EPA-R4-73-023H
October 1973
Environmental Monitoring Series
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 21
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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Ple'tse circulate to:
Ferria Benson
Dr. John Knelson
Dr. Anthony V. Colucci
NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Department, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verna Holoman, Abstractor.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article,
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther Garrett
Data and Information Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
404 M Street, S.W.
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 21
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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Ul
C3
NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 21 October, 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-23
Scope; Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 24-39
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas Chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biotnonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS page 4o'47
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 48
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and in.tr alaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 49-52
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-7956
"VARIATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUE LEVELS WITH AGE IN GULF OP ST. LAWRENCE HARP SEALS
(PAGOPHILU3 GROENLANDICUS)", Addlson, R. F., Kerr, S. R., Dale, J., Journal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 5, May 1973, PP 595-600.
Blubber samples from 16 harp seals taken near the Saguenay River In the Gulf
of St. Lawrence were analyzed for DDT metabolites, PCBs, and dleldrln. The
concentration of total DDT and metabolites (sigma DDT) ranged from 3.1 to 22.6 ppm,
PCBs (as Aroclor 125U) from 2 to 22 ppm, dieldrln from 0.1 to 0.3 ppm of blubber. Rank
correlation of residue level and age indicated that aignlfleant portions of the sigma
DDT and PCB variance could be assigned to Increased residue levels with age. Within
the sigma DDT group, DDE alone shoved a strong proportional increase in concentration
with age. Dieldrln concentration was not appreciably correlated with age. Among
factors other than age, changes in blubber thickness did not account for any significant
amount of the variance in blubber residue concentration. Examination of other published
data suggested that parturition and/or lactation may cause reductions in blubber
residue concentrations.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Pesticide residues, Polychlorinated
biphenyls, Age, Size, Chemical analysis, Variability, Harp seals, Electron
capture gas chromatography, Animal tissues. Metabolites, Bioaccumulatlon, Gulf of
St. Lawrence, Sample preparation, Data interpretation.
AKEC-8ll*5
"QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF AQUEOUS NITRITE/NITRATE SOLUTIONS BY INFRARED INTERBAL
REFLECTANCE SPECTROMETRY", Yang, R. T., Low, M. J. D., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5,
No. 12, October 1973, pp 201U-200S.
Infrared spectra of aqueous N02(-) and N03(-) solution; and of binary
mixtures, were recorded using Internal reflection techniques and a Fourier transform
spectrometer. N02(-) could be detected at a concentration of 0.02 M, and N03(-) at
0.001 M. However, N03(-) also became adsorbed on the Ge prism. After making
corrections for K03(-) adsorption and for overlapping of N02(-) and N03(-) bands, it
was possible to analyze binary mixtures with concentrations as low as (NO3(-)) equals
0.03 M and (N02(-)) equals 0.05 M. By adjusting the optics so that the usually totally
absorbing water stretching band had a transmittance of about 50 percent, it was
possible to observe N-H and C-H stretching bands of solutes. Dissolved materials cause
the water structure and consequently the water absorption to change, causing distortions
of the background of ratloed spectra of aqueous solutions. These distortions may
Influence qualitative and quantitative observations. (Reprinted from Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 201U-2018. Copyright 1973 by the American
Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions. Nitrates, Nitrites, Chemical analysis, Methodology,
euantltatlve analysis, Infrared Internal reflection spectrometry, Mixtures,
Infrared spectra, Chemical concentration, Detection limit.
AKIC-8266
"BTHYLENBTHIOUREA DEGRADATION", Crulckshank, A., Jarrow, H. C., Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 3, May/June 1973, PP 333-335.
A laboratory study was conducted on the photolytlc and hydrolytic degradation
of ethylenethiourea (ETU), an ethyleneblsdithiocarbamate fungicide. Photolysis vas
studied on a solid substrate (silica gel) and in aqueous solution; hydrolysis was
studied over a pH range of 5.0-9.0. Ultraviolet Irradiation (above 285 nm) of
ethylenethiourea (ETU) on silica gel gave 2-imldazolidone as the major identifiable
product. Several other products were formed, of which only bis(imidazolin-2-yl)
sulfide has been Identified. The 2-imidazolidone does not appear to undergo further
degradation under these conditions. Decongxjsition of ETU is rapid, particularly in the
presence of photosensltizers. Aqueous solutions of ETU undergo a very slow photolysis,
which is markedly accelerated by sensitizers. ETU is stable to hydrolysis over the pH
range 5.0 to 9.0 at 90 C.
INDEX TERMS: Degradation (decomposition), Hydrolysis, Environmental effects,
Ultraviolet radiation, Fungicides, Thiocarbamate pesticides, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification, Methodology,
Photolysis, Ethylenethiourea, Fate of pollutants, Degradation products, Silica
gel, Photodecomposition.
AHIC-8U28
"MINERAL POLLUTION IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN", Blackman, W. C., Jr., Rouse, J. V.,
Schlllinger, G. R., Shafer, W. H., Jr., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 1*5, No. 7, July 1973, PP 1517-1557-
Concentrations of total dissolved solids (salinity) in Colorado River basin
streams are identified as a major problem for lower basin water users. Salinity
concentrations in unregulated streams of the basin comprise two distinct populations
that are grouped into base flow months and runoff months. Statistically significant
increases in salinity have occurred with Increasing water use, and in downstream
progression. Upper basin salt load contributions are: runoff, 52 percent; Irrigated
agriculture, 37 percent; natural point sources and flowing wells, 9 percent; and
municipal and industrial, 7 percent. Lower basin contributors are: upper basin
Inflow, 72 percent; natural point sources, 15 percent; Irrigated agriculture, 9 percent;
runoff, 4 percent; and municipal and Industrial, less than 1 percent. Salt yields
from irrigated lands range from near 0 to 8.5 tons/yr/acre (3,230 kg/yr/ha). Greatest
yields are from Irrigation of and runoff from lands underlain by Mancos shale and
Tertiary lake beds. Headwater areas yield predominantly calcium bicarbonate waters.
Saline sediments in lower valleys cause waters to become predominantly high in sodium
calcium sulfate ions.
INDEX TERMS: Colorado River Basin, Dissolved solids, Mineralogy, Water pollution,
Natural streams, Salinity, Water pollution sources, Irrigation, Water utilisation,
Natural use. Seepage, On-site investigations, Runoff, Salt loading, Data
interpretation.
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AMIC-8U55
"LATERAL DIFFUSION INTERFERENCES IN FLAME ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND EMISSION SPECTROMETHY",
West, A. C., Fassel, V. A., Knlseley, R. N., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 9,
August 1973, PP 1586-1591*.
Reported are results of detailed studies on the effect of concomitants on
Al, Mo, and V absorption and emission signals In nitrous oxide-acetylene flames
supported on linear slot burners. Extensive unequivocal experimental evidence is
j presented to shov that the horizontal distribution of the analyte free atoms across a
j linear slot turner flame may be markedly affected by the presence of concomitants. The
j effect of these concomitants, classified as a lateral diffusion interference, is to
increase the concentration of analyte free atoms along the linear center of the flame
and to decrease their concentration at the edges. This study of Al, Mo, and V confirms
the existence of such enhancements and attributes them predominantly to changes in the
horizontal distribution of analyte free atoms or molecules across the flame profile.
This redistribution w&s first observed by Kolrtyohann and Pickett in 1968. Because
the elements studies form stable monoxides, oxide formation at the edges of the flame
due to entrained «
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AJCC-8532
"PREVENTION OF SELENIUM INTERFERENCE WITH MEASUREMENT OF PHOSPHATE A3 ITS MOLYBDENUM
(V-VI) COMPLEX", Milham, P. J., Short, Colin C., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 1*, July 1973, PP
Selenium used as a catalyst In KJeldahl digests of plant samples was found to
Interfere with an automated molybdenum blue technique for determination of phosphate.
Interference was prevented by formation of aelenocyanate In the presence of excess
cyanide. No modification of the apparatus was required and the rate of analysis was
unchanged from !«O samples/hr. Reproduclbility of the modified technique uas good and
results were not significantly different (P equals 0.01) from those obtained by a
manual molybdovanadate procedure.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Plant tissues. Measurement, Chemical analysis, Chemical
degradation, Catalysts, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Selenium,
Chemical interference, Phosphomolybdates, Complexation, Reproducibllity,
Selenocyanates, Sample preparation.
AMIC-8533
"IMFRARED STUDIES OF CHLORIHATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS AND STRUCTURALLY RELATED
COMPOUNDS", Chen, J.-T. T., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
Vol. 56, Mo. U, July 1973, pp 962-975.
Reference infrared spectra of 2k chlorinated dibenzo-p-dloxins (DPD) and
structurally related compounds are presented. These reference spectra are recorded
using micro quantities of synthesized compounds in order to obtain spectra like those
expected from chlorinated DPD residue Isolates. The observed characteristic frequencies
are tabulated in correlation tables. Their significance is Interpreted in terms of the
substltuents and electronic effects. The positions of various absorption bands depend
on the total number and positions of the chlorine substltuents. The positions of the
absorption bands Indicate relative bond strengths.
INDEX TEIWS: Pollutant identification, Pollutants, Organic compounds, Chlorinated
hydrocarbons, Infrared spectra. Infrared spectrophotometry, Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxlns
Chlorodlbenzodloxins, Characterization.
AMIC-8571
"EPA COMPENDIUM OF REGISTERED PESTICIDES. VOLUME IV. flODENTICIDES AND MAhMAL,
BIRD AND FISH TOXICANTS", Pesticides Regulation Division, U. 3. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA Report, August 1, 1972, 129 PP.
This compendium of pesticides registered by EPA's Pesticides Regulation
Division covers rodenticides, and mammal, bird and fish toxicants. Information for each
pesticide is presented in three units: properties sheets, representative labels, and
patterns of use. The properties sheet contains various names for the specific pesticide
chemical, the structural and empirical formulas, and pertinent chemical and physical
properties of the pesticide. Representative labels are provided for the principal types
of formulations registered, e.g., emulslfiable concentrates, wettable powders, and
dusts. The patterns of use for each pesticide are organized In a columnar fashion to
expedite regulatory needs, assist In the preparation of new labeling, and to determine
the uses found on labels of currently registered products.
INDEX TERMS: Rodenticides, Piscicldes, Avicides, Fish control agents, Mammalian
repellents, Carbamate pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Urea
pesticides, Arsenicals (pesticides), Pyridine pesticides, Organophosphorus
pesticides, Salts, Larvicides, Phenolic pesticides, Repellents, Formulation,
Fumigants, Compendium, MTUffl toxicants, Maranal control agents.
AMIC-8580
"PATHWAYS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN ARCTIC LAKE ECOSYSTEMS", Barsdate, R. J., University of
Alaska, Institute of Marine Science, College, Alaska, Report No. RLO-2229-T2-1, Contract
No. AT( U5-1)-2229 No. 2, 1972, 87 pp.
The primary emphasis of this report Is the interactions between planktonic
algae and trace metals (principally zinc) In solution as related to lake ecosystems in
the Arctic. Distinctions were made, where possible, between pathways and effects of
metals in simple ionic forms and those bound to naturally occurring organic ligands.
The results from studies of tundra pond vaters indicate that Increases in metal
concentrations may be responsible for the absence of fall phytoplankton blooms and a
dramatic shift in phytoplankton population from Rhodomonas mlnuta to Chrysophyta. In
lakes with high natural concentrations of humic complexlng agents there was a pronounced
suppression of phytoplankton production by the addition of trace metals. This suggested
that such complexed metals are available physiologically to phytoplankton. The shallow
marine or estuarine lagoons bordering the Bering Sea have vast eelgrass meadows which are
responsible for exporting substantial quantities of dissolved C, N, P, Cu, and silica;
Pb is also removed but in smaller quantities. The somewhat detailed study of zinc
showed that in organic-rich lakes, a large fraction of the total Zn is In the form of
dissolved complexes or colloidal complexes, and a smaller fraction is in simple
inorganic forms. Precision in the determination of complexed zinc is considered to be
extremely Important.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Phytoplankton, Tundra, Ponds, Lakes, Ecosystems, Path of
pollutants, Water pollution effects, Humic acids, Phytotoxicity, Phosphorus cycle,
Metals complexes, Natural organics, Chemical composition, Bloaccumulation.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8600
"SEASONAL VARIATION OF CHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN ALASKAN TUMDRA LAKES", Howard, H. H.,
Prescott, G. W., American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 90, No. 1, July 1973, PP 15^16^.
Chemical parameters were monitored for 20 months In two shallow lakes near
Barrow, Alaska. After formation of an ice cover, all parameters, except dissolved
oxygen and pH, Increased to a nunrimi at time of Tr"**1"""" Ice depth. The pH values were
essentially the Inverse of other parameters after an Ice cover was formed. Dissolved
i oxygen increased to supersaturation values In January and then gradually decreased
until photo synthetic rates became significant. The lakes did not become anaerobic
j at any tine. During and immediately after thawing, dissolved oxygen was near
saturation and all other solutes (except pH) fell to minimum values. After this
low point, concentrations began to increase toward another imnrlmnm in the following
year. Solutes may be concentrated up to about 30 times by the thick ice cover. Ratios
of solutes deviated widely from mean world values, probably because of the close
proximity of the lakes to the ocean. Imlkpuk, nearer to the ocean, had most ratios
closer to ocean values. Seasonally, except at the time of the thaw, ratios were
essentially constant except for C1/HC03. C1/HC03 decreased after ice formation and
until photosynthetic rates became significant. During ice melt, ratios differed from
valuea at other times, possibly because of differential occlusion of solutes in ice.
INDEX TERMS: Tundra, Mater chemistry, Alaska, Water sampling, Chemical analysis,
Duperaaturatlon, Imikpuk Lake, Ikroavlk Lake, Seasonal variation.
AMIC-8686
"FLUCTUATIONS IN NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS UTILIZED AS AN ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURAL
CONTAMINATION TO AN AQUIFER OF A SEMIARID CLIMATIC REGION", Taylor, R. G., Bigbee, P.
D., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 8, August 1973, pp 1155-Uol.
Aquifer water has become contaminated In regions that have been developed
for agriculture. Nitrate contamination has been shown to be permeable to the aquifer
and harmful to human health. An assessment of agricultural practices and their roles
in contamination of aquifers has been undertaken with difficulty In the past.
Nitrate concentrations have been utilized In this study to demonstrate their
applicability to examining agriculture practices which contaminate aquifer water.
Areas treated with nitrogenous fertilizers and subsequently Irrigated were found to
contain aquifer fluctuations in nitrate content directly in proportion to irrigation
seasons. Agricultural Industries with high animal densities per land area, and high
water consumption for maintenance, were found to have high, but non-fluctuating,
nitrate concentrations. Areas with high animal density per land area with low water
usage for maintenance; areas with low ariimBi density per land area; and agricultural
practices for which little or no nitrogenous fertilizers were used demonstrated low
aquifer nitrate concentrations regardless of water usage.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Agricultural runoff, Irrigation practices, Aquifers, Water
pollution sources, Semlarld climates, Fluctuations, Assessments, Irrigation,
Water pollution, Fertilizers, Water sampling. Arid lands. Nutrients, Water
sampling, Chemical concentration, Seasonal variation.
AKEC-8708
"ORGANOCHLORINE RESIDUES IS HARP SEALS (PAGOPHILU3 GROENLANDICUS) CAUGHT Df EASTERN
CANADIAN WATERS", Frank, R., Ronald, K., Braun, H. S.t Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 8, August 1973, pp KJ53-1O63.
From 1969 to 1971, 78 harp seals (Pagophllus groenlandlcus), ranging in age
from newborn to 18 years were obtained from the Gulf of 3t. Lawrence and the
Newfoundland and Labrador coasts (Front). A further 12 seals captured in the Gulf died
(in captivity) after being held for various periods of time. Total DDT and metabolites
(slgma DDT) In the blubber of wild beaters and bedlamers from the Gulf were greater than
2 ppm, from the Front less than 2 ppm. DDT levels increased to 8.7 ppm as the animals
matured, and in females levelled off at 6.5 ppm when the breeding age was reached.
Dieldrin levels were only 5 percent of those for sigma DDT, and did not accumulate
appreciably in either wild or captive seals. PCB residues were only slightly less than
sigma DDT and showed a similar Increase with the age of the seal. Residues in tissues
of captive seals were as much as eight times higher than in nature, indicating either
that natural diets contain lower residues than the selected, often monospecific diet, or
differing rates of assimilation of organochlorines in wild and captive animals. The
differences between levels in wild seals from the Gulf and Front may offer evidence for
subpopulatlon groups in the harp seals of the North West Atlantic. In seals examined
brain lipids contained between 7 and 20 percent of concentrations of all three
chlorinated hydrocarbons found in the extractlble fat of blubber, muscle, and liver,
Indicating a brain barrier.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Pollutant identification, Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, Polychlorinated biphenyls. Harp seals, Metabolities, Animal tissues.
AMIC-8723
"SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF METAL 1,1O-PHENANTHROLINE COMPLEXES AND CONCENTRATION OF TRACE
AMOUNTS OF METAL IONS PRIOR TO SPECTROFHCTCMETRIC OR FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION",
Schilt, A. A., Abraham, R. L., Martin, J. E., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 11,
September 1973, pp ]8o8-lBll.
The use of 1,10-phenanthrollne as an extraction reagent to facilitate
separation and concentration of metal ions prior to their determination has been
Investigated. Various solvents, anlons, and solution conditions were evaluated to
discover optimum conditions and procedures for quantitative extractions. Distribution
ratios, extraction efficiencies, and identities of extracted complexes were determined
for a number of selected metal Ions. The effectiveness of 1,10-phenanthroline as an
extraction reagent was demonstrated by its application to determine trace amounts of
zinc and iron In water. Nitrobenzene was not only effective as an extraction solvent
but also suitable as an aspiration solvent for flame spectrometry. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 11, September 1973, pp 1808-1811. Copyright 1973
by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Ions, Separation techniques, Pollutant Identification, Aqueous solutions,
Metals, Solvent extractions, Spectrophotometry, Flame photometry, Zinc, Iron,
1 10-Phenanthroline, Preconcentration, Metal complexes, Nitrobenzene, Trace levels,
Organic solvents. Extraction efficiency, Sample preparation.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MSTHOD3
AMIC-8726
"SIMPLE DIRECT COMBINATION OF GAS CHROMATCGRAFHY AMD VAPOR PHASE IKFRARED SPBCTROMETRY" ,
Crooks, J. E., Gerrard, D. L., Maddams, W. F., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 11,
September 1973, PP 1B23-1627.
A combined gas chromatography/Infrared spectrometry system Is described
vhich Is based, as far as possible, on the equipment to be found in a smaller
spectrometry laboratory, for use by staff who do not specialize In infrared spectrometry.
j The components of a sample are separated by gas chromatography and are passed
j separately into a heated multireflection gas cell. A spectrum is obtained for each
I component, using conventional scanning conditions, and while the spectrophotometer is
running, the flow of carrier gas through the column is stopped. When the spectrum of a
particular component has been obtained, the carrier gas flow is resumed and the next
component passes into the cell. Spectra may be obtained for as many as five components
in one sample without seriously Impairing the column resolution. Useful spectra are
obtained from 100-microgram quantities of most organic compounds which, for a total
j sample size of 10 microliters, permits examination of components down to the 1 percent
level. The system is readily assembled and the constituent gas chromatograph and
infrared spectrometer may be used for other analytical work.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Laboratory equipment, Analytical techniques, Organic
compounds. Instrumentation, Methodology, Research equipment, Chemical analysis,
Spectrometers, Pollutant identification, Vapor phase infrared spectrometry,
Performance evaluation, Infrared spectra, Sensitivity, Hydrocarbons.
AMIC-671^
"DETERMINATION OF LOW CONCENTRATIONS OF COBALT IN PLANT MATERIAL BT ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPBCTROPHOTOMETRT", Simmons, W. J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1»5, Mo. 11, September
1973, PP 19^7-19^.
An atomic absorption procedure is described which is an alternative to the
AA method of Jago et al. (1971) for determining low concentrations of Co in plant
material. This method has the same sensitivity but utilizes a different complexing
agent (2-nitroso-l-naphthol), pH (6.0-6.U), and final solvent (MIBKJ for the extraction
and concentration of Co. When Co-57 was added to four 5-g samples of lucerne prior to
digestion, recoveries of activity in the MIBK solution were quite satisfactory. The
mean recovery was 98.8 percent with a standard deviation of 0.8 percent. The effect of
relatively high concentrations of eight of the most common of these elements on the
determination of added Co was examined. None of the salts added Interfered seriously
with the recovery of added Co. Sample weight had no effect on the Co concentration of
any of the plant materials analyzed indicating that the method is free of constant
bias. The problem of nebulizer blockage encountered with another procedure was
prevented by the removal of excess 2-nitroso-l-naphthol with NaOH. Over 1000 samples
have been analyzed using the proposed procedure and not once has the nebulizer blocked.
The method is superior to the colorlmetric procedure because small sample weights can
be used. For Co concentrations as low as 0.08 mlcrogram/g, sample weights of as little
as 2 have satisfactory precision and accuracy. At even lower Co concentrations, 5-g
samples give adequate precision and accuracy.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Plant tissues, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis,
Methodology, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical interference.
AMIC-8750
"PRBCOLUMN IHLET SYSTEM FOR THE GAS CHHOMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF TRACE QUANTITIES Of
SHORT-CHAIN ALIPHATIC AMINES", Andre, C. E., Mosier, A. R., Analytical Chemistry,
Vol. 1*5, No. 11, September 1973, PP 1971-1973.
A gas chromatographic system is described that is capable of analyzing
aqueous solutions of salts of short-chain aliphatic amines. A standard GC inlet
modified with the Ascarite precolumn described provides the reproduclbility,
sensitivity, and convenience necessary for routine analyses. Because the Teflon
reactor tube Is easy to inspect and because it is not part of the column, routine
replacement Involves no more work than changing 6 septum. The analytical procedure
which utilized ft gas chromatograph equipped with a dual flame ionization detector is
similar to that used for the analysis of any liquid sample. To ensure reproducibility,
the precolumn inlet tubes were changed after 75 to 100 five-microllter injections.
Quantitative information was obtained using peak height. Reproduclbility of the system
was determined using 5 and 50 ppm monomethylamine and 20 ppm isopropylamine. The
relative standard deviations were respectively 3-39, 1-97, and 3-39 percent. Linearity
in the 5-50 ppm working range was confirmed by a linear regression coefficient
significant at the 0.1 percent level.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Aqueous solutions,
Pollutant identification, Organic compounds, Nitrogen compounds, Aliphatic amines.
Trace levels, Linearity, Reproducibllity, Sensitivity.
AMIC-8771*
"A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE VARIABLES INVOLVED IN THE REVERSE-PHASE THIN-LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY OF OXYETHYLATED ALKYL 3ULFAT2 SURFACTANTS", Breyer, A. C., Fischl, M.,
Seltzer, E. J., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 82, No. 1, July 18, 1973, PP 37-52.
Reverse-phase thin-layer chromatography was used to separate a homologous
series of oxyethylated alkyl sulfate surfactants derivable from waste animal fats.
The separations were designed on the basis of a systematic study of the variation in the
R sub F values and spot shapes and areas of the anionic surfactants with the major
variables of the chromatographic system. The best separations were obtained with
conmercially available glass plates covered with a 250-microgram layer of Alumina H,
Alumina G or Silica Gel G impregnated with a 3-5 percent (v/v) solution of n-dodecanol
ethanol, at 15-30 degrees using tanks pre-equilibrated and developed with a
3:2 (v/v) methanol-ammonia solution solvent system. The use of pinacryptol yellow
(0.05 percent w/v in water) together with an ultraviolet viewing chamber was found to
be the most satisfactory spot detection procedure. Sample sizes of 0.1-10 micrograms in
0.5-2.0 micrograms of solution uere applied with a Hamilton syringe or capillary
micropipets 2 cm above the base of the plate. A 100-ml volume of solvent was added
to the tanks and the solvent was permitted to run a distance of 15 cm from the spotting
line. The present study lays the foundation for effecting excellent separations of
other homologous series of anionic surfactants.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Temperature, Humidity,
Methodology, Anionic surfactants. Reverse phase thin layer chromatography,
Oxyethylated alkyl sulfates, Chromogenic reagents, Organic solvents. Adsorbents.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8812
"A PROCEDURE FDR THE ESTIMATION OF MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF TRITON X-100", Oarewal,
H. 3., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 5U, No. 2, August 1973> PP 319-32U.
A spectrophotometrlc procedure Is reported for the assay of microgram amounts
of the nonlonic detergent Triton X-100. The method is based on the reaction of
ammonium cobaltothiocyanate with the poly (ethylene oxide) groups of Triton X-100 to
form a blue precipitate. The latter Is extracted Into ethylene dlchloride and assayed
i spectrophotometrically. Capable of assaying as little as 140 mierograms of Triton
X-1OO, the procedure is applicable in the presence of proteins provided a small easily
determined correction is applied. High ionic strength (up to 2 M NaCl tested) did not
interfere with the method.
INDKX TERNS: Methodology, Estimating, Spectrophotometry, Pollutant identification,
Chemical analysis, Color reactions, Assay, Proteins, Ions, Trace levels, Bonlonlc
detergents, Triton X-100, Nonlonic surfactants, Chemical interferences,
Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol.
AMIC-8831
'SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE, COPPER, ARSENIC, CADMIUM, ANTIMONY AND
MERCURY I» GLACIAL ICE BT RADIOACTIVATION", Weiss, H. V., Bertlne, K. K., Analytica
Chimica Acta, Vol. 65, No. 2, July 1973, PP 253-259.
A method was developed to measure simultaneously the concentration of the
elements manganese, copper, arsenic, cadmium, antimony, and mercury in glacial ice.
Sauries and comparators were irradiated for 60 min in a thermal flux of 1.8 billion
n/sq cm/a. The six elements were separated from the Irradiated samples sequentially;
mercury, arsenic, and cadmium received additional radiochemical purification. The
gamma-rays of the Mn-56, Cu-&», As-76, Sb-122, and Hg-197 and the beta rays of the
:d-115-In-115 ware measured. All the elements were detectable at the subnanogram level.
Comparison of the detection limits with the concentration of elements in the samples
indicated that, even with the moderate neutron flux available and for ice from a
relatively uncontaminated environment, the methods used were sensitive enough for
adequate characterization.
INDEX TEHMS: Heutron activation analysis, Heavy metals, Chemical analysis. Radioactivity
techniques, Pollutant identification, Glacial ice, Sample preparation,
Multielemental analysis.
AMIC-8833
"A HEUTROB ACTIVATION PROCEDURE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED SILVER IN SEA
WATER", Kawabuchl, K., Rlley, J. P., Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 65, No. 2,
July 1973, PP 271-277.
A neutron activation procedure has been developed for the determination of
silver in seawater. Silver was preconcentrated by an anlon exchange procedure using
a 6 cm x 0.8 cm diameter column of Deacidite FT-IP (chloride form, 52-100 mesh) ion
exchanger, at a flow rate of 2-3 ml/"*"- Elution of the silver from the exchanger
column was accomplished with 0.1* M thiourea at 100 degrees. The eluate was evaporated
to dryness In a silica basin and the residue transferred to a silica irradiation tube.
The tube was heated at 200 degrees until a solid sticky residue was obtained, and
ashing was then completed at 500 degrees, thus removing thiourea. The tube was sealed
and irradiated for 21* h with thermal neutrons. Silver-llOm was separated from other
induced radionuclides in the irradiated concentrate using a conventional radiochemical
technique. The precision of the procedure was tested by carrying out replicate
analyses on two composite samples of seawater from the Irish Sea. These gave average
silver concentrations of UO and 26 ng/1 with coefficients of variation of plus or minus
10 and plus or minus 27 percent respectively. These waters were analyzed after spiking
with 20O and UOO ng Ag/1 respectively; silver recoveries of 10O percent and 102
percent were achieved. The chemical yields of the radiochemical separations were in
the range 6O-70 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis. Sea water. Neutron activation analysis, Pollutant
Identification, Chemical analysis, Methodology, Separation techniques, Anion
exchange, Radioisotopes, Preconcentration, Silver, Ion exchange resins, Precision.
AMC-8835
"THE DETERMINATION OF LEAD AND NICKEL BY ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMSTRY WITH A
FLAMELESS WIRE LOOP ATOMISER", Chauvin, J. V., Newton, M. P., Davis, D. G., Analytica
Chimica Acta, Vol. 65, No. 2, July 1973, PP 291-302.
In an extension of studies of flame less atomizers for atomic-absorption
spectrometry, an electrically heated tungsten-rhenium alloy wire loop was examined.
Reduction of metallic salts to ground-state metal atoms was accomplished with the high
temperature produced by the loop. Experimental parameters such as wavelength, slit
width, atomizatlon temperature and sheathing gas flow rate were optimized. Aqueous
solutions of lead and nickel were analyzed by this method using 2-microllter aliquots.
Nickel was investigated as a representative less volatile metal. Absolute detection
limits of 66 and 12 ng, and absolute sensitivities of 70 and 800 ng of lead, were
established for unenclosed and enclosed cells, respectively. An absolute detection
limit of 1.6 ng and an absolute sensitivity of 90 ng of nickel were obtained.
Interference studies of lead using 20 cations and 16 anlons showed that no straight-
forward correlation could be found between interference and any one physical property
considered. Solubility problems had some effect on the anion studies especially with
phosphate, sulfate, hydrogencarbonate, and acetate. Foreign cations generally enchanced
the lead absorption by retarding its vaporization, allowing the slow detection system
to respond more efficiently.
INDEX TBRMS: Lead, Nickel, Pollutant identification. Methodology, Aqueous solutions,
Optimization, Anions, Cations, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Flameless wire
loop atomizer, Ionic interference, Sample size, Sensitivity, Detection limits,
Chemical interference, Chemical analysis.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8839
"EXTRACTION-PHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF URANIUM(IV) WITH CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO-III",
Yamamoto, T., Analytical Chlmlca Acta, Vol. 65, No. 2, July 1973, pp 329-33U.
t, sensitive spectrophotoroetrlc method has been developed for the determination
of uranium. The uranium(IV)-chlorophosphonazo-III complex is extracted Into
3-raethyl-l-butanol from 1.5-3.0 M hydrochloric acid solution. Maximal absorbanoe occurs
at 673 nm and Beer's lav is obeyed over the range of 0-15 mlcrograms per 10 ml of the
organic phase. The molar absorptivity is 121,000 1/mole/cm. Uranium can be determined
in the presence of fluoride, sulfate and phosphate. Nitrate ion and elements (chromium,
copper, iron) which affect the reduction of uranlum(IV) or stability of uranium(IV)
interfered. The absorbance of the uranium(IV)-chlorophosphonazo-III complex in the
organic phase did not change for at least 2 h at room temperature. The relative
standard deviation was plus or minus 2.2 percent for 10 determinations of 10 micrograms
of uranium.
