increased usage in the past few years.
A comparison of ash production versus ash utilization from 1966 to 1972
is compiled in Table XII. A detailed breakdown of the uses for coal
ash in 1972 is compiled in Table XIII. A breakdown of coal ash
utilization from 1969 to 1971 is presented in Appendix III. From
Table XIII it can be seen that the major use for coal ash is as
mineral fill material for roads and other construction projects. It
is also quite apparent that significant quantities of coal ash are
removed by private individuals from the power plant at no cost to the
utility. It is surmised that much of the coal ash removed is used
in the various applications listed under the miscellaneous category
of Table XIII. A partial listing for the known uses of ash removed
at no cost to the utility was compiled by Edison Electric Institute
and is presented in Table XIV. (2, 27)
For comparative purposes a compilation of European ash utilization
for 1971 is presented in Table XV and Table XVI. Average European
usage of bituminous coal ash for 1972 was 26. 7% and average usage
of lignite coal ash for 1972 was 4. 6%. In a number of European
countries (Belgium, France, Poland, Finland, United Kingdom, and
West Germany) use of bituminous coal ash is very high {50% or
higher). Except for France, effective utilization of lignite ash is not
wide spread in the European countries even though considerable
quantities of lignite ash are produced (36, 353, 000 tons in 1971). (28, 35)
Yearly fluctuations in the quantities of coal ash used (see Appendix III)
in the various applications would suggest that meaningful trends have
not been well established; thus valid projections for future consump-
tion are difficult to make at this time. However, appreciable
quantities of coal ash are being used on a consistent basis as a fill
material for roads, construction sites, land reclamation, etc. In
addition increased quantities of coal ash are being used as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete and concrete products. Fly
ash and boiler slag are also being used to an appreciable extent for
road base stabilization and as filler in asphalt. Boiler slag is
particularly noted for increasing the skid resistance of asphalt
pavement. The use of coal ash, as a raw material, in the manufacture
of Portland cement is another application where usage has increased
in the past several years. Recent research results would indicate
that large quantities of coal ash could also be effectively used for
agriculture and land reclamation products. The use of coal ash for
lightweight aggregate initially looked very promising; however, in the
last few years its use has decreased. The estimated potential
utilization of coal ash for selected applications has been compiled by
the Aerospace Corporation and is presented in Table XVII.(2, 3, 6, 8,
10, 20, 27, 29, 32, 34, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44)
34
-------
TABLE XII
COMPARATIVE ASH UTILIZATION, 1966 THROUGH 1972 (2» 3»
Produced (tone]
Fly Ash
Bottom Ash
Boiler Slag
TOTAL
Total Utilized
Percent
Fly Ash
Bottom Ash
Boiler Slag
1 1966
17, 123. 144
8,065,683
25. 188,827
3,050,669
12. 11%
7.9%
2 1. 0%
1967
18, 409, 854
9, 131,453
27,541,307
3,794,714
13. 78%
8.2%
25.0%
1968
19,813.747
7,259,212
2, 554. 569
29,627.528
5, 194.016
17. 53%
9.6%
2 5. 0%
57 a%
1969
22, 304,513
8,042,017
3. 02 0, 2 82
33. 366.812
5, 306, 764
15. 90%
9.6%
2 5. 0%
57. 8%
1970
26,538,019
9,890,951
2, 801,475
39,230,445
5,095,659
13%
8. 13%
18. 63%
39. 06%
1971
27,751.054
10. 058. 967
4, 970. 786
42,780,807
8,603,720
20%
11.7%
16. 03%
75.21%
1972
31,808,065
10,672.860
3,781,660
46,262,585
7,575,503
16. 3%
1 1. 4%
24. 3%
35.3%
Ot
-------
TABLE XIII
u>
o\
ASH UTILIZATION FOR 1972 (2?)
TONS
Applications
I. Cement
A. In type 1-P cement
(As a pozzolan mixed
with cement)
B. As a raw material for
cement clinker
C. Partial replacement of cement
1. concrete products (block etc. )
2. structural concrete
3. mass concrete-dams,
II. Road base stabilization
III. Lightweight aggregate
IV. Fill material for roads, construction,
etc.
V. Filler in asphalt mix
VI. No cost removal from utility
VII. Miscellaneous
Oil well cementing
Mine fire control
Mine subsidence control
Unclassified
Fly Ash
72, 201
116, 178
143, 112
301, 689
67, 880
153,629
133, 901
584, 860
139, 937
1,495, 156
426, 737
75, 872
310, 282
Bottom Ash
30,248
22,678
24,648
23, 521
750, 660
14, 634
814, 336
921, 193
457,558
Boiler Slag
110, 000
4,683
477,293
43,431
1,235
701, 663
336, 326
-------
TABLE XIII(cont. )
OJ
ASH UTILIZATION FOR 1972
TONS
(27)
Application
Fly Ash
Bottom Ash
Boiler Slag
VII. Miscellaneous (cont)
An abrasive for cleaning
Spontaneous combustion control
Highway bridges
Test caps
Refractory add mix
Insulating cement
Grouting
Snow sanding
Pipe coating
Foundaries
sand
manufacturer products
Chemical products
Poz-O-Pac
Sewage treatment plants (filtration)
Substrate courses (heavy construction)
Ready mix
Oil Well drilling
Industrial testing
Vanadium recovery
Ice control
Outdoor school tracks
Asphalt shingles
Sandblasting grit
1,637
12, 000
465
581
1, 301
93,777
60, 089
ZO, 754
28, 913
34, 000
84, 336
120, 337
-------
TABLE XHI(concluded)
u>
CO
Application
VII. Miscellaneous (cent)
Dike repair and buildings
Drainage filter
Aggregate
Landfill
Agriculture
Dust control
Seal coating
Roofing Granules
Railroad base
ASH UTILIZATION FOR
TONS
Fly Ash
25, 900
Bottom Ash
121, 500
139, 716
26,248
250
Boiler Slag
40, 738
300
46, 255
10, 358
-------
TABLE XIV
KNOWN USES FOR ASH REMOVED FROM(2?)
PLANT AT NO COST TO UTILITY
IN 1972
TONS
Fly Ash Bottom Ash Boiler Slag
Anti-skid material 9, 333 178,654
Landfill 197, 779 34, 056
Mine Fire Control 32, 558
Poz - O -Pac 4, 000
Vanadium Recovery 642
Building Blocks and Fill Material 13, 630
Foundation 225
Cement Raw Material 55, 972 3, 000
Mine Refuse Filler and Conditioner 2, 070 49, 788
Lightweight Aggregate 770
Agriculture Experiments 12
TOTAL KNOWN USES - TONS 301,724 280,540 225
39
-------
TABLE XV
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ASH FROM HARD COAL (FLY ASH
HEARTH ASH, MOLTEN ASH) IN 1971 (28)
Country
Europe:
Austria. . .
Belgium2
Cyprus
Federal Republic
of Germany. .
Finland
France
Greece
Italy3
Luxembourg . . .
Malta
Netherlands . . .
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Switzerland. . . .
Turkey
U.S.S.R
United Kingdom5
Total
United States of
America
Grand total . .
Percent of total . . .
Produc-
tion,1
1,000 tons
2.7
603.9
NAp
6,500
153
4,185
NAp
210
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
4,971
5 80
1,040
NAp
200
31,600
10370
59,915.6
.42JSJ
102,702.6 •
NAp
Commercial utilization. 1.000 tons
Cement (addition
or replacement of
hydraulic binder)
NAp
NAp
NAp
250
NAp
681
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
165
NAp
5
NAp
NAp
150
126
1.377
17
1,394
5.7
Cement
kilns
NAp
NAp
NAp
50
NAp
246
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
12
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
29
337
J3S
585
2.4
Roads
NAp
146.1
NAp
310
1
1,497
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
22
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
3,183
5,159.1
350
5,509.1
22.6
Cellular
concrete
NAp
5
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
711
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
50
467
1,233
NAo
1,233
5
Compacted concrete
Blocks
NAp
2
NAp
NAp
NAp
96
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
45g
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
90
736
1,382
304
1,686
65
Prepared
concrete
NAp
NAp
2,050
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
315
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
11
2,376
185
2,561
10.5
Dams
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
3
71
74
03
Light-
weight
aggregate
NAp
5
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
244
249
193
442
1.8
Bricks
NAp
73
NAp
NAp
NAp
11
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
40
28
152
NAp
152
0.6
FQler on
construc-
tion sites
NAp
I 18.2
NAp
1,885
78
136
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
(4)
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
498
2,615.2
4^42
6,957.2
28.6
Miscel-
laneous
NAp
17
NAp
650
NAp
58
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
19
NAp
1
NAp
NAp
120
NAp
865
2.894
3,759
15.6
Total
NAp
2263
NAp
5,195
79
2,725
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
1,702
NAp
6
NAp
NAp
450
5,560
15,748.3
8,604
243523
100
Production
used,
percent
NAp
44.2
NAp
79.19
51.6
65.1
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
34.2
NAp
.6
NAp
NAp
1.4
53.6
26.7
20.1
23.9
NAp
NAp-Not applicable or not available.
'Total output of ash from pulverized-coal-fired boilers calculated on the basis of the ash conrtui
Partial figures.
'Figures only for ENEL (Ente Nazionale per Energia Elettrica).
* Hearth ash used for leveling uneven ground is not recorded.
5 Anthracite.
tne coai.
-------
TABLE XVI
PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF ASH FROM LIGNITE (FLY ASH,
HEARTH ASH, MOLTEN ASH) IN 1971 (28)
Country
Europe:
Austria
Bc'"ium .......
Cyprus
Federal Republic
of Germany . .
Finland
France
Greece
Italy2
Luxembourg ....
Malta
Netherlands ....
Norway
Poland''
Portugal
Romania
Swit/crland
Turkey
U S S.R.3
United Kingdom .
Total
United States of
America
Grand total. . .
Percent of total ....
Produc-
tion,1
1,000 tons
633
NAp
NAp
6,000
NAp
376
1,400
400
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
3,797
NAp
2,780
NAp
167
20.800
NAr>
36,353
449
36,802
NAp
Commercial utilization, 1 ,000 tons .
Cement (addition
or replacement of
hydraulic binder)
16.8
NAp
NAp
10
NAp
100
NAp
1
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
16
NAp
NAp
100
NAD
242.8
NAp
242.8
14.5
Cement
kilns
NAp
NAp
NAp
100
NAp
6
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
106
NAp
106
6.3
Roads
NAp
NAp
NAp
150
NAp
6
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
24
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
180
15.6
195.6
11.7
Cellular
concrete
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
50
NAp
NAp
2
NAo
52
NAp
52
3.1
Compacted concrete
i
Blocks
1.5
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
32
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
33.5
NAp_
33.5
2.0
Prepared
concrete
NAp
NAo
NAp
10
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
10
2.2
12.2
0.7
Dams
2.0
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
43
NAp
NAp
45
NAp
45
2.7
light-
weight
aggregate
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
Bricks
17.5
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAo
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
2
NAp
NAp
110
NAp
129.5
NAji
129.5
7.7
Filler on
construc-
tion sites
30.1
NAp
NAp
150
NAp
NAp
NAp
8
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
188.1
NAp
188.1
11.2
Miscel-
laneous
0.8
NAp
NAp
80
NAp
NAp
NAp
2
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
80
NAp
18
NAp
3
490
NAp
671.1
.4
671.5
40.1
Total
68.7
NAp
NAp
500
NAp
112
NAp
10
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
136
NAp
86
NAp
43.3
702
NAo
1,658.0
18.2
1,676.2
100
Produc-
tion used,
percent
10.8
NAp
NAp
S.3
NAp
29.8
NAp
2.5
NAp
NAp
NAp
NAp
3.6
NAp
3.1
NAp
25.9
3.4
NAn
4.6
4.1
4.6
NAp
NAp-Not applicable or not available.
1 Total output of ash from pulvcrized-coal-fired boilers calculated on the basis of the ash content of the coal.
2 Figures only for EN EL (Ente Nazionale per Energia Elettrica).
Including bituminous shale.
-------
TABLE XVII
ESTIMATED ASH UTILIZATION POTENTIAL
(6)
Uses
Fly ash concret
(s true tural, mas
and concrete
products)
Lightweight
aggregate
Raw material fc
cement clinker
Bricks
Maximum
Utilization
Tech. Feasible
e
s
10-15
13
>r
13
10
Filler in bituminous
products
1-2
Base stabilizer for roads
AP*
Agriculture and la-nd
recovery AP*
Control of mine
subsidence and fires ^ 1
Structural fill for roads
1970
Utilization
0. 54
0.21
0. 16
0. 13
0. 11
0.01
construction sites, land
reclamation, etc. AP
Others
Total (million tons /year)
0. 32
0. 16
1.64
Estimated
Utilization
Current
Conditions
3. 5
0.5
0. 25
0. 75
0. 3
0.75
0.6
0.25
6.9
Potential
Improved
Utilization
6. 0
3. 0
>10. 0
> 1. 0
—
—
*
AP - annual production
42
-------
Effective utilization of coal ash requires that the ash materials
satisfy the technical specifications for the application and be
economically competitive. Transportation of the coal ash, to the
site for its use, is a major factor of economic concern. Ideally,
any production or utilization process should be located close to the
source of raw material; that is at the powerplant. However, this is
not always possible. Using trucks, fly ash can be removed from a
utility at an average cost of $0. 06 per ton/mile (ZO to 30 tons per
truck). For short hauls, an extra charge of $1. 00 for loading and
$1. 00 for unloading will be incurred. Furthermore, trucks can be
expected to operate with maximum economies only to a range of
about 150 miles. This enables the trucker to get to his destination,
unload and return in the same day, avoiding any overtime for stay-
over.
