EPA-R4-73-023b
April! 973
Environmental Monitoring Series
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 15
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Department, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to Inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verna Holoman, Abstractor.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther Garrett
Director
Research Information Division
Office of Research and Monitoring
Environmental Protection Agency
Uok M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 2002U
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 15
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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PRCH*
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 15 April> 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-26
Scope: Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, piatforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 27-^2
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page ^3-52
Scope; Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 53-5l».
Scope: Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 55-57
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1 • PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6233
"THE SHOW REMOVAL CONTROVERSY", Van Loon, J. C., Mater and Pollution Control, Vol. 110,
Ho. 11, November 1972, pp l6, 19-20. ~
i Controversy has arisen In Canada over the effects of street salting and snow
I dumping In lakes and rivers. For the past three years, the author's laboratory has
monitored runoff from urban streets, contamination of urban and rural water courses,
: runoff and solids residues In contaminated snow being dumped, airborne vlnter dusts and
; snow, and winter rains for toxic metals, chlorides, phosphorus, sodium, and calcium.
The data show that: (1) Phosphorus contents of snow were Insignificant. (2) Soluble
jmetal contents of snow compared with that of runoff. (3) Airborne dust is a major
I component of street snow residue. (U) The chloride value of anow MLS 3.1 ppm compared
j with 2.U. ppm for sunnier rain Indicating that road salt is recycled Into the air in
1 winds. It is concluded that salting programs are essential for safety reasons, but
salt must be used sparingly since the vast majority of salt eventually discharges into
I lakes and rivers regardless of disposal methods. However, as much snow as possible
should be left at roadside. Heavy metal content of snow do not appear to be above
j those of the receiving waters. The fate of oils, greases, and toxic organlcs Is only
I partially understood at the present tine.
j INDEX TEI«S: Water pollution sources, Runoff, Snow removal, Heavy
Oil, Phenols, Organic matter, Street salting.
etals, Chlorides,
AWC-6JI55
"APPLICATIOH OP A WAVELENGTH SCAHNING TECHNIQUE TO MULTI-ELEMEBT DETEflMIMATIONS BY
ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRY", Harris, J. D., West, T. S., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*5, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP 226-230. ~
Two dual-element electrodeless discharge lamps, operated from a single
microwave generator via a two-port power divider, enable a separated air-acetylene
flame to be illuminated with the intense resonance radiation of four elements. The
resultant atomic fluorescence may be rapidly measured by scanning over the appropriate
wavelength range. Results obtained for the sequential multi-element determination
of zinc, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt show that the sensitivity and selectivity are the
same by the scanning technique as by conventional atomic fluorescence spectronetry.
Wavelength scans are also given for nickel, cobalt, iron, and manganese, and for selenlun,
tellurium, nickel, and cobalt conciliations. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*5, Ho. 2, February 1973, pp 226-230. Copyright 1972 by the American Chemical
Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
IHDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Heavy
metals, Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Cadmium, Selectivity, Alkaline
earth metals, Multielemental analysis, Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy,
Electrodeless discharge lamps. Wavelength scanning technique, Selenium, Tellurium,
Detection limits, Reproduclbllity, Chemical interference.
"BEBTHAL OXTOEH DEMANDS AND LEACHIBG RATES Of TREATED SLUDGES-, Mueller, J. A., Su,
W. J-l., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. kk, So. 12, December 1972,
PP 2303-2515^ ~~ ~
The effects of sludge dumping In coastal waters, such as the Hew York Bight,
were studied in the laboratory in continuous flow reactors supplied with raw, digested,
heat treated, and wet oxidized sludges. The sludges were concentrated, analyzed, and
seeded using sea water overlying sludge deposits. The reactors consisted of Plexiglas
cylinders 2 3/1* inch l.d. by 5 inches high mounted on a square base. A plastic screen
covered the sludge to maintain stability during continuous «
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1. PHKICAL ADD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMXC-6^76 ~~~ ~~
"AUTOMATED KJELDAHL NHRCGEN DETERKENATIOH—A COMPREHENSIVE METHOD FOB AQUEOUS
DISPERSIBLE SAMPLES", Kfaone, D. G., Griffon, R. H., Hartford, C. G][ Corrado, J. A.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Uj, Ho. 2, February 1973, pp l«J5-lK>8.
A standardized, automated procedure has been developed for the determination
of Kjeldahl N without modification regardless of the composition of the sample. A
basic Technlcon AutoAnalyzer System was used with a special custom made gas aspiration
plpet in the continuous digestor. The Technlcon procedure was modified to give a
tenfold Increase In sensitivity and the digester input manifold waa changed to increase
sample size by 50 percent. The heating stages were reversed to eliminate excess fumes.
Reducing the SeO2 (catalyst) concentration from 0.3 to 0.15 percent eliminated the
precipitation problem and maintained good digestion with the reversed heating stages.
Various H-containing compounds were analyzed using Identical conditions and recoveries
were nearly 100 percent. Liquid samples containing up to 10 percent carbohydrate can
be digested without Interference or further dilution. Significant Interference was
observed in tests on color development with 50 ppm Cr (3 plus), Mn (2 plus), Fe (3 plus),
and_Co (2 plus), and with UOO ppm LI, K, Mg, Hi, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, and Pb cations.
The use of EDTA or sodium potassium tartrate results In a significant reduction in
interference with some metal ions; no change in the Interference of others; and with
certain other ions, enhances the interference. In this comprehensive method, chelatlng
agents were not included because sample composition is often unknown or widely varied.
The automated method was compared with the manual Kjeldahl method by analyzing four
unknown samples by both procedures. Good agreement of the two methods was achieved.
AMIC-6U77
"SUABILITY OF METAL DITHIOCARBAMATE CCHPLEXES", Scharfe, R. R., Sastrl, V. S.,
Chakrabarti, C. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. k">, No. 2, February 1973, pp U13-1H5.
The objectives of this study were to: (1) to determine the stability
constants of complexes of some divalent metal ions with a variety of N-substituted
dithiocarbamlc acids; and (2) determine the effect of various substltuents at the
nitrogen atom in disubstltuted dithiocarbamlc acids on the magnitude of stability
constants. Aqueous solutions of the dlthlocarbanlc acids prepared as the Ha salt, of
the metal Ion (Pb, Ri, Zn), and of the competing llgnnd (NTA or EDTA) were studied
using solvent extraction and polarographlc methods. There was fair agreement between
the values of the stability constants obtained by those methods; the differences were
possibly due to the different ionic strengths, 0.01 and 1.00, respectively, employed
In the 2 methods. In the case of Pb, there was a linear relationship between the
stability constant values and the pK (basicity) of three dlthocarbamlc acids. In the
case of Zn and Hi, there was no regular trend in the stability constants vith the
increasing basicity of dithiocarbamlc acids. The order of the stability constants for
Zn, Hi, and Pb was hexaoethylene DPC greater than pipDTC greater than PyrrDTC.
Pyrrolidlne DTC forms complexes of the same degree of stability as the widely used
diethyl DTC. However, at low pH of 1.0, pyrrolldlne DTC Is more stable than dlethyl
ETC. Thus, the substitution of pyrrolldlne DTC In many existing procedures which call
for dlethyl DTC will add an additional element of flexibility to many analytical
procedures. (Holonan-Battelle)
INDEX TERMS: Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Polarographlc analysis, Solvent extractions, Stability,
Aqueous solutions, Nitrilotriacetlc acid, Chemical reactions, Dithiocarbamlc acids,
Metal complexes, Stability constants. Llgands. EDTA.
(Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TEJMS: Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Carbohydrates, Automation, Nitrogen,
Pollutant Identification, Cations, Heavy metals. Alkaline earth metals, Alkali
metals. Methodology, Color reactions, Kjeldahl nitrogen, Kjeldahl procedure.
Ionic Interference, Chelatlng agents, Recovery, Sensitivity.
AMIC-6516
'SPBCTRCPHWOMETRIC DETERMINATK* OF URANIUM(VI) WITH CHROMAZUROL S AND
CEMlPYRiDINItW BROMIDE", Leong, C. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U?, No. 1, January
1973, PP 201^03.
Since the uranyl ion has been found to form a soluble blue complex with
chromazurol S and cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB), a study has been made of the color
reaction with reference to the development of a suitable spectrophotometric method for
determining U(VI). A study of the optimum conditions for color development yielded
the following: (1) pH U.8 was chosen for all absorption measurements. (2) At an
average temperature of 20 C, nnty-tnmm absorbance was obtained In 15 minutes and
absorbance remained constant for at least 2k hours. (3) The complex was not
extractable by chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ether, nitrobenzene, nitromethane,
Lsobutyl ketone, isoamyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. (U) The calibration graph
>beyed Beer's la for 0-lflO mlcrograms of U(VI)/ 50 ml of solution. (5) The color
reaction has a molar absorptivity of 99,000 at 625 nm and a relative standard
leviatlon of 3 percent. (6) A 100-fold weight excess of Al(III), Cr(VT), Be(II),
'e(lll), Bl(III), Mo(VI), Yb(IH), Dy(III), and Ce(lII) gave serious interferences,
Ihlle a 2-fold weight excess of Th(IV) gave Interference. Preliminary separation of
I(VT) by such methods as ion exchange will be necessary before determination.
INDEX TERMS: Color reactions, Aqueous solutions, Spectrophotometry, Heavy metals.
Pollutant identification, Chemical reactions, Separation techniques, Cations,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Solvent extractions. Alkaline earth metals,
Chromazurol S, Cetylpyridinlum bromide, Uranium, Absorbance, Ionic Interference,
Reproducibillty, Molar absorptivity. Sensitivity, Chromogenlc reagents, Rare
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6561
"DISSOLVED OXYGEN AHD TEMPERATURE IN A STRATIFIED LAKE", Smith, S. A., Bella, D. A.,
joumal Hater Pollution Control federation. Vol. lt-5. Ho. 1, January 1973, pp 119.133.
Temporal and spatial variations of temperature and dissolved oxygen were
measured In Triangle Lake In Oregon. The lake was relatively uniform In the horizontal
direction and significantly stratified vertically. Dlel dissolved oxygen variations
were less than 0.5 mg/1 In surface regions. Diel temperature variations resulted In a
nocturnal density overturning extendljig to about 9 ft (3 a) in depth. Depth of summer
dlel overturning defined the lover boundary of the eplllmnlon and upper boundary of
metalimnlc dissolved oxygen mxlmtm. Complete overturn did not occur during the WITH
winter of 1969-70, and low hypollmnetic dissolved oxygen values occurred the following
summer. During simmer months, desirable game fish habitats in the lake are restricted
j by temperature and oxygen conditions.
i
| INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen. Water temperature, Thermal stratification, Hypollanion,
I RUollmnlon, Water properties, Water quality, Data collections. Water sampling,
j Bpilimnlon, Chemical analysis, Water analysis, Dlel variations, Triangle Lake,
Metallmnlon. ^^
AMIC-6589
"WHAT'S KNOWN ABOUT PENTACHLOROPHENOLS", Cote, R. P., Water and Pollution Control,
Vol. 110, No. 12, December 1972, pp 35.37.
A review of the literature was conducted to summarize the available knowledge
of pentachlorophenols, potentially harmful pollutants. The review covers production,
use, chemical and physical properties, msthods of analysis, toxlclty to manuals and
aquatic organisms, and effects on sludge bacteria. The evidence on pentachlorophenol
and sodium pentachlorpphenate as environmental contaminants suggests that the problem
Is not of the same magnitude as DDT or oil. Nevertheless, PCP and Its salts cause
significant Impact in localized areas where It is continuously added to the environment.
Heavy usage on an Intermittent basis could also have severe consequences. Fortunately
the persistence of PCP and Its sodium salt are limited, however, their degradation
products may present toxlcity problems of a chronic or aubletfaal nature.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Toxlcity, Degradation (decomposition).
Solubility, Qas chromatography, Invertebrates, Fish, Snails, Shrimp,
Pentachlorophenol, Sodium pentachlorophenol. Fate of pollutants, Tadpoles.
AMIC-6572
"PROCEEDINGS THIRD NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FOOD PROCESSING WASTES. March 26-30, 1972, New
Orleans, Louisiana", Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, National Waste Treatment
Research Program, Corvallis, Oregon, Report No. EPA-R2-72-OU3, November 1972, 1198 pp.
Technical papers presented at the Third National Symposium on Food Processing
Wastes, March 28-30, 1972, New Orleans, Louisiana Include the following topics of
Interest: 1. 'Report on First Coonerclal Evaluation of Dry Caustic Peeling of
Clingstone Peaches' by Herbert Stone; 2. 'Ice Cream Wastewater Characterization and
Treatabilltor* by E. F. Dulj 3. 'Ocean Assimilation of Food Residuals' by Walter W.
Rose, et al.; k. 'Winery Wastewater Treatment' by Edwin Hayes, et al.; 5.
'Characterization and Treatment of Brewery Wastes' by Henry 0. Schwartz, Jr. and
Richard H. Jones; 6. 'Characterization of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastewaters*
by M. R. Soderqulst et al.; 7. 'Progress Report: Seafoods Processing Wastewater
Characterization1 by M. R. Soderqulst et al.; and 8. 'A Field Study on the Application
of Individual Quick Blanching' by Daryl B. Lund.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Pollutant Identification, Conferences, Food
processing Industry, Effluents, Waste water disposal, Monitoring, Waste water
treatment, Fruit crops. Vegetable crops, Waste Identification, Physical properties,
Chemical properties, Water pollution sources. Solid wastes. Water analysis,
Chemical analysis. Liquid wastes, Path of pollutants. Canneries, Fish hand Ting
facilities, Industrial wastes, Characterization, Ice cream, Breweries, Seafoods.
AMIC-6593
"DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM IN BLOOD BY A DELVES CUP TECHNIQUE", Ediger, B. D., Coleman,
R» L., Atomic Absorption Newsletter. Vol. 12, No. 1, January-February 1973, pp 3-6.
A simple, rapid method is described for the determination of cadmium in
blood utilizing the Delves cup apparatus. Heparinlzed blood Is pipetted into the
Delves cups after passage through the air-acetylene flame in order to decontaminate
the surface. The cups were placed in their tray, dried at 150 C for 1 mln, Individually
mounted on the Delves cup apparatus, and pushed almost to the center of the flame.
Upon cessation of combustion, the cup was Imaediately pushed to the center of the
flame and the Cd absorption peak was recorded. The Deuterium Background Corrector
was used to compensate for nonspecific absorption. Standardization was by the method
of additions on a normal blood sample spiked with cadmium to yield added concentrations
of 0.50, 1.00 and 1.50 mlcrograms Cd/100 ml. With this procedure, less than 0.02
mierogram Cd/100 ml of blood can be detected using a Ifl-microliter sample. The
technique yields values comparable to data obtained with an extraction procedure
utilizing the graphite furnace. The effects of cup positioning on absorbance and the
use of background correction are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Heavy metals, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identi-
fication, Delves cup method, Atomic absorption spectrophotomstry, Blood,
Biological samples, Absorbance, Detection limits. Body fluids.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-659U
"THE GENERATION AND DETERMINATION OF COVALENT HYDRIDES B3f ATOMIC ABSORPTION",
| Pollock, E. N., West, S. J., Atonic Absorption Newsletter. Vol. 12, No. 1,
i January/February 1973» PP 6-81 ~ ~
' The use of TIC 13 with magnesium metal or the use of NaBHU as reductants
and sources of nascent hydrogen for the generation of volatile hydrides from the
I covalent metals has extended this atomic absorption spectroscopy technique to Include
| Bl, Sb, Te and Ge as well as As and Se. The development of an apparatus compatible
I with the change In chemical reactions has led to simple precise methods for the
; determination of these six elements. Further changes in reagents, technique or
apparatus may extend the usefulness of this method to the determination of Sn, Si and
Pb. The dat showed excellent precision to be obtainable In the TiC13-Mg method for
determination of As, Se, Sb, Bi, Te at the submlcrogram level. Qe determination using
NaBH4 was less sensitive and showed poorer precision. Detection limits are shown to
be much better with the hydride method than with conventional AA. The method vas
unsuccessful with Sn, Pb, and Si.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Arsenic, Selenium,
Bismuth, Germanium, Antimony, Tellurium, Hydrides, Sample preparation, Detection
limits.
AMIC-6597
"THE USE OF ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS IN
THE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF METAL CHELATES, Berger, S. A., Atomic Absorption Newsletter
Vol. 12, No. 1, January-February 1973, PP 30-32.
Problems of determining equilibria in the solvent extraction of metal chelates
can be minimi zed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. A suggested procedure
Involves preparation of calibration curves for both the aqueous and organic phases.
Sample calibration curves were prepared for the solvent extraction system, Fe (III)-
chlorendic acid, using Fe (C10U)3.6H20 In distilled water saturated with benzene
or KTBK plus chlorendlc acid. The results show that AA Is useful for study of the
equilibria in solvent extraction of metal chelates since it Is rapid and requires
minimal sample preparation. Recoveries with Fe (III) were about plus or minus 3
percent.
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Solvent extractions, Heavy metals. Calibrations, Chelated
Sample prparatlon, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
etals.
AMIC-6596
"COMPARISON BETWEEN DRY ASHING AND VET DIGESTION IN THE PREPARATION OF PLANT MATERIAL
FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS", Giron, H. C., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12,
Ho. 1, January-February 1973, PP 38-29.
Samples of alfalfa, clovers, and grasses were collected, pooled, chopped, dry
ashed or wet digested, analyzed by atomic absorption, and the results subjected to
statistical analysis to determine whether the ashing procedures affected results.
Twenty-five 2-gram samples were placed In porcelain crucibles and dry ashed at 550 C
for 2-3 hours in a muffle furnace. The ashed samples were then boiled In 1 N HC1 and
diluted with distilled water. The same number of samples were wet ashed by letting them
stand overnight In concentrated HN03. The solution was then boiled, cooled, and HC10>4>
added. After heating, the samples ware diluted with distilled water. The prepared
samples were analyzed for iron, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper,
manganese, and zinc by AA. The statistical analysis showed nonsignificant differences
in results except for Iron concentration in alfalfa and grass. Iron appeared to be
higher with dry ashing. A second series of tests using a quartz shield to protect the
sample from contamination inside the furnace gave results which were not significantly
different. Dry ashing appeared to give better precision, and since it is more rapid
than wet digestion, It is suggested that dry ashing may be a more desirable process for
sample preparation.
INDEX TERMS: Grasses, Statistical methods, Heavy metals, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, Iron, Copper, Managnaese, Zinc, Alfalfa, Clover, Sample preparation,
Met ashing, Dry ashing, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-6637
"IMPROVED METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF XANTHOPHYLL IN FRESH ALFALFA AND WET FRACTIONS",
Knuckles, B. E., Blckoff, E. M., Kohler, G. 0., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 6, November 1972, pp 1202-12051
An Improved method has been described for the analysis of xanthophyll, as well
as carotene, in fresh alfalfa. Samples of the plant are cut and chopped for uniform
mixing if necessary. A quantity of the sample is mixed with absolute ethanol and
filtered through fluted filter paper. An aliquot of the filtrate is then mixed with
percent methanollc KDH and evaporated to dryness under vacuum (60-65 C). The
evaporated extract is transferred onto a chromatographlc column, vacuum is applied and
the pigment eluate is collected In a flask. The eluate Is mixed with Its eluant, and
the volume is diluted with acetone and stored in the dark. In order to determine the
pigoenting xanthophylls, ethanollc HC1 is added to an aliquot of eluate, diluted with
acetone, and mixed. The absorbance can be determined between 5 and 15 m-in after mixing
with any suitably calibrated colorimeter or spectrophotometer. The outlined method
is relatively rapid, Is suitable for routine use, and measures both carotene and
xanthophyll in the same extract.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Plant pigments, Solvent extractions, Separation techniques.
Primary productivity, Colorlmetry, Color, Xanthophylls, Carotene, Organic solvents,
Absorbance, Sample preparation.
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1.
PHYSICAL AM CHEMICAL
AMIC-6638
"CONFIBMATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE IDENTITY. IV. DERIVATIVE FORMATION IN SCUD MATRIX
, FOR THE COHFIRMATIOH OF ALPHA- ADD BETA-ENDOSULFAN BY GAS CHROMATOGRAFHY", Chau,
| A. S. Y., Terry, K., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol.
! 55, No. 6, November 19?2, pp 1228-1531. ~~ ~ ' (
The new solid matrix derivation procedure haa now teen applied to the conflrmaj
I tion of endosulfan residue Identity. This procedure Involves the conversion of endo- I
, sulfans to the same dlacetate in alumina impregnated with H2SC* and acetic anhydride.
The concentrated sample extract or standard solution Is applied to the surface of the '
, aolld matrix in the microcolumn. The column is heated for two hours and the eluted with
| benzene. The eluate is then examined, with and without concentration, by electron
j capture gas-liquid chromatography. Comparable yield of the dlacetate was obtained from
the present approach and from a previously reported acetylation Method. Of the various
j experimental conditions Investigated, the best conditions included derivatlsatlon for
I 2 hr at 100 C In solid matrix of alumina-acetic anhydrlde-H2SCJ* (50 plus 10 plus 5)
j (w/v/v). The advantage of the present method over the previously reported procedure
is discussed, and the applicability of this method to the confirmation of endosulfan
] in fish and water is illustrated.
!
I INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pollutant
identification, Methodology, Insecticides, Chemical analysis, Alpha-endosulfan,
Beta-endosulfan, Derlvatlzation, Electron capture gas chromatography.
Acetylation.
DETERMINATION OF MATACIL AND ZBCTRAW BY FLUORIGEIJIC LABELING, THIN LAYER CHRCMATOGRAPHY,
AND IN SITU FLUORIMETRY", Frel, R. W., Lawrence, J. F., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 55, No. 6, November 1975, pp 1259-156I+; ~
The fluorlgenlc labeling of Matacil (U-dlmethylamlno-m-tolyl N-methylcarbamate)
and Zectran < Wlmethylamlno-3,5-xylyl N-msthylcarbamate) with dansyl chloride
(l-dlnethylamlno-naphthalene-5-3ulfonyl chloride) results in 3 fluorescent derivatives,
and labeling with NBD-C1 C*.chloro-7-nltrobenao-2,l,3-oxadlazole) produces 2 fluorescent
derivatives for each carbamate, all of which can be separated by thin layer
chromatography (TLC). These derivatives are identified by nuclear magnetic resonance,
Infrared, and fluorescence spectroscopy, aided by TLC data. The carbamates are
hydrolyzed in dilute base and the resulting amlne or phenol hydrolysis products react
with the labeling reagents. The derivatives are analyzed by TLC and in situ fluorimetry
with a spectrophotometer In the fluorescence mode and a spectrophotofluorometer with
the thin layer scanning accessory. Reactions, fluorescence phenomena, and
chromatographlc properties of the derivatives are investigated for evaluation of the
method as a quantitative technique. A reproducibility of 3-5 percent relative standard
deviation can be expected In the concentration range from 15 to 300 ng/spot for
derivatives of the 2 labeling procedures. The dansyl derivatives are instrumentally
detectable as low as 1 ng/spot while the NHD derivatives may be detected at
concentrations of less than 0.5 ng/spot.
INDEX TERMS: Carbamate pesticides, Fluorometry, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Chemical analysis, Fluorescence, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Insecticides, Thin
AMIC-6639
"CONFIRMATION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUE IDENTITY. V. ALTERNATIVE PROCEDURE FOR DERIVATIVE
FORMATION IN SOLID MATRIX FOR THE CONFIRMATION OF ALPHA- AHD BETA-ENDOSULPAN BY GAS
CHROWPOORAPHY", Chau, A. S. Y., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 6, November Jy'/t*, pp 1552-1238. ^^
A quick and sensitive new method has been developed for the confirmation of
alpha- and beta- endosulfan by conversion to the sane ether In a solid matrix. It seenu
by far to be the most sensitive method reported to date for positive Identification of
alpha- and beta-endosulfan. As little as 0.005 ppm of the parent compounds In a ID
g fish or sediment extract and 0.003 ppb in a 2 1 water extract can be routinely
confirmed.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Pollutant Identi-
fication, Insecticides, Methodology, Chemical analysis. Fish, Sediments, Hater
analysis, Alpha-endosulfan, Beta-endosulfan, Electron capture gas chromatOflraBhy
Detection limits. —e"*"*/*
AMIC-66^3
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF PHENYLAMIDE PESTICIDES IN NATURAL WATERS", El-DIB, M. A.,
Aly, 0. A., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 55, No. 6,
November 1972, pp 127o-l2^. ^
Phenylamide pesticides include a great variety of compounds such as
N-phenylcarbamates, phenylureas, and anilldes. A sljaple, rapid, and sensitive
colorlmetric method for their determination In natural waters has been proposed.
Phenylamldes are rapidly hydrolyzed In acid medium at elevated temperature (150-155
degrees C), yielding the corresponding anilines. The latter compounds are dlazotized
and coupled with L-naphthol to yield intensely colored azo dyes. Standard and recovery
solutions of specific phenylamldes were used in testing the procedure. Aliquots of
the solutions were acidified with H2SOU, extracted with CHC13 and evaporated Just to
dryness. The solution vaa then refluxed, mixed respectively with NaN02 solution,
sulfanlc acid, 1-naphthol, and finally NaOH for mar-timm color development. Absorbance
was read against a reagent blank. Efficiency of the hydrolytic procedure was checked
by comparing 100 ralcrogrsms of each pesticide with the corresponding theoretical
amounts of anilines liberated by complete hydrolysis. Recoveries of the phenylamldes
from tap and raw river waters ranged from 96 to 100 percent. Using the proposed
method, extraction and subsequent determination of the pesticides require about >*Q
minutes. Both phenylamldes and aniline derivatives can be determined in a sample
in the presence of each other. The method Is sensitive to 0.02 mg/1; coefficients of
variation range between 6.0 and 0.2, according to the amount of phenylamide pesticide
being measured.
-\
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-66U3 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Pollutant identification, Colorinetry, Methodology,
Carbanate pesticides, Urea pesticides. Chemical anlysis, Color reactions,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Efficiencies, Natural inters, Phenylamlde
pesticides. Aniline derivatives. Staple preparation. Recovery, Precision,
Sensitivity.
AHIC-6656
"FLUOROMETRIC DETERMINATiaN OF OmETRACYCLINE IN PREJOXBS", KatZ, S. E., Fassbender,
C. A., Journal of the Aasoclation of Official Analytical Chemists. Vo. 56, No. 1,
January 1973, PP 17-19-
A simple fluorometric procedure is presented for the determination of
oxytetracycline in Milch a highly sensitive fluorometer and ultrapure delonlzed water
are used to eliminate background fluorescence. Standard solutions are mixed vlth
1 N NHWH, allowed to stand for 15 min and the fluorescence Intensity is measured.
Premises are mixed with an extracting solution for 30 nln by shaking; the extract la
settled, filtered and diluted vith 1 N NH»4OH for fluorescence intensity measurements.
Jtecoveries from fortified extracts of commercial premises ranged from 95.0 to 102.5
percent; the ratio of results of microbiological to fluorometric methods ranged from
0.97 to 1,0? percent. The procedure Is reasonably specific for oxytetracycline In
j relationship to interference from chlortetracycllne because there is a significant
| difference between excitation and emission wavelengths for these compounds: 390 and
520 nm for oxytetracycline vs. 350 and U20 nm for chlortetracycline. The main
advantage of the fluorometric method over the microbiological method is that the
fluorooBtric method requires less time and can be used effectively for quality
assurance and in regulatory laboratories,
INDEX TERMS: Antibiotics (pesticides), Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant
identification, Methodology, Fluorometry, Fluorescence, Assay, Oxytetracycline,
Chemical Interference, Recovery, Premixes, Chlortetracycline, Sample preparation.
Sensitivity.
AMIC-6655
"CAS CHRCMATCGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRIARBCL IN FORMULATIONS AND TECHNICAL MATERIAL"
Frank, R., Decker, 0. D., Day, K. W., Jr., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, Ho. 1, January 1975, pp
The triarlmol content in formulations and technical materials is determined by
flame ionlzatlon gas-liquid chromatography after the sample is dissolved in or
extracted with chloroform. Pesticides ccmnonly occurring vlth triarlmol do not
Interfere In this method. Replicate Injections of enulslflable concentrate and
wettable powier samples showed good precision. Hie described procedure has been
successfully used for the determination of triarlmol In experimental combination
formulations containing one of the following pesticides: captan, dlazlnon, disulfoton,
chlorpyrifos, ethlon, dlcofol, malathlon, methoxychlor, carbaryl, and mane*.
INDEX TERMS: Fungicides, Assay, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Chemical analysis,
Triarlmol, Formulations, hemical interference, Flame lonlzatlon gas chromatography,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-6657
"EVALUATION OF CHEMICAL CONFIHOMATORY TESTS FDR ANALYSIS OF DIELDRIN RESIDUES", Maybury,
H. B., Cochrane, W. P., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 56, No. 1, January 1973, PP 36-W.
Eight of the more commonly used reagents for the confirmation of dleldrin at
the residue level were compared for several substrates. After an aliquot of the
standard or sample extract was placed In a glass-stoppered centrifuge tube, the
solvent was evaporated. The reagent was added, and the tube placed in boiling water
bath for 30 mln. After cooling, the contents were diluted with distilled H20, mixed,
and shaked upon the addition of hexane. The hexane layer was dried and injected into a
gas chromatograph. Dry (animal feeds) samples were extracted with hexane, and cleanedup in
two reagents, aqueous HBr solution and BC13/2-chloroethanol, were especially useful
because of their application and sensitivity. I.e., 0.0003 ppm for a Ifl g dry sample
and 0.001 ppm for a 25 g wet sample. The ZiC12/HCl reagent was a practical alternative
to the BC13/2-chloroettianol reagent. The HBr/Ac2O reagent gave a more positive
confirmation at a lower sensitivity.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Dleldrin, Chemical reactions, Pollutant identification.
Laboratory tests. Evaluation, Chemical analysis, Reagents, Sample preparation,
Electron capture gas chromatography.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AfflC-6658 ~
"GAS-LttJUID CHRCMATOGRAPHIC DETEHMINATIOH Of METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE IH SOILS", Slrons,
0. J.» Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56. Ho. 1.
January 1973, pp - -
Residues of methyl isothlocyai»te, the active Ingredient (20 percent) In the
roll fumigant Vorlex, In soils were extracted vlth diethyl ether containing 5 percent
ethanol, concentrated In a Kuderna-Danlsh concentrator, and subjected to gas-liquid
chromatography without further cleanup. A 6 percent Carbowax 20M column was used In
conjunction with either conductivity (nitrogen node) or flame photometric (sulfur node)
detection systems. Two types of soils, mineral and organic (muck), were used for
j recovery testa. The soils were air-dried at room temperature, fortified with mlcrogram
I quantities of CH3NC5, and mixed thoroughly for 60 minutes. Extractions were Bade
j immediately and at 3, 7, lU, and SB days post-fortification. The observed llaltsof
j detection of methyl Isothlocyanate were approximately U.5 ng with the flame photometric
detector and 5 ng with the conductivity detector. Recoveries from fortified soils
. ranged from 80-86 percent using the Kuderna-Danlsh concentrator. The method is rapid
and capable of determining methyl isothlocyaoate residues In soils at a level as low as
I 0.01 ppm.
[ INDEX TERMS: Soil analysis. Pesticide residues, Pollutant Identification, Chemical
, analysis, Methodology, Fumlgants, Soil contamination, Sulfur compounds, Soil
! sterllants, Methyl Isothiocyanate, Vorlex, Flams photometric gas chromatography,
Conductive gas chromatography. Detection limits. Recovery, Sample preparation.
AMIC-6660
"REVIEW OF THE SCHOENEMANN REACTION IN ANALYSIS AND DETECTION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS
COMPOUNDS", Pozlomek, E. J., Crab-tree, E. V., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 1, January 1973, PP 5b-o2.
This report reviews the chemistry of the Schoenenann reaction and describes the
principles and applications in the detection of organophosphorus compounds. Emphasis
is placed on the analysis of the very toxic compounds ethyl N,N,-dlmethylphosphoramido
cyanldate and isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate. There are many literature
publications and government reports which Illustrate applicability of the Schoenenann
reaction. Key literature references are mentioned throughout this report; also, there
are many citations of unpublished data.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Organophosphorus compounds. Pollutant identification,
Color reactions, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Inhibitors, Organic compounds,
Inorganic compounds, Cations, Anlons, Chemistry, Schoenenann reaction. Ethyl N
K-dlmethylphosphoramldo cyanldate, Isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate, Chemical
Indicators, Aromatic amines. Sensitivity, Chemical Interference.
AM1C-6659
"CCKDITIOinNG OF POLYALKYL OLYCOL LIOUID PHASES FOR FLAME PHOTOMETRIC OAS CHHCMATOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF DUBSBAN AND ITS OXYGEN AMALOG", Struble, D. L., Journal of the Association
Of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, Ho. 1, January 1973* PP ^9-^&>
AKIC-6663
"APPLICATION OF A LABORATORY ANALOG-DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM TO DATA ACQUISITION AND
REDUCTION FOR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSES11, John, M. K., Laerhoven, C. J., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists, vol. 56, Ho. 1, January 1973, pp 135-139.
Dursban and its oxygen analog were resolved by 3 liquid phases, Ucon
75-H-90,OCO and Carbowaxes SOU and 20M TPA, on unsllanized, acid-washed Chromosorb W.
The GLC responses and resolutions of the 2 compounds were dependent upon the conditioning
of the packing before it was placed In the GLC columns. The most satisfactory results
were obtained when the column packing was heated in the presence of atmospheric
oxygen. The best liquid phase for the GLC analysis of Dursban and it oxygen analog
was Ucon 75-H-90,000.
IHDEX TERMS: Phosphothloate pesticides, Chemical analysis, Organophosphorus pesticides,
Methodology, Insecticides, Dursban, 0 0-dlethyl 0-3 5 6-trlchloro-2-pyridyl
phosphate, Sample preparation, Flame photometric gas chromatography, 0 0-dlethyl
0-3 5 6-trlchloro-2-pyrldyl phosphorothloate.
A flexible, general purpose program was developed for a laboratory data
acquisition and reduction system employing a minicomputer for off-line processing of
digitized data readings from electroanalytlcal Instrumentation. Instrument data from
the on-line operation of a hard-wired analog-to-digltal data acquisition subsystem In
conjunction with an atonic absorption Instrument, a colorimeter, or a pH/mlllivolt meter
for specific-ion electrode determinations, are transformed Into concentration units by
using a linear Interpolation method. The relationship between Instrument measurements
and quantitative data is approximated by several straight-line segments between the
graphical coordinates associated with each of the reference standards analyzed. The
coordinates are determined by calibrating readings and known concentrations. Routines
are included o edit Incorrect raw readings and to make corrections to compensate for
unavoidable deviations from standard analytical procedure. The FCCAL-d language
program, therefore, permits unattended processing of sequentially read paper tape input.
The results punched on paper tape are easily transferred to a large computer for more
sophisticated data analysis and storage.
INDEX TERMS: Laboratory equipment, Programnlng languages, Data processing. Computer
programs, Automatic control, Electronic equipment, Data acquisition, Analog-
digital computer, FCCAL-6.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-666U ~ —
"OH-LINE COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR AUTOMATIC ANALYZERS", Overton, M. W., Alber, L. L., Smith,
D- B-i Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, Ho. 1,
January 1973, vp 1W>-1U6"— — '
A computer system has been developed far acquisition and reduction of data
obtained from an Autoanalyzer. An OK core memory conputer was interfaced vlth the
i Autoanalyzer through an operational amplifier manifold and plug-in components. The
j Interfacing circuitry is baaed on the use of a retranslmittlng slldewlre mounted on
I the pen cable pulley of the spectrophotometer. The program, which Is Included In the
text, was written In FOCAL-12 and can be easily modified. The system la easily
| adapted to a wide variety of Instruments where analog data are collected as a function
I of time.