IHDiiX TdrMJ: .Solvent extractions, Pollutant Identification, Spectrophotometry,
Methodology, Chemical analysis, Separation techniques. Heavy metals. Chemical
reactions, Cations, Anions, Alkaline earth metals, Uranium, Metal complexes,
Chlorophosphanzo-III, Molar absorptivity, Chemical interference, Absorption
spectra, Precision, Hare earth elements.
AMIC-881*!
"EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF GRAN PLOTS BY MEANS OF COMPUTER CALCULATIONS.
APPLICATION TC THE POTENTIOMETRIC TITHATION OF THE TOTAL ALKALINITY AND CARBONATE
IONTENT IK 3Eri WATER", Hansson, I., Jagner, D., Analytica Chimlea Aeta, Vol. 65,
No. 2, July 1973, PP 363-373.
The use of computer calculations is demonstrated for the determination of the
systematic errors associated with Gran plots. The results of such calculations are
used to derive 'modified' Gran plots capable of locating the equivalence point both
more accurately and more precisely. The general principles are exemplified by
application to the determination of the total alkalinity and carbonate content in
seavater by means of potentiometric tltration.
INDEX TERMS: Evaluation, Computers, Volumetric analysis, Sea water, Alkalinity,
Carbonates, Mathematical studies, Water chemistry. Water quality. Equations,
Gran plots, Data interpretation, Accuracy, Potentiometric tltration. Stability
constants. Errors.
AMIC-8850
"SEPARATION OF POLYPHOSPHATE3 BY PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH A NEW SOLVENT",
Woodls, T. C., Jr., Trlmm, J. R., Duncan, R. D., Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol.
65, No. 2, July 1973, PP 469-U73-
Study of the effect of solvent pH on chromatographic separation of
polyphosphates led to development of a new solvent with a pH of k. The solvent consists
of 50 g of monochloroacetic acid, 250 ml of isopropanol, 350 ml of acetone, 300 ml
of water, 100 ml of 25 percent EDTA solution, and 15 ml of concentrated ammonia
liquor. The solvent did not give a blue front on chromatograms of sodium
tripolyphosphate and hexammonium tetrapolyphosphate as did rebel's solvent. In addition
R sub F values were higher and more conveniently distributed. The nev solvent has
proved to be superior to Ebel's solvent islnce more species can be determined,
hydrolysis is significantly reduced, and separations can be carried out on thinner
paper and at room temperature,
INDEX TERMS: Solvents, Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Phosphates,
Paper chromatography.
AMIC-8919
"Clfl-ISOPRENOID KETONE IN RECENT MARINE SEDIMENT", Ikan, R., Baedecker, M. J., Kaplan,
I. R., Nature, Vol. 2W, No. 5^12, July 20, 1973, pp 15U-155.
A Cl8-isoprenoid ketone (6,10,l|4-trimethylpentadecan-2-one) has been Isolated
from Tanner Basin, Southern California continental shelf. Jamples of sediments were
sealed in glass bombs and exposed to temperatures from 60 to 150 C for 7, 30, and 60
days. The sediment was then extracted vlth benzene-methanol and chromatographed on a
silicic acid column. This compound was found in both heat-treated and untreated
sediment from which it was extracted with the fatty acid fraction which had been
converted to methyl esters, and was separated with the other branched components by the
urea adduction method. A mass spectrum was obtained using a gas chromatograph coupled
with a CEC-21-1*91 mass spectrometer. The identity of the ketone was further
substantiated by in situ formation of a yellow 2,U-dinitrophenyLhydrazone on thin-layer
plates. The measured R sub F value of 0.66 was the same as for the Cl8-lsoprenoid
ketone that was synthesized. The maximum ketone yield was obtained by heating the
sediment sanple at 150 C for one month.
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Pollution identification,
Natural organics, Ketones, Isoprenoids, Marine environment, Tanner Basin, Sample
preparation, 6 ID lU-Trlmethylpentadecan-2-one.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
"APPLICATION OF INFRARED FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECPROSCOPY TO ANALYSIS OF MICRO
SAMPLES", King, S. S., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21,
Ho. U, July/August 1973, PP 526-53oT
A Fourier transform mid-Infrared spectrometer equipped with 6x beam
condenser has been used to record Infrared spectra of samples in submlcrogram
quantities. Emphasis was placed on a study of micro sampling techniques. Several
techniques were tried to transfer micro quantities of samples from dilute solution to
KBR substrate. The most efficient method found was to transfer a fev mlcroliters of
the solution onto 0.1-O.U mg of KBr powder by using a 10-microliter mlcrosyrlnge. The
solvent was evaporated slowly on the KBr powder, which was attached to the end of the
syringe needle. The KBr powder was then pressed into a 0.5-mm diameter disk. Ir
spectra of solutions were obtained by placing the samples In a special 1-mm path
mlcrocavlty cell. All spectra recorded In this study were obtained at a resolution of
U/cm. By improving the sample handling techniques and by utilizing the advantages of
the ft-ir spectrometer, it was found that the analysis of submicrogram quantities of
samples by this method is practical. This setup Is ideal for the identification of
small particles which can be as small as 0.05 art in diameter. If the sample is in
dilute solution, it Is possible to obtain a usable infrared spectrum of 0.05-microgram
samples.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Organic compounds, Sampling,
Methodology, Microanalysis, Infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, Micro
sampling techniques, Trace levels, Infrared spectra.
AMIC-&9U7
"THERMAL AND BASE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS OF THE SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE, BENOMIL",
White, E. R., Bose, E. A., Ogawa, J. M., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Vol. 21, No. k, July/August 1973, PP 6l6-oTin
The chemical fate of benomyl (methyl l-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimldazole-
carbamate) fungicide In practical use situations was investigated. Conversion products
were isolated, purified, and subsequently subjected to a number of spectroscopic
techniques appropriate for structural characterization. Synthesis routes for obtaining
otherwise unavailable reference standards of hydrolysis products are described and a
degradative pathway of benomyl to these conversion products is proposed.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrolysis, Chemical degradation, Spectroscopy, Carbamate pesticides,
Pollutant identification. Synthesis, Methodology, Solubility, Degradation products,
Benomyl, Methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate, Spectral analysis, 123 U-Tetrahydro-
3-butyl-2 U-dioxo-s-trlazlno(a)benzimidazole, l-(2-Benzimidazolyl)-3-n-butyl urea,
Fate of pollutants, Chemical structure.
AfflC-8950
"KECRODETERMINATION OF CHLORO-S-TRIAZINES IN SOIL BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
WITH NICKEL ELECTRON CAPTURE OR ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY DETECTION", Young, H. Y.,
Chu, A., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. k, July/August
1973, PP 711-713.
The method applied to the determination of chloro-s-triazine (simazine,
atrazine, and propazine) residues in soil involves extraction with a mixture of ethyl
acetate and methanol and analysis by gas-liquid chromatography with nickel electron
capture or electrolytic conductivity detection. Cleanup is necessary for the former
but not the latter detector. Sensitivity is placed at 1 ng in the injected sample and
the least determinable concentration at 0.1 ppm of soil. The recovery values of
chloro-s-trlezines added to two Hawaiian soils vere 8U-112 percent using the EC detector
and 88-110 percent using the CD detector. The application of this method to the
analysis of water and river and ocean sediments is being tested.
INDEX TERMS: Triazine pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pollutant
Identification, Soil analysis, Herbicides, Chemical analysis, Methodology,
Pesticide residues, Atrazine, Propazine, Simazine, Electron capture gas chromato-
graphy, Electrolytic conductivity gas chromatography, Chemical recovery.
AMIC-8999
"ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES", Thompson,
J. F., U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Primate and Pesticides Effects
Laboratory, Perrine, Florida, Manual of Analytical Methods, Revised November, 1972,
296 pp.
This manual of analytical methodology has been compiled for use by EPA
Laboratories conducting analyses for pesticides in various segments of the
environment and by the laboratories under contract with EPA to conduct community
studies and the monitoring of pesticides in people. The recomnended methods collected
in this volume include those which were presented at the Second Community Studies
Chemists' Meeting, Tucson, Arizona, April, 1968. Revisions and changes have been
made in the details of most of the procedures based on refinements and evaluations
substantially contributed by the several Community Studies Laboratories as well as
perrlne Laboratory research, development, and quality control. The analytical
methodology compiled herein consists of both 'multlresidue' methods and 'specific
residue' methods. Included also, are miscellaneous topics covering a number of
Important activities such as the cleaning of laboratory glassware, preparation of
analytical standards, etc.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pesticides, Pesticide residues, Analytical techniques,
Methodology, Pollutant identification, Sampling, Laboratory equipment, Research
equipment. Aqueous solutions. Water analysis, Soil analysis, Instrumentation,
Quality control, Operation and maintenance, Pollutants, Sample preparation,
Sample storage, Sample preservation, Detection limits, Reagents, Data interpreta-
tion, Metabolites, Animal tissues, Biological samples, Microanalysis.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9001
"PREDICTING AND CONTROLLING RESIDUAL CHLORINE IN COOLING TOMER SLOWDOWN", Nelson, G. R. ,
U. j. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center,
Corvallis, Oregon, Report No. EPA-R2-73-273, July 1973, 52 pp.
A mathematical model was developed and analyzed which predicts residual
chlorine levels In cooling tower blowdown streams and recirculation systems at any time
during the chlorlnation cycle. To quantify the absence or presence of residual chlorine
In the blowdown, the model interprets residual chlorine as negative chlorine demand.
The general model has eight variations applying to specific chlorinatlon program
characteristics. The program characteristics affecting the general model are: (l)
Split stream vs. no split stream chlorinatlon (the fraction of the recirculatlng water
chlorinated). (2) Residual data feedback vs. no residual data feedback, (the type of
chlorine feed equipment used). (3) Positive vs. negative demand at the end of the
chlorine feed period. (The time length of the chlorine feed period.) The variations
to the model are useful not only in predicting residual chlorine levels in the blowdown,
but also in making alterations In existing chlorination programs which minimize chlorine
waste, provide more disinfecting efficiency, and reduce residual chlorine levels in the
blowdown.
INDEX TEHM3: Cooling toviers, Pollutant identification, Mathematical models, Water
pollution control, Cooling water, Chlorination, Model studies, Chlorinatlon,
Forecasting, Hydroelectric plants, Disinfection, Chlorine residual, Blovdown
streams, Chloramines, Chlorine demand, Data Interpretation,
AMIC-9007
"NATURAL DISPERSION OF MERCURY FROM PUHIPUHI, NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND", Hoggins, F. E.,
Brooks, R. R., Nev Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 7,
Nos. 1-2, June 1973, pp 125-132.
The mercury content of sediments and water in the Wairua (Wairoa) River,
Northland, and of molluscs from the estuary of the river was determined to establish
the extent of natural dispersion of mercury from deposits at the source of the river at
Puhipuhi. The mercury content per gram wet weight of cockles, Chlone stutchburyl,
(0.032 ppm); rock oysters, Crassostrea glomerata, (O.OSl ppm); pipi Paphles australe,
(0.019 ppm); and green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus, (0.017 ppm) was compared with
that of specimens of the same species from other areas where presumably only background
concentrations exist. Mercury could be detected In sediments at least 35 km from the
deposits, but In water only up to about 8 km. Normal background levels were established
for the soft parts and Individual organs of the four species of molluscs investigated;
of the molluscs found in the estuary of the Wairua River, only C. glomerata had ,
anomalous amounts of mercury, but whether this Indicates abnormally high mercury levels
in the environment is unknown, because many other factors still need to be evaluated.
Mercury levels of all molluscs were well below the generally accepted safety level of
0.5 ppm for fish for human consumption.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Ecological distribution, Path of pollutants, Pollutant
Identification, Chemical analysis, Oysters, Mussels, Soil analysis, New Zealand,
Wairua River, Animal tissues.
AMIC-9020
"THE DETERMINATION OF THALLIUM IN URINE AND PLASMA BY DELVES CUP ATOMIC ABSORPTION",
Shkolnik, G. M., BevIU, R. F., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 5,
September-October 1973, PP 112-iHT:
A rapid and accurate method is described for determining thallium in plasma
and urine utilizing Delves cup atomic absorption. Microliter quantities of plasma and
urine were pipetted into decontaminated Delves cups and dried at 150 C. Hydrogen
peroxide was added to the plasma samples to partially oxidize the organic material;
these samples were again dried after oxidation. The Delves cup method is more
sensitive than that reported by previous investigators. The sensitivity for 1 percent
absorption is 0.7 ng for plasma and 0.6 ng for urine when 10-microliters samples of
each are analyzed. The values obtained vere comparable to those obtained by flame
atomic absorption. The effect of background correction Is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Urine, Chemical analysis, Plasma, Thallium,
Delves cup, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-9021
"DETERMINATION OF MERCURY AFTER ROOM TEMPERATURE DIGESTION BY FLAMELESS ATOMIC
ABSORPTION", Bouchard, A., Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 5,
September-October 1973, pp 115-117.
A new method for the digestion of organic materials has been developed and
used for the determination of total mercury in organic samples. This procedure, vhlch
takes place at room temperature (25 C), is based on the oxidizing power of chromic
acid (Cr03) alone, or combined with red fuming nitric acid. The method has been
applied successfully to samples of urine, fish and vegetation. Each sample was prepared
following available procedures and the proposed method. Mercury determinations by
flamelees atomic absorption spectrophotometry were compared in each case. The results
obtained using the proposed method were comparable in all cases to the other methods
used.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury. Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Plant tlsauee,
Chemical degradation, Urine, Methodology, Sample preparation, Flameless atonic
absorption spectrophotometry, Animal tissues, Biological samples, Environmental
samples.
-------
1.
AMIC-9022 ~
"EVALUATION OF THE USE OF THE HEATED GRAPHITE ATOMIZER FOR THE ROUTINE DETERMINATION
OF TRACE METALS IN WATER", Barnard, V. M., Fishman, M. J., Atomic Absorption Hewsletter.
Vol. 12, No. 5, September/October 1973, pp 118-121*.
Analysis of four standard reference water samples for Cu, Pb, Cd, Mn, and Cr
by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry using a heated graphite atomizer
permits an evaluation of the atomizer for the routine, practical analysis of water
| samples. Trace metal analysis of water by direct comparison with aqueous standards Is
j impractical because of matrix interference. Analysis by combining a chelation and
I solvent extraction with subsequent atomization is effective for Cu, Pb, and Cr, but not
'for Cd and Mn. Analysis by standard additions appears to be reliable, but time
consuming. The sensitivity of the atomizer for As, Hg, Se and certain other elements
is too low for practical, routine determination of these elements in most natural
waters. Although the heated graphite atomizer has high capabilities of sensitivity and
detection limits for many elements and may have potential applications for specific
problems encountered in water analysis, its use for determination of trace metals in
waters of varied composition, especially by laboratories engaged In the analysis of
large numbers of samples, is limited.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Water analysis, Laboratory equipment, Chemical analysis,
Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Chromium, Instrumentation, Flameless atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Heated graphite atomizer. Sensitivity, Performance
evaluation, Chemical concentration.
PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9025
"A COMPARISON OF FAST DESTRUCTION METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IK
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS", Luyten, S., Smeyers-Verbeke, J., Maseart, D. L., Atomic
Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 12, No. 5, September-October 1973, PP 131-132.
Two new procedures for the destruction of biological materials - soluene
method and pressure bottle method - were applied to the determination of Cu and Zn in
human brain tissue and in fish meal by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No significant
differences were observed for the destruction procedures studied. Good results were
obtained by the soluene method for brain tissue but the fish meal could not be dissolved
In soluene. It was impossible to obtain a clear solution for brain tissue with the
pressure bottle method, but It worked well in dissolving the fish meal. The soluene
and pressure digestion methods do allow for fast and accurate analyses In some cases,
but not all.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Chemical degradation, Copper, Zinc, Trace elements.
Biological materials, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9031
"A MODIFIED FILTRATION METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER SUSPENDED SOLIDS",
Harada, H. M., Jr., Held, G. H., Bennett, E. R., et al., Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1853-1858.
A modified asbestos mat/fiber glass filter method has been presented for the
analysis of suspended solids in wastewater process streams. A comparative evaluation
was made between this method, the conventional asbestos mat, and the fiber glass disk
method. From the standpoint of analytical performance the three mats compared
favorably in terms of precision of measurement. All of the mats shoved good
reproducibility. For the raw wastewater samples, the individual samples were all within
plus or minus 0.5 percent of the average for the asbestos cream mats. In all of the
solids determinations, the individual results from each sample were within plus or minus
10 percent of the combined mean for all three types of filter media. Tests showed that
the use of a combination filter mat facilitates considerably more rapid analysis for
wastewater suspended solids than the two established methods used for comparison. With
this Improved analytical efficiency, there is no apparent loss of analytical accuracy.
INDEX TERMS: Suspended solids, Waste water (pollution). Chemical analysis, Pollutant
identification, Filtration, Methodology, Pollutants, Water analysis, Efficiencies,
Method evaluation, Asbestos mat, Fiber glass filter, Reproducibility, Abestos
cream mat, Fiber glass disk mat.
AMTC-9032
"HEAVY METALS IN WASTEWATER AND TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUENTS", Mytelka, A. I., Czachor,
J. S., Gugglno, W. B., Golub, H., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol U5,
No. 9, September 1973, PP 1859-186T
The findings are presented of the Interstate Sanitary Commission's (New
York, New Jersey, and Connecticut) routine heavy metals analyses of municipal waste-
water treatment plants. All samples were collected by the Commission's personnel
with nonmetallic equipment and stored in nonmetallic containers. The effluent and
Influent samples were all composite samples collected during the same 5- to 6-hr
period. Concentrations of heavy metals in the wastewater were determined by atomic
absorption speetrophotometry. The results show that many plants receive and discharge
heavy metals above prudent limits. In order to minimize the harmful effects of these
heavy metals (and of those not discussed in this paper), state-of-the-art techniques
must be Implemented to achieve as close to 100 percent removal as possible before
these metals enter the sewer system. This is especially important in the New York/New
Jersey/Connecticut area, where combined sewer systems allow wastewater to by-pass
treatment plants and discharge, untreated, directly into the receiving waterways.
INDEX TERMS! Waste water (pollution), Heavy metals, Sewage effluents, Chemical analysis,
Pollutant identification, Treatment facilities. Interstate commissions, Water
sampling, Water analysis, Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Methodology, Copper,
Zinc, Chromium, Lead, Iron, Nickel, Cadmium, Manganese, Mercury, Cobalt, Data
storage and retrieval, Computers, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Data
interpretation, Sliver, Detection limits.
10
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHOD6
AMIC-9035
"FAIS OF LIGNIN IS KRAFT EFFLUENT TIEATMEMT", Ganczarczyk, J., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. U5, Ho. 9, September 1973, pp 189"(£l907.
The purpose of thiB study was to obtain additional experimental support for
the hypothesis that the nain mechanism of lignln removal In activated sludge treatment
Is by sorptlon, as veil as to receive some insight into the possible chemical and
biochemical transformations of lignln In this process. To achieve this purpose the
aeration of kraft black liquor and Indulln ATR solutions without any biological growth
was studied. The laboratory experiments on activated sludge treatment of kraft black
liquor solutions also were continued at very low loadings of aeration tanks and
activated sludge. In addition, several chemical analysis of activated sludges from
these experiments and from various technical installations were performed. The
experiments showed that simple aeration of alkaline solution of kraft black liquor in
the absence of biological growth and aeration of Indulin ATR solutions precipitated
some organic material and decreased pH, color, and nitrosolignin reaction, possibly by
oxldative condensation of lignin molecules. Lignln accumulated In sludge may be
released into solution. Accumulation of lignin in the sludge may vary substantially.
The accumulated material seems richer in methoxyl than the kraft lignin precipitate;
thus, some selective transformation of lignln material may occur during activated
sludge treatment.
INDEX TERMS: Fibers (plant), Pulp wastes, Activated sludge, Sewage treatment, Waste
water (pollution), Effluents, Waste water treatment. Methodology, Aeration,
Lignin, Fate of pollutants, Blotransfonnation, Kraft black liquor, Indulin ATR
solutions.
AMICJ9037 '
"IMPROVED DISTILLATION METHOD FOR VOLATILE ACHE AKALYSIS", Lombardo, J. B., Journal
Mater Pollution Control Federation. Vol. U5, Mo. 9, September 1973, PP
The direct distillation method for volatile acids given in 'Standard Methods'
was studied to learn the reason for poor recovery and poor repeatability. Ag a result
of this work, the poor recovery was attributed to hold-back of the volatile acid in the
boiler and the poor repeatability to the C02 formed. The COS collected in the
distillate can vary widely because of temperature effects, geometry of the apparatus,
and tine conditions. In the standard procedure this variability affects the
repeatability of the volatile acid value, because COS and volatile acids are
analytically combined. A procedure Is suggested by which both recovery and
repeatability can be significantly improved. The proposed method requires less than
2 hr to carry out, gives a recovery of 97 percent, and a standard deviation of plus
or minus 3.8 mg/1 as acetic acid in the range of 0 to 1,000 mg/1.
INDEX TERMS: Distillation, Methodology, Chemical analysis, Pollutant Identification,
Organic acids, Time, Temperature, Pollutants, Volatile acids, Precision,
Repeatability, Standard Methods, Chemical recovery, Acetic acid, Carbon dioxide
evolution.
AMIC-9038
"LITERATURE ON MERCURY: AVAILABILITY OF ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS", Jenne, E. A.,
Sanders, W., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, NO. 9,
September 1973, PP 1952-1971.
All references to published non-English language articles contained in five
recent major reviews of mercury in the environment have been compiled. The
availability, as of July 1, 1971, and the source of English translations is indicated
in this compilation of 26o papers. Only 109 are available In English translation.
A number of the references compiled are not listed in standard abstract Journals and
hence could not be verified. Hiese references are prinarily from the Japanese and
Swedish literature.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Publications, Translations, Documentation, Foreign research,
Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification. Path of pollutants, Ecoloslcal
distribution, Toxlcity, Methodology, Aquatic environment, Soil environment,
Mineralogy, Waste water (pollution), Air environment, Instrumentation, Public
health. Plant tissues, Chemical properties, Blotransfonnation, Biological samples,
Marine environment,.Pollutant removal.
AMIC-9039
'VASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATIOB OF SWEET POTATO PROCESSING", Colston, N. V., Sraallwood,
C., Jr., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 197S-1977.
A study was conducted at a sweet potato processing plant in North Carolina
during September through December 1971- The purpose of the research was to determine
what waste loads were being produced In each of the unit processes throughout the
cannery. The results indicated that ^0 percent of the original Input was yielded as
saleable merchandise. Water consumption in the plant amounted to 2,600 gal/ton Of raw
product Input (10.8 cu m/metrlc ton) and biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
demand, total solids, and suspended solids were, respectively, 60 Ib (27-2 kg), 11*0 Ib
(63.5 kg), I6b Ib (72.6 kg), and 30 Ib (13.6 kg) per ton (0.907 metric ton) of product
produced.
INDEX TERMS: Food processing industry, Waste water (pollution). Chemical analysis.
Water analysis, Chemical properties, Industrial wastes, Sweet potatoes.
Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Temperature, Hydrogen ion concentration, Venturl flumes.
Instrumentation, Water sampling, Pollutant identification. Solid wastes,
Cannery wastes. Characterization, Sweet potato processing wastes. Unit
processes, Settleable solids.
11
-------
1. PHYSICAL ABD CHEMICAL METHODS
AHEC-90UO
"CHARACTERIZATION AMD TFEATABILITX OF POMACE STILLAGE", Chadwick, T. H., Schroeder
E- E-. Journal Water Pcaiutlon Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 1978-19B'*!
Washed pomace etlllage from the Bear Creek Winery (California) was
characterized and subjected to biological treatment and processes for solids removal.
The pomace distilling material was a mixture of Tokay, Thompson, Seedless, Zinfandel,
and Palomino grape skins, pulp, and seeds. Samples were collected at 150 F and placed
In plastic utility cans, lined with polyethylene bags, and frozen. Suspended solids,
acidity, and pH were determined prior to freezing. Other constituents and
characteristics measured were total and annonla nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, total
phosphate, orthophosphate, polyphosphate, suspended and volatile solids, tartrate and
total biological oxygen derand. The study showed that pomace stlllage contains high
concentrations of organic materials that can be oxidized easily under both aerobic and
anaerobic conditions. A residual chemical oxygen demand of 1,000 to 2,500 mg/1 existed;
this was apparently nonblodegradable. Loading rates for anaerobic digestion ranges
from O.U6 to 1.38 kg/day/cu m, and acclimation over 5 to 7 days behave satisfactorily
biologically, but some solids were lost In clarifiers. Chemical treatment of the
etlllage gave unsatisfactory effluents even at large chemical doses.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical properties, Waste treatment, Physical properties, Waste
identification, Sampling, Waste water (pollution), Chemical analysis,
Pomace stlllage, Winery wastes, Characterization, Distillery wastes, Loading
rates.
AMIC-9OU7
"THE IMPORTANCE OF CHELATING AGENTS IN NATURAL WATERS AND WASTEWATERS", Mamhan, S. E.,
Smith, M. J,, Water and Sewage Works, Vol. 120, No. 9, September, 1973, pp 102-106.
Chelatlon drastically changes the behavior of a metal Ion in water. Some of
the most Important metals that form very stable chelates In water are Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Pb. Each of these must be considered In some way In the
maintenance of water quality and the selection of suitable water supplies. Whether or
not a particular chelatlng agent in water will chelate a given metal ion in water
depends upon pH, the presence of species forming insoluble compounds with the metal,
and the presence of metal ions which will compete for the chelatlng agent. Sources of
chelating agents Include detergent builders, protelnaceous wastes, sewage effluents and
the naturally occurring plant degradation products, the humlc acids. Whenever
conventional wastewater treatment processes fall to remove metals, the presence of
chelates should be considered. An atomic absorption method Is presented for the
analysis of heavy metal chelating agents in water and a brief discussion given of
chemical interference, with special emphasis on iron Interference.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Waste water (pollution), Water analysis. Pollutant
Identification, Chelatlon, Nitrilotriacetic acid, Chemical analysis, Amlno acids.
Methodology, Water pollution, Chelating agents. Natural waters. Metal chelates,
Ccmplexation, Detergent builders, Ethylenediaminetetraacetlc acid, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Chemical interference.
12
AMIC-9052
"H-KITROSATION BY NITRITE ION IN NEUTRAL AND BASIC MEDIUM", Keefer, L. K., Roller,
P. P., Science, Vol. l8l, No. Ulo6, September 1973, pp 12lt5-12U7.
Studies with aqueous buffer solutions of diethylamine and sodium nitrite
showed that formaldehyde catalyzed the production of diethylnltrosamine at room
temperature over the entire pH range studied (pH 6.k to 11.0). Additional studies
with other secondary amines (pyrrolldine, piperidlne, dimethylamine, di-n-propylamine,
and dllsopropylamine) showed that formaldehyde chloral catalyzed N-nltrosation of these
compounds. A mechanism for the reaction is proposed and demonstrated. It is concluded
that significant synthesis of N-nitroso compounds must be considered possible even in
nonacldic media since formaldehyde, chloral, and other aldehydes are comnon Industrial
by-products or wastes.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Chemical reactions. Hydrogen ion concentration,
Aqueous solutions, Nitrites, Nitrosation, Nitrosamines, Carcinogens.
AMIC-9053
"LIGAND PHOTOOXIDATION IN COPreR(II) COMPLEXES OF NITRILOTRIACETIC ACID. IMPLICATIONS
FOR NATURAL WATERS", Langford, C. H., Wingham, M., Sastrl, V. S., Environmental Science
and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 9j September 1973, PP 920-622.
Solutions of CuJJTA complex were prepared from stock solutions of Cu(ll)
and H3NTA and irradiated in a Rayonet photoreactor for 100 minutes to study their
photodecompositlon. Despite low absorptivity of the complexes, significant
decomposition occurred with the production of formaldehyde, imlnodiacetic acid, and
carbon dioxide (by Inference). The quantity of photodecomposltion was estimated
by spectrophotometrlc determination of the formaldehyde produced. Imlnodiacetic acid
was determined by thin-layer chronatography. The quantum yield, as determined by
ferrloxalate actinometry decreases linearly with increasing pH over the range of 2-12.
The efficiency of photodecompositlon decreases with increasing concentration above
0.001 M but approaches a limiting value below about 0.0005 M. The low concentration
limit of the efficiency of decomposition is approximately 1.0. There is no direct
evidence for the Intervention of Cu(I) species although a photoredox pathway involving
Cu seems the most plausible mechanism.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Copper, Nitrilotriacetic acid. Fate of pollutants,
Photodecompositlon.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-905'*
"FIJUOROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SELENIUM IN WAOER WITH 2,3-DIAMINONAPHlHALENE",
Rankin, J. M., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, Mo. 9, September 1973,
pp 823-881).
A simple procedure is described for determining all forms of Inorganic
selenium In clean water such as potable water and freshwater receiving waste effluents
containing small amounts of organic matter. The method involves hydrogen peroxide
I oxidation to destroy organic matter and convert inorganic selenium to selenate,
addition of HC1 to reduce selenate to selenite, and addition of 2,3-diamlnonaphthalene
(DAN) to form piazselenol which is extracted into cyclohexane and measured
fluorometrlcally. Nitrate interference is removed by oxidation to nitrate and metal
interferences are masked by complexation. Samples of potable water and water receiving
vaste effluent were spiked with selenium and analyzed with average recoveries of 101.9
and 101.7 percent. Calibration curves were linear In the range of 0.2-1.0 micrograms
Se. Standard deviation of results was 6.3 percent.
INDEX 1ERMS: Water analysis, Fluorometry, Potable water, Streams, Selenium, Sample
preparation, Recovery, Precision, Chemical Interference.
AMIC-9056
"CHLORIHAIED HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES IK SEDIMENTS OF SOUTHERH LAKE MICHIGAN",
Leland, H. V., Bruce, VI. N., Shimp, N. F., Environmental Science and Technology,
Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 833-838.