When fly ash is used in cement and concrete applications, it is
competing with the natural raw materials and cement industry
products and its utilization is hampered by the fact that freight
rates for shipping fly ash are 20% higher then for the natural
products. This is because of tariffs that give an advantage to natural
or virgin materials over secondary materials.
The literature describing current coal ash applications as well as
research and pilot studies of potential applications is quite extensive.
A compilation of the pertinent literature for each of the various
applications and potential applications is presented in Table XVIII.
It is anticipated that significant markets of tomorrow will be generated
from the more imaginative research and pilot programs currently
under investigation. Initial evaluation would suggest that among the
current applications greater coal ash utilization should be achieved in
the production of fly ash concrete and portland cement clinker, over
120 million_ tons of raw materials are utilized in the annual production
of cement products, indicating a very large potential market for coal
ash.
43
-------
TABLE XVIII
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COAL ASH APPLICATIONS
Application Reference
I. Cement and Concrete
A. As a pozzalan 7,11,12,33,50,51
B. Mixed with Portland Cement 3, 32, 33, 52, 53, 54
C. Partial Replacement of Portland Cement 3,10,12,32,33
1. concrete products (block, etc.) 48,55
2. structural concrete 15, 31, 56
3. massive concrete 34,56
D. As a Raw Material for Cement Clinker 3,6,11
II. Lightweight Aggregate 3, 5,10,12,16, 22, 50, 56
in. Road Base and Soil Stabilization 3, 5,10,11,12, 20, 22, 30
37,39,56.66
IV. Fill for Roads and Other Construction
(embankments, etc.) 3,10,11,19,20,35,36,56,57
V. Fill for Asphalt 3,10,20,56
VI. Research and Pilot Applications 29
A. Brick 3,10,11.49,56,58,59,73,74,75,77,80,81
B. Mineral Wool 11,12,22,24,72,76,78
C. Control of Oil Spills 3,11
D. Aerated or Gas Concrete Block 3,10,11,12,54
E. Metal Oxide Recovery 10,40
F. Anti-Skid Filler for Tires 11,20
G. Ice Control 12
H. Anti-Skid Filler for Asphalt Road Paving 3,11,20
I . Use of Cenospheres
1. replace glass microspheres 11,21
2. oil well cement 60
3. catalyst for petroleum 12
4. coolant 12
5. thermal insulation 3, 21
J. Mining
1. control of mine fires 10,11,12
2. control of acid mine drainage 3,10,11,12,22,56
3. reduction of mine subsidence
(fill for abandoned mines) 11.12, 49,61
4. recovery of mine spoilage 10,12,17,42,47,56
44
-------
TABLE XVIII
(concluded)
Application Reference
K. Paving Material from Mixture of
Ash and Sulfate Sludge 10, 38, 62, 63
L. Treating Polluted Water 11,12,13, 22, 56, 64, 65
M. Aid in Treatment of Sludges 5,56,64, 67, 68, 69
N. Agricultural 11,13,41,42,43,46,70,71
O. Sanitary Land Fill Cover 44
45
-------
REFERENCES
1. Faber, J.H. and Meikle, P.G., "Use and Disposal of Fly Ash",
presented at the Association of Rural Electric Generating
Cooperatives, Annual Plant Operators Conference, Lexington,
Ky., June, 1970.
2. Brackett, C. E., "Production and Utilization of Ash in the United
States", Presented at the Third International Ash Utilization
Symposium, Pittsburgh, Pa., March, 1973.
3. Faber, J.H., et al., "Fly Ash Utilization", IC8488, Bureau of
Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1970.
4. Cockrell, C. F., et al. , "Production of Fly Ash-Based Structural
Materials", Office of Coal Research; R. and D. Report No. 69,
Contract No. 14-01-0001-488, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Washington, D. C., 1972.
5. Gartrell, F.E., Barber, J. C., "Environmental Protection -
TVA Experience", Journal of the Sanitary Engineering,Division
Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, SAL
1321-1333, December, 1970.
6. Rossoff, J., et al., "Technical and Economic Factors Associated
with Fly Ash Utilization", Report TOR-0059 (6781)-!, Office of
Corporate Planning, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo,
California, July, 1971.
7. Hyland, E. J., "Factors Affecting Pozzolan Marketing", Pre-
sented at the Third International Ash Utilization Symposium,
Pittsburgh, Pa., March, 1973.
8. Capp, J. P., and Spencer, J. D., "Fly Ash Utilization - A
Summary of Applications and Technology", Information Circular
8433, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1970.
9. Anonymous, "Utility Directory, Keystone Coal Industry Manual1,1
1971.
10. Covey, J. N. and Faber, J. H., "Ash Utilization - Views on
Growth Industry", Proceedings of the Third Mineral Waste
Utilization Symposium, U.S. Bureau of Mines and Illinois
Institute of Technology Research Institute, March, 1972.
46
-------
11. Anonymous, "Ash at Work", Published by the National Ash
Association, Washington, D. C., (Vol. I, 1969; Vol. IV, 1972).
12. Faber, J.H. and Meikle, P. G., "Ash Utilization Techniques
Present and Future", Proceedings of the Second Mineral Waste
Utilization Symposium, U.S. Bureau of Mines and Illinois
Institute of Technology Research Institute, March, 1970.
13. Anonymous, "Fly Ash Still Piling-Up", Chemical Engineering,
April 20, 1970.
14. Rohrman, F. A., "Analyzing the Effect of Fly Ash on Water
Pollution", Power, August, 1971.
15. Rehsi, S.S., "Studies on Indian Fly Ashes and their Use in
Structural Concrete", Presented at the Third International Ash
Utilization Symposium, Pittsburgh, Pa., March, 1973.
16. Minnick, J. L. and Corson, W.H., "Fly Ash: Now Meets Light-
weight Aggregate Specifications", Brick and Clay Record,
April, 1965.
17. Adams, L. M., et al., "Reclamation of Acidic Coal-Mine Spoil
with Fly Ash", Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 7504,
U.S. Department of the Interior, April, 1971.
18. Humphreys, K. K. and Lawrence, W.F., "Production of
Mineral Wool Insulating Fibers from Coal Ash Slag and other
Derived Waste Materials", Proceedings of the Second Mineral
Waste Utilization Symposium, U.S. Bureau of Mines and Illinois
Institute of Technology Research Institute, March, 1970.
19. Gray, D.H., and Lin, Y. K., "Engineering Properties of
Compacted Fly Ash", Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Found-
ations Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil
Engineers, SM4. April, 1972, pp. 361-380.
20. Moulton, L., "Bottom Ash and Boiler Slag", Presented at the
Third International Ash Utilization Symposium, Pittsburgh,
Pa., March, 1973,
21. Pedlow, J.W., "Cenospheres", Ibid.
22. Anonymous, "Sulfur Oxide Control and Fly Ash Utilization - A
Progress Report", National Ash Association, Report No. 1-71,
Washington, D. C.
47
-------
23. Cockrell, C. F. , et al., "The Application of Flotation for
Recovery of Calcium Constituents from Limestone Modified
Fly Ash", Report No. 59, Coal Research Bureau, West
Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
24. Cockrell, C. F., et al., "Characterization and Utilization Studies
on Limestone Modified Fly Ash", Report No. 60, Coal Research
Bureau, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
25. Anonymous, "Office of Coal Research Annual Report", Office
of Coal Research, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1972.
26. Miller, C. L., U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Coal
Research, Washington, D. C., Private Communication,
March, 1973.
27. Brackett, C. E., Vice President, Southern Electric Generating
Company, Private Communication, March, 1973.
28. Rechert, W.W., "Activities of the Economic Commission for
Europe in the Field of Ash Utilization", Presented at the Third
International Ash Utilization Symposium, Pittsburgh, Pa. ,
March, 1973.
29. Slonaker, J. E. and Leonard, J. W., "Review of Current
Research on Coal Ash in the United States", Ibid.
30. Minnick, J. L., "Multiple By-Product Utilization", Ibid.
31. Guida, K., "The Uses of Fly Ash in a Ferro-Cement Mix
Design", Ibid.
32. Mielenz, R. C., "Specifications and Methods of Using Fly Ash
In Portland-Cement Concrete", Ibid.
33. Tonewell, C. E., "Portland-Pozzolan Cement", Ibid.
34. Elfert, R. J., "Bureau of Reclamation Experiences with Fly
Ash and Other Pozzolans in Concrete", Ibid.
35. Smith, P. H., "Large Tonnage Uses of PFA in England and
Other European Countries", Ibid.
36. Lamb, W.D., "Ash Disposal in Dams, Mounds, Structural
Fills, and Retaining Walls", Ibid.
48
-------
37. Barenberg, E.J., "Utilization of Ash in Stabilized Base
Construction", Ibid.
38. Brink, R.H., "Use of Waste Sulfate on Transpo '72 Parking
Lot", Ibid.
39. Blocker, M. V., et al., "Marketing Power Plant Aggregates as
Road Base Material", Ibid.
40. Nowak, Z.N.I., "Iron and Alumina Extraction from Power
Plant Fly Ash in Poland", Ibid.
41. Barber, E.G., "Land Reclamation and Environmental Benefits
of Ash Utilization ", Ibid.
42. Capp, J. P. ,and Gillmore, D. W., "Soil-Making Potential of
Power Plant Fly Ash in Mixed-Land Reclamation", Ibid.
43. Martens, D. C., and Plank, C. I., "Basic Soil Benefits from
Ash Utilization", Ibid.
44. Zaltaman, R., "Sanitary Reclamation of Refuse Dumps", Ibid.
45. Jackson, J., "Total Utilization of Fly Ash", Proceedings of
the Third Mineral Waste Utilization Symposium, U«S. Bureau
of Mines and Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute
March, 1972.
46. Amos, D. F., and Wright, J. D., "The Effect of Fly Ash on
Soil Physical Characteristics", Ibid.
47. Adams, L.M«, et al., "Coal Mine Spoil and Refuse Bank
Reclamation with Powerplant Fly Ash", Ibid.
48. Hyland, E. J., "Practical Use of Fly Ash in Concrete",
Construction Specifier, March, 1971.
49. Shafer, H. E., "Fly Ash Brick Could Cut Fuel Costs 2 cents/
million BTU", Electric Word, January, 1967.
50. Minnick, J. L., "Structural Compositions Prepared From
Inorganic Waste Products", Presented at the Annual Meeting
of the American Association of State Highway Officials, Miami
Beach, Florida, December, 1971.
49
-------
51. Barenberg, E. J. , "Lime-Fly Ash-Aggregate Mixtures in
Pavement Construction", NAA Report- Ash at Work- Process
and Technical Data - National Ash Association Inc., Washington,
B.C.
52. Kalousek, G. L., et al., "Concrete for Long-Time Service in
Sulfate Environment", Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 2,
(79-89), 1972.
53. Smith, P. H., "Basemix Cement-Bound PFA", Presented at the
National Ash Association Annual Technical Meeting, November, 1971.
54. Stearn, E.W. , "Fly Ash Stimulates Symposium with Versatility
and Abundance", Rock Products, May, 1970.
55. Hester, J. A., "Study of Fly Ash as a Material for Use in
Concrete", Alabama Highway Research, HPR, Report No. 51,
Alabama Highway Department, June, 1970.
56. Anonymous, "Fly Ash Utilization Climbing Steadily",
Environmental Science and Technology, March, 1970.
57. DiGioria, A.M., and Nuzzo, W. L., "Fly Ash as a Structural
Fill", Presented at the ASME-IEEE Joint Power Generation
Conference - Preprint JPG-70-9, September, 1970.
58. Raymond, S., Smith, P. H., "Shear Strength, Settlement and
Compaction Characteristics of Pulverised Fuel Ash", Civil
Engineering and Public Works Review, 61, (722), 1107-1113,
September, 1966.
59. Anonymous, "Putting Fly Ash to Work", Coal Age, February, 1971.
60. Bierderman, E.W., "Lightweight Cements for Oil Wells",
U.S. Patent 3,669,701 June 13, 1972.
61. Murphy, E.M., et al., "Use of Fly Ash for Remote Filling
of Underground Cavities and Passageways", Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations 7504, U.S. Department of the Interior,
April, 1971.
62. Anonymous, "Transpo '72 Parking Lot Paved with Experimental
Waste Mix", Roads and Streets, June, 1972.
63. Anonymous, "Pavement Made of Industrial Wastes, A Highlight
at Transportation Show", Engineering News Record, April 6, 1972.
50
-------
64. Eye, J. D. , and Basu, T. K., "The Use of Fly Ash in Waste
Water Treatment and Sludge Conditioning", Journal WPCF,
42, (5) Part 2, R125-R135, May, 1970.
65. Anonymous, "Air Pollutant Cleans a Lake", The American
City, January, 1969.
66. Gray, D.H., "The Properties of Compacted Sewage Ash",
Journal of the Soil Mechanics Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, SMZ, March, 1970.
67. Moehle, F. W., "Fly Ash Aids in Sludge Disposal", Environmen-
tal Science and Technology, 1, (5) 374-379, 1967.
68. Tenney, M.W., and Cole, T. F., "The Use of Fly Ash in
Conditioning Biological Sludges for Vacuum Filtration", Journal
WPCF, 40, (8) Part 2. R281-R301, August. 1968.
69. Gerlich, J.W., "Fly Ash as a Filter Aid", Power Engineering,
January, 1970.
70. Mulford, F.R., Martens, D. C., "Response of Alfalfa to Boron
in Fly Ash", Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,35
(2), March-April, 1971.
71. Martens, D. C., "Availability of .Plant Nutrients in Fly Ash",
Compost Science, 12(6), November-December, 1971.