INDEX TERMS: Digital computers. Data processing, Autoanalyzer.
AMC-6666
"GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF N-ACETYL-N-BUTYL ESTERS OF AMUR) ACIDS",
Vincent, P. G., Kirkaey, J., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
vol. 56, so. 1, January 1973, PP 158-1M. ~ S±Z
Oaa-liquid partition chrcoatography of a number of N-acetyl-n-butyl esters of
amlno acids has been Investigated. Results obtained with a column packed with methyl
silicon* grease (DC-200, 12,500 cat viscosity) were better than those reported for
Carbowax 15«0 or hydroganated vegetable oil. Amino acid derivatives were distinctly
resolved on methyl silicons grease columns. Preliminary determinations were obtained
for synthetic mixtures of the acids. The method should prove a useful adjunct to
current techniques for the separation and quantitative measurement of amlno acids.
IHDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Amliio acids, Gas liquid chromatography, Proline,
Threonlne, Honoserlne, U-aalnobutyrate, Methionlne, Cltrulllne, Arglnine,
Aspartate, Phenylalanine, Qmlthlne, Glutsmlne, Lysine, Hlstldlne, Tyroslne,
Tryptophan.
AKEC-6665
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF THE CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF PEAT MATERIALS", Thorpe, V. A.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 1, January 1973,
AfflC-6669
"USE OF ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCE RATIOS IN IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS BY
MASS SPECTRCMETRY", Rote, J. W., Morris, U. j., journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, Ko. 1, January 1975, EP 1UBH99.
To provide a measure of the total amount of exchangeable cations that can be
held by peat expressed as nequlv./100 g air-dried peat, the modified method of
Puustjarvl for cation exchange capacity has been proposed and studied collaboratively.
The statistical treatment of the collaborators' results Indicates a satisfactory degree
of precision and accuracy for the 3 products considered, moss, humus, and reed-sedge.
The method for cation exchange capacity of peat materials, with the description of the
transfer technique Included, has been adopted as official first action. The 7 ASM
Tthods have been adopted as procedures.
INDEX TERMS: Peat, Humus, Collaborative studies. Cation exchange capacity, Reed-sedge
Sample preparation.
Polychlorlnated blphenyls are Industrial compounds which are being detected
throughout the global ecosystem. Because of the presence of other residues, combined
gas chromfttograpny-mass spectromstry mist be used for their confirmation. Using
isotope abundance ratios, the theoretical probability of the occurrence of ions of
different masses In the molecular cluster has been calculated for the polychlorinated
blphenyls, polychlorinated terphenyls, and chlorinated naphthalenes. Mass spectra of
mono- through decachloroblpheuyl have been taken with a unit resolution, computer-
controlled GC-HS system and parent ion clusters were matched with the theoretical
isotopic patterns. This method provides the unambiguous identification of
polychlorinated biphenyls In the presence of other substances.
IBDEX TERMS: Polyehlorlaated blphcisyls, Pollutant Identification, Vfass spectromstry,
Chemical analysis, Industrial wastes, Gas chrooatography, GC-Mass spectrometry,
Isotopic abundance ratios, Aroclor 1232, Aroclor 125U, Aroclor 1268, Isomars,
Polychlorlnated terphenyls, Chlorinated naphthalenes.
-------
1. PHYSICAL ADD CHEMICAL METHOD^
AMIC-6682 ~ ~
"MERCURY IN A MARINE PELAGIC POOD CHAIN", Knauer, 0. A., Martin, J. H., Limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972, pp 868-876! ^ —
Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and anchovies collected In Monterey Bay,
California, over a 10-month period were analyzed for total mercury. Known wet weight or
dry weight quantities of homogenized aanples were weighed Into disposable ampoules, a
2:1 solution of concentrated H2SOU and HM03 added (wet samples were chilled over ice)
and the samples heated overnight at 80 C. After acid digestion, the ampoules were
chilled in ice and a 6 percent KMnOU solution added for the development of color.
Excess permanganate was reduced with 30 percent H202 and the solution was back titrated
with the permagnanate solution to yield a pink color (this avoided suppression of
peaks). The sample digest was drawn, a reductant added, and the Hg partitioned on a
vortex mixer. The resulting vapor was Injected Into an AA spectrophotometer. A few
samples of anchovies and phytoplankton were analyzed for organic Hg by flameless AAS
after extracting the hoaogenate with benzene and cystelne acetate. The cystelne/Hg
complex was treated as for total Hg except no HNO3 or back tltratlon was necessary?
In general, mercury levels were low and no evidence of food chain amplification was
observed. Temporal variations of Hg concentrations In phytoplankton were greater than
those for zooplankton; however, no seasonal trends were observed for either group.
Mercury levels were approximate^ equal In Inshore and offshore zooplankton. The
highest average mercury concentration was found In phytoplankton-net samples from the
open ocean that contained radlolarians and other small zooplankton forms as well as
diatoms.
AMIC-6663 ' ~~ ——— —
"TRACE ELEMESTS IH CLAMS, MUSSELS, AHD SHRIMP", Bertlne, K. K., Goldberg, E. D.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972, pp 877-881*.
Compositional changes In the trace element content of shells of mussels and
clams that might be related to man's Influence on the composition of Inshore marine
waters over the past hundred years .were sought but not found. The elements Kb, Fe, Co,
Sb' Sc±-fl*' Cr* ZxL> Se> and ^ WBre analyze
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHOP6
AMIC-6693 " ~~~
"IMPHOVED TECHNIQUE FOR ANALYSIS OF CARBOHHYDRATES IN SEDIMENTS", Oerchakov, S. M.,
Hatcher, P. G., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972, pp 938-91*3.
The phenol-sulfuric acid method for analysis of carbohydrates In sediments has
been modified to improve reproductibllity and eliminate extraneous color development.
Sediment samples were collected from Mangrove Lake, Bermuda for analysis. After
filtration, the samples were crushed and dried. Samples to be analyzed were divided
I into three aeries. Phenol solution and cone. HSOU nere added to the first; water and
cone. H2SOI* were added to the second; and phenol and water were added to the third.
; The absorbance of each solution was determined and the results used to correct for
I absorbances due to sample/sulfurlc acid, sample/phenol, and phenol/sulfurlc acid
! Interactions. Carbohydrate content, as glucose, was then determined using a calibration
curve constructed using glucose standards. Total organic carbon was also determined
by dry combustion of the samples and absorption of the evolved COS. Statistical
j treatment of the absorbances from the three samples indicated that absorbance from
, sample/phenol or glucose/phenol interactions was insignificant with this sample
I but may have to be considered with others. Absorbance due to phenol/sulfuric acid
I interaction can generally be neglected. Correction for absorbance due to sediment/
j sulfuric acid is necessary with this method. Carbohydrate values obtained with the
j modified method were generally lower than those obtained with the unmodifled method.
INDEX TERHS: Calibrations, Carbohydrates, Sediments, Spectrophotometry, Errors, Total
organic carbon, Absorbance, Phenol-sulfuric acid method, Sample preparation.
AMIC-6695
"A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OP ORGANIC-INORGANIC ASSOCIATIONS IN A STAGNATING SYSTEM",
Schlndler, J. E., Alberts, J. J., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, No. 6, November
1972, pp 958-957. —*"
Undisturbed water samples were collected from Lago Pond in Georgia using a
free-fall corer fitted with a plastic insert which could be easily removed and serve
as a microsm of the sediment for use In molecular weight fractionation studies. The
purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of organic-inorganic complex
formation as a mechanism for mobilization of metals during stagnation of a lake sediment
system. Portions of the samples were withdrawn at various locations and at certain
Intervals based on redox potentials and pH values. The portions were passed through
membrane filters which retained material with molecular weights of 100,000, 50,OOO,
10,000, 2,000, and 50. Replicate aliquots of water fractions were analyzed for organic
carbon. The remainder of each water fraction was analyzed for Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn by
AA. Unfiltered samples were analyzed for organic carbon and the aforementioned metals.
The concentration of each element retained in the molecular weight fractions was
calculated by subtracting from the concentration in the next larger size sample. Total
inorganic carbon of the aqueous phase was determined by infrared gas analysis. The
results showed that (1) inorganic carbon increased during reduction; (2) organic carbon
fractions were more evenly distributed by molecular weight during reduction; (3) Fe, Mg,
and Mn were associated with the 10,000-50,000 molecular weight fraction during reduction;
and (k) only Zn was associated with the 0-500 molecular weight fraction. It is
suggested that the association of the elements studied with colloid-forming materials
could impart a stability which would permit their transport to oxygen-rich, productive
areas of lakes.
AMIC-6691*
"CARBON DIOXIDE CONTENT OF THE INTERSTITIAL HATER IN THE SEDIMENT OF GRANE LANGSO, A
DANISH LOBELIA LAKE", Wivun-Andersen, S., Andersen, J. M., Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 17, No. 6, November 1972, pp 91*3.91*7. ~" r -
Sediment samples were collected with Perspex tubes from various depths of Lake
Crane Langse for analysis of COS in the interstitial water. Since interstitial water
could not be recovered from the sediment, C02 was determined directly by a modification
of the method of Krogh and Rehberg. In this method, boiling water was added to the
sample to drive off free C02 and that from HC03. The gas was collected in a receiver
flask of a still containing a known amount of Ba(OH)2. The amount of BaC03 formed
was calculated by titrating the remaining Ba(OH)2 with HC1. The results showed C02
content of the interstitial water to be between 1 and 5 mnole per liter. It is
concluded that the sediment must liberate C02 to the lake water in amounts sufficient
for optimal photosynthesis of Lobelia. Zonatlon of Isoetes, Littorella, and Lobelia
In the lake cannot be correlated with the C02 content of the sediment.
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Carbon dioxide. Connate water. Chemical analysis, Photosynthesis,
Sample preparation. Lobelia dortmanna. Lake Grane Langso.
AMIC-6695 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Sediment-water interfaces, Oxidation-reduction potential, Heavy
metals, Sorption, Hydrogen ion concentration, Filtration, Iron, Zinc, Manganese,
Magnesium, Molecular weight fractionation, Transport.
10
-------
1- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6698
"THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF A STRETCH OP THE GUADALUPE RIVER, TEXAS, WITH FIVE
MAIN-STREAM IMPOUNDMENTS", Young, W. C., Hannan, H. H., Tatum, J. W., Hvdroblologla,
Vol. J*0, Ho. 3, October 30, 1972, pp 297-319. =BS_»
The lianologlcal profile and the assolcated cause effect relationships have
been determined for a portion of the Guadalupe River, Texas, which has main-stream
reservoirs that do not stratify. Sixteen sites were sampled monthly for a year with
sanples being taken an a dlel basis at and below the surface and about 1 m above the
bottom using a Kemnerer water sampler. The following physlcochemlcal measurements or
determinations were made: wind velocity, thermal stratification, pH, water and air
temperature, specific conductance, water velocity, depth, transparency, dissolved oxygen,
oxygen saturation, alkalinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll a. Seasonal and diel changes |
in llmnologlcal conditions were of greater magnitude In Impoundments than In lotlc areas.l
Periods of low f lov and low velocity resulting In long water retention periods In I
Impoundments coupled with greater solar Input associated with long days contributed to
the greatest fluctuations. Longitudinal variations In physlcochemlcal conditions were
Influenced by the Impoundment of water, effluent of sewage disposal plants, reaeratlon
through turbulence, and wis greatly affected by seasonal periods of drought and flooding.
I High dissolved oxygen in Impoundments was accompalned by high chlorophyll a, high pK,
I and low bicarbonate alkalinity. These conditions Indicate the importance of bicarbonate
i ions as a carbon source for phytoplankton In this system.
INDEX TERMS: Limnology, Physlcochemlcal properties, Impounded waters, Water a«qpHT.e,
Surface waters, Reservoirs, Optical properties. Hater properties, Guadalupe River.
AMIC-6718
"FATTY ACIDS IN SURFACE PARTICULATE MATTER FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC", SchultZ, D. M.,
Quinn, J. G., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 29, No. 10,
October 1972, pp -
AMIC-670V
"ICE ANALYSES. DATA FROM THREE NORWEGIAN LAKES", Groterud, 0., Hydrobiologla. Vol. Uo,
Ho. 3, October 30, 1972, pp 371-391.
Ice from three Norwegian lakes vas analyzed and corresponding Investigations of
the lake waters and the precipitation from the lake areas were carried out. Field
investigations Included echo sounding, and temperature, pH, transparency, color,
oxygen, and alkalinity determinations. In the laboratory determinations were made for
water color, optical density, specific conductivity, potassium permanganate consumption,
Ca, Me, Na, K, chloride, sulfate, reactive silicate, orthophosphate, nitrate plus
nitrite, ammonia, ferrous and ferric iron, and total inorganic manganese. Different
places and different layers of the ice were Investigated to get an impression of the
vertical and horizontal distribution of the components analyzed. The contents of N03
plus NO2 and NH4 were relatively high in the Ice of the three lakes. On the other
hand, the POU content seemed to be relatively high only In the ice of Ovre
Helmdalsvatn (the high mountain lake). Some freezing experiments of the lake water
indicated that POU may be released from living and dying cells on freezing. The
Influence of nutrients In the ice on the water of the lake and the relationship
between the ionic balance of the Ice and that of the lake water are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Lake ice, Chemical analysis, Water analysis. Iced lakes. Snowfall, Sampling,
Nutrients, On-site investigations. Lake Ovre Heimdalsvatn, Norway, Lake Sandtjern,
Lake Abbortjern.
On B/V Trident Cruise 102 from Reykjavik, Iceland, to Halifax, Nova Scotia
(August 1971), samples wen taken at seven stations to determine the fatty acid
composition of open-ocean surface partlculate natter and to compare it with partlculate
matter in estuarlne samples from Narragansett Bay, R. I. Surface samples (20 cm depth)
were collected in polyethylene carboys andf lltered through Gelman type A glass-fiber
filters. The filters were placed In culture tubes and stored at a minus 20 C In the
ship's freezer for periods up to one month. AAfter transferring the samples to the
laboratory for analysis, the following were added (in the order given): an internal
standard (17:0), KDH/MeOH, MeOH, and benzene. Thesamples were saponified and the
methyl esters were extracted, and separated and purified using preparative TLC. The
esters were then extracted from the silicic acid and analyzed by GLC. The estuarlne
sanples were collected In glass containers at flood tide and prepared and analyzed as
above. Values of total fatty acids (free and esterlfled) ranged from k to 26 mlcrograms
A high proportion of the fatty acids was long-chain polyunsaturated acids. The low
relative abundance of Iso and antelso 15-carbon acids Indicated little bacterial
contribution to the partlculate natter. This fatty acid distribution was in contrast to
that found in estuarlne partlculate natter, which contained only trace amounts of the
long-chain polyunsaturated acids and substantial quantities of branched chain acids.
IHDEX TERMS: Atlantic Ocean, Chemical analysis. Water analysis, Surface waters,
Pollutant identification, Saline water. Mater sampling, Fatty acids, Partlculate
_ matter, Harraganaett Bay, Sample preparation, Thin layer chromatography. _
AMC-6719
"MERCURY CONTEST OF SPINY DOGFISH (3QUALUS ACAOTHIAS) IN THE STRAIT OF GEORGIA, BRITISH
COLUMBIA", Forrester, C. H., Kitchen, K. S., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Vol. 29, Ho. JD, October 1972, pp IkQt-ikgo.
Dogfish were collected with a small-meshed otter trawl, longllne gear, and
handllnes in four areas of the Strait of Georgia during a study conducted to determine
whether or not there was any systematic pattern of mercury content in fish from these
areas. A total of 685 dogfish were captured and 206 flesh samples taken from the dorsal
musculature between the first and second dorsal fins were analyzed. Sets of zero plus
and one plus intrauterine embryos were obtained and analyzed for Hg content. Total
mercury content (ppm wet weight) of the samples was determined through wet digestion
and flaneless atonic absorption spectrophotonetry, according to the method described
by Armstrong and Uthe (1971). The total mercury content of Squalus acanthlas reached
levels of 0.5 ppm. at fish lengths of 72 and 77 cm for male and female fish, respectively,
For any given length above 65 cm the mercury content vas higher among males than females
and higher in samples taken off the Fraser River Estuary than in other areas of the
Strait. Levels of mercury reached 1.7 ppm In males (to 95 cm in total length) and
almost 2.0 ppm in females (to 120 cm in total length. Mercury content In the embryos
ranged from 0.01 to 0.05 Ppm with no age differences.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Heavy metals, Embryonic growth stage, Sharks, Marine fish,
Elasmobranchs, Canada, Sampling, Chemical analysis, Pollutant Identification,
Spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthlas, Strait of Georgia, Flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotonetry. Biological samples, Sample preparation.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMC-6723
"THE PERCENT UN-IONIZED AMMOHIA IN AQUEOUS AMMOHIA 30LUTIOIIS AT DIFFERENT pK LEVELS
AHD TEMPERATURES", Trussell, R. P., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada.
Vol. 29, Ho. 3D, October 1972, pp 15O5-1567-
Previous studies have above that the toxlcity of aqueous ammonia or
anoonium salt solutions Is dependent largely on the pH of the solution since only the
un-lonlzed molecule is toxic to fish. So that the amount of toxic ammonia can be
determined, a. table was constructed which shows percentage of un-lonlzed ammonia In
aquoeus solutions at different pH values and temperatures. The values were calculated
using accurate lonliatlon constants.
INDEX TERMS: Toxiciljy, Hater temperature, Hydrogen Ion concentration, lonliatlon,
Anmonla, Hater analysis.
AMIC-6T58 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDEX TERMS: Beaeratlon, Streams, Water pollution effects, Linear aliylate sulfonates,
Hitrilotrlacetlc acid, Domestic wastes, Research equipment, Mineral oil.
i
AMIC-6758
"CHARACTERIZATION OF STREAM REAERATICS! CAPACITY", Tsivoglou, E. C., Wallace, J. R.,
Georgia institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, Report Ho. EPA-R3-72-012, October
1972, 317 pp.
The purposes of this research were to characterize stream reaeratlon capacity
In terms of the stream hydraulic properties and to develop procedures for evaluating
the effects of pollutants on reaeratlon. Field studies of the reaeratlon capacity and
the associated hydraulic properties of five rivers have been completed, using a gaseous
tracer procedure for field measurement of reaeratlon. These studies have incorporated
a vide range of hydraulic features, such as waterfalls, rapids, shoals •»"* pools, with
stream flows ranging from 5 to 3,OOO cfs. The range of BOD's and temperatures
encountered was also large. Studies of the effects of both pure substances and
community wastes on the reaeratlon capacity have been conducted In a newly designed
test system. Tests of observed vs. predicted values of the coefficient of reaeration
have shown that none of the available models Is capable of providing dependable
predictions of stream reaeration capacity, especially under highly turbulent flow
conditions. A new energy dissipation model has been derived, by which the reaeratlon
capacity of a stream isexplalned in terms of the rate of energy dissipation, measured
as the loss of water surface elevation divided by the time of flow. Two distinct forms
of the energy dissipation model have been tested against the observed results, and it
has been shown that both forms provide dependable predictions of stream reaeratlon
capacity. The tests of pollutant effects have shown that LAS and coaounlty wastes
decrease the reaeratlon rate coefficient, pure HTA has no effect, and pure mineral oil
Increases the reaeration rate coefficient.
AMIC-6759
"INSTRUMENTATION PCS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING. WATER., University of California,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Environmental Instrumentation Group, Berkeley, California,
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-1, Vol. Z, February 1, 1973, 221* pp.
A comprehensive survey of instrumentation for environmental monitoring is
being carried out by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory under a grant from the National
Science Foundation. Instruments being Investigated are those useful for measurements
related to environmental research and monitoring. Consideration is given to Instruments
and techniques presently In use and to those developed for other purposes but having
possible applications to this work. The results of the survey are given as (a)
descriptions of the physical and operating characteristics of available instruments,
(b) critical comparisons among instrumentation methods, and (c) recommendations of
promising methodology and development of new instrumentation. Methods for water
(fresh and estuarine) are divided Into the following categories: Metals; Halides and
cyanide; Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur; Biological parameters; Dissolved gases;
Pesticides; Phenolics; Petrochemicals; Oil and grease; and Physical paramters.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Mater analysis, Water quality standards. Heavy metals,
Hardness (water), Dissolved oxygen, Pesticides, Industrial wastes, Mass
spectrometry, Colorlmetry, Bacteria, Oil, Instrumentation, Turbidity, X-ray
fluorescence, Neutron activation analysis, Polarographic analysis, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, Fluorescent anti-
body techniques, Anodic stripping, Detection limits, Chemical Interference,
Chemllumlnescence, Ion selective electrodes.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6T78
"CHARACTERIZATION AMD IDEHTIFICATIOH OF SPILLED RESIDUAL FUEL OILS El GAS CHROMATOGRAPIK
AMD INFRARED SPBCTROPHOTOMtfPRY", Kawahara, F. K., Journal of Chromatographic Science,
Vol. 10, Ho. IB, October 1972, pp 629-630. ^
Analytical methods developed recently at the Analytical Quality Control
Laboratory are described for the characterization and Identification of heavy residual
fuel oil pollutants found In surface waters. Procedures are described for sample
collection, extraction, concentration, and analysis. Identity can be made through
use or each or the rour GC techniques ana Infrared analytical procedure even when
two different oils are spilled near the same area at about the same time. Infrared
spectral currerences reveal the approximate ages of the spills. A nev electron capture
detector gas chromatographlc procedure designed for the diagnostic identification of
I heavier petroleum products shows excellent premise.
!
j INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Oil spills, Gas chromatography, Sample preparation, Oil
• characterization. Infrared spectrophotometry, Aging (physical), Naphtha, Gasoline,
Jet fuel, Kerosene, No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil, Bo. 5 fuel oil, No. 6 fuel oil,
Crude oil, Petroleum Jelly, Gas oil, White oil, Motor oil, Asphalt, Grease,
Lubricating oil.
AHCC.6786
"A FEASIBILITr DEMONSTRATION OF AN AERIAL SURVEILLANCE SPILL PREVENTION SYSTEM", Welch,
R. I., Marnelsteln, A. D., Maughan, P. M., Earth Satellite Corporation, Washington,
D. C., Water Pollution Control Research Series 15080HOL 01/72, Contract No. 68-01-01^5,
January 1972, 120 pp.
Acquisition and Interpretation of multlspectral aerial photography and thermal
Infrared Imagery were performed to evaluate their utility in an aerial surveillance
spill prevention system. The San Francisco Bay area was used as a test site; major
sub-areas were delineated which contained facilities and activities that might lead to
spills of oil and other hazardous substances Into waterways. Results demonstrated
.that high quality, amVn scale (1/1*0,000 to 1/60,000), color infrared photography can
be used for regional surveillance, leading to classification of land use areasvhere
potential spill sources exist. High quality, large scale (1/5,000 to 1/10,000), color
aerial photography can be used for localised delineation of potential spin sources.
Localized surveillance should be supported by low angle, oblique telephotography and
limited ground surveillance. Recommendations are given for an operational spill
surveillance system using multlscale aerial photography obtained on a 9-inch film
format. Use of thermal Infrared imagery is not indicated at this time, as additional
Information acquired is minimal compared to resources required for its acquisition.
IHDEX TERMS: Oil spills. Aerial photography, Infrared radiation. Industrial wastes,
Powerplants, Chemical industry, Remote sensing. Steel mills.
AMIC-6779
"GAS CHROMATOGRAFH IHJECTION SYS3EM", Pollock, 0. E., et al., Natlcwil Aeronautics and
Space Administration, Moffett Field, California, Report Ho. HASA-CASE-ARC-103Wul,
September 16, 1971, 13 pp. NTIS Report No. 1172-21^33.
This patent covers a gas chronatograph injection system vhlch consist* of a
sample chamber instead of a septum. The sample is placed in the chamber at roan
temperature and pressure and the solvent removed by evaporation. After the chamber
is closed, the position of the carrier gas control value is changed, the chamber is
heated, and the sample Is volatilized and swept into the analysis apparatus.
Disadvantages of syringe Injection methods are obviated.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography. Laboratory equipment, Injection systems.
AMIC-6786
"HEVEGETATION AUGMENTATION BY REUSE OF TREATED ACflVE SURFACE MINE DRAINAGE",
Zaval, F. j., Robins, J. D., Department of Natural Resources, Division of Reclamation,
Kentucky, Report No. EPA-R2-72-119, November 1972, 1^7 pp.
The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting a
full-scale demonstration project on the use of neutralized acid mine drainage to
irrigate new vegetative cover on regraded spoil banks. Two active surface mine sites
in the Commonwealth of Kentucky were thoroughly evaluated for this purpose. Based
upon this investigation, it was determined that a site located in the Western Coal
Field of Kentucky, near Madisonvllle, was the most suitable for implemetation of the
revegetatlon concept. Determination of project feasibility was based upon the
performance and results of the following investigative measures: vaters of receiving
streams and pit discharges were analyzed and evaluated for treatment; regraded spoil
banks were sampled and analyzed with respect to treatment and nutrient requirements
necessary for vegetative survival; and weir structures, monitor enclosures and
Instruments were evaluated and selected for application in unattended installations.
Baaed upon the analyses performed , a flow diagram of a suitable limestone
neutralization facility was developed. Four Irrigation techniques were evaluated
before a high pressure spray system was selected as the most practical means of
delivering the treated drainage. Pertinent cost estimates were developed for the
construction, Installation and operation of the entire system at the selected
demonstration site.
INDEX TERMS: Mine water. Coal mine wastes,
Water treatment.
Monitoring, Water quality, Water reuse,
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6836
"A REAPPRAISAL: CORRELATION TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO GAS CHBOMATOGRAPHT", Moss, G. C.
Godftre3r» K- R-» Instrumentation Technology. Vol. 20, Bo. 2, February 1973, pp 33.35!
The case for applying correlation techniques to gas chrcoatography has been
reexamlned by the authors following the introduction of on-line cross-coiTelators
Although they conclude that there is still little need for these techniques in many
chromatographic analyses, they have designed a series of experiments that demonstrate
the feasibility of applying cross-correlation to trace gas analysis. The experiments
show that correlation offers considerable advantages over the single-sample injection
method when minute quantities of a component In a sample gas are being measured. There
appears to be much scope for the application of correlation techniques to pollution
measurement.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Pollutants, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Correlation techniques, Trace levels. Detection limits.
AKIC-6842
"NONDESTRUCTIVE DISTRUMEHTAL MOHITORIHG 0? FUEL OIL TOR VANADIUM, SODIUM, AMD SULFUR",
Persian!, C., Shelby, W. D., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, Ho. 2,
February 1973, PP 125-127. ~ aiL
Samples of Ho. 6 (bunker) fuel oil were analyzed for sodium and vanadium by
neutron activation analysis and for sulfur and vanadium by x-ray fluorescence. Results
from the two techniques were compared with those from atomic absorption spectrcptotcoetry
Fuel oil samples for HAA were placed in pressed fit, polyethylene capsules, irradiated,
and monitored for sauna rays using a scintillation counter composed of two Hal (Tl)
crystals mounted on photomultiplier tubes. Samples for determination of sulfur by
x-ray fluorescence wire analyzed using the method of successive additions which
involves spiking samples with known amounts of amyl zlram and back-calculating original
sulfur content. These results were verified using classical methods and served as
standards for succeeding samples. For vanadium analysis by x-ray spectrography,
samples were ashed, the ash dissolved in HH03, dried, triturated, and analyzed. The
results show that relative errors for V and Na were 20 and ID percent, respectively,
with HAA. For x-ray spectrographic analysis, the detection limits were 10 and 500 ppm
and relative precisions were plus or minus 5.0 and 1.0 percent for V and S,
respectively. Interferences with both methods were minor. Since the methods require
little sample preparation they should be useful for rapid analysis of fuel oils.
ODBC TEWS: Neutron activation analysis, X-ray fluorescence, Sulfur, Sodium, Mo. 6
fuel oil, Detection limits, Vanadium, Sample preparation, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry.
AKIC-6838
"DEPLETED URANIUM AS CATALTSr FOH HHHBCRACKrNO SHALE OH,", Cottlngham, P. L.,
Barker, L. K., Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Product Research and Development.
Vol. 12, Ho. 1, March 1973, pp kLkf. * —
Depleted uranium oxide, deposited by the impregnation method on activated
aliimlma and on commercial cobalt molybdate catalyst, was evaluated for catalytic use in
hydrooracklng crude shale oil at 3000 psig with temperatures from 807 degrees to
1O10 degrees F. Adding 10 percent uranium oxide to the catalysts significantly
Increased the conversion of heavy shale oil to lighter products during hydrocracklng.
Gasolines produced at the higher conversion levels with the uranium-promoted catalysts
were richer in aromatlcs and had higher octane numbers than those produced with the
unpromoted catalysts. Adding uranium to alumina substantially Improved the
de sulfurizatlon activity, but adding uranium to cobalt molybdate did not significantly
affect the already high desulfurizatlon activity of this catalyst.
IHDBX TERMS: Uranium,oxide. Catalysts, Gasoline, Hydrocracklng, Shale oil.
A UNIQUE COMPUTER CENTERED INSTRUMENT FOR SIMULTANEOUS ABSORBAHCE AND FLUORESCENCE
MEASUSaiaiTS", Holland, J. F., Teets, R. E., Tlmnlck, A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol.
U5, Ho. 1, January 1973, PP l^S-153.
A computer centered spectrophotomster-spectrofluorlmeter combination instrument
has been fabricated that will allow simultaneous absorption and fluorescence
measurements. The dedicated computerapplles corrections to the data collected for
many of the instrumental and photophysical variables of fluorescence measurements.
From data collected during an excitation scan, the computer can output absorbance,
fluorescence, quanta corrected fluorescence, and a unique quantity, partial quantum
efficiency. From an emission scan, absorbance, fluorescence, quantum corrected
fluorescence, and total quantum efficiency can be obtained. Absorption corrected
fluorescence Is the name proposed for measurements which correct for the attenuation
of excitation bean by absorption processes in the sample cell. The computer program
Is detailed and results are presented to evaluate the system for the various absorption
and fluorescence measurements. Samples of quinine bisulfate, anthracene, and
Rhodamlne B were analyzed with the equipment.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Data processing. Fluorescence, Digital computers,
Rhodamlne, Spectrophotometers, Spectrofluorimeters, Absorbance, Quinine bisulfate,
Anthracene.
-------
1- PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-68W*
"PERSISTENCE AMD REACTIONS OF C-lU-CACODYUC ACID IN SOILS", Vtoolson, E. A., Kearney,
P- C., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, Ho. 1, January 1973, pp U7-50.
Carbon-lU-labeled cacodyltc acid (hydroxydimethyl-arslne oxide) was prepared
by reacting C-lk methyl iodide with methyl dichloroarsine. Concentrations of 1, JO,
and 100 ppm of cacodylic acid were established In three soils of varying iron and
aluminum content. At 2, k, 8, l£, 2k, and 32 necks, soils were analyzed for C-lk
and total arsenic In the water-soluble (vs), calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al)
fractions. Initially, cacodylic acid was distributed in the following fractions: ws
much greater than Al greater than Fe greater than Ca. After 32 weeks, the distribution
was ws greater than Al greater than Fe greater than Ca. In contrast, Inorganic
arsenate (5 plus) was largely present In the Fe and Al fractions. Cacodylic acid
persistence was a function of soil type and after 32 weeks the following amounts of
C~lk were recovered In each soil type by combustion: Christiana (23 percent),
Hagerstown (53 percent), Lakeland (62 percent). A decrease In both total C-lU and total
arsenic occurred In all soils with time. A pungent garlic odor was detected In soils
receiving 100 ppm, suggesting the production of a volatile alkyl arslne. The loss of
arsenic suggests that one route of cacodylic acid loss from aerobic and anaerobic
soils is by alkyl arsine volatility. Degradation under aerobic conditions also
occurred by cleavage of the C-As bond, presumably yielding COS and AsOU (3 minus). This
degradation is presumably due to microbiological action.
INDEX TERMS: Arsenlcals (pesticides), Pesticide kinetics, Soil types, Persistence,
Chemical reactions. Soil contamination, Herbicides, Cacodylic acid. Chemical
distribution.
AMIC-6866
"A HOTE OK THE IRON-ORGANIC RELATIONSHIP IN NATURAL WATER", Plumb,
F., Hater Research, Vol. 7, No. U-, April 1973, PP 581-565.
R. H., Jr., Lee, G.
Hater samples were collected at the 15 m depth of Lake Mary, a small, highly
colored meromlctlc lake In Wisconsin, for use in studies of iron-organic relationships
Most of the samples were fractionated on a Sephadax 0-25 fine column. Iron
concentrations were determined by a colorinetrie method using 2,l*,6-trlpyrldal-s-triaztne
(TPTZ). Organic matter was monitored with a fluorometer. The iron elutlon pattern
for the Sephadex column was Investigated using two approaches. The first consisted of
passing Ionic Iron through the column and determining recovery of iron In the effluent.
The second consisted of tying up the Iron with a complexing agent and determining the
amount that would pass through the column. The results showed that complexed Iron,
that associated with organic matter, could not pass through the column. A second
approach In which natural water was treated with TPTZ strengthened the observation.
It is concluded that gel filtration Is potentially useful for evaluating
organic-inorganic Interactions. However, the use of concentrated samples distorts and
overemphasizes the Importance of the iron-organic systems in the environment. The use
of unconcentrated samples with Sephadex columns should be a means for evaluating the
amount of Iron associated with organic matter.
IBDEX TERMS: Iron, Separation techniques, Organic compounds, Colorlmetry,
Fractlonatlon, Gel filtration, Preconcentration.
AMK-6862
"EFFECT OF PULPMILL EFFUJWI ON DISSOLVED OXTGEB IN A STRATIFIED ESTUARY—I. EMPIRICAL
OBSERVATIONS", Parker, R. R., Sibert, J., Water Research, Vol. 7, Ho. U, April 1973,
PP 503-511*.
That pulpmlll effluent discharged at the water's surface does suppress
photosynthesis, thus oxygen production, in the stratum beneath the halocllne by
restricting light penetration has been examined empirically In the Alberni Inlet,
Canada. Measurements were made of salinity, DO, primary productivity, color, light
transmission, and solar radiation. The data Indicate that the p .Ipmlll effluent
adversely affects DO levels in the estuary, and several possible causes are discussed.
Met primary productivity was diminished by the light-absorbing stain. The situation
cannot be remedied by removal of BOD from the effluent, rather the staining properties
must be diminished or removed.
INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Pulp wastes, Water pollution effects, Stratification,
Estuaries, On-site investigations. On-site tests. Laboratory tests. Chemical
analysis, Water analysis.
AMIC-6667
"SORPTION OF COPPER ON LAKE MONONA SEDIMENTS—-EFFECT OF NTA ON COPPER RELEASE FROM
SEDIMENTS", Sanchez, I., Lee, G. F., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. k, April 1973,
PP 587-593.