A profile was developed of the extent of chlorinated hydrocarbon
contamination of sediments of southern Lake Michigan, and factors affecting t-DDT
distribution and DDT degradation are discussed. Sediments were collected with a
Shlpek grab or a Benthos gravity corer. Temperature, pH, and electrode potential
were determined Immediately. Samples which vere frozen until analysis, were thawed,
drained of excess water, and subsampled for particle-size and insecticide
determinations. A remaining portion was air-dried and used for total and Inorganic
carbon determinations. Samples were extracted with acetone, cleaned up by passage
through a Fluorisll column, and analyzed for chlorinated hydrocarbon Insecticides
using a Varlan Aerograph 80U with an Ni-63 electron-capture detector and glass column
containing 1.95 percent QF-1 and 1.5 percent CV-17 on Supelcoport 100-120 mesh
Chromosorb at 195 C. The pesticides identified were DDT, DDD, DOE, dieldrln, aad
traces of llndane and heptachlor epoxlde. Statistical analysis showed high positive
correlations between t-DDT (DDT, DEE, DDD) and dleldrin concentrations In the sample
and organic carbon content. The amount of organic carbon in surficial sediments was
directly proportional to the clay-size fraction of sediment. Dechlorlnation of DDT to
form DED apparently predominates under the reducing conditions of sediments on the
eastern side of the south basin of Lake Michigan. In other areas, DDT is the principal
component of the t-DDT complex in sediments and DDE and DDD are major degradatlve
products.
AMIC-9056 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Sediments, DDT, Distribution patterns, Organic matter, Particle size,
Particle shape, DDD, DEE, Dieldrin, Degradation (decomposition), Lake Michigan,
Gas chromatography, Lindane, Heptachlor epoxide.
AMIC-9057
"RAPID GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL METHANOL IN SEWAGE",
Fox, M. E., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 838-81*0.
Described is a rapid and specific flame ionization gas chrcoatographic
method for the determination of low concentrations of methanol over the range O.5-100
ppm In sewage or other aqueous solutions. The method involves the use of direct
aqueous injection gas chromatography on a porous polymer column. No preconcentration
or extraction is required. Acidification of the sample at the time of collection to
about pH 2 with HC1 was found to inlbit completely further loss of residual methanol.
Detector response to methanol was linear over a chosen range of 0.5-100 ppm. Feedstock
solutions of about 25,000 ppm were found to be best analyzed by dilution to about 25
ppm. The precision (1.2 standard deviation, 2.U percent coefficient of variation using
peak heights) of the method was determined from replicate analyses (10) of a sewage
effluent sample containing 50 ppm methanol. The analysis time of approximatelyl
mln/sample makes the procedure especially suited to process control applications,
IHDEX TERMS: Methodology, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Sewage effluents,
Gas chromatography. Sewage, Organic compounds, Flame Ionization gas chromatography,
Residual methanol, Methanol, Sample preservation, Sample preparation, Accuracy,
Precision, Repeatability, Reproducibility.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODo
AMIC-9060 "~
'TEAVEE AS SOURCE OF PHOSPHORUS", Cowen, W. F., Lee, G. F., Environmental Science
and Technology. Vol. 7, Mo. 9, September 1973, PP 853-851*.
Oak and poplar leaves were leached with distilled water In laboratory
colunns to simulate the release of soluble phosphorus (P) forms to urban runoff. Most
of the soluble phosphorus leached was reactive In a molybdenum blue analysis. The
leaves tested yielded 5U-230 microgranis P/g of leaves. Consecutive leachlngs of an
oak leaf sample yielded soluble P in amounts related to the effective soaking period
between leachings and to the number of preceding 1cachings. Cut up leaves released
almost three times as much soluble P as intact leaves. Leaves collected from the
littoral zone of Lake Mendota leached less P than control leaves collected on the shore
nearby. The moisture retained on leaves after a rainstorm contained significant
soluble reactive P. The results of this investigation point to the Importance of
proper leaf pickup and control in order to minimize the phosphorus content of urban
drainage during the fall of the year.
INDEX TERMS: Leaves, Water pollution sources, Phosphorus, Oak trees, Model studies,
Urban runoff. Nutrients, Leaching, Sampling, Colorimetry, Pollutant identification,
Color reactions, Methodology, Poplar trees, Sample preparation, Soluble
phosphorus.
AMIC-9061
"TRACE METAL BASELIHE STUDIES ON THE MUKDEBKILL AND ST. JOKES RIVERS, DELAWARE
COASTAL PLAIN", Bopp, F., Ill, Lepple, F. J., Biggs, R. B., University of
Delaware, College of Marine Studies, Newark, Delaware, Report Nos. DEL-SG-10-72,
NOAA-73031501, December 1972, 31 PP. HTIS Report No. COM-73-10530.
A study was conducted prior to the start of operation of the Kent County
(Delaware) Regional Sewage Treatment Plant In order to establish baseline trace metal
data for the Murderklll Fiver. The trace metals of concern were Fe, Mg, Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb,
Cd, Hg, Nl and Sr. These data were compared with similarly established data for the
St. Jones River. All samples were taken from a small outboard runabout with a modified
Forster-Anchor Dredge. All analyses, except those for mercury, were carried out by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry; mercury was measured by flameless atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. In most cases there was a subtle but definite gradual lowering of
metal levels from rivennouth to headwaters, typical of a tidal estuary. It was
established that local pollution sources along the Murderklll River may be Identifiable
by their associated trace metal accumulations. There were extremely low trace metal
concentrations along most of its course, thus establishing the Murderklll as a virtually
unpolluted river In contrast to the St. Jones River.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Baseline studies, Pollutant identification, Sediments,
Water analysis, Data collections, Chemical analysis, Water sampling, Heavy metals,
Separation techniques, Silts, Clays, Bottom sampling, Murderklll River, St. Jones
River, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Flameless atomic absorption spectro-
photometry, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9062
"PROCEEDINGS OF THIRD MEETING ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, 17-18 MAY 1972,
SPONSORED BY AMERICAN ORDANCE ASSOCIATION", Drasser, C. G., U. S. Department of
the Army, Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, Sepical Publication
EASP 1300-3, August 1973, 2U? PP.
The Third Meeting on Environmental Pollution, sponsored by the American
Ordance Association was held May 17-18, 1972 at Fort McHalr. Session topics, and
titles of papers presented, were as follows: Session I-General Session.
Organization, Legal and Regulatory Powers, Principal Programs and Research Requirements;
'Department of Defense. The Military Attacks Pollution1; US Army. Special Report.
The Army, Its Military Activities, and the Environment During 1970'; 'Environmental
Legislation and the Air Force"; 'Naval Environmental Protection Program1; 'Maritime
Administration Pollution - Abatement Program'; 'Role of Coast Guard in Pollution
Control'. Session II - Pollution in Marine Environment; "Oil Spills, Hazardous
Material Spills, Vessel Protection and Ocean Dumping'; 'Coast Guard Marine Environmental
Protection Program'; 'Research and Development on Prevention of Pollution of the Seas by
Oil and Other Pollutants'. Session III - Pollution From Domestic and Industrial Wastes;
"Reglonalization in the Delaware River Estuary1; 'The Refuse Act Permits Program';
'The RAPE Program'; 'Regional Wastewater Management Systems for the Chicago
Metropolitan Area1; 'US Array Environmental Quality Research and Development Program';
"Air Force Environmental Research and Development Program". Session IV - Environmental
Impact of Power Generation; "The EPA Research and Development Program for Environmental
Control In the Power Industry"; "Some Environmental Considerations in Power Generation";
and 'Power Plant Siting Program'.
AMIC-9062 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Conferences, Pollution abatement, Water pollution control, Powerplants,
Pesticides, Thermal pollution, Radiation, Air pollution, Solid wastes. Waste
disposal, Monitoring, Waste treatment. Cooling water, Hazardous materials.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MSTHODS
AMIC-906>*
"CRITICAL STUDY OF THE APCDJOBK EXTRACTION SYSTEM FOR ATOMIC ABSORPTION",
Kolrtyohann, S. R., Wen, J. V., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973,
pp 1986-1989.
A detailed study was conducted to explain the inconsistent results obtained
when the APCD-MIBK extraction system was applied to complex samples such as plant or
animal tissues. The aqueous phase containing sample or standard with or without
radlolsotope labeling was buffered with ammonium acetate and the pH adjusted to the
desired value. Extractions vere performed in separatory funnels shaken for 1 minute by
hand. Atomic absorption and emission measurements were made on the separated organic
phase. Uhem the highest possible accuracy was required the organic phase was diluted to
10 ml with water-saturated MIBK. Atomic absorption response from metals extracted into
methyl Isobutyl ketone decreased as the pH of the aqueous phase prior to extraction
was Increased, in spite of the fact that the extraction efficiency was near 100 percent
for all pH values used. The change In response was the same for copper, lead, and
zinc. The difference was critically dependent on the nebulizer adjustment. The effect
appears to be associated with nebullzatlon and transport of the organic solvent to the
flame, but no satisfactory explanation for the observations were found.
INDEX TERM3: Aqueous solutions, Heavy metals, Hydrogen ion concentration, Copper, Zinc,
Lead, Methyl Isobutyl ketone, Ammonium pyrrolidlne carbodlthioate, Solvent
extraction systems, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation,
Atomic emission spectrophotometry.
AMIC-9067
"NOVEL M5THOD OF RAMAN DATA ACQUISITION", Moore, J. E., Fraas, L. M., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2O09-2011*.
Slgnal-to-noise Information Is presented that supports the feasibility of a
novel approach to the acquisition of Raman data. In this approach., the fluorescence
background interference common In many Raman experiments, is minimized through selective
phonon population enhancement. The disadvantages of the proposed experimental technique
are: a system must be constructed to comply with the experimental requirements and
problems lying in the area of interpretation of acquired data. Although vith simple
organic molecules, a well known application of Raman data Is In the use of vibrational
analysis as a tool to accomplish structure elucidation, it may be impossible to assign
spectra of large molecules, because of their complexity, to fundamental modes. It will
be possible in many cases with good spectra to identify functional groups. Resonant
enhancement could be a means of compensating for the weaker scattering cross sections
of resonance for biochemical samples. With modified experimental techniques, the
acquisition of Raman data of large molecules is quite possible.
IKDEX TEJMB: Methodology, Organic compounds, Molecular structure, Data collections,
Raman spectroscopy. Data acquisition, Enhancement, Selective phonon population.
Data interpretation. Fluorescence discrimination, Resonant Raman enhancement.
15
AMIC-9071
"CHEMICAL CONSTANTS OF METAL COMPLEXES FROM A COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION FOLLOWED
WITH ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY", Ehuman, M. S., Woodward, G. P., Jr., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2032-2035.
A method based solely on data obtained from a coraplexometrlc tltration
followed with anodic stripping voltammetry is developed which permits conditional
formation constants of metal complexes to be estimated. This method was applied to
ethylenedlamlnetetraacetlc acid (EDTA) titrated with cadmium and gave a formation
constant for CdEDTA that agreed well with values previously reported. It was observed
that In addition to convective diffusion, chemical dissociation of the complex during
pre-electrolysis contributed to stripping currents. A general diagnostic that
evaluates the extent of such kinetic contributions to stripping voltammetry and that is
based upon the complexcmetric titration is also presented. Estimation of the rate
constant for dissociation of CdEDTA is made from these experiments - The method
described above is a significant improvement both in accuracy and simplicity over
stripping voltammetry procedures presently used for estimating formation constants of
metals in natural water solutions. Both concentration of free llgands from the end
point and Information on chemical composition from the formation constants can be
obtained from this tltration. The composition of existing complexes can be inferred
either from titration of the sample as received or from titrations carried out after
selective and exhaustive constant potential electrolysis of a metal from solution.
IKDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Water analysis, Methodology,
Estimating, Conditional formation constants, Coraplexometric titration, Anodic
stripping voltammetry. Metal complexes, Ligands, Natural waters.
AMIC-9075
"VERSATILE COMPUTER GENERATED VARIABLE ACCELERATING VOLTAGE CUHCUIT FOR MAGNETICALLY
SCANNED MASS SPECTROMETERS. USE FOR ASSAYS IN THE PICOGRAM RANGE AND FOR ASSAYS OF
STABLE ISOTOPE TRACERS", Holmes, W. F., Holland, W. H., Shore, B. L., et al.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2063-2071.
A circuit has been designed for magnetically scanned mass spectrometers that
allows computer generation of any desired accelerating voltage change us to 2000 volts,
using a 15-bit D/A converter, a high voltage amplifier, plus floating the standard
accelerating voltage power supply. A 15-bit D/A converter interface for use with PDF-81
and PDP-12 computers has been built from two logic modules. The circuit appears to have
considerable application for upgrading existing magnetically scanned mass spectrometers
where there is a need for increased sensitivity for measuring selected fragment ions or
increased accuracy for Isotope ratio measurements. Using this circuit, a program has
been written for the PDP-12 computer that measures the intensities of eight fragment
Ions. Exact masses are typed into the computer and the appropriate accelerating
voltages generated. Results are presented showing a linear assay for picogram levels
of myo-inositol, and the precision of assays for deuterated alanine and glucose.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, pp 2063-8071.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Assay, Organic compounds, Chemical analysis, Stable isotopes, Computers,
Computer programs, Electronic equipment, Tracers, Trace levels. Magnetically
scanned mass spectrometers. Accelerating voltage circuits, Precision, Sensitivity,
Computer-D/A converter interface.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9078
"ION PAIR PARTITION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF ORGANIC AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS", Eksborg, S.,
Schill, G., Amlytleal Chemistry. Vol. U5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2092-2100.
Liquid-liquid chromatography systems based on Ion pair partition have been
studied with quaternary alkylammonlum ions as samples, chloroform plus 1-pentanol
(19 plus 1) as mobile phase and aqueous plcrate solution as stationary phase on a
cellulose support. The highest separating efficiency was obtained In 2.7-m columns
with stationary phase loadings of 25-38 percent of the support weight. Maximum
separating speed was obtained at k prlJDe equals 5 in the 2.7-nn column, where a mobile
phase speed of 3 inn/sec gave H equals 0.5 mm. The influence of stagnant mobile phase
was negligible. H was not affected by the amount of sample within the range 0.01
nmole-0.1 micromole in columns with a high counterion concentration. An increase of
the sample volume to 500 mlcroliters (V sub m equals 1.1* ml) decreased the number of
theoretical plates by less than 20 percent. Leading of the chromatographic peaks
appeared at low sample concentrations due to dissociation of the ion pair in the
organic phase. It could be suppressed by a controlled bleeding of the counterion.
Quantitative determinations based on the peak area and the molar absorptivity of the
Ion pair gave recoveries of 95 plus or minus 9 percent with 30-pmole samples.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2092-2100.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TEPWS: Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Ion pair
partition chromatography, Quaternary alkylaonnonium ions, Quantitative analysis,
Organoammonium compounds, Alkylanmonlum plcrates, Extraction constants.
AMIC-9079
'GAS-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY ON MACRORETICULAR CATION EXCHANGE RESINS", Hirsch, R. F.,
Stober, H. C., Howblansky, M., et al., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. **5, No. 12,
October 1973, PP 2100-2105.
Several metal Ion forms of the macroreticular cation exchanger Amberlyst
15 were prepared and tested for use as gas-solid chromatographic (GSC) packings for
the separation of a wide variety of hydrocarbons including normal alkanes and aromatic
hydrocarbons. A drop of the test compound was evaporated inside a stoppered flask
to which a small amount of methane had been added. Samples were withdrawn and
injected into the chromatograph with methane being used as a marker for the calculation
of retention times. Macroreticular cation exchange resins vere found to be adsorptive
packings for gas-solid chromatography, and to show good selectivity among hydrocarbons.
Short columns were satisfactory even at temperatures well above the boiling points of
the compounds being separated. Retention indices correlated with the size and
electronic structure of the resins cation. In the alkali metal and alkaline earth
series, retention indices of aromatic compounds increase with cation size. The silver
form of the resin retains aromatic and oleflnic compounds strongly, and separates
geometric isomers of the olefins. Data are also presented on the effect of specific
surface area and sample size on retention, and on the thermal stability of the various
resin forms.
INDEX TERMS: Cation exchange, Pollutant identification, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth
metals, Selectivity, Heavy metals, Separation techniques. Methodology,
Macroreticular cation exchange resins. Aromatic hydrocarbons. Gas solid
chromatography, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Olefins, Thermal stability, Retention time,
n-Alkangs. Amberlvst A-13.
AMICJ0081
"DISTRD3UTION STUDIES OF RADIUM AND OTHER METALLIC ELEMENTS BETWEEN
TBENOYLTRIFLUOROACETONE IN METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS", Jackson,
W. M., Gleason, G. I., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. 12, October 1973,
pp 2125-2129.
Using a standardized procedure previously reported, the distribution of
radium and 13 other metallic elements were quantitatively compared, by distributing a
radiotracter of the element of interest between an aqueous phase and an organic phase
consisting of 0.1 M TTA in MIBK. From the ratio of activity in the organic phase to
activity in the aqueous phase, distribution coefficients were calculated as a function
of pH (Atomic absorption was used for measuring the concentration of magnesium). Using
radium-22b, the extraction of radium by TTA in MIBK was successfully demonstrated to
occur under almost identical pH conditions as previously reported for barium. In
addition, distribution coefficients for reversible extractions Into the TTA-MIBK phase
from the aqueous phase were measured for magnesium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper,
praseodymium, lead, and thorium. When the log D values were plotted vs. pH for iron,
molybdenum, technetium, tungsten, and gold, the normal S-shaped curves were not obtained,
From the data, pH conditions can be selected to allow the separation of the daufgiter
elements, radium and lead, from thorium, as well as for many other element pairs.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vo. U5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2125-2129.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Separation techniques, Heavy metals, Solvent extrac-
tions, Alkaline earth metals, Alkali metals, Radioactivity techniques, Rare earth
elements, Distribution coefficients, Organic solvents, Radium.
AMIC-9082
"AHALYTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. PHOTOCHEMICALLY ASSISTED ANALYSIS
OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES IN THE PRESENCE OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS",
Leavitt, R. A., Su, G. C. C., Zabik, M. J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12,
October 1973, PP 2130-2131.
Three chlorinated pesticides, dieldrin, DDT, and DDE were chosen to test the
applicability of removing PCB's and the chlorinated pesticides in the presence of each
other. Under the gas-liquid chromatographic conditions used In the study, certain PCB
peaks Interfered with each pesticide peak. In addition, the GLC peaks for DDE and
dieldrin had similar retention times. To determine the optimum period of Irradiation
at 280-320 nm (Irradiation at 253.7 nm was quite destructive to the pesticides and
caused large trailing solvent peaks probably due to chlorination of the solvent.), two
concentrations (1 and 10 ppm) of Aroclor 1251* were photolyzed and the total GLC peak
area was measured as a function of time. In addition to the reduction in total PCB
peak area, there was, as one would expect, a general shift to peaks of shorter retention
times as the PCB's were stepvise photochemically degraded to the less chlorinated
Isoners. Under the photolytic conditions used, the chlorinated pesticides also
underwent varying degrees of degradation. Use of photochemical degradation to remove
PCB's from samples also containing chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide residues can be a
very effective method even when the PCB concentration is much larger than the
Individual pesticide concentrations. Total analysis time Is less than one hour per
sample with photolysis carried out over night. The lower limits of practical
quantltatlon are equivalent to 0.5 ppm for PCB's and equivalent to 0.05 ppm for the
individual chlorinated pesticides. Reprcducivility tests showed this method to be very
precise.
16
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9082 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Polychlorinated biphenyls,
Methodology, Pollutant Identification, Pesticide residues, Electron capture gas
chromatography, Quantitative analysis, Photodegradation, Isomers, Degradation
products, Precision, Photolysis, Chemical interference, Accuracy. Detection
limits.
AMXC-9086
"INVESTIGATION OF SPECTRAL OVERLAP OF THE NEON 359.352-nm AMP CHROMIUM 359.3l*9-nm
SPECTRAL LINES IK ATOMIC ABSORPTION AND ATOMIC FLUORESCENCE SPECTROMETRy OF
CHROMIUM", Norris, J. D., West, T. £., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 12,
October 1973, pp 21U8-2150.
Neon electrodeless discharge lamps (EDL) were prepared to study their
usefulness in analyzing aqueous solutions of chromium by atomic fluorescence and
atomic absorption. Power and emission intensity relationships showed that best
results were obtained with lamps pressurized at 5 Torr and operated at 25-30 W incident
power. Atomic fluorescence at 359 nm ^ve a detection limit of 2.5 ppm Cr using a
monochromator slit-width which corresponded to a spectral band-pass of 6 nm. The
analytical curve was linear up to about 50 ppm. Atomic absorption at 359.3 nm gave a
detection limit of 0.8 ppm. The analytical curve in the range of 1 to 250 ppnj was
slightly curved toward the concentration axis and passed through the origin. It Is
concluded that neon EDL's, because of the linearity of analytical curves produced,
should be useful for fluorescence and atomic absorption of chromium even though
detection limits are poorer than those obtained with chromium sources.
INDEX TERMS: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Atomic fluorescence spectroscojy,
Electrodeless discharge lamps, Neon lamps, Water analysis, Aqueous solutions,
Chromium.
17
AMIC-9O87
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION METHOD FOR DETERMINING MICROM3LAP QUANTITIES OF ALIPHATIC
SECONDARY AMINES", Dies, P. J., Slggia, S., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U5, No. 12,
October 1973, PP 2150-2151.
The formation of a Cu or Ni dialkyldithiocarbamate (Cu(DTC)2 or Ki(DTC)2)
precipitate from the reaction between either metal and dlalkyldlthiocarbamic acids
(DTCH) in aqueous solution serves as the basis for the qualitative identification of
secondary amines. In this study the Ni(DTC)2 formed in the reaction is separated
from the reaction medium by filtering and is digested in a mixture of 1:1 HN03:HC1.
The resultant solution is then analyzed for nickel content by means of conventional
atomic absorption spectrophotoroetry. A single calibration curve is required and, in
this work, nickel dl-n-butyldithiocarbamate (Ni(n-But2DTC)2) was used to prepare all
calibration curves. Nine secondary amines and one aromatic amine (N-methylaniline)
were studied by this procedure. Xantbate formation occurred in the secondary amlne
samples containing alcohol, but there was no interference observed. If the filter
containing the precipitate is treated with the acid mixture, high recoveries result.
The practical detection limit for the method is approximately 0.30 micromole of
secondary amine per ml of solution with a reaction time of 1.5-2 hr, a medium fritted
glass funnel for filtration and a temperature of 20 C. N-methylaniline failed to
react quantitatively under a wide range of conditions. Various temperatures, amounts
of reagents, and reaction times were studied with recoveries of 60 to 90 percent, and
the reproducibility obtained under identical experimental conditions was only fair.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis. Pollutant Identification, Aqueous solutions. Chemical
reactions, Methodology, Chemical precipitation, oecondary amines, Atcanlc
absorption spectrophotometry, Organonitrogen eorroounds, *ronx>tic "rainee.
Diallcylditnlocarbamij^aclds, Detection limits, Chemical recovery. '
AMIC-9092
"SIMPLIFIED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF PLANTS FOR SELENIUM", Olson, 0. E.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5,
September 1973, PP 1073-1077.
Plant samples can be analyzed for selenium by a simplified spectrophotometric
method based on light absorption at 378 nm of the piazselenol formed by the reaction of
2,3-diamlnonaphthalene with selenite. Samples of wheat, corn, wheat bran, alfalfa
hay, soybean oil meal, linseed oil meal, barley, Astragalus racemosus seeds, and A.
blaulcatus leaves and stems were analyzed after digestion. Comparison of results with
those obtained by fluorometric analysis, and reproducibility and recovery studies showed
the method to be suitable for plant samples containing more than 2 ppm Se. It Is also
useful for analyzing feed premixes and in diagnosis of selenium poisoning in cattle
by hair analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotometry, Plant tissues, Biological samples, Selenium, Sample
preparation, Detection limits, Recovery, Hair, Reproducibility.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9095
'^GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CHLORPYRIPHOS IN DUBSBAN INSECTICIDE
FORMULATIONS", Hanks, A. P.., Engdahl, B. S., Colvin, B. M., Journal of^the Association
of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, pp Io93-i095.
Chlorpyriphos can be determined in Dursban (trademark) by gas-liquid
chromatography using flame ionlzation detection and a column packed with OV-17/QF-1 on
Gas-Chrom Q. Chlorpyriphos is extracted with chloroform and dieldrln added as an
internal standard. The sample is Injected into a gas chromatograph and peak height
measurements used for quantitative measurement.
INDEX TERKE: Separation techniques, Gas liquid chromatography, Chlorpyriphos, Dursban,
Precision, Sample preparation.
A MIC -9097
"COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING ARSENIC RESIDUES
IN RED MEAT AND POULTRY", Buttrill, W. H., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, pp
A colorimetric method is described for the determination of arsenic residues,
which uses the molybdenum blue complex for a spectrophotometric readout. The method
was studied by 9 collaborators, each analyzing 6 groups of U samples. Average
recoveries for 0.2B-2.i*l ppm arsenic were B7. 6-109. 3 percent; standard deviation* ranged
from 0.037 to 0.225. The method has been adopted as official first action.
INEEX TERMS: Colorimetry, Chemical analysis, Poultry, Pollutant Identification, Hogs,
Heavy metals, Methodology, Spectrophotometry, Pollutants, Chemical reactions,
Color reactions, Arsenic, Animal tissues, Meat, Liver, Collaborative studies,
Chemical recovery, Precision.
AMIC-909B
"DETERMINATION OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE RESIDUES IN TOBACCO AND VEGETABLES", Ihnat, M.,
Westerby, R. J., Hoffman, I., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, pp 1164-1172.
The distillation-spectrophotometric method of Hoffman for determining malelc
hydrazide has been modified to include a double distillation and was applied to the
determination of 1-30 ppm maleic hydrazide residues in tobacco and vegetables.
Recoveries of 1-23 micrograms added maleic hydrazide, were independent of weight of
malelc hydrazide, but did depend on sample and sample weight. The following recoveries
were obtained from 0.5 g sample: pipe tobacco, 9k percent; commercially dehydrated
potato, 63 percent; cigar tobacco, 81 percent; dried potato, 76 percent; fluecured
tobacco, 73 percent; dried carrot, 71 percent. In the absence of sample, the recovery
was 82 percent. When appropriate standard curves were used, maleic hydrazide levels
determined In tobacco samples were essentially independent of sample weight in the range
0.1-3 g. The mean relative standard deviation for a variety of field-treated "T*
fortified tobacco samples containing 1-28 ppm maleic hydrazide was 3 percent. The
precision and sensitivity of this procedure seem to be substantial improvements over
official method 29.111-29.117. It is recommended that the present method be subjected
to a collaborative study.
INDEX TERMS: Plant growth regulators. Pollutant identification, Methodology, Chemical
analysis, Plant tissues, Tobacco, Vegetable crops. Distillation, Spectrophotometry,
Maleic hydrazide, Chemical recovery, Precision, Sensitivity, Detection limits.
AMIC-9099
"DETERMINATION OF CHLORINATED PESTICIDES IN WHOLE BLOOD", Stretz, P. E., Stahr, H. M.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September
1973, PP 1173-1177.
Eight whole blood samples spiked with lindane, dieldrln, and p,p'-DDT at
levels of 2.5, 12.6, 126, and 630 ppb eac were sent to 11 collaborators for analysis.
The method evaluated uses sulfuric acid to liberate the pesticides from the blood
matrix. The pesticides are then extracted with 10 percent acetone in hexane.
Pesticides were Identified and quantitatively analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography,
using an electron capture detector. Mean values at all levels are in good agreement
with the spiking levels. However, statistical analysis of the data reveals a large
systematic error. Further evaluation of the sulfuric acid method by comparison with
other methods Is recommended.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Dieldrin, Methodology, Pollutant
identification, Insecticides, Blood, Electron capture gas chromatography, Quanti-
tative analysis, p p1 DDT, Lindane, Biological samples, Sample preparation,
Data interpretation, Collaborative studies.
18
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9101
"HERBICIDE ANALYSIS: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AMD RETEHTIOH
INDEX", Larsoe, R. H., Chau, A. S. Y., Journal of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, PP 1103-1187.
Five chlorophenoxy acids, 2,U-D, 2,1*,5-T, sllvex, 2,U-DB, and 2,U,6-T, were
esterlfled with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, Isopropanol, n-butanol, isobutanol,
tert-butanol, and 2-chloroethanol to investigate the retention times of the esters
on three different GLC columns. A linear relationship was found between the
logarithm of the retention time of a series of esters of a particular chlorophenoxy
acid and the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol used for esterlflcatlon, provided
the alcohols were part of a homologous series. This relationship can be used to
predict the retention time of an ester without having to synthesize it. It is also
possible to predict which alcohol will yield esters with retention times different
from those of co-extractive peaks and which will yield esters which can best be
separated by the particular chromatographic system. The total retention index Is
divided into three additive components: the alcohol, the acid, and the interaction
contributions.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, 2 U-D, 2 U 5-T, Molecular structure,
Retention time. Gas liquid chromatography, Esters, Silvex, 2 k-DB, 2 U 6-T,
Retention Index, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9105
"RELATION BETWEEN TOTAL BODY WEIGHT AND CONCENTRATIONS OF MANGAKESE, IRON, COPPER,
ZINC, AHD MERCURY IN WHITE MUSCLE OF BLUEFISH (POWTOMUS SALTATRIX) AND A
BATIKL-DEMEHSAL FISH ANTIMORA ROETRATA, Cross, F. A., Hardy, L. H., Jones, N. Y.,
et al.. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 3O, No. 9,
September 1973, PP 12H7-1291.
The purpose of this study was to compare the relation between total body weight
and concentrations of Hg with that of four biologically-essential transition metals
(Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn) in white muscle of two species of marine fish and inhabit different
environments In the Atlantic Ocean. These species were bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrlx),
an eplpelagic carnivore found in coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean, and a
bathyl-demersal morid Antlmora rostrata collected from 2500 Ji depth. The mercury
concentrations Increased significantly with size (P less than 0.001) in both species
of fish but concentrations of Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn either remained constant or
decreased. These results indicated that fish residing In two different ecosystems in
the Atlantic Ocean may be in a steady state with their environment with respect to Mn,
Fe, Cu, and Zn but not Hg. The observed variations in accumulation patterns of trace
metals in muscle of these two species as a function of size are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Size, Weight, Heavy metals, Muscle, Bloaccumulatlon, Bluefish, Morids,
Chemical concentration.