72. Humphrey, K. K., et al., "A Promising Possibility:Production
of Mineral Wool from Coal Ash Sludge", Report No. 20, Coal
Research Bureau-West Virginia University, Morgantown,
W.Va.
73. Humphrey, K.K., et al., "Status Report on Bricks from Fly
Ash", Report No. 29, Coal Research Bureau- West Virginia
University, Morgantown, W. Va.
74. Shafer, H.E., et al., "A New and Low Cost Method for Making
Structural Materials from Problem Fly Ashes and from Fly
Ashes Likely to Originate from Certain Potential Air Pollution
Control Processes", Report No. 34, Coal Research Bureau-
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
75. Humphreys, K. K., "An Economic Evaluation of the WVU-OCR
Process for Producing Fly Ash- Based Structural Materials1,1,
Report No. 36, Coal Research Bureau- West Virginia Univer-
sity, Morgantown, W. Va.
51
-------
76. Cockrell, C. F., et al., "Exploratory Studies on New Product
and Process Potential of Power Plant Wastes Originating from
Limestone Based Air Pollution Control Processes", Report
No. 39i Coal Research Bureau - West Virginia University,
Morgantown, W. Va.
77. Cockrell, C. F., et al., A Technical Evaluation of the WVU-
OCR Process for Producing Fly Ash-Based Structural Materials",
Report No. 40, Coal Research Bureau - West Virginia University,
Morgantown, W. Va.
78. Humphreys, K. K., et al., "Production of Mineral Wool
Insulating Fibers from Coal Ash Slag and Other Coal Derived
Waste Materials", Report No. 53, Coal Research Bureau -
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
79. Muter, R. B., et al.,'Application of Thermo gravimetric
Analysis to a Study of the Degree of Carbonation and
Emulsion Addition During Agglomerate Flotation of Limestone
Modified Fly Ash", Report No. 54, Coal Research Bureau-
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
80. Humphreys, K. K., et al., "Economic Factors Affecting the
Production of Brick, Block, and Other Structural Products
from Fly Ash", Report No. 55, Coal Research Bureau -
West Virginia University, Morgantown, W.Va.
81. Cockrell, C. F., et al., "Application of Simplex Sum Evolu-
tionary Operation to the Utilization of Coal Ash for Structural
Products", Report No. 58, Coal Research Bureau - West
Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
82. Abernathy, R. F., et al., "Major Ash Constituents in U.S.
Coals", RI-7240, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the
Interior, 1969.
52
-------
APPENDIX I
1970 Regional Fuel Use By Selected Electric Utilities
With Projected Use For 1971 Through 1975 and 1980
(9)
(Thousands of Coal Equivalent Tors)
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1980
NEW ENGLAND
Connecticut
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1980
Connecticut Lt. & Powi;r Co.
Coal 2,003 1,110 0
Oil 525 1,640 2,800
Hartford Elec. Lt. Co.
Coal 100 8 0
Oil 1,750 1,620 1,500
Gas » 4 2
United Illuminating Co.
Oil 2,520 1,800 1,770
Wallingford Dept. Pub. Util.
Coal 20 20 20
00
3,400 3,000
00
1,580 1,500
00
1,910 1,950
20 20
0 —
3,000 —
2,720 —
20 20
Maine
Bango- Hydro-Electric
Oil 156
Massachusetts
106 106 106 106 106 106
Fitchhurg Gas & Elec. Lt. Co.
Oil 104 104
G.IS 26 26
Holyoke Water Power Co.
Coal 146 —
Oil 290 440
M on la up Elec. Co.
Oil 750 750
New England Gas Si Elec. Assn.
Coal 3 0
Oil 1,250 1,590 1,527
Gas 138 157
Western Massachusetts Elec. Co.
Coal 362 63 —
Oil 310 420 350
New Hampshire
Public Scrv. Co. of New Hampshire
Coal 1,041 1,049 1,025
Oil 675 698 631
Rhode Island
Hlacksione Valley Elee. Co.
Oil 39 18 18
Gas 477
MIfl-ATLANTIC
New Jersey
Jersey Central Power & Lt. Co.
Coal 10 0 0
Oil 1,043 1,138 1,156
Gas 160 116 67
New jersey Pwr. & Lt. Co.
dial 266 22 0
Oil 3 251 341
Gas 96 104 20
Public Scrv. Elec. & Gas
Coal 3,694 3,876 4,014
Oi! 7,345 7,680 7,004
Gas 1,365 1,200 800
Vinelahd Electric Util.
Coal 65 50 50
Oil 90 120 135
5
15
250
750
0
,527
154
5
15
250
750
0
1,492
152
5
15
240
750
0
1,460
150
5
15
—
750
0
1,950
150
0
10
—
—
0
3.000
150
400 300 — —
1,015
525
16
7
935
852
1,013 1.000
1,333 2,000
0 0
1,095 1,037
59 59
0
323
20
0
306
20
0
982
59
0
280
20
0
930
59
0
275
20
3,882 4,096
5,211 6,014
400 400
50 —
150 —
3,720 3.393
5,985 5,304
1,200 4,423
Mew York
Central Hudson Gas & Elec.
Coal 750 88
Oil 354 1.34.1 1.442 I ,K99
Gas 105 15 15 30
Con Edison Co. of N.Y. Inc.
Coal 2,688 1 ,460
Oil 9,912 10,121 10,321 10.453
Gas 3,899 2,760 2,622 2,418
New York Stale Elec. & Gas Corp.
Coal 3,250 3,390 3,103
Orange & Rockland Util. Inc.
Coal 124 290 — —
Oil 485 330 683 1,358
Gas . 496 379 319 320
Rochester Gas & Elec. Corp.
Coal 1,100 958 800 897
Oil 22 11 126 146
Gas 13 30 31 32
Pennsylvania
Allegheny Power Service Corp.
West Penn Power
Monongahela Power
Potomac Edison
Coal 10.185 10,400 11,500 12,300
Duquesne Light Co.
Coal 4,977
Oil 6
Metropolitan Edison Co.
Coal 1,859
Pennsylvania Pwr. & Ll. Co.
Coal 5,807
Oil 77
Pennsylvania State Univ.
Coal 70
Oil I
Gas 6
Philadelphia Elec. Co.
Coal* 2,825
Oil" 5,865
Gas 279
° Includes share of Jointly owned Plants.
EAST NORTH CENTRAL
Illinois
2,765 2,7f,5 3.200
30 30 30
230 — — — —
8,995 9.179 10,047
2,231 2,142 1,737
3,050 3,175 3,298 —
1,554 — —
291 — —
800 800 800
142 162 200
32 32 35
4,933
6
Co.
6,266
59
75
1
6
3,757
5,996
127
5,139
6
7,055
44
75
2'
7
3,929
5,978
400
4,966
6
6,739
45
75
3
7
3,970
5,515
346
4,244
6
7,183
73
75
4
10
4,010
5,375
251
4.178
6
—
70
6
20
3,988
4,542
104
—
—
70
9
40
3,500
2,800
0
Central Illinois Lt. Co.
Coal 1,748 1,751
Gas 107 122
Central Ollinois Pub. Serv. Co.
Coal 2,740 2,745
Electric Energy Inc.
Coal 3,440 3,400
Illinois Power Co.
Coal 3,882 4,846
Oil 5 5
Gas 600 404
Rochelle Munic. Util.
Coal 41
Oil 10
Gas 19
Springfield Wt.
Coal
43
10
40
Lt. & Pwr. Dept.
540 580
1,945
172
3,799
3,400
4,975
5
200
45
11
Oil
620
4
2.186
183
3,666
3,400
5,120
240
5
47
11
44
670
4
2,186
200
3,550
3.400
5,197
388
5
49
12
46
700
6
2,211
200
3,550
3,400
5,866
375
5
52
13
49
750
6
3,400
200
5,350
3,400
8,930
341
273
66
256
1.100
53
-------
APPENDIX I (Continued)
1970 1971 197: 1973 1974 197S 1910
1970 1971 197J 1973 1974 1975 IWO
ttinnctka, Village of
Coal 21 21
Gas 2g 31
InuuMA
Cra»fordsville Elcc. Lt. & Pwr.
Coal 90 90
Frankfort Lt. & Pwr.
Coal 75 80
Oil 2 3
Indiana-Kentucky Elcc. Corp.
Coal 4,039 4,224
Indiana & Michigan Elec. Co.
Coal 4,240 4,148
Indianapolis Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Coal 3,678 3,522
Northern Indiana Pub. Ser. Co.
Coal 2,626 3,460
Gas 70S 72
Public Service Indiana
Coal 5.322 5,694
Oil 62 62
Richmond Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Coal 142 142
21
35
90
85
5
_
—
3,636
3,460
72
6,488
77
150
21
38
90
85
5
_
—
4,313
4,310
72
6,976
88
230
—
90
85
3
_
—
4,596
4,360
72
6,895
88
250
—
90
—
—
_^
—
4,542
5,330
' 72
7,832
93
260
—
90
—
—
_^
—
6,211
72
14,000
103
—
Ohio Edison Co.
Coal 6,786 7,257
Ohio Power Co.
Coat 7,908 10,982
Ohio Valley Elec. Corp.
Coal 2,922 3,092
Orrville Munic. Util.
Coal 60 66
Piqua Munic. Pwr. Sys.
Coal 99 100
Oil 1 3
Shelby Munic. Lt. A Pwr.
Coal 41 44
Wisconsin
Dairyland Pwr. Coop.
Coal 1,455 1,400
Madison Gas A Elec. Co.
Coal 184 181
Oil 3 —
Gas 259 —
Marshneld Elec. A Wt. Dept.
Coal 82 90
Menasha Elec. & Wt. Util.
Coal 70 74
—
—
72
—
—
46
1,400
161
100
79
—
—
80
—
—
49
1,500
174
z
112
85
—
—
88
—
— -
52
1,500
240
z
125
85
—
-—
—
—
—
54
1,500
213
~
140
85
—
— "•
_
—
—
—
2,000
205
z
160
110
Richland Center Munic. Elec. Util.
Michigan
City of Detroit Pub. Lt. Comm.
Coal 309 325
Gas — —
Coldwater Bd. Pub. Util.
Coal 33 32
Consumers Power Co.
Coal 6,938 6,748
Oil 32 55
Gas 441 508
Detroit Edison Co.
Coal 11,537 12,363
Oil 785 644
Gas 631 466
Holland Bd. Pub. Works
Coal 60 65
Gas 75 78
Northern Michigan Elec. Coop.
Coal 131 145
Oil 1 1
Traverse City Ll. & Pwr.
Coal 53 56
Gas 5 5
340
—
32
5,952
329
408
14,028
588
413
70
82
150
1
60
6
235
137
32
5,620
407
344
15,257
679
509
75
86
155
1
64
6
250
137
32
5,891
451
352
17,554
616
428
80
91
—
265
137
60
6.189
1,320
311
16,551
200
69
85
95
—
—
—
60
5,500
1,381
237
14,026
3
0
100
164
—
Coal 15 17
Wisconsin Elec. Pwr. Co.
Coal 5,300 5,300
Oil 275 150
Gas 200 225
Wisconsin Pwr. & LL Co.
Coal 1,986 2,281
Gas 133 130
Wisconsin Pub. Serv. Corp.
Coal 1,385 1,443
Oil 2 10
Gas 233 239
18
4.600
100
250
2,460
130
1,633
16
242
20
4,600
100
275
2,125
130
2,104
16
156
21
4,600
100
275
2,300
130
2,242
22
135
23
4.700
100
275
3,400
130
2.305
33
99
30
7,500
150
300
5,880
130
2,741
36
114
WEST NORTH CENTRAL
69
7
74
8
100
10
Iowa
Upper Peninsula Power & Gener. Cos.
Coal 621 648
Gas . 39 28
Ohio
Cardinal Operating Co.
Coal 3.020 2.773
648
28
—
Plant operated jointed for Ohio Pwr.
Cclina Munic. Ulil.
Coal 50 50
Cincinnati Gas & Elcc. Co.
Coal 3,852 3,956
Oil 20 452
Gas 361 348
Cleveland Elec. Ilium. Co.
Coal 6,075 6,378
Oil 119
50
4,496
403
215
6,586
9
648
28
—
1,121
28
—
1.188
28
—
1,488
28
—
Co. and Buckeye Pwr. Inc.
50
5,013
206
110
6.916
264
—
5.481
200
179
6.990
298
—
6,110
116
69
7,292
224
—
6,315
116
51
—
Columbus & Southern Ohio Elec.
Coal 2,572 2.286
Oil 16 55
Gas 47 34
Djyion Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Coal 2,228 4,066
Oil 38 13
Gas 76 32
l)ov« Munic. Lt. & Pwr.
Coal 39 41
u Oil ' '
H-miiton Dept, Pub. Util.
Coal 160 80
Oil 2 5
Gas 24 45
2,598
32
55
6,216
6
7
43
1
80
5
45
3.851
26
33
6,043
12
16
46
1
80
5
45
4.109
29
40
7,661
16
20
48
I
80
5
45
4,305
29
40
8,036
14
33
52
1
80
5
45
4,500
29
40
10,500
30
70
66
1
—
Cedar Falls Munic. Util.
Coal 30 37
Oil 2 5
G;is 54 40
Corn Belt Power Coop.
Coal 57 62
Gas 121 114
Eastern Iowa Lt. A Pwr. Coop.
Coal 80 90
Gas 60 50
Interstate Power Co.
Coal 760 940
Oil 117 136
Gas 359 137
Iowa Elec. Lt. & Pwr. Co.
Coal 850 980
Gas 449 400
Iowa Illinois Gas A Elec. Co.