Sediment samples from Lake MonOna, Wisconsin were dried and solutions prepared
In flasks by mjfl-ing distilled water and a standard solution of Cu. The solutions were
shaken for 2k hr, left stand for 12 hr, and/or centrifuged through membrane filters
and the filtrate analyzed for copper. Wet sediment was also aerated by shaking for
one month to oxizlde Fe, Mn, sulflde, and organics to determine their effect on the
binding capacity of the sediment for copper. Additional studies were conducted with
large quantities of NTA added to sediment solutions to determine its effect on the
release of heavy metals. Copper, iron, and manganese were determined by AA after 2k hr
of contact. The results show that the binding capacity of Cu by Lake Monona sediments
is primarily related to the alkalinity (Ca, Mg carbonates present in the sediments).
Apparently organics and sulfldes play a minor role in binding copper to sediments; In
the case of sulfldes most probably for reasons of low content rather than for reasons
of solubility of cupric sulfldes. Over very dilute copper solutions, sulfide in the
sediment should control the binding mechanism. The sediments Investigated show a
relatively large binding capacity amounting to approximately 26 mg of copper being
fixed per gram of dry sediments. The addition of large amounts of NTA to Lake Monona
sediments resulted In an increase in the amounts of Iron and manganese leached from
the sediments. However, the copper released from the sediments decreased with increasing
NTA.
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, Iron, Copper, Manganese, Nltrilotrlacetic acid, Carbonates,
Leaching, Sorption, Binding capacity, Mobilization.
-------
1- PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-6873
"PULSE POLAROGRAPHSr IN PROCESS ANALYSIS. DETEEMINATIOir OF FERRIC, FERROUS, ADD CUPRIC
IONS", Parry, E. P., Anderson, D. P., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. »»5, No. 3, March 1973,
pp
A form of pulse polarography was described which can be used for automated
analysis of process streams. The technique is rapid, has good sensitivity, and Is not
severely affected by Bmnll amounts of oxygen. For the automated analysis, a sample
( 5-10 mlcroliters) was drawn from the sample stream and added to the polarographlc cell.
Sulfuric acid was added, the solution bubbled for 3 minutes, and the potential pulse was
applied to determine Cu. Pyrophosphate solution adjusted to 0.1 M and 0.002 percent
in Triton X-100 was added and the ferric and ferrous ions were determined. Only one
50-milli second pulse to the diffusion plateau for each species to be analyzed was all
that was required for the analysis after suitable calibration. The choice of
supporting electrolyte(s) is of great importance In the successful application of the
technique. For determination of two different oxidation states of te sane species
(or where both oxidation states can be present). It is necessary that the pulse
polarographic wave be Irreversible. The kinetic parameters are discussed.
Pyrophosphate solution was shown to be a suitable medium for the simultaneous
determination of ferric and ferrous Ions and the pulse polarographic behavior of these
Ions, as well as cupric Ion In this medium, Is described in detail.
INDEX TERMS: Polarographic analysis, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification,
Sampling, Cations, Iron, Copper, Electrolytes, Methodology, Automation, Kinetics,
Pulse polarography, Process streams, Chemical interference, Pyrophosphate,
Sensitivity, Heproducibillty,
AMIC-6679
"SEPARATION OF POLYAROMATIC HYDROCARBONS BY LIQUID-SOLID CHRCMATCGRAPHY USINQ
2 k 7-TRINITROFLUORENONE IMPREGNATED CORASIL I COLUMNS", Karger, B. L., Martin,
M., Loheac, J., Gulochon, Q., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 3, March 1973,
pp 1»96-500.
The purpose of this study was to Illustrate the combination of selective
separations via charge transfer complexatlon with the speed and efficiency possible
from porous layer beads (PLB). In connection with such an illustration, the use of
trinltrofluorene (TNT) Impregnated Corasll I columns was Investigated. A technical
problem encountered involved the shifting of mpylnum absorbance In the UV region to
longer wavelengths as the number of fused aromatic rings Increased. However, by
adjusting the percent of THF, mobile phase water content, and temperature. It was
possible to optimize the column for rapid analysis for the separation of 3-, U-, 5-,
6- or even 7-fused ring polyaromatlc systems. The Corasil I porous layer beads used
as support contributed partly to the retention. This effect was markedly reduced
by using water saturated heptane as the mobile phase.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Organli
compounds, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Liquid solid chromatography, 247.
trinltrofluorene, Corasll I, Retention time, Chromatography columns. Charge
transfer, Adsorbents,
AMIC-6877
"GAS-SOLID CHHOMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND AMUffiS USING STEAM COHTAINIHG FORMIC
ACID OR HYDRAZINE HYDRATE AS CARRIER OASES", Nonaka, A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol.
**5, No. 3, March 1973, PP k&l-l&T.
Gas.solid chromatography can be carried out for samples of free organic acids
and amines using carrier steam containing 10 percent formic acid or 10 to 20 percent
hydrazlne hydrate. The mixed carrier vapors are Introduced into the column by pumping
aqueous solutions of formic acid or hydrazlne hydrate Into a vaporizing port set In the
OC system. The adsorbents, such as dlatomaceous firebrick and porous glass beads, can
be used as stationary solids, without any coating. The FID can be employed as a
detector with the mixed carriers. The effect of stream and the added polar vapors is
so significant that acid and amine samples are eluted very rapidly without any marked
tailing. By changing the carrier vapor from the acidic to a basic one, acid and amine
samples can be analyzed on the same column. Chromatography of lower and higher fatty
acids and their alkaline salts, lower and higher fatty amines, etc. is reported.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. 3, March 1973, PP U83Jt87.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Organic acids. Methodology, Organic compounds. Acidity, Alkalinity,
Laboratory equipment, Amines, Steam carrier gas solid chromatography. Gas solid
chromatography, Carrier gas, Formic acid, Hydrazlne hydrate, Adsorbents, Flame
lonizatlon detector, Sample preparation, Chromatography columns.
AMIC-6885
"MICRODETERMIKATION OF VOLATILE: ORGANICS BY GALVANIC COULOHETRY", Anusiem, A.,
Hersch, P. A., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973, PP 592-59U.
The principle of determining organic gases and vapors carried by an Inert
gas stream upon adding a constant proportion of 02 to the stream, passing the stream
through a hot tube for complete combustion, and determining the 02 left over in the
effluent, can be extended to hydrocarbons and other slightly soluble species in an
aqueous sample. Experiments conducted using stock solutions prepared from
recrystall!zed nltrosobenzene confirm that combustion of trace organlcs followed
by galvanic coulometry of the residual oxygen yields accurate analyses in the
mlcrogram range with only modest demands on time, training, and equipment. The range
can probably be extended to much smaller quantities, given electronic amplification
of the signal, before limitations by various types of noise are encountered.
Ultimate sensitivity Is expected to exceed that of flame lonizatlon which contributes
about 1 in 100,000 carbon atoms to the signal. Coulometry utilizes every carbon and
hydrogen atom combusted. This principle should be applicable to effluent analysis
In both gas and liquid chromatography and to many micro-analytical requirements of
organic and biological chemistry.
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Volatility, Aqueous solutions, Electrolytes, Oxygen,
Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis. Methodology, Galvanic coulometry,
Trace levels. Hydrocarbons, Nitrobenzene, Sensitivity.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHOE6
AMC-6888
"AHALYSIS OF HALOOENATED BIPHENYXS BY PULSED SOURCE-TIME RESOLVED PICSPHORIMETRr*,
O'Donnell, C. M., Karnaugh, K. ?., Fisher, R. P., Wlnefordner, J. D., Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. l»5, So. 3, March 1973, pp 609-611.
1
i Pulsed source, tljne resolved phosphorlmetry has been used for the
quantitative analysis of several mixtures of halogenated blphenyls. The procedure
| followed was identical to that of Fisher and Wlnefordner (1972) except for changes
! involving delay and sweep times vith reference to recording the phosphorescence decay
I curve. The sweep time was chosen to temporally compress the shorter-lived species
; with respect to the longest-lived phosphor; the resulting phosphorescence signal of
j the longest-lived species extrapolated to zero delay time was subtracted from the sum
i of the two longest-lived phosphors to determine the phosphorescence signal of the
! Intermediate lived species. Analysis of a U-haloblphenyl mixture la ethanolic solvent
: resulted in a maximum absolute error in concentration of 5 percent or less for
| U-chlorobiphenyl and it-bromobiphenyl and 1U percent for the shortest-lived species,
i U-iodobiphenyl. A mixture of 2-chlorobiphenyl and U-chlorobiphenyl similarly
I measured resulted in errors of 5.U and ID percent, respectively. With this method it
I is possible to analyze structurally and spectrally similar molecules. Quantitative
i information and qualitative Identification of species aided by phosphorescence lifetimes
j can be obtained. For very complex mixtures, a simple thin layer or gas chronatographic
: separation prior to analysis may also be needed, but overall, the time for analysis of a
multlcomponent mixture should be considerably reduced as compared to methods previously
used.
IHBEX TEEMS: Chemical analysis, Methodology, Halogenated blphenyls, Quantitative
analysis, Pulsed source time resolved phosphorlmetry, Mixtures, Errors, Precision.
AMIC-669U
"IMPKWED EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR REVERSE ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD", Graham, W. H.,
Bornak, W. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973, PP 623-62U.
The CARRIER-ADDITION or reverse Isotope dilution (RID) method is a useful
technique for both qualitative and quantitative identification of radioactive compounds
In complex mixtures. Described here are the principles Involved, the apparatus and
procedures used, and the results obtained In trials of a modified BID technique. In
the modified RID method, the test of constant specific radioactivity Is determined
differently. Instead of isolating the crystalline material after each
recrystalllzation, it is necessary to radioassay only the mother liquor. Two
consecutive recrystalllzatlons of a chemically pure but radlolabeled material will
contain the same amount of radioactivity In the same volume of mother liquor at
constant temperature. At that point, the crystalline material may be isolated and
radioassayed to determine its specific activity and complete the analysis. The
advantages of the method are speed and simplicity; the small amount of cold carrier
and radioactive material needed; ease of handling sensitive carrier compounds; and
Increased boiling range of solvent systems, including mixed solvents, available
through use of pressure vials. The RID method Is particularly useful In pesticide
residue analysis because trace levels of multiple degradation products can be
determined quantitatively from the radioactive parent pesticide.
INDEX TERMS; Radioactivity techniques, Methodology, Pollutant identification,
Radlochemlcal analysis, Pollutants, Chemical analysis, Pesticides, Pesticide
residues. Radioactivity, Laboratory equipment, Radiolsotopes, Reverse Isotope
dilution method. Quantitative analysis. Metabolites, Carrier-addition method.
AMIC-6892
"RAPID METHYLATION OF MICRO AMOUNTS OF NONVOLATILE ACIDS", Levitt, M. J., Analytical
Chemistry, vol. l*5j No. 3, March 1973, pp 618-620.
AMIC-6901
"GAGIMG AND SAMPLING INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS", Rabosky, J. G., Koraido, D.
Chemical Engineering, Vol. 80, No. 1, January 8, 1973, PP 111-120.
L.,
A Dlazomethane Generating System is described vhich permits microgram or
smaller amounts of complex organic acids to be quantitatively esterlfled without
detectable side-product formation. Multiple samples can be processed In sequence at
two—minute intervals. The methyl esters produced are suitable for further analysis
i by electron-capture gas chromatography. The apparatus is constructed from components
present in most laboratories, and may be dismantled easily for storage. Details are
given on the construction and operation of the esterification apparatus.
INDEX TERMS: Organic acids, Laboratory equipment, Chemical analysis, Research equipment,
Design, Pollutant Identification, Methodology, Methylation, Nonvolatile acids,
Esterification, Sample preparation, Diazomethane generating system. Electron
capture gas chromatography, Methyl esters, Llthochollc acid.
The generally accepted techniques for determining waste water flow (gaging)
and collecting representative samples for the identification and quantification of
pollutants are discussed. Selection of sampling sites and the method of sampling are
very Important. In obtaining samples for laboratory analysis, composite sampling
(manual or automatic) is preferred to grab sampling since the former results in samples
which represent average plant conditions over a relatively long period. Wastewater
streams can be continuously and automatically monitored and analyzed by reliable
onstream effluent-monitoring equipment currently On the market. More than UO parameters
can be monitored and analyzed by such equipment. In addition to the selection of
sample points and the methods of sampling, the volume of sample required, analyses
required, and proper handling and preservation of the samples must be taken into
account. Methods for gaging flows in large open channels include (l) numerical
methods which consider depth, area, eloclty and discharge at points along the stream;
and (2) the use of current meters (the various types are briefly described). For
other types of streams, (1) water meters on influent pipes, (2) a bucket and stopwatch,
and (3) pumping rate and length of discharge may be used. Additional methods of
measuring flow and their specific applications are tabulated and discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Haste water (pollution), Water sampling. Flow measurement, Methodology,
Monitoring, Equipment, On-site Investigations, Pollutant identification, Water
pollution sources, Mathematical studies, Industrial wastes, On-site tests.
Laboratory tests, Waste Identification, Path of pollutants, Effluent streams.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHFMTP.tT METHODS
AMIC-6921
"WATER eUALrre CRITERIA DATA BOOK. VOLUME k. AS IHVESTIOATIOK DJTO HBCREATIOHAL WATER
QUALimr, Mechalas, B. J., Hekimlan, K. K., Schlnazl, L. A., Dudley, R. H.f Aerojet-
General Corporation, Envlrogenics Co. Division, El Monte, California, Water Pollution
Control Research Series IfloUo DAZ OU/72, Contract Ho. lU-12-539, April 1972, 256 pp.
The Envlroeenics Co., under sponsorship of the EPA, has developed a new
technique for establishing firm criteria for health risks associated with recreational
water bodies. Initial analysis of data required In thla methodology has demonstrated
that scientifically valid standards for recreational voter quality can be formulated
that should replace the present rather arbitrary standards. The basis of the method
is a mathematical treatment of medical dose-response data In conjunction Tilth the
probability of exposure over a period of time to a given level of the potentially
harmful 'factor1 such that a quantitative risk can be assigned to the recreational
activity. Once a public health jurisdiction has established an acceptable level of
risk (perhaps in association with Federal quality guidelines), curves produced by
electronic data processing equipment can be used to ascertain whether a particular
water should be open to the public. While sufficient data have been found on both the
health effects and the distribution of key factors to verify the effectiveness of the
reconmended procedure. Informational gaps prevent the imnedlate adoption of the
system. The gathering of Information to establish realistic standards for key
health-oriented factors would be an undertaking that could be accomplished In a
relatively modest program. Once the essential Information is obtained, It will be
possible to put into practice the new Envirogenics-developed criteria procedure with
the most critical factors.
AKCC-6922
"RAPID DETECTION SYSTEM FOR OHGANOPHOSPHATES AMD CARBAMATE INSECTICIDES IN WATER",
Qoodson, L. H., Jacobs, W. B., Midwest Research Institute, Life Science Division,
Kansas City, Missouri, Report Ho. EPA-R2-72-010, Contract Ho. 63-01-0038, August 1972,
66 pp.
An apparatus for the detection and monitoring of water supplies for hazardous
spills of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides has been designed and fabricated.
The new unit is called the Chollnesterase Antagonist Monitor, CAM-1, because it
produces an alarm in 3 mln when toxic or subtoxic levels of cholinesterase antagonists
are present in water. Response of this apparatus to subtoxic levels of azodrln, sevln,
dimetilan, malathlon, parathlon and DDVP has already been demonstrated. CAM-1 uses
immobilized cholinesterase for the collection of cholinesterase inhibitors from the
water supplies. The activity of the Immobilized cholinesterase is determined
automatically in an electrochemical cell by passing a substrate solution over the
enzyme at regular time periods. A minicomputer is used to automate the detection
process and to signal an alarm when there is a rapid loss of enzyme activity—a
situation which occurs In the presence of organophosphate and carbamate insecticides
in the water sampled.
INDEX TERMS: Monitoring, Carbamate pesticides, Organophoaphorus pesticides, Water
analysis, Pollutant identification, Pesticide toxiclty. Equipment, Automation,
Chemical reactions, Cholinesterase Antagonist Monitor, Enzyme activity,
Chollnesterase, Sensitivity, Imnobllization.
AMIC-6921 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IMDEX TERMS: Bodies of water, Recreation, Methodology, Public health, Water quality
standards, Water quality control, Viruses, Conforms, Epidemiology, Water pollution
effects, Physical properties, Chemical properties, Biolndleators, Pesticide
residues, Water pollution sources. Mathematical models. Oily water. Pathogenic
bacteria, Swioning pools.
AMIC-6930
"A. THE ROLE OF LICHENS IN ROCK WEATHERING AND SOIL FORMATION. B. MERCURY IN
SEDIMENTS", iskandar, I. K., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Dissertation
Abstracts No. 72-2U,886, 1972, 177 PP. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
The results of the present study showed that low but significant amounts of
lichen compounds dissolve In water. Lichen compounds and water solutions of lichen
compounds formed soluble metal complexes, frequently colored, when shaken with silicate
materials for 96 hours, as shown by spectrophotometric and chemical analyses of the
extracts. Release of cations from the silicate materials resulted largely from
metal-complex formation rather than from reactions directly Involving hydrogen ions.
Similar amounts of Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg were released from the silicates by water
solutions of lichen compounds and by solid lichen compounds. Contrary to popular
belief, lichen compounds are sufficiently soluble In water to form soluble metal
complexes and to cause chemical weathering of minerals and rocks. A highly sensitive
and precise procedure was developed for the quantitative determination of total Hg
in sediments and soils. Undrled samples were treated with concentrated HN03/H2SCM*,
KMnOU, and K2S208 for digestion and oxidation of all forms of Hg to Hg2 plus, which
Is subsequently determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Recovery
of Hg ranged from 98 to 3D5 percent. The developed procedure extracted more Hg from
sediments and soils than did extraction with concentrated HH03. The vertical
distribution of Hg In sediment cores from a range of hard- and soft-water lakes in
Wisconsin was evaluated In terms of potential sources of Hg during the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries. For the Madison lakes, the trends in Hg distribution were
related to variations in sewage Inputs during the last 80 years. It is unlikely that
either inputs of sewage or erosional products are responsible for the observed
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1. PHYSICAL AM) CHEMICAL METHODS
AffiC-6930 (Continued)
Card 2/2
accumulation of Hg. Background levels varied from 0.06 to 0.24 ppm of Hg In
precultural sediments from the Wisconsin lakes Investigated.
INDEX TEFMS: Path of pollutants, Mercury, Sediments, Soils, Lichens, Lakes, Sewage,
Mobilization, Sample preparation, Atonic absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-6953 (Continued)
Card 2/2
established through batch equilibration procedures which have been developed. The
equilibration tine in this procedure vaa established. The dependence of metal
uptake by the resins on the pH of the solution was also determined. The polyanine
resins were applied to the preconcentratlon of trace metals by utilizing them in a
column mode of operation to sequester trace heavy metal cations. The metals were
then quantitatively analyzed by AAS using normal procedures. The ability of the
polyamine resins to sequester trace metal Ions and then release the metals upon
acidification was assessed by passing known, dilute concentrations of the desired
metals through the resin, elutlng with hydrochloric acid, then determining the
percentage recovery of the metal ions. Various parameters were studied In this
procedure in order to optimize the conditions for the simultaneous concentration of
Cdj Co, Cu, Hn, HI, Ag, and Zn. With a concentration factor of X1DOO, the
successful analysis of these metals was achieved at the low concentration of 0.2
ppb. Other chelatlng Ion exchange resins were synthesized for use as substrates in
the metal sequestration study. These include poly(thlourea) and poly(dithlocarbamlc
acid) resins which form stronger metal chelates than the amlne resins. Their
synthesis on solid supports provides the most effective substrate in column
chromatography for trace metal sequestration.
INDEX TEHC5: Aqueous solutions. Separation techniques. Heavy metals, Analytical
techniques, Chelatlon, Chemical reactions, Water analysis, Preconcentratlon,
Ion exchange resins, Polyamine resins, Polyurea. resins, Chelatlng, Hesln synthesis,
Trace levels. Metal complexes.
AMIC-6953
"ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF POLYAMINE-POLYUREA CHELATIHO RESIHS", Dingnan, J. P., Jr.,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-5534,
1972, 150 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
The objective of the study was to Investigate the analytical applications
of a family of weak base, polyamine Ion exchange resins with regard to their ability
to form transition metal ion complexes from aqueous solutions. The resins are
selective for those metals which readily form «"<"»» complexes, and hence alkali and
alkaline earth elements are not adsorbed. This is a desirable capability in the
separation, concentration, and measurement of ultra-trace heavy metal cations from
natural waters which are abundant in the Groups IA and IIA elements. The program
consisted of three distinct but Interrelated phases: the resin synthesis, the
study of the metal-aalne complex formation on the resin, and the study of the
ability of the polyamine resins to selectively sequester trace heavy metal cations
from aqueous solutions for preconcentration purposes. Toluene dllsocyanate was used
to polymerize and cross-link monomeric soluble polyamlnes from the polyethylenelmlne
family. In this way, resins from ethylenediamlne, trlethylenetetraamlne,
tetraethylenepentamine, and polyethylenelmlne monomers having average molecular
weights of 1200 and JBOO have been synthesized. A number of different resin
synthesis methods were developed to determine the most efficient and reliable method
for resin production. One goal was to produce a resin which had a high capacity
but which was cross-linked to such a degree that it would not avail dramatically
upon the addition of strong acids. Such a resin would be utilized in column
chromatography. Methods were developed to coat effectively these resins on solid
supports. Adsorption Isotherms of some heavy metal cations on the resins were
AfflC-6968
"SEPARATION OF UOMIN FROM JICUEOUS SOLUTION BY ADSORPTIVE BOBBLE SEPARATION
PROCESSES", Ifang, M. S., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, Hew Jersey, Dissertation
Abstracts No. 73-4791, 1972, 255 PP. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
An experimental investigation is reported of the feasibility of using suitable
types of adsorptlve bubble separation methods to remove lignln from pulp-mill effluents
as well as from river waters. Specific processes investigated Include: foam
fractlonatlon, bubble fractlonatlon, precipitate flotation, adsorbing colloid flotation,
and Ion flotation. Although lignln is a surface-active substance, foam fractlonatlon
and bubble fractlonatlon do not appear to be effective processes for the separation of
lignln from concentrated and from dilute aqueous solutions. The effective processes for
the removal of lignln Include: ion flotation, with cetyldlmethylbenzylammonlum
chloride as the collector as well as the frother; adsorbing colloid flotation, with
colloidal dlalkyldlmethylannonlum chloride as both the collector and the frother; and
precipitate flotation, with aluminum sulfate as the precipitation agent, and with
cetyldimethylbenzylamnonium chloride as the collector and the frother. High
recoveries of lignln can be achieved, provided that an optimum ratio of lignln to
collector is used. If an insufficient amount of collector is used, redispersion of
Insoluble llgnin-collector complexes occurred because the foam produced will not
support it. If an over dose of the collector is used, the llgnin-collector complexes
are excluded from the gas bubbles or become coated by a double layer of collector to
give a hydrcphllic film. Since the effective pH range for the
llgnin-cetyldlmethylbenzylaimnonlum chloride system is from 3.5 to 8.5, normally, pH
adjustment is not necessary. Potential applications of the ion flotation process
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1. HKSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHOCS
AMIC-6968 (Continued)
Card 2/2
include the removal of kraft llgnin from the kraft pulpmill effluent, llgnln
sulphonate from the sulfite pulpmill effluent, and dilute ligoln from river water.
IHDBX TERMS: Separation techniques, Aqueous solutions. Pulp wastes, Llgnlns, Rivers,
Foam fractlonatlon. Chemical precipitation. Water quality control, Msthodology,
Pollutant removal, Bubble fractlonatlon, Precipitate flotation, Ion flotation,
Adsorbing colloid flotation. Recovery.
AMIC-6971 (Continued)
Card 2/2
Concentrations of Cs-133 and fallout Cs-137 in trout muscle were significantly
correlated which Indicated that the kinetic behavior of the Isotopes was similar.
INDEX TERMS: Path of pollutants. Kinetics, Ecosystems, Heutron activation analysis,
Radiochealcal analysis. Water analysis. Lake sediments, Seston, Amphipoda,
ZooplanktOn, Trout, Colorado, Aquatic plants, Cs-133, East Twin Lake, Montane
lake, BioaccuBulatlon,
AMIC-6971
"CESIUM KdETICS IN A MCBTAHE LAKE ECOSYSIEM", Hakonson, T. E.. Colorado State University.
Fort Collins, Colorado, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-2791, 1972, 166 pp. (Complete
Report not available from AMIC.)
This study was Initiated to determine the kinetics of cesium In East Twin Lake,
a 5 hectare, natural scut-drainage lake which lies at an elevation of 2680 meters In
the north-central Colorado Rockies. One kilogram of Cs-133 was Introduced Into the water
of East Twin Lake on September 15, 1970. Samples of water, seston, sediment,
amphipods, zooplankton, trout and three species of vegetation were obtained over a
393 day period following the dosing event. Stable cesium was measured by neutron
activation analysis. Loss of Cs-133 from the water occurred in a rapid phase, which
resulted in the loss of 60 percent of the cesium from water and had a loss half-time of
0.5 days and a slow phase which had a loss half-time of 130 days. The aeston fraction
of each water sample contained from 25 percent to 60 percent of the Cs-133 present
In each liter of unfiltered water. Bottom sediments were Identified as the major site
of deposition of the Cs-133 dose. Amphipods and zooplankton reached equilibrium with
the water within about three weeks after the Cs-133 administration and achieved
concentration factors of about 700 and 150, respectively. Trout accumulated the Cs-133
nore slovly than the Invertebrates and reached a mnxlmim concentration factor of about
5OO some 260 days following the dosing event. The simulation of the kinetics of
s-133 In the East Twin Lake ecosystem was approached by utilizing the observed
n-growth data to solve for the Intercompartmental transfer rate constants. The
onstant coefficient model described the general behavior of the observed data very
11. The use of Cs-133 as a tracer for Cs-137 was both reliable and feasible.
bsolute quantities as small as 0.01 mlcrograms of Cs-133 were detectable.
— ' " ~~ 20~
AMC-6976
"THE EFFECT OF PASSAIC RIVER BEBTHAL DEPOSITS OK DEOXYGENATION IN OVERLYING WATERS",
Donovan, 0. M., Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Dissertation Abstracts
No. 73-U738, 1972, 161 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Field work was carried cut on natural benthal deposits on the upper
Passalc River using a benthal respirooeter. The deposits Investigated showed an
average areal oxygen demand of 2.22 grajns/sq in/day, with a range of from 1.13 grams/sq m/
day to 3.79 grams/sq m/day. Studies on the areal extent of the deposits allowed
calculation of the average benthal demand on the overlying water as a function of the
stream discharge rate. This demand ranged from 0.26 mg/l/day at 200 cfs to 0.12 mg/1/
day at a discharge rate of 1UOO cfs. Benthal deposits from the Passalc River, along
with samples of the overlying water, were brought back to the laboratory for
examination under more carefully controlled conditions. Resulting oxygen sag curves
in the laboratory apparatus were examined and provided graphic examples of the capacity
of pollutions! sediments In the causation of adverse effects on stream oxygen balance.
Quantitative studies with oxygen sag curves generated in the laboratory apparatus
showed that a very close fit could be obtained between predicted and observed data.
This indicated that the methods used to experimentally determine constants for use In
the oxygen sag expression were reasonably accurate and could be put to use In
engineering examinations of polluted rivers and streams. Corollary studies on NH3,
nitrate, and phosphate concentrations in the water overlying the deposits showed that
the benthal deposits released ammonia to the overlying waters and sorted nitrate from
the overlying waters. Comparative studies on the reaeration rates of highly polluted
Passaic River waters as opposed to clean waters revealed no significant differences In
the reaeration coefficients observed.
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1_ mCSICAL AMD CHEMICAL MBTHODS
AMIC-6976 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDEX TERMS: Be aeration, Oxygen sag, Hater pollution effects, Hater pollution, Aamonia,
Nitrates, Phosphates, Streamflow, Discharge (water), Water analysis, Chemical
analysis, Dissolved oxygen, Oxygen demand, Rates, Paasalc River, Benthal deposits,
Beaeration coefficients.
AMIC-6978 (Continued)
Card 2/2
conditions, the reverse seems to be true; (k) natural bottom sediments containing oil,
consolidate under their own weight with time; (5) oils which reach the bottom sediments
of rivers and other water bodies have lost all their lighter fractions corresponding to
a carbon chain length of 20; and (6) there is an Increased percentage of partially
oxidized hydrocarbons in oils extracted from natural bottom sediments.
IHIJEX TERMS: Degradation (decomposition), Oil, Bottom sediments, Pollutants, Rivers,
Aerobic conditions, Anaerobic conditions. Soil analysis, Aquatic soils.
Persistence, Chronatography, Pollutant identification, Consolidation, Pate of
pollutants, Infrared spectrophotonetry, Chemical composition, Degradation
products.
AMIC-oyTo
"DECOMPOSITION OF OIL POLLUTANTS IK NATURAL BOTTOM SEDIMEHTS", Shelton, T. B., Rutgers
University, Hew Brunswick. Hew Jersey. Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-W778, 1972, 165 pp.
(Complete report not available from AMIC.)
An aerobic and anaerobic experimental system was designed to study the
decomposition of oil pollutants in natural bottom sedinents and to answer 3 questions:
(1) What is the relative persistence of oils compared with other organics from a
natural bottom sediment containing oil? The relative persistence of aliphatic,
aromatic and oxy-compound components of the oil were also determined; (2) How is this
relative persistence influenced by anaerobic conditions in the overlying water? and
(3) Is organic carbon released from a natural bottom sediment during the decomposition
process? The aerobic system was a constant flow apparatus and the anaerobic system
operated on a fill and draw basis with nitrogen gas used to achieve anaerobic
conditions. A suitable bottom sediment containing approximately 8 percent oil on a
dry weight basis was used. Appropriate samples of the sediment were placed on the
aerobic and anaerobic experimental systems and the course of decomposition followed for
a 33 week period. At weekly Intervals measurements of dissolved oxygen, pH, TOC, BOD
were "~^> on the aerobic system. H2S, pH, COD, TOC, and color were determined on the
anaerobic system. Measurements of dry solids, volatile solids, nitrogen, phosphorus,
hexane extractables, benzene extractables were performed on the bottom sediment. The
hexane extractable oils were further subjected to chromatographic separation using a
silica gel technique. These fractions ware examined by Infrared spectrophotonetry
for changes in functional groups. It was found that: (1) the oxygen utilization rate
of the sediment varied from 1.5 to 1.73 g/sq m/day; (2) oils are lost and there is a
steady release of organic C from natural bottom sediments with time with both aerobic
and anaerobic conditions present in the overlying water; (Q under aerobic conditions
oils persist In the bottom s»H-iii«pt. longer than do other organlcs.—Under anaerobic
AMIC-6967
"CESIIM-137 AND STABLE CESIUM IK A fflfPEREUTROPHIC LAKE", Herman, L. D., Michigan
State University, East Lnnning, Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts Mo. 73-5367,
1972, 113 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
The inputs of Cs-137 and stable Cs and their distribution among the various
components of an aquatic ecosystem were studied in a lake exhibiting an advanced stage
of eutrophy. Components sampled and analyzed for these two Isotopes of cesium Included
water, sediments, maerophytes, filamentous algae, zoopjankton, and several species of
fish. Most of the cesium pool (87 percent Cs-137; 98 percent Cs) was associated with
the sediments. A trend of Increased Cs-137 concentration at higher trophic levels was
demonstrated for those fish that are free-ranging limnetic feeders. No such trend was
evident for stable Cs. Forms closely associated with sediments had higher Cs-137
concentrations than expected based on their feeding habits. On the dates samples
were collected, specific activity in limnetic fishes was constant but was variable in
other forms. The degree of association of biotic forms with sediments was reflected
In their specific activity.
IHDEX TERMS: Ecosystems, Lakes, Butrophlcation, Path of pollutants, Stable isotopes,
Radlochemical analysis, Cesium, Water analysis, Aquatic plants. Aquatic algae,
Zooplankton, Freshwater fish, Lake sediments, Aquatic environment, Soil analysis,
Aquatic soils. Trophic level, Cs-137, Cesium radlolsotopes, Maerophytes, Fate of
pollutants.
21
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PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
MCC-6996 ~
"TRACE METAL FEOATIOHSEIfS IB A J4ARIHL ffiiAGIC TOOD GHAUT.
University, Stanford, California, Dissertation Abstracts Ho.
(Complete report not available from AMIC. )
G. A.. Stanford
, 1972, 156 pp.
Surface water samples collected over a One year period from Monterey Bay,
California were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Mn, Fb and Zn. Mixed phytoplankton anl
zooplankton samples were analyzed for 5a, Mg, Ca, K, Sr, Si (phytoplankton), Ba, Al,
Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Hi, Ti, Ag, Cd, and Pb. Samples of the northern anchovy Engraulis
"""•da* "ere analyzed for Pb, Cd, Ag, Hi, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al, and Ba. Analysis was by
conventional atomic absorption apectrometry. Phytoplankton samples were separated
into acid soluble and silica fractions before analysis. The acid soluble fraction
contained large amounts of Ha, K, Mg, Ca and Si and low concentrations of the remaining
elements. Titanium usually v*a not detected in this fraction. In the silica fraction,
Ha, K and Mg were found to have the bluest concentrations followed by Al, Ca, Fe and
Sr. The lowest levels found in this fraction were for the elements Cu and Zn with Ba,
Mn and Cd detected only occasionally. The metals Pb, Cd, Ag, Hi, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, Al
and Ba vere also compared in phytoplankton, zooplankton and anchovy samples In order to
determine existing relationships in this simple food chain. In general, concentrations
of biologically active metals were relatively constant in all three trophic levels. For
non-biologically active metals (e.g., Cd, Hi, Pb) little evidence for food chain
amplification was found. Phytoplankton concentration factors (relative to seawater)
were found to be highest for Pb, Fe, Si, Cd, Al, and Tl respectively while relatively
low values were obtained for Ba, Zn, Cu, Hn, HI and Ag. Except for K, Sr, and Ba, the
alkali and alkaline earth metals were not concentrated relative to seawater. Mercury
levels in this food chain were also found to be low.
INDEX TERMS; Heavy metals, Food chains, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Fish, Bioaccumulatto.
AMIC-7017
"MERCURY M SEDIMEHTS FROM THE THAMES ESTUARY", Smith, J. D., Nicholson, R. A.,
Moore, P. J., Environmental Pollution, Vol. U-, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP 153-157.
Fresh unconsolidated surface sediment samples from the outer Thames estuary
and samples from a museum collection vere analyzed for mercury by flaae atomic absorption
spectrophotome try. The fresh samples were collected using a cone dredge. Sample
preparation involved shaking a quantity of the sediment overnight vith IB HZSOU
containing 0.5 g of KMnOU in a polypropylene bottle. The excess KMnOU and MnO2 formed
were reduced by adding 30 percent H202 solution. The mercury was amalgamated on a
silver wire coil and determined by flame less AAS. Comparison of results for the two
groups Indicates that there has been little overall change in this period, but levels
in the recent sediments were generally higher than those obtained for samples of London
clay deposited In Eocene tines (approximately 50 million years ago). Mercury contents
of the sediments range from 0.012 to 0.550 ppm, with the higher concentrations usually
occurring in sediments containing a high proportion of fine particles.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Sediments, Soil analysis, Chemical analysis, Estuaries, Aquatic
soils, Heavy metals, Saline soils, Sampling, Pollutant identification, Thames
estuary, Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotonetry, Sample preparation.