AMIC-9103
"MODIFIED DELVES CUP ATOMIC ABSORPTION DETERMINATION OF LEAD IN BLOOD", Barthel, W. F.,
Emrek, A. L., Angel, G. P., et al., Journal of the Association of Official Analytical
Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, PP 1252-1256.
A modification of the Delves atomic absorption micro method for blood lead
determinations is presented. The principal differences between the present
modification and the original Delves method are the imporvement in hardware to
overcome problems In reproducibillty and a char method to essentially eliminate the
smoke peak which normally causes serious Interference. The method has been applied
to several different types of blood samples with excellent results.
INDEX TERMS: Lead, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Delves cup method.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Blood, Animal tissues.
AMIC-9111*
"RELIABILITY OF AN AMMONIA PROBE FOP ELECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL AMMONIA
NITROGEN IN FISH TANKS", Barica, J., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1389-1392.
The Orion ammonia electrode model 95-10, which is a gas sensing probe,
was evaluated for determining total ammonia nitrogen in fish tanks. The probe senses
ammonia which diffuses through a hydrophobic gas-permeable membrane until the
partial pressure is the same on both sides of the membrane. Since the probe senses
only ammonia gas, it is necessary to raise the pH of the test solution to 12-13 to
convert NH(plus) to the un-ionlzed form by adding NaOH. At low levels of NH3-H
found In aquaria (0.3-2 mg/l) the probe response does not follow the Nernstian
equation. Therefore, it is necessary to construct calibration curves using fresh
aquarium water for greatest accuracy. The probe response stabilizes after about 5
minutes at low levels (about 1 mg/l) of ammonia. Comparison of probe results with
those obtained spectrophotometrlcally showed that the probe was unsuitable below 0.1
mg/l and (pve values differing by plus or minus 17 percent in the range 0.2-0.5 mg/l.
INDEX TERMS: Ammonia, Water analysis, Calibrations, Gas-membrane electrodes.
Sample preparation, Detection limits. Precision, Ammonia-nitrogen.
19
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD ClifcMICAL MJJTHODa
AMIC-9115
"SUFERSATURATIOH OF NITROGEN IN WATER DURING PASSAGE THROUGH HYDROELECTRIC TURBINES AT
MACTAQUAC DAM", MacEonald, J. R., Hyatt, R. A., Journal of the Fiaheries Research
Board of Canada. Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1392-139U.
During 1968, two fish kills occurred below the Mactaquac Hydroelectric
Station on the St. John River, New Brunswick. Examination of dead and dying salmon
(Salmo aalar) and eels (Angullla rostrata) revealed gas bubbles beneath the skin which
is generally associated with supersaturatlon of water with air. Since the kill
occurred at the time of reduced power generation, water above and below the station
was analyzed for oxygen and nitrogen saturation under low and high generating
conditions. Dissolved oxygen was determined by the Winkler method and nitrogen with
a mlcrogasometric analyzer. The results showed that concentrations of dissolved
oxygen and nitrogen gp.ses were substantially increased when water passed through the
turbine generating system at low generating levels. Concentrations of dissolved
nitrogen gas increased by as much as 20 percent above atmospheric equilibrium.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Supersaturation, Air, Flshkill, Hydroelectric plants, Water
pollution effects, Water pollution sources, Dissolved oxygen, Eels, Salmon,
Atlantic salmon, Water analysis, Aeration, Gasometric analyzer, Uinkler method,
Canada, Jfectaquac Dam, American eelt
AMIC-9136
"AJJ ENVIBOroCNTAL EVALUATION SYSTEM FOR WATER RESOURCE FLAMMING", Dee, If., Baker, J.,
Drobny, N., et al., Water Resources Research, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 1973, pp 523-535.
A methodology for conducting environmental impact analysis, called
Environmental Evaluation System (EEE), is based on a hierarchical arrangement of
environmental quality Indicators. Thie arrangement classifies the major areas of
environmental concern Into major categories, components and parameters and measurements
of environmental quality. The EES provides for environmental Impact evaluations In
four major categories: ecology, environmental pollution, esthetics, and human interest.
These four categories are further broken down Into 18 components and finally into 78
parameters. The EES provides a means for measuring or estimating selected environmental
impacts on large-scale water resource development projects in commensurate units termed
'environmental impact units' (EIU). Another major output from the EES is an Indication
of major adverse impacts called 'red flags', which are of concern of and by themselves.
These flags Indicate 'fragile' elements of the environment, which must be studied in
more detail.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality control, Water resources, Methodology, Environmental Impact,
Environmental Evaluation System.
AJOC-9157
"DISTRIBUTION OF (C-lU) PC3s IN CARP", Yoshida, T., Takashima, F., Watanabe, T.,
AMBIO, Vol. 2, No. U, 1973, pp 111-113.
Young carp (Cyprinus carpio] were exposed to C-lU labeled PCB's by oral
dosage and by addition to water to determine the distribution of PCB's in fish. The
PCB's used were nearly equivalent to Aroclor 12W3. Oral dosage was 6 microcuries of
C-14 PCB per fish. In the water exposure experiment, fish were exposed to 2 microcurie
per liter for 2k hours. After dosing, the fish were kept in a flowing water tank and
fed a PCB-free diet for 7 days to equilibrate the distribution in the fish body. Two
fish from each experiment were dissected and the amount of radioactive material in the
hepatopancreas, gall bladder, kidney, visceral adipose tissue, adipose tissue of the
skull, brain, heart, blood, gill, intestine, skin, and dark and white muscle was
determined using an automatic sample oxidizer and liquid scintillation counter.
Autoradiographic analysis of whole bodies was used for the remaining samples. The
compounds were localized mainly in the gall bladder, adipose tissue and hepatopancreas,
but only slight radioactivity was detected in muscle, with the exception of dark muscle.
In particular, high radioactivity was detected in the gall bladder and adipose tissue
of the skull. In the feeding experiment, a higher radioactivity count was observed in
the intestine, especially in the posterior segment.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Distribution patterns, Radiochemical analysis,
Carp, Bioassay, Scintillation counting, Biological samples.
AMIC-9159
"PARTICULATE METALS IN WATERS OF SQRFJORD WEST NORWAY", Ekei, J. M., Price, N. B.,
Calvert, S. E., AMBIO. Vol. 11, No. U, 1973, pp 122-124.
Water samples were collected in PVC/nylon water bottles from various depths
at eight stations on the Sorfjord, West Norway, filtered through membrane filters, and
the Cu, Zn, Pb content of suspended matter determined by x-ray emission analysis. The
purpose of the study was to trace the dispersal pattern of metal-containing waste
discharged by Industrial plants near the town of Odda. The concentrations of the metals
in the fjord, especially Zn and Pb, are up to two or three times higher than in natural
seawater. Metals have been detected in both surface and subsurface waters Uo km away
from the area of metal discharge. Considering the hydrography and the relationship of
Zn and Pb in different waters, it seems possible that two distinct bodies of
contaminated water outflow from the fjord. However, during periods of high river runoff,
the dispersal of metals in subsurface waters will be different, and it is predicted that
at such times pollution of the inner fjord will be greatest.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Path of pollutants, Suspended solids, Dispersion,
Copper, Lead, Zinc, X-ray analysis, Norway.
SO
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL M3THODS
AMIC-9171
"CONCENTRATIONS OF SOME TRACE METALS IN PELAGIC ORGANISMS AND OF MERCURY IN
NORTHEAST ATLANTIC OCEAN WATER", Leatherland, T. M., Burton, J. D., Culkin, F., et al.,
Deep-Sea Research and Ocegnographle Abstracts, Vol. 20, No. 2, August 1973, pp
079-685.
Zooplankton and fish, representing different trophic levels, and water were
collected mainly from the Northeast Atlantic Ocean for analysis of Sb, As, Cd, Hg, and
Zn by neutron activation analysis. Water samples were collected in a plastic bucket
and in propylene water bottles, acidified with HC1, and stored in polyethylene bottles.
Some organisms were freeze dried, irradiated, digested in sulfuric acid and hydrogen
peroxide, and glycine and perchloric acid added to distill the Hg. After the
distillate was removed, hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids were added to the main
solution, and Sb and As distilled at about 200 C and separated by sulfide precipitation.
Zn and Cd present in the residual solution were separated by anion exchange of their
chloro-complexes. The separated elements were radiochemically purified and converted
to suitable forms for gravimetric measurement of chemical yield and counting of beta
particles. Other samples were frozen, homogenized, extracted with benzene, back
extracted with cysteine acetate solution, and examined by gas-liquid chromatography
using an electron capture detector. Concentrations of mercury (0.06 to 0.38 ppm dry
weight) showed no clear trend with trophic level. Organomercury analyses on two species
showed that the element was present largely in the methylmercuric form. Concentrations
of cadmium, which reached 13 ppm dry weight in Systeii"spis debilis and Oplophorus sp.,
and of arsenic, which averaged 25 ppm dry weight in the crustaceans, tended to decrease
In the tissues of fishes. Values for antimony which were all below 0.1 ppm dry weight,
showed some indication of a similar trend. Concentrations of mercury in seawater from
AMIC-9171 (Continued)
an adjacent area ranged from 17 to
deep water.
Card 2/2
mg/1., the highest concentration occurring in
INDEX TERMS: Zooplankton, Zinc, Mercury, Neutron activation analysis, Marine fish,
Cadmium, Water analysis, Sea water, Trophic level, Separation techniques,
Antimony, Arsenic, Gas-liquid chrornatography, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9171*
"NITROGEN/ARGON RATIOS BY DIFFERENCE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY", Cline, J. D., Ben-Yaakov,
S., Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographlc Abstracts, Vol. 20, No. 8, August 1973,
pp 763-768.
A method has been developed for the precise determination of dissolved
nitrogen/argon ratios In seawater for the purpose of evaluating small changes in the
dissolved nitrogen content. Nitrogen and argon are extracted from seawater (in vacuo)
and separated from water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen. The residual nitrogen-argon
mixture is swept over a thermal conductivity detector with a carrier gas of the same
composition, except for having a slightly different argon mole fraction. Calibration is
carried out by equilibrating seawater at various temperatures with air. The technique
has been used successfully in the analysis of N2/Ar ratios from the intermediate depths
of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean and the Cariaco Trench. Precision is estimated at
plus or minus 0.2 percent at the 95 percent confidence level; the accuracy depends on
the solubility tables used and the method of equilibration.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Separation techniques, Sea water, Calibrations,
Dissolved nitrogen, Dissolved argon, Difference thermal conductivity, Precision,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-9191*
"Sr-87/Sr-d6 RATIOS AND TOTAL STRONTIUM CONCENTRATIONS IN SURFACE WATERS OF THE
SCIOTO RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN, OHIO", Curtis, J. B., Jr., Stueber, A. M., The Ohio
Journal of Science, Vol. 73, No. 3, May 1973, PP 166-175.
Water samples were collected from 16 locations on the Scioto River to
determine whether variations exist in Sr-97/Sr-bo ratios, to evaluate the effects of
rock types on the ratios, and to evaluate the effect of Input from tributaries on
isotopic composition. Samples were collected from the Scioto River above and below
tributary confluences and from tributaries above their confluence with the Scioto.
Polyethylene containers were used to store the samples until determination of Sr by
atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Sr was separated from water by cation-exchange
chromatography, and isotopic compositions were determined on a solid-source mass
spectrometer. Total Sr concentrations were quite variable and, in the northern portion
or the basin, they were unusually high compared to most North American rivers,
probably due to weathering of celestite in the Silurian carbonate bedrock and overlying
glacial till. The Sr-87/Sr-86 ratios of the Scioto Fiver throughout its length are
constant at about 0.70&*, whereas tributaries have a range of values from about 0.708
to about 0.715. The effect of bedrock on the strontium-isotoplc compositions of these
waters is apparently superseded by the effect of readily soluble carbonate and
celestite in the glacial till. Based on this survey, application of the Sr-87/Sr-86
ratio as a tracer of surface-water provenance In Ohio should be restricted to
unglnelated terrain.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Strontium, Tracers, Monitoring, Mass spectrometry,
Scioto River, Sr-86, Sr-87, Background levels, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
21
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9196
"THE DETERMINATION OF CADMIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION ID AIR, WATER, SEA WATER AND URINE
WITH A R. F. CARBON BED ATOMIZER", Robinson, J. W., Wolcott, D. K., Slevin, D. K.,
Analytica Chlmica Acta, Vol. 66, Ho. 1, August 1973, pp 13-21.
The analytical parameters are described for the determination of cadmium by
atomic absorption in air, water, seawater, and urine. The technique involves the use
of an R. F. generator vhich heats up a carbon bed to approximately lltOO degrees. The
sample is reduced to free metal atoms and is analyzed directly afterwards. The atomi-
zation step and the measuring step are separate steps In this procedure. Detection
limits of 0.1 pg were reached. Quantitative analyses were carried out on the types of
samples indicated. Chemical interferences were studied with a 100-fold excess of the
interfering ion. No interference was noted; a slight depression of the absorption
signal was noted in the presence of perchlorate, and a more severe (30 percent) depres-
sion of signal was noted when borate was present. Absorption traces were compared
for Cd in drops Injected directly onto the carbon bed and for Cd solution Introduced
using carbon slivers. The Cd concentrations were the same in both cases; the results
showed the direct drop technique to be more sensitive than the carbon sliver technique.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Air, V/ater analysis. Methodology, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
identification. Heavy metals, Sea water. Freshwater, Urine, Aqueous solutions,
Water pollution, Air pollution, Atomic absorption speetrophotcmetry, Biological
samples, Detection limits, Absorbance, Perchlorates, Berates, Ionic interference,
Chemical interference, Carbon bed atomizers, Sensitivity.
AMIC-9201
"STUDY OF CHELATEB MIXTURES OF FERRIC IONS WITH NITRILOTRIACETIC, SULFO-5-SAI.ICYLIC
AND PYRCCATECHOL-3,5J}I5ULFONIC ACIDS", Morln, M., Scharff, J. P., Analytica Chlmlea
Acta, Vol. 66, No. 1, August 1973, PP 113-121.
A detailed examination of mixed chelate formation In systems containing
ironflll), nitrllotriacetic acid, and 5-sulfosalicylic acid or
pyrocatechol-3,5-dlsulfonlc acid, has been made. Precise stability constants for the
iron(III)-nitrllotriacetic acid system were established. Potentlometrlc methods and
tristlmulus colorlmetry were used to establish mixed chelate formation. The
compositions and stability constants of all the species formed are given. (In French)
INDEX TERMS: Iron, Kltrllotrlacetic acid, Pollutant identification, Sulfo-5-sallcyllc
acid, Pyrocatechol-3 5-disulfonlc acid. Mixtures, Metal chelates.
22
AMIC-9203
"THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANO-SULFUR COMPOUNDS BY 1HIN-LA.YER CHROMA1DGRAPHY VIA A
LIGAHE-EXCHANGE PROCESS", Frei, P. W., MacLellan, B. L., MacKeil, J. D., Analytica
Chimlca Aeta, Vol. 66, No. 1, August 1973, pp 139-11*2.
The palladium chloride-calcein spray reagent may be used for the detection of
many sulfur-containing compounds after separation on thin-layer chromatograins.
Palladium forms stable complexes with sulfur In certain oxidation states, thus releasini
the calceln with which it had teen complexed. The sulfur-containing compounds
investigated were detected by the fluorescence of the free calcein. Maximum
fluorescence intensity was observed 15-60 min after spraying with a gradual loss in
intensity over 15 h. The quantitative application of the method was investigated for
thioacetamide and the results showed that thioacetamide could be determined
semiquantitatively at the viEual detection limit (10 ng/spot) with acceptable precision
and accuracy. All results obtained indicate that the method has excellent possibilities
for development as a routine technique.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Separation techniques. Pollutant identification,
Organosulfur compounds, Ligand exchange method, Quantitative analysis, Palladium
chloride-calcein reagent, Thin layer chromatography, Detection limits, Accuracy,
Precision, Chromogenic reagents, Peproduclbllity, Method evaluation.
AMIC-92OU
"AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF META1 IONS BY
ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY. DETERMINATION OF ZINC (II) IN WATERS", fetsul, H.,
Analytica Chimlca Acta. Vol. 66, No. 1, August 1973, pp lU3-lli6.
A sample automated method for the determination of trace amounts of zlnc-(ll)
by Ion-exchange chromatography and colorimetry is described in this communication; zinc
Is determined colorimetrically with zincon, 2-carboxy-2'-hydroxy-5'-Eulfoformazyl-
benzene. In the proposed method, 2.0-15.0 mlcrograms of zinc can be determined without
Interference and with a maximum error of 3 percent. In applications of this method, the
zinc content of several kinds of water was determined. Zinc was adsorbed quantitatively
from water containing the same amounts of these Ions as seawater, acidified to It percent
acetic acid.
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Water analysis, Methodology, Coloriraetry, Chemical analysis,
Cations, Heavy metals, Automatic control. Sea water, Municipal water, Groundwater,
Potable water, Natural waters, Ion exchange chromntography, Trace levels, Zincon,
Chroraogenic reagents, 2-Carboxy-2l-hydroxy-5'-sulfofornia.zylbenzene, Precision,
Shonai-gawa River, Yada-^wa Piver, Ise B«iy, Chemical Interference, Ionic
Interference.
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1. PHYSICAL AKD CHEMICAL METHODS
AH1C-9205
"THE POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATION OF POTASSIUM IN SEA WATER WITH A VALINOMY.CIN
ELECTRODE", Anfalt, T., Jigner, D., Analytlca Chimlca Acta, Vol. 66, No 1
August 1973, pp 152-15S.
The valinomycin electrode was investigated to determine if it could be used
for highly precise determinations of potassium. Using Standard Sea Water, te
potassium concentration was determined, from 97 titrations in which freshly prepared
electrodes were used for approximately every tenth tltration, to be 10.22 plus or minus
0.03 mmole/100 g of seawater. The relative standard deviation for a single titretion
is not however, better than 0.026.
I1JDEX TEFMS: Potassium, Sea water, Water analysis, Volumetric analysis, Alkali metals,
Pollutant identification. Salinity, Methodology, Cations, Potentiometric
titration, Valinomycin electrode, Precision, Ion selective electrodes.
AMIC-9213
"SOLUBLE ALUMINUM IN MARINE AND FRESH WATER BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY", Lee, M.-L.,
Burrell, D. C., Analytlca Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 66, No. 2, September 1973, pp 2U5-250.
The feasibility of determining the extractable aluminum contents of natural
waters, with particular emphasis on seawater, by gas-liquid partition chronatography
has been demonstrated. The metal IE chelated with trifluoroacetylaoetone, extracted
into toluene and injected into the chronatograph using direct on-column injection.
Under optimized instrumental conditions, better than picograra quantities of aluminum
as the trlfluoroacetylacetone complex may be detected.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Aluminum, Freshwater, Pollutant Identification, Chemical
analysis, Water analysis, Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Solvent extractions
Natural waters, Gas liquid chromatography, Metal chelatee, Trifluoroacetylacetone,
Partition chromatography, Electron capture gas chroma tography, Aluminum
tririuoroacetylacetonate, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9332
"EMISSION SPECTROMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE METALS IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES",
Webb, J., Niedermeier, W., Griggs, J. H., Applied Speetroscopy. Vol. 27, No 5,
September/October 1973, PP 3"+2-3i*7.
An emission spectroraetric method of analysis is described which permits
duplicate analyses to be performed on 1-g specimens of tissue for 13 elements in the
mlcrograro percent range. Pig hearts were dissected into 17 separate pieces represent-
ing discrete anatomic sites. Samples were prepared for analysis by low temperature wet
digestion. On the basis of their composition of the macro elements sodium, potassium,
and phosphorus, these tissuea could be divided into two groups: one including blood
vessels and heart valves, and the other including ordinary and specialised myocardium.
A method is described for adjusting the macro element composition of these tissues to
that of a common matrix, thus allowing trace metal analysis of both groups of tissues
to be performed using only a single set of standards. A solution of the ash was placed
In hollow cup graphite electrodes with center posts, evaporated to dryness, and
analyzed in the dc arc with a Jarrell-Ash model 66,000 direct reading emission
spectrometer. At concentrations above 10 microgram percent the coefficient of
variation was about 10 percent for most of the trace metals atudled.
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Hogs,
Heavy metals, Alkali metals, Alkaline earth metals, Animal tissues, Emission
spectroscopy, Sample preparation, Matrix effects, Biological samples, Precision.
AMIC-93U*
"THE CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND OF WATERS AND BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS FROM PONDS", Boyd, C. E.,
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Vol. 102, No. 3, July 1973, PP 606-611.
Water samples were taken from ponds which received feed applications and from
fertilized and unfertilized ponds and analyzed to determine if a consistent relationship
exists between the COD of pond waters and the rate of oxygen consumption by planktonic
organisms. The samples were collected 10 cm beneath the surface with polyethylene
bottles and used within 2 hr of collection for the preparation of the following
experiments: rate of 02 consumption, COD, and effect of temperature on 02 consumption.
COD determinations were made on unfiltered and the filtrntes of filtered water sajnples.
The total amount of 02 required to oxidize fish, algal, and macrophyte samples was
determined by COD analysis. The rate of oxygen consumption by organisms in pond waters,
as measured by a dark bottle technique for a 2k.hr period, Increased with Increasing
chemical oxygen demand (COD). Rate of oxygen consumption increased with temperature
between 15 and 35 C (Q sub 10 values were 1.5 to 2.0). At the same level of COD,
oxygen consumption was greater In unaltered pond water than in water in which the
plankton was heat-killed and oxygen was utilized only by bacteria and other decomposers.
COD was positively correlated with increasing concentrations of chlorophyll In pond
water. The amount of COD in soluble organic matter ranged from 20.2 to 95.0 percent of
the total COD. The percentage of the COD in the soluble fraction decreased with
increasing quantities of phytoplankton. The average amounts of oxygen (rag oxygen/mg dry
wt) required to completely oxidize various types of biological material were:
phytoplankton from pure cultures, 1.29; macroscopic algae, 100; higher aquatic plants,
0.99. particulate matter from pond waters 0.98» and fish, 1.19.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical oxygen demand, Surface waters, Ponds, Aquatic algae, Aquatic
plants, Freshwater fish, Organic matter, Oxygen consumption.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-83U2, 9i62
Category 3, AMIC-9077
Category 5, AMIC-8982, 9069, 907**, 9^50.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-7918
"EFFECTS OF PARAQUAT ON INVERTEBRATES IN A CANTERBURY STREAM, NEW ZEALAND", Burnet,
A. M. R.j New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. Vol. 6, No. k,
December 1972, pp i»W-l«55~ '
During 1966 and 1967, paraquat was applied on three occasions at 2 ppra for
30 min to control aquatic weeds In the South Branch experimental stream, a tributary of
the lower Wairaakariri River, Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand. Effects on the
invertebrate fauna of the stream were studied before, during, and after the
applications, by furber and drift-net samples. After a heavy initial kill, the paraqua'
treatment reduced the number of amphlpods caught in the drift fauna to 5 percent of the
pre-treatroent level, and there was a slight reduction in the numbers of hemlpterans.
The total numbers in Surber samples increased markedly a year after treatments ended,
mainly due to increased numbers of trichopterans.
INDEX TERMS: Herbicides, Invertebrates, Aquatic animals, Water pollution effects,
Aquatic insects, Mollusks, Crustaceans, Paraquat, Walmakarirl River.
AMIC-7920
"REVISIONS ABD HEW TAXA IN NEW ZEALAND NOTONEMOURLUAE (INSECTA: PLECOPTERA)",
McLellan, I. D., New Zealand Journal or Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 6,
No. U, December 1972, pp U69-WJ1.
A revised diagnosis of Spanlocercoldes is given, S. hudsoni Klmnlns Is
redescrlbed, its larva IB described for the first time, and notes on variation and
ecology are added. Additions and amendments to the description of S. cowleyl
(Winterbourn), and notes on Its ecology are given. S, flmbrla Winter-bourn is removed
to Cristaperla gen. nov., and the male epiproct, the fernflle and part of the larval
exuviae are described for the first time. Omanuperla gen. nov. is er*Cted to contain
O. brunlngi sp. nov. Notes on the origin and structure of ovipositors and keys to
IJnaglnes and larvae are given.
INDEX IERMS: Systematics, Stoneflies, Ecology, Spanlocercoides hudsoni,
Spaniocercoides cowleyl, Spaniocercoldes flmbria., Ctaanuperla brunlngl.
AMIC-7999
"INDIRECT COULOMETRIC TITRAT10N OF BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPONENTS",
Hawkridge, F. M., Kuwana, T., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 7, June 1973,
pp 1021-1027.
The approach of utilizing an electrochemicallj' generated tltrant to transfer
charge to an electron carrier enzyme has been demonstrated in the mediator/spinach
ferredoxin-NADP-reductase/NADPH system. Present work describes further developments
aimed toward the general application of epectroelectrochemical methods using
optically transparent electrodes (OTE's) to evaluate the stoichiometry, energetics,
Fmrl kinetics of enzymatic electron transfer sequences. Electrochemical and spectrs-l
data indicate that reagents such as potassium ferrocyajiide, 1,1' -dimethyl-k ,k '-bitryridyi
dichloride (methyl viologen), and l,l'-ethylene-2,2l-'blpyrldyl dlchloride can also act
as electron mediators ar4d that their essential properties are unaffected by the
presence of a protein. These reagents undergo electron transfer at the electrode and
in turn transfer charge to the enzyme. Anaerobic redox titrations (02 less than or
equal to 0.5 mlcroM) of horee heart cytochrome c, modified horse heart cytochi-ome c,
and sperm whale myoglobln are reported. Results Indicate that the n values of these
heme proteins can be evaluated within plus or minus 3 percent of the expected values.
Concurrent potentiometric data have also been obtained for certain titrations.
Experimental details pf cell design, oxygen removal by vacuum degassing, procedures in
charge Injection, and the rapid acquisition of spectral information are discussed.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. >*5, No. 7> June 1973, PP 1021-1027.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
AMIC-7999 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Electrochemistry, Energy transfer, Cytologlcal studies, Electron
transport, Coulonetric titratlon, Stoichiometry, Heme proteins, Bloenergetlcs,
Enzyme kinetics.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MEC-802U
"SIMPLE INEXPENSIVE FREEZE -DRY ING PROCEDURE", Young, J. W., Christian, G. D.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. ^5, No. 7, June 1973, p 1296.
Serum can be rapidly and inexpensively lyophillzed for analysis by
inmersing and gently swirling a beaker containing the serum in a bath of dry ice and
acetone. After the serum is frozen on the beaker In a thin film, a vacuum desiccator
is attached and a vacuum applied until the sample is dried. No loss occurs with this
procedure, .and a 1-ml sample can be dried in about 30 mln.
INDEX TERMS: Analytical techniques, Methodology, Freeze drying, Serum,
AMIC-63U2
"RECONDITE TOXIC ITY OF TRACE ELEMENTS", Schroeder, H. A., In: Essays in Toxicology,
Vol. I*, Chap. 3, Hayes, W. J., Jr., editor, Academic Press, New~York, N.Y.,1973,
pp 107-199.
This toxlcologlcal essay is concerned with the hidden effects of trace
elements. These effects are considered in terms of growth, the body weight of aged
animals, survival and longevity, reproduction, and other pathological manifestations
such as diseased kidneys, changes in serum constituents (glucose, cholesterol, uric
acid). The mechanisms of toxiclty are discussed as well as the recondite toxiclty of
metals other than Cd in man. Cadmium is the metal with the lowest threshold of
recondite toxiclty; lead also has a low threshold, and beryllium probably has a low one
too. Mercury and antimony have moderately low thresholds. Thresholds are higher for
most other elements and very high for almost all of the essential trace elements.
Effects of an abnormal element on growth are not necessarily consistent with Its effects
on longevity, nor are effects on longevity always consistent with effects on fertility
and the viability of offspring. Signs of recondite toxicity can be bizarre and
unexpected, and Include hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, coronary
artery occlusion, and malignant tumors, as well as alterations in carbohydrate and
lipld metabolism, glycosurla, proteinuria, shortened longevity, reproductive
abnormalities, and weight loss in older aninals. It is very likely that modern
exposures to industrial elements with recondite toxicity contribute to some of the
chronic diseases of modern man.
INDEX TERMS: Toxicity, Trace elements. Animal physiology. Public health, Water pollution
effects, Air pollution effects, Toxicology, Bioaccumulation.
. -
AMIC-8377
"ALGAL EXCRETION OF C -Ik-LABELED COMPOUNDS. AND MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS IN CYANIEIUM
CALDARIUM MATS", Belly, R. T., Tansey, M. R., Brock, T. D., Journal of Phycology,
Vol. 9, No. 2, June 1973, PP 123-127.
Because of their low species diversity in hot acid waters, Cyanldium
caldarlum was used to study bacterial, fungal, and algal interactions in aquatic
habitats. Field and laboratory studies included quantification of bacteria, algae, and
fungi, determination of protein and chlorophyll content, uptake of C-lU-labeled
NaHCO3 and excretion of extracellular products. The primary bacterial component of
C. caldarium mats is Bacillus coagulans, anfl the primary fungal component is Dactylaria
gallopava.The studies showed that from 2 to 6 percent of the NaHC-lUO3 taken up by
natural or laboratory populations of the alga was excreted as C-l^-labeled materials.
The maximum excretion occurred at temperature, light, and pH values optimum for
HaHC-l*»03 uptake. However, when excretion was expressed as a percentage of HaHC
uptake, a higher percentage of the radioactivity was excreted at nonoptimal conditions
for NaHC-1^03 uptake. Fungal biomass was directly proportional to algal density, but
bacterial numbers varied widely and did not correlate with algal numbers. The
bacterial and fungal components could be grown in mixed culture with either growing
C. calrtarlum cultures or in an extract prepared by heating algal cells.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae, Bicarbonates, Ecology, Absorption,
Proteins, Water temperature, Light, Hydrogen ion concentration, Excretion.
AMIC-85V7
"CHLORINATED URBAN WATER: A CAUSE OF DIALYSIS-INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA.", Eaton, J. W.,
Kolpin, C. F., Swofford, H. S., Science, Vol. 181, No. 1*098, August 3, 1973, pp UeS-W1*.