Coal 438 425
Oil 2 0
Gas 806 530
Iowa Power & Light
Coal 678 813
Oil 1 1
Gas 771 715
Iowa Pub. Serv. Co.
Coal 325 394
Oil 1 10
Gas 627 571
Pclla Munic. Pwr, A Lt.
Coal 40 43
Gas 1 2
51
5
40
66
123
100
50
1,020
230
182
900
390
300
0
530
830
1
720
1,023
10
417
47
4
70
5
40
70
130
100
50
1,110
255
162
900
390
300
0
530
665
1
600
1,266
10
314
50
4
88
1
40
50
93
110
50
1,139
290
159
400
180
—
^
—
620
1
550
974
10
146
54
4
101
1
4fl
53
93
110
50
1,218
328
120
460
180
—
, — .
—
700
1
600
1,049
10
136
59
4
185
1
40
80
148
120
50
1,686
300
90
—
—
^
_
—
_
—
1,271
10
56
86
5
54
-------
APPENDIX I
IV70 1971 IV72 1973 1974 1975 1980
(Continued)
Kansas
Kansas City Ud. Pub. Util,
Coal 240 285 300
Gas 480 570 600
Kansas Gas & Elcc. Co.
Coal — 1 1
Oil 17 6 6
Gas 2,995 2,580 2,700
Kansas Power & Lt. Co.
Coal 158 400 500
Oil 40 50 60
Gas 1,679 1,700 1,760
Ottawa Wt. & Lt. Dcpl.
Gas 25 28 29
Wellington Munic. Util.
Oil Oil
Gas 28 30 32
Western Pwr. Div. Cent. Tel. & Util.
Oil 12 12 13
Gas 639 661 703
Minnesota
325
650
855
3
1,995
600
60
1,750
31
1
33
14
70S
350
700
375
750
500
1,000
950 1,045 —
3 97 —
2,110 2.160 —
700 800 2,000
70 80 100
1,770 1,820 1,800
1
34
14
709
1
36
1
46
15 —
756 —
Fairmont Pub. Util. Comm.
Coal 12 IS
Oil 2 2
Gas 176 176
Hibbing Pub. Util. Comm.
Coal 75 120
Gas 16 —
Liichflcld Munic. Pub. Util.
Coal 4 5
Gas 4 4
Minnesota Power & Lt. Co.
Coal 1,300 1,492
Pet. Cok« 93 3
Gas 17 0
Northern Slates Pwr. Co.
Coal 3,990 4,000
Oil 198 105
Gas 1,990 1,520
Otter Trail Pwr. Co.
Coal 853 853
Rochester Public Util. Dept.
Coal 75 82
Gas 75 82
Springfield Pub. Util. Comm.
Coal 3 3
Gas 7 8
Unlimited Power Assn.
Coal 900 900
18
8
176
5
4
1,500
3
0
3,800
175
1,220
853
90
90
4
8
900
—
6
4
2,000
—
0
4,000
200
1,140
853
100
100
—
_
900
—
6
4
2,900
—
0
3,800
240
1,000
853
110
110
—
900
—
—
—
2,900
—
0
3,900
330
960
2,043
120
120
_
900
—
2,900
—
0
8,000
400
500
3,293
^_
900
Missouri
Arkansas-Missouri Pwr. Co.
Gus
Columbia Wt.
Coal
Gas
Independence
Coal
Oil
Gas
19
& Lt. Dept.
99
41
Pwr. & Lt.
25
4
168
19
83
75
33
4
182
19
92
83
46
12
186
19
95
85
65
12
195
19
106
95
87
12
204
19
117
104
114
12
212
19
0
350
242
12
295
900
50
120
400
124
7
523
900 1,145 1,600
50 100 100
Kansas City Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Coal 2,724 2,654 3,077 3,699 4,020 4,277
Oil 4 4 34 39 39 69
Gas 1,060 939 549 312 312 312
Macon Munic. Util.
Coal I
Missouri Pub. Ser. Co.
Coal 700 850 900
Gas 100 50 50
Springfield City Util.
Coal 40 60 90
Gas 400 400 400
St. Joseph tt. & Pwr. Co.
Coal 41 58 59
Oil 467
Gas 528 576 598
Union Eiectriv Co.
Coal 6,624 7,960' 9,320' 9,700'10,160'11,380'15,220'
Gas 492 — _ H Z ~ ~
' Oil & Gas use dependent on competitive situation.
160
400
189
10
465
190
400
264
14
417
400
450
503
25
354
1*70 1»7I l!>72 IV73 1974 1975 10 Jo
Nebraska
Central Nebraska Pub. Pwr. & Irrig.
Oil 25
Gas 230
Fremont Dept. of Util.
Coal 27
Gas 100
Grand Island Util.
Oil 7
Gas 93
Nebraska Public Pwr. Disl.
Coal 339
Oil U
Gas 590
Omaha Public Power Dist.
Coal 650
Oil 9
Gas 768
North Dakota
Basin Elec. Pwr. Coop
Coal 1,324 1
Oil 30
Minnkola Pwr. Coop. Inc.
Coal 135 1
Oil 3
South Dakota
45
205
32
100
7
100
380
14
549
930
9
623
,200
30
,140
1
65
180
47
95
8
108
3X0
14
S49
916
9
550
1,200
30
1,250
1
85
155
57
95
8
117
380
14
474
233
9
313
1,200
30
1,250
1
105
130
63
100
9
126
250
14
474
253
9
304
1,200
30
1.250
1
125
105
65
110
10
137
250
14
474
286
9
353
3.750
45
1.250
1
150
50
150
110
14
201
l,2'o
14
474
297
9
267
3,75u
45
1,250
1
Northwestern Pub. Serv. Co.
Coal 60
Gas 40
60
40
60
40
60
40
60
40
200
40
_
_
SOUTH ATLANTIC
Delaware
Delmarva Pwr, & Lt. Co. (Northern Div.)
Coal
Oil
Gas
Delmarva Pwr.
Coal
.Oil
Dover, City of
Coal
Oil
Gas
District of Colu
682
332
56
& LI. Co.
782
10
65
1
22
jnbla
682
443
56
(Sou.
882
10
69
1
23
0
1,068
56
Div.)
968
10
73
1
25
0
1,837
56
896
10
78
1
26
0
2,222
56
815
10
82
171
28
0 o
2,222 :.:::
56 56
— —
— —
87 »'
— —
29 M
Potomac Elec. Pwr. Co.
Coal
Oil
Florida
4,766
1.788
4,495
1.586
4.899
1.997
4,974
2,091
4,980
2,194
5,020
2,263 -
Florida Power Corp.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Gulf Power Co.
Coal
Oil
Gas
1,035
2,303
1,059
1,544
37
776
810
2,808
837
1,628
40
970
—
4,260
841
1,961
54
349
—
2,451
839
2,993
47
147
—
3,268
839
—
—
— —
3,779 «.!>
839 -
—
— —
— —
Jacksonville Elec. Author.
Oil
Lakeland Dept.
Oil
Gas
Ccorcla
Georgia Power
Coal
Oil
Gas
1.632
1,800
of Elec. & Wt.
59
235
Co.
9,700
1
2,060
160
160
9,700
1
1,880
1.980
Util.
176
176
11,200
1
1,792
2,178
190
190
11,400
1
1,200
2.396
208
208
12.700
2
1.200
2,632 4>
227 ?!'
227 M'
15.200 -
2 "
748 -
55
-------
APPENDIX I (Continued)
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1980
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1910
Mar)Lmd
Baltimore Gas & E\ec. Co.
Coal 3.12$ 3.0S3
Oil 2,04? l.S.SS
Gas 43 43
2.948
2.435
43
1,559
3,200
43
1.618
3,349
43
1.272
2,121
43
—
—
—
Dclm.uva Pwr. <& Lt. Co. of Maryland
Coal 216 176
Oil 25 100
North Carolina
Carolina Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Coal 5,816 5,378
Duke Power
Coal 13,003 12,751
Oil 374 185
Gas 824 914
University of North Carolina
Coal 27 15
Oil 0 !5
Gas 26 27
South Carolina
—
190
6,097
12,630
140
783
15
18
27
—
200
6,448
11,174
36
222
15
20
27
—
200
6,220
—
—
15
23
27
—
—
6,566
—
—
15
26
27
—
—
—
—
—
15
40
27
Kentucky
Bis Rivers Rural Elec. Coop.
Coal 0 1.420
Kentucky Power Co.
Coal 2.155 2,404
Kentucky Ulil. Co.
Coal 1,490 2,240
Oil 1 18
Gas 1 9
Louisville Gas & Elec. Co.
Coal 2,200 2,455
Gas 375 15
Owensboro Munic. Ulil.
Coal 557 565
Mississippi
Mississippi Power Co.
Coal 600 600
Mississippi Pwr. &. Lt. Co.
Oil 166 200
Gas 2,695 2,900
1.847
—
2,555
28
9
2,645
15
575
600
500
3,500
2,42ft
. —
2,939
28
9
2,850
15
585
1,400
500
3.600
2,772
—
2,817
28
9
3,070
15
1,200
1,400
500
3,600
—
—
3.1 66
28
9
3,300
15
1,200
1,400
1,000
3,000
—
—
5,990
49
9
4,850
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,600
South Carolina Elec. &. Gas Co.
Coal 1,500 2,384
Oil 1 89 51
Gas 1,121 816
South Carolina Pub, Serv. Auth
Coal 670 950
Oil 275 0
Virginia
Appalachian Power Co.
Coal 4,499 5.616
Danville Elec. Dept.
Coal 42 45
Gas 73 70
Virginia Elec. & Pwr. Co.
Coal 4.936 —
Virginia Poly. Institute
Coal 23 18
Oil 1 1
Gas 5 10
West Virginia
Beech Bottom Power Co. Inc.
Coal 609 562
2,944
49
734
. (Fiscal
1,024
0
42
73
18
1
12
2,687
701
653
Year)
1,116
42
40
71
18
1
15
2,093
1,970
571
1,116
215
40
71
18
2
18
2.191
1,970
489
1,126
333
45
70
18
2
22
'Plant operated jointly (or Ohio Power Co. and West Penn
Co.
Central Operating Co.
Coal 2,688 2,319
" Plant operated jointly for Appalachian Pwr. Co. and
1,549
3,272
- WEST SOUTH CENTRAL
2,460
0
18
4
40
Power
Ohio Pwr. Co.
EAST SOUTH CENTRAL
Alabama
Alabama Elcc. Coop.
Coal 200 200
Gas 12 12
Alabama Power Co.
Coal 5,087 5,871
Oil 20 24
Gas 559 J60
Southern Elec. Gen. Co.
Coal 3,240 3,086
Oil 4 4
200
12
7.498
31
356
3,080
4
500
12
7,853
29
355
2,992
4
800
12
7,853
30
350
2.990
4
800
12
9,751
30
350
2,990
4
800
12
2,990
4
Arkansas
Jonesboro City Wt. & Lt. Dept.
Oil 1 1
Gas 26 29
Louisiana
Central Louisiana Elec. Co.
Gas 1,181 1,418
Lafayette Utilities System
Gas 300 332
New Orleans Public Service Inc.
Gas 3,032 2,739
Southwestern Elec. Pwr. Co.
Gas 2,739 2,761
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Gas & Elec. Co.
Coal 2 2
Oil 8 8
Gas 4.691 5,291
Public Serv. of Oklahoma
Gas 3.942 3,971
Texas
Austin Elec. Depl.
Gas 1,200 1,350
Central Pwr. & H. Co.
Gas 3,419 3,825
El Paso Elec. Co.
Coal 257 366
Oil Oil
Gas 1,269 1,187
Gulf Slates Ulil. Co.
Gas 7,403 7,930
Texas Pwr. & Lt. Co.
Gas 3.494 3,962
MOUNTAIN
1
32
1.576
367
2,511
2,725
2
8
5,491
4.063
1,500
4,280
396
37
1,239
9,069
2,436
I
35
1,607
406
2,283
3,014
2
8
6,191
4.117
1.675
4,579
394
127
1,277
1
52
1,756
449 .
2,054
3,237
2
8
6,391
4,612
2,040
5,296
400
154
1,383
1
100
3
200
1.974 3,711
497
1.826
3,546
2
8
6,891
5,023
2,260
5,982
417
167
1,504
,
1,370
5,104
2
8
10,291
8.039
4.050
9,720
425
283
2,543
9,984 11,070 12,720 23,400
2,955
3,549
4,397
4,789
Coal 32,500 35,200 37,000 39,000 39,000
°" 0 30 100 150 150
Gas 750 920 1,165 1,165 1,165
Arizona
Arizona Elec. Pwr. Coop. Inc.
Gas 140 182
228 228 274 274 454
56
-------
APPENDIX I (Concluded)
iv/i |V7J ivy.t lv/4 lv/n ivnu
I»'/M !»'/! !'>/.! !»'/»
|»7»
Art/oua Puh. Scrv. t'o.
Coal 5.858
Oil —
Gas 564
Salt River Project
Coal 445
Gas 720
Colorado
6,678
173
525
1,009
840
6.9S2
155
593
1.111
880
7,335
188
759
1,111
1.000
8,012
203
765
1,743
760
8,22(>
354
746
2,722
400
9,871
3ft
453
6,538
160
Colorado Springs Dcpi. Pub. Ulil.
Coal 60
Oil 10
Gns 470
70
10
510
80
10
550
90
10
575
100
10
600
125
10
625
300
10
900
Colorado— Ute. Elec. Assn. Inc.
Coal 649
Fort Collins Lt. & Pwr.
Coal 4
Oil 1
Gas 1.1
Lam.ir Utilities Board
Gas 42
Public Serv. Co. of Colo.