AMIC-701U
"RESULT OF FLUVIAL ZUK POLLUTIOH OF THE ZDK COHTEHT OF LITTORAL AHD SUB-LITTORAL
OHJAHISMS IH CARDIGAN BAY, WALES", Ireland, M. P., Environmental Pollution, Vol.
k, Ho. 1, January 1973, PP 27-35-
A study has been made of the distribution of fluvial zinc in sea water, five
littoral animals and one species of seaweed, together with two sub-littoral animals
at varying distances from the source of pollution. Water samples were taken 15 cm
below the surface, and filtered. Fresh water samples were concentrated 50 tines by
boiling and acidifying with HC1 (Arlstar, BDH) to a concentration of 0.06 H. Sea water
samples were concentrated with organic solvents, as described by Willis (1961).
Littoral animals were collected in the area where kelp was located and sublittoral
species were collected at a low spring tide by SCUBA divers. Allowed to purge
themselves overnight, the animal samples were rinsed in distilled water, dried at
105 C to a constant weight, pulverized, and digested in 6 H RC1. Whole-bodied specimens
were used except for a species of barnacle and the kelp. Zinc was estimated by AAS
at 2iU nm. The Zn content of sea water was indicative of polluted water becoming
progressively more dilute. The distribution of Zn in the various species was found
to be related to tidal flow, diet, and species specificity for the metal.
IHDoX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Zinc, Path of pollutants, Pollutant identification,
Ecological distribution, Water analysis, Kelp, Littoral, Tidal effects, Mollusks,
Crustaceans, Food habits, Sampling, Methodology, Atomic absorption spectrophotom-
etry, Macrolnvertebrates, Sponges, fiubllttoral, Sample preparation.
22
AMZC-7019
"LAUD DEVELOPMENT ABD HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IH THE FLORDIA EVERGLADES", Horvath, G. A
Harrlss, R. C., Mattraw, H. C., Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 3, Ho. 12, December
1972, PP 1B2-3B4.
In order to make a quantitative appraisal of the Impact of Big Cypress land
development on the distribution and abundance of heavy metals in the Everglades
estuaries, a study was conducted to elucidate the geochemistry of manganese, cobalt,
copper, tine, cadmium and lead in the canal-estuary system of the region. The
hydrological system chosen for the study consists of farmed lands to the north connected
by the Barren River canal system of Chokoloskee Bay to the south. Water samples were
collected during moderate to high flow conditions, iced, filtered, and subjected to
nitric acid-persulfate oxidation. Total dissolved metals were concentrated using
Chelex-lDO ion-exchange resin columns with an efficiency of 80-100 percent. Metal
concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotonetry, using the
standard addition method for all samples. Analytical precision was between plus or
minus 2 and 6 percent. The highest concentration of total dissolved metals occurred
in the portion of the canal adjacent to cultivated areas. Data demonstrate that
Chokoloskee Bay is enriched In the metals investigated by factors of 2.6-U.8. A
comparison of dissolved metal concentrations in the developed canal area with water
from estuarlne areas indicates that copper, cadmium, and lead exhibit maximum
concentrations InChokoloSkee Bay. Both of the Everglades estuaries Investigated have
higher dissolved Mn, Co, Cd, and Pb contents than have been previously reported for
coastal narlnewaters.
IHDEX TERMS; Manganese, Cobalt, Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Lead, Hydrologlc systems,
Estuaries, Florida Everglades, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
-------
1. PHYSICAL tun CRITICAL
AMIC-7029
"THE APPEARAHCE A»D VISIBILITY OF THIN OIL FILMS OH WATER", Harstein, B., U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Edison Water Quality Laboratory, Edison, Hew Jersey,
Report Mo. EPA-R2-72-039, August 1972, 95 pp.
Oil films of controlled thickness up to 3000 nanometers, upon water surfaces
In the laboratory, confirm an Inherent and orderly thickness-appearance relationship
vhich Is Independent of oil type and water type. These laboratory studies also
Investigated the effects of viewing conditions upon the ease of visibility of these thin
films. Out-of-doors observations were made; these and the observations reported by
other sources were found to correspond with the laboratory results. The visibility of a
thin oil film depends not only upon its thickness-dependent inherent appearance, but
also upon conditions external to the film. These Include nature of Illumination and
sky conditions, sun angle, color and depth of water, color of bottom, and viewing
angle. Color photographs are Included for illustration of the points discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Thin films, Oily water. Optical properties, Oil-water Interfaces, Color,
On-slte investigations, Laboratory tests, Pollutant identification, Visibility,
Color photography, Crude oil, Diesel fuel, Fuel oil.
AMIC-703U
"A HBTHDP FOR THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE HFRARED SPECTROSCCPIC AHALYSIS OF
MmiVTOFRAMETHnBHEDITHIOCARBAMATE MIXTURES WITHOUT PRIOR SEPARATION", Malissa, H.,
Kellner, R., Analytlca Chimlea Aeta Vol. 63, Ho. 2, February 1973, pp 263.275.
A method for the direct i.r. analysis of oetal-tetramethylenedithlocarbamate
mixtures without preceding separation is proposed. Because of the remarkable shifts of
the M-S-stretching vibrations and the small losses of energy by stray light, the region
beyond kOO/at is the most useful for a determination in potassium bromide. Model
analyses with standard mixtures of Pb(II>- and Hg(II)-TMOTC, and Fe(IlI)-, Co(III)-
and H1(II)-TMDTC are described. The method can be used for the determination of trace
amounts of heavy metals in aqueous solutions after complexation with Na-TMDTC and
extraction with chloroform. The detection limit for application of the 13-mm standard
KBr method and a routine spectrometer (without ordinate expansion) is about 10 micro-
grams of metal. (In German)
DtDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Methodology, Pollutant identification, Trace elements,
Aqueous solutions, Chelation, Heavy metals, Mercury, Iron, Cobalt, Hickel, Sodium,
Alkali metals, Metal complexes, Infrared spectrophotometry, Quantitative analysis,
Mixtures, Infrared spectra, Metal chelates, Detection limits, Lead-
tetranethylenedithlocarbamate, Mercury-tetramethylenedithiocarbamate, Iron-
tetranetlgrlenedithlocarbamate, Cobalt-tetranethylenedithiocarbamate, Nickel-
tetranethylenedlthlocarbamate.
AMIC-7033
"DIRECT QUALITATIVE AHD QUANTITATIVE IHFRAHED SPECTROSCOPIC AHALYSIS OF
ZIMC-DIALKfLDITHIOCARBAMATE WITHOUT PRIOR SEPARATION", Sztark, W., Malissa, H.,
Kellner, R., Analytlca Chlalca Acta, Vol. 63, No. 2, February 1973, pp 265-293.
A new method for the i.r. analysis of zlnc-dlalkyldlthlocarbamate mixtures
has been developed. The identification and detection limits were Improved, compared to
the standard method, by the use of microtechniques (Identification limit 2 micrograms,
detection limit 30-80 mlcrograns). Binary and ternary mixtures can be analysed without
preliminary separation, because the other components of the mixtures have very little
Influence on the measured absorption band. Beer's law was obeyed for the binary and
two ternary mixtures. The relative standard deviations and the coefficients of
correlation were calculated for the macro- and mlcromethods. A comparison of statistical
data shows that i.r. spectroscopy is suitable for quantitative analysis even in the
region of 60-10 micrograms of substance. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Chemical analysis. Heavy metals, Methodology,
Mixtures, Zlnc-dialkyldithiocarbamates, Infrared spectrophotometry, Infrared
spectra, Detection limits, Quantitative analysis, Zlnc-dlmethyldlthiocarbanate,
Zlnc-dlaethyldithlocarbamate, Zlnc-dibutyldithlocarbamate, Zinc-
dlbenzyldithocarbainate, Organometallic compounds.
AMTC-7035
"SPECTROPHOTCMBTRIC DETEHMIHATION OF P.P.B. LEVELS OF LONG-CHAIN AKIHES IN WATERS AHD
RAFFIHATES", Florence, T. M., Farrar, Y. J., Analytlca Chimlca Aeta, Vol. 63, Ho. 2,
February 1973, PP 255-261.
A method has been developed for the determination of traces of long-chain
amines in river and sea water and uranium processing rafflnates. The amlne is
extracted as an ion-association complex with chromate from sulfuric acid solution into
chloroform and the extracted Cr(VI) Is determined spectrophotometrically with
diphenylcarbazlde. Alamlne 336, a mixture of tric-n-octyl and tri-n-decylamlnes, was
studied using this method. Tests for adsorption losses showed that polyethylene
containers are unsuitable for collection or storage but glass containers are safe for
up to a week. Several metal ions (Cu(II), Fe(III), Mg(ll), Mn(H), Ki(ll), U(vi) and
Zn(ll)) were found to have no effect on the determination of Alamlne 336 by the
chromate method, even when present at 500 times the amlne concentration. Chloride,
nitrate, and phosphate at concentrations of 25, 5, and 250 ppm, respectively, could
be tolerated in determining 1 ppm Alamlne 336 by a single chromate extraction. The
limits of detection for Alamlne 336 with a IQO-ml and a 250-ml sample were 15 and 7
ppb, respectively. The relative standard deviation of the method at 1.5 ppm Alamlne
336 level was found to be 1.9 percent. The application of the chromate method to the
determination of some other conmerclal amines (Aliquat 336, Prlmene JM-T, Amberllte
LA-1) Indicates that primary, secondary, and quatenary long-chain amines can also be
determined.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis. Water analysis, Spectrophotometry, Methodology,
Pollutant identification, Rivers, Sea water, Solvent extractions, Uranium
processing rafflnatcs, Aliphatic amines, Alamlne 336, Ionic interference.
-------
PHYSICAI-
AMic-7036
"TRACE DEIEPMINATIOH OF MERCURY IK BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY FLAHELESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTRCNETFY", Onang, S. H., Analytlca Chlnlca Acta, Vol. 63, »o. 2, February 1973,
pp 2U7-253.
A new, rapid, vet digestion procedure which utilizes a mixture of hydrobromlc
acid and nitric acid has teen used for preparing biological materials for analysis
for the presence of mercury. The samples are boiled for 5-10 min In a Mixture of nitric
and hydrobromic acid under reflux. Mercury Is then determined by the nameless
cold-vapour, atomic absorption technique and complete release Is shown to occur even
when the fat present is not fully decomposed. The results are discussed vlth regard
to the normal bromine and Iodine content of marine samples. The enhancement obtained
vlth bromine can easily be compensated by digesting the standards. Iodine, hovever,
reduces the peak heights and the content of this element must be Judged separately
for samples other than fish, vhlch can always be safety analyzed without Interference.
INDEX TEHKS: Mercury, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Heavy metals, Iodides, Bromides,
Anlons, Pollutant identification, Sample preparation, Wet ashing. Biological
samples, Flameless atomic absorption speetrophotometry. Chemical Interference,
Trace levels.
AMIC-7039
"SEPARATION OF MATRIX ABSORPTION AMD ENHANCEMENT EFFECTS IN THE DETERMINATION OF SULFUR
HI SEA MATER BY X-RAY FLUORESCENCE", Taylor, D. L., Zeitlln, H., Analytlca Chlmica Acta,!
Vol. 6U, Ho. 1, March 1973, PP 139-1U2.
An investigation has been made of the relationship between matrix absorption
and enhancement effects as observed in the determination of sulfur In sea water.
Standard sulfate solutions were prepared from lithium sulfate monohydrate and sodium
and chlorine vere added as matrix variants In various forms. The intensity of SK sub
alpha fluorescence (I sub F) at a wavelength of 5.372 A as well as the intensity of
scattered bremsstrahlung (I sub SR) at 5.299 A wee measured by X-ray fluorescence.
The scattered radiation method with soft scattered bremsstrahlung affords only slight
compensation for matrix effects in X-ray analysis for sulfur in sea vater. However,
the technique offers an effective means by which the effects of Instrumental variations
and sample Inhonogeneltles may be diminished.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water. X-ray fluorescence, Sulfur, Chemical analysis. X-ray analysis,
Separation techniques, Sodium, Chlorine, Radiation, Matrix effects. Matrix
absorption, Chemical Interference.
AMIC-7037
"A RADIOREAGENT METHOD FOR THE DBTEFMIHAT10H OF TRACES OF BISMUTH", Menon, M. P.,
Analytica Chlmica Acta, Vol. 64, Ho. 1, March 1973, pp 15L-155.
A method has been described for the determination of traces of bismuth In
aqueous solutions with radlolodlde. It makes use of the reaction between soluble
Iodide and an acidic solution of Bl to convert Bi Ion to radioactive tetralodoblsmuthlc
acid by treatment with excess of 1-131. The active product is extracted into n-butl
acetate and the gamma-ray activity of a portion of the extract Is determined. The
relationship between the net activity of the reaction product and the concentration of
bismuth was linear over the range 1-25 mlcrograms of bismuth. The sensitivity of the
proposed method appears to be better than that of any other method except the dlthlzone
method, which has been applied only to blomaterials. Elements such as Cd, Pb, Cu, Ag,
He, Sb and V interfere with the direct determination of bismuth, but bismuth can still
be determined directly in solutions containing Iron, nickel, or chromium, or In most
biological samples. The results of the analyses of the N.B.S. reference standards
with the preliminary extraction vere In fairly good agreement with the values certified
by N.B.S.
U1DEX TERMS: Radioactivity techniques, Iodine radlolsotopes, Chemical reactions, Heavy
metals, Bismuth, Trace levels, Tetralodoblsmuthlc acid. Chemical Interference.
"GRAPHITE ROD ATCKTZATION AND ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF
SILVER AHD COPPER IN JET ENGINE OILS", Patel, B. M., Winefordner, J. D., Analytlca
Chimica Acta, Vol. 64, No. 1, March 1973, PP 135-138.
2k
Silver and copper can be determined simultaneously by atomic fluorescence
without altering any conditions for sample atomlzation. Both of the elements are
atomized simultaneously from a heated graphite rod at an intermediate temperature
(1600 K), and the two separate fluorescence peaks result. This procedure has been
applied to the analysis of used Jet engine oils using 0.5-microliter samples. The
samples vere ashed at 42 A (645 K) for IB s. Silver and copper vere simultaneously
atomized by suddenly Increasing the current to 96 A for 3 s to give a temperature of
about 1BOO K. The resulting atoms produced two resolved atomic fluorescence peaks.
An atmosphere of argon and hydrogen (with flov rates 6.14- l/min and 1.2 1/mln,
respectively) WAS maintained around the graphite rod atomizer. The results for Ag and
Cu In the oil samples, determined by atomic fluorescence, vere compared with the
mean values from the U]S. Air Force S.O.A.P. (supplier of the samples analyzed)
laboratories by emission and flame atomic absorption methods. There was reasonable
agreement among the values, and the results from the simultaneous atomization
technique usually fell within the standard deviations of the results from the S.O.A.P.
laboratories. The relative standard deviations calculated from 10-15 determinations
for different oil samples by this technique vere between 6 and 12 percent. The
slight loss In precision is compensated by the saving In time achieved.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Heavy metals, Oil, Pollutant
Identification, Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy, Silver, Jet engine oil,
Spectrochemlcal Oil Analysis Program, Fluorescent spectra. Accuracy.
-------
1. mCSICAL AHD CHEMICAL MSTBoas
AMIC-TOUj
"REVERSED-FHASE FOAM CHROMATOGRAPHY. REDOX REACTIONS CM CPEH-CELL POLYURETHANB FOAM
COLUMNS SUPPORTING TOTRACHU3HOHYDHOQUIW»E", Braun, T., Farag, A. B., Klimes-Sz«ik, A.,
Analytics Chlalca Acta, Vol. 6U, Ho. 1, March 1973, PP 71-76.
The uae of elastic polyurethane foam aa a support for chloranll In reversed-
phase foam chrcoatography was proved successful. Reductions of cerium(IV), vanadium(V)
and lron(II) on foam-filled columns were carried out quantitatively and rapidly. The
effect of flow-rate and temperature on the reduction of each metal Ion was examined In
detail. Cerlum(IV) was reduced quantitatively on passing through the foam-redox
column at flow-rates of 2-11 ml/mln at room temperature. The reduction of vanadium(V)
| and lron(III) was slower; complete reduction occurred only at flow-rates up to k and 2
| ml/min for V(v) and Fe(lll), respectively. At 35 degrees, however. It was possible to
; use flow-rates of 7 and 6 ml/mln for the quantitative reduction of V(V) and Fe(IIl),
I respectively.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions. Heavy metals, Pollutant Identification, Iron, Cations,
Temperature, Flow rates. Reduction (chemical), Oxidation, Reversed phase foam
chromatography, Open cell polyurethane foam. Support columns, Chloranil,
Polyurethane foams, Cerium, Vanadium, Tetrachlorohydroqul
AHIC-70l»9
"ION EXCHANGE IN AQUEOUS AND IN AQUEOUS-ORGANIC SOLVENTS. PART I. AMION-EXCHAHOE
BEHAVIOUR OP ZR, SB, TA AND PA IN AQUEOUS HCL-HF AND IN HCL-HF-ORGANIC SOLVENT", Kim, J.
I., Legally, H., Born, H.-J., Analytlca Chlaica Acta, Vol. 6k, No. 1, March 1973,
PP 29-1*3.
Ion-exchange behaviours of 2r(IV), Hb(V), Ta(V), and Pa(V) on the anion
exchanger Dowex 1-X8 were Investigated first In a vide variety of aqueous mixed
hydrochloric acid-hydrofluoric acid and secondly In the same aqueous system mixed with
various organic solvents. Equilibrium adsorptions of these four elements as a function
of hydrochloric acid concentration as well as hydrofluoric acid concentration, or both
acid concentrations, were found to be strongly differentiated. This fact can be
utilized for convenient separations of these elements from each other. Based on the
equilibrium results, the possible complex formation of the metal Ions and the
separation possibilities for the elements are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Anion exchange, Radioactivity techniques. Adsorption, Separation
techniques, Aqueous solvents, Organic solvents, Zirconium, Niobium, Protactinium,
Tantalum, Ion exchange resins, Gamna spectrometry, Pa-233, 2r-95, Nb-95, Ta-lflS,
Pa-231.
AMIC-70«f8
"ION-EXCHANGE FOAM CHROMATOGRAPHY. PART I. PREPARATION OF RIGID AND FLEXIBLE
ION-EXCHANGE FOAMS", Braun, T., eksffy, 0., Haklits, I., Xadar, K., Majorca, G.,
Analytlca Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 6U, No. 1, March 1973, PP
AMIC-7051
THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION Of TRACES OF COBALT, CHROMIUM, COPPER, IRON, MANGANESE
AND ZINC BY ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTRCMETRY WITH PRECONCENTRATION BY AN AUTOMATED
SOLVHIT EXTRACTION PROCEDURE", Jones, M., Klrkbright, G. F., Hanson, L., West, T. S.,
Analytlca Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1973, PP 21O-215.
In order to be able to apply the principles of foam chromatography to
ion-exchange processes, preparative methods for open-cell ion-exchange foams were
Investigated. Homogeneous Ion-exchange foams were prepared by introducing Ion-exchange
groups on previously prepared phenol-formaldehyde, polyurethane and polyethylene foams.
The nfnytmim capacity of the produced sulTonated phenol-formaldehyde cation-exchange foai
was 1.85 meq/g, that of the styrene-polyurethane Interpolymer anlon-exchange foams was
2.2 meq/g. Weak carboxyllc Ion-exchange foams were prepared by radiation grafting of
polyurethane and polyethylene foams; the maximum capacity of these foams was U.02 meq/g
Heterogeneous Ion-exchange foams were prepared by foaming a fine powder of a commercially
available cation exchanger with the precursors of open-cell polyethsr-type polyurethane
foam. The capacity of such a foam containing 26 percent ion-exchange powder was 1.0
meq/g. The kinetics of the cation-exchange process on the heterogeneous foams was
measured with Sr-85.
INDEX TERMS: Construction, Strontium radio!sotopes, Pollutant identification, Cation
exchange, Separation techniques, Ion exchange foam chromatography, Ion exchange
foams, Foaming, Sr-85, Chloromethylatlon, Aadnation, Radiation grafting,
Polyurethane foams, Polystyrene foams, Polymerization.
25
A description is given of the assembly and operation of an automated solvent
extraction system for preconcentration; the subsequent simultaneous determination of
Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn by atomic fluorescence spectrometry in a manner similar to
that described elsewhere is also reported. The application of this system to the rapid
determination of trace amounts of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in sea-water is also described.
Detection limits and extraction efficiencies were obtained for all 6 elements in
aqueous and organic solutions. Except for chromium, an Improvement of 6-10-fold In the
detection limit was achieved by the extraction procedure. The analysis rate of the
spectrometer Is limited by the rate of the automated solvent extraction process; under
the conditions used the maximum analysis rate was 25 samples per h. Recovery of the
analyte elements from the sea water samples was checked by making standard additions
of each of the elements to an analyzed sample; recoveries exceeded 90 percent,
Indicating that the accuracy sufflcied for the routine determination of these metals
(less than ca. 0.1 ppra) in sea water. The automated solvent extraction method
developed can be successfully employed for simultaneous determinations of six elements
vith a multichannel atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Improved detection limits are
obtained, but only a k:I sample:solvent mixing ratio is tolerable if the system Is to
be successfully interfaced with the nebulizer of the flame spectrometer.
-------
1. PHYSICAL Mm CHEMICAL METHODS
AMTC-7051 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDEX TERH3: Heavy metals, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
Identification, lifcter analysis, Solvent extractions, Trace elements, Cobalt,
Chrcnivun, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Zinc, Sea inter. Sample preparation,
Freconcentratlon, Autonated solvent extraction, Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy,
Multielemental analysis. Detection Units, Recovery.
AWC-7068
"THE DEEEBMnwriCH Of CHQAHOCARBOU IB CLKt MATERIALS", Ferris, A. P., Jepson, W. B.,
Analyst, Vol. 97, Ho. Il6l, December 1972, pp 91*0-950.
A dry-coetnistlon method Is described for the determination of orgsnocarbon In
clay materials. The essential features are the use of purified oxygen; slow Insertion
of the sample Into the furnace to avoid rapid dehydroxylation of the kaolinlte and
attendant loss of pyrolyais fragments in the atMosphere of steam that Is generated; and
the use of traps to renove gaseous fluorine compounds, steam and sulphur dioxide.
Extensive testa on the apparatus with calcium carbonate and with mixtures of kaolin
•with glucose and with tarailc acid are described. Tests vlth a connercial kaolin
containing organic matter equivalent to about 550 mlcrograms of carbon per gram of
material indicated a standard error of 8 mlcrograms, or plus or minus 1.5 per cent. A
published method In vhich the kaolin is heated in a stream of oxygen containing 2 per
cent V/V of ozone has been re-lnvestlgated; the organocarbon was only partially
oxidized so that the method has no analytical value. Tvo wet-combustion methods
involving the separate use of potassium dichromat* and potassium persulphate, vhich
arc uaed In soil analysis, vere evaluated. The organic matter on the clay was again
only partially oxidized to carbon dioxide under the experimental conditions.
MIBC 1TEBMS: Clays, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Soil analysis, Laboratory
equipment, Kaolinite, Storage, Organic carbon. Kaolin, Dry ashing. Chemical
interference, Sulfur dioxide, Silicon tetrafluorlde. Hydrogen fluoride, Wet
ashing, Precision.
nac-jote
"THE AHAIJfSIS OT CBGANICALUf BOUHD ELBffiWFS (AS, SE, BR) AJTO PHOSPHDHUS HI HAW, RffDED,
BLEACHED AHD HCDHOGENATCD MARIHE OlUS PRODUCED FHCM FISH Of DB*EREHT «JALTK", Lunde,
G., Journal of the American Oil Chemist's Society, Vol. 50, Ho. 1, January 1973, pp
26-2O.
The purpose of this study i»s to study how the aelenium, arsenic, phosphorus,
and bromine contents varied in oils produced from raw fish materials of differing
quality and to follow these elements In the oils during the alkaline-refining, the
bleaching, and the hydrogenation processes. Herring, mackerel, and capelln oils, were
produced from raw materials stored for varying lengths of time and consequently vere
of varying quality. Neutron activation analysis of samples showed that vhen the raw
material deteriorates during storage, an Increase in the selenium and phosphorus
content In the oils produced from these materials Is observed, whereas the bromine
and the arsenic content la nearly constant. During the refining the arsenic and
phosphorus disappear alaost completely from the oils, whereas the selenium content is
reduced to about two-thirds and the bromine content is nearly unaffected. In the
hydrogenation step the selenium disappears relatively fast and the bromine more slowly.
INDEX TERMS: Neutron activation analysis, Blomass, Phosphorus, Fish oil, Arsenic,
Selenium, Bleaching, Oil refining.
~fiee also: Category 2, AMXC-6899, 6960, 7015, 7078
Category k, AMIC-6692, 6893
Category 5, AWC-6886, 6869.
26
-------
e- BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-6562
"DIATOM COWWHITC RESPOHSE TO PRIMARY WASTEWATER EFFLUENT", Bahls, L. L., Jourml
Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 14-5, Mo. 1, January 1973, pp Isi-ilK
A study vac made of the diatom community In the East Gallatin River above and
below the Bozenan, Montana, wastevater treatment plant. Water samples for chemical and.
physical analyses and diatom collections from natural substrates were made monthly.
The water quality parameters measured were water tea^ierature, pH, Ca, Mg, alkalinity,
sulfate, orthophosphate, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, silica,
turbidity, specific conductivity, Ka, and K. The diatom taxa Identified were
correlated with the nutrients that were present in the forms of phosphate, NH3-N, and
nitrate-nitrogen. Of the 12 major taxa identified, Hltzsehla dlsslpata was the moet
frequently occurring diatom. Just below the wastewater outfall a nitrogen heterotroph,
Nitzachla eplphytlca, was most abundant. Together these two taxa accounted for 50
percent of the mean abundance of all the taxa In the river. Calculations were made to
determine simple and multiple correlation coefficients between diatom diversity and
individual taxa and the various nutrients. Overall, diversity correlated negatively
with ammonia and positively with phosphate.
IHHEX 1ERK3: Water pollution effets, Biological communities, Diatoms, Sewage treatment.
Waste water (pollution), Water analysis. Chemical analysis, Nutrients,
Biolndicators, Nitrogen, Mwrtana, Plant populations, East Gallatin River, Species
diversity.
AMCC-6606
"A FURTHER COBTRIBUTIOH TO THE DIATOM FLORA OF SEWAGE ENRICHED WATERS IN SOUTHERN
AFRICA", Schoemui, F. R., Fbycologla. Vol. 11, Nos. 3/U, December 1972, pp 239-2U5.
•Ow systematise and autecology of the diatoms observed In an »IEI°I sample
from a maturation pond of the Walvls Bay (South West African coast) sewage works
are discussed. Fourteen diatom species ore recorded. A new species. Amphora
subacutluacula.. Is described. The diatom association was subjected to aetatlstlcal
analysis to determine the relative abundance of the different species la the
association. Since the structure of the diatom association is the result of
environmental conditions, it is possible to employ the association to determine
the ecological conditions prevailing in the water. The chemical results of the
BftturatlOtt pond water suggest eutrophle, alkaline water with a high concentration
of dissolved solids. Therefore, species favouring these conditions are expected
to occur In this water. Except for the new species, Amphora subaeutiuseiila.
whose autecology is still unknown, an the other species recorded in this sample
are alkaline water inhabitants. Many of these are brackish species or are able to
tolerate certain fluctuations In osmotic pressure. The dominant species, Amphora
tenerrlma. suggests brackish conditions. Cyclotella roepepflnlam. a sub-dominant
species, is known to be nitrogen heterotrophicand7~therefore, grew well in the
pond.
INDEX TERtC: Diatoms, Eutrophlcatlon, Water pollution, Systematics,
Aquatic algae, Chrysophyta, Water analysis, Chemical analysis,
Africa, Organic nitrogen.
Sewage, Ecology,
Walvle Bay, South
"A NEW FRESHWATER SPECIES OF RHODOCHORTON (RHQDOPHYTA, NEMALIALES) FROM VENEZUELA",
D'Lacoste, L. 0., Ganesan, E. K., Phyeologia. Vol. 11, Hos. 3A, December 1972,
pp 233-238.
A new freshwater species of Rhodochorton. R. venezuelensis (Nemallales,
Rhodophyta), Is described from eastern Venezuela. The plants are up to U nm long
and heterotrichouB. The basal portion of erect filaments may or may not be covered
by many septate, branched, downward rhlzoids. Cells of erect filaments contain
numerous sma.ll discoid to elongate parietal chromatophores without pyrenoids.
Monosporangia were the only reproductive structures observed in the material studied.
INDEX TERMS: Rhodophyta, Systematlcs, Aquatic algae, Plant morphology, Venezuela,
Rhodochorton venezuelensls, Speclatlon.
AKtC-6609
"PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION OF SOffi ARCTIC SEAWEEDS"
Vol. 11, No». 3/1*, December 1972, PP 267.271.
Healey, F. P., Phyeologia,
Both laboratory and in situ measurements of photosynthesis and
respiration were made of some Artie seaweeds in order to determine: (1) the ability
of the algae to show positive net photosynthesis under natural or simulated
conditions, and (2) growth of the specimens suspended beneath ice as well as
adaptations to low temperatures. Conventional manometrlc techniques were used for
laboratory measurements and clear and darkened BOD bottles were used in In situ
measurements. The temperature optima of these reactions were similar to those of
temperate seaweeds and much higher than the local temperatures. However, reaction
rates at low temperatures (as a percentage of the mayiimini rate) were higher than
those reported for plants grown or collected at higher temperatures. Laboratory
and in situ measurements resulted In similar estimates of compensating intensities.
They also showed that little or no growth could be expected beneath snow-covered
ice, but growth could occur beneath about 70 cm of lee cleared of snow.
INDEX TERM5: Photosynthesis, Respiration, Plant physiology, Marine algae, On-site tests,
Laboratory tests, Chaetomorpha, Halosacclon glandlforne, Fucus.
27
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a. BIOLOOICAL
AMIC-6635
"TECHHWUES FOR SAMFURG SALT MMBB BBHTHOS AHD BURROWS", Frey, R. W., Bass., P. B..
Scott, R. M., TV American Midland Haturallst. Vol. 89, Ho. 1, January 1973, pp 22B-23U.
Sevaml. methods have been developed to reduce the difficulty of MuapUng oalt
marsh eplbttrthos and enflobenthos where gnus root masses occur, Mobile animals such aa
cia.bc were collected using tU.tfi-vaU.el quadrat frames. These trance axe placed while
tidewater stands on the marsh. When the water ebbs away, the crabs return to the
surface and can be collected. Graas la cropped, and renewed to eliminate obstruction*
while collecting the samples. Other studies showed that about 80 percent of the crabs
present can be collected, this way. Can cores 14x22x33 on high were used to sample the
endobenthos by cutting grass roots around the "»»> and rf?egf"g tie sample out. Has for
each sample collected was 2J» minutes. Organisms were separated fran the care samples
containing dense grass roots by 8ievlng-sta.inlng.flota.tlon equipnent constructed from
a table containing a 1 mm sieve and two Ho, 3 wash-tuba, one fitted with a sieve bottom
and one fitted with a drain hole. Casts of burrows have been successfully made using
polyester plastic and hardener.
Ilffiex TERMS: Sampling, Bentfale fauna. Separation techniques, Muds, laboratory
equipment. Burrow casts. Staining, Sieving.
AMJC-6636 ~
"TEVELOIWait OP SPtlLUJM (FSIIXEIA) yrPIATOM ZZTT. (DIFTERA: SMttJIDAE) FROM
LA1WAE TO ADULTS AT THERMAL IHCHEHEHT5 FBOtt 17.0 TO 27.0 C", Becker. C. D.,
•Pie American Midland naturalist. Vol. 89, Bo. 1, January 1973, pp 2t6-£51.
Blackfly larvae were exposed to 2.5 C thermal increments ranging from
17.0-27.0 C to determine whether Increased temperatures might Increase the
rate of development. Larvae were grown In IQOO-ml filtration flasks connected by
syphon to ft source providing a controlled mix of heated and Unseated water from the
Columbia River. The tests show that the thermal Increments proportionally Increase the
rate Of development through the pupal to the adult stage. A 10 C rise In temperature
reduces the subsequent mean development span by about half, fran 8 days at 17 C to 4
daya at 27 C. Temperatures of 27 C appear to be within the upper thermal tolerance of
the species. It Is concluded that thernal Increments from reactor discharges In the
Columbia River have probably exerted seme effect on the development of tolackfliea,
particularly by advancing the emergence of the first spring generation.
INDEX TEEM5: Bloassay, Thernal pollution, Life cycles, Columbia River, Unclear reactors,
Growth rates, Water pollution effects, Period of growth, Water temperature,
Larvae, Blaclcflles, Slmullum (PBlloaia) vittatum, Dlptera.
"A TECHH1WJE TOR THE ESTDttTIC* OF IHDICES OF IEFRACTKW OF HUtfHE rHYTOELAHKTEHS "
*5* K; L"f. ^fUl^t^J>" *£?£*»' G' F" Jr" LiBnology and
7, Ho. 6, Hovember 1972, pp 833-839.
v
Vol.
Measurements Of light scattering and particle alee distribution were
performed on a growing culture of the unicellular phytoplankter Isochrysls gabans.
The culture represented a narrow, polydlsperse distribution of nearly spherical -
particles. Assuming the culture to be homogeneous in refractive Index, a technique
was developed that provided an estimate of the index of refraction of the culture
for the wavelengths 5,ll6o Angstrom and 5,78o Angstrom. The relative index of
"S^*10" fr8^*1*6 *° ««* of «eawater) of the culture varied with time from
1.026 to 1.036 over a 12-day sampling period and seemed to be related to changes
in the surface areasvolume ratio of the cells. The Indices of refraction
determined using green light (5,li60 Angstrom) corresponded closely with those
founi using yellow (5,780 Angstrom), with slight fluctuations perhaps due to
change* In cells pigmentation ratios. (Reprinted from Limnology and " -------
—-• -^_|T----- »*• wv^^w £s-*^i*(^*4uci.U.A.UU. Aub^uo* ^ fiCUX^^ubCU ifVOl l-ITliniu'X'
Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972, pp 833.839. Copyright 1§7& by the American Society
of LiBnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright
owner.)
IMJEX OEBM3: FhytOplantttQQ, Cultures, Distribution patterns. Growth rates,
Isoehrysls galbana, Index of refraction. Optical systems.
AMIC-6681
ir AHD FORMS OF HITBOGEH IN A LAKE ONTARIO SEDDCIIT CORE", Kemp, A. L. w.,
A., LLmnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, No. 6, Hoveaber 1972, pp 855-867.
Fixed amnonlum nitrogen is the dominant Inorganic form of nitrogen In the
sediments of Lake Ontario. The fixed ammonium nitrogen concentration is around 3OO
microgrittis/g of sediment at the top of a. 10-m core and Increases gradually to 525
nlerognuns at 150 Cm, below which It remains constant. As nitrification Is precluded
in the reduced sediments below 3 cm, the ammonium Ion is either fixed within the
sediment clay lattices or migrates upward In the sediment interstitial waters. The
uniform fixed and exchangeable ammonium concentrations below 150 cm In the core
Indicate that the sediment is saturated with respect to ammonium fixation, and the
decrease in these concentrations above 150 cm In the core suggest that equilibrium
IB not attained with the ammonium Ion. The deeper sediments probably do not regenerate
nitrogen to Lake Ontario, but most of the nitrogen released to the hypollmnlon by the
sediments is from nitrification, denitrlficatlon, and amttonificatlon reactions at the
sediment-water interface. A minimum of 2O percent of the organic nitrogen Input to the
sediments Is regenerated to the lake from the top 6 era Of sediments. About 90 percent
of the nitrogen In the surface muds Is organic: 28-^6 percent as amlno acid-If, k.f
percent as hexosamlneJt, and 21-31 percent as hydrolyzable unidentifled-H. From 29-57
percent of the total nitrogen could not be accounted for as amlno acids, hexosamlnes,
fixed and exchangeable nmmnnln, nitrate, and nitrite in the surface sediments.
(Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, Ho. 6, Hovember 1972, pp 655-667.
Copyright 197S by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted
by permtesion of the copyright owner. )
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
M4IC-6681 (Continued)
Card 8/2
HJDEX TOTE: Nitrogen, Lake sediments, Cores, Lake Ontario, Sediment-water Interface,
Spatial distribution, Amino acids, Soil analysis, Chemical analysis, Hltrates,
nitrites. Path of pollutants, Bottcm sediments, Anmonlun, Hexosamlne, Fate at
pollutants. Surface sedlnents.
AMIC-6688
"A IdHCD FOR THE HI SITU STUDT OF ZOOPLAMCTOH ORAZINB EFFECTS OH AU5AL SPECIES
COHPOSITIOH AJJD STWO>nC CHOP", Porter, K. G., Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 17,
Mo. 6, Hovember 1972, pp 913-917. ' -
method for In situ study of the effects of grazing on the species
composition and standing crop of a. natural phytoplankton assemblage is described.
Polyethylene enclosure* 0.5 cu n In volume are filled with whole lake water or water
filtered through 125-mlcron (Do. 10) mesh to remove the major grazers. After U days
at incubation, contents are sampled and cells counted by species. The tagged whole
lake water la also coEgared with natural lake rater. The total number of snail oig.1
cells (2.30 microns), saall flagellates, large dlnoflagellfltes, large chrysophytes,
and cilia tea are higher and gelatinous greens are lower In the absence of grazers.
there Is no detectable experimental effect on the total number of large cells (greater
than 30 nicrons), blue -green*, desolds, saall chrysophytes, diatoms, and nonblue-green
filaments. ( Reprinted from Llaaology and Oceanography. Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972,
PP 913-917. Copyright 1972 by the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner. )
Grazing, Zooplankton, Standing crops, Plant populations, Fhytoplankton,
Cyanophyta, DiatOBS, Cblorophyta, Chrysophyta, Wnoriagellates, Pyrrophyta,
On-slte testa, Protozoa, Dlaptonus nlmitus, Eplsctiura lacustrls, Dapimia galeata
aeadotae, Cyclops scut if er, Macroinvertebrates, Deomlds, Flagellates.
"ATP COinUTT Of CA1ABUG FIHMMCHICUS", Balch, H., Ujroologr ana Oceanographyt Vol.
17, Ko. 6, Rovenber 1972, pp 906-908.
Meamranenta of adenoalne trlphosphate (ATP), carbon, and nitrogen were
mde on CaJanua fimarchlcua held IB a food-free envlronMent In the laboratory.
Over A 23-day otarvailon period there were significant reductions of absolute aaounts
of carbon, nitrogen, ana ATP, but no significant changes In tbe relationship between
ATP and body carbon. Relative ATP levels in organisms regain sufficiently constant
over a range of physiological conditions so as to nke them good Indicators of bloaaas
ATPicarton ratios in llpld-storlng copepoda is also considered. (Reprinted from
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17, Ho. 6, November 1972, pp 906*906. Copyright
1972 by the American society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by
permission of the copyright owner.)
IHEEX TCEI46: Blomus, Food abundance, Calanus flnnarchlcus, Adenosine trlphosphate.
Organic carbon.
AKTC.6690
"EWfflIC FACTORS OVERRUE A POSSIBLE GRADIEBT OF ECOLOOICAL mniRmf IHDICES IN A
3MAJJ. STIEAM", Motten, A. F., Hall, C.A.S., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 17,
Bo. 6, November 1972, pp 922-936.
The objective of this study was to apply Margalef's (1963, 1965) maturity
indices to two regions of Rev Hope Creek, North Carolina to test the hypothesis that
upstream regions are less ecologically aftture than downstream regions. TWO
parameters were measured at three locations in the streams! pigment ratios, or the
ratio* Of the optical densities at 1*30 and 66? millimicrons, and the ratio of gross
productivity to community respiration (P:R). Oxygen was measured by both the
tfinkler method and a galvanic probe recorder. Plgnent analyses were based on
randCB samples of benthle communities. These samples vere centrlfuged, ground in
acetone, and the abeorbance of the extracted pigment read on a spectrophotometer.
Within the limited scope of this study no support was found for the original
proposition that the upstream region of the stream was less ecologically mature than
the downstream region. If differences in ecological maturity do exist between the
two sites rtodled, they are not properly measured by plgnent ratios or P:R ratios,
or, more probably, they are overridden by local or edaphlc factors.
IdDEX TOM5: Trophic level, Respiration, Primary productivity,
preparation.
Pigments, Sample
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AHIC-671*
"EHDRIH TOXICOSIS IN HAIHBCW TROUT ( SALIC OAITOHERI) ", 0*ant, B. F., Mehrle, P. M.,
Journal Of the Fisheries Keseareh BoarTof CaauS7"Vol. 30, Mo. 1, January 1973,
~
T
pp
In nature rainbow trout (S&lmo gairdnerl) receiving sublethal doses of endrln
CO-11*? mlerogHun»/kg body wt/day In 0.215-7.2? mg/ka of food) for 163 days and then
forced to swim Tor 1 hr, the insecticide affected sensn electrolytes, osmolality, total
protein, choice terol, cortlsol, lactate, glucose, liver glycogen, and growth. Foread
swinging alone altered 9 of 16 oerum parameters examined. Apparent Increases In aerw
Ha and Cl and significant increases In oanolalltjr and liver glycogen were directly
related to dosage. A biphasic distribution of phosphate, total protein, and cholesterol
with dosage was apparent. Glucose was increased about 50 percent by IkJ mlcrogrania/tg
but vas unaffected by lower doses. Variance analysis of zone electropboretic patterns
disclosed an Interaction between serum protein distribution and dose. Mobilization of
liver glycogen was apparently Inhibited by low doses and almost totally blocked by hlgb
doses. Correspondingly, trout given I1*. 5 micrograais/kg or more bad lowered serum
cortlsol levels whereas the louest dose elevated cortlsol. Growth was Inhibited
appreciably by lU5 mlcrograms/kg but not by lower doses. Visceral fat accumulated
U.8-8.7 mlcrograms endrin/g tissue in the U3 and ll»5 mlcrograms/kg exposures. It Is
concluded that endrln caused dysfunction of physiologic processes critical to survival.
IKEEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Endrln, Pesticide toxicity, Fish physiology, Bioassay,
Water pollution effects, Insecticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
Lethal limit, Survival, Laboratory tests, Electrolytes, Animal growth, Proteins,
Selmo galrdnerl, Biochemical tests, Sena, Cholesterol, Cortlsol, Lactate,
Glucose, Glycogen, Liver, Fftt tissue.
AMIC-6753
"A MALLCMQNAS BLOOM IK A BULGARIAN M3UHTAIN LAKE", Kristiansen, J., Nova Hedwigla,
Vol. 21, Hos. 8-U, 1971, PP 877-882.
Electron Microscopic examinations were made of sample* of Mallomonas taken
from Lake Vapako, south of Sofia, Bulgaria. At the tine of sampling the water
temperature was 10 C and the water was quite turbid due to a mass development of
Hilloiioms. The samples were fixed In Bouln's fluid, and the material for electron
microscopy was repeatedly washed in distilled water by means of a centrifuge, dried
on to carbon-coated grldt. and abadowcaat vitb chromium. Ihe preparations were
examined In a JEM-T 7 electron microscope. Other grids with material were coated with
gold, and examined in a Cambridge Stereoscan He II* scanning electron microscope.
The samples were shown to contain only one species, tfallomonas acaroldes var. acaroldes
(syn. M. a. var. galeata). and is a confirmation of previously published data
concerning its distribution.
IKDEX 155*6: Electron microscopy. Pollutant identification, Eutrophlcatlon,
Phytoplartrton, ChryBOphyta, Aquatic alga.e, Sampling, Protozoa, Ultraatructure,
Ifellomonas acaroldea var. acaroldes. Lake Wapsko, Sample preservation, Sample
preparation, Bulgaria, Mdlomonaa acaroldes var. galeata, Flagellates.
AHIC-67U5
"EFFECTS OF BUNKER C OIL OH IflTEKTIDAL AMD LAGOQHAL BIOTA IN CHEDABUCTO BAY, KWA
SCOTIA", Thonas, M. L. H., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Vol. 30,
No. 1, January 1973, PP 83-95:
In February 197O, a large spill of Bunker C oil occurred la Chedabucto Bay,
Nova Scotia. Observations were mMe on the effects of the oil on the Intel-tidal and
logoonal biota from seven sites in the Isle Madame area where olllAg was heavy and
repeated. Transects delineated the observational area at each station. Initial effects
of oil involved minor smotlwring of fauna and tearing loose of algae. Longer ten
effects involved extensive mortalities of Fucus splraJA* on rocky snores and >£a
aremrla and Spartina alternlflora in lagoons, oifaer biota w*rs not visually affected.
fri "all' three affected sp*cies, mortalities took place either contirawusly or onJy In
the second year of pollution. C*uees of death are unknown. It is recommended that
In all Intertldal areas very heavy oil deposits sbuld be mechanically removed and the
.Inder of the oil left to natural degradation.
INIEX TEW6: Water pollution effects, Oil pollution, Oil spills, Intertidal areas,
Lagoona, Biota, Jfarine plants, Ifcrlne animals. Mortality, Bunker C oil, lale
Ifedane, Chedabucto Bay.
AMIC-6780
•SILICA AND NITRATE DEPLETION AS RELATED TO RATE OF EUTBOraiCAnOH IN LAKE MICHIGAN,
LAKE HURON, AND LAKE SUPERIOR", Schelske, C. L., The University of Michigan, Great
Lakes Research Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Report No. CCO-2003-11, Contract No.
AT(U-l)aoo3, 1972, ^ PP.
Eutrophlcatlon of the Laurentlan Great Lakes Is accelerated by Inputs of
phosphorus froa combined sources on land. Silica and nitrate nitrogen are depleted
by phosphorus inputs due to an Imbalance between the proportions of these nutrients
required by phytoplankton *•settlings a and the proportions In either polluted tributary
inputs or supplies in the lake. A model Is used to relate Increased phosphorus Inputs,
silica depletion, and nitrate depletion and to predict the trophic state or rate of
Butrophlcation in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Water quality Is affected by
inputs of phosphorus because standing crops of phytoplankton Increase and because
dk^lnrmti groups of pfiytcpUnkton may change as the result of nutrient depletion.
Silica depletion results in a shift frco the characteristic dlatcn aasenblages to
blue-green or green algae and nitrate depletion favors assemblages with blue-green
algae that fix nitrogen. Th«se conclusions are based on data from three sources: (1)
nutrient enrichment experiments conducted by the Great Lakes Research Division, The
University of Michigan, (?) monitoring of water chemistry and productivity conducted
on research and student training cruises of The University of Michigan, and (3) data
from the literature.
I!C*X TERMS: Eutrophloatlon, Hater quality, Water pollution effects, Silica, Nitrates,
Pnytoplantton, Platens, Phosphates, Withdrawal, Great Lakes, Dominant organisms.
Trophic level, Limiting factors.
30
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•d. BIOLOGICAL MMBDE6
AMIC-6796
"ROLE OP FHQSFHOFUS IN EUTROPHICATIOH", Bartach, A. F., U. S. Envlramwntal
Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, CorvaUlu, Oregon, Report
Ho. EPA-R3-72-001, August 1972, fc5 PP.
Die process of eutrophlcation ts a natural out, often accelerated greatly
by nan's activities that contribute nutrients. The tey nutrient IB phosphorus.
Although there is no simple relationship, it Is clear that Increasing phosphorus
content frequently leads to accelerated eutrophlcation. Of ail Important nutrients,
phosphorus is most controllable. Sources of phosphorus Include runoff from undisturbed
agricultural and urban lands; waste from water craft; Industrial and domestic wastes;
biological sources; and precipitation. Also, the nost Important single source Is
municipal sewage, fortunately, the most potentially controllable of all Inputs.
Control efforts follow five T»sic directions: Limiting fertility; improving food
webej stimulating plant diseases and parasites; recycling nutrient.laden water to
agricultural and forest lands; and using toxic chemicals to kill vegetation. Limita-
tion of nutrients Is the most desirable approach, particularly through Curtailing
phosphorus inputs.
INDEX T&PMB: Eutrophlcatlon, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Water pollution sources, Water
pollution, Water pollution effects, Cycling nutrients. Agricultural runoff,
ffcnlcipal wastes, Urban runoff, Industrial wastes. Domestic wastes, Precipitation
(atmospheric), Detergents, Food-processing Industry, Dairy industry, Fertilizers,
PrUaary productivity, Photosynthesis, Water quality control, Rainfall, Boats,
Ships, Gasoline,
AMXC-681U
"PHOTOORAPHIHG FUKJI", Weiss, C. M., Industrial Photography. Vol. 21, Ho. 11, November
1972, PB 20, 21, ItS-1*?.
Techniques for photographing fungi for species identification include
(l) photomicrography us«d to record gross morphology of TungU. cultures, and (2)
photomicrography used to record the microscopic morphology of the fungus specimens.
Petrf dSahea (glass or ulastle, non-opaque, with shallow sides to minimize shadows)
should he used for those cultures to be photographed because they present less
difficult problems of lighting, diffraction, and focus than other containers.
Badly scratched agar will produce light flare and distortion during photography.
Portable equipment can be used but stationary apparatus was used by this author.
The equipment consisted of a Polaroid MP-3 camera with 7$_, 127-, and 35»m«
photomicrography lenses. By using such a fixed setup, those plate* requiring
serial photography during several weeks of culture growth will not have equipment
Of pbotognpblc variables Introduced. Lighting is perhaps the most Important
photographic requirement and directional lighting is suggested. Sine* color is a
major factor in species identification, several color films were tented for use
under controlled photographic conditions a»l those that vorfc best are listed.
ISEEX TESje: Methodology, Pathogenic fungi, Pollutant identification, Laboratory
equipment, Systematics, Plant morphology, PhotOnlWography, Photomicrography,
Speclatlon, Color photography.
OP PUI^mil. EFFLUENT ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN IK A STRATIFIED ESTOAIff. II.
CALHDEEL", Blbert, J., Farter, R, R., Water Beaearch. Vol. 7, No. U, April 1973,
pp 515-523.
A numerical model 1» presented which simulates the biological and physical
proceBBCB of oxygen supply In 4 statlfled inlet. The results or the model show that
the introduction of pulpmill effluent into the upper layer of the inlet causes a
dnran In the dissolved oxyg«n concentration of the water due to blockage of
pnotflByntheHln ^ the stratum of water Immediately below the halocllne. Removal of
the biochemical oxygen demand from the effluent has very little effect on the oxygen
Bonoentration in the upper layer since the supply of oxygen from the lower layer IB
blocked Vf 1** stain. Removal of 90 percent of the stain from the effluent restores
the oxygen concentrations to n«er normal.
IHLEX TEMP: tfethematlcal models, Dissolved oxygen, Estuaries, Stratification, Pulp
wastes, Color, Light Intensity, Nutrients, Inlets (waterways), Inhibition,
Photanynthesis.
AHM-6866
"TOXIC EJTECTS OP CUPRIC, CHTOMATfi AHD CHROMIC IONS ON BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIOH", Lsnb, A.,
, E. L., Water Research. Vol. 7, Wo. U, April 1973, PP 599-613.
Using a completely mixed, continuously operated, lightly loaded, laboratory
activated elvtd^e system, the toxic effects of cuprlc, chronic aM cbroxBte Ions under
conditions of shock loading were observed. Ttese were determined with the aid of a
to**] cartoon analyzer and simple mass balance techniques In tenna of conversion of the
organic nutrient fed. 3ne distribution of the metal Ion between aquaous solution and
mmpennfld solids was measured Using atomic absorption spectrop&Qtometry. Toxic effects
were in We orfljerl cuprlc greater than chronate greater than chromic while the
reductions in conversion were 90, 50 and 20 percent, respectively, for concentrations
OT S ppm metal ion. Cuprlc ion toxlclty was directly proportional to the weight of
copper ab»oTM4 per unit mass or suspended matter within the total copper
oonoantratlon range (0-5.5 pp») studied. This taxiclty decreased markedly with
InerMiBed Biinpended solids concentration: an 80 percent decrease in conversion at 210
yya suapeolfd *olida was reduced to a. negllgl'Dltf quantity (3 percent) toy Increasing
the Bunponded solids to 1*000 ppa. At 210 ppm suspended solids, 3!* percent of the added
copper V*J removed by the sludge in 7 h. The results of this work suggest that the
toxic effect of metal Ions on a sewage plant activated sludge system could be reduced
fcy rapidly Increasing the suspended solids concentration, possibly by the addition of
dried sluiU(«. This work supports a mechanism involving rapid adsorption of the cuprlc
ion by both viable and dead sludge followed by a slower rate determining step resulting
In tfcc •boric effect. The first order rate constant for substrate utilization was found
to tf 1.C7 p-lii* of minus 0.6/hr.
UOEX TE»e: Tiudcity, Cations, Chromium, Copper, Activated sludge, Laboratory tests,
_ Pollutant effects, Biological oxidation. __ __ _
-------
AMIC-6899 "~~"
"PHOSPHORUS WfAJIMICS HI LAKE WATER", Lean, D.H.S., Science. Vol. 179, Ho.
February 16, 1973, PP 678-680.
Radioactive phosphate was used in conjunction with gel filtration to
identify biologically important forms of P In lake water and the rate constants
for their formation. Water samples from Heart Lake (Ontario), a mall eutrophlc
lake, were spiked with tagged phosphate, filtered, and analyzed. The experiments
revealed that a steady state IB rapidly attained between tagged P and lake water
In the summer with the following composition: a particulate fraction containing
the bulk of the P plus snail amounts of a soluble high-molecular-weight organic P
compound; a low-4K>lecular-welght organic P compound; and soluble inorganic
phosphate, the turnover time of which is very short. It is concluded that an
exchange mechanism exists In lake water between phosphate and plankton, but the
excretion of an organic phosphorus compound by the plankton is also a significant
process. It results in the extracellular formation of a colloidal substance, and
most of the nonpartlculate phosphorus In lake water is in this form.
IHDEX TERMS: Cycling nutrients, Phosphorus, Metabolism, Plankton, nutrients.
Phosphates, Absorption, Lakes, Separation techniques, Path of pollutants,
Excretion, Gel filtration, Organophosphorus compounds, Heart Lake, Canada,
Colloids, Blotransfornatlon.
2. BIOLOGICAL tCTHDDS
AMIC.6907
"FRESHWATER DIATOK3 ID THIA1ABD"
pp 267-370.
Foged, H., Hova Hedwlgla, Vol. 22, Hos. 1-2, 1971,
In freshwater material collected In 1966 In the central and northern part of
Thailand about 378 diatom taxa are found, among which there are 8 new species, 5 new
varieties and 2 new forms. All the «il'>'fcpiiie found are listed and drawings and photo-
graphs from the researched material are given.
IHEEX TEBH5: Diatoms, Chrysophyta, Aquatic algae. Aquatic plants, Systenatics,
Thailand.
AtttC-6906
"CHARACEAE OF AUSTRALIA", Wood, R. D., Hova Hedwlgla. Vol. 22, Hos. 1-2, 1971, PP 1-9.
A florlstlc study of the Characeae of Australia was made based upon
extensive collecting in 1960-6! throughout the continent together with a re-examination
of available herbarium specimens. Twenty-nine species are treated in accordance with
the author's revised classification; and a key, brief descriptions, figures, and lists
of specimen* cited are provided. Five genera are represented—Chara, Lamprothamnlum.
Lychnoth*iiP"'», Bitella, and Tolypella. The most common species In decreasing order of
frequency of occurrence are C. eorajTlna, H. pseudoflabellata. Lamp, parylosum. H.
crlstat, and H. Ihotzkyl.. Example* of speel«» widespread in the world which are least
conmon In Australia are C. zeylaniea and H. aemdnata. Eight species are endemic-^.
leptopitys, H. congesta,~N. crlstat. H. lEotttyl, H. penlcillata, H. subtllisslma. f.
tualda, and ff. vertielilata. Of these, all but the last are knowTto be dioecious.'
tfce results generally support the author's earlier revision, but newly-rediscovered
type material (f«L) requires several changes and relnterpretatlon* of the literature.
In addition, four new varieties are described, and seven new varietal combinations are
made.
IMJEX TEIW3: Australia, Chlorophyta, Aquatic algae, Systematic*, Aquatic plants. Plant
morphology. Pollutant identification, Ecological distribution, Stonevorta,
Characeae, Speclatlon.
AHIC-692U
"FEFEIEIICES FOR THE KEKTIFICAnON OF FFESHWATEB MACROIHVERTEBRA7ES", Lewis, P. A.,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio, Report Ho. EPA-BU-72-O06, October 1972, 23 pp. NITS Report No.
PB 213 379A-
A set of references has been compiled which were specifically chosen because
of their pertinence in helping field and laboratory investigators Identify those
•jacrolnvertebrates that are being used as Indicators of freshwater pollution. The
orguilsms of concern are ollgochaetes, leeches, beetles, phantom nidges, midges,
mayflies, true bugs, alderflles and relatives, spongUla flies, eaddisflies,
dragonflles and damsel-flies, stoneflles, crustaceans, bryocoans, molluaks,
turbellarians, water mites, moths, and spongilllds.
HtD£X TEBMB: Bibliographies, Aquatic •»rt»»i«> Bloindlcators, Vater pollution,
Documentation, Aquatic insects. Annelids, Invertebrates, Crustaceans, Mollusks,
Ihcrolnvertebrates, Arthropods, Turbellarla, Bryozoans, Sponges, Water ml tee.
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2. BIOLOGICAL WTHODB
AKIC-6925
•SEASCMAL SUCCESSION OF PHYTOFLAJKTOH AMD A MCXEL CF 1EE mUMICS Of FHnOTUUKTOI
GROWTH AHD HUTRIEHT UPTAKE", Kocxice, J. T., The University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 7S-SU,888, 1972, SOk pp. (Complete report not
available froe AfflC.)
Seasonal succession In phytqplanktan associations has been observed In
freshwater and marine lentle environments. The appearance and disappearance of algal
populations has teen correlated with variations In physical, ilmmli nl, aad biological
factors in aquatic ecosystems. To study the succession of phytcplankton, a aeries of
weekly observations for one year were Bade at Lake Viagra, Madison, Wisconsin. In
addition to enumeration and Identification of phytoplankton speciei, analyses were
conducted for major algal nutrients (Si, C, If, and P), and light and temperature were
•ensured. The remits of this study revealed species's succession and nutrient
depletion patterns similar to other lakes. Proceeding froa an aasiBBptlon that growth
optimization waa the dominant process In the observed succession pattern, a
mathematical model was derived fran theoretical considerations of algal phyalologjr.
The prediction of the Model was rate of algal growth, and model parameters were
related to efficiencies of biological processes (such as nutrient uptake). The
•odel waa tested against n«4»ig^i cultures of Selenartrun eaprleornutom and waa found
to predict adequately the time course of algal growtli and uptake of • and P In batch
cultures of algae. The verified model was then related to morphological variation
and physiological adaptation of phytoplankton species. Through appropriate use of
mathematical optimization routlnea, model parameters could be varied to simulate
maximum growth rates under an loposed set of nutrient concentrations (such as low
P and high N or lew H and high P concentrations}. By relating values of model
AMIC-6926
"MnOWTHAS FELATED TO DBESTlai HI A STFEAM ISOPCC, LIHCEUS BRACfflUHUS (HAHGER) FED
A VACHOPHYTE OB PEHPHSfTOB", Hawkes, C. L., The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania, Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-33,170, 1972, 57 pp.
(Complete report not available tram HOC. )
The role of a macrophyte Elodea r»n*A*w<*is and perlphyton as fod for the
Isopod Llrceus braehyunis ware compared by invvstigatlng growth as related to
ingestlon. Ingestion rates, growth rates, percentage growth rates, and the ratios of
growth rates to Ingestion rates were obtained for isopods fed these two plant types.
Ingestloo was measured using C-60 labeled plants with a method involving a one hour
feeding period and a direct counting of the whole live animal with the radioactive
meal. Growth was based on the area of the frontal outline of each Isopod calculated
by multiplying the length by the width of a calibrated photographic Image of the
nn,1mn1. Ingestion rates for Trmnll and medium sized Isopods feeding on the mBcrophyte
were significantly higher than those on perlphyton with the medium sized animals having
the largest difference. The highest growth rates aad percentage growth rates were
obtained when the isopods were fed perlphyton. The ratios of growth rates to Ingestion
ratas were higher for all size classes of Isopods fed perlphyton.
HEEX TER6: Food habits, Growth rates, Isopods, Perlphyton, Invertebrates, Crustaceans
Crustaceans, Digestion, Radioactivity techniques, Cobalt radiolaotopea, Aquatic
plants, Aquatic weeds, Llrceus brachyurus, Elodea canadensls, Ingestion rates,
tfaerophytea, Macrolnvertebrates, Uaterweeds, Animal growth.
AMIC-6925 (Continued)
Card 2/2
parameters to cell morphology and physiological adaptation such procedure suggests the
possibility of predicting morphological variation—thus succession of phytoplankton
populations. The derived model is useful only for variation In concentration of I
and P.
IMDEX TEBHS: Phytoplankton, fetoematlcal models, Growth rates, Absorption, •u.trlents,
Plant populations, Aquatic envlror«ent, Lentle environment, Carbon, Jltrogen,
Phosphorus, Ifarlne algae. Aquatic algae. Model studies, Cytologleal studies.
Seasonal succession, Marine environment, Silicon.
TjBOHTH AMD SURVIVAL OF ARUBAH TADPOLES (BUPO BOBEAE ARC BAHA AVHQBA) IK RELATION TO
ACUTE GAMA RADIATTCH, HATES TEHPEBlTUJ«,~ATn5 TOPHLTTICH lEElW", Pish, J. L.,
Washington State University, PullKn, Washington, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-Ut,
19TS, 91 PP« (Covplete repoi't not available from AMIC.)
Effects on growth and survival of anuraa tadpoles (Birfo boreaa and Bana
aurora) In relation to acute gamma radiation, water temperature, and population
density were studied in contlmous-flow laboratory test chambers utilizing a factorial
randomized block design. Approximately one week after hatching, tadpoles were exposed
to radiation doses ranging fro* 0-2000 Roentgen (F), then reared for 26 days at three
temperatures (15, 20, or 25 C) and at four densities (5, 15, 35, or 100 animals).
Survivors were measured (total length) and counted weekly. Comparisons between species
indicated that R. aurora was more radio-sensitive than B. boreaa. Densities greater
than 35 nn1an1s~in a half gallon of water significantly slowed growth and adversely
affected survival. There appeared to be Increased radiation damage at greater densi-
ties. Growth and survival were enhanced by higher temperatures, and radiation damage
developed faster at Mgiir- temperatures. A temperature of 2? C with densities greater
than 39 animals slowed growth in B. boreaa. The three-way interaction of these
variables was not conclusively denbnstrated.
TERMS: Bloassay, Water temperature, Gamma rays, Growth rates, ater pollution
effects, Frogs, Toads, Laboratory tests, Tadpoles, Rana aurora, Bufo boreas,
Survival, Population density, Continuous flow techniques.
33
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-6931
"INTERTIDAL SUBSTRATE RUGOSITf ADD SPECIE6 PTVEHSmf", Rink, M. J., University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California, Dissertation Abstract* Do. 73-763,
1972, 92 pp. (Complete report not avail^M* tram AMC.)
A study of the relationship In the middle and upper Intertidal between
small-scale rugosity an4 species diversity WM undertakea, restricting maple
substrates to basalt flews. A total of fifty-fire samples was taken In Panama and
the Virgin Islands, and on the coast* of California and Baja, California. Specie*
diversity van calculated both by numbers of individuals and by ash-free dry weights.
Duplicates of the rock surfaces were produced by a technique Involving field Holding
with an alglnate impression material, casting a positive with plaster of parls, and
finally producing a negative with latex eoopound. Pusjosity was determined by
calculating the variance of the differences between profile height* on toe original
surface and smoothed profile heights produced by taking a rawing average of the
original profile heights. Values for tidal height, total surface area exposed,
standing crop (both in numbers and In weipjltfl) and latitude were also obtained for
each sample area. Results Indicate that Ui« measured environmental parameters are
much better predictors of weight species diversity than of number species diversity.
Both measures of diversity correlate strongly with rugosity, and not as strongly (or
not at all) with total Surface area exposed^ Rugosity is seen to Increase with a
decrease In tidal height, perhaps as a result Of Wave action ami biological boring
and rasping activities. Tropical Intertidal diversity is low, and tropical areas
seen to have lower species-carrying abiliti**- The tropical Intertidal seems then to
be an exception to the generally noted diversity increase In the tropics.
INDEX ISBNS: Intertidal areas, Standing crops, Aquatic habitats, Water levels, Species
diversity, Rugosity, Substrates. __^^
"STOHIFICAHCE OF CELUJLOGE PRODUCTION BY PIAKOQHIC ALGAE IN LACUSTRINE EHVTRONtfOnS",
Rho, J., University of tbjsachusetts. Amberst, tfaesachusetts, Dissertation Abstracts
No. 73-670U, 1972, 112 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
numbers and types of cellulose-containing algae vere observed In an
eutroibic pond, a dystropblc pond and an ollgotrophic lake. The cellulose-containing
algae, members of Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chrysophyceae, were estimated to be
approximately 70 percent of the tot*! phytoplanlrt
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
PATHWAYS III SMUi MDUHTAIIT STFEAH3", WcodaU, W. R., Jr., University of
Georgia, Athena, Georgia, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-5009, 1972, 139 pp. (Complete
report not available from AMIC,)
Population sizes of benthic organ! gas in streams draining four nmll
waterobeds were estimated. The vaterabeda, which were loacted In the southern
Appalachian mountains, vere each covered In a different vegetation type. Mlcroflora
were not Included In the model which was devised. Oraierg performed a minor function
In Coveeta's snail, shaded streams. Crayfish and salamanders vere responsible for
most of the standing crops blomass In the detrltlvore and predator compartments
respectively and also account for most of the fluxes in their compartaents. They are
Important In snail stream nutrient flow by forming a sink In the remlnerallzatian
process. An Increase In potassium concentrations and a decrease in calcium and
magnesium concentrations was associated with an increase in trophic levels. Since the
food material was richer in calcium and magnesium than potassium, detrltlvores
concentrated proportlomtely more potassium than calcium or magnesium. Some Insects
shewed a positive correlation between calcium concentrations and degree of
sclerotizatlon. An Inverse relationship between potassium concentration and degree of
sclerotlzatlon was even more pronounced. Most taxa, however, showed neither the
positive correlation with calcium nor the Inverse relation with potassium. The
principal mechanism of potassium release from detritus was through l
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-69J»9
"THE DISTRIBUTION, SUBSTRATE SELECTION AMP SEDIMENT DISPLACEMENT OF COROPHIUM SALMOHIS
(STIMPSON) AMD COROPHIUM SPINICOH1E (STMPSCH) CM TflE COAST CF ORECC*", McCarthy, J. E.
Oregon State University, Corvalli" Oregon, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-7flho, 1973,
68 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
The amphlpoda, Corophlun salmonls (Stimpson) and C. gplnicorne (Stimpson)
vere examined from three aspects. The first study Involve? the distribution sad
i natural habitat of these species on the Oregon coast. Both species were found In
1 fresh-water (less than 0.1» percent salinity) and in estuarine water up to 1.0 percent
i salinity (C. splnicorne) and 2.9 percent salinity
-------
a. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AKK -6958
'tEOXraiBCllUCLEIC ACID IH ECOSYSTEMS", Canoy, M. J., University of Horth Carolina,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-U806, 1972, 355 pp.
(Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Thirteen temperate and tropical ecosystems were sampled for DHA content per
gram dry weight of major species Baking up 90 percent or more of the biomass. Mean
DNA/g/ species data were used to derive mean DHA/sq m concentrations. Tropical »™<
temperate producers were found to have a range of DHA contents from 0.08 mg/g to 0.72
mg/g with a mean of 0.36 mg/g for aquatic plants and a range of 0.22 mg/g to 1.20 «g/g
for terrestrial producers with a mean of O.W mg/g. Mean DHA content was very similar
for all systems studied. That of producer systems was O.Uo-0.50 mg/g and that of
consumers was U.50-6.00 mg/g. Mean DMA concentration per square meter was also
similar for normal systems of similar type. Attached aquatic systems had 83.00-420.00
mg/sq m. Calculations of DHA by trophic level indicate that for nature systems, where
most major elements are considered, the trophic level bionass pyramid can be converted
essentially to a rectangle by multiplying biomass by mean DHA content for each trophic
level. Evidence Is presented indicating that large deviations In One trophic level's
DHA may be due to etreas, input of energy frcai an outside source, or failure of the
researcher to account for the major portion of a trophic level. DMA. per square meter
increased In a roughly linear fashion proportional to comnunlty production or
chlorophyll a concentrations, DHA concentration varied loprlthmic&lly vlth respiration.
Control functions of DNA, including effects on biochemical pools, time constants and
exchange rates, ar« discussed and a model Is developed to illustrate effects of changes
In DHA concentrations.
I IKDEX 1ERM5; TrDpfalc,level Blommsg Primary productivity, RcBplratlcn, Ecosystems,
nllYVAH J™B'B. PtiT !-!•.•.. ilT.il T *• •* ^ " m f m f m
AMIC-6959 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TEMC: Nitrogen fixation, Bacteria, Phytoplantton, Cyanophyta, Water
tempers.tvirea, Dissolved oxygen. Hydrogen ion concentration. Acetylene reduction.
lake Mendota.
\ AMIC-6959
"BIOLOGICAL HITBOGEH FECATIOH IN LAKE M3HDOTA", Torrey, M. L. S., Ifce University of
(Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 72-27,352, 1972, "*58 pp.
I (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
present study Investigated the validity of prior estimates of H fixation
in L°ke Mendota, the factors Influencing algal fixation, and the possibility of
heterotrophlc fixation In the sediment* and the water column. All nitrogen fixation
studies were performed with acetylene. In addition the ratio of acetylene reduced
to nitrogen WBB estimated. Ffcpslcal, chemical, and biological analyses were performed
at each depth sampled. Short, medium, and long-term studies all showed that heterooyst
content was significantly related to the activity and efficiency of acetylene reduction.
In long-term studies, temperature was positively correlated with acetylene reduction
activity and efficiency. The depth at which the sampl* was collected was negatively
correlated with acetylene reduction activity and efficiency. Dissolved oxygon had a
positive regression coefficient In the multiple Unmtr regression analysis of acetylene
reduction. pH also was related to acetylene reduction. Available data do not
distinguish whether dissolved oxygen and pH were affecting acetylene reduction or
whether these were a result of changes In water quality caused by active photosynthesis.
Bacterial acetylene reduction activity in the waters from which colonial
ohytopJankton had been reraoved was vary low. Sediment acetylene reduction activities
were also low, but can be significant over a long period of time. Hltrogen fixation
contributed about ten percent or about 39,800 kg of the »np«l input of nitrogen to
during 1970 and 1971. While this is much less significant than
runoff or dry fallout, most Of it Is added at a period of time when
„ _s depleted and thus may be significant during the sumner months
I in mBintoimms blue-gram algal nuisances In the ^
AMIC-6960
•EXCFETICM MSASUCMans OF HEKTOH ADD THE raxjEHEiwncn OF mmuEirre NEAK FUHTA SAH
JUAH IK THE PERU UFWEXLUK} SYSTEM DERIVED FROM KEKTON AND ZOOP1ASKTOH EXCRETIOIf", .