The occurrence of acute hemolytic anemia in uremic patients undergoing
hemodialysis led to the investigation of the role of test water used in the dialyzlng
fluid. The water is usually purified by reverse osmosis (RO). However, observation
of three hemodialyzed patients showed that two patients incurred significant
methemoglobinemia and Heinz body inclusions in blood cells when unpurified tap water
and TO water were used in dialysis baths. In the third case where charcoal filtered
water was used, these effects did not occur. Since most urban waters are treated with
chlorine and ammonia to form chloramines, distlLled water was treated similarly and
used In oxldant tests of red cells. From the results it appears that chloramines
nay cause marked methemoglobinemia and hemolysis in hemodialyzed patients. A similar
process may underlie the lethal effects of chlorine compounds as shown by tests with
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Four fish (1 g weight) were exposed to 1.5 ppm
chloramines in water until they began to lose their righting reflex. Blood was taken
by cutting off the fish's tail and Immersing the fish in distilled water containing
EDTA; the hemolyzates pooled; and the methemoglobin content analyzed. Fish exposed for
about ko minutes averaged 32 percent methemoglobin compared with less tten 3 percent in
controls. Chloramine-induced hemolytic anemia can be avoided by charcoal filtration
of water or addition of ascorbic acid.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Toxicity, Public health, Chloramines, Fathead minnow,
Methemoglobinemia.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-86U9
"NEW KECOKDS OF SARGAS3JM HAWAIIENSIS DOTY AND HEWHOUSE (SABOASSACEAE, PHAEOPHYTA),
A DEEP WATER SPECIES", De Wreede, K. E., Jones, E. C., Phycologla. Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2,
June 1973, pp 59-62.
Sarsassurc hawailensis Doty and Newhouse was described in 1966 from a
fragmentation specimen dredged from a depth of 50 m off Oahu, Hawaii. Until recently,
no further collections have been available for study. In 1968 and 1971 new material
was collected from Penguin Banks off Molokai, Hawaii, during shrimp trawling operations
by the National Marine Fisheries Service vessel "Townsend Cromwell1. The specimens were
obtained from depths of 183 an<3 200 meters. A complete description of the species is
given, which differentiates it from the three other species of Eargaesmn recognized from
Hawaii. Sargasauit. hawallensls is distinguished by a combination of characteristics,
these being: simple spines on some branches, terete vesicle petioles, muticous and
spherical vesicles and bifurcate receptacles with narrow sterile bridges.
INDEX TERMS: Phaeophyta, Deep-water habitats, Systematlcs, Marine algae, Kelps,
Speciation, Plant morphology, Plant groupings, Sargassum hawailensis.
AMIC-8653
"SUBLITORAL BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE OF SOUTHERN CAPE COD AND ADJACENT ISLANDS:
PSEUDCLITHODERMA PARADOXUM SP. NOT. (RALFSIACEAE, ECTOCARPALES)", Sears, J. R.,
Wllce, R. T., Phycologia, Vol. 12, Nos. 1/2, June 1973, PP 75-82.
PseudoJllthoderma paradoxua is described as a new crustose member of the
Ralfsiaceae, Ectocarpales, based on year-round observation of field collected and
laboratory cultured plants. The terminal unilocular sporangia, soft character, presence
of six to nine plastids in each vegetative cell, and the absence of a gel covering
distinguish P. paradoxurr. from other brown crustose algae.
INDEX TERhE: Benthic flora, Phaeophyta, Marine algae, Speciation, Cytological studies,
Sampling, Systematics, Kelps, Cultures, Plant morphology, Pseudolithoderma
paradoxum, Sublittoral, Sample preparation, Pseudollthodenna roscoffensis,
Pseudolithoderma roeenvingii, Lithodenna, Pseudolithoderma subextensum,
PBeudolithOderma extensum, Petroderma, Sorapion, Ralfsia, Symphyocarpus.
AfflC-8717
"TEMPERATURE SELECTION BY JEVENILE AND ADULT YELLOW PERCH (PERCA FIAVESCEHS)
ACCLIMATED TO 24 C", McCauley, R. W., Read, L. A. A., Journal of the Fisheries
gejearel^Board of Canada. Vol. 30, No. 8, August 1973, pp 1253-1255.
Samples of Juvenile and adult yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were obtained
from the same habitat and at the same time from two separate water sources to study
the differences, if any, in their preferred temperatures. The fish, acclimated to
2k C, were subjected to a vertical temperature gradient. Juveniles selected
temperatures in the range 20.0-23.3 C and adults in the range 17.6-20.1 C. It is
concluded that age plays an important role in temperature selection in this species.
INDEX TERMS: Perches, Water temperature, Bioassay, Age, Temperature selection.
AMIC-6785
"EMERGENCE, REPRODUCTION, AND GROWTH OF SETIPALPIAN PLECOPTERA IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO",
Harper, P. P., OIKOS, Vol. 2U, No. 1, 1973, PP g't-lO?.
Plecopteran nymphs were collected at monthly intervals for one year from 11
streams In southern Ontario to study their emergence, reproduction, and growth.
Samples were collected from riffles by hand picking, netting, and by using emergence
traps. Of 81, 372 stonefly nymphs collected, 6 207 or about 7.6 percent were
Setipalpla. The Perlodidae were represented by eight species of Isoperla: 1. nana,
I. deeepta, I. transmarina, I. clip, I. cotta, I. frisoni, I. dicala, and _!. lata.
fhloroperlidae were represented by two species: Alloperls T-weltsa) onka and
Hastoperla brevls. Perlidae were represented by six species: Perlesta placida,
Acroneurla earollnensis, Phasganophora capita-ta, Paragnetlna media, Neoperla clymene,
and Acroneurla evoluta. Only seven species occurred in sufficient numbers to permit n
study of their life cycle. Special emphasis was given In the study to the biology of
the eggs, the younger nymphs, and the adults. The results show that Isoperla clip,
_!. transmarina, I. cotta, and _I. frisoni are univoltine with a simple and straight
forward life history. There is, however, in some species a differential growth of the
nymphs which results in a wide size-range of the nymphs at any one time. The
chloroperlid Alloperla onkos has a two-year cycle. The perl ids Paragnetina media and
Phasganophora eapltata require three and two years respectively to complete their
cycle. Parthenogenesis Is reported in P. media.
INDEX TERMS: Stoneflies, Life cycles, Life history studies. Reproduction, Growth
stages. Emergence, Isoperla, Alloperla, Hastaperla, Perlesta, Acroneuria,
Phasganophora, Paragnetlna, Neoperla.
26
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2. BIOLOGICAL KBTHODo
AMIC-8858
"THE STUBCTURE OF AN ACID (OORLAND POND COMMUNITY", Griffiths, D., Journal of
Animal Ecology. Vol. *»2, No. 2, June 1973, pp 263-283.
An investigation was made of the spatial relations between the plants and
animals comprising an acid moorland pond community. Samples or plants and animals were
taken from Pen-ffordd-goch Pond in spring and autumn vith a metal box designed to
enclose *i vertical column of water and the surface layer of the substratum. On
collection, the samples, consisting of a mixture of mud, plant material and animals,
were preserved in Pampel's fluid and sorted in two operations, a purely physical
sorting followed by chemical separation. Of the plant species Juncus and Potamogeton
were found in the shallow water and Glyceria in the deeper water. There was no obvious
difference in the fauna of the two zones and no sharp change in faunal composition
corresponding with the floral change. All the animals, except Sialis, has aggregated
distributions. This was due to environmental heterogeneity, some areas being more
suitable for a species than others. An inverse realtionship between the abundances of
the animals (in terms of biomass} and the degree of aggregation was demonstrated for the
animals from each zone. The associations between plants, plants and animals, and
between animals were measured by s rank correlation coefficient. In the Glyceria zone
the majority of the animals were associated with the plants. In the Juncus-Potamogeton
zone the majority of the animals were associated with the Sphagnum/debris/Juncus
complex. Species abundances are compared with various models, the best fit being given
by the geometric series. The species size distribution is approximately lognormal.
The majority of the animals in the pond were feeding on detritus, very little living
vegetation being eaten.
AMIC-8858 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Biological communities, Aquatic plants, Aquatic animals, Spatial
distribution, Invertebrates, Aquatic insects, Newts, Ecological distribution,
Mollusks, Distribution patterns, Crustaceans, Nematodes, Annelids, Acid moorland,
Pen-ffordd-goch Pond, Macroinvertebrates.
AMIC.8939
"LOSS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACTIVITY IN TWO BLUE-GREEN A1GAE AS A RESULT OF OSMOTIC
STRESS", Grodzinski, B., Colman, B., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 115, No. 1,
July 1973, PP 1*56-1*58.
Spheroplasts of the blue-green algae Anabaena flos-aquae, Anacystis nidulans,
Gleocapsa alpicola, Coccochloris penioeystis, and Osci'llatoria sp. were prepared using
lysozyme in mannitol-phosphate buffer. Photosynthetic rates were determined for the
spheroplasts in the mannltol-phosphate buffer, for untreated cells suspended in the
same buffer, and for untreated cells suspended in phosphate buffer by manometric
measurement of oxygen evolution or by measurement of C-lU uptake from labeled NaHCC3.
No effects were noted for Anabaena, Oscillatoria, or Gleoeapsa. However, with Anacystis
and Coeeochloris the photosynthetic rates for spheroplasts and cells in mannitol-
phosphate buffer were much lower than that of cells in phosphate buffer. Washing of
cells failed to produce recovery of photosynthetic activity and a fluorescent material
identified as pteridine was found in the incubation medium. The quantity of pteridine
was proportional to the loss of photosynthetic activity. Similar results were obtained
with other compounds exerting osmotic pressure comparable to that of mannitol. These
compounds were: sucrose, D-glucose, D-sorbitol, and fructose.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Photosynthesis, Culture media, Anacystis, Coccochloris,
Mannitol.
AMIC-8971
"TWO NEW CHYTRIDS FROM THE APPALACHIAN HIGHLANDS", Foane, M. K., Mycologia,
Vol. 55, No. 3, May/June 1973, PP 531-538.
Two new species of the Chytridiales have been isolated from water samples
from the impoundments on the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation in Pulaski County, Virginia.
The first is a species of Chytridium, C. ottariensis, and the second is a
Phlyctochytrium, P. powfaatanensis.
INDEX "HSraC: Systematics, Aquatic fungi, Chytridium ottariensis, Phylctochytrium
powhatanesls.
27
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9003
"EFFECT OF SILT AND SILT REMOVAL IN A PRAIRIE LAKE", Brashier, C. K., Churchill, C. L.,
Leldahl, G., Dakota State College, Chemistry Department, Madison, South Dakota, Report
No. EPA-R3-73-037, July 1973, 211 pp.
A surveillance program has been maintained on two shallow, warm water
prairie lakes and their tributaries. One of these lakes, Lake Madison, is
domestically polluted with the effluent from the sewage treatment plant of Madison,
South Dakota. The other. Lake Herman, is polluted due to siltation caused by
run-off froc a large, intensively fanned watershed. This surveillance program has
resulted in comparisons of chemical nutrients and biota of a heavily silted lake with
those of a relatively unsilted, but domestically polluted lake. The surveillance
program on the Lake Herman tributaries has also led to conclusions regarding nutrient
levels in successive spring run-offs. During the summers of 1969 and 1970 a total of
seventeen gabion-type silt traps were constructed across the major feeder streams on
the Lake Henmn watershed In order to retard lake siltation. The traps were of
several structural types and were constructed in locations with different types of
creekbeds and different water-flow rates in order to evaluate which combinations of
design and location were most effective. The traps were successful as filters for
large debris but ha limited success as silt-retaining devices. However, erosion
occurred around or under many of the traps thus diminishing their effectiveness.
INDEX TERMS: Sediment control, Water pollution. Nutrients, Environmental effects.
Aquatic life, Eutrophication, Physical properties, Water analysis, Bottom
sediments. Soil analysis. Biological properties. Chemical properties, Lake
siltation. Pollutant removal, Lake Herman, Lake Madison, Gabion silt traps.
AMIC-900U
"BIOTA OF FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS. IDENTIFICATION MANUAL NO. 11. FRESHWATER UNIONACEAN
CLAMS (MOLLUSCA:PELECYPODA) OF NORTH AMERICA", Burch, J. B., University of Michigan,
Museum and Department of Zoology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Report No. WPCRS 18050 ELD03/73,
Contract No. 1U21 89*1, March 1973, 176 pp.
Blvalved mollusks of the superfamily Unionacea (Order Schizodonta) are
represented in North America by three families, U6 genera, and, as treated in this
key, 221 species. The primitive Margaritiferidae are represented by two genera, and
four species, the Amblemldae by eight genera and 25 species, and the very large family
Hnionidae by 36 genera and 192 species. Systematics are not wen worked out in many
groups, which makes a definitive listing of species somewhat arbitrary at this time.
The present key in most instances reflects a conservative approach to the lower taxa
and, although It omits many nominal species of doubtful validity, the key nevertheless
represents most of the biological species. Characters of soft anatomy are used to
separate the families, subfamilies and, in a few cases, genera. Species are
separated by shell characters. The main feature of this publication is an illustrated
taxonomlc key using both soft anatomy and shell characters for the identification
of the North American Unionacea.
INDEX TEWC: Mollusks, Clams, Systematics, Animal groupings, Classification, North
America, Aquatic animals. Invertebrates, Mussels, Freshwater, Ecological distribu-
tion, Pelecypods, Animal morphology, Macroinvertebrates.
28
AMIC-9008
"REVISION OF FAMILY AHD SOME GENERIC LEFINITIONS IN THE PHAENNIDAE AND SCOLECITHRICIDAE
(COPEPODA: CALAKOIDA)", Bradford, J., New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research. Vol. 7, Nos. 1/2, June 1973, pp 133-152.
Some genera have been removed from the family Phaennidae which, with the
Scolecithricidae, are redefined. All other genera have been placed close to the
Diaixidae and Tharybidae. The scolecithricid genera Scolecithrix, Scolecithrieella,
Aroallothrix, Seaphocalanus and Lophothrix are redefined. It is suggested that the
species Seoleclthrix ctenopus, E. auropecten, E. fowleri and Amallophora altera
represent four groups of species which probably should be given generic status, A new
species of Parundinella is named and a juvenile Neoscolecithrix described
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Copepods, Scolecithrix, Amallothrix, Cornucalanus,
Onchocalanus, Phaenna, Racovitzanus, Seaphocalanus, Scolecithrieella,
Ecottocalanus, Xanthocalanus.
AMIC-9009
"A NEW SPECIES OF BOECKELLA (COPEPODA! CALANOIDA) FROM NORTHLAND, NEW ZEALAND",
Chapman, M. A., Hew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 7,
Nos. 1/2, June 1973, PP 153-157.
A new species of calanoid copepod, Boeckella tansa, shows similarities to
B. propinqua and B. delieata. It appears to be confined to lakes and ponds in
Northland, New Zealand.
INDEX TERMS: Copepods, Systematics, New Zealand, Boeckella tanea.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9011
"PROTOZOA FROM BLUE LAKE, RAOUL ISLAND", Brown, T. J., Peart, J. A., New Zealand
Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. Vol. 7, Nos. 1/2, June 1973, pp 171-178.
Protozoa were collected In -universal bottles from four mlcrohabitats of Blue
Lake: (1) within the bottom mud, (2) on the surface of the mud, (3) from mldwater,
and (It) from the water surface. The pH of each sample was determined at the time of
collection and regularly throughout the observation period in the laboratory. Upon
arrival at the laboratory, samples were transferred to petri dishes and maintained for
observation without the addition of enrichment media. Protozoan populations were
measured with £ modified Fuchs-Roaenthal haemocytometer, and classification and
identification were carried out by staining and observation by light microscopy and by
phase contrast microscopy. The in situ pH values of the four mlcrohabitats ranged from
6.8 to 9.0. After 2 days in vitrc, the mud zones showed a marked drop in pH. The
protozoan population contained few species, all showing a well developed ability to
endure a wide pH range and/or related phenomena such as redox potential. The genera
represented were Amoeba, Acanthamoeba, Aulacantha, Parameclum, Yorticella, Euplotes,
Oncychodromus. and Oxytricha.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen ion cencentration, Protozoa, Water quality. Mud, Amoeba,
Acanthamoeba, Aulacantha, Paramecium, Vorticella, Euplotes, Oncychodromus,
Oxytricha.
AMIC-9012
"DIATOM FLORA OF THE GRAND RIVER, ONTARIO, CANADA", Sreenivasa, M. R., Duthie, H. C.,
HydJObiologla, Vol. ^2, Nos. 2-3, August 15, 1973, PP 161-221*.
Samples of diatom flora were collected from 12 stations on the Grand River
during 1965-70. Collections were made by plankton net, by scraping rocks, and by
collecting leaves or whole aquatic plants. Sediments were collected with an Ekman
dredge. Samples were boiled in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids, washed and
centrifuged with distilled water, and mounted in hyrax or clearax for microscopic
examination. Of 273 taxa identified the most abundant species overall were Cymbella
caespltosa and Diatoma vulgire. Most of the species identified are common to
moderately alkaline rivers and lakes in eastern and central North America.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Hydrogen ion concentration, Alkalinity, Sampling, Varieties,
Speclation, Grand Fiver.
AMIC-9013
"FIELD AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF A POWER STATION EFFLUENT ON
TUBIFICIDAE (OLIGOCHAETA, ANNELIDA)", Aston, R. J., Hydrobiologia, Vol. Ug,
Nos. 2/3, August 15, 1973, pp 225-2U2.
In order to study the effects of power plant effluents on tubificids, mud
cores containing tubificids were collected downstream from three power plants which
discharge warm condenser water into the River Trent. The worms were removed from the
formalin-preserved cores and counted. Laboratory experiments were conducted to
determine the effects of temperature on the reproductive rate of Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri and Tub ifex tubifex and the combined effects of dissolved oxygen
concentration and temperature on the reproductive rate of L. hoffmelsteri. Higher
numbers of sexually mature worms of L. hoffmeisteri were found in the River Trent
downstream from Drakelow Power Stations than upstream. In the laboratory1 esperiments
it was found that: L, hoffmeisteri increased its rate of egg production with increase
in temperature up to about 25 C while T. tubifex maintained a fairly steady rate of
egg and cocoon production over a wide range of oxygen concentrations above 2 ppni. It
seems likely that the difference between the numbers of sexually mature L. hoffmeisteri
upstream and downstream from the power station were influenced more by the increased
temperature, than in increased oxygen levels of the power station effluent, though
under extreme conditions of deoxygenation, aeration of the river by the cooling towers
at the power stations could increase the abundance of this species.
INDEX TERMS: Tubificids, Powerplants, Heated water, Water pollution effects,
Effluents, Annelids, On-site investigations, Laboratory tests, Water temperature,
Dissolved oxygen, Animal physiology, Upstreajn, Downstream, Population density.
AMIC-9011*
"THE ECOLOGY OF THE DIATOMS OF THE KLIP RIVER, SOUTHERN TRANSVAAL", Hancock, F. I).,
Hydrobiologia, Vol. k2, Nos. 2/3, August 15, 1973, PP 2U3-284.
Diatom associations formed by 2 percent or more of species, found by the
Thomasson analysis method, are discussed in relation to the physical and chemical
vicissitudes of a stream In which the head waters become cut off from those of the
middle reaches by a barren zone caused by mineral and acid pollution from dumps
resulting from the gold-mining industry on the Hltwatersrand. Associations are found
indicative of the originating waters, of regions of instability due to the pollution,
whether it be its onset or recovery therefrom and of the lower recovered middle
reaches. In each reach there are found to be associations indicative of pH, nitrogen
content, dissolved oxygen and alkalinity. Thus the associations enable one to 'read1
the conditions of the river. An additional association occurs at the very turbid
mouth of the river which is indicative of low light requirement. The work supports the
findings of Cholnoky (1958 et seq. ) in his researches into the diatom ecology of South
African streams.
IKDE3C TERMS: Diatoms, Ecology, Aquatic algae, Biological communities, Water properties,
Water quality, Bioindicators, Klip River, South Africa, Sample preparation. Sample
preservation, Data interpretation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHUKi
AMIC-9015
"CHANGES IK SPECIE:; COMPOSITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON DUE TO ENRICHMENT BY N, P, AND
Si OF UATEF FROM A NORTH FLORIDA LAKE", Glooschenko, W. A., AlviE, C., Hydrobiologia,
Vol. Us, Nos. 2-3, August i;>, 1973, pp 265-29ii.
Water samples were collected from Lake Jackson, near Tallahassee, Florida,
and enriched with N, P, N plus P, and Si in the laboratory in April, 1969 and
January, 1970. After time intervals of 3 and 6 days in April, and 13 days additionally
in Jp_nuary, phytoplanktonic algae in the cultures were enumerated as to species
composition arid cell numbers with an Inverted plankton microscope. Controls, to
which no nutrients were added, were also maintained to determine changes arising from
culture-room conditions. The addition of K and P, alone or In combination, caused
increased numbers of al^ie, slong with differences in species composition. This
indicated that these two nutrient elements were limiting tc production in Lake
Jackson besides exerting a chemical control on succession. Si additions increased
diatom numbers, but also stimulated Anacystis cyanea to grow in the April sample.
Species attributed as Indicators of organic pollution were found to be simulated by
Inorganic sources of K, p, or Si. Such changes indicated caution must be exercised
in Interpreting long-tent nutrient enrichment experiments using natural phjrtoplankton
communities.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, "utrients, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Cyanophyta, Chrysophyta,
Pyrrophyta, Chlorophyte, Water sampling, Lake Jackson, Nutrient enrichment,
Silicon.
AMIC-9016
"POPULATION DYNAMICS OF POND 200PLANKTON, I. DIAFTOHUS PALLIDUSHEHRICK", Armitage,
K. B., Saxena, E., Angino, E. E., Hydrobiologla,' Vol. ^g, Nos. 2/3, August 15, 1973,
PP 295*333.
The simultaneous and lag relationships between 27 environmental variables
and seven population components of a perennial calanoid copepod were examined by simple
and partial correlations and stepwise regression. The analyses consistently explained
more than 70 percent of the variation of a population component. The multiple
correlation coefficient (R) usually was highest in no lag or in 3-week or t-week lag
except for clutch size In which K was highest in 1-week lag. Population control,
egg-bearing, and clutch size were affected primarily "by environmental components
categorized as weather; food apparently was relatively minor in affecting population
control or reproduction.
INDEX TEreC: Environmental effects, Zooplankton, Statistical methods, Life cycles,
Weather, Growth stages. Computer programs, Fecundity, Secondary productivity,
Life history studies, Copepods, Water analysis, Reproduction, Disptomus pallidus,
Population dynamics, Gage Pond, Population density, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-9033
"STHEAM COMMUHTIY RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT", Cole, H. A., Journal Mater
Pollution Contyj Federation, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 9, September 1973, pp
A stwly WB.E conducted on Spring Creek in Pennsylvania to examine the effects
of inorganic enrichment from the State College vastewater treatment plant. Particular
reference was made to the impact of a change in structure of the primary producer
ssnembilflg*3 on the community str-ucture and function. Sampling was designed tc coinpfi-re
stream sites that were physically similar. Standing crops of macrophytes were estimated
at 9 sites and gross primary productivity and community respiration were estimated from
diurnal changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations between £ sampling stations . The
sedimented edges of pools and riffles were sampled for mecroinvertebrate numbers,
weights, diversity, and distribution of species, j'ish were sampled by electro!" ishing
ajTd the total standing crop in weight of each size class was calculated. Tests
indicated thflt gross primary productivity was not stimulated by the nutrient addition;
blomass of primary producers remained high, while macroinvertebrates and fish were
relatively sparse downstream; macroinvertebrate diversity remained unchanged below the
gross enrichment; and habitat diversity increased. The study indicated that nutrient
enrichment could stimulate productivity and decrease consumer efficiencies.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Inorganic compounds, Natural streams, Biological
cooununi'ties, Ecological distribution, Primary productivity, Waste water
(pollution), Periphyton, Benthic fauna, Metabolism, Pennsylvania, Nematodes,
MollUBks, Crustaceans, Aquatic Insects, Dominant organisms. Annelids, Aquatic
algae, Spring Creek, Species diversity, Nutrient enrichment, Microphytes,
Maeroinvertebrates, Flatworms.
AMIC-9036
"NUTRIENT REMOVAL USING LEMNA MINOR", Harvey, R. M., Fox, J. L., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation, Vol. U5, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1928-1938.
Lcmna minor, Wolffla Columbians, and Salvlnla rotundifolia, which have
potential value for removing nutrients from wastewater, were studied with respect to
four characterIsties: (l) rapid growth, (2) large nutrient uptake potential, (3) ease
c-f handling, and (U) potential economic resource (use as cattle feed). Preliminary
studies showed Lemna. to be the most promising of the three; therefore, it WOE chosen
for further study. Plants were grown in 8-1 aquaria containing filtered undiluted
secondary wastevater recirculated from a carboy. Control and test run effluent samples
were taken at 0, 2, U, 6, 8, and 10 days to measure percent removal of Kjeldahl nitrogen,
nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and all forms of phosphorus. Plant tissues were
analyzed for N, p, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Ns, and Al by emission speotrography, colorlmetry,
flame photometry, and atomic absorption. Chlorophyll a and growth rates were also
measured. Foragoability was determined by in vitro organic matter digestion Involving
U8-hr fermentation followed by HC1 pepsin digestion and determination of residual
organic matter. Total JCJeldakl nitrogen and total phosphorus were found to decrease
86.5 and 6l percent, respectively, over a 10-day period. Lemna was found to be more
digestible by cattle than common pasture grass. These characteristics, combined with a
rapid growth rate, could make duckweed desirable for use in tertiary treatment of
wastewater.
INDEX TERhE: Bioassay, Mutrlents, Digestion, Nitrates, Nitrites, Phosphates, Potassium,
Copper, Magnesium, Calcium, Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Sodium, Aluminum, Nutrient
removal, Bioaccumulatlon, Lemna minor, Cattle feed, Forageability.
30
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9050
"THERMOPHILIC OSTRACOD: AQUATIC METAZOAN WITH THE HIGHEST KNOWN TEMPERATURE
TOLERANCE", Wlckstroir., C. E., Castenholz, R. W., Science, Vol. l8l. No. lUOU,
September 1973, PP 1063-1061*.
Ostracods of the genus Potamocypris were collected from a thermal spring in
Oregon and incubated from 1 minute up to 12 hrs. at temperatures ranging from Uo to
55.75 C to determine their thermal resistance. After exposure to elevated temperatures,
the test tubes containing the organisms were Immediately cooled to 140-1*5 C and observed
for harmful effects. The upper lethal temperature ranged from 14-9 C for incubation of
more thin 5 hours to 55.75 C for 1-minute incubations. Calculated temperatures for 50
percent mortality for 60, 1(0, 20, 10, 5, and 1 minute of exposure were 50.W*, 50.96,
51.'O, 52.03, 5^.77, and 55.12 C, respectively. This ostracod may have the highest
temperature tolerance of any aquatic metazoau.
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Bioassay, Resistance, Potamocypris, Lethal temperature.
A MIC-905 5
"COPPER MICRONUTRIENT REQUIREMENT FOR ALGAE", (fenahan, S. E., Smith, M. J.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, pp 829-833.
Copper micronutrient requirements of Chlorella vulgarls and Oocystis marssonii
were determined by measuring growth rates versus copper concentration in a culture
medium containing EDTA as a strong chelating agent. Since reagents used to prepare the
medium contained variable amounts of Cu, electrolytic and extraction procedures were
developed to purify them. The Cu concentration was monitored during purification and
during growth tests with a cupric ion electrode. Growth tests were carried out In
cleaned 500-ml polyethylene wash bottles to avoid erratic results which occur with glass
containers. Solutions of CuEOU In H2S01) were diluted to prepare the Cu additions. A
C02-air mixture was bubbled through the cultures as a source of carbon and for pH
control. Algal growth rates were determined by absorbance at 560 nm, and dry cell
weight was measured by filtering and weighing the cells. The results show that the
growth of the two algae is dependent upon the concentration of the free copper ion.
Optimal growth occurred above Uo micrograms/1 for Oocystis and above 30 micrograms/1
for Chlorella. It appears that the presence of natural and pollutant chelating agents
in water stimulate algal growth by creating a reservoir of trace metal species.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Copper, Growth rates, Nutrient requirements, Chelatlon,
Chlorella vulgarls, Oocystis marssonii.
AMIC-9058
"DISTRIBUTION OF ALKYL ARSENICALE IN MODEL ECOSYSTEM", Isensee, A. F., Kearney, P. C.,
Woolson, P, C., et al., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 9, September
1973, PP 8U1-8U5.
Mosquitofish (Gambusi'i affinis), waterfleas (Daphnia magna), snails (Physa),
and algae (Qedogonium cardiacunO were exposed to C-l^-labeled cacodylic acid (CA) and
dlmethylarslne CDMA), for 3, 29, 32, and 32 days, respectively, in a model ecosystem.
The model systems consisted of glass aquaria 25.k X 5.2 X 17.B cm filled with k liter
of standard reference water with increased NHl*N03 and K2HPOU. CA was added directly
and DMA was adsorbed on soil and added to the system. After exposure for the specified
periods, bioaecumulHtion and biomagnification were determined in the organisms. Algae
and Daphnia were ground, combusted in oxygen, and the evolved C02 assayed for
radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Fish and snails were homogenized in
methanol, filtered, the filtrate concentrated and radioactivity determined by liquid
scintillation counting. The organisms thrived in the model system indicating that CA
and DMA were not toxic. Lower food chain organisms (algae and Daphnie) bioaccumulated
more CA and DMA than did higher food chain organisms (snails and fish). Amounts
accumulated indicate that CA and DMA do not show a high potential to biomagnify in the
environment. An increase in biomass (primarily algae) over 32 days largely accounted
for a gradual loss of CA and DMA. from solution.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Model studies, Toxicity, Snails, Waterfleas, Freshwater fish,
Chlorophyta, Bioaccuraulation, Biomagnification, Cacodylic acid, Dimethylarsine,
Mosquitofish.
AMIC-9059
"DIELDRIN. EFFECTS OF CHRONIC SUBLEfflAL EXPOSURE ON ADAPTATION TO THERMAL STRESS
IN FRESHWATER FISH", Silbergeld, E. K., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol.
7, No. 9, September 1973, PP &t6-&t-9.