Coal 2,320
Oil 32
Gas 1,130
Southern Colo. Pwr. Div.
Coal 200
Oil 2
Gas 200
644
4
1
13
44
2,490
32
1.280
Cent.
200
2
220
644
4
|
13
88
2,500
32
628
Tel. &
200
2
240
644
4
1
13
90
3,000
32
620
Ulil.
200
2
240
644
—
—
—
92
3.500
32
620
200
2
240
692
—
—
94
4,000
32
320
200
2
240
1,232
100
5,800
30
650
200
2
240
Western Colorado Power Co.
Coal 60
Gas I
Montana
Montana-Dakota Util.
Coal 980
Oil 1
Gas 32
Montana Pwr. Co.
Coal 391
Oil' 147
1 Oil and/or Gas.
Nevada
Nevada Power Co.
Coal 540
Gas 408
Sierra Pacific Power Co.
Coal 0
Oil 28
Gas 402
New Mexico
Farmington Utility
Oil 1
G»» 68
54
1
850
1
16
593
79
922
180
0
34
396
1
72
62
1
850
I
22
631
142
915
127
0
60
426
1
75
61
1
850
1
27
614
132
1,077
286
0
94
451
1
80
62
1
850
1
27
640
187
1,340
300
0
137
446
1
84
62
I
850
1
22
902
236
1.590
300
0
130
501
1
88
62
1
850
1
22
1.935
106
2.950
300
166
130
796
I
113
New Mexico T.lec. Sriv. Cu.
tins 2f.(l 2KI) 3(18
Plains l.lec. Gen. & Trans. Coop. Inc.
Gas 30 30 30
Raton Pub. Scrv. Co.
Coal 20
Oklahoma
Blackwcll, City of
Gas 38
Utah
21
38
21
38
33ft
30
22
38
360 l.ftdd
30 30
22 23
30
23
38
38
165 165 — _
California-Pacific Util. Co.
Coal 8 9 10
Prove Dept. Pub. Util.
Coal 165 165 165
Gas 4 — —
Utah Power & Light Co.
Coal 1,676 2,011 3.522 3.751 3.991 4.255 _
Oil 439 332 248 0 0 0 _
Gas 128 364 4 0 0 0 —
Wyominn
Pacific Power & Lt. Co.
Coal 1.800 3,500 6,000 7.700 9.000 10.300 13600
(Includes Washington Wt. Pwr. Co.-Ccntralia, Wash.)
PACIFIC
California
Los Angeles Depl. Wl. £ Pwr.
Coal — 532 743 832 1.147 I (,07 281V
Oil 1.354 2.482 3.330 4,342 5.158 5.85(1 l.lli:
Gas 4.506 3,647 3.234 2.752 2.421 2..12.1 4.0*11
" Co;il burn in 1980 could include 6.613.000 more tons cither nucltui
or coal.
San Diego Gas & Elec. Co.
Coal () 0 0 0 0 0 I/W4
Oil 545 6ft I 654 1,448 1.562 1.645 45!
Gas 2.081 2.189 2.509 1,582 1.764 1.671 5W>
Southern Calif. Edison Co.
Coal 0 4,160" 4.980" 5.095* 4.961)'= 4.935° —
Oil 2.865 *« <"» • » <" •'•'* —
Oil & Gas 12.686 14.865 16.610 18,395 20.530 23.285 —
"Coal burn is at Mohave Station. Nevada. Station owned 561";
SCE: 20% L.A. Dept. Wl. & pwr.; |4% Nev. Pur.; 10% Salt
River Project.
" Combined oil & gas. 1970 percentages: Gas. 819r; Oil, 19%.
57
-------
APPENDIX II
Analyses and Fusibility of Ash From
Various U. S. Coals
County and bed
Sam-
ple
No.
Percent of
•olature-
free coal
A«h
Sul-
fur
Analjrili of aah, percent
S102
AljOj
Fe203
TlOj
P205.
CaO
MgO
Na20
K20
SOj
Fu.ibillt» of ... -
Initial
defor-
mation
temper-
ature ,
• r
Seften-
temper-
atura,
• T
Fluid
ature,
• r
ALABAMA ~
Jefferson:
Tu»calooi«;
Walker:
Mfirv Lee
Fremont :
Do
La Plata:
La* Animai:
r>o
Men:
T)0
Routt : badre
Pulton: No. :,
Kaniokre: Hoi. 2 and 5
Stir*: No. 6
Willi£*»in; Davit
City: No. Ill
Greene:
No. IV ....
No. V
Knox:
No. VI
Oven: Upper Block
Pike: No. W
Sulllvin:
No. VI
No. VII
Vljo:
No. VI
No. VII
Marlon: Unknown
Cherokee; Fleming and
Htncrnl
Cr«wfor.•
53.91 23.4! 5.3
4fc.6 51. i! ^ .9
4S.9
47.7
60.5
71.8
50.0
47.7
34. b
Sfc.fc
15.2
30.9
26.1
21.8
33.3
14.2
Si.J
6.8
11.9
6.C
3.2
4.1
3.3
6.0
S.l
8. si .8 48. 4 30.6 -..'
10.6
7.7
6.3
6.5
8.1
17.1
12.7
10.3
!:?
11.2
7.2
7.8
8.7
9.2
10.2
7.6
9.1
9.1
9.7
14.0
10.0
6.1
12.4
10.8
16.0
9.2
11.7
9.4
5.8
2.2
3.2
2.4
2.7
3.0
4.8
4.5
3.6
3.1
3.0
3.2
4.0
1.4
2.6
3.4
2.7
2.6
3.1
2.5
,7
4.5
4.4
1.1
4.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.6
ui vv.;
51.7' IS. 7
41.4 20.3
49. 3| 22.3
36.o; :o.s
42.7 11-5
46.6
42.5
48.0
42.1
45.8
54.5.
19.3
18.5
14.7
20.1
20.2
15.4
36.4
46.7
51.7
47.6
53.6
51 9
42.9
47.9
60.9
49.1
30.7
55.2
35.4
20.3
31.6
25.3
23.6
21.6
25.4
22.3
22.5
25.4
16.9
16.1
26.5
18.6
li.r, i (1.6
23.3 1.5
19. 5J 1.2
35.41 1.0
23.9 .7
20.8
34.8
18.7
22.8
20.0
TNT:
31. B
12.8
15.9
15.5
17.0
17.5
29.3
21.4
7.0
23.0
40.7
9.5
27.7
.8
.9
.6
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.12
.17
.08
.46
.31
.28
.10
.13
.13
.1?
.57
.82
0.01
.04
.13
.04
.03
.43
.30
.39
.02
1 . 5
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.3
3.8
1.7
1.9
1.8
3.4
1.7
1.7
18.8
0.8
.9
1.7
1.9
1.5
1.4
.8
.8
1.3
1.0
4.4
5.4
0.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
2.
L -8
8.5
9.4
11.3
5.3
1.8
.4
5.9
8.2
12.8
1.8
4.6
0.9
1.2
.9
.6
.4
.4
.5
2.9
2.0
1.5
0.4
.2
.4
.2
.2
1.8
1.0
3.0
2
.2
0.06
.06
.06
.11
.11
.24
.20
.44
.15
.03
b.9
6.8
1.7
1.8
3.4
7.?
1.7
10.4
6.6
6.1
1.7
ANA
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.1
1 2
1.3
.9
.8
1.2
1.0
I-Y-.A
5.0 I 29.0:
5.3 I 39.6
12.1
15.8
3.3
4.7
1.2
.9
1.1
40.5
35.9
50.5
46.9
31.6
14.2
IS. 5
32.5
34.3
0.?
.9
0.22
.59
.03
.10
.09
.27
.18
.10
.02
.11
.07
.04
.06
0.02
.56
KANSAS
25.0
40.5
KSST
30.0
28. 4
29.8
11.4
12.0
20.0
0.6
.7
CKY
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.05
.27
0.61
.24
.10
6.1
1.8
1.8
3.2
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.8
4.3
7.9
1.7
8.4
0.6
1.3
.8
.8
.9
.9
.4
.6
1.1
1.3
.9
0.6
1.2
1.0
.8
1.1
.7
.6
.9
1.5
.7
.5
1.2
.6
15.0
4.3
11.7
1.8
1.8
2.7
5.7
1.6
.9
0.5
.5
.4
.6
.3
.2
.1
.2
. 5
.6
t
2.2
2.6
4.0
2.4
2.8
3.2
1.2
.9
2.5
2.2
0.6
.6
.9
3.6
.6
2.1
2.4
4.7
1.6
1.2
1.3
0.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.6
.2
.3
a
.6
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.8
2.3
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.6
0.3
.3
.3
.9
.4
,2
.2
1.1
.3
1.0
.2
.3
.4
1.5
3.3
2.4
2.*
3.7
1.7
2.0
2.6
3.1
2.0
1.3
2.7
2.4
o.e
.2
0.8
.3
1.1
2.0
2.1
0.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
1.2
1.2
1.6
.4
3.0
2.0
1.5
10.3
10.0
6.6
14.9
1.8
.3
.2
1.5
1.7
15.1
4.8
2.6
2.4
1.0
1.2
2.4
1.0
2.1
2 0
2.2
! .1
1.8
.4
.6
1.0
.4
,4
.6
.9
.2
2.2
1.9
.4
3.1
3.7
2.4
4.0
1.4
0.8
4.5
6.6
2,080
2.100
2,160
2,520
2,310
2,910+
2,150
2,600
2,020
2,260
2,110+
2,170
2,180
2,370
2.150
2,490
2,910
2,560
2,910+
2,750
2,710
2,330
2.64P
2,130
2,180
2,260
2,620
2,380
2,130
2,250
2,6110
2,150
2,400
2 , 300
2,240
2,«83
2)260
2,560
2,910+
2.650
2,850
2,740
2,430
2.910+
1,940
1.98C
2,130
1,940
1.960
2,030
l,i<40
2.020
2. 070
1.990
2,620
2,470
2 180
2 260
2 260
2,010
2 050
2 520
1,930
1,900
2,540
2.050
1,940
2,010
1.940
2.000
2,040
2,020
2,150
2,050
2,130
2.060
2.130
2.000
2,150
2,080
2,100
2.040
2.700
2,570
2.290
2.440
2,470
2,110
2,140
2,680
2.C20
2,000
2,660
2.110
1,980
2.070
2,000
2^050
2,590
2,480
2.320
2.700
2.570
2,370
2.300
2.4(0
2,360
2,6(0
2.600
2,1(0
2.390
2,7(0
2,530
2,600
2.500
2.300
2.580
2,480
2.460
2,630
2.770
2,910+
2.840
2.510
2.230
2.110
2.470
2.310
2,220
2.360
2.180
2.230
2.360
2.320
2.410
2.140
2.790
2,6(0
2.540
2,730
2,570
2,430
2,290
2,800
2,310
2.430
2,720
2.230
2,070
2.260
2,040
2.360
2.790
2.730
2.450
58
-------
APPENDIX ii (Continued)
County and bed
Hopkins:
Knott:
Huhlenburg:
Bo
Pike:
Webster: No. 14
AlUgany: Pittsburgh and
Garrttt: Upper and Lover
Kittenninp. *
Vernen : Mineral
Davson;
Park:
Jocorro: Carthage
San-
Ma.