Hhltledge, T. E., Unlverolty of Washington, Seattle, Washington, Dissertation
Abstract* ffo. 73-3803. 1972» 1S6 pp. (CoBpIete report not available from AMIC.)
The excretion of nutrients and organic substancea van examined for eight
species of fish from several regions of the world's oceans. The excreted substances
measured were ammonia, nitrate, orthophospbate, silicate, creatlne, and urea. In
addition soluble organic nitrogen excretion, oxygen utilization, and physical
parameters were determined. Automated and manual methods for the determination of
creatlne In seawater were developed. Ihe analysis conslotB of the addition of
(l,2-cyclchexylenedlnltrllo)tetraacetic acid, nlnhydrln, and potassium hydroxide after
which the fluorescence of the solution is measured. Concentrations of 0.05 to 30
microgran-at/creatliKJI/liter were measured with the analysis. Regenerated production
derived from the uptake of ammonia nitrogen was found to be 28 percent of the nitrogen
utilized by phytoplankton near Punta San Juan in Peru while new production derived
from nitrate was used for the remaining 73 percent of the nitrogen. Of the ammonia
nitrogen required for primary production 71 percent was estimated to b« supplied by the
excretion of ancboveta and 8 percent by zooplankton. The bacterial uptake of crentlne
was two times the quantity excreted by anchovete. Phytoplankton uptake of urea was
estimated to be three times the combined excretion of nekton and zoplanfcton.
Excretion produces 37 and U percent respectively of the phosphorus and silica
requirements of primary production In the Peru upwelllng area. Silicate may limit the
growth of diatoms. Ancboveta Consume 72 to 80 percent of primary production.
IHffiX OEHMS: Water analysis, Fish, Amnonia, Nitrates, Silicates, Ureas, Primary produc-
tivltv. Cycling nutrients. Plankton. Bacteria. Creatine. Excretion.
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2. BtOLCT.TCAL METHODS
AMIC -6973
"SECOHDAKf PJODUCTIOH OP SELECTED IHVEJOEBRMES IB AH EPHEMERAL FORD", Becker, F. R. ,
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Dissertation Abstracts Mo. 73-3511, 1972,
151* pp. (Complete report not available from AJOC. )
#15 Between September, 1970 and August, 1971, an ecological study was made of a
smaU ephemeral pond located in Braxoa County, oourth-central Texas. Ibe pood exhibited
swift nuccesslon of physico-chemical characteristics between filling and drying. As
drying proceeded, there was a general decrease in the total amount of dissolved
materials. Concentrations of most materials increased; however, the concentrations of
orthophosphate and nitrate decreased. Rainfall and surface runoff modified the above
patterns by diluting the concentrations of nost materials, but increasing nitrate and
orthophosphate. Biotic succession was rapid. Typical ephemeral pond species such as
rot) fsj-a, eopepods, anostracans, and mosquito larvae appeared first. These were
followed by amphlpods, isopods, Insects, and other forma more characteristic of
permanent ponds. Secondary production of Streptoeephalua seal!, Pjaptoaus clavlpes,
and Ageiius milltarls appeared high when compared to published values for similar
or&Lnisiis. The ratio of dally production to standing biomass was initially high, then
decreased us the pond dried. It is proposed that the ephemeral pond is maintained in
early low maturity stages of succession by the external physical disturbance of drying.
The physico-chemical patterns of the pond coupled with the low species diversity and
the high ratio Of production to standing bioaBSS indicates a system of lew maturity
and instability.
IWDEX route i Trophic level, Succession, Temporary pond stage, Amphipoda, Rotifers,
Copepods, Isopods, Insects, Phosphates, Nitrates, Secondary productivity,
_ Species diversity.
AMIC .6975
"ESTUARIHE HlTRiriCATIOH", Berdahl, B. J., Rutgers University, Hew Brunswick, Hew
J«rsey, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-^719, 1972, 33U pp. (Complete report not
available from AMIC.)
Nitrification, the oxidation of anaonla to nitrate by specific autotrophic
bacteria, VBB studied In a model estuary systen having a total flow (flushing) time of
30 days. During this time Interval, the salinity was being Increased exponentially
until It reached that of coastal (10O percent) sea water. Aononia-nltrogen was added
to this salinity gradient at three points (day 0, day 10 and day 20 of flew)
corresponding to Zt 6, and 3b percent aeatrater. The concentrations ranged from 1 to 9
mg/1 HH3-H. Dally measurements of amonla, nitrite and nitrate-nitrogen along with
conductivity (salinity), dissolved oxygen, ten$»rature and pH were taken. Only two
representative aBnoola-nitrogen concentrations, 3 and 5 mg/1, were studied. Upon
discharge at 2 and 6 percent seawater, HH3 uaa oxidized In two definite kinetic stages
that were best described by an autocatalytic first-order equation (Stage 1) and a
simple first-order equation (Stage 2). At 3U percent eeavater, there was only
sufficient time (10 days) for the first (autoeatalytic) stage to develop. The 6
percent aeavater starting salinity reduced (inhibited) the quantity of oxidized ammonia
compared to 2 and 6 percent seawater. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of
0,^-1/0 mg/1 existed for at least 2U hours without any apparent effect upon
nitrification.
1ESM5: Estuarlne enrlrauaent, Amnonla, Model studies, Kinetics, Estuaries,
Nitrates, Equations, Chemical reactions. Oxidation, Salinity, Nitrification.
AMIC.697U
"EFFECTS OT PHEHOLIC DlHIBITOHS ON GROWTH, METABOLISM, MDERAL EEPLEnOH, AMD
IOH UPDUffi IH PAUL'S SCARLET ROSE CELL SUsraSSICH CULTUJES", Croak, M. L., The University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-t»9l*0> 1972, 67 pp.
{Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Ciimamlc, p-counarlc, and ferullc acids were very Inhibitory to the growth
of rose-cell suspension cultures when present in low concentrations, while ehlorogenlc
acid and seopoletin were effective ae Inhibitors only at high concentrations. Treatment
of 5-day cells with 0.0001 M ferullc acid and 0.00001 M cinnamic acid resulted in
altered patterns of incorporation of C-ik from glucose-UL-C-llt into the following cell
constituents: amlno acids, organic acids, protein, and lipids. The effect of Incubation
Of cells with 0.0001 M ferulic acid on the rate of depletion Of Mg, Ca, K, P, Fe, Mn,
and Mo ionfl fron the medium during the It-day growth cycle varied with age of the cells
and the ion under consideration. In general, rates of uptake were higher than control
rates in Older cells and In very young cells and lesa than control rates in cells 3-5
lays old. The degree of inhibition Of uptake of Rb-86 also varied with age in cells
treated with 0.0001 M ferullc acid. Young ("t-5 day) cells showed approximately
50 percent Inhibition at higher concentrations of BbCl (system 2) and approxinately
25 percent inhibition at lower concentrations of RbCl (system 1). In contrast, the
rati of Rb-86 uptake in 10-day cells was not significantly altered by Incubation In
erulic add at either System 1 or system 2.
1EWG: Inhibitors, Phenols, Bioaooay, Cytological studies. Metabolism,
Absorption, Ions, Radioactivity techniques, Rose cell suspension cultures,
Pollutant effects, Growth.
. • - 35-
"THE ECOLOGY OF SOME ARCTIC TUNDRA POSES"
Columbia, Missouri, Dissertation Abstracts No
not available from AMIC.)
D. A., University of Missouri,
73-70U5, 1972, 3*3 PP. (Complete report
Seventeen tundra ponds In the northernmost tip of Alaskan tundra were
selected and surveyed. Morphometrlc data were collected for seven of these ponds, and
physical and chemical data were gathered for waters In all of then. Dally thernal
oscillstlons were recorded In two ponds and predictive equations were derived by
multiple linear correlation between U.S. Weather Bureau data on air temperature, wind
direction and speed end insolation. Six water chemistry factors including alkalinity,
magnesium, chloride, sodium, calcium and conductivity were significantly correlated
by linear regression. Aretophila fulva and Ranunculus pellesli were the more cannon
Invaded tiT
pali.asll were
these ponds. Some 2H genera of phytoplankton were
Chlorophyll a standing crops were measured and these
vascular plants which
identified In these ponds.
ranged between 0.3 and 37 mlcrograina/1. "numerical standing crop data were reported
for Cjadocera, Anostraca, Copepoda, Diptera and OBtraeoda. Daphnla middendorfflana,
Branchlnecta paludosa. Polyarteiiiiella hazard, and Artemlopsla tbimeel ?) (this species
Is questioned as a new North American record) were the lsrgest~and most apparent
organisms in these ponds. Multiple linear regression analyses were run for densities
of each of the four dominant species against 16 physical and chemical variables in
order to find predictive relationships between these species and the waters in which
they werft collected. Density of l>phnia middenaorffiana was significantly negatively
correlated with pH and significantly positively correlated with tannin and llgnin-llke
compounds. Braehinecta paludoaa density was significantly neea/tlvely correlated with
carbonate alkalinity and metnphosphate. Significant positive correlations of
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2. BIOLOGICAL MKBOE6
AMIC-6988 (Continued)
Card 2/2
B. paludosa density were with orthophospbnte, tannin and llgnln-llke compound* and
ehlorophylT a standing crops. Hone of the variables included In the regression analyses
were significantly correlated with the densities of Polyartemlella hazenl or
Artemtopsls (bungei T). Production was defined as all of the biomass aocuvul&ted
during an Interval of time. Actual production estimates vere the lowest on record
for Daphnla, ranging between 2.7 and 63.3 ag/sq m for the 75-day study Interval, total
production by Branchlnectra palmtosa ranged •between 5A and 230.9 Bg/aq n. Approxi-
mately 26.6 mg/sq m were produced by P. hazenl. Two estimates of production by
Artemiopals (bungei ?) were 57.U and Bo.H mg/sq m.
INDEX TERMS: Tundra, Fonda, Arctic, Secondary productivity, Ecology, Alaska, Standing
crops, Crustaceans, Aquatic Insects, Invertebrates, Blonass, Dlptera, Water
chemistry, Aquatic plants, Regression analysis, Trophic level, Efficiencies,
Correlation analysis, Lake morphometry, Physical properties, Chemical properties,
Mscrolnvertebrates, Species density, Ifecrophytes,
AJOC-7015
"POUUTIOB OF THE 'EL CARPUCBO' FORD (PAMPASIC RBOIC0, AHGEJm») ADD ITS EFFECTS OH
PLAKTC* AID) FISH COMMUNmES", Freyre, L. , Environmental Pollution. Vol. l», No. 1,
January 1973,
AMIC-6989
'THE rarHAMICS OF BROWN TROUT ( SALMO TRtTITA) AND SCULPIH (COTTUS SPP. ) POPULATIOB AS
INDICATORS OF EtmCPHICATION", Smith, W. L. , Michigan State University, East Lansing,
[ Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-5"*91, 1972, 53 pp. (Complete report not
available from AMIC. }
Brown trout and sculpln populations were studied In three variously perturbed
stream sites In northern Michigan. Intraspeclflc comparison* were Bade of sevoral
aspects of population dynamics Including the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r).
I The upper Jordan River, nearly pristine and with high population densities, exhibited
r values Judged adequate for maintenance of the populations. The other sites were
compared with this baseline. The moderately perturbed lower Jordan River had less
population densities and survival but greater mean fecundities for both species. This
resulted in a positive r for the trout but the birth rate of the seulpins could not
compensate for the death rate and the population was declining. The Au Sable River,
I the most eutrophlc, also had lesser population densities and greater Bean fecundities
than the upper Jordan. Survivorship of the seulpins was sufficient to yield a positive
r The low survival of the trout resulted In a strongly negative r, suggesting
inability of the population to sustain itself. The Intrinsic rate of natural Increase
of short-lived, coldwuter fish species could be a useful tool In monitoring water
quality, especially if studies vere continued through several generations.
TERMS-
Brown trout, Sculplns, THoindicators, Eutrophlcatlon, Fish populations,
te^fTsh, Freshwater «.!., Fish reproduction, Fish physiology Survival,
Michigan, Pollutant Identification, Salso trutta, Cottus spp, Jordan Hlver,
Au Sable River, Population density. _
A pond in the Southern Pampaalc region of Argentina, 'El Caprincho', with
highly developed fishing and other recreational activities, has been polluted since
1969 by the effluents from three Industrial plants (milk processing plant, plastic bag
factory, and an establishment for washing cattle trucks). The effects of this on
the plankton and fish ccsaamltles were investigated by the Institute of Limnology at La
Plata University. Chemical analyses shoved an Increase in Ha and sulfite, nitrates and
phosphates. Lead and iron were detected In the water for the first time, and there
was a high BOD and chloride demand, with an objectionable odor In wastes from the
milk industry. Changes In the Mg/Ca ratio caused a reduction In the density of
zooplankton, and In the nuBbers of the freshwater argentine sllverside fish
(Basilichtfays bonarleneis). On the other hand, an explosive Increase In catfish
(P^BraplmelMua valeneiennesi) was observed. The diversity Index for the relative
composition of the fish fauna rose from 0.3O93 In 1966 to 1.9381* in 1970.
DDKX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Waste water (pollution), Industrial wastes,
Zooplankton, Freshwater fish, Chemical analysis, Water pollution sources, Dairy
industry, Catfishes, Sllversides, Biological ccHlinltles, El Carplncho Pond,
Basillchtbya bomrlensis, ParaplaeloduE valenciennesi, Plastic bag factory.
AHIC-7016
"THE EFFECT OF OIL FOLUTTICW C* SURVIVAL OF fflE TIDAL POOL COPEFOD, T1GHIOPOB
CAUFOCTICUS", Kbntoglannia, J. E., Barnett, C. J., EnvironBental Pollution. Vol. U,
lo. 1, January 1973, PP 69-79.
Investl^tlon was undertaken to determine If the survival of Tigriopus
», a barpactlcold eopepod, is affected by crude oil contamination and. If
An _ __
californleus, a barpactlcold eopepod, is affected by crude oil contamination and. If so,
'lo determine whether death is caused naloly by oil acting as a physical barrier to 02
transfer between air ami water or because of the presence of toxic chemicals In the oil
Itself. The experiments conducted involved subjecting adult copepods to (l) crude or
mineral oil In sea water, with or without bubbling, at 17.5 C In the dark for 1-7 days]
and (2) crude or mineral oil as a surface film on partially deoxygemted sea water.
A 1.5 mm thick layer of crude oil on the water surface caused the death of all animals
within three days, while a similar layer of mineral oil resulted in complete mortality
In five days. When oxygen *»• added to the water containing crude oil, total mortality
va« delayed by two days. Approximately 100 percent mortality was extended to- seven
days when crude oil was enclosed in a dialysis membrane bag immersed In the water
and oxygen was supplied. When mineral oil was used and air provided, the animals
survived as well as the control*. It was concluded that death resulted because the
oil act* as a barrier to oxygen transfer between air and water, and because It contains
substances toxic to Tigriopus.
TERWt Water pollution effects, Oil pollution, Copepods, Bloaseay, Tbxlcity,
Crude oil, Mineral oil, Tigriopus callfornlcus. Survival.
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2. BIQLQPICAIr
AMIC-7018
"A SEMX-COMnMUOUS CULTUTO TECHNIOJUE FOR DAPHNIA PULEX", Harvey, A. H., Journal of
Applied Ecology. Vol. 9, No. 3j December 1972, pp"B3lJ)3h.
A semi-continuous culture system based on the bacterial chemoatat has been
developed for growing laboratory metazoan populations. The apparatus consists of a
two-liter culture vessel from the Quickflt range, and agitation funnel for delicate
agitation, and a Jet and air supply tube of silicon. Sampling and debris removal were
I two problems encountered with the system but possible solutions are discussed. The
operational procedure is as follows. Sterile D. pulex are Introduced Into the
autoclaved culture vessel and the agitation system activated. The culture is allowed to
increase and equilibrate for 6 days, and the pump is switched on "g*1^ to give the
desired dilution rate. In the conditions described, the doubling time In the phase of
unlimited growth was Just under 5 days, so a dilution rate of the order of 20 percent/da]
was used. The air supply producing positive pressure for the overflow is switched on,
and overflow samples are counted regularly. The main advantages of the apparatus are
of constancy In the environment, simplicity of control, and physiological uniformity.
This system allowed successful culture of D. pulex through many generations; results
were compatible with the classical chemostat theory. The methods used to minimize
particular problems presented by Daphnia would easily be modified to allow the culture
of other aquatic invertebrates liTasImTlar system.
INDEX TERMS: Waterfleae, Laboratory equipment, Invertebrates, Zooplankton, Sampling,
Crustaceans, Animal physiology, Methodology, Animal populations, Semi-continuous
culture technique, Daphnia pulex, Macroinvertebrates, Debris, Arthropods,
Culturing techniques, Culturlng vessels.
AMIC-7022
"ACUIE raxiernr OF HEAVY MSTALS TO SOMS MARINE LARVAE", Connor, p. M., tfarine Pollution
Bulletin. Vol. 3, Bo. 12, December 1972, pp 190-192.
The tozlclty of copper, mercury and tine to the larvae of oysters, shrimp, cral
and lobsters has been examined over periods of up to 6U hours. Ifercury was found to
be more toxic than copper and zinc, which had similar levels of toxlclty. Over the
experimental period, the relationship between toxlclty and concentration was linear.
larvae were from lU to 1,000 times more susceptible than adults of the same species.
The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of each metal to the most sensitive species of
larvae, tested over a U8 hour period, exceeded the concentrations found In natural
sea water by a factor of 100. For longer test periods, the LC50 would be considerably
less and this factor would then be considerably reduced. Hence the continued addition
of these metals to confined waters should give cause for concern.
INDEX TE3M5: Toxlclty, Heavy metals, Larval growth stage, Shellfish, Crustaceans,
Molluaks, larvae. Copper, Mercury, Zinc, Oysters, Shrimp, Crabs, Invertebrates,
Bioassay, Lethal limit. Lobsters, Hjrtality, feture growth stage, Marine animals,
Laboratory tests, Median tolerance limit, Sensitivity, Ostrea edulls, Crangon
crangon, Carclnus maenas, Hcnarus gammarus, fccroinvertebrates.
AWC-7020
"CULTUIED HED ALGA TO MEASURE POLLUTION", Edwards, P., Marine Pollution Bulletin.
Vol. 3, "o. 12, December 1972, pp 18U-188.
Because of its small size, simple structure, and rapid growth rate, the red
alga, Calllthanmlon hookerl, was cultured to assess Its potential as a blolndlcator In
the marine environment. The ability of the alga to detect eutrpphlcatlon was
Investigated by determining the effect of nutrients on growth rates. The effect of
copper was also studied. The algae were cultured at Ik.5 C In Enrlenmeyer flasks
containing relatively unpolluted seawater which was inoculated with seawater from seven
stations, nitrate, phosphate, or CuC12. The alga grew equally well In seawater samples
from unpolluted and polluted localities. The species was insensitive to nitrate and
phosphate levels of the medium and thus cannot be used as an Indicator of
eutrpphlcatlon. Relatively small copper concentrations depressed the growth of the
species. No difference in copper tolerance was demonstrated between Isolates from
unpolluted north-east Scotland and polluted County Durham, but the Isolate from
unpolluted south-west England was apparently less resistant to copper.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Bioassay, Blolndlcators, Growth rates. Nitrates, Phosphates,
Sea water. Copper, Calllthamnion hooker!.
AMIC-7023
"PERIPHYTOH PBCBUCTION Aid GRAZIBG RATES IH A STFEAM >EASUPED WITH A P-32 MATERIAL
BALAHCE MSTHOD", Elwood, J. W., Kelson, D. J., QUODS. Vol. 23, Bo. 3, 1972, pp 295-303.
Net production rates and standing crops of periphyton and grazing rates on
periphyton were measured In a small, woodland stream in southeastern United States
using a material balance method. The material balance of radioactive phosphorus was
followed at three times during the year In periphyton, consumer organisms, and stream
water for up to six weeks following a one-hr release of P-32 labelled POU to the stream.
Rates of decrease of P-32 In periphyton per unit weight, per unit area of substrate,
and In the entire study reach of stream were used to compute blomass turnover rates.
Periphyton standing crops In July, September, and November were estimated at 200, 198,
and 658 mg ash-free dry weight per sq m respectively, while estimates of net production
rates were 22, 21*, and 16 mg ash-free dry weight per sq m per day, respectively.
Estimated grazing rates on periphyton during these periods were 23, 15, and lU mg
ash-free dry wt per sq m per day, respectively. Biomass turnover rates of periphyton
suggest that grazing limited periphyton production rates in this stream by controlling
the standing crop of periphyton. The method is of wide applicability since less than
maximum permissible concentrations of radioactive phosphorus vere used in the spike
releases.
INDEX TEFHSj Standing crops, Grazing, Periphyton, Blomass, Radioactivity techniques,
Primary productivity. Phosphates,
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AffiC-702«t
"ACETfLEHE REDUCTION IN SURFACE PEAT"
No. 3, 1972, pp 353-358.
Waughaan, G. J., Bellamy, D. J., OIK06. Vol. 23,
An Investigation was carried out between April and August, 1971, using the
acetylene reduction assay for nitrogen fixation. Ten samples were collected from three
mire types and from blanket peat and flushed with a gas phase of 02,C02 and Ar.
Acetylene was Injected Into the sample chambers and the ethylene content vaa estimated
at Intervals by gas chroma tography. Other time course experiments were carried out to
determine the effect of glucose, carbon monoxide and a high ambient oxygen tension on
| acetylene reduction by the peat. Anaerobic nltrogenase activity and N-15 uptake vere
also measured using samples of one of the mire types, nitrogen fixation in the mire
system was confirmed by uptake of N-15. The rates were very low and near to the limits
of detection by mass spec trtme try. Nitrogemse activity measurements Indicate that a
relationship does exist between mire type and such activity, the highest rate being in
rheophllus mire and the lowest in ombrophilous mire.
INDEX TERMS: Peat, Nitrogen fixation, Assay, Ecosystems, Path of pollutants, Gas
Chromatography, Miss spectronetry, Chemical reactions, Nitrogen, Acetylene
reduction. Mire, Ethylene, N-15, Nltrogenase, Enzyme kinetics, Fate of
pollutants.
AMIC-7028
"BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF STREA1B OF COLES COUHDf, ILLHOIS - 1967-1970", Durham, L.,
Whitley, . S., Eastern Illinois University, Division of Life Sciences, Charleston,
Illinois, Water Pollution Control Research Series 18050 DKZ 06/71, June 1971, 1^7 pp.
Field and laboratory studies were carried out on 20 streams In Coles
County, Illinois from 1967 through 1970. A large reservoir (Lincoln Lake) is planned
by the Army Corps of Engineers and, if completed, will have considerable Impact on
Coles County. A record of existing conditions was desired in order to help determine
the effects of the reservoir In the area. Studies were made of the bottom fauna,
plankton, and fishes in the streams. Physical and chemical characteristics such as
pH, hardness, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates,
and carbon dioxide were also measured. These data are listed, relative abundance
noted, and a brief discussion is Included. Portions of two fairly large rivers
(Embarrass and Kakaskla) are in Coles County. The remaining 18 streams range from
good sized creeks to small headwater-type tributary streams. Eighty species of fishes
are Included In the Coles County list, mis study includes a comparison of the
present fish fauna with a study published in 1913 by T. H. Hanklnson and one by Forbes
and Richardson In 195*0 in essentially the same streams.
IHDEX TERMS: Environmental effects, Domestic wastes. Industrial wastes, Fish,
Population, Agricultural runoff, Water quality. Plankton, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Hardness (water), Dissolved oxygen. Turbidity, nitrites, Nitrates,
Phosphates, Sulfates, Carbon dioxide. Rivers, Streams, Biological communities,
Macroinvertebrates, Illinois, Species diversity.
AMIC-7025
"AH AIR-LIFT FDR SAMPIIH3 FRESHWATER BENTHOS"
1972, pp 413-U15.
Mickey, A. P., OIKOS, Vol. 23, No. 3,
An air-lift has been designed for sampling freshwater sediments with their
associated flora and fauna. It consists of a 3-m length of plastic drainpipe of 80 m
Internal diameter. The upper end is bent over to discharge Into a container.
Compressed air from a cylinder at the surface is fed into the lower end of the pipe
through natural rubber tubing of 10 mm Internal diameter and 2 mm normal wall. This
tube Joins a U-shaped brass feed pipe. The air cylinder is connected to the rubber
tubing by an 'A' clamp of the type used in aqualung diving. When the depth of core
taken needs to be regulated, a circular metal disc with a large central hole through
which the tube of the air-lift passes, may be fitted. Information is given on the
procedure for sampling the various types of sediments. The main advantages of this
apparatus are that it is light, cheap to construct, and can be used to sample most
freshwater sediments. A preliminary sorting Of material can be carried out while the
sample Is being taken. That the air-lift can sample unionld mussels and flints of
approximately Uo mm diameter is an indication of the size of particle that can be
sampled. Test results are presented from a comparison between the air-lift and a
Maltland core
INDEX TE396' Sampling, Bottom sediments, Freshwater, Benthos, Aquatic life,
Invertebrates, Aquatic insects, Annelids, Molluska, Crustaceans, Design,
Construction, Methodology, Air-lift sampler, Maitland corer, Macroinvertebrates.
AfflC-7050
DETERMINATION OF CHLOROPHYLL A AND B IN PLANT EXTRACTS BY COMBINED SUCROSE THIN-LAYER
CHROMMOGRAPBY AND ATOMIC ABSORPTION SFECTROFHOTOMETfrf", Loewenschuss, H., Wakelyn,
P. J., Analytlea Chlmiea Acta, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1973, PP 830-235.
A rapid, accurate technique has been described for determining chlorophyll a
and b in plant extracts. A plant sample was extracted with MeCH containing MgC03 at~
eero'degrees for an hour with constant stirring. The MgC03 was added in order to
prevent the chlorphylls from decomposing to pheophytina. The extract was filtered,
and a portion evaporated In a stream of H2 to yield a concentrate for pigment
separation by sucrose one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The Hg content of
those separated compounds was determined by AAS, and was used to determine the ratio
of chlorophyll a to b. With this system, chlorophyll a and b are well separated from
each other and from other pigments as well. The chlorophyll~ratlo obtained compared
favorably with the published value and spectroscopically determined values. The
sanple size and sensitivity of the method are limited only by the atonic-absorption
spectrophotometer available (0.001 mlcrogram Mg/ml can be measured). The proposed
method therefore seems preferable to the normal published techniques since it is fast,
reliable, and more convenient. The proposed method can also be used to determine
total chlorophyll content of a material.
INDEX TEFMS: Methodology, Separation techniques, Reliability, Sucrose thin layer
chronatography. Atomic absorption spectrophotcmetry, Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b,
Plant extracts, Sample preparation, Sensitivity.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL IMHODS
"DETEIMIKATION OF SOMI CARBAMATES BY EHZOt INHIBITION TECHNIQUES USING THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPRY AND COLORBCTRY", Mendoca, C. E., Shields, J. B.. Jourml of Agricultural
and Food Cheaiiatry. Vol. 21, Mo. 2, tfarch/April 1973, pp 178-lBU. '—
Detection limits were determined by a thin-layer chromatographlc-enzyme
Inhibition technique for aldlcarb, Butacarb, CJJ353, carbaryl, formetanate (HCl),
Mfeobftl, Mesurol, methoayl, and prcmecarb. Indophenyl and 5-brcmoindoxyl acetates
were used as substrates of porcine liver esterases. Effects of ultraviolet irradiation
and bromine on the pesticides were also studied. Inhibition of esterase activities
by these carbonates was determined by spectrophotometry using Indophenyl acetate (IPA)
substrate. Percent inhibitions were based on IPA hydrolysis rate in the treated
solutions at two different periods vs. that In the control enzyme solutions, and the
absorbance of the treated solution at 7.5 or 15 Bin after the addition of substrate vs.
the absorbance of the control solution. The results Indicate that tic and colorimgtry
using IPA are conpllnentary techniques, and that the same ensywe sites or system are
Involved. Both techniques can be used to confirm pesticide residues that are enzyae
inhibitors. Die data also suggested that Butacarb, promecarb, Mesurol, and carbaryl
can be classified as strong Inhibitors, and aldlcarb and formetanat« (HC1) can be
classified as weak Inhibitors of pig liver esterases catalyzing the hydrolysis of IF*.
Since the colorlmetrtc procedure used Includes Incubation of pesticides before the
addition of substrates, it can be used directly to assay enzyme activities fro*
Insecticide-treated organisms. IPA, as a substrate, can be used In tic and colorlaetry
without Involving complex preparations. IPA solution Is stable, particularly when
stored at U degrees.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay. Carbonate pesticides, Colorlnetry, Thin layer chromatography,
Tle-engyne Inhibition techniques. Pesticide toxlelty. Pesticide residues.
AMIC-7123
"BEEP-SEA CIRROIOKFHYS (CEPHALOPODA) PHOTOGRAPHED IN THE ABCTIC OCEAN", Pearcy,
W. G., B*al, A., Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts. Vol. 20, Mo. 1,
January 1973, pp 107-108.
Cirromorphs (cephalopoda) were photographed Just above the sea floor In the
Arctic Ocean during the summer of 1965. Photographs were obtained with a 35 m EG
and C Deep-Sea Camera from the USS Staten Island (AGB-S) at 6 locations north of Point
Barrow, Alaska. The camera was positioned above the bottom using a Precision Depth
Recorder and plnger attached to the camera. The usual distance above the bottcn was
six meters. Over 2900 photos were examined. Clrromophs appeared in 21 photos
representing a maximum Of 12 separate Individuals. The clrronophs photographed had a
prominent oval head, large fins Inserted near its well-developed eyes, a web or
umbrella that extended to the tips of the arms and long cirri on the arms. A secondary
web (a web extending from the arms to the naln web) was not evident.
DHEX TEFM5: Mollusks, Arctic Ocean, Invertebrates, Mu-lne anlnale. System-ties,
Deep-water habitats. Deep water, Animal populations, On-slte data, collections,
Photography, Cephalopoda, Cirronophs, tfecrolnvertebrates. Underwater cameras.
AffiC-7116
"IKE DISTRIBUTION AND TISSUE RETENTION OF mjCVKf-SOJ IN THE GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS
AURATUS)". Welsbart, M., Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 51, Ho. &, February 1973,
pp 121.131.
Goldfish weighing between 5.83 and 13,63 g were maintained in aquaria for use
in studies of the rate of elimination of mercury. Fish were Injected Intraperttoneally
with 10 mlcrollters of a solution of Hg-203 labelled Hg (lK>3)2. At 0 to 672 hours
after injection, fish were sacrificed for analysis of mercury residues in whole-body,
skin, eyes, brain, gills, heart, gall bladder, liver, gonads, Intestines, spleen,
[Idneys, head kidney, muscle, and swim bladder. Water samples were also analysed at
each period. Hg-203 was determined by gamna counting in a well-type scintillation
counter. The results showed that fish lost mercury at an apparent constant rate
resulting In a biological half-life of 568 h. Correlated with this loss was a linear
ncrease in the amount of mercury in the water. The mercury-203 content la ttoe tissues
displayed four different responses. (1) Gall bladder, gonad, and spleen tissues showed
no Blgnlfleant regressions. (2) Eye, kidney, and intestinal tissue manifested
ienlficant losses of mercury, but the rate of loss was not significantly different
frtmTthat of the body as a whole. (3) Gill, heart, sldn, and wrfai bladder tissues lost
mercury at rates faster than the body as a whole. (U) Brain, liver, muscle, and head
cldney tissues showed no significant losses of mercury.
INDEX TE»6: Mercury, Water analysis, Bloassay, Goldfish, Excretion, Scintillation
counting, Tissue.
See also! Category 1, AKCC-6589, 668S, 66gk, 6719, 6723, 6978, 699<5, 70lU, 7019
Category 3, AMIC-6W, 6967,
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3. MICMBIOLOBICM
AHIC-6W
EFFECTS CM PHyCQVTRUS AMD HOST AlOAE ECOLOGY", Shans, M. S., Cannon, R. E.,
DeMlchele, E., Journal Vfater Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 44, no. 12, December 1972,
pp 2294-2302. ' ~~~~ *
[ Chemical, physical, and biological parameters of pollution vere measured at
11 stations along the Christina River (Delaware) which ware located from source to
mouth. The purpose vas to determine the distribution of Lyngbya, Phonnidlum, and
i Plectonema viruses in relationship to pollution. Biochemical oxygen demand,' chemical
'oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate-, nitrite-, HH3-nltrogen, heavy
metals, hardness, pH, temperature, alkalinity, turbidity, and collform data are
reported. These data give strong Indications that Lyngbya, Phormldlum, and Plectonema
viruses are associated with cultural pollution.
INDEX TERMS: Bioindlcatars, Cyaaophyta, Water pollution, Hater pollution sources,
Ecological distributions, Hosts, Hater pollution effects. Chemical analysis.
Plant viruses, Aquatic algae, Delaware, Miter sampling. Water analysis, Aquatic
plants, Mater chemistry, Phycoviruses, Lyngbya, Plectonena boryanum, Christina
River, Phormldlum.
AMXC-6T91
"SOME! CHARACTHUaTICS OF FUUOHESCEHT PSEUWJM3BADS ISOLATED FTOM SURFACE WATERS ADD
CAPABLE Of GBOWH AT Ul C", Hoadley, A. M., Ajello, Q., Canadian Journal of Microbiology
vol. 16, Ho. U, Hovember 1972, pp 1769-1773.
Studies vere conducted to establish (1) whether the apyocyBnogenic fluorescent
paeudomonads capable of growth at 41 C were distinguishable from P. aeruginoaa, (2)
the extent to which they occurred in surface waters, and (3) tbftiF potential as
pathogens. Surface water samples enriched in organic matter vere obtained from several
recreational lakes In Korth. Georgia. The most probable number teat was performed
to determine the fluorescent paeudomonads capale of growth at 39 C. Twenty-nine
apyocyanogenlc strains of fluorescent pseudomonads capable of growth at 39C were
isolated for use In comparative studies with a typical pyocyanogenlc strain of P.
aeruginoaa. Among the 29 Isolates subjected to selected tests, some strains were
clearly distinguishable from P. aeruglrosa while others possessed characteristics in
common with both P. aeruginosa and certain non-fluorescent aerobic pseudomonads. The
pathogenlclty to nice of representative strains Injected Intraperltoneally varied
wltJltn a range reported in the literature for P. aeruglnosa, but differed by at least
one order of magnitude from that of a control strain of F. aeruglnosa examined.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria. Surface waters. Biological properties, Pollutant
identification. Pathogenic bacteria, Aerobic bacteria. Isolation, Fluorescent
"BACTERIOPHAGES RBCOVHIED FROM SEFTAGE", Calabro, J. F., Coaenaa, B. J., Kolega, J. J.,
Journal Vteter poUution Control federation, Vol. UU, Ho. 12, December 1972, pp 2355-2358.
AMIC-6799
"BIQDEBRADATIOH OF PETROLEUM IN SEAWATLR AT LOW THMPERATURES", Atlas, R. M., Bartha, R.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. IB, Ho. 12, December 197S, pp Ifl?l-lfl55.