The freshwater fish, Etheostoma nlgruir,, were pretreated with 2.3 ppb dieldrln
for 30 days and then exposed to thermal stress by heating the water at a rate of 1 C/nr
to a maximum of 7-9 C above ambient temperature. These conditions simulate natural
conditions which can occur in the U. E. Results were assessed by exposing other groups
of fish to dieldrln alone or to thermal stress alone. Several indicators of metabolism
and condition were measured during pretreatment, during thermal stress, and at the end
Of the tests: growth rate, feeding rate, whole blood glucose levels, oxygen consumption
rate of opercular movement, whole body lipid content, condition of liver, and liver
histology. Pretreated fish demonstrated significant changes in all of the above
parameters except opercular movement during the first 15 days of exposure to dieldrin.
After 15 days, pretreated fish were found to have adapted to dieldrin exposure, as
indicated by significant reversals of the above changes (except for liver damage, which
was not reversed but progressed over time). In the adapted state, the pretreated fish
remained different from untreated fish, in terms of these parameters. These differences
provide grounds for predicting differential response to sublethal thermal stress for the
pretreated and untreated fish. Such response is discussed as it may relate to the
effects of chronic sublethal exposure to dieldrin.
INDEX TERMS: Darters, Bioassay, Thermal pollution, Dieldrin, Fish physiology, Animal
metabolism, Pretreatment.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9O96
"EVALUATION OF THE RESPONSE OF TXX5ESIA TIGRINA TO AFLftTOXIN Bl", Llewellyn, G. C.,
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September
1973, PP 1119-1122.
Groups of brown planaria, Dugesla tigrina, were exposed to varying
concentrations of aflatoxln Bl. Whole animals maintained in 3.125 micrograms/ml of
toxic solution showed 50 percent lethality in 2 days; 1.562 mlcrograms/ml required U
days; 0.781 microgram/ml required 7 days; and 0.312 mlcrogram/ml required 15 days.
Even greater lethal responses occurred when cut portions of planaria were exposed to
the toxin, with the head sections in all concentrations showing higher levels of
lethality than the tail sections. Regeneration of excised heads and tails was inhibited
in 3.125 micrograms/ml medium; minimal regeneration occurred in 1.562 and 0.781
microgram/ml environments. B. tigrina, exposed to concentration levels of 0.312 and
0.156 mierograffi/ml of aflatoxin Bl In spring water, regenerated head and tail portions
in a normal manner. No gross pathological abnormalities were observed in any
regenerated tissue. The lethal response to low concentrations of the toxin suggests
thit the head portion of D. tigrina is one of the more sensitive organisms to aflatoxtn
Bl.
INDEX TERMS: Eioassay, Toxicity, Biolndicators, Animal growth, Laboratory tests,
Laboratory animals, Invertebrates, Water pollution effects, Evaluation, Toxins,
Mortality, Animal pathology, Lethal limit, Aquatic animals, Dugesla tigrina,
Aflatoxin Bl, Planarians, Regeneration, Sensitivity, Flatworms, Phytotoxins,
Mycotoxins.
AMIC-9106
'UPTAKE OF METHYL MERCURIC CHLORIDE AND MERCURIC CHLORIDE BY TROUT: A STUDY OF
UPTAKE PATHWAYS INTO THE WHOLE ANIMAL AND UPTAKE BY ERYTHROCYTES IN VITRO", Olson,
K. R., Bergman, H. L., Fromm, P. 0., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1293-1299.
Rainbow trout (Salmo galrdneri) were exposed for 2k hours to 275 mg/1 of Hg
as HgC12 or CHSHgCl (both labeled with Hg-203) to determine the uptake pathways and to
ascertain some of the properties of mercury interaction with teleost-nucleated
erythrocytes. To assess the role of the gastrointestinal (Gl) tract, the 01 pathway was
eliminated in one group of fish by esophageal llgation. After exposure, blood samples
were taken, the fish killed, and tissues samples taken from the gills, liver, kidney,
heart skeletal muscle, stomach, and Intestine for determination of Hg content.
Distribution and cellular uptake of Hg in blood was determined toy incubation wltfc either
compound and subsequent separation of the cell and plasma components. Uptake of mercury
by the fish was not affected by esophageal ligatlon, and It is concluded that uptake
occurs primarily by way of the gills. Methyl mercury enters the fish at a faster rate
than the inorganic form and anomalous tissue distribution of these two mercurials
suggests that inorganic mercury does not require methylation prior to entry into the
fish In vitro experiments using radioactive mercurials demonstrated high affinity of
methyl mercury for red cells (up to 90 percent was bound to red cells in Uo mln). Only
P percent of inorganic mercury was taken up by red cells, but, this percentage was
Increased up to 65 percent If the cells were washed and suspended in Ringer solution
prior to incubation with mercury.
INDEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Bloassay, Bloacctmulation, Metabolic pathways, Mercury
chloride, Methylroercury chloride. In vitro tests. Blood, Scintillation counting.
AMIC-9107
"METABOLISM AND BILIARY EXCRETION OF SULFOBROMOPHTHALEIN BY RAINBOW TROUT (SALMC
GAIRDNERI)", Schmidt, D. C., Weber, L. J., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1301-1308.
Biliary excretion of sulfobroroophthalein (BSP) by rainbow trout was studied
in free-swimming fish and in fish immobilized by spinal transaction or anesthetization
with M.S. 222. Bile was collected by catheterlzing the caramon bile duct with PE 10
tubing and ligating the cystic duct. Plasma decay of BAF was determined by injecting
5, 10, and 15 mg/kg of BSP in Cortland's saline into the caudal vein. A single blood
sample was then obtained by cardiac puncture. BSP and metabolites in bile were measure*
measured by colorimetry. The transport maximum (TM) was determined by infusing the dye
into a cannulated ventral intestinal vein and collecting bile from the bile duct.
Excretion of BSP across gills and Into the urine was tested by analyzing wmter and
urine samples. The plasm half-life of BSP was 13 tf.in for doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg and
29 min for a dose of 15 mg/kg. The biliary BSP transport maximum (Tm) averaged 9-6
micrograms min per kg for five fish while the blood clearance averaged 1.7 ml/min per
kg for two fish. Normal bile flows of 0.87 mlcrollter/mln per kg in trout were
increased upon anesthetization but were unaffected in fish allowed to recover from
spinal transection. The data presented support the conclusion that the transport of
BSP from liver cells to bile is the rate-limiting step in the excretion of this dye.
INDEX TERMS: Animal metabolism, Rainbow trout, Bioassay, Sulfobromophthalein,
Elimination, Bile.
AMIC-9108
"COUPLING CARBON FLOW THROUGH SOME PELAGIC AND BENTHIC COMMUNITIES", Hargrave, E. T.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 1317-1326.
Undisturbed sediment cores (10-15 cm long) were taken with 300-500 ml
overlying water using a Kajak corer for measurement of oxygen uptake and organic carbon
to attempt to relate the two values. Multiple linear regression was used to evaluate
the effects of total water column depth, mixed-layer depth, temperature at sediment
surface, and carbon supply (primary production) on oxygen uptake by sediment cores from
various lakes, bays, and coastal areas for which mean annual estimates are available.
Sediment core oxygen uptake was found to be correlated positively with primary productio
and Inversely with mixed-layer depth in various aquatic ecosystems for which the input
of organic netter is predominantly autochthonous. In these areas organic carbon
sedimentation Is proportional to the ratio of carbon input: mixed-layer depth is
compared with the carbon equivalent of oxygen uptake by sediments to derive an expressioi
which is used to calculate the amount of photosynthetically fixed carbon respired at
the sediment surface.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Oxygen demand, Sediments, Carbon, Photosynthesis,
Regression analysis.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL
AMIC-9110
'BEHAVIORAL RESPONSES TO CHANGES IB HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND LIGHT DURING LARVAL
DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOBSTER HOMARIE GAMHARUS", Ennis, G. p., journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, pp 13^9-1360.
Larvae cf the lobster, Hoparus gammarus, were examined with respect to the
role of pressure sensitivity as a depth-regulatory mechanism in an attempt to obtain
clues to their distribution In nature. Pressure sensitivity was assessed by placing
larvae of different stages in a 76-cm Plexiglass cylinder which could be pressurized
with a tire pump. Tests were conducted in darkness and with overhead light of varying
Intensity. Larvae were also released in the sea and observed by divers.
INDEX TERMS: Lobsters, Larvae, Bioassay, Hydrostatic pressure.
AMIC-9111
"PROBABLE CAUSES FOR THE 1972 REC TIDE IN THE CAPE AND REGION OF 3HE GULF OF MAINE",
Mulligan, H. F., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 9,
September 1973, pp 1363-1366.
In an attempt to identify causal factors for the occurrence of the red tide
bloom in the Gulf or Maine during September 1972, data on spatial, temporal, and
vertical distributions of Gonyaulax tamerensis were reviewed for the vicinity of Cape
Ann. When considered with meteorological records, the probable causes of the bloom
were identified: (1) an upweLling of deep water, (2) development of a seed population
of G. tamarensls during unusually dry weather in August, and (3) heavy rainfall in
September.
INDEX TEIWS: Distribution patterns, Meteorological data, Red tide, Dinoflagellates,
Pyrrophyta, Rain, Upvelling, Environmental effects, Marine algae, Nuisance algae,
Causative factors, GonyaulflX tamarensis, Flagellates.
33
AMIC-9U3
"GROWTH RATES OF INTERTIDAL MOLLUSCS AS INDICATORS OF EFFECTS OF UNEXPECTED
INCIEENTE OF POLLUTION", Black, R., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Vol. 30, No. 9, September 1973, pp 13B5-13B&''
Shells of mussels, Mytllus edulis, and periwinkles, Littorina littorea, from
several locations were used to determine the effects of phosphorus pollution in Long
Harbor, Newfoundland. Such effects were recorded using check marks on the shells.
Examination of numerous shells indicated that check marks in both species were
probably annual marks. Growth rates of Mytilus in 1969, the year of significant
elemental phosphorus pollution at Long Harbour, were no different from those in
preceding or succeeding years. Mo Littorina alive in 1969 occurred at Long Harbour,
but they were abundant at other locations. This sort of analysis, used with caution
because effects of pollutants may be confounded with effects of other variables,
provides a method of examining nonlethal effects of unexpected polluting events.
INDEX TERMS: Biondicators, Mussels, Water pollution effects, Phosphorus, Growth rates,
Periwinkles.
AMIC-9118
'KINETICS OF bILlCON-LIML'QiD GKOWTH IN THE MARINt DLA.TOM THAI/.SSIOalRA PSEUDON.-.NA
HASLE AND HEIMDAL (EQUALS CYCLOIELLA KAMA HUSTEDT)", Guillard, R. R. L., KiUiara, P.,
Jackson, T. A., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, Mo. 8, September 1973, pp 233-237.
The half-saturation constant (K sub s) for growth and the maximum growth rate
(mu sub max) were determined for 2 clones of Thalassiosira pseudonana (equals
CyelotelT a nana) under conditions in which external silicon concentrations controlled
growth. The estuarine clone (3H) had a higher half-saturation constant (0.98 micromole
Si) and maximum growth rate (3.6 divisions/day) than the clone from the Sargasso Sea
(0.19 micromole Si, 22.1 divisions/day). The K sut s values for etch clone are such thati
the silicate levels found at certain times in both the Sargasso Sea and the coastal
regions are rate limiting to growth, hence can be of significance to plant production
and to species succession. The yield data are consistent with the concept that grovth
rate and cellular silicon content vary together in silicon-limited cultures.
INDEX TERMS: Silicates, Growth rates, Limiting factors, Succession, Bioassay,
Bialassloslra pseudonana.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9121
"DIAPOM ASSOCIATIONS IN YAQUINA ESTUARY, OREGON: A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS", Mclntire,
C. D., Journal of Phycology, vol. 9, Ko. 3, September 1973, pp 25l*-259.
In August 1968 and February 1969, 15,U45 diatom cells were collected from
several sites in the Yaquina Estuary, Identified and counted, and the data subjected to
cluster analysis and principal components analysis. The purpose of the analysis vas to
examine the degree to which the diatom flora can be partitioned Into discrete
associations and to relate -their composition to selected physical properties of the
estuary. Samples were collected with PVC sampling devices attached to pilings. The
results show that the species composition of the diatom flora during the winter was
more closely associated with salinity and Intertidal exposure than In the summer. A
cluster of freshwater taxa obtained for the winter data was the most conspicuous diatom
association defined by the cluster analysis. Although taxa within a cluster had more
similar distributions than taxa from different clusters, there was considerable
variation in the distributions of marine and brackish water taxa within a multispecies
cluster.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Biolndleators, Distribution patterns, Data Interpretation,
Yaquina Estuary, Cluster analysis. Principal components analysis.
AMIC-9122
"ALGAL SUCCESSION OH ARTIFICAL REEFS IN A MARINE LAGOON ENVIRONMENT IN GUAM",
Tsuda, R. T., Kami, H. T., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1973,
pp 260-261*.
Two artificial reefs were constructed from automobile tires In a marine lagoon
In Guam, one In November 1969 and the other In October 1970, and studied for algal
succession from January 1970 to February 1972. Monthly cuttings were taken from the
tires for Identification and quantification of the algae. The Increase In number of
additional species found each month was plotted to approximate the time span for climax
to occur. A total of 18 species of algae (5 Cyanophyta, 3 Chlorophyta, 6 Phaeophyta,
and U Rhodophyta) was found at both reefs during the 26-mo period. The algal species
were of 2 types-the turf which rarely exceeded 2 mm in height and the macroalgae which
exceeded ID mm In height. The number of species present during any one month varied
from 1 to 8. The mean number of species per month was U.U and U.6. Filamentous algae,
le, Calothrlx Crustacea, Felrtnmnnla Indlca, and Sphacelarla trlbuloldes, were the
primary colonizers; the fleshy brown alga, Dlctyota bartayreali, appeared soon after.
Lobophora varlegata was the only alga present which occurred seasonally. Low light
penetration through the sllty lagoon water and selective browsing by herbivorous fishes
favored the blue-greens Calothrlx crustacea and Microcoleus lyngbyaceus to be the
dominant algae In the climax community which occurred within a 1-year period.
/
INDEX TERMS: Rhodophyta, Cyanophyta, Phlorophyta, Climax, Succession, Population,
Browse utilization, Artiflcal reefs.
AMIC-9123
"SOME THOUGHTS ON NUTRIENT LIMITATION IN ALGAE", Droop, M. R., Journal of Phycology,
Vol. 9, No 3, September 1973, pp 264-272.
An empirical relation relating specific growth rate in steady state systems
to nutrient status with respect to more than one nutrient simultaneously is proposed,
based on 3 experimentally verifiable postulates: (1) that uptake depends on the
external substrate concentration; (2) that growth depends on the internal substrate
concentration; and (3) in a steady state system specific rate of uptake (in the absence
of significant excretion) Is necessarily the product of the specific growth rate and
Internal substrate concentration. The Implications of this model are discussed In
particular in respect to the concept of luxury consumption and Liebig's law of minimum.
Some aspects of uptake in transient situations are also discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Mutrlents, Limiting factors, Cultures, Algae, Absorption, Growth rates,
Mathematical models, Equations, Biomass, Plant growth, Bloaccumulation, Luxury
consumption, Substrates.
AMIC-912U
"SALINITY ADAPTATION BY DUNALIELLA TERTIOLBCTA. I. INCREASES IN CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
ACTIVITY AND EVIDENCE FOR A LIGHT-DEPENDENT NA (PLUS)/H (PLUS) EXCHANGE, Latorella,
A. H., Vadas, R. L., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1973, PP 273-277.
Cells of Dunallella tertiolecta adapted to 0.5 M NaCl were axenlcally
cultured to investigate H (plus) Incorporation, Na (plus) extrusion, carbonic
anhydrase levels In response to changes in external Na (plus) concentrations. Cell
densities were determined with a Celloscope electronic particle counter. The Na (plus)
content of cells was determined by flame photometry. Proton Incorporation was assessed
by changing the salinity of the cell suspension solutions and monitoring the pH change
every 2.5 minutes. Carbonic anhydrase was"assayed by bubbling C02 through the
suspensions to decrease the pH and then measuring enzyme activity. It was found that
when Dunallella tertiolecta was transferred to higher salinities, there was a lag in
growth, suggesting an adaptation period. Since there was no significant difference in
the Na (plus) content of cells grown between 0.5 and 3.5 M NaCl, a mechanism for
Na (plus) extrusion or exclusion was indicated. Increasing the salinity of cell
suspensions stimulated an Incorporation of H (plus) by the cells, suggesting an
H (plus)/Na (plus) exchange. Cells adapted to higher salinities had increased carbonic
anhydrase activity, suggesting that increased C02 or HC03 (minus) transport may be
required at higher salinities. Growth at salinities above 2.5 M required continuous
Illumination; therefore a light-driven H (plus)/Na (plus) exchange accompanied by a
HC03 (minus) Influx is proposed.
INDEX TERMS: Ion exchange, Hydrogen ion concentration. Enzymes, Light, Bioassay,
Sodium, Dunallella tertiolecta, Carbonic anhydrase.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9125
"ELECTBOPHORETIC AND IMMUKOLOGICAL ANALYSES OF SEVEN CHLORCSAJCINACEAM ALGAE",
Thomas, D. L., Groover, R. D., Journal of Phyeology, Vol. 9, Ho, 3, September
1973, PP 289-296.
Proteins from 7 species of chlorosarcinacean algae representing k genera were
studied with starch and disc gel electrophoresis and immunology to determine
biochemical relationships. Migration patterns of enzymes and serological reactions
indicated that U species of Chlorosarcinopsis were closely related, whereas
Frledmannla Israellensls, Fasclculochlorls boldil, and Chloroaarclna longlspinosa were
more diverse. Malate dehydrogenase, glutanate dehydrogenase, nonspecific alpha
esterases, and peroxldase (using pyrogallol as the hydrogen donor) were present in all
7 species. No peroxidase activity occurred with benzidine. Leuclne aminopeptidase
was obvious In only 2 species. A single distinct band of general protein in F.
israeliensis and C. longl splnoaa suggested the presence of homogenous reserve
protein. The 7 species exhibited serological affinity to U isolates of Protosiphon
representing diverse morphology within the genus. The data are discussed relative to
current knowledge of comparative morphology of chlorosarcinacean algae.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorophyta, Biological properties, Chemical analysis. Enzymes, Aquatic
algae, Chemotaxonomy, Biochemical characteristics, Starch gel electrophoresis,
Disc gel electrophoresis, Serology, Immunology, Culturing techniques.
A MIC-9128
"MODIFICATIONS IN FILTRATION METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF INORGANIC C-lU
UPTAKE BY PHOTOSYNTHESIZING A1GAE", Berman, T., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 3,
September 1973, PP 327-330.
In the course of routine primary productivity experiments with phytoplankton,
the filtration step may introduce errors into the determination of Inorganic C-lU
uptake into partlculate and filtrate organic fractions. However, when ultrafine glass
fiber filters, low filtration pressures, and fuming over HC1 were used, and corrections
made for noriblological adsorption of radioactivity on filters, no significant changes
of cpm retained on filters per millillter of filtration volume were found In tests with
various °1e°l populations. Cultures of Lauderia sp. and Oonyaulax polyedra, when
photooynthesizlng In 1 coorapartanent of a 2-chambered diffusion apparatus, released
similar amounts of radioactive dissolved organic compounds measured after diffusion or
upon filtration. Under our conditions, only negligible amounts of dissolved organic
compounds were retained by filters. For many natural waters, therefore, these
filtration techniques permit adequate accuracy for primary productivity measurements.
INDEX 1ERMS: Filtration, Carbon, Absorption, Errors, Sample preparation.
AMC-9130
"PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY OF OE1 ,TT)TT.l,TA ACEROSA (FOHSSKAL) FELDMANN ET HAMEL", Rao, P. S.,
Mehta, V. B., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1973, pp 333-335.
The physiological responses to various ecological factors including salinity,
pH, and nutritional and growth substances of Gelidiella acerosa have been investigated
in reference to its growth along coasts and in lagoons and backwaters. Samples of
the alga were collected from tide pools during low tide and cultured in enriched,
pasteurized seawater. NaN03 and urea were used as nitrogen sources and NaH2PO'* as
the phosphate source. Different concentrations of IAA and GA were also tried on
the growth and production of proliferations. Increase in axis length and the number
of proliferations produced were criteria for judging physiological responses. NaN03
was found to be a better nitrogen source than urea and NaHSPOU was an effective
phosphorus source except at 10 mg/1 concentration. Growth-promoting substances
were necessary to increase production of politerations and to hasten vegetative
growth; IAA was quite effective at 70-85 mg/1 whereas GA was relatively ineffective.
Salinity concentrations that were 2 and !* times that of natural seawater and a pH
range of 8.2-9.2 resulted, respectively, in proliferations equal to and greater than
that of the controls in natural seawater.
INDEX T£RM3: Marine algae, Hhodophyta, Plant physiology, Physiological ecology,
Laboratory tests, Environmental effects. Salinity, Hydrogen ion concentration,
Cultures, Plant growth substances, Growth rates, Gelidiella acerosa, Nutrient
sources, Culture media.
AMIC-9131
'^OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY OF LAMIKARIA SINCLAIRII ON THREE NOKffiERN OREGON
BEACHES", Markham, J. W., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1973,
PP 336-3M.
slnclairll (Harvey) Far low, Anderson and Eaton occurs only on the
Pacific Coast of North America and is usually restricted to rocks on beaches subjected
to moderate to heavy surf and a large seasonal fluctuation in sand level. It was
observed and measured over a 2-year period on 3 such beaches in northern Oregon. Growth
rate and relative dominance are greatest in the lowest and most exposed parts of the
intertldal zone, where surf action and sand burial are greatest. The sand level begins
to build up on the beach in April and continues to rise, burying the plants, throughout
the summer, until the first heavy storms in fall again remove the sand. Maximum growth
occurs in early simmer, prior to burial. Tne blades are lost in December and
regenerated in January. Ripe sorl are produced on the old blades Just before they are
lost and on the new blades Just after they appear. The gametophytes which develop from
spores produced by these sori apparently do not usually produce sporophytes. In March
and April there is considerable production of new stipes and blades from the haptera
at the margins of the holdfast and this is apparently the chief means of reproduction.
IHDEX TERMS: Marine algae, Phaeophyta, Environmental effects, Biological communities,
Ecology, Plant growth, Life cycles, Seasonal, Ecological distribution. Beaches,
Laminaria sinclalrli.
35
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9132
"THE EFFECTS OF BACTERIA ON THE GROW1« AND REPRODUCTION OF OEDOGOHIUM CARDIACUM",
techlis, L., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, So. 3, September 1973, PP 3"*2-3„».
Isolates of male and female Oedogonlum cardlacum for which defined media had
been established vere subsequently found to be contaminated vlth a species of
C orynebacterium which failed to grow In the nutrient broth used to test for
contamination. After the cultures were rendered axenlc through treatment with
penicillin G, they failed to develop oogonia or sperm except occasionally at a very low
level. The addition of small amounts of the bacterium increased the development of the
reproductive structures; however a much more striking increase was obtained by
constantly infecting the algal cultures with Pseudomonas put.Ida. Neither of the
bacteria increased growth as measured by dry weight; however, the P. putida resulted in
the growth of very long filaments in contrast to the short filaments characteristic of
both the axenic cultures and those infected with Corynebacterlum sp.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Reproduction, Growth rates, Oedogonium cardlacum,
Corynebacterium, Spseudomonas putida.
AMIC-9133
"AN IMPROVED METHOD OF CELL ENUMERATION FOR FILAMENTOUS ALGAE AND BACTERIA",
Burnham, J. C., Etetak, T., Boulger, J., Journal of Phycology, Vol. 9, Mo« 3,
September 1973, PP 31*6-3J*9.
Cells of filamentous algae and bacteria can be simply counted by applying a
drop from the shaken culture to a 1*00 square grid of a Petroff-Hausser Bacterial Count-
ing Chamber, applying a coverslip, and counting cells in 10 selected squares under a
microscope (number of cells in termed C). In addition, the grid is organized into 25
blocks of 16 squares per block, and 15 of these blocks are examined. The total number of
squares containing any part of a filament Is termed B. The mean number of cells per
chamber square can then be calculated as CB/2i*OO. The total count can be determined
using the conversion from cells per square to cells per millillter. Statistical
analysis of results with Phonaidlum luridum var. olivacea and comparison with other
methods showed that the method IB useful for routine cell enumerations.
INDEX TEHMS: Cell counts, Filamentous algae,
luridum.
Filamentous bacteria, Phormldlum
AJOC-9135 ~~ '
"TOXICm OF POWER PLANT CHEMICALS TO AQUATIC LIFE", Becker, C. D., Thatcher, T. O.,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, Washington,
Report Nos. WASH-12U9, uc-ll, June 1973, 2U8 pp.
A review was made to determine the various chemicals actually or potentially
associated with the Operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants and cooling
tower structures. A tentative list of these chemicals is presented. The in-plant
application of the various chemicals, their reactions with other compounds and water,
and the resulting materials that may occur in plant effluent discharges are briefly
discussed. Data from technical publications concerning the specific toxic levels
Of power plant chemicals and their products to aquatic life are tabulated under the
following categories: Acids, Acrolein, Arsenates and Arsenltes, Ammonia, Amines,
and Related Compounds, Boron, Carbonates, Chlorine and Bromine, Chlorinated and/or
Phenylated Phenols, Chromates, Cyanurates and Cyanides, Hydrazine Compounds, Hydroxides
Metals and Their Salts, Nitrates and Nitrites, Potassium Compounds, Phosphates,
Silicates, Eulfates, Sulfides, and Fluorides.
INDEX TEEMS: Aquatic life, Toxicity, Chemicals, Powerplants, Organic compounds,
Inorganic compounds, Water pollution effects, Bioassay, Cooling towers.
Descaling, Cleaning, Corrosion control. Scaling, Neutralization, Biocontrol,
Water pollution, Surfactants, Inorganic pesticides, Lethal limit, Growth stages,
Mortality, Organic pesticides, Aquatic plants, Aquatic animals, Pesticide
toxicity, Industrial wastes, Organometallics, Metal complexes, Marine environ-
ment, Corrosion products, Chelating agents, Low temperature scale remover,
Chlorinated hydrocarbons. Mixtures, Median tolerance limit, Macroinvertebrates.
AMIC-9138
"RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH IN SHAGAWA LAKE, MINNESOTA",
Megard, R. O., University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology and Behavioral Biology,
St. Paul, Minnesota, Report No. EPA-R3-73-039, July 1973, 70 pp.
Integral photosynthetic rates and growth rates of phytoplankton were
measured before, during, and after a bloom of Aphanlzomenon, which occurred in August,
1970. The size of the population increased during the bloom despite decreasing
specific production rates, probably because the dominant algae became more buoyant and
decreased Its sinking rate. The effects of changing the specific production rates and
specific loss rates are demonstrated by comparing the integral photosynthetic rates and
chlorophyll concentrations that would prevail under steady state conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Growth rates, Phytoplankton, Water pollution
effects, Limiting factors, Nutrients, Phosphorus, Water chemistry, Deficient
elements, Photosynthetic rates, Shagawa Lake, Chlorophyll a.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9139
"WEED HARVEST AND LAKE NUTRIENT DYNAMICS", Keel, J. K., Peterson, S. A., Smith, W. L.,
University of North Dakota, Department of Biology, Grand Forks, North Dakota, Report
No. EPA-660/3-73-001, July 1973, 91 pp.
After more than 60 years of cultural eutrophlcatlon lake Sallle supports
dense growths of phytoplankton and rooted vegetation. Its major water mass has the
chemical character imparted by photosynthesis at °n seasons, and chemical effects of
decomposition are rather localized. Phytoplankton dominance alternates among diatoms,
bluegreen, and green algae, in that order of abundance. Prior to operation of a weed
harvester, attached plants grew densely over 3U percent of the bottom area. The bulk
of nitrogen and phosphorus is usually contained in the water mass, with noticeably
smaller amounts in upper bottom sediments and biota. The fish population, less than
one half the mass of weeds, contained considerable more N and P than weeds in 1971.
Harvest in 1970 evidently reduced weed density in 1971, and increased the cost per unit
of nutrients removed. Nitrogen and phosphorus removed in weeds were insignificant when
compared with annual wastewater effluent contributions to the lake. Cost of phosphorus
removal by weed harvest was 6l dollars and 199 dollars per pound in 1970 and 1971»
respectively; nitrogen cost 8 dollars and 21 dollars and carbon 6U cents and 1 dollar
and 6S cents per pound for the same two years.
INDEX TERMS: EUTROPHICATION, Phytoplankton, Harvesting, Aquatic weeds, Nutrients,
Environmental effects, Aquatic productivity, Dominant organisms, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus, Rooted aquatic plants, Fish populations, Physical properties.
Chemical properties, Biological properties, Lake Sallie, Seasonal variation,
Nutrient budget. Microphytes, Nutrient sources.
The
"AN OXYGEN ELECTRODE MICRORESPIROMETER", Atkinson, H. J., Smith, L., Jourr"! of
Experimental Biology, Vol. 59, No. 1, August 1973, PP 2^7-253.
Oxygen consumption of individual small organisms (60-380 micrograms
body weight) such as nematodes can be measured using a Clark-type oxygen electrode.
apparatus consists of the electrode within a stainless steel housing which is
surrounded by a constant-temperature water jacket. The membrane of the electrode forms
part of an enclosed chamber which holds the animnl to be tested. The chamber can be
sealed and a magnetic stlrrer reducee the diffusion gradient between the animal and the
electrode. The procedure for calibrating the respirometer is described. In tests with
marine mematodes, Enoplus brevis, oxygen consumption ranges from 0.135 to 0.036 cu
mm/hr. The procedure is accurate and reliable for measurements of 0.02-0.2 cu mm/hr.
INDEX TERMS: Nematodes, Oxygen requirements, Enoplus brevis, Respirometers,
Detection limits.
AMIC-9HH
"EFFECT OF SPOIL DISPOSAL ON BENTflIC INVERTEBRATES", Leathern, H., Klnner, P., Maurer, ft,
et al., Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. U, No. 8, August 1973, PP 122-125.
Hydraulic dredging and spoil disposal behind the Inner breakwater in
Delaware Bay were studied along with their gross effects on benthlc macroinvertebrates.