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
SO
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Percent of
moliture-
free coil
A«h
7.9
15.6
8.6
4.4
9.1
4.5
8.4
6.8
6.4
7.7
12.2
11.5
13.6
12.7
11.5
9.3
8.3
9.S
8.3
6.9
6.6
8.0
5.2
9.5
9.0
10,4
8.6
11.8
10.1
12.8
12.2
4.2
16.9
19.3
16.8
13.6
7.2
10.0
97
98
99
100
101
102
12.6
16.3
10.9
5.9
2.9
14.6
Mercer:
Ward:
Do
lelnont:
Carroll:
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
116
117
16.9
12.6
12.1
7.5
12.4
10.8
12.9
9.0
11.3
11.6
12.3
12.4
12.0
10.2
Sul-
fur
3.3
3.1
.8
.7
!s
1.1
3.3
3.2
3.2
2.7
2.6
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.2
3.5
2.7
.8
,9
1.2
2.5
.7
3.2
2.9
0.9
1.7
4.7
5.2
4.3
4.2
0.4
.7
.9
.6
.5
.5
.5
0.6
l.l
3.2
1.5
.7
.8
Analyst* of ash, percent
StOj
43.7
57.9
56.3
56.7
57.8
47.9
53.1
39.3
41.8
43.2
53.6
49.9
52.2
53.0
47.2
46.2
49.3
46.7
52.0
52.9
48.7
36.9
55.5
50.3
42.4
57.1
46.2
37.9
43.6
41.9
22.1
30.0
30.7
43.2
53.6
46.2
21.9
*'2°3
KENTU
22.1
18.8
32.6
30.7
29.8
32.9
29.1
20.6
23.9
26.0
23.0
24.0
22.7
23.4
26.4
29.4
19.4
28.8
34.5
27.8
26.3
26.5
24.9
20.6
22.4
31.6
29.1
15.6
16.3
14.5
16.8
15.5
25.3
21.3
23.7
31.9
19.3
13.8
57.4
61.9
47.2
28.9
42.8
56.7
30.0
22.9
20.4
14.3
22.3
21.0
Fe,03
CKY--C
29.0
11.3
4.5
4.8
4.1
9.3
9.1
31.3
27.8
24.3
15.9
16.7
16.3
16.0
21.0
18.4
27.4
19.1
6.4
9.7
12.9
25.8
7.1
18.9
30.4
MARYL
4.7
16.4
yi?so
26.7
41.0
23.6
30.7
KONTA
6.4
2.9
3.4
4.7
5.8
8.0
5.9
NKW yer
6.7
7.8
27.3
22.1
15.2
3.6
TiOj
P205
CaO
nttnued
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.6
1.7
1.4
1.8
l.l
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.8
1.3
2.3
1.3
2.2
1.0
.8
UiD
1.6
i 1
*tl
0.7
.6
.7
.8
iA
1.2
.6
.6
.8
1.0
.9
.7
0.23
.13
.05
.05
.13
.10
.08
.17
.07
.27
.11
.08
.13
.16
.48
.10
.03
.19
.11
.10
.10
.09
.04
.14
.13
0.37
.05
0.9
5.1
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.5
1.8
l.S
1.8
2.8
2.3
2.4
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.9
1. 7
1.8
3.4
2.9
2.0
1.9
MgO
0.9
1.2
1.5
.9
1.0
.8
.6
.5
.8
.8
.9
.9
1.3
1.4
1.0
.8
.7
.3
.6
1.6
1.0
.9
1.1
.8
.9
2.0
'..7
0.14
.02
.14
.11
0.11
.76
.69
.05
.02
.76
.46
[ICO
1.2
.8
1.0
.9
1.3
1.1
0.07
.01
.06
.12
.08
.02
6.2
1.7
7.0
4.7
18.9
11.7
11.7
10.0
1.8
8.7
31.4
1.7
3.2
4.3
11.2
3.9
14.0
NORTH DAKOTA
1.5
1.0
1.1
1.0
.5
.8
4.3
4.3
3.4
3.7
2.4
3.3
2.6
2.4
2.9
40.4
31.2
23.3
15.4
31.9
42.4
45.3
44.2
49.7
54.6
52.7
53.9
47.2
40.3
10.6
16.8
10,5
8.0
13.0
13.5
19.6
21.2
21.8
22.7
24.0
21. S
24.9
26.6
23.8
4.1
6,0
10.1
9.2
6.1
5.6
p;r
27.5
27.3
26.4
21.2
17.1
21.4
16.9
21.4
32.2
0.9
.9
.6
,6
.7
.7
)
0.9
1.0
1.0
1 .0
1.1
1.1
.9
1.3
0.04
.04
.27
.42
.37
.13
0.15
.11
.13
.08
.04
.07
.11
.27
.38
14.7
14.5
16". 6
23.3
36.0
21.4
0.5
.9
0.6
.8
.8
6.6
4.9
3.8
2.8
1.4
2.5
10.4
Na;0
0.2
.3
.5
.3
1.8
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.5
.3
1.0
.3
.4
.7
.2
0.9
.3
0.1
.1
.2
.2
1.0
8.1
7.4
2.0
.8
.1
.3
2.0
1.5
.8
4.2
2.7
.8
5.4
3.3
5.1
6.7
10.8
7.0
0.1
.7
.3
.5
2.2
.2
X20
2.3
2.8
1.6
.9
2.0
1.4
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.0
3.1
2.7
3.1
3.1
2.5
2.4
1.9
1.0
3.3
4.1
2.1
1.7
1.1
3.2
1.8
2.6
2.5
1.7
1.3
3.0
2.3
0.4
.4
.9
1.8
.3
.6
.3
1.0
1.1
.2
.2
.1
.9
2.5
7.3
8.2
7.1
.9
. 5
4.8
1.9
3.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.2
.6
.9
1.7
.6
.6
.7
1.0
.6
0.2
.2
.4
.3
. 3
.2
.3
.2
.2
0.2
.2
.6
.1
.3
.6
S03
0.8
1.7
.9
2.0
1.1
2.1
1.8
1.2
.9
1.4
.9
1.1
1.6
.5
.3
.4
.2
1.0
.S
1 5
2.5
2.9
4.0
2.0
.9
0,4
1.3
3.0
1.1
3.5
26.2
12.6
16.7
9.0
2.4
13.8
12.6
F'isiKHCv ?l jsh
Initial
def or-
a ture,
' F
2,050
2,100
2,910+
2.910+
2.91O+
2 . 7',0
2 540
2,010
2,050
2,020
2,210
2,130
2,070
2,320
2,200
2,240
2,100
2,680
2,910+
2 730
2,470
2,120
2,640
1.970
2, COO
2,890
2.52O
2,000
1^980
1.950
2,260
2.C50
0.5
2.1
.6
17.3
6.0
1.6
20.3
19.2
23.5
27.4
16.6
16.1)
2,8£0
2,420
',170
2,020
2,120
2.300
S -f ten-
ing
* F
2,140
2.210
2,800
2,680
2,210
2,150
2,130
2,400
2,230
2,140
2.500
2,500
2,700
2,160
2.730
2,780
2.600
2,180
2,740
2,130
2.130
2,910*-
2^670
2,050
2,020
2.020
2.020
2,380
2.490
2,910+
2,470
2,230
2,Cf-0
2,160
2 , 3*0
2,130
2,020
1.9CO
2,470
2,430
2.130
1.6
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.9
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.0
2.0
, 7
l.R
1.5
.2
1.1
.3
.7
.9
2,020
2.0SO
2,100
2.390
2,130
2,530
2,180
2.080
2, ISO
2,080
2|S20
2,470
2.0EO
2,230
2 . 2 5C
2]jlO
2,620
2,520
2,130
Fluid
' F
2.430
2,590
2,900
2,730
2,360
2,360
2,450
2,610
2,500
2,420
2.570
2,680
2,780
2,390
2,780
2,890
2,750
2,270
2,860
2,440
2,430
2,740
2,360
2,230
2,320
2.270
2.470
7,540
2,570
2,570
2,210
2,500
2,26?
2,130
2,060
2,570
2.520
2,2'?
2.420
t',1.-!-
2,7iO
2, 4:0
59
-------
APPENDIX II (Continued)
County and b«d
Coluablana: Middle Klttannlnj
Coshocton: Middle Klttannlng
Callla: Lower Klttannlng
(No. 5)
Harrison:
Sevlckley (No. 9)
Jefferson:
Harlem
Middle Klttannlng (No. 6)...
Oo
Do
Do
Do
Do
Lawrence: Lower Klttanning
(No. 5)
Mahonlng: Brookvtll*
(No. 4)
Meigs: Redstone (No. 8A)
Morgan: Srwlckley (No. 9)....
Noble: Sewlckley (No. 9)
Ferry: Lower Klttanntng
(No. 5)
Stark: Middle Klttannlng
(No. 6)
Tuicarawat:
Lower Klttannlng (No. 5)....
Middle Klttannlng (No. 6)...
Washington: Seylckley
— (No. 9) •
Al 1 egheny: Pittsburgh
Armstrong:
Beaver:
Bedford: Loner Xittanntng.. . .
Butler:
Middle Xittanntng
Cambria:
Lower Klttanning
Do
Clarion-
Upper Freenore an* Lower
Clurfield:
l°««c Klttannlng
Upper Freeport
Elk: Clarion
Fayttte: Pittsburgh
Indiana:
Lower Kittanntng
Do
Jefferson: Lover Ktttannlng..
Lawrence:
Brookvllle
Lower Klttannlng
Mercer;
Brookvllle
Oo....
Somerset: Lower Klttannlng...
Washington: Pittsburgh
Westnor.Und: Pittsburgh
Sam-
ple
No.
lie
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
Percent oj
molature-
free coal
Ash
9.4
5.9
17.1
11.7
12.6
13.7
11.2
10.4
8.6
11.5
10.4
9.7
12.6
11.5
9.7
15.0
11.9
14.7
8.7
16.7
17.2
12.9
14.9
10.8
8.0
12.2
10.0
10.5
6.7
7.8
10.2
13.4
12.4
8.7
12.0
13.2
9.9
9.4
9.2
10.9
11.5
9.7
9.2
11.3
8.7
8.9
8.8
t.2
7.6
10.3
11.2
5.7
8.4
8.0
9.8
8.1
Sul-
fur
3.9
3.2
4.9
3.1
4.6
2.6
2.2
5.1
2.4
3.2
2.6
3.7
3.3
3.1
2.4
4.0
3.4
6.3
1.2
4.5
6.9
4.3
5.1
3.6
4.1
5.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
1.4
2.9
.7
6.3
2.8
2.3
2.0
2.0
4.5
1.0
3.5
3.6
.9
2.3
2.0
2.6
1.3
1.3
2.0
1.7
1.1
2.4
3.1
1.2
1.1
2.3
1.1
1.0
Analysts of ash, percent
S102
30.2
31.6
34.6
48.9
40.6
53.1
53.1
29.4
41.3
50.4
43.9
50.2
48.1
48.2
42.4
48.0
34.3
56.1
46.0
36.7
31.8
39.9
43.6
32.2
40.0
50.5
47,4
42.3
35.9
57.7
26.9
44.9
37.4
46.0
50.9
32.7
56.5
36.4
33.9
53.6
42.1
49.8
43.1
49.4
49.3
43.4
42.0
47.5
43.4
33.7
34.0
34.2
35.1
47.6
54.0
A1203
21.2
21.3
28.9
22.4
18.3
26.4
20.9
21.3
26.6
23.3
23.2
21.5
25.1
21.6
24.2
19.9
22.5
18.1
30.2
20.3
19.9
23.9
22.0
22.3
20.7
20.2
24.8
27.4
26.4
32.7
22.2
32.1
18.2
24.7
26.3
24.8
24.9
20.9
28.3
21.2
23.7
28.1
24.3
25.2
26.5
31.6
30.7
31.2
29.4
30.8
25.6
18.5
2S.7
24.0
2S.7
25.8
29.3
FejOj
45.2
40.7
33.2
19.0
34.8
18.7
19.2
44.5
25.5
23.7
21.9
29.5
21.0
24.5
22.0
24.3
26.0
39.7
8.6
24.6
37.8
39.5
34.8
28.5
43.2
35.2
20.3
16.8
19.9
15.4
38.5
5.1
52.5
23.1
33.3
22.9
17.2
43.3
9.5
38.2
38. S
11.1
24.6
16.0
25.5
11.8
11.9
21.6
20.7
9.3
24.2
42.7
25.3
23.6
31.4
9.6
7.8
T102
0.8
.9
.8
1.4
.9
l.l
.9
.8
1.4
l.l
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
.9
2.2
1.4
.8
.8
.6
.8
1.2
.9
.8
1.0
l.l
.8
.9
I'.l
1.1
1.8
1.1
.t
1.1
1.0
.9
.7
.9
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.2
.9
1.2
.9
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.4
.7
1.0
1.1
1.3
PjOj
0.19
.08
.21
.55
.16
.17
.24
.04
.91
.24
.18
.17
.09
.18
.24
.27
.15
.09
.24
.30
.23
.52
.11
.19
.06
.06
0.14
.32
.52
1.2
.38
.18
.60
.54
.11
.13
.30
.28
.29
.20
.06
.46
.12
.24
.49
.16
.18
.19
1.1
2.9
1.2
.94
.60
.33
.11
.23
.14
CaO
1.8
1.8
1.7
3.1
2.0
.4
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
4.1
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.9
__1.8._
l.a
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.7
1.2
2.2
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.7
1.7
.7
.8
.8
.3
.8
.8
.7
2.1
1.9
3.6
1.9
1.8
5.3
1. 1"
1.1
2.7
MgO
0.7
.6
.2
1.1
.5
.8
1.0
.4
.3
.7
.5
.7
.5
.6
.7
.9
.9
.2
.6
1.5
.6
.3
.7
.7
.7
~67T
.9
.7
.3
.9
.4
.6
.4
.6
1.0
.2
.3
.3
.1
.7
.3
.7
.4
.8
.5
.4
.4
.3
.3
. 7
.7
.3
1.4
.9
N.120
0.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.1
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3.
0.2
. t
. i
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.5
.4
K20
1.0
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.4
2.7
1.5
1.1
1.0
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.4
.9
1.8
1.0
.5
_L.5
3.6
2.5
2.6
1.2
2,6
1.0
3.4
1.0
2.2
2.8
.8
2.6
1.0
1.3
3.2
1.0
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.1
l.l
1.2
1.4
.6
1.5
1.9
S03
0.8
1.8
.7
2.0
.7
.8
1.1
.8
.4
1.2
.5
1.1
1.0
.8
1.6
.6
.7
.4
1.1
1.9
2.1
.7
~TTT
1.0
1.0
1.6
.2
.8
.8
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.0
1.1
.7
2.0
1.9
.9
1.2
1.6
1.1
1.5
.2
.3
2.7
3.6
2.1
3.0
1.4
Fusibility of aah
Initial
defor-
mation
ature,
• F
2,080
2,110
2,060
1,970
2,150
2,260
2,260
2,140
1,980
2,440
2,070
2,060
2,120
2,020
2,890
2,000
1.970
2,030
2,050
2,020
1.950
2,410
2.570
2.300
2.620
2,910+
2,000
2.130
2,090
2,130
2,360
2,110
2,730
2,020
2,730
2,120
2,130
2,100
2,870
2,360
2,500
2,680
2,080
1,930
2,250
2,250
2,180
2,680
Soften-
ing
temper*
• F
2.180
2.220
2,360
2,190
2,080
2.57O
2,310
2.420
2,470
2,260
2,310
2,130
2,620
2.150
2.270
2.300
2,230
2,180
2,050
2,910+
2.030
2,060
2.100
2,150
2,130
2,130
'2.520
2,620
2,570
2,780
2,110
2,060
2.260
2,290
2,180
2,550
2,130
2,810
2,080
2,240
2,800
2,260
2,180
2,180
2,910
2,420
2.560
2.500
2.730
2.260
2.020
2,340
2.310
2,420
2.730
Fluid
tenper-
* T
2,470
2.460
2.380
2.310
2.360
2,780
2.500
2.570
2,570
2,560
2,670
2,360
2.820
2.440
2.580
2,510
2,480
2,310
2,270
2,370
2,420
2,470
2,470
2,470
2,330
2,620
2,780
2.690
2,910+
2.440
•*
2.230
2.S20
2,490
2,280
2,660
2,420
2,910+
2,210
2,570
2,910
2.560
2.470
2.290
2,910+
2,470
2.670
2,620
2.780
2,570
2.330
2.540
2,470
2. 550
e»
2,860
60
-------
APPENDIX II (Continued)
County and btd
CUi borne;
Jcllico. •••••.••»•. .