A study was mode to (a) determine the presence of bacterlophage in septage
where numbers of conforms are markedly reduced, (b) examine their morphology and
host specificity, and (c) detect any biological effects of linear alkyl sulfonate
(LAS) on phage attachment In the system. Three active filtrates ware recovered, and
two distinct morphological types vere observed with an electron microscope. The
short-tall phage Infected Citrobacter freundll, Eacherlehia coll, and cell-wall
nutants of Salmonella typhlmurium, and a long-tall phaga'vaa specific for Shlgella
riexnerl. Host specificity suggested three different types. Only rough strains of
losts war* found to be susceptible to phage. Concentrations of LAS normally encountered
In septage shoved no deleterious effect on the phage ami boat model system used.
DIDEX TEUVCS: Bacterlophage, Electron microscopy, Pollutant Identification, Septic tanks,
' Waste water (pollution), Assay, Coliphages, Septage, Citrobacber freundli.
Salmonella typhimurlum, Shigella flexnerl. Host specificity. Sample preparation,
Culturlng techniques.
To evaluate the significance of blodegradatlon In the removal of polluting
oil from cold oceans, freshly collected seavater samples were treated with petroleum
and vere Incubated at controlled temperatures between 5 and 20 C. Blodegradatlon was
monitored by the measurement of COS evolution and by quantitative gas chromatographlc
analysis. Low water temperatures not only resulted In slower degradation rates, but
caused Increasing lag periods that preceded the onset of measurable blodegradatlon.
A substantial portion of these lag periods vas eliminated when, instead of fresh
petroleum, a 'weathered* sample vas used. The results suggest that scne volatile
components of .petroleum that are inhibitory to oil-degrading microorganisms evaporate
only vary slowly at low temperatures, and thus retard blodegradatlon.
INDEX TEHMSt Mlcrobial degradation, Blodegradatlon, Sea water. Water temperature, Gas
chromatography. Water sampling, Inhibition, Weathering, Monitoring, Chemical
analysis. Crude oil. Fate of pollutants, Carbon dioxide evolution technique.
Mineralization, Degradation rates, Sweden crude oil, Coastal waters,
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3. MICBOBIOLDQICAL ME1BOE6
AMIC-6822
IDHrrinCATiai OF VIBRIO CHDLBRAE BY PXHOLYSIS GAS-LIQUID CHHCHATOGRAPHY", Haddadln,
J. M., Stir Land, R. M., Preston, H. W., Collard, P., Applied Microbiology, vol. 25,
HO. 1, January 1973, PP Mo-^3*
Fifty-seven strains of cholera-lite vibrios obtained from a variety of
sources were grown individually at 37 C for 20 hr in a 50-ml static culture of
nutrient broth. Formalin was added; the bacteria were harvested by ccntrlfugation,
washed three times, and resuspended in distilled water. Samples loaded onto the
coil filament of the gas chronatogrsph were pyrolyzed at 600 C for 5 sec. Conventional
biochemical tests were also performed to differentiate the biotypes of V. eholerae.
Those cholera-like vibrios examined by pyrolysis gas-liquid chomatograpnV could be
distinguished from other cannon aerobic gram-negative bacilli, including
oxidase-poaitlve organisms, e.g., Aeromonas. Vibrios in Helberg group I were
subdivided into three types on the basis of differences In one complex In the
chromatogram, and these closely corresponded with the identification as classical, El
Tor, or 'intermediate' biotypes of Vibrio eholerae by conventional methods.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Pathogenic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria, Chemical
analysis, E. coll, Salmonella, Shlgella, Varieties, Pyrolysis gas liquid
chronatography, Vibrio eholerae, Sample preparation, Aeromonas, Biochemical tests,
Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruglnosa, Vibrio parahaemolytlcus, Vibrio proteus.
AMIC-6802
THE ISOLATION AM) EWMERATIC* OF CVKfWCAS*, Chrlstensen, p. J., Cook, P. D.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. IB, Ho. 12, December 1972, EP 1933-19MO.
A comparison of 20 media based on degraded milk, protein or tryptone, yeast
extract, and sodium acetate showed that various new formulae were superior to standard
media for enumeration of cytophagas from aquatic habitats, for their Isolation, and
i for maximum expression of the spreading characteristic. The use of 0.1 microliter/
\ liter Tveen 20 In dilution blanks Increased counts of cytophagas up to threefold, but
i Incorporation or Tween 20 into the plating agar had no significant effect on the
numbers recovered. Sodium lauryl sulfate (3.L.S.) was examined as a possible screening
i agent for identification of cytophagas. A concentration of 0.1 percent S.L.S.
; inhibited the growth of 97 percent of the 66 cytophagas tested, but more than 80
percent of the other kl organisms tested were also affected. However, 91 percent of
\ the cytophagas were sensitive to S.L.S. and showed proteolysls on skim acetate medium
I compared to 53 percent of the Flavobacteria and 50 percent of the other organisms
,tested. None of the third group of organisms could be confused morphologically Vlth
| the cytophaga group; thus it Is suggested that S.L.S. susceptibility performed on
I skim acetate medium could be a useful screening test for cytophagas.
: DIDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria. Isolation, Pollutant Identification, Determents,
Surfactants, Bacterlcldes, Inhibition, Cytophaga, Enumeration, Tween 2O, Sodlun
lauryl sulfate, Culture media. Selective media. Growth.
AMIC-6606
"ENVIROHMENTAL FACTORS CORRELATED WITH SIZE OF BACTERIAL POPULATTOHS IN A POILUTED
STREAM", Brasfelld, H., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2k, No. 3, September 1972, pp 3)19-352.
Samples of water were taken from a polluted zone of the Galllnas River and
analyzed as to numbers of total bacteria, conforms, and fecal streptococci.
Environmental factors measured were temperature, pH and concentrations of detergent,
nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen, sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
Thirty-two observations were made from 12 March through 22 July 1971* Stepwlse
multiple linear regression analyses of the data were carried out by computer to
determine which of the environmental factors were significantly correlated with
numbers of bacteria present. A multiple linear regression equation was constructed for
each bacteriological parameter as a function of significant variables only. Log total
bacteria was correlated positively with bicarbonate, phosphate, and detergent
concentrations. Log conforms was correlated positively with phosphate and sulfate
concentrations and negatively with chloride concentration. Log fecal streptococci was
correlated positively with bicarbonate and chloride concentrations. (Reprinted from
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2U, No. 3, September 1972, PP 3"*9-352. Copyright 1972 by
the American Society for Microbiology. Heprlnted by permission of the copyright
Miner.)
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis. Population, Bioindicators, Water quality, Streptococcus,
Regression analysis, Correlation analysis, Data processing. Conforms, Water
temperature. Hydrogen ion concentration, Detergents, Nitrates, Hltrites, Sulfatea,
Chlorides, Phosphates, Blcarbonates,
AMIC-6B23
"EDWARDSIELLA TARDA, A NEW PATHOGEN OF CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURU5 PLWCTATUS)", Meyer,
P., Bullock, G. L.f Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2J, No. 1, January 1973, PP 155-156.
Edwards!*lla tarda, an enteric, gram-negative bacterium, causes gas-filled,
malodorous lesions In muscle tissue of channel catfish. Incidence and eplzootlology
of the disease are presented. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, No. 1,
January 1973, PP 155-156. Copyright 1973 by the American Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pathogenic bacteria, Channel catfish, Epizootlology, Enteric bacteria,
Edwardslella tarda, Ictalurus punctatus.
-------
3. MICBOBIOLOQICAL ME1BOIE
AMIC-6669
"MASS AMD MQMOXEHXC CULTURE OF VX3BTICELLA MICROarOMA ISOLATED FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE",
Sudo, R., Alba, S., Water Research. Vol. 7. Ho. t. April 1973, pp 615-621.
Following previous work on the monoxenlc culture of Vortlcella mlcroatoaft
isolated from activated sludge, Sudo and Alba (1971), a mass culture of the protozoa
was attempted. An appropriate range of phosphate buffer concentration In cultivating
the protozoa, using sludge bacteria as food, "was from 1/150 to 1/75 **, and the
optimum pH value of the culture medium ranged from 6.5 to 7.5. For a measurement
of dry mass of single cells of Vortioella microstore, and also for an assessment of
some relationship between protozoan growth and bacterial consumption, a pure culture
of Alcallgenes faeealis was given as food. The specific growth rate, mu (equals 1.5-1.8
/day) observed with the protozoa was Independent of the inoculum size, provided the
bacterial concentration was less than 200 ng/1 (360,000,000/ml). The yield on
conversion from Aleallgenes fae calls to Yortlcella micro atom, vas O.U?.
INDEX TEHMS: Protozoa, Growth rates, Activated sludge. Isolation, Animal growth,
Cultures, Sewage bacteria, Biomass, Animal populations, Invertebrates, Pollutant
Identification, Mass cultures, Monoxenic cultures, Vortlcella microstom,
Alcallgenes faecalls, Culture nedia.
AHIC-6861* """~~~~
"REQROWTH Of COLIFORK5 ADD FECAL COLIFORMS IN CHLORINATED WA3TEWATER EFFLUENT", Shuval,
H. I., Cohen, J., Koloftney, R., Water Research. Vol. 7, Ho. U, April 1973, pp 537-5U6.
Observations Bade both In the field In chlorinated effluent, and in
| laboratory experiments show that conforms and fecal conforms are capable of regrowth
! In chlorinated wastewater. Under field conditions regrowth of coliforms In chlorinated
i effluent held in a storage reservoir for about 3 days appeared inversely correlated to:
; (l) the residual chlorine In the storage reservoir and (2) the number of conforms
: surviving chlorlnatlon. In the laboratory experiments regrowth occurred after Initial
; doses as high aa 11 ppm total chlorine even when there uas no chemical Inaetivation of
| the chlorine. Fecal conforms did not generally show regrowth to the sane extent as
j conforms. Regrowth occurred even when conforms uere not detectable In 10-ml of
j samples after chlorinatlon. Since coliforms and fecal conforms are capable of regrowth
j in chlorinated sewage effluent and admixtures of it, the sanitary significance of the
number of coliforms after storage or in receiving bodies of water is difficult to
I interpret. Thus standards might be based on the number of conforms, or fecal coliforms
i detected In effluents immediately after chlorinatlon. However, this would not be
I Justified if in addition to coliforms, pathogenic bacteria can regrow in chlorinated
|effluents.
INDEX TERMS: Conforms, Waste water (pollution), Chlorinatlon, Sewage effluents,
Environmental effects, On-site Investigations, Laboratory tests, Water quality
control, Fecal conforms, Regrowth, Survival.
AMIC-6865
"ISOLATION OF BACTERIA CAPABLE OF UTILIZING METHANE AS A HttUCGEtr DONOR IN THE PROCESS
OF DENITRIFICATION", Da vies, T. R., Mater Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, April 1973, pp
575-579-
Bacteria were Isolated which are able to denitrify when methane is supplied
as the sole carbon source. These Isolates were not found to be specific to methane,
but could use other carbon confounds as hydrogen donors. They were capable of using
nitrate both as a source of cell nitrogen and as an alternative terminal electron
acceptor to oxygen. Results obtained from a laboratory scale dentrifylng unit
indicated that denl Unification with methane as the energy source could become an
attractive comerclal proposition.
INDEX TERMS: Methane bacteria, Denltrlflcation, Laboratory tests, Isolation, Pollutant
Identification, Methane, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Substrate utilisation, Energy sources,
Enrichment, Culture media. Fate of pollutants, Growth, Metbaaol, Ethanol, Malate,
Lactate.
AKIC-688U
"A TBCBNBJUE FOR FAST AND REPRODUCIBLE FINGERPRINTING OF BACTERIA BQf PYROLY.SIS MASS
SFECTROMBTKX", Meuzelaar, H. L. C., Klstemaker, P. 0., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. Uj,
No. 3, March 1973. PP 587-590. -^
Nelsserla sicca, N. menlngltides and Leptosplra strains were cultured,
washed in iaotonlc salt solutions, centrlfuged, resuspended In distilled water, and
freeze-drled for analysis by pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The freese-dried samples
ware suspended In carbon dlsulflde and snail drops applied to the ferromagnetic
Curie-point pyrolysis wires which were rotated to evenly distribute the sample. The
mass spectrometer used was a fast scanning quadrupole mass filter with a multi-channel
signal averager for recording the spectra. The pyrolyals wires operated at 510 C, and
as spectra were obtained by the accumulation of 60 scans of 0.5 sec duration.
Although the results are preliminary, the method proved to be rapid, reproducible,
and. able to differentiate the three bacteria. Work Is being continued using low.voltage,
electron-Impact ionization.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Pyrolyals mass spectrometry, Sample preparation. Freeze drying,
Characterization, Nelsserla sicca, Leptosplra, Nelsserla menlngltides.
-------
3. mCHOBIOLOOICAL MEMOES
I AMC-69a8
"WCROBIAL DBQRADATIOB OF PARATHIOH", Gibson, H. L., Mississippi State University*
State College, Mississippi, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-168, 1972, 125 P> (Complete
I report not available from AMIC.)
I
| An organism capable of utilizing parathloc as the sole carbon and energy
source was Isolated by enrichment culture techniques. The bacterium was characterized
i and tentatively classified as Paeudomonas aeruginoaa. A pH of 7.0 . 7.5 and
I temperature of 30 C were found to be optimum for the consumption at parathlon.
i Virtually no oxygen utilization was observed with resting cell suspensions when
nonsolubllized parathlon was employed. The use of ethanol as solvent for parathlon
in resting cell studies or preincubatlon of cells In ethanol obviated this problem
and rapid parathlon oxidation was demonstrable. Approximately 8O percent Of the
parathlon consumed by resting cells was present terminally as carbon dioxide.
Permeability of the cell to parathlon or Its metabolites was contingent upon the use
of ethanol as either solvent or denaturant. The nature of the enzyme system In
parathlon utilisation was found to be constitutive. Enhanced parathlon utilization
was noted when grown In a carbon-dioxide-enrlchei atmosphere. The isolate was capable
of growth on parathlon, paraoxon, p-nltrophenol, p-amlnophenol, and phenol. Metabolites
were tentatively identified by thin layer chromatography. Thin layer chromatographlc
data generally supported the growing evidence for the proposed pathway of parathlon
metabolism.
INDEX TERMS: Hicroblal degradation, Fhosphothioate pesticides, Metabolism, Biochemistry,
Metabolites, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Substrate utilization, Parathlon, Fate of
pollutants, Ethanol, Growth, Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-69U5 (Continued)
Cud 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Population, Bacteria, Separation techniques, Sewage sludge,
Flavobacterium, Achromobacter, Vibrio.
AM1C-69U5
"MICHOBIAL RESPONSE IH LOW TEMPERATURE WA9IE TREATMENT", Henry, J. G. T., University
of Toronto, Canada, Dissertation Abstracts, 1971. (Available from the National Library
of Canada, Ottawa). (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
This thesis clarifies the relationships between low temperature, paychrophlllc
population and microblal activity. Full scale treatment plants, batch studies and
continuous laboratory models were used In the Investigation. Batch studies on pure
cultures of 26 psychrophilea and 4 mesophlles were conducted at temperatures of 1,'*,9«5»
and Id C with food (nutrient broth) in excess. A comparison of the temperature
coefficients for the psychrophilea and the mesophlles revealed a significant difference
between them. Continuously fed laboratory models with detention times of S.k, 9.6, Zk
and 96 hours were also investigated at the same temperatures as used in the batch tests.
The proportion of psychrophlllc bacteria In the continuous models proved to be a
function mainly of temperature but also of detention. Microscopic examination, colonial
characteristics, Gram-staining and other diagnostic tests were used on the mind
population from the models to show the variation In microorganisms with temperature
and detention and aJ so to identify, to genus level the bacterial cultures isolated for
the pure culture studies. Psychrophlllc Pseudomonas, Flavobacterlum, Aehromobaeter
and Vibrio all occurred. In the batch tests, with unlimited food, yield decreased at
colder temperatures. Hovever, in the continuous experiments, where food was limited,
yield Increased with colder temperature. Consideration of the relation of substrate
concentration to detention, loading and other factors which moderate the effect of
temperature on waste treatment systems, Jed to the conclusion that temperature
coefficients, lite other activities in the system, must be a function of substrate
concentration*
AMIC-6963
"CHAMCTERIZATIOH OF SEVERAL THXMnE-REQUIKING MUTANTS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI Y MEL",
Maryanskl, J. H., University of Nev Hampshire, Durham, Hew Hampshire, Dissertation
Abstracts Ho. 73-^362, 1972, 236 pp. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Eschertchla coll 1 melT (-), E. coll B27T (-), and E. coll B9T (-) were
isolated from E. coll Y mel, E. coll B2?, and E. coll B9, respectively, by trlmethoprlm
selection. E.~coll B27 and E. coll B9 were tryptophan delection mutants derived from
E. coll Y msT. "Mutants, E. eolTY"melT (-), E. coll B27T (-0, and E. coll B9T (-)
required 2-5 ndcrograms o? thymlne/ml for aerobic growth on minimal agar and failed to
utilize thymidlne as a sole source of carbon. The Inability to utilize thymldlne
Indicated the presence of nutations in the genetic regions controlling the production
of thymldylate synthetase (thy A) and the catabollsm of deoxyrlbonucleosides. Thymlne,
thymldlne, and thyoldyllc acid supported growth on agar medium of all thymlne-requiring
mutants studied. Other nucleic acid bases, nucleosldes, nucleotldes, thymlne analogues,
orotic acid, deoxyurldlne-J'-monophosphate, and other confounds failed to support
growth when added to minimal agar lacking thymlne. Increased carbon dioxide tension
(5 percent) supported colony-formation of E. coll Y melT (-) and E. coll B27T (-) but
not of E. coll B9T (-) on minims! agar lacking thymine. The data vere consistent with
a hypothesi s that E. coll B2TT (-) possessed an alternate pathway, independent of
thymldylate synthetase, for the biosynthesis of thyraldine. Mutants E. coll Y melT (-)
and E. eoli B9T (-) appeared to be thymine-requirlng mutants with characteristics
similar to mutants described by other Investigators.
IMDEX TERMS: Cultures, E. coll, Separation techniques, Culture media.
-------
3. KTCHCBIQLDOICM. METHODS
AMIC-696U
"SEBOLOGICAL AMD PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ANAEROBIC, HCMSPCREFOFMIK},
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI", Lombard, G. L., University of Horth Carolina, Chapel Hill,
; North Carolina, Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-W396, 1972, 136 pp. (ccaplete report
not available from AKtC.)
Fluorescent antibody (FA) reagents were prepared for 10 Bacterlodes and 7
i Fusobacterlum species. These Included B. blacutua, B. clostrldllf orals Ba"gTranst B.
i fragj.lis, ( aa fra^illa, ss thetaiotaomieron, as ovatus, as dlstasonls, as valgatug)7 B.
trlchbTdea, B. hyperpegaB, F. fualforne, Ff mortiferun, F. necrogenea', F. necropnorum7
F. novum, F. nucleatum, and~F. russll. The morphological, cultural, anil physiological
'characteristics of all bacterial strains used In the study were examined to verify
Identity. Antiaera for each species were prepared In rabbits, and Imunoglobullna
were precipitated with anaonlua sulfate and conjugated with fluoresceln isothlocyanate.
Most of the antisera vere species or subspecies specific by the tube agglutination
| technique. Also, the Majority of the FA conjugates vere species or subspecies specific.
At least seven different sero types were detected In the fuslforn group. Two FA
j conjugates prepared from antisera. to two different strains of B. fragllla sa fragllls
; alloved Identification of 1*1 of 1*3 strains of this nlcroorganiam In a blind study. ^The
' results of this study suggest that FA techniques can be developed for rapid
[ identification of Bacteroldes and Fusobacterlum species.
IND£x TERMS: 'Anaerobic bacteria, 'Pollutant identification. Fluorescent antibody
techniques, Antisera, Bacteroldes, Fusobacterlum.
AMTC-6965 (Continued)
Card 2/2
TERMS: Cultures, Toxicity, Heavy metals, Salinity, Characterisation, Peeudomonas
multiriagella. Culture Madia, Isolation.
AMIC-6965
"THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERI&ATIOH OF A HITHERTO UNDESCMBED GRAM-NEGATIVE
BACTERHH", Lassiter, C. B., North Texas State University, Denton, Texas,
Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-2916, 1972, 1W* pp. (Complete report not available
from AMIC.)
A unique undescribed gram-negatlve rod Is extensively characterized in this
study. The most distinguishing characteristic of the water Isolate Is a polar tuft of
35-1*0 flagella that aggregate to function as a single organelle which is visible under
phase contrast. Aging cells deposit poly-beta-hydroxytoutyrlc acid granules It also
possesses an unusual exterior membrane outside the cell vail which contains large
fibrils of protein. The organism grows optimally at 37 C, under well aerated
conditions. The optimum beginning pH Is 7.0. This organism does not ferment
•carbohydrates nor can It utilize them as a source of carbon and energy. It is
catalase negative and reduces nitrates to nitrites. It does not liquefy gelatin or
attack starch. It is oxidase-positive but does not produce Indole or hydrogen
sulfide. It has no vitamin or amlno acid requlreaent and grows wall when many of the
aroino acids in the aspartlc acid family are offered as a substrate. It was only able
to utilize sodium acetate and nallc acid as sources of carbon and energy. It is best
cultivated in the laboratory in a medium containing 0.2 percent sodium acetate, 0.01
percent calcium chloride, and 0.05 percent sodium acetate. It cannot survive sodium
chloride concentrations above 0.5 percent. Metal Ions were found to be toxic to the
oraanlsm, with the divalent metal Ions being approximately twice as toxic as the
nonovalent Ions. After careful evaluation of the findings obtained during thla study,
the new bacterium was subse
-------
1. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-6967
"tglCOTHRIX KEOji AS AH ALGAL EPIPHKTE IN THE MARUE ENVIROMEOT", Bland, J. A.,
Indiana University, Bloomlngton, Indiana, Dissertation Abstracts Bo. 73-2688, 179 pp.
(Complete report not available from AMIC.)
i
i This study was concerned with the marine bacterium Leueothrix mueor as an
algal epiphyte and showed l) that the algal-bacterial relationship Is essential for
the survival of Leucothrlx; and 2) that Leueothrix IB an algal epiphyte throughout the
I inter-tidal zone. These conclusions Here verified by first selecting and field testing
; a suitable artificial substrate so that the role of the natural living host might be
evaluated more easily. Polypropylene strips were chosen, and round to accumulate the
benthic flora of the algae vhich served as a substrate for attachment by L. mueor.
The second technique developed was a method to quantltate populations of Leucothrlx
on any given substrate. The technique is based on the optical design of the
microscope being used. Experimental results showed that Leueothrix vould attach and
grow on the artificial substrate, but was crowded out rapidly by the other attaching
benthic forma. When L. mueor was attached to the strips In the laboratory and then
Incubated in natural environments, growth occurred, but was poor. When given a choice
between natural and artlficisj. substrates, Leucothrlx attached preferentially to the
natural host. Thus the conclusion that the natural host Is essential for the survival
of Leueothrix was supported. Particular species of red algae, Bangia and Porphyra,
were found to be the preferred hosts.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Rhodophyta, Artificial substrates, Hosts, Leucothrlx mucor,
Survival.
AJCC-696U.
"OK THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SLIME LAYERS FORKED OH BtfERSED MATERIALS IN A MARINE
ENVIROHMENT", Sechler, G. E., University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Dissertation
Abstracts Bo. 73-5276, 1972, llU p. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Three separate techniques were used to Investigate the development of
microorganisms in primary films found on various materials immersed In marine waters.
These included nlcrobial viable counts by the traditional swabbing method, and total
visible counts by two new direct microscopic observation techniques developed during
this study: the Teflon Overlay technique and the Parlodlon filming technique. A variety
of test materials were Investigated, including glass; plexiglass, wood, zinc, stainless
steel, steel, Monel, aluminum, and phosphor-bronze. Test panels were Immersed for
Intervals ranging from 1 hour to Uo days. Although similar varieties of aerobic
heterotrophlc bacteria were found on all surfaces regardless of their chemical nature,
viable population levels were characteristic of each test material during the first few
days following Immersion. Wood accumulated the greatest number of bacteria in the
shortest period of time (within 3 days). Bacteria were found to attach to Teflon
membranes over.lylng test surfaces by 1 day and to proliferate in aitu by at least U
days. Using the Parlodlon filming technique It was found that the number of bacteria
per aq, cm of test panel could be accurately determined within the first 10 days after
immersion. Diatom counts were accurate for Sk days, while extraneous particle counts
were valid at least 75 days. Ho stable diatom population was recognized on any test
surface until 6 days after immersion, Indicating that bacterial growth may prepare the
test surface for the development of unicellular algae. The more chemically passive test
panels(glass, plexiglass, and stainless steel) consistently exhibited the highest diatom
population level up to 16 days after immersion.
AJflC-6979
THE USE OF COLIPHAGE AS AM INDEX OF HUMAN EBTEROVIHUS POLLUTION IH AN ESTUARINE
QfVIRONMENT", Vaughn, J. M., University of New Hampshire, Durham, Hew Hampshire,
Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-1*361, 1972, 68 p. (Complete report not available from AMIC,
Parallel examinations of sewage effluents, shellfish and shellfish growing
waters for collphage and enteric virus indicated a wide dissemination of collphage
throughout the estuary, generally occurring In the absence of detectable enteric virus
activity. A majority of the enteric virus Isolations were observed In samples yielding
no collphage activity. Under controlled conditions, oysters were observed to accumulate
re collphage than enteric virus. Replication of coliphage In the estuary during the
summer months was shown to occur when proper host cell was present. Two major collphage
types were observed In field samples baaed on their reactivity with different
Escherlchla coll strains. Survival times of collphage and enteric virus in estuarlne
wtters aions~wTth retention values In oysters were shown to be similar with a slight
advantage shown by collphage. Inability to correlate accurately collphage and enteric
virus occurrence in field samples along with the potential for the presence of more
than one dominant collphage type Indicated the serious shortcomings of the collphage
Indicator system as a method of enteric virus detection. A secondary characterization
study was performed on one of the two dominant bact*rlophage types occurring In field
samples. Nutritional studies revealed an absolute requirement for copper ions.
NDEX TERMS: Blolndlcators, Estuaries, Shellfish waters, Collphages, Enterovlrus,
Survival,, C&aracterlzetion, Biological samples.
AMIC-6961* (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Artificial substrates, Sea water, Diatoms, Bacteria, Microscopy,
Pollutant identification.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMTC-6965
"A COMPARATIVE STUDY Of THE DECOMPOSITIOH OF CSLLULDSIC SUBSTRATES BT SELECTED
BACTERIAL STRAINS", Segal, M. C., University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts,
Dissertation Abstracts Ho. 73-6723, 1972, lUl p. (Complete report not available from
; AMIC.)
!
The decomposition of celluloslc naterlals by cultures of aerobic •esqphilic '
i bacteria were Investigated using vlsconetrlc technique a. Substrates for decomposition j
i studies Included Insoluble cotton celluloses of various Degrees of Polymerization, raw |
' cotton llnters, wood cellulose, hydrojcethyl cellulose and soluble carboxynethyl \
; celluloses of various Degrees of Polymerization and Degrees of Substitution.
j Vlscometrlc Methodologies were found to be readily adaptable for quantitative
j determinations using whole cells. The most active cultures observed Included species
of Cellulomonas, Cellvibrio and Cytophaga. Cultures shoving less activity than the
above species Included strains of Bacillus, Bacterium, Cytophaga, Pseudomonas. Cultures
! showing little or no activity Included strains of ArthrobtLcter7~B(tcillu3, and
' Cellvibrio.
! INDEX TERMS; Mlcrobial degradation, Cellulose, Vlscometrlc techniques, Cellulomonas,
' Cellvibrio, Cytophaga, Bacillus, Bacterium, Pseudoaanas, Arthrobacter.
f
AMIC-7085
"THE BACTERIA In A» ANTARCTIC PEAT", Baker, J. H.. Smith, D. G., The Journal Of Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 35. Ho. ^, December 1972, pp 509-596.
Peat saaples were collected from 3 depths on the west coast of Slgny Island,
South Orkney and prepared for analysis by homogenizing, diluting vlth distilled water,
and dropping on to plates of Cbcoid Tryptone-Soya Agar. The characters used for
Identification of the bacteria were; Gram reaction, morphology of old and young cells,
pigmentation, motillty, position of flagella, endospore formation, action on litmus
milk, nitrate reduction, utilization of cellulose, gelatin, starch, chltln, alglnate,
phenol, alley lamlne and alcohol, and fenentation of glucose and lactose. Of a total
of 119 strains of bacteria 52 percent belonged to the genus Brevlbacteriua. Twelve
other genera were recorded of which numerically the most l^>ortant were Arthrobacter,
Cellulomonaa, Kurthla and Mlcrococcus. 62 percent of the collection were psychrophllic,
but only 1 strains were obligate paychrophlles. »o pattern could be established for
the various genera from different depths. The fine structure Of an obligately
psychrophllic pleooorphlc rod from the peat is illustrated and discussed.
INDEX TEBC: Peat, Anarctlc, Pollutant identification. Separation techniques, Cultures,
Bacteria, Sample preparation.
AMIC-6986~~~
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OP FRBEZE-ETCHED PREPARATIONS OF KLEBSTRTTA PHEUMONIAE'', Springer,
E. L., University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, Dissertation Abstracts No. 73-5792,
1972, 150 p. (Conplete report not available from AMIC.)
The capsule of Klebsiei1° pneumonias and aline of Enterobaeter aerogenea
A3(SL) were examined by electron microscopy using the freeze-etch technique, which
permits observation of hydrated specimens. The capsule of K. pneunoniae was found to
be composed of several layers containing many fibers ID an thick; while the
polysaccharlde slime of E. aerogenes A3(SL) was found to be composed of a diffuse
network of fibrils. This work represents the first time the Image of a hydrated
bacterial capsule or slime has been observed In the electron microscope. The slims of E.
aerogenes A3(3L) resembled the layered structure of the capsule of K. pneumonlae. ~
Freefeetching of the bacterial plasma membrane revealed a mosaic of glycpproteln
granules (10 nm in diameter) on the fracture surface. A capsule of phagocytlzed K.
pneumonlae was observed to be a layered structure resembling the freeae-etched
preparations of pure cultures of K. pneumonlae.
IMDEX TEIWS: Freeze etching, Electron microscopy, Klebsiella pneumonlae, Enterobscter
aerogenes. Characterisation.
AMIC-7098
"DURATICH OF VIABILITY AMD THE GROWTH AHD EXPIRATION RATES OF QWUP E STREPTOCOCCI IK
SOIL", Schmltz, J. A., Olson, L. D., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, Ho. 2, February
1973, PP Ifl0-lfl3. ~
In Irradiated and nonlrradiated feedlot and pasture soils Inoculated vlth
group E streptococci, the organism vas not recovered 17 days postinoculation from
either the Irradiated or nonlrradiated feedlot soils incubated at 37 C, but survived
In the Irradiated pasture soils for 2k and 31 days postinoculation. The streptococci
survived In Irradiated and nonirradlated soils incubated at U C for 116 days and in one
Irradiated feedlot soil for 165 days. The population of streptococci did not Increase
In either irradiated or nonlrradiated soil, and the expiration rate was greater in the
soils Incubated at 37 and 25 C than at If C. With the relatively prolonged duration
of viability of group E streptococci in soil at 4 C, It is suggested that soil
contaminated with exudate front draining abscesses of Infected awlne could act as a
source of infection during the colder season. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology,
Vol. 25, HO. 2, February 1973, pp ]BO-lB3. Copyright 1973 by the American Society
for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
HIDEX TERMS: Jeedlots, Streptococcus, Soils, Survival, Irradiation.
-------
3.
MEIHDIE
AMIC-7099
"SIMPLE METHOD FOR CULTURDIG ABABHOB5S", Davla, C. E.f Hunter, W. J., Ryan, J. L.,
Braude, A. I., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 25, Ho. 2, February 1973, pp 216-221.
A simple, effective method is needed for growing obligate anaerobes In the
clinical laboratory. This report describes a pre-reduced anaerobic bottle that can be
used for direct inoculation, provides a flat agar surface for evaluation of number and
| morphology of colonies, ami can be incubated In conventional bacteriological
| Incubators. Its efficiency was evaluated by testing it on a routine basis in the
I clinical laboratory by three criteria: (1) recovery of bacteria that did not grow
aeroblcally but were observed In Gram stains; (11) isolation of a vide range of
pathogenic anaerobic bacteria; and (ill) comparison to a OaaPak jar closed Immediately
after the inoculation of a single specimen and not opened for 48 hr. Each anaerobic
culture set consisted of two bottles containing brain heart infusion "er»- and C02.
Gentamicln sulfate (50 nlcrograms/ml) was added to one of these to inhibit facultative
enteric bacilli. Comparison of the anaerobic bottles with an identical aerobic bottle
which was also routinely inoculated permitted early identification of anaerobic
colonies. Representative species of most anaerobic genera of proven pathogenicity for
•an have been Isolated from this system during 10 Booths of routine use.
UDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Methodology, Pathogenic bacteria, Pollutant identifi-
cation, Laboratory tests, Hater pollution sources, Culturlng techniques,
Selective Media, Culture media, Pathogeniclty, ActlnoByces naeslundll, Actlnomyces
odontolytlcus, Actlncmyces eriksonii. Vibrio sputorua, Proplonobacterium,
Fusobacterium spp, Feptococcus, Sarclna, Catenabacterlum spp, Streptococcus
lanceolatus, Ramlbacterlum spp, Bacteroldes spp.
AMIC-7I01
"APPLICATIOH OF THE MOST-PROBABLB-HUMBER PROCEDURE TO SUSPEHSIOHS OF LEPTOSPIRA
AUgymJS AtdXAMI A", Schiemann, D. A., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2?. Ho. 2, February
1973, PP 235-239. **•
Suspensions of washed eeUs of Leptospira autumnalla Akiyanl A were diluted
and used to Inoculate three series of 120 tubes for use in determining the reliability
oftheMPH procedure for estimating the density of th« bacteria. Statistical tests
demonstrated that with supplemented Fletchers medium used for cell recovery, the MPM
procedure is a reliable technique for estimating the density of suspensions of L.
autumaalls. -
INDEX TEflMS: Population, Statistical
autumnalls, Estimating.
ethods, Most Probable Number test, Leptosplra
AMIC-7100
IK-USE EVALUATIOH OF A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SET OF QUALITY COUIBOL CULTURES",
Douglas, G. V., fialovs. A., Rhoden, D., Tomfohrde, K., Smith, P. B., Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 25, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP 230-231*.
Increasing awareness of the need for a uniform quality control program
prompted an evaluation of a commercially available set (Bact-Chek) of eight organisms.
A protocol was designed In which this set of control cultures was tested simultaneously
in the clinical microbiology laboratory of a >»00-b»d hospital (the Berkshire Medical
Center) and in the reference laboratories of the Bacteriology Section of the Center for
Disease Control. The results indicate that the Bact-Chek organisms are essentially
as advertised: they constitute a basic set of cultures for a quality control program
n clinical microbiology, ninety percent of the media and reagents (excluding
mycobacterlal media and reagents) In the clinical laboratory w*re checked with this set
f eight cultures. Additional cultures not In the set were used to check the remaining
0 percent of the media and reagents. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 2$,
o. 2, February 1973, pp 230-231*. Copyright 1973 by the American Society for
aerobiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Pathogenic bacteria, Quality control, Culture media, Bact-Chek,
Evaluation.
AMIC-7102
"SPIRAL PLATE METHOD FOR BACTERIAL DBTERMIHATIOir, Gllchrist, J. E., Campbell, J. E.,
Donnelly, C. B., Peeler, J. T., Delaney, J. M., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, Ho. 2,
February 1973, pp 2W-252.