Rhodamlne B dye was used to establish the surface flow pattern during flood and ebb
tides. Water analyses and aerial photography (color-band and infrared film) were used
to trace dye dispersion. A drogue study was performed simultaneously to determine
subsurface current flow. 103 sites were sampled for salinity, oxygen, biological and
geological analyses. To evaluate the dispersion of spoils, bathymetrlc surveys were
performed before and after disposal using a Raytheon precision depth recorder. The
settling rate of the deposited spoil was determined using a sample taken from the
discharge pipe. The water content was measured and compared with samples taken in the
area of the final spoil distribution. The dissolved oxygen concentration fell after
dredging, approaching the minimum water quality standard of 50 percent saturation for
the State of Delaware. Salinity was fairly constant and the temperature range was
5 1».-19.6 C. The density of individual macrolnvertebrates was low and the number of
species rarely exceeded 10/0.1 sq m with the greatest damage to these animals occurring
In the dredging and dump sites. The total Impact of the operation, however, appeared
to have been small.
INDEX TERIC- Benthlc fauna, Environmental effects, Dredging, Water pollution effects,
Marine animals, Dye dispersion, Water quality. Soil analysis. Crustaceans,
Dominant organisms, Macrolnvertebrates, Spoil disposal, Delaware Bay, Polyebaetes,
Hemerteans, Echlnoderms, Bryozoa, Species diversity, Species density.
" 37
AMIC-9156
"BOTTOM FAUNA AS AN INDICATOR OF WA3ER QUALITY IN SWEDEN'S LARGE LAKES (LAKES
MALAFEN, VATTERN AND VANERN)", Weiderholm, T., AHBIO. Vol. 11, No. k, 1973, PP 107-110.
During recent years, comprehensive chemical and biological investigations of
the large lakes of Sweden have been conducted. The studies were initiated in 196U as a
consequence of the alarming deterioration of the water quality In Lake Malaren. The
biological section of the Lake Malaren Research project, later renamed the Limnological
Survey of the National Swedish Environment Protection Board (NLU), has undertaken studies
of phytoplankton, primary production, zooplankton, bacteria, bottom fauna, macrophytes
and fish. The composition of the bottom fauna has proved to give valuable information
about the water quality. In the present report the use of certain midge larvae as
Indicator organisms is demonstrated with examples from the lakes mentioned above. It Is
concluded that comprehensive information on the trophic state and the degree of
pollution in a water may be obtained through analysis of a few, ecologically
significant species.
INDEX TERMS: Benthic fauna, Bloindicators, Midges, Trophic level, Invertebrates,
Tubificids, Aquatic insects, Larvae, Lake Malaren, Lake Vattern, Lake Vanern,
Sweden, Sensitivity, Chlronomids.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9158
"GROWTH RATES OF SEDIMENT-LIVING MAJilNE PROTOZOAN AS A TOXICITY INDICATOR FOB
HEAVY METALS", Gray, J. B., Ventilla, R. J., AMBIO, Vol. 11, No. U, 1973, pp 118-121.
The classical method for measuring the toxicity of a chemical to a marine
organism is by the LC50 test. Considerations should be given to the criticisms directed
toward the test: (l) duration of the test, (2) survival and subsequent behavior of test
organisms, (3) selection of temperature, (14-) trophic level of the test organisms, and
(5) use of single chemicals as opposed to mixtures as present in nature. In an attempt
to allay such criticisms the authors have used an organism of low trophic level, a
bacterivorous ciliate, and have measured changes in growth rate rather than mortality as
criteria of pollution. It was also deemed necessary to investigate responses of test
organisms to interacting environmental variables prior to testing chemical toxicity.
Using factorial designs and response surface analysis, experimental conditions were
optimized with respect to salinity-temperature combinations. With near optimum
conditions the effects of mercuric ions (HgC12), lead ions (Fb(N03)2) and zinc ions
(ZnSOit) were tested each at three concentrations in a 3 to the 3rd power factorial
design. HgC12 at an added concentration of 0.0025 ppm reduced growth rate by 9.7
percent, Pb(NO3) at 0,15 ppm by 8.5 percent and ZnSOU at 0.125 ppm by 8.3 percent. On
mixing the chemicals, significant supplemental synergistic effects were found at all
two factor and three factor combinations. Models of the effects and graphical response
surface contours are given. Since many chemicals are likely to interact (supplementally
or antagonistically), the method used seems of widespread relevance to toxicity testing.
INDEX TERMS: Growth rates, Protozoa, Toxicity, Water quality, Heavy metals, Bioindica-
tors, Bioassay, Animal growth, Water pollution effects. Mortality, Cristigera spp,
Data interpretation.
AMIC-9160
"THE EFFECT OF CHINA-CLAY WASTES ON STREAM INVERTEBRATES", Nuttall, P. M., Bielby,
G. H., Environmental Pollution, Vol. 5, No. 2, September 1973, PP 77-96.
A survey of the macro-invertebrate fauna of rivers receiving china-clay
wastes was carried out during 1971-72. A total of 59 samples were taken from Wt sites
with a closed triangular net (6^ mesh/sq cm) at the riffle sections of the rivers
sampled. Samples were preserved in k percent formalin for further processing in the
laboratory. Rivers polluted by clay waste supported a sparse population of few
species. Rooted vegetation was absent, although clean headstreams and unpolluted
reaches supported a rich community of aquatic plants. Control streams supported
thrity-six times the density of animals found at clay-polluted stations. The
composition of species was greater in unpolluted rivers, moorland headstreams and at
stations downstream of sewage outfalls compared with clay-polluted reaches. Baetis
rhodanii, Perlodes microcephala and the burrowing forms Tubificidae, Naldidae and
ChBronomidae were in greater abundance in clay-polluted reaches. China-clay pollution
either eliminated or reduced the abundance of several species frequent in control
streams. The poor incidence of plants and macro-invertebrates from rivers receiving
china-clay waste was associated with the deposition of fine inert solids derived from
the clay extraction process rather than turbidity or abrasion caused by particles
in suspension.
INDEX TERMS* Invertebrates, Water pollution effects, Natural streams, Aquatic plants,
Water quality, Suspended solids, Aquatic algae, Annelids, Mollusks, Crustaceans,
Aquatic insects, China clay wastes, Macroinvertebrates, Macrophytes, Water mites,
Pond snails, Species abundance, Turbellarla, Sample preservation.
. 30-
AMIC-9162
"ELEMENT CONSTITUTION OF SELECTED AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS FROM PENNSYLVANIA:
SUBMERSED AND FLOATING LEAVED SPECIES AUD ROOTED EMERGENT SPECIES", Adams, F. £>.,
Cole, H., Jr., Massie, L. B., Environmental Pollution, Vol. 5, No. 2, September
1973, PP 177-1U7.
Thirty species of submersed and floating leaved Aquatic Vascular Plants
(AVPs) and fifteen species of rooted emergent AVPs were collected from fourty-four and
forty-two locations, respectively, in the Delaware, Susquehanna and Allegheny river
watersheds in Pennsylvania and analysed by emission spectrometry for element
constitution of eleven potentially -polluting ions including: P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu,
B, Al, Zn, and Na. The purpose of the investigation was to attempt to identify plants
which might serve as bioindicators of water pollution. The areas sampled are widely
diverse with respect to geological, geographical, and cultural conditions. Entire
plants were collected from strategic locations, washed, blotted dry, wrapped in
Kraft-paper towelling and placed in numbered Kraft bags for oven drying. Additional
plants were placed in polyethylene bags for identification. Results of elemental
analysis were subjected to analysis of variance. Because of their wide occurrence and
response to potentially polluting ions, Elodea canadensis, Potagiogeton crispus,
exalbescens, Justicia araerlcana and the Eparganiums were selected for
additional studies designed to investigate pathways of nutrient assimilation and the
effect of nutrient pollution upon productivity, morphology and reproduction.
INDEX TERMS: Bioindicators, Nutrients, Water pollution effects, Floating plants, Rooted
aquatic plants, Submerged plants, Metals.
AMIC-9163
"THE EFFECT OF ALDRIN ON WATER BALANCE IN THE FRESHWATER PULMONATt GASTROPOD
(BIOMPHALARIA GLABRAIA)", Cocks, J. A., Environmental Pollutioy Vol. 5, No. 2,
September 1973, PP W9-151.
Eicmphalaria glabrata were kept for 2U h at 26 C in colloidal solutions of
aldrin, carbaryl, DDT and malathion in Ringer's containing 0.5 percent gelatine. All
four pesticides affected the heart rate and were lethal in 2k h. Of the four pesticides,
aldrin caused a progressive accumulation of body water over the r-inge tested. At the
higher aldrin levels this accumulation resulted in a. body water content of 70 percent
more than that found in the untreated control animals. Only in the case of aldrin was
the impairment of osmoregulation seen, resulting In the accumulation of body water. The
swelling was seen during the first few hours of exposure before major decreases in heart
beat were produced. On examination of the distended snails, the haemolymph spaces were
found to be swollen with fluid. Aldrin appears to interfere with osmoregulation,
causing accumulation of fluid in the haemolymph. Whether this fluid accumulates by
Inhibition of diuresis by the Malpighian tubules, or by increase in water permeability
of the body mill, remains to be investigated.
INDEX TERMS: Aldrin, DDT, Bioassay, Water pollution effects, Insecticides, Animal
physiology, Path of pollutants, Pesticide toxicity, Biomphalaria glabrata, Orb
snails, Carbaryl, Malathion, Water balance, Macroinvertebrates, Bioaccumulation.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9187
'
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-8612
"STUDIES OF RAPID TOA-UTILIZING BACTERIA! MUTANT", Liu, D., Wong, P. T. S., Dutka,
B. J., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1*5, No. 8, August 1973,
pp 1726.1735.
A bacterial mutant with high affinity for NTA was isolated from waetewater
after ultraviolet mutagenization and penicillin selection. Isolates were cultured in
an NTA solution to study respiration, uptake (with C-lU-labeled NTA), and morphological
and biochemical characteristics. Specimens were examined by electron microscopy.
Morphological and biochemical characteristics of the mutant suggest that it is a
Pseudomonas sp. The rate and amount of oxygen utilization is a function of NTA
concentration with 99 percent of an initial concentration of 51k mg NTA/1 being
oxidized within 3 hours. Optimum degradation occurs at 25 C and is significantly
lowered at 10 and 1* C. The mutant prefers NTA to wastewater with the rate of oxidation
5 times faster with NTA than with wastewater. The uptake studies suggest that NTA
might enter the mutant via a specific transport protein.
INDEX TERMS: Nltrilotriacetic acid, Microbial degradation, Cultures, Pseudomonae,
Absorption, inspiration.
AMIC-8926
'ViICROBIAL CULTURE MEDIA PREPARATION", Neal, J. D., Laboratory Practice, Vol. 22,
No. 7, July 1973, PP ^77-**95.
General guidelines are given based on experience in industrial, educational,
and medical laboratories for preparing stiefactory culture media. The effects of
storage of media; materials used In preparing media such as water, agar, gelatin,
carbohydrates, peptones, meat extracts, blood, seruir,, plasma, and selective agents;
control of pH; sterilization; and media testing on results are discussed. Possible
areas of future development are considered.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Culture media. Sample preparation.
AMIC-9252
"PRACTICAL METHODS TOR DERTVATIZING AND ANALYZING BACTERIAL METABOLITES WITH A
M3DIFIED AUTOMATIC INJECTOR AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPH ", Brooks, J. B., Alley, C. C.,
Weaver, J. W., Green, V. E., Harkness, A. M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5,
No. 12, October 1973, PP 2083-2087.
A Perkin-Elmer Model 900 gas chromatograph, equipped with an electron capture
detector and a Hamilton Autosampler, has been modified to permit automatic injection
and analysis of a variety of important bacterial metabolic products. The Autosampler
was modified to correct leak problems connected with the inlet system, and z microsuitch
was Installed to permit temperature programming. The gas chromatograph was modified by
adding a Becknan switching valve that permits use of two columns (polar and nonpolar)
at different time intervals through the same detector or the venting of undesirable
compounds. In order to convert the Model 900 gas chronatograph equipped with an
autosampler into a two-column system, an Injector block through which sairplec could be
injected manually was added to the system. The system was tested by analyzing HFBA
derivatives prepared from pH 10 chloroform extracts of Clqstridlum sordelli and £.
bifermentans incubated on cooked meat and standard mixtures of acids and alcohols.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Laboratory equipment, Clostrldium, Alcohols, Organic
acids, Pollutant identification, Pathogenic bacteria. Methodology, Metabolic
products, Metabolites, Beta-phenylethylamine, Tryptamine, Isoanylsjnine,
Putrescine, Lactic acid, alpha-Hydroxybutyric acid, alpha-Hydroxyisocaproic
acid, alpha-Hydroxyvaleric acid, alpha-Hydroxycaproic acid, 1-Hexs.no!, 2-Hexanol,
1-Heptanol, Derivation.
AMTC-916U
"THE SENSITIVITY OF SUPPRESSED AND UNSUPPRESSED LON STRAINS CF ESCHERICHIA COLI To
CHEMICAL AGENTS WITH INDUCE FILAMENTATION", James, P., Gillies, N. E., Journal of
General Microbiology, Vol. 76, No. 2, June 1973, PP U19-U36.
The sensitivities of Ion strains of Escherichla coll tc the filament inducing
agents nalidlxic acid, gentian violet, crystal violet and penicillin were examined.
The strains used included those in which the Ion gene Is suppressed by sul, exr and rec
as well as strains In which the Lon phenotype is expressed. The sensitivity of the
bacteria to agents which act on DNA was reduced when Ion was suppressed, but the extent
of the decrease In sensitivity was depedent on the mechanism by which suppression was
effected. Sensitivity to penicillin, on the other hand, was reduced only in the sul
strain and by a mechanism which appears to be independent of the direct suppression of
Ion. A model to account for these results indicates possible sites at which the Ion,
sul, exrA and recA genes are expressed.
INDEX TERMS: Toxicity, E. coli, Cultures, Varieties, Organic pesticides, Nalidixic
acid, Gentian violet, Crystal violet, Penicillin, Sensitivity, Bacterial
physiology. Mutants, Organic dyes.
1*0
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC-9178
"USE OF COLIPHAGES AS INEICATORS OF WAIER POLiJUTION", Hilton, M. C., Stotzky, G.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 6, June 1973, PP 7>*7-751.
An attempt was made to develop a quantitative method of analyzing for specific
collphages in i iver water and to determine the feasibility of using these phages as
indicators of sewage pollution. Test samples were collected in autoclaved buckets and
sterilized N=_nsen bottles from the Hudson River where untreated sewage is known to be
present. Multiple-tube fermentation tests were conducted to provide an index of the
fluctuation in total coiifonn density. Phages were concentrated by centrifuging
filtered water samples and detected using a modification of an enrichment method for
sell and sewage. For the assays, seven different overlay agar lawns were prepared: two
H-scherichia, two Enterobacter, two intermediate, and one mixture of nil six. An
aliquot from the enrichment flasks was filtered and a drop placed on each of the seven
host lawns for incubation. After l8-2k hr, the lawns were examined for plaques. Results
were analysed statistically. No consistent relationship was found between colifonn and
coliphage levels. The results did indicate, however, that the enrichment method of
phige assay could be used for the detection in water of low levels of phages active
against specific host bacteria.
INDEX TERMS: Bioindicators, Cultures, Pollutant Identification, Fecal pollution,
Enterobacter, Escherichia, Coliphages, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9250
"SAND BEACH BACTERIA: ENUMERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION", Khiyama, H. M., Makemson,
J. C., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973, PP 293-297.
Sand and interstitial water from Sindbad Beach, 30 km south of Beirut, Lebanon,
were collected for enumeration of bacteria and for determination of biochemical,
morphological, and cultural characteristics of several hundred individual strains.
Total counts were determined by placing small samples in screw-cap tubes, adding peptone,
shaking, plating a sample from the tube on peptone-yeast extract medium. Interstitial
bacteria were collected with interstitial water samples suctioned through an HA-Millipore
filter. FYE broth was then added to the absorbent pad below the membrane. Bacteria
from sand and water were counted using the microscope after suctionlng through Mlllipore
filters and fixing and staining with erythrosin in aqueous phenol. Additional tests
included sugar fermentation, hydrolysis of gelatin and starch, Voges - Proskauer
reaction, indole production, motility, catalase, oxidase, flagellar stain, ability to
grow aerobically on single carbon sources, and ability to grow at various temperatures
and pH values. The number of interstitial bacteria was estimated to be a significant
fraction of the total number of bacteria present. Three hundred sixty-two strains were
isolated and submitted to the cultural and biochemical tests. Fermentational abilities
and the production of Indole suggested that a significant number of these bacteria were
Bymbiotically associated with resident raetazoans.
INDEX TERMS: Connate water, Sands, Separation techniques. Cultures, Seashores,
Characterization.
AMIC-9251
"COMPUTER IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA. ON THE BASIS OF THEIR ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY
PATTERNS", Friedman, R., MacLowry, J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3, September
1973, PF 31U-317.
A computer program utilizing a Baysean mathematical model was developed to
identify bacteria solely on the basis of their antibiotic sensitivities. The model
contains probability data on the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 31 species of
bacteria of the following genera: Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Sscherlchia,
Proteus, Streptococcus, Enterobacter, Serratia, Cltrobacter, Bacteroides, Hsemophilus,
Bacillus, Salmonel 1", and Providence'. During a 4-month test period, antibiotic
sensitivity data on 1,000 clinical isolates were processed by the progras. The
identification achieved by using the model was the same is thit of the laboratory for
over 86 percent of the isolates.
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs. Pollutant identification, Pathogenic bacteria. Enteric
bacteria, Antibiotics (pesticides), Mathematical models, Sensitivity. I
AMIC-9252
"SILICA GEL MEDIUM FOR ENUMERATION OF PETROLEUHLYTIC IQCRCGRGANISMS IN IKE MARINE
EHVIROroENT", Seki, H., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973,
pp 318-320.
A silica gel medium was developed for the enumeration of petroleumlytic
microorganisms and used aboard the research vessel Hakuho-maru of the University
of Tokyo during the Leg KH-73-1 expedition in 1973. Seawater sanples were collected
with sterilized J-Z type bacteriological samplers (ORIT samplers). Enumerations were
carried using a direct microscope count method and a plate count method. Autoclaved
Gelman glass fiber filters type A were used to collect microorganisms from 100-ml
samples and the inoculated filters were placed on the silica gel media and incubated
at 20 C for 30 days before counting colonies. Petroleumlytic bacteria were enumerated
by the method employed here in the pelagic region of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in
the coastal region of Japan. Petroleumlytic bacteria formed colonies from only UU
samples among the lot samples from the pelagic region, and usually less than 10
colonies of petroleumlytic bacteria were enumerated for each 100-ml seawater sample
from the surface to 1,000 m depth at stations in the western north Pacific central
water, whereas more than 10 colonies of the bacteria were enumerated for eich 100-ml
seawater sample in Tokyo Bay. This means that less than 0.001 percent of the total
bacteria or less than 0.1 percent of the heterotrophic bacteria are petroleumlytic at
the pelagic region.
INDEX TERMS: Sea water, Microbial degradation, Marine microorganisms, Oil, Enumeration,
Culture media, Silica gel medium, Petroleumlytic microorganisms, Heterotrophic
bacteria, Vertical distribution.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
A MIC-9253
"BIODEGRABATION OF PKENYLMERCURIC ACETATE BY MEHCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA", Kelson,
J. D., Blair, W., Brinckman, F. E., et al.. Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, Bo. 3,
September 1973, PP 321-326.
The metabolism of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) by selected strains of bacteria
was investigated in order to gain an understanding of bacterial mercury resistance, as
well as to assess the role of bacteria in transformations of mercury in the natural
environment. Mercury-resistant bacteria were isolated from vater and sediment on a
solid selective medium containing PMA and HgC12. Out of nearly 900 cultures, a group of
nine representative cultures was selected and screened for the degradative ability using
radioisotope and bioreactor experiments. By means of a closed system incorporating a
flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer and a vapor phase chromatograph, it was
demonstrated that elemental mercury vapor and benzene vere products of phenylmercuric
acetate degradation.
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Metabolism, Mercury, Isolation, Cultures,
Phenylmercuric acetate, Degradation products, Biotransformation, Fate of
pollutants, Mercury-resistant bacteria, Mercurials (pesticides), Benzene.
AKIC-925'4
"COMPARISON OF GELMAN AND MILLIPORE MEMBRANE FILTERS FOR ENUMERATING FECAL COLIFORM
BACTERIA", Presswood, W. G., Brown, L. R., Applied Microbiology Vol. 26, No. 3,
September 1973, PP 332-336.
Tests of two leading brands of membrane filters used for enumerating fecal
coliform bacteria showed that Gelman GN-6 filters recovered statistically more colonies
of bacteria than did Millipore HAWG OkTSO filters from pure cultures incubated at either
35 C (the optimal growth temperature) or W*.5 C (the standard temperature for the fecal
coliform test). Standard membrane filter procedures with M-FC broth base were used to
enumerate the organisms. Densities of colonies incubated on Gelman filters at 1*4.5 C
averaged 2.3 times greater than those on Millipore filters. Plate counts of the
bacteria at both temperatures indicated that incubation at W*.5 C did not inhibit
propagation of fecal coliform bacteria. For the pour plates, M-FC broth base plus 1.5
percent agar was used. This modified medium compared favorably to plflte count agar for
enumerating Escherichia coli. At 35 and Wi.5 C, colony counts on Gelman filters agreed
closely vith plate counts prepared concurrently, but Millipore counts were consistently
lower than plate counts, especially at Wi.5 C. Comparative analyses of river water for
fecal coliform bacteria by the membrane filter technique gave results comparable to
those for the pure cultures. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3,
September 1973, PP 332-336. Copyright 1973 by the American Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Enumeration, Fecal coliforms, Membrane filters, Culture media,
Data interpretation, Precision, Recovery, Biochemical tests.
AMIC-9256
"SENSITIVITY OF THREE SELECTED BACTERIAL SPECIES TO OZONE", Broadwater, W. T., Hoehn,
F. C., King, P. H., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973, pp 391-393.
The minimal lethal concentration of ozone in water was determined for three
bacterial species: Eseherlehln coli, Bacillus eereus, and Bacillus megateriuir.. A
contact period of 5 min was selected. The lethal threshold concentration for th*. cells
of B. cereus was 0.12 mg/liter while that for E. coli and B. megaterium was 0.19
mg/Titer. Low concentrations of ozone were ineffective when organic matter was present
to interfere with the action of ozone on the bacterial cells. Also determined during
the study was the sensitivity of spores of B. cereus and B. megaterium to ozone in
water. The threshold concentration required to kill the spores of both species was 2.29
mg/llter. The cells and spores of these organisms exhibited the fall-or-none* dle-awny
phenomenon normally associated vith ozone treatment. The results indicate that ozone,
in relatively low concentrations, is an effective bactericide against both vegetative
cells and spores of three bacterial species. In practical applications, ozone most
probably would be applied at higher dosages (0.5-10 mg/liter) and for longer contact
periods (2-10 min) because, as was shown in this research, organic matter present in
the water will exert an ozone demand and prevent the full utilization of the applied
dose as a disinfectant.
IHDEX TERMS: Ozone, Water pollution effects, Lethal limit, Laboratory tests,
Bacteria, Sensitivity, Spores, Vegetative cells.
AMIC -9257
"BIODEGRADATION OF 0-BENZYL-P-CHLOROFHENOL", Swisher, B. D., Gledhlll, W. E.,
Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973, PP 39^-398-
The extent of biodegradation of o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol, marketed as a
germicide under the name Santophen 1 (Monsanto Co.), in river water, sewage, and
activated sludge was determined. Biodegradation was assessed by use of a colorlmetric
procedure for phenolic materials, carbon analysis, and C02 evolution. In unaccllmated
river water, 0.1 mg of Santophen 1 per liter was degraded within 6 days. In sewage,
0.5 and 1.0 mg/liter levels Of Eantophen 1 were degraded in 1 day. Acclimated activated
sludge achieve 80 percent biodegradation of 1.0 mg/liter Santophen 1 In 8 h and IOC
percent in 2k h. When effluent from a semlcontinuous activated sludge unit, acclimated
to 20 mg of Santophen 1 per liter was used as the Inoculum for the C02 evolution
procedure, 60 percent of the total theoretical CO2 was evolved from Santophen 1 to be
readily biodegraded in at least four biological systems, the continued use of present
levels of Santophen 1 should present no significant environmental problems. (Reprinted
from Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, Ho. 3, September 1973, PP 391*-398. Copyright 1973
by the American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright
owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Biodegradation, Sewage, Activated sludge, Bactericldes, Microbial
degradation, Phenols, Water, lUvers, Colorimetry, Methodology, Phenolic pesticides,
Pollutants, Linear alkylate sulfonates, Organic compounds, natural waters,
Stanophen 1, Carbon dioxide evolution, o-Benzyl-p-chlorophenol, Degradation
products, Dissolved organic carbon, Trisodium citrate, Chemical interference.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9259
"SHICELIA SONNEI ISOLATED FROM WELL WATER", Lindell. S. S., Ojiinn, P., Applied
Microbiology. Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973, PP U2U-lt25.
A method Is described which led to the isolation of Shigella sonnel from well
wRtrr suspected being the primary foci In a school-associated shlgellosls outbreak.
Tnp water samples were filtered by suction through a membrane filter. After filtration
the membranes were placed on xylose-lyslne-deoxycholate agar plates and Incubated at
37 C for 18 h. Suspicious colonies were further cultured on triple sugar-iron agar and
lysine-iron agar for primary differentiation; only one colony was confirmed
biochemically and serologically as Shlgella sonnel. Results from this study show that
other media are necessary for a more comprehensive isolation of the organism. Further
plans for such a study involve filtering smaller samples of the water and hence more
membrane filters for Inoculation of prescribed media. The membranes will be placed on
both selective and differential media such ae eosln methylene blue, MacConkey agar, and
XLD. Membranes exhibiting growth will then be placed in gram-negative broth followed
by plating on the above-mentioned media, thus enhancing the chances for isolation of
suspected pathogens.
INDEX TERMS: Potable water, Water wells, Isolation, Pollutant identification,
Pathogenic bacteria. Methodology, Cultures, Aerobic bacteria. Epidemics, Public
health. Human diseases, Shigella sonnel. Selective media, Culture media, Membrane
filters, Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate agar. Triple sugar-iron agar, Lysine-lron
agar, Biochemical tests, Eosin methylene blue agar, MacConkey agar, Gram-negative
broth. Differential media.
AMIC-9263
"2, li-DICHLOROPHENOXY ACETATE METABOLISM BY ARTHROBACTER SP.: ACCUMULATION OF A
CHLOROBUTENOLIDE", Sharpee, K. W., Duxbury, J. M.. Alexander, M., Applied
Microbiology. Vol. 26, Ho. 3, September 1973, PP U5-W»7.
A study was conducted to determine whether clB,cis-2,U-dlchloramiconate Is an
intermediate in 2,^-D metabolism by Arthrobaeter sp. Cultures of the microbe were
grown at 25 C in a 0.2 percent 2,k-D mineral salts medium. The cells were collected
by centrifugatlon and washed three times in a cold buffer, suspended in the buffer
containing glass beads and deoxyrlbonucleaae, and disrupted with a sonic oscillator.
The preparation was centrlfuged at 55,000 g for 1 hr to yield the crude extract. The
cls,cis-2,U-dichloromuconate-lactonlzing enzyme was assayed by measuring the change in
absorbance at 268 nm. This enzyme preparation converted cis,cls-2,U-dlchloromuconate
to chloromaleylacetate. The enzyme lactonlzing the dlchloromuconate to yield
2-chloro-l»-carboxymethylene but-2-enolide was separated from the butenolide-
delactonizlng enzyme.
INDEX TERMS: 2 Uj), Metabolism, Mlcroblal degradation, Assay, Enzymes, Herbicides,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Cultures, Bacteria, Pollutant identification,
Chromatography. Aerobic bacteria, Fate of pollutants, Arthrobaeter, 2-ChloroJ»-
carboxymethylene but-2-enollde, Delactonlzlng enzymes. Sample preparation,
Keterotrophic bacteria, Bloaccumulatlon, Chlorobutenolldes, Lactonlzing enaymes,
cis cls-2 U-Dlchloromuconate, Degradation products, Metabolites.
AMIC-9300
"LITMUS MILK REACTION AS A DISTITOUISHIRG FEATURE BETWEEN STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS OF
HUMAN AMD NON-HUMAH ORIGINS", Mundt, J. 0., Journal of Milk and Food Technol'ogyJ Vol.
36, Ho. 7, July 1973, PP 36M67. " " '
More than 90 percent of 1618 cultures of Streptococcus faeealls obtained
from plants, wild animals, and Insects produced a soft, reduced, rennet-like curd which
underwent stratiform digestion In litmus milk, or else produced no reaction. Cultures
of human origin produced a reduced, hard, acidic curd which sometimes was followed by
acld-proteolytic digestion. Ten percent of the cultures commensal In nature fermented
lactose in litmus milk to produce the hard, acidic curd which sometimes underwent
acld-proteolytic digestion. One-third of this group of organisms failed to follow the
typical pattern of fermentation by S. faecalis of human origin, that is fermentation
of melezltose but not of mellbioee." It Is suggested that for cultures obtained, during
analytical procedures the reaction In litmus milk and the fermentation of melesitose
and mellblose may be employed to distinguish between contamination representing recent
pollution of human origin and the presence of S_. faecalls as a member of the mlcroflora
Of plants with no sanitary significance.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Separation techniques, Chemical reactions,
Enteric bacteria, Wildlife, Insects, Public health, Streptococcus faecalie,
Enterococcl, Lltanus milk reaction, Pollutant sources, Biochemical tests.
AMIC-9302
"MICROBIAL FLORA AND LEVEL OF VIBRIO PARAHAEKDLYTICUS OF OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA
VIRGINICA). WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM GALVESTON BAY", Vanderzant, C., Thompson, C.
A.,
Jr., Ray, S. M., Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 36, No. 9, September
1973, PP Ufc7-fc52.
Oysters taken from Galveston Bay were examined within 6-12 hr after collection
In order to obtain some Information on the level and type of mlcroblal flora and the
distribution of V. parahaemolytlcus in oysters, water, and sediment. The shucked
oysters were blended and bacterial counts were determined by the spread plate method
using tryptlcase soy agar plates with 3 percent NaCl. Isolation of V. parahaemolyticus
vas accomplished using oyster-trypticase-peptone homogenate in tryptTcase soy broth with
7 percent NaCl and subsequently on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar plates.