Grundy:
Scott:
Seauatchle: Sevanet
Carbon:
Entry:
Sevltr : Hiawatha. ., . , . ,
Buchtntn :
Dick en son:
Montgootry: Brushy Mountain. .
ftuiltll!
King:
Fierce:
Mo. 3
Mo. 7
tar bout :
Do
Sam-
Pll
No.
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
IBS
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
Percent of
molsture-
fr«e coal
A«h
16.5
13.9
10.7
9.7
10.0
6.1
9.6
17.2
11.8
8.1
8.0
3.7
7.0
6.3
8.2
9.6
7.2
6.9
6.3
5.5
7.7
6.0
5.7
5.3
6.8
6.9
6.3
5.5
8.8
2.7
6.3
12.1
31.7
14.0
6.2
9.9
6.2
8.3
8.3
5.5
1.8
9.5
22.4
13.0
10.6
12.4
9.0
9.1
9.8
7.1
8.5
16.2
14.2
13.3
Sul-
fur
3.8
3.5
.9
.6
2.0
3.9
4.1
1.0
0.4
2.2
.6
.4
.5
1.4
.5
.4
1.0
1.6
1.1
1.2
.8
.7
.8
1.0
.9
1.8
.7
.8
1.1
.7
.6
1.3
.8
.6
1.6
2.2
2.1
.7
Anilylii of *fh, percent
S102
45,4
44.3
46.4
54.3
55.0
44.3
33.6
43.8
53.1
50.5
48.7
51.1
55.7
54.3
46.7
39.4
58.1
63.2
46.4
54.8
43.1
43.6
45.1
49.4
49.9
54.2
54.0
51.8
51.7
48.1
34.8
37.0
46. 5
42.3
64.0
48.1
26.5
47.9
33.7
47.3
46.4
37.3
40.3
AljOj
2S.2
23.7
26.7
25.9
18.6
25.0
26.3
10.3
19.8
15.1
12.3
19.2
15.5
13.8
28.6
29.5
31.6
26.7
32.8
36.6
28.1
29.4
28.5
29.2
27.9
26.8
22.4
28.2
25.7
23.4
19.1
26.7
24.5
27.4
25.5
27.4
30.9
?/'2^3
19.9
19.5
7.1
6.1
41.6
23.3
7.6
T102
l.O
1.7
1.2
l.O
1.0
1.1
1.0
UTAH
4.9
19.3
6.6
5.7
8.0
9.6
4.3
7.0
VIRGIN1
11.4
21.9
15.6
19.1
8.7
5.9
7.2
8.6
13.2
11.6
19.6
28.9
11.2
10.1
4.5
6.5
18.6
8.7
9.8
17.2
24.1
26.5
14.7
0.9
.8
.9
1.3
1.2
.8
.6
A
1.5
1.1
.6
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.9
1.4
1.1
2.1
1.4
.8
1.5
1.7
1.2
l.l
1.2
F205
0.36
.73
1.6
1.6
.14
.29
1.8
0.62
1.4
1 1
.13
.PO
.20
.13
.03
CiO
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.S
2.3
1.7
1.7
17.2
3.5
12 0
11.0
10.9
17.0
5.9
0.11
.14
.11
.20
.30
.15
.03
.10
.Id
.36
.07
.28
.04
.28
.36
.47
.04
WASHINGTON
0.5
.5
.5
33.8
54.1
51.2
44.0
29.7
31.6
37.0
5.3
2.1
5.9
4.1
1.2
1.8
1.9
1.7
2.6
WIST VIRGINIA
2.9
.9
4.5
3.4
4.5
1.5
1.9
3.0
2.4
1.9
37.8
52.5
31.0
33.1
32.9
47.2
44.6
35.4
47.0
48.4
27.3
35.6
70.8
22.2
22.3
30.1
26.4
17.9
30.0
32.3
31.1
6.1
35.2
26.7
39.7
15.7
19.)
43.7
17.0
14.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.1
.8
1.2
1.2
.8
1.3
1.0
0.11
.46
.10
.13
.09
1.7
.32
1.1
.32
.33
l.O
1.9
l.S
2.2
1.7
1.8
1.8
14.0
4.3
1.8
10.5
17.6
6.6
1.8
1.2
1.8
2.7
7.6
1.7
1.1
1.8
6.9
7.0
1.8
2.1
4.4
1.0
1.8
1.8
M60
l.b
.7
1.5
t.S
.9
l.l
1.3
7.6
.3
6
4.1
4.5
4.5
1.0
3.6
n.B
1.8
1.9
.7
.9
.5
1.6
1.0
.9
4.4
2.0
.5
1.6
2.5
2.4
1 7
1.6
.9
1.1
l.O
2.6
1.7
S«20
0.5
.2
.2
.4
.3
.2
0.4
.5
.4
.9
1.5
3.1
4.3
l.O
1.1
.5
,S
1.4
1.2
1.1
.9
1.0
.5
1.)
.S
.2
.7
.2
.9
.3
1.1
.3
.4
1.0
1.7
0.2
.2
1.5
1.0
.3
0.6
.6
1.3
.7
.5
.7
.8
.8
.8
.8
0.2
.2
.6
.6
.6
.7
.2
.1
.2
.2
"2°
2.9
2.0
3.0
1.0
2.1
3.3
0.4
. 7
1.4
.2
1.1
.1
1.9
4.6
2.8
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.3
2.3
.3
3.6
1.0
1.1
2.2
2.3
2.3
3.0
2.3
2.0
0.6
1.0
1.1
1.7
1.1
1.9
.6
l.O
.6
1.6
1.2
1.1
2.1
2.6
S03
1.6
2.1
1.1
3.0
1.8
1.0
6.6
1 8
8 6
6.8
4.9
7.5
0.8
1.3
.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
.7
7.0
2.1
1.0
2.8
11.2
4.4
1.6
2.0
,6
2.4
10.5
3.1
3.2
1.0
1.2
.9
3.9
2.8
2.0
1.3
2.5
l.l
1.0
.7
Pull
Initial
defor-
mation
temper-
ature,
• T
2,170
2,080
2,210
2,610
2,130
2,020
2,020
2.740
2.110
2 130
2 220
2,140
2,180
2.080
2,780
2,150
2,250
2,730
2,520
2,660
2,420
2,150
2.300
2.330
2.C'.0
2,210
2 080
2. WO
2. IS)
2.1*0
2,130
J.210
2,530
2.91O-
2,730
2^560
)lllty of aih
Soften-
ing
«C.ure,
• T
2.280
2,180
2,780
2,410
2,730
2,670
2,780
2,230
2,080
2,080
2.790
2.260
2,260
2,230
2,310
2,260
2,220
2,120
2,420
2,310
2.110
2,880
2,470
2,430
2,470
2,360
2,890
2,780
2,620
2,800
2,520
2,190
2,290
2,360
2.310
2.910
7.390
i.no
2^210
7, 'iO
}'.:-<>
; <*•>
2.800
j'.9lO
Fluid
aCure,
• r
2,460
2,470
2,840
2,680
2,910+
2,730
2,870
2,420
2,140
2,290
2.900
2.390
2,360
2.490
2,440
2,570
2.380
2,210
2,570
2,530
2.150
2,910+
2,390
2,590
2,640
2,910+
2,910+
2,890
2,730
2,910+
2.600
2,470
2,490
2,600
2.470
2,910+
2.470
2.210
2.470
2. MO
! . !»'
2.t'0
2,150
2,910'
2.080
7.130
1.990
1, «X>
2,080
2.000
2,640
2,740
2.J70
2.130
2.110
2.250
2,510
2.150
2,070
2,730
2,840
2.260
2.J.D
I'.liQ
2,9X1
61
-------
APPENDIX II (Continued)
County and bed
Alma
Do
Hernihau
Wlnlf rede
Do
Do
Iraxton:
Fayette:
Lower Eagle
Glliier: Pittsburgh
Harriion:
Do
Do
Do
Do
Da
Kanauha:
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Eagl.
Eagle A
Lover Klttannlng
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Fittiburgh
Povellton
Do
Do
Upper Klttannlng
Winifred.
Lewia:
Pittsburgh
Do
Redstone
Logan:
Campbell Creek
Cedar Grove
Chilton
Do
Sam-
ple
No.
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
256
2S9
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
Percent of
nolsture-
free coal
Ash
8.
11.
5.;
3
8
6.
14 '
4
27.
11.
13.
8.
14.
5.
4.
6.
6.
7,
4.6
9.9
8.0
8 2
10.2
13.1
7.8
7.8
7.4
8.0
5.9
4 5
7.2
4.5
3.2
9.4
6.4
5.3
4.8
4.5
12.2
ll.o
4.S
3. A
4.1
4.7
12.0
14.3
6.1
13.9
15.7
7.0
6.4
10.9
8,1
8.9
10.0
3.6
9.4
9.2
8.6
7.9
8.6
13.9
2.9
9.5
Sul-
fur
Analyvia of ach, percent
S102
A1203
Fe20j
T1O2
P205
WEST VIRGINIA — Continued
3.2
.6
1.4
.8
.9
1.3
.9
.7
.4
.8
.5
.9
1.1
.8
.8
.9
2.0
r.o
4.7
4.3
3.4
3.6
6.0
5.6
4.2
3.8
2.0
3.3
2.5
.8
1.8
1.0
1.1
1.7
.5
.9
1.3
1.7
.a
.7
.8
.6
.7
.8
.6
.7
1.0
2.4
2.2
2.1
2.0
.9
.9
1.2
.7
3.8
2.6
3.6
.6
2.4
.6
.7
.7
36.
52.
43.
45.
49.
54. i
62.8
63.6
56.
58.
61.5
56.'
54.1
48.5
53.1
35.6
47.1
26.5
25.8
29.9
29.6
22.0
30.8
30.4
23.8
42.9
37.9
27.4
39.7
53.0
41.3
38.2
51.6
48.9
50.2
38.2
37.9
57.9
60.2
54.4
55.0
51.2
46.8
53.8
57.9
52.2
47.9
50.1
41.1
41.3
52.4
47.8
56.4
58.7
52.2
49.3
60. 5
35.0
38.7
30.5
53.2
4S.5
57.1
46.2
64.5
21.
27.
27.
35.
33.0
34.
26.
28.8
33.6
31. i
22.3
31.1
25 7
31.0
30.1
31.3
22.8
28.2
22.0
18.3
19.8
18.0
14.1
18.2
19.5
17.9
26.6
20.6
22.5
25.8
29.2
32.8
31.9
30.0
29.8
33.0
31.4
23.8
34.0
34.6
31.6
31.7
37.9
35.2
32.8
31.8
36.0
28.6
28.6
23.1
25.3
32.0
36.0
33.7
31.7
29.5
36.4
26.5
18.9
25.7
19.4
30.0
26.7
38.2
33.6
29.0
34.
11.
21.
7.
7.
5.2
4.
2.4
5.1
3.
5.0
5.7
13.6
9.9
24. -i
15.8
47.8
38.4
29.9
39.4
56.3
44.6
41.8
39.1
16.1
26.6
34.7
10.9
15.1
16.7
19.1
12.6
16.0
9.1
20.2
31.4
3.1
2.2
7.7
9.1
5.7
8.8
3.7
3.9
9.0
19.8
15.9
28.8
29.5
7.2
5.2
3.5
4.8
10.3
5.9
4.2
35.9
27.7
39.2
3.8
22.6
3.1
9.4
2.1
1.0
1.
1.
1.3
1.