A method is described for determining the number of bacteria In a solution by
the use of a murMnn which deposits a known volume of sample on a rotating agar plate
In an ever decreasing amount In the form of an Archimedes spiral. After the sample is
Incubated, different colony densities are apparent on the surface of the plate. A
modified counting grid Is described which relates area of the plate to volume of
•ample. By counting an appropriate area of the plate, the number of bacteria in the
•ample is estimated. This method was compared to the pour plate procedure with the use
of pure and mixed cultures In water and milk. The results did not demonstrate a
significant difference in variance between duplicates at the alpha equals 0.01 level when
concentrations of 600 to 1,200,000 bacteria per ml were used, but the spiral plate
method gave counts that were higher than counts obtained by the pour plate method. The
time and materials required for this method are substantially less than those required
for the conventional aerobic pour plate procedure. (Reprinted from Applied
Microbiology, Vol. 25, Bo. 2, February 1973, pp 2Wu252. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
ODBC TERMS! Bacteria, Laboratory equipment, Pollutant Identification, Enumeration,
Spiral plate method, Culturlng techniques.
50
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-7K*
"AUXDTAB--A DEVICE POT IDEnTIFYIHG ENTERIC BACTERIA", Rhoden, D. L., Tomfohrde K. M.
*lth, P. B., Balovs, A., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 25, No. 2, February 1973,
pp 2BU-aB6. "*•
i
\ A multltest system call the Auxotab that uses ten dehydrated reagents on a
• paper card has been evaluated with <*17 known stock cultures of Enterobacteriaceae. In
double-blind studies f/lth the Auxotab, 87 percent of the strains tested were correctly
identified. Results of this study indicate that there is a need for modification of
| the product in regard to ease of handling, tine required for use, and accuracy of
identification of enteric bacteria.
INDEX TEBMS: Pollutant Identification, Enteric bacteria. Laboratory equipment.
Separation techniques, E. coll. Salmonella, Auxotab Enteric I System, Accuracy,
Citrobacter freundll, Klebsiella pneumonias, Proviaencia, Proteus vulgarls,
Enterobacter hafniae, Bdwardslella tarda, Serratla narcescens, Arisona hlnshawli.
I
AMIC-71D7
"FLU3RESCEBT ANTIBODY AS A METHOD FOR THE DETECTION OF FECAL POLLUTION: ESCHEHICHIA
CPU AS INDICATOR ORGAHISMS", Abshire, A. L., Outhrle, R. K., Canadian Journal o7
Microbiology, Vol. 19, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP 201-356.
A study was made to determine whether fluorescent antibody (FA) techniques,
with E. coll as an Indicator organism, offer a potential as a tool for the very rapid
detection of fecal pollution in water. Detection of Escherlchla coll of fecal origin
by this method waa compared to IMVIC typing and to detection by the E C Broth nethod.
Reliability of this method vas tested by reaction of specific E. coll antlsera with
heterologous bacterial species and with isolates from polluted waste water and
unpolluted water and soil sources. There was no attempt to detect individual strains
or to differentiate between pathogenic and nonpathogenlc strains. Detection of E. coll
was possible by this nethod In 2 to 3 hr after filtration of a sample of vastewater
effluent and placing the filter In lactose broth at 37 degrees C.
HIDEX TERMS: E. coll, Bloindicators, Pollutant Identification, Methodology, Mater
pollution, Enteric bacteria, Reliability, Waste water (pollution), Fecal
pollution, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Fecal conforms, Culture media,
Sample preparation. Accuracy, Heterologoua bacteria.
AfflC-7106
"EVALUATION OF THE REDESIGNED ENTEROPUBE--A SYSTEM FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OP
ENTEROBACTERIACEAE'', Tdnfohrde, K. M., Rhoden, D. L., Smith, P. B., Balovs, A.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 25, No. Z, February 1973, pp 301-3C4.
Because of some discrepancies In analytical results, the Enterotube baa been
redesigned by the manufacturer. A test for ornithine decarboxylase has been added to
one compartment, and lactose has been removed from the lyalne decarboxylaae
compartment. The tests for phenylalanine deaadnaae and dulcltol fementatlon have
been combined in a single compartment. An Iron salt has been added to this •«••
compartment, thus eliminating the need to add ferric chloride reagent In testing for
phenylalanine deamlnase activity. To Improve the decarboxylase reactions and to allow
for the observance of gas production from the fermentation of dextrose, the manufacturer
covered the compartments containing testa for dextrose fermentation, lyalne
decarboxylase, and ornithine decarboxylase with a sterile wax overlay. The redesigned
Enterotube has been evaluated with klk unknown Enterobacterlaeeae cultures from the
stock culture collection of the Center for Disease Control. When the Enterotube was
used as recomaended by the manufacturer, an average of 96.U percent of these cultures
were correctly identified. Only two groups (Salmonella and Edvardsltlla) were identified
with less than 90 percent accuracy (89.2 and H7.5 percent, respectively). The
Enterotube now provides a convenient, rapid, and accurate test systea for the
identification of typically reacting enteric bacteria.
JJfEEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Laboratory equipment, Entwle bacteria..
Separation techniques, E. coll, Enterotube, Accuracy, Enterobactar hafniae,
Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Serratla, Provldencla, Proteus mirabills, Edwardalella.
_ _^ _ ___
AWC-7109
"CHaCTAXOBOHZC FATTY ACID FINGERPRINTS OF BACTERIA GROWN WITH, AND WITHOUT, AERATION",
Drucker, D. B., Owen, I., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 2,
February 1973, pp 2^7-250.
Examinations were made of the differences in qualitative and quantitative
fatty acid composition between bacterial species and the extent to which such
differences are affected by oxygen availability. Fatty acid fingerprints were obtained
for Bacillus megaterium, Corynebacterium xeroaue, Klebslella aerogenes, Helsserla
eatarrhalls, Serratla mareescens, Staphylocoeeus saprophytTcug, and Streptococcus
fancalla^ The test organ1nmn were grown with, and without, aeration! Freeze-dried cells
were methylated and the fatty acid methyl eaters examined gas-chromatographlcally. Fatty
acid fingerprints were similar for all the test organisms when grown without aeration
and the major fatty acid esters had the retention characteristics of palmitate, then
•yristate (17-0), palmltoleate (16.U), and oleate (ifi.l*). Th« cultures grown with
aeration showed fairly dlaslmllar fatty acid fingerprints; the major fatty acid peak
having a similar retention time to palmitate (l£.o), oleate, Isopentadecanoate (1U.5),
or three unknown fatty acids of carbon numbers 16.25, 13.7, and 19.25, depending on the
species tested.
INDEX TOWS: Bateria, Aeration, Oxygen, Gas chromatography,
Fatty acids, Chemotaxoncmy, Fingerprinting.
Pollutant identification.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-7110
"ULTRASTRUCTURE AMD CHARACTERIZJOIOH OF AH ASPOROGENIC MUTANT OF CLOSTRIDIUM
BOTULIHUM TOPE E", Hawirko, R. Z., Chung, K. L., Emeruwa, A. C., Magnusson, A. J. C.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 19, Ho. 2, February 1973, PP 28l^28U.
The asporogenlc mutant, RSpoIIIa, showed septum formation and a nearly
completed fore spore about 1» hr after onset of sporulatlon. The cells show defects at
a few altes of the fore spore membrane, an absence of 'germ cell nail", and within 8 hr
lysis of the cytoplasm occurred Indicating that the Bitant was blocked at stage III.
Some aberrant envelopes were seen later. Lysis of the asporogenci mutant was inhibited
for up to 36 hr by the addition of 2.1* percent glucose or sucrose to the median, and
80 percent of the cells snowed septum formation. A comparison of the phenotyplc
characteristics of the asporogenlc RSpoIIIa and the sporogenlc MSp plus mutants, as
well as the wild type, snowed the same ultrastructural changes during the development
of the forespore with the accumulation of Intracellular iodpphlllc granules. In
addition, the mutants showed specific imnunofluorescence and precipltln lines of
Identity with antlsera against the wild-type strain, but unlike the toxlgenic vlld
type, the mutants were nontoxlgenic by mouse pathogenlclty tests.
IHDEX TEMS: Pollutant identification, Electron microscopy, Ultrastructure,
Characterisation, Clostrldlum botullnum type E, Pathogenlcity, Blochealcal
characteristics, Toxlgenic bacteria.
AMIC-711U
"A CHEMOAUTCTROPHIC AND THEMOPKIIJC MICROORGANISM ISOLATED FRCN AH ACID HOT SPRING",
Brierley, C. L., Brierley, J. A., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol 19, Ho. 2,
February 1973, PP 083-lflB.
A pleomorphic, acldophlllc, and chemoautotrophlc microbe is described. The
cell is bound by a membrane and a diffuse, amorphous layer. The isolate used either
sulfur or Iron as a source of energy. Morphological and nutritional similarities as
well as corresponding thermophillc and acldophlllc requirements suggest a relationship
to Sulfoldbua. The organism tolerates 80 degrees C for longer than 2 hr, but heat
resistance la not attributed to a bacterial spore. The -"r1 "*•••' temperature for growth
is 70 degrees C; the trlnlmm about k$ dgrees C. The DHA base composition Is 57 plus
or minus 3 mole percent GO. Yeast extract enhances growth of the Isolate on Iron and
sulfur substrates, but does not significantly enhance the Isolate's respiration rate
on these sane substrates. The Isolate requires Induction by sulfur or Iron for
mart aim respiration on these substrates, respectively. Optimum oxidation of elemental
sulfur occurred at pH 2.0 and gave a Q sub 02 of 163; oxidation on iron gave a
Q sub 02 of 879.
INDEX TERMS: Thermophllic bacteria, Electron microscopy. Pollutant Identification,
Biological properties, Hot springs. Acidic water. Isolation, Heat resistance,
Respiration, Cytological studies, Chemoautotrophlc bacteria, Characterization,
Bacterial physiology.
AMIC-7111
"RAPID EXTRACTION AHD PHYSICAL DETECTION OF POLYOMA VIRUS", Thome, H. V., Wardle,
A. F., Cnnfullan Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 2, February 1973, pp 291-293.
In the method for the extraction and purification of polyoma virus from mouse
embryo cells in tissue culture, monolayer cultures are Infected with the virus and
incubated at 37 C in Eagle's medium plus 10 percent calf serum containing
H-3-thymldlne for 5 days In an atmosphere of 5 percent CO2. The cultures are
solublllzed with Triton-X-100 (20 percent v/v), then treated with RHaae, DBase, and
trypsln before equilibrium centrlfugatlon In CsCl sod collection of toe virus band.
Analysis of the virus band showed that Triton-X-100 extraction Is a satisfactory
alternative to earlier procedures for producing virus suspensions suitable for further
purification. The total time, Including that for purification, is reduced from about 5
days to less than 24 hr.
INDEX TER4S: Pollutant Identification, Separation techniques, Isolation, Radioactivity
techniques, Polyoma virus.
AMIC-7I31
"UTILIZATION OF CRUDE OIL HYDROCARBONS BY MIXED CULTURES OF MARINE BACTERIA", Xator, H.
I., The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, Dissertation Abstracts No.
73-19*» 1972, 257 PP. (Complete report not available from AMIC.)
Mixed populations of marine bacteria were Isolated from a variety of marine
and estuarine locations and maintained on a medium consisting of a sterile crude oil
In a nutrient-salts enriched seawater (ESW). They degraded a variety of pure
n-paraffins of chain lengths ranging from C-10 to C-30. While visible growth was not
evident on selected examples of branched paraffins, aromatics, and heterocycllc compounds.
a substrate transfer experiment revealed that some examples of alkyl benzenes, napthalen^
and anthracene supported growth. A variety of crude oils of different composition
(Louisiana, Kuwait, and Venezuelan crude oils) were degraded (In ESW) with consistent
utilization of n-paraffins C-lfl to C-30. Rates of utilization (20 C) for mixed cultures
were 2 to 22 times larger In ESW than In unenriched seawater. Activated silica gel
column chromatography of degraded crude oils revealed a preferential utilization of
saturated paraffins In Kuwait, Venezuelan and Louisiana crude oils. Relative to the
absolute weights of saturated paraffins utilized, aromatlc-naphthenlc utilization In
whole crude oils was limited. Intracellular fatty acids produced by bacterial cells
grown on crude oils were similar to fatty acid profiles found in nonhydrocarbon grown
bacterial cells.
INDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria, Microbial degradation. Sea water. Oily water, Crude oil.
Substrate utilization, n-Parafflns, Fate of pollutants, Bacterial physiology.
Column chromatography. Activated silica gel. Aliphatic hydrocarbons. Biosynthesis,
Fatty acids, Aromatic hydrocarbons.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-6759
Category 2, AMIC-68U1.
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METHODS AUD PEmrprnMAHCE EVAIDATIQK
( AMIC-6839
* H A** inn* TJ
AM1C-6692
"A OMPARISOH AT SEA OF MAKJAL AHD AUTOABAirZER AMAUfSES OF PHOSPHATE, lUHAIE, AN)
SILICATE", Hager, 3. W., Atlas, E. u, Gordon, L. I., Mantjrla, A. V.t Par*, P. K.,
Llmaaloflf ma Oceanography, vol. 17, Ho. 6, Hovember 1972, pp 931-937.
Data are presented from a comparison made at sea of automated and mania!
methods of analysis for phosphate, nitrate plus nitrite, and silicate. An AutoAnalyier
was used for the automated analyses and coloriaetric methods, which are described, ware
used IB t»e manual analyses. Samples were collected In surface buckets and la HIO
(Hat. Inst. Oceanogr.) bottles tram standard hydrographic depths. Statistical treatment
of the results showed that both methods give comparable precision, plus or minus 1
percent, and no significant systematic discrepancies exist between the two technologies
for phosphate art silicate analyses. A asall discrepancy was found in the nitrate work.
IHDEX TEW; Phosphates, Hitrates, Silicates, Colorlaetry, Calibrations, Sea water,
Precision, On board analysis, AutoAnalyzar.
AH APPIJCATICW OF MUUTVAHIATE A»ADfSIS TO CCM?I£X SAMPIE SUKiEt DATA", Koch, 0.
Leaeshow, S., Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 67, Ho. 3Uo,
1972, pp 7HO-782.
0.,
This article adapts a. standard method of mltlvariate analysis to a highly
complex sanpltng design utilizing the aethod of balanced repeated replication for
calculating valid and consistent estimates of variance. An example illustrates that by
doing univariate tests no significant differences are found between two groups.
However,, trt* Bultlvariate approach yields a significant result because the directions
of the differences between two groups with respect to two positively correlated
variables are reversed.
IMDEX TEIWS: Sampling, Miltivarlate analysis, Estlvatlngj Variance.
"SOME DESIGHS AND ABALJfSES TOR TEMPORALLY UfDEPEHDQIT EKPERDEHT3 IHVOLVHW COHRHJVIED
BIVARIATE BE3POW3BS", Wu, S.-C., Bloaetries. Vol. 36, Ho. k, Decenber 1972, PP
1DUJ-1061.
Designs and analyses are derived for experiments with two experimental units
where reponses are correlated within and independent among tlae periods. Fisher's
information function for the treatattnt parameter is naximlaed to obtain most
Informative designs for estimating a treatment effect. In the absence of pre-test
or historical data CO ttle two units, the most informative design Is always a balanced
crossover. With historical data, the design la either a continued eovarlate or an
augmented crossover. Efficient analyses of continued eovarlate and balanced crossover
designs are shown to be examples of mnxlram likelihood (ML) estimation and the analysis
of covarlance, far the augmented crossover designs, (ML) methods and Wllks1 lambda
criterion are used to provide efficient large sample procedures. It Is shown that uae
of a most Informative design and efficient analysis Instead of more familiar designs
and analyses can result in a sizable decrease in the variance of the treatment effect
estimator.
INDEX TERMS: Treatment effects, Estimating, Most informative design, Variance.
AMIC-6693
"DESK* AHD EVALUATHW OP A LOW COOT RECORDING SPECTBOPOLARIHBISB", SlMOn, S. J.,
Pearson, K. H., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 3, March 1973, pp 620-623.
A Perkln-Elmer Model ikl polarlmeter was modified to obtain continuous optical
rotatory dispersion data over the entire spectral region of 65O-2*tO nanonstcrs,
Standard solution of sucrose in deionized water, neodynlu»-D( -)POTA, aal
Trls(I>.(-).l,2.propylenedlamlne)cobalt(III) Iodide were prepared and the errors
between observed and calculated ORD values detemlned. The results show that the
equipment performed satisfactorily.
IHDEX TEWS: Aqueous solutions, Recording spectropolarlneter. Errors, Optical rotatory
dispersion, Sucrose, Heodynlum-D(-)PTDA, Trls(D-(-)-l 2-propylenediemlue)cobalt(lII
iodide.
53
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. METHODS AHD FERFOBMAHCE EVALUATION
AMC-69J*0
"DATA PHOCBSSJSB EaTOttTIOirS FOB SAMPLE SURVHrs", Huong, A. Y.-3., University of
Georgia, Athens, Georgia, Dissertation Abstracts So. 73-5717, 1972, 150 p. (Complete
report not available fro» AMIC.)
A new Method tar stammrlzlng sample surveys called Data Processing Estimation
is baaed upon a regression type estimation technique. Thl» method, which generalizes
•any of the ccmaonly used standard estimation procedures, utilizes regression
relationships of the response variable on the vector of descriptive variables to
estlmte all unsampled units of the finite population and their corresponding sampling
varlance-covarlances factors. As such, this approach allows these individual estimates
to be processed so as to be able to evolve an estimate of the mean of any specified
aubpopulation by only averaging the sum of the sailed and unsampled units of this
particular subpopulation. Since this technique also determines for each estlmte the
associated sailing error factors, an estimated variance of the estimated Beans can
also be determined by siaply processing the variances and covarinaces factors. The
advantages of the technique are: the generality of the approach, the dynamic nature
of the procedure and the simplicity of the estimation Method.
INDEX TERMS: Data processing. Computer programs, Hegresslon analysis, Data processing
estimation, Variance, Covarlance.
AMC-7096
*MXKSUG TO RaCVE BIAS IS OBSESVATIOKAL STUDIES", Rubin, D. B. Bio
Ifo. 1, March 1973, PP 159-1B3. —
etriea, Vol. 29,
Several matching methods that Batch all of one sample from another larger
sample on a continuous Batching variable are compared with respect to their ability
to remove the T>laa of the Batching variable. One method Is a simple mean-matching
method and three are nearest available palr-natchlng Methods. The methods' abilities
to remove bias are also compared with the theoretical maximum given fixed distributions
and fixed sample sizes. A summary of advice to an Investigator is included.
INDEX TERMS: Bias, Matched sampling.
AWC-709U
"THE AHALYSIS OF DESIGNED EXPERIMENTS WITH CENSORED OBSERVATIONS", Taylor, J.
Bioaetries, Vol. 29, Ho. 1, March 1973, pp 35-U3.
An observation Is said to be 'censored1 if we know only that it is less than
(or greater than) a certain known value. Sampford and Taylor (1959) proposed an
iterative method of analysis for randomized block experiments with Type I censoring,
and this nethod can alao be used for other experimental designs. The method has been
applied to stimulated data. The results confirm that parameters can be estlaated with
only a amall bias, and that it Is possible to do an approximate t-test to compare
treatment means. An approximation due to Tlku will reduce the labour of calculation.
INDEX TEIW3: Statistical methods, Methodology, Experimental design, Censored
observations, Tiku's approximation, Bias, Errors.
AMXC-7097
"THE USE OF MATCHED SAMPLING AND REGRESSION ADJUSTMENT TO REMOVE BIAS IN OBSERVATIONAL
STUDIES", Rubin, D. B., Biometrics, Vol. 29, No. 1, March 1973, pp 185.203.
The ability of matched sampling and linear regression adjustment to reduce
the bias of an estimate of the treatment effect in two sample observational studies
la investigated for a staple matching method and five simple estimates. Monte Carlo
results are given for moderately linear exponential response surfaces and analytic
results are presented for quadratic response surfaces. The conclusions are (l) in
general both matched sampling and regression adjustment can be expected to reduce
bias, (2) in seme cases when the variance of the matching variable differs in the two
populations both matching and regression adjustment can Increase bias, (3) when the
variance of the matching variable is the same in the two populations and the
distributions of the matching variable are symmetric the usual covarlance adjusted
estimate based on random samples la almost unbiased, and (k) the combination of
regression adjustment In matched samples generally produces the least biased estlwate.
INDEX TEBMS: Sampling, Bias, Matched sampling, Regression adjustment.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-6596, 6665
Category 3, AMZC-6806, 7100.
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5-
DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-6785
"QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR PREUMINAKr DESIGN OF WATER DUALITY SURVEILLAflCE SISTERS",
Beckers, C. V., Chamberlain, S. G., Grimsrud, G. P., Raythecn Company, Enviroimental
Systems Center, FortamouUi, Rhode Island, Deport No. EPA-R5-72-001, Contract No.
68-01-01W, November 1972, 226 pp.
This report presents the development and successful demonstration of
quantitative methods for preliminary design of water quality surveillance systems. It
Includes a comprehensive set of quantitative design procedures In handbook font for use
within the existing capabilities of governmental water quality agencies. The
quantitative methods are Intended for use In design of monitoring systems that satisfy
an abatement objective. Preliminary design is that portion of the design process that
deals solely with the interface between the surveillance system and the monitored
system, the river basin. The preliminary design includes specification of station
locations, sampling frequencies, and priorities. Incorporation of such practical
engineering concerns as cost, reliability and maintainability, and computerization of
the procedure are reconmended areas for additional development. The methods are based
on a systems approach, in which the performance of the total surveillance system Is
evaluated as a whole. A nev method for establishing sampling frequency Is developed,
based on an unique formulation of the sampling design problem. The development
Incorporates a "macroscopic" concept that limits consideration of time and spec*
dimensions to scales compatible with an overview of the river basin. Data availability
remains a constraint of the method, even under the "macroscopic" concept; methods are
developed for estimation of required design data. The quantitative preliminary design
methods are demonstrated to function satisfactorily on the Wabash River Basin. It Is
AMIC-6785
Card 2/2
concluded that the methods incorporated in the User Handbook represent an acceptable
method for use by governmental water quality agencies under the existing constraints.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Cost analysis, Design criteria. Systems analysis, Monitoring,
Water quality standards. Sites, Characterization, Wabash River, Wildcat Creek,
Surveillance.
AMIC-6875
"SOLID SPATE IOB-SELBCTIVE MICRQELBCTRODES FOR HEAVY METALS AND HAUDES", Czaban,
J. D., Hechnita, G. A., AnajgUcal Chemiatry, Vol. 1*5, Mb. 3, Iterch 1973, pp 1*71-1*7!*.
Ion-selective nicroelectrodes with tip diameters of OOO-IJO microns of the
type (1) metal sulflde/ailver sulflde, selective towards Ag, Cu, Pb, and Cd cations,
and (2) silver hallde/sllver sulflde, selective towards sulflde, bromide, chloride,
and Iodide anions were constructed and evaluated in solution volumes of 0.5-1.0
mlcrollters. Details are given for the preparation of materials, forming of membranes,
machining of microtips, and construction of probe electrodes. Successful
microelectrodes for Ag, Cu, Cd, Pb, chloride, bromide and iodide are reported.
INDEX TERMS: Construction, Heavy metals, Halidea, Anlons, Cations, Copper, Cadmium,
Lead, Chlorides, Bromides, Iodides, Design, Selectivity, Physical properties.
Electrical properties, Microelectrodes, Ion selective electrodes, Silver, Sensors,
Solid state electrodes.
55
AMIC-68BO
"PRACTICAL CCHSIDERATIONS FOR DIGITIZING ANALOG SIGNALS", Kelly, P. C., Horlick, G.,
Analytical Chemlatry, Vol. 1*5, No. 3, March 1973, pp 518-527.
Quantitative measures for the quality of digital data can be obtained by
attempting to regenerate an analog signal from digital data. The resulting signal can
be compared to the original analog signal. Degeneration may be carried out by use
of simple operations on the Fourier transform of a continuous representation of
digital data. The effects of sampling interval, sampling duration, quantization,
digitization time, aperture tine, and random variations in sampling interval are
examined. The maxima sampling interval and minimum number of samples needed to
digitize triangular, exponential, Lorentzlan, and Gaussian peaks for given values of
maximum absolute error are tabulated. (Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5,
Ho. 3, March 1973, PP 510-527. Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Data processing, errors, Analog to digital conversion. Signal
reconstruction. Digitization.
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5. UHIMMENT EEVELOFMEXT
AMIC-6686' "~~~
"CAICIUI IOH-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE tt WHICH A MEMBRARE COHTACTS GRAPHITE ,
AnaaUl, A., Epstein, S. I., Analytical Chemistry, vol. k5. Ho. 3, March 1973, pp
595—59o.
An Ion-selective electrode for calcium MS constructed as follows. A
0.5 mm thick was prepared by nixing liquid Ion-exchanger and polyvinylchlorlde and
pouring into a polypropylene cap from a 50-ml centrifuge tub*. The resulting membrane
was cemented to a piece of Tygoo tubing. A graphite rod (5 BB dla x 90 mm) was force
fitted into the tubing so as to contact the msmhrane. A copper load wire was press
fitted Into the graphite. The perfonance of the electrode was colored vlth that of
the Orion calcium electrode in calcium solutions prepared by dissolving calcitmi
carbonate in hydrochloric acid, neutralizing excess acid, and diluting wltfc distilled
water., The electrodes were calibrated using these solutions. Selectivity coefficients
were determined by additions of Mg, Ba, Hi, Za, and Pb ions. The results shoved that
electrode potential varied linearly with the log of calclun activity In the range of
0.1 to 0.00001 MCa{2 plus). The electrode was also sensitive below 0.00001 K. Both
the PVC/graphlte and Orion electrodes Mere useful In the pH range 5.5 to 10.5 at Ca
Ca(2 plus) concentrations as low as 0.0001 M. The PVC/graphlte electrode was less
sensitive to Ha than the Orion. Responses were similar Tor Ml and Zn, less f or Mg and
Ba with the PVC/graphlte electrode, and nore for Pb with the PVC/graphlte electrode.
DiDEX TERMS: Calcium, Calibrations, Design, Magnesium, Aqueous solutions, Hlctel,
Zinc, Lead, Ion selective electrodes, Chemical interference, Sensitivity, Barium.
AKDC-6900 ~*
"swan vHXJcneiKRS MQHITOH PBOCESS STREAMS", zacharias, E. M., jr., Pram, D. w.,
CheMlcal Engineering, Vol. do. Ho. 2, January 22, 1973, pp 101.108.
Sound veloctmsters hare been developed which can be used to accurately monitor
changes in density, specific gravity, bulk modulus, concentration of solutions, solids
content, and percent conversion of monomers to polymers in process streams. The
| Instruments employ an electro-acoustic amplifier, which acts as a transmitter and
| receiver, and a reflector to form a sonic path of fixed length. Transit tlae of the
i signal is a function of the path length, and the composition and termperature of the
liquid, By proper calibration of the equipment, It can be used for the aforementioned
determinations. By mmhlnlne two veloclmeters with the proper electronics, flow rates
can be determined. Results have shown that the equipment la accurate and versatile,
and provides repeatable results.
TOMS; Monitoring, Aqueous solutions, ttowaeters, now rates. Specific gravity,
Density, Suspended solids. Compressibility, Sound veloclmeters.
AMIC-6889
"IHFLUQICE OF pH OH THE RESJONSE Of A CYAHIDE IOB SELECTIVE KQffiRABE EtBCTHODE",
Masclni, M., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 45, Ho. 3, March 1973, pp 6ll«-6l5.
Cheaical reactions are given In contrast with those given previously to better
describe the effect of pH on the response of a cyanide ion-selective electrode
mesfcrane. Values of iodide and cyanide concentrations as a function of pH obtained
vlth the new equation show that the results from previous determinations agree only
above pH 9- It is concluded that the response of the cyanide electrode is affected
by undlssociated HCK which can generate I ions. The same considerations can be used
to explain the behavior of cyanide selective m&rene electrodes in the presence of a
metal Ion that binds CH (-) in strong or weak complexes.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion concentration. Iodides, Chemical reactions. Ion selective
electrodes. Cyanides, Accuracy.
AMIC-6935
"(I) OBSERVATIONS OF SMALL PHOTOCURRH1TS OH THE DBOFPIHG MEHCURT ELECTRODE AHD (II) A
STUDY OF THE ADSORPTIOH OF TRIFLUOROETKL SULFOHATE OH MEBCuraf", Kreuser, J. C.,
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., Dissertation Abstracts No. 72-3Jf,lfl2, 197a,
332 p. (Complete report not available from AMC.)
Part I of this thesis deals with the photoemission of electrons from mercury
In aqueous solutions. An Instrument was built to measure photocurrents, and
experimental results obtained with it are described. Mathematical methods used to
analyze the data are shown in detail. Threshold potentials E sub T obtained by
extrapolation of current-voltage curves do not shov the expected dependence on light
energy E sub L, I.e., d E sub T/d £ sub L is not equal to 1. several possible sources
of error have been investigated, but no satisfactory explanation has been found.
Part II deals with the specific adsorption of the trlfluoromethyl sulfonate (CF3S03(-) )
anion on the dropping mercury electrode, using a constant ionic strength approach.
Data were taken with the system described in Part I, and analyzed directly by computer.
Desults Indicated adsorption of CF3SO3(-) la similar to that of ClO^-) and NO3(-).
INDEX TERMSj Adsorption, Aqueous solutions, Electrochemistry, Photocurrents, Dropping
mercury electrode, Trifluoromethyl sulfonate.
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5. BSSTRUMGST DEVELOFMBRT
AMIC-70l*6
"THE PREPARATION AID ABALYTICAL EVALUATIOB Of A HEW HEISBOSEHEOUS MEMBRANE ELBCTRODE
FOR CADMIUM(II)", Masclnl, M., Llbertl, A., Analytics. ChlMlca Acta, Vol. 6>, to. 1,
March 1973, pp 63-70.
A new heterogeneous membrane electrode for cadmium Ion was prepared by
thermrmrml fling Mixtures of cadmium and silver sulfldes ana polyethylene, electrodes
were prepared with eight different salt preparations. Calibrations vere obtained with
pure cadBiuB nitrate solutions and with sodliai nitrate additions to the solutions.
Only electrodes prepared using Ag2S-CdS mixtures precipitated froai acidic solutions
with hydrogen oulfIde and heat treated exhibited Rerstlan behavior. This method of
preparation, therefore, was chosen. The electrodes prepared In this Banner responded
linearly down to 0.00001 M Ca(2 plus) and Indicated changes In concentrations down to
O.OOOO001 M. The effects of mixed solvents, pH variations, wO. Interference fro» Ag,
Kg, Cu, H, Pb, Zn, Co, 81, and Fe were also investigated. The electrode was shown to
be useful In both aqueous and nonaqueous solutions.
INDEX TERMS: Calibrations, Aqueous solutions, Hydrogen ion concentration, Cadmium,
Ion selective electrodes, Detection linits, Sensitivity, Chenlcal Interference.
AWC-712't
"THE ERROR III MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRCOE KLJE7ICS CAUSED BY HOHUBIFORM OBMC-POTEBTIAL
DflOP TO A DISK ELECTRODE", Tledeaann, W. H., Newman, J., Bemion, D. H., Journal of
the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 120, Ko. 2, February 1973, PP 256-257.
Prior studies have shown that nommiform ohnlc, potential drop with rotating
disk: electrodes will lead to errors in determining kinetic parameters unless special
corrections are applied. Linear electrode kinetics have been used to assess the
magnitude of the effect. The apparent surface overpotentlal Is taken to be that
Measured by a reference electrode with the ohmlc potential being determined by
Interruption of the current. Three reference electrode positions—edge, intemediate,
and far away—were used. The results show that serious errors in the measurement of
electrode kinetic parameters can result from an electrode which is characterised by a
nonunlform current distribution. The errors associated with nonunlfonn current
distribution are smallest when the reference electrode is located far from the disk.
However, decreasing the error la this Banner Increases the ohmic drop which oust be
compensated for by an interrupter technique. Under certain experimental conditions,
the compensated ohnlc potential can be as large as 90 percent of the total measured
overpotentlal, with a consequent decrease In the accuracy of the surface overpotentlal.
INDEX TGIMS: Electrochemistry, Disk electrodes, Errors, Electrode kinetics. Current
distribution.
AMIC-7054
"SELECTRQDE(TM)~THE UNIVERSAL IOH*SELBCTIVE ELECTRODE. PART IV. THE SOLID-STATE
CAnMIUM(Il) SELECT-RODE IN EDTA TITRATIONS AND CATMIUM BUFFERS", Ruzicka, J., Banaen,
B. H., Analytlca CAlalca Acta, Vol. 63, Ho. 1, January 1973, EP 115-129.
A aeries of cadmium buffers was prepared and used for calibration of a nswly
developed cadmium Selectrode activated with CdS/Ag2S. The electrode exhibits Bernstlan
response with a sensitivity close to the theoretical limit imposed by the conditional
solubility product of cadmium sulphide. I.e., the response la linear up to pCd 9 at pH
6.7 and up to pCd 11 at pH 9. It is suitable for direct measurements of cadmium Ion
activities as well as for direct complexiiietrlc tltrations of cadmium ions. Prolonged
storage or use In acid solutions below pH 3 Increases the standard potential value and
causes a gradual loss of sensitivity, owning to dissolution of cadmium sulphide. When
damaged, the Ion-sensitive surface can, however, be readily renewed as with any other
Selectrode.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Cadmium, Volumetric analysis. Evaluation, Storage,
Calibrations, Selectrode, Ion selective electrodes. Sensitivity, Conditioning.
AMIC-7129
"STANDARD POTENTIALS OF THE SILVER/SILVER-IODIDE ELECTRODE D» AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF
ETinfLEHE OLYCOL AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND THE THERMODYNAMICS OF TRANSFER OF
HXBROBEN HALIDES FROH MATER TO GLYCOLIC MEDIA", Kundu, K. K., Jana, D., Das, M. N.,
Electrochlmlca Acta, Vol. 33, Ho. 1, January 1973, PP 95-103.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-6759, fr/88.
57
The standard potentials (E) of the silver/silver-iodide electrode In aqueous
mixtures of ethylene glycol (containing ID, 30, 50, 70 and 90 vt-percent glycol) have
been determined from emf measurement of the cell
Pt,H2(g, 1 atm)/HOAc(ml),NaDAc(mS),Kl(m3),901vent/AgI/Ae at nine temperatures ranging
from 5 to Vj C. These E values have been utilized to compute free energy
(delta Q sub t), entropy (delta S sub t) and enthalpy (delta H sub t) changes
accompanying the transfer of HI from -water to each of the solvents. These values as
well as those for HC1 anl HBr obtained earlier have also been utilized to evaluate
delta S sub t(i) for Individual Ions by a method of 'simultaneous extrapolation1,
which in turn furnished the values of delta H sub t(l) for these ions. These
quantities and also the 'chemical' contributions for the hallde Ions as obtained by
subtracting the 'electrostatic* contribution computed with the Born equation, have
been examined In .the light of ion-solvent Interactions as well as the structural
changes of the solvents. The observed results conform with what is expected from the
competitive effects of the preferential solvatlng capacities of water towards hallde
ions and that of other solvents towards hydrogen ions, and also of the effects arising
from the structural changes of the solvents that are likely to occur in the over-all
transfer process.
IMbEX TEBMS: Thernodynamlc behavior, Zeta potential. Aqueous solutions. Mixtures,
Ethylene glycol, Ion selective electrodea, Silver/silver Iodide electrode.
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