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.1
r t
1.6
3.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
.8
.8
.8
.7
.6
.9
1.0
.6
1.2
.9
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.0
1.9
1.7
1.4
.8
1.4
2.1
1.9
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.6
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.2
1.0
1.6
1.8
1,9
1.6
1.2
.8
1.5
1.0
.8
.6
1.7
1.0
1.5
1.4
1.2
0.03
.10
.04
.07
.16
.51
.05
.06
.06
.08
.25
.19
.10
.06
.07
.11
.23
.27
.20
.23
.42
.72
.59
.97
.14
.06
.38
1.3
.20
.34
3.0
.05
.07
.05
.14
.13
.10
.05
.09
.04
.14
.06
.17
.05
.11
.05
.04
.08
.09
.23
.14
.04
1.8
.18
.09
.06
.04
.29
.55
.13
.06
.11
.08
.08
.05
CaO
1.9
.9
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
1.8
2.0
4.2
1.8
8.7
2.3
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.7
9.5
1.9
1.7
9.2
10.9
6.7
2.4
2.0
2.4
12.7
5.6
6.7
6.8
8.5
1.9
2.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.2
2.0
2.1
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.5
1.8
.4
2.0
1.8
1.8
1.9
4.7
2.0
3.3
5.0
1.7
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.7
MgO
0.7
1.1
.8
1.0
1.0
1.8
1.0
.9
.8
.8
.5
.8
.9
.4
1.5
1.4
.9
.6
. 4
1.0
.6
.6
1.0
1.2
1.8
.8
.8
1.0
.3
.7
1.0
.5
.7
.4
.5
.3
.5
1.2
.6
.8
.3
.3
.2
.7
.5
1.5
.6
.4
.7
.9
1.3
1.3
.8
.6
.4
,4
.4
.9
.2
Sa20
0.2
.2
1.6
.6
.3
.7
.3
.3
.3
.6
.2
.7
1.3
.3
.4
1.2
.5
1.0
.9
.7
.6
.5
.6
.3
.3
.2
.2
.9
.7
1.1
.4
.6
.8
.4
.5
.4
.6
.4
.2
.4
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
.6
.4
.2
.2
. 3
.1
1.7
.7
K20
0.8
2.6
1.5
2.3
3.0
3.1
.7
3.1
1.6
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.6
2.2
.9
1.4
3.2
.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
.7
1.1
.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
1.5
1.9
2.0
1.8
1 .7
3.1
.5
2.1
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.1
3.0
2.2
2.7
.2
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.1
4.2
1.4
.6
2.2
.8
1.9
2.0
1.4
1.7
.7
1.7
.5
1.4
.6
S03
Fusibility of ach
Initial
defor-
mation
temper-
ature,
• T
2.3
2.2
2.6
1.5
.6
1.2
.6
3.3
2.6
1.3
1.3
.8
1.3
3.4
1.5
2.8
5.1
5.2
3.2
2.5
1.5
3.2
4.0
5,2
3.8
6.7
5.9
2.7
3.8
.7
.6
1.9
2.9
2.9
.3
.5
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.7
.6
.4
1.2
.7
.ft
1.4
l.S
.7
1.1
.4
1.5
3.3
1.7
2.4
3.2
2.9
1.5
1.7
.8
2.2
.6
2.050
2,620
2,000
2,780
2,780
2,910+
2,910+
2,910+
2,910+
2.910+
2,910+
2,310
2,910+
2,910+
2,780
2,830
2,910+
2,130
2,180
1,940
1,910
2,100
2,020
2,020
2,030
2,150
2,040
2,280
2.080
2,230
2,310
2,620
2,310
2,730
2,780
2,250
1,990
2,910+
2,910+
2,910+
2,910+
2.910+
2,910+
2 910+
2,570
2,590
2,780
2,050
2,210
2,850
2,910+
2,800
2,910+
2.520
2,060
2,100
2.P60
2,730
2,120
2,910+
2,700
2,910+
Soften-
tng
temper-
ature,
• r
2.160
2,730
2,350
2,910
2,880
2,790
2,680
2.360
2,840
2,890
2,190
2,330
2,140
2,100
2,260
2,030
2,110
2,100
2.280
2,090
2,360
2,160
2,400
2.360
2.620
2,680
2,370
2,780
2,910+
2,890
2,300
2,150
2,660
2,640
2,840
2,160
2.300
2,910
2,900
2,630
2,220
2.180
2,130
2,890
2,210
2,890
Fluid
temper-
ature.
' F
2.420
2.870
2,600
2.910+
2,910+
2,860
2,780
2,480
2,910
2,910+
2,270
2,580
2,440
2,310
2,480
2,190
2.360
2.430
2,440
2,280
2,620
2,400
2,570
2.470
2,730
2,850
2,660
2, 8 JO
2.910+
2,360
2,530
2.740
2.700
2.890
2,320
2.4»0
2.910+
2,910+
2,730
2,410
2,580
2,320
2,910+
2,430
2,890
62
-------
APPENDIX II (Concluded)
County *nd bed
Sam-
ple
No.
Kir Ion:
McDowell: PocahonCti No. 3...
Mingo:
Monong«li«:
Do
Do
Seuickley
Upper Freeport
Nicholat:
Preston:
Do
Raleigh:
Randolph:
Upshur :
Wyoming:
Focahontas No. 4. ...........
Povfllton
Carton:
P°- -'JJ« -• -• '-•-! •
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
37O
371
372
373
Percent of
moliture-
free coal
Ashl Sul-
| fur
S102
7.5
11.7
14.9
3.9
5.7
4.3
9.0
9.0
9.2
11.0
11.9
11.5
14.3
9.8
14.5
17.6
17.4
4.9
7.0
7.8
5.2
4.8
3.7
9.5
8.4
10.6
17.3
8.0
10.6
15.7
9.5
11.1
17.4
13.8
16.2
6.6
22.6
7.8
9.3
7.4
8.1
2.1
9.9
10.6
10.2
6.2
8.7
12.2
15.0
8.0
7.5
6.3
6.5
6.4
14.4
2.7
4.0
3.1
.7
.9
1.2
3.7
2.9
3.1
1.3
3.3
3.5
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.7
.9
1.1
.8
.9
.7
.9
.6
.7
.8
4.4
3.2
3.9
3.4
4.4
.8
1.9
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.0
.7
.9
2.6
1.5
1.5
.9
.8
2.8
4.8
1.5
3.0
1.2
1.2
.5
.8
.8
.7
0.6
1.8
39.6
41.7
43.9
46.0
48.2
45.1
36.1
41.1
39.8
56.5
47.0
41.8
49.9
41.9
51.0
50.6
57.8
40.8
50.9
33.4
51.3
48.8
46.3
52.5
59.4
59.3
42.0
34.4
48.0
26.5
41.7
37.8
46.9
44.3
52.4
53.9
49.8
46.5
56.7
49.4
40.3
51.4
50.6
23.4
47.0
39.2
28.1
36.5
34.2
43.2
48.4
54.9
51.3
51.3
57.7
24.5
38.6
A1203
Fe,03
WEST VIRGINIA
21.8
23.6
27.3
36.8
32.9
26.2
24.4
25.0
22.3
26.2
24.4
23.9
27.7
29.7
27.5
29.0
30.6
29.7
30.0
31.3
31.9
33.1
32.1
31.4
26.7
33.0
37.2
19.2
24.6
19.6
20.5
24.7
40.3
29.8
29.8
29.8
25.1
30.7
32.8
34.9
26.0
27.1
30.5
27.1
41.6
26.3
19.0
25.2
22.5
30.3
34.5
36.9
33.0
35. i
27.3
23.9
19.7
18.4
7.3
10.8
18.0
26.0
27.5
28.7
7.6
23.3
28.7
16.1
22.7
16.2
14.4
5.2
16.1
6.9
8.6
8.3
12.2
6.5
2.6
3.0
42.0
21.7
43.2
31.5
33.8
3.4
16.3
10.5
8.1
20.6
10.9
2.8
4.6
27.9
13.6
13.7
24.9
2.6
31.1
48.1
20.9
32.6
11.2
10.6
3.6
6.1
8.1
6.2
Ti02
P205
CaO
MgO
••Continued
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.7
l.l
.7
1.1
.9
1.3
1.2
l.l
1.5
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.0
l.S
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.6
1.8
.9
1.3
.9
.8
.8
1.8
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.7
1 5
1.2
I.
1.9
1.1
1.6
l.l
.1
1.3
1.
1.
2.
1.
0.12
.02
.38
.06
.44
.11
.23
.18
.07
.81
.04
.08
.11
.07
.13
.16
.30
1.6
1.4
.21
.13
.05
.25
.10
.08
.06
.46
.11
.24
.42
.82
.50
.11
.25
.11
.42
.42
.39
.37
.17
.44
83
.24
.34
1.1
.42
1.7
.76
.14
1.5
.11
.07
WYOMING
14.2
19.6
9.0
10.3
0.9
1.8
0.21
.51
9.7
5.4
3.7
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.7
.9
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
2.8
1.7
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.1
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.7
2.9
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
7.2
1.7
3.1
7.9
4.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
30.8
9.4
1.7
1.6
1.0
3.8
1.2
1.2
.8
.7
.9
.5
.8
.8
.6
.6
.9
.8
1.3
1.0
.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
.3
.3
1.1
.9
.7
.3
.7
.5
.9
.8
.7
1.0
.9
g
.8
.6
.4
1.8
1 0
.4
.4
1.2
.8
.6
.6
.!
.4
.4
1.6
4.7
4.4
Na20
0.6
.7
.2
.8
.5
.8
1.2
.8
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.9
.5
.9
.4
.3
1.2
1.3
.6
i!s
.2
• t
ft
.1
• t
\\
•*
. '
1.
1.
1.
0.1
T'
K20
1.0
2.4
1.5
1.2
2.6
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.0
2.4
1.7
2.7
2.5
3.1
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
1.3
2.1
1.4
1.0
.7
2.0
1.0
1.1
1.5
2.1
1.2
2.9
2.3
1.9
2.2
3.0
2 4
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.0
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.2
1.3
3.0
0.5
• -.-•$.
S03
4.5
3.7
2.7
2.9
1.3
3.1
1.6
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.0
1.0
.3
.6
.4
3.1
2.2
1.2
1.9
3.6
1.9
3.5
1.0
1.9
.9
2.7
1.8
.8
1.4
1.7
.9
.8
.9
2.2
1 7
1.6
f <
9.6
1.1
2.0
5.6
2.9
1.9
1.
14.4
16.1
fus toi 1 i i * of aih
Initial
defor-
nuttlon
ature,
* F
2,190
2,140
2,240
2,910+
2,770
2,120
2.000
2,600
2,140
2.150
2,780
2,360
2,470
2,590
2,600
2,870
2,210
2,750
2,830
2,810
2,680
2,910+
2,890
2,910+
1,900
2,020
2,020
1 950
2,110
2 910+
2,600
2,670
2,780
2,440
2,620
2,910+
2 910
2,180
2,330
2,700
2,310
2 910+
2,140
2,050
2,210
2,020
2,570
2,800
2,910+
2.910+
2,910*
2.610
2,450
Sofcen-
ing
temper-
* F
2,250
2,190
2,300
2,570
2,910
2,760
2,260
2,260
2, 170
2,070
2,130
2.700
2,240
2,230
2,910
2,540
2,580
2,680
2,730
2.910i-
2,310
2,840
2,230
2,900
2,860
2,780
2,910+
2,890
2,010
2,210
2,440
2,110
2,190
2.680
2,760
2,860
2.510
2.J30
2,910+
2,360
2,240
2,620
2,780
2.360
2.910+
2,240
2,130
2.260
2.160
2,680
2,890
2.780
2,510
Fluid
te-nper-
• F
2,310
2,430
2,520
2,620
2,910+
2,850
2,540
2.420
2,400
2,380
J.430
2,790
2,590
2,340
2,910+
2,660
2,700
2,830
2,780
2.620
2,910+
2,420
2,910+
2,890+
2,860
2.910+
2,430
2,480
2.580
2.380
2,360
2,740
2,850
2.91O+
2.650
2,840
2, «00
2,440
2,t90
2.840
2.550
2.530
2.760
2.160
2.400
2,390
2,6)0
63
-------
APPENDIX HI
ASH UTILIZATION (TONS) 1969-1971
-------
APPENDIX HI (continued)
ASH UTILIZATIONS (TONS) 1969-1971
1969
1970
1971
Applications
Fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
CT>
tn
VII. Miscellaneous (cont. )
An abrasive for cleaning
Spontaneous combustion
control
Highway bridges
Test caps
Refractory add mix
Insulating cement
Grouting
Snow sanding
Pipe coating
Foundaries
sand
manufacturer products
Chemical products
Poz-o-pac
Sewage treatment plants
(filtration)
Subsurface courses
(heavy construction)
Ready mix
Oil well drilling
Industrial testing
Vanodium recovery
Ice control
34
32.000
11.361
3
80
702
3, 832
800
1,445
1. 550
2. 300
250
475
3, 000
2,819
2,205
1. 570
160
19. 344
32. 000
15
441.039
273
34.567
1,795
5.500
230
468
241
139
2. 180
Z71.635
2,000
2.327
131.098
-------
APPENDIX III (concluded)
ASH UTILIZATION (TONS) 1969-1971
CTl
Applications
VII. Miscellaneous (cont. )
Outdoor school tracks
Asphalt shingles
Sandblasting grit
Dike repair and buildings
Drainage filter
Aggregate
Landfill
Agriculture
Duct control
Seal coating
1969
Fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
1,000
108.877 5,033
38,902 128,843
21,813
2, 786 200
1970
fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
1971
fly ash bottom ash boiler slag
25,577 122,072
63,246
68,703 5,574
23,727
600
~ U.9Z9
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
REPORT NO.
EPA-670/2-75-033C
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIONING.
TITLE ANDSUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
Characterization and Utilization of Municipal
and Utility Sludges and Ashes
Volume III - Utility Coal Ash
May 1975; Issuing Date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHORIS)
Hecht, N. L. and Duvall, D. S.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
PERFORMING ORG -\NIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
University of Dayton Research Institute
300 College Park Drive
Dayton, Ohio 45469
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1DB064; PQAP 24ALH; Task 008
11^OQAKJ1AEA/GRANT NO.
R800432
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
National Environmental Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer: Richard Carnes 513/684-4487
See also: Volumes I, II, and IV, EPA-670/2-75-033a, b, and d,
16. ABSTRACT
The residue from the burning of coal, collected from the stack
effluent and the bottom of the boiler unit, is another solid waste
disposal product that the community must be concerned with. Since 1940
more than 300 million tons of this coal ash has been generated, of
which only about 30% has been utilized. In this study the nature of
coal ash has been defined, the quantities produced have been deter-
mined and the locations of the major utilities generating the coal ash
have been established. In addition, the anticipated compositional
changes and quantities to be generated in the future resulting from
expanded energy requirements, advancements in technology and pollution
controls have been evaluated. This study also included a review of
current disposal and utilization practices.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
*Residues, *Coal, Disposal, Utiliza-
tion, *Composition
Generation rates,
Technology advances,
Energy requirements,
Pollution controls
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
Release to public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
73
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
67
,U.$. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-657-592/5372 Region No. 5-M
------- |