MT plates were also used without enrichment for isolations. Aerobic plate counts at 25
C of freshly harvested oysters ranged from 23,000 to 30 million and those of sediment
samples from less than 100 to 3 millon/g. Counts of water samples were nearly always .
less than 100/ml. Vibrio, Aerompnas, and Moraxelln species predominated in the fresh
oysters. Vibrio parahaemolytlcus was Isolated from 39 t° 66 oyster samples and from 9
of 30 sediment and water samples? Isolation was most effective with prior enrichment
of samples in tryptiease soy broth with 7 percent NaCl and subsequent plating on
thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in only 1
of 8 refrigerated retail oyster samples. Aerobic plate counts at 25 C of refrigerated
retail oysters were not much different from those of similar lots shucked under aseptic
conditions in the laboratory (before shucking and washing in the plants). Aeromonas ana
MoraxellB species were predominant in oysters at the retail level.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9302 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Oysters, Pathogenic bacteria, Enteric bacteria, Water pollution, Bottom
sediments. Pollutant Identification, Shellfish, Cultures, Isolation, Dominant
organisms, Ecological distribution, Path of pollutants. Vibrio parahaemolyticus,
Heterotrophlc bacteria, Culture media, Plate counts, Galveston Bay.
AMIC-93UO~~
"PAHKHURST TUBES MODIFIED TO IHDICATE AHAEROBIOSIS"
Vol. 22, No. 9, September 1973, P 583.
Mara, D. D., Laboratory Practice.
A second sidearm has been added,to the original Pankhurst tube In order to
indicate anaerobiosls. This second sidearm would be used for the anaerobic Indicator
solution when stock cultures of anaerobes are maintained.
IHDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Anaerobic conditions, Cultures, Laboratory equipment.
Indicators, Cultaring vessels, Pankhurst tubes.
AMIC-9331
"BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OH GRAVEL PIT LAKES", Thurner, V. K., Busse, M., Archiv fur
Hydrobiologie. Vol. 72, Ho. 2, July 1973, PP 253-262.
Bine hundred ninety-eight Isolates of aerobic bacteria from gravel pit lakes
have been differentiated using a provisional key for the differentiation of water
bacteria based on gram staining, 0/F-test, cyctochrome oxidaee and acid formation. The
predominant groups obtained apparently are related to the caryneform bacteria,
pseudcmonads and achromobacteria. The differentitatlon does not yield taxonomitally
homogenous groups. In spite of the present deficiencies In the analysis of the flora
composition quite different results have been obtained for two ground water lakes as
compared with a more eutrophlc lake. This seems to Indicate that eventually a practical
oecology of water bacteria is feasible.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria, Aerobic bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Separation
techniques. Systematic^, Biological communities, Speciatlon, Groundwater,
Isolation, Gravel pits, Biochemical tests, Pseudomonadfl, Achromobacteria,
Coryneform bacteria.
AMIC-93U2
"RHODOPSFUPOKDHAS SULFIDOPHILA. KOV. SPEC., A HEW SPECIES-OF THE PURPLE NONSULFUR
BACTERIA", Hanson, T. A., Veldkamp, H., Archiv fur Mikrobiologie. Vol. 92, No. 1,
July 10, 1973, PP !»5-58.
From marine mud flats a new type of photosynthetlc purple bacterium was
Isolated. This type Is described as a new species of the Rhodosplrillaceae ami is
named Rhodopseudomonas sulfldophila. The cells are rod-shaped, 0.6 to 0.9 micron wide
and 0.9 to 2.0 microns long, and motile by means of polar flagella. Cell division
occurs by binary fission. The photosynthetlc membrane system Is of the vesicular type.
The pigments consist of bacterlochlorophyll a and of carotenoids, most probably of the
spheroidene group. A wide range of organic c"ompounds -can be utilized anaeroblcally In
the light. Growth on organic compounds aeroblcally in the dark Is also possible.
niacin, thiamin, blotln and' p-aminobenzoic acid are required as growth factors. The new
species needs 2.5 percent (w/v) sodium chloride for optimal growth. All strains show
excellent photolithotrophlc growth on hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, and thiosulfate.
They show a remarkably high sulfide tolerance. Sulfide and thiosulfate are oxidized to
sulfate without an Intermediate accumulation of elemental sulfur. The new species seems
to be one of the most versatile types of photosynthetic bacteria Isolated thus far.
v
IHDEX TERMS: Photosynthetlc bacteria, Pollutant Identification, Isolation, Nutrient
requirements, Cytological studies, Pigments, Biological properties, Speciatlon,
Intertldal areas, Mud flats, Anaerobic bacteria, Hydrogen sulfide, Organic
compounds, Marine bacteria, Vltaratnsj Limiting factors, Electron microscopy,
Systematlcs, Biochemical characteristics, Rhodopseudoraonas sulfidophili, Substrate
utilization, Bacterial physiology, Cell morphology.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-93U7
"MICROFAUNA OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE. PART III. THE EFFECT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS OB
THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROFAUNA IN THE ANNUAL CYCLE", XHmowicz, H., Aeta Hydrobiologlca.
Cracow, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1973, pp 167-188.
Studies vere conducted over a 1-yr period to determine the effect of
physlochemlcal and atmospheric conditions on the development of mlcrofauna In the
annual cycle In activated sludge. One hundred and four activated sludge samples were
examined Immediately after being taken from a Sheffield type aeration tank which
receives domestic sewage. Faunlstlc analyses and the following physlochemlcal
observations were made: concentration and volume of the activated sludge In the
aeration tank, temperature of air and sludge, concentration of DO, pH of Inflovlng and
effluent sewage, 5-day BOD, and the amount of suspended solids, ammonia, organic
nitrogen, nitrates, and nitrites in the Inflowing and effluent sewage. 69 species
of microorganisms vere Identified. It was difficult to determine which fluctuations In
the assemblage of the mlcrofauna depended on the technological and which on the
atmospheric conditions. The majority of species In the activated sludge appear
accidentally in periods which are difficult to anticipate. The remaining
species may be divided into frequently and rarely found In the course of the year, «"ri
into those characteristic for warm or cold seasons of the year. The rise in
temperature from March to September caused a gradual Increase In the number of
species and the fall in temperature in the cold season an increase In the number of
individuals. The number of species and of the individuals representing them depends
mainly on the course of the process of sewage purification and to a lesser degree on
the season of the year.
AMIC-93l<7 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Activated sludge, Physicochemical properties, Pollutant identification,
Environmental effects, Domestic sewage, Sewage effluents. Protozoa, Rotifers,
Crustaceans, Nematodes, Ollgochaetes, Temporal distribution, Dominant organisms.
Chemical analysis, Sewage microorganisms, Annual cycles, Seasonal variation,
Characterization, Tardlgrades, Gastrotrlcha.
AMIC-9361
"ISOTOPE FRACTIOHATION OF N-15 and N-lU LN MICROBIOLOGICAL NITROGEN TRANSFORMATIONS:
A THEORETICAL MODEL", Focht, D. D., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2,
April-June, 1973, pp 2U7-252.
The kinetics for first-order multisequence reactions are derived for
mlcrobial fractlonatlon of K-\k and N-15 Isotopes. The Isotope effect accounts for
unreacted substrate becoming progressively enriched in the heavier isotope due to
preferential utilization of the lighter Isotope by microorganisms. Consequently,
during denltriflcation nitrate becomes enriched In N-15 as its concentration
diminishes. This Inverse proportional relationship is expressed as a hyperbolic
function, y equals ax to the m-imig b power. Similar curves are derived for nitrate
originating from ammonlfication and/or nitrification. Regression coefficients for a
straight line approximation are better than 0.98, but not as good as the actual
coefficients for the derived hyperbolic equations. A negative regression 'line' for
nitrate occurs for "ii denltrlfication reactions during Isotope discrimination. Nitrate
originating from caesin, ammonium, and nitrate are respectively less enriched in N-15
or equal nitrate concentration due to ammonium and nitrate being initially enriched
In N-lU during ammonlfication and nitrification, respectively.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Model studies. Isotope fractlonatlon, Mlcrobial degradation,
Ammonlfication, Nitrification, Biotransformatlon, N-ll», N-15, Fate of pollutants,
Data Interpretation, Isotope discrimination, Isotope effect.
AMIC-9386
"BACTERIOLOGY OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE, LS PARTICULAR THE FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA", van Veen,
W. L., Antonle van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, PP 189-205.
Microscopic examination of bulking activated sludge samples showed the
presence of a variety of filamentous microorganisms, some of which have not yet been
described In the literature. A method was developed to obtain pure cultures of these
threaded bacteria. To date, five clearly different groups of filamentous bacteria may
be distinguished by the determination of a few morphological and physiological
characteriastlcs of the Isolates. A variety of sheathed bacteria are included in Group
I. Group II includes non-motile, gram-negative, orange- or yellow-pigmented filamentous
bacteria. These microorganisms are thought to be related to some species of the genus
Flavobaeterlum. The gram-negative, threaded bacteria of Group III show a more or less
dlatinct. gliding movement and form red colonies on rich agar media. These bacteria may
apparently be related to species described In the genera Microscllln and Flexlbacter.
The filamentous bacteria of Group IV structurally resembled some Cyanophyceae, but do
not contain photosynthetlc pigments. They are gram-positive and non-motile. A
number of unknown, non-motile bacteria which stain gram-positive with a variable
number of gram-negative autolyzed cells in the filaments, are assigned to Group V. The
properties of the.Isolated bacteria are described briefly and their occurrence in
bulking activated sludge is discussed.
IHDEX TERMS: Activated sludge. Isolation, Pollutant identification, Sewage bacteria,
Cytologies! studies, Aquatic bacteria, Cell morphology, Bacterial physiology,
Filamentous bacteria, Culture media. Sewage microorganisms.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METTODS
AMIC-9387
"INVESTIGATIONS ON THE SHEATHED BACTERIUM HALISCCfrEMOBACTER HYDROSSIS GEN.N., SP. N.,
ISOLATED FROM ACTIVATED SLUDGE", van Veen, V. L., van der Kooij, D., Geuze, E. C.,
et al., Antonie van Leeuwenkoek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, PP 207-216.
The morphological and physiological properties are described of a recently
Isolated, thin, sheathed bacterium. The observations demonstrate that this bacterium
differs from the known sheathed microorganisms in many characteristics. The following
nomenclature is therefore proposed: Haliscoiaenobacter hydrossis gen.n. sp.n. The
growth of this bacterium in activated sludge is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Activated sludge. Isolation, Pollutant identification. Sewage bacteria,
Cytological studies, Biological properties, Nutrient requirements, Haliscomeno-
bacter hydrossis, Culture media, Biochemical characteristics.
AKTC-9388
"VIABILITY OF LYOPKILIZ£D MICROORGANISMS AFTER STORAGE", Antheunlsse,
Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, PP 243-2U8.
Anton!e van
Bacteria, yeasts and fungi lyophilized in a dextran-sodiun glutaminate solution
were stored under vacuum in the dark, at room temperature. After 6 years the survival
was tested and viability counts were made. Of the U8 genera or groups tested 31
survived well and 9 moderately (respectively, 80-100 percent and 50-80 percent of the
strains were still alive). Many strains of the genera Agrobaeterlum. Azotobaeteri
Beljerlnckia; Erwlnia; Pseudomonas; Llponyces and Mlcrocyclus failed to survive,
Lyophilized mushroom mycelium did not grow after 6 years storage. The results of this
experiment are compared with those obtained with the same strains preserved on sealed
agar slants (Antheunisse, 1972). The results of both methods in relation to some
genera are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Yeasts, Fungi, Storage, Effects, Pathogenic bacteria,
Lyophillzatlon, Survival, Heterotrophic bacteria, Culture media.
1*6
AMIC-9389
"irarBinoN BY FATTY ACIDS OF rat BIODEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM", Atlas, R. M. ,
BarUia, R., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, pp 257-271.
The accumulation of toxic intermediary metabolites, possibly fatty =.cids,
has been investigated as the probable cause for the cessation of the biodegradation of
crude oil over a period of time. Dialysis cultures of Prevlbacterium and
Flavobacterium which contained Sweden crude oil were used in the study. The
residual oil was extracted at the end of each experiment and its amount determined by
gas chromatography. Artificial seawater media plus Sweden crude oil or a simplified
model petroleum were inoculated with one of the bacteria and the cultures incubated
for 8 days at 28 C on a rotary shaker at 200 rev/min. Extracts of the media were
analyzed by thin-layer and flame lonizatlon gas-liquid chromatography to determine
the fatty acid metabolites. Biodegradatlon and mineralization of crude oil in the
presence of fatty acids were measured. The extent of biodegradation of petroleum.
by the two marine bacterial Isolates was found to increase vhen the orffi.niams were
grown in dialysis culture. This suggests that inhibitory products are formed during
growth on petroleum. Fatty acids were produced by both organisms and were present in
the dlalyzate (dialyzable material). Fatty acids and crude oil were found to have
a synerglstic toxic effect. Short-chain acids were more toxic than longer-chain ones.
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Inhibition, Effects, Cultures, Pollutant
identification, Brevibacterium, Flavobacterium, Mineralization, Crude oil,
Eynergistic effects. Fatty acids, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Substrate utilization,
Metabolites, Caprylic acid, Laurie acid, Myristic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic
acid.
AMIC-9390
"DECRADATIVE VERSATILITY OF CORYNEBACTERIUM PSEUDODIPHTHERITICUM NCIB 10803 WHICH
USES AMIDES AS CARBON SOURCE", Grant, D. J. W., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39,
No. 2, 1973, PP 273-279.
Corynebaeterium pseudodiphtheriticum NCIB 10803 was tested for aerobic growth
with a large number of C sources In mineral salts medium with NH^fplus) as N source.
Growth was supported by some amino acids, some sugars, compounds of the Krebs1 cycle,
the higher normal paraffins, normal aliphatic alchols, fatty acids, the amides and
nitriles of fatty acids, alpha ome^i-alkandloic acids and some simple benzenoid
compounds. Possible metabolic pathways are discussed. Degradation of catechol
proceeded by ortho-fission via cis-cis-muconate.
INDEX TERMS: Microbial degradation, Organic compounds, Aerobic conditions, Metabolism,
Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Corynebacterium pseudodlphtheriticum. Bacterial
physiology, Amides, Carbon sources, Substrate utilization, Aromatic hydrocarbons,
Organonitrogen compounds, Fate of pollutants. Biochemical characteristics,
Nitriles, Fatty acids, Paraffins, alpha omega-Alkandioic acids, Benzenoid
compounds, Nutrient sources, Aliphatic hydrocarbons.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9391
"STUDIES OF METHANOL-OXIDIZING BACTERIA. I. ISOLATION AMD GROWTH STUDIES", Mehta,
H. J., Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1973, PP 295-302.
Three methanol-oxidizing bacteria were isolated by enrichment culture
technique from soil. Two of them were Pseudoroonas spp. The third one was obligate
methylotroph. The growth characteristics of the 3 microbes were studied in cultures
containing a basal salts medium and an appropriate carbon source. Oxygen uptake by
washed-cell suspensions or crude cell extracts was measured in conventional Warbury
nanometers at 30 C with air as the gas phase. Formate dehydrogenase activity was
assayed by measuring the rate of C02 production by a conventional manometrlc technique.
Cell-suspension experiments with Pseudomonas RJ suggest that methanol-, formaldehyde-,
and formate-oxidizing enzymes were present. Formate-oxidizing enzyme waa detected only
frcm Pseudomonas RJ. It had a pH optimum of 7.0 and required nicotinamide adenlne
dlnucleotide (NAD) for activity. Cyanide at 0.01 mM concentration inhibited the enzyme
activity completely.
I INDEX TERMC: Isolation, Methane bacteria, Pollutant identification, Oxidation, Soil
I bacteria, Assay, Enzymes, Metabolism, Bacterial physiology, Substrate utilization,
Growth studies, Methanol, Cyanides, Pseudomonas spp. Enzymatic inhibitors.
AMIC-9
"ACRIDINE ORANGE-EPIFLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE FOR COUNTING BACTERIA LN NATURAL WAIERE",
Franscisco, D. E., Mah, B. A., Rabin, A. C., Transactions of the American Microscopical
Society, Vol. 92, No. 3, July 1973, PP >*l6-li21.
The utility of acridlne orange staining and epifluorescence microscopy (AO-E)
as a method for estimating bacterial numbers in natural waters has been examined.
Total direct counts of aquatic bacteria from natural samples were estimated- by
epifluoreseence microscopy after acridine orange staining. Cells were concentrated by
membrane filtration on black membrane filters and counted directly. Using this method,
bacterial counts of pure cultures corresponded to those obtained by the Petroff-Hauser
and Coulter counter methods. Epifluorescence counting is the method of choice for
ecological studies of the natural distribution of bacteria in aquatic environments
since it permits ready discrimination of bacteria from detritus and does not rely on the
adequacy of culture methods to elicit growth of all viable organisms. Total counts
obtained in this way were related to glucose and acetate uptake by resident microbial
populations of lake water sample. Viable counts of the same samples were not related.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria, Pollutant identification, Viability, Ecological
distribution, Methodology, Acridlne orange-epifluorescence technique, Counting,
Viable count, Membrane filters, Epifluorescence microscopy, Counting chambers,
Pure cultures.
AMIC-91*25
'VIRUS CONCENTRATION FK>M SEWAGE", Honma, A., Sobsey, M, D., Wallis, C., et al.,
Water Research Pergamon Press, Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1973, PP 9^5-950.
Optimal conditions for concentrating poliovirus from large volun.es of rav
sewage have been established. Solids 1 millimicron or larger, present in the raw
sewage, were removed by textile clarifying filters without significant retention of
virus. By acidification of the clarified sewage and addition of salts to enhance virus
attachment to the adsorbent, virus in the sewage was concentrated on a fibre glass
depth filter, with subsequent elution of virus into smell volumes suitable for assay.
An 80-95 percent efficiency of virus concentration was effected.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Filtration, Sewage, Adsorption, Viruses,
Preconcentratlon, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9U1*!
'MECHANISM OF NTA DEGRADATION BY A BACTERIAL MUTANT", Wong, P. T. £., Liu, D.,
McGlrr, D. J., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1367-137^.
A bacterial mutant which was found previously to degrade NTA was used to
investigate the mechanism and conditions of NTA degradation. Energy requirements for
NTA transport were investigated by measuring the rate and level of uptake of C-11+-
labeled NTA by untreated bacteria and bacteria treated with sodium azide or potassium
cyanide to abolish energy production in the cells. The results suggest that energy is
Involved in NTA transport and the bacteria can concentrate NTA from environments in
which it nay be otherwise too dilute for growth. An attempt was made to identify
metabolic products of NTA degradation by exchange diffusion which involved labeling cells
with C-lU NTA; exposing them to unlabeled NTA, IDA, succinate, citrate, glycine, and
acetate; and measuring the change in C-lU NTA content of the cells. The results suggest
that glycine and acetate may be Intermediates of NTA degradation, and the other com-
pounds are either trajisient Intermediates or not produced. The mutant was able to
degrade BTA from an initial concentration of 290,000 micrograms/1 to lese than 50
micrograms/1 in l>5 min, representing a degradation rate of 486 reicrograms/hour/mg dry
weight of cells. This result was substantiated by kinetic studies which gave a Km of
88 mlcrograms/1 and a V sub max of 370 mlcrograms/hour/mg dry weight cells. Maximal
degradation occurred at 50 C. The ability of the mutant to metabolize BTA resides
mainly in the cell membrane fraction.
INDEX TEFMS: Nitrilotriacetlc acid, Microbial degradation, Kinetics, Transport,
Metabolites, Bloaccumulation,
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9133-
-------
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
AMIC-90U5
"ESTIMATION OF DOMAIN MEANS USING TWO-PHASE SAMPLING11, deGraft-Johnson, K. T.,
Sedransk, J., Biometrlka, Vol. 60, No. 2, August 1973, pp 387-393.
To estimate means of subpopulatlons or 'domains of study1 where there is no
list of units comprising each domain, a two-phase sampling procedure may be employed.
One possibility is to select a simple random sample of size n prime with the domain to
which each unit belongs being determined. Then a simple random subsample of size
n sub J Is selected from the n prime sub J units found In the first phase sample to be
members of the Jth domain. Given the values of the n prime sub J It is desired to
allocate a fixed total second phase sample size, n, to the domains in an optimal manner.
Then one may determine the optimal choices for n prime and n. Alternatively, one may
use a stratified random sample of size n prime with n prluB sub h units being selected
from the hth stratum. Given that the first phase sample yields n prime sub hj units In
the hth stratum, Jth domain, the number of units, n sub hj to be subsampled by simple
random sampling Is to be determined to maximize a measure of precision.
INDEX TERMS: Estimating, Two-phase sampling, Domain means.
AMIC-90U6
"EXTENDED TABLES TOR KENDALL'S TAU", Best, D. J., Blometrtka, Vol. 60, No. 2,
August 1973i PP U29-U30.
Tables for testing the significance of Kendall's tau without ties have been
extended beyond n less than or equal to 1*0 to n equals 100. This permits study of the
errors involved in the use of the normal distribution, previously the only way of
testing significance for n greater than Uo. The effect of the occurrence of ties on
significance tests has also been studied and existing tables for ties in one ranking
extended beyond n equals 10.
INDEX TERMS: Regression analysis, Kendall's tau, Normal approximation, Errors.
AMIC-910U
"CRITERIA FOR MY.COTOXIN STANDARDS", Rodricks, J. V., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 5, September 1973, pp 1290-1291.
Since the quality of analytical standards effects results of analyses, it is
recommended that mycotoxln standards meet prescribed criteria of purity and that
methods be available for analysts to check the concentration and purity of these
standards. Criteria should Include source of the compound and method of isolation,
method of.purification and criteria of purity and stabilty. A procedure for the
determination of the concentration and purity of aflatoxln Ml standards which was used
in a collaborative study by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Is
recommended.
INDEX TERMS: Analytical standard. Purity, Aflatoxin Ml.
AMIC-9U10
"EXAMINATION OF POISSON DISTRIBUTED MEASURING VALUES", Plesch, R., Zgitsehrift fur
Analytlsche Chemle, Vol. 265, No. 2, June Ik, 1973, pp 11U-121.
The results of analytical measurements based on elementary events follow the
polsson distribution which is derived from fundamental principles. In practice this
distribution is converted into a singular normal distribution. By combining the
properties of both distributions it is possible to state a quick examination of the
statistical purity of a series of measurements with the M" to find out the existence
and kind of troubles In measuring equipment. The criteria for determining a drift and
an outlier In a series of measurements are treated.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods. Instrumentation, Poisson distribution, Errors.
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-8861*
"DON'T FORGET D/A CONVERTER TEMPCO!, Teeple, C.
April 26, 1973, PP 130-132.
R., Electronic Design, Vol. 2, No. 9,
Accuracy drift of digital to analog and analog to digital converters occurs
when temperature fluctuates and results from offset drift, gain drift, and linearity
error. To as.iure system accuracy, the converter must function in a satisfactory
temperature range. If converter resolution is known, the temperature range to confine
errors to plus or minus 1 L5B can 'be obtained from an Included graph. The graph can
also be used to determine converter drift.
INDEX TERMS: Temperature, Accuracy, Errors, Digital to analog converters, Analog to
digital converters.
AMic-8913
"ION SELECTIVE 3EN60RJ", Rechnitz, G. A., Research/Development, Vol. 2k, No. 8,
August 1973, PP lfl-20.
Microsize ion-selective membrane electrodes have been developed which can be
used to measure specific Ions in human bodies by inserting them with hypodermic
needles. Crystal membrane electrodes with tip diameters of 50 microns can detect Ag,
Cd, Pb, Cu and halide ions in geological samples. Flow-through electrodes In 'lollipop1
shape can detect aziions and cations in solutions. These electrodes have proved useful
in automated analysis systems where they have replaced optical components. The system
operates at 20 to 70 samples per hour and Is limited by mechanical components of the
system. Future possibilities for Ion electrodes are given.
INDEX TERMS: Automation, Heavy metals, Ion selective electrodes, Miniaturization,
Membrane electrodes, Flow-through electrodes.
AMIC-8982
"AUTOMATIC SAMPLERS FOR SEWAGE AND EFFLUENTS", Lewln, V. H., Latten, A., Process
Biochemistry, Vol. 8, No. 6, June 1973, pp 15-17.
A brief review is presented of available automatic samplers for sewage and
effluents. These Include sewage samplers, Interval samples, a multipurpose-sampler,
a LutOn type sampler, a U-tube sampler, an Impulse proportional sampler, a duckbill
sampler, and others.
INDEX TERMS: Mechanical equipment, Sevage effluents, Automatic samplers.
AMIC-9027
"ULTRASONIC THEFKCMETRY", Lynnworth, L. C., Papadakls, E. P., Measurements and Data,
Vol. 7, No. I*, July/August 1973, pp 8U-87.
Ultrasonic thermometry is discussed with regard to measurement principles,
Instrumentation techniques, resonant and nonresonant sensors. Impulse-induced-resonance,
thermomechanical techniques, and future potential. Representative equipment is
illustrated.
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Ultrasonic thermometry.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9029
"ROTAMETER", Measurements & Data, Vol. 7, No. U, July/August 1973, pp 122-127.
Rotameters are of four general types: purge meters, glass-tube
general-purpose meters, armored meters, and special-purpose meters. The meters can be
adapted for use at low or high fluid pressures, and to monitor flow of caustic or
corrosive as well as bland fluids. Although the units are frequently inexpensive they
are accurate and reliable. A list of commercially available units with descriptive
Information and prices Is given along with the derivation of the basic rotameter
flow equation.
INDEX TERMS: Design criteria, Flovmeters, Rotameters.
AKTC-9073
"SEMIINTEGRAL ELECTROANAYLSIS: SHAPES OF NBOPOLAROGRAMS", Goto, M., Oldham, K. B.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 12, October 1973, PP 20U3-2050.
'Neopolarograms' are graphs vs. potential of the semiIntegral of the current
which flows when a stationary electrode Is progressively polarized In the presence of
electroactlve species. Theory is presented which predicts the shapes of neopolarograms
for reversible electrode processes. For Irreversible and quaslreverslble reactions, a
concise relationship exists between potential, current, and the semi Integral of the
current. The theory has been verified using the electrode reactions of Tl(plus),
Pb(2 plus), Cd(2 plus), In(IH)f Fe(H)j Hg2(2 plus), Hi(2 plus)-, 02, and Zn(2 plus) at
a mercury electrode. These studies demonstrate the value of semilntegral
electroanalysis in the determination of electron number, transfer coefficients, and rate
constants of electrode reactions. Four advantages of neopolarography are enumerated.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, Ho. 12, October 1973, PP 20U3-2050.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.) '
INDEX TERMS: Electrodes, Analytical techniques, Methodology, Electrochemistry, Lead,
Cadmium, Iron, Mercury, Nickel, Oxygen, Zinc, Gases, Heavy metals, Metals,
Semilntegral electroanalysis, Mercury electrodes, Neopolarograms, Transfer
coefficients. Rate constants. Electrode reactions. Thallium, Indium, Rare earth
elements.
AMIC-9069
"AUTOMATED RAPID SCAN INSTRUMENT FOR SPBCTROELECTROCHEMISTRY IN THE VISIBLE REGION",
Wells, E. E., Jr., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973, PP 2022-2026.
An Instrument which uses a computer to control and collect data from a rapid
scanning visible spectrophotometer, and which simultaneously operates a potentiostat to
control generation of electrochemical intermediates is described. The 370-700 nm
spectral range may be swept In as little as 5 msec, and by using real time control to
zero the spectral background repetitive spectra may be signal averaged to give an
ultimate sensitivity of 0.00001 absorbance unit. For peak monitoring at fixed
wavelength, data may be taken as soon as 20 microseconds after the application of the
reaction Initiating potential step. The performance of the system 18 Illustrated with
results from mllllmolar solutions of nitrobenzene In dry dimethyl sulfoxlde after
stepping the potential into the limiting current region.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions. Automatic control, Monitoring,
spectrophotometer, Nitrobenzene, Dimethyl sulfoxlde.
Computers, Scanning
AMK-9071*
"AN10N RESPONSES AHD POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS FOR NEUTRAL CARRIER MEMBRANE ELECTRODES",
Boles, J. H., Buck, R. P., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 12, October 1973,
pp 2057-2062.
Responses of Orion yalinomycin-based, neutral carrier, potassium-selective
electrodes have been measured for aqueous electrolytes containing oil-soluble anlons.
The results suggest a generalization of the Cianl-Eisenman-Szabo equation to Include
anion solubility, mobility, and ion pairing. This equation, which reduces to the
CES form, encompasses Nernstlan response to cations or anlons In extreme cases. A
counter proposal using the Teorell-Myers-Slevers model is also developed. Both are
consistent with limited potentlometrlc observations, although only the former predicts
that a given membrane may be anion or cation responsive depending upon Intrinsic onion
or cation membrane solubilities. Preferential solublllzation can be enforced by
addition of solublllzing agents such as vallnomycln to aid selective response.
Conditions for reduced slopes and maxima la potentiowetric responses curves are discussed
In addition, a response function Is derived following the fixed-site hypotheses of
Kedem, Perry, and Bloch. Distinctions between the theorle are not possible solely
from potentlometrlc cation response measurements.
INDEX TERMS: Anlons, Electrochemistry, Zeta potential, Physical properties, Aqueous
solutions, Electrolytes, Electrical properties. Potassium electrodes, Neutral
carrier membrane electrodes, Response time, Ion selective electrodes, Plcrates,
Thiocyanates, Proplonates, Cyclohexane butyrate, Benzene sulfonate, Benzoates,
Potassium salts.
50
-------
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9105
"USIHG COMPUTERS TO ANALY4E CONTINUOUS DATA", Catherines, J. J., Clevenson, S. A.,
Scholl, H. F., Instruments and Control Systems. Vol. 1*6, No. 9, September 1973,
H> 03-65.
Continuous data on vertical, longitudinal, and lateral accelerations of
railroad cars and vibrations of STOC aircraft were recorded by one of two systems. In
the first, transducer outputs were applied to voltage-controlled oscillators to produce
frequencies corresponding to IRIG standards. These outputs vere multiplexed vlth a
12.5 kHz reference and recorded on one track of a stereo tape recorder. In the second
system, transducer outputs were recorded on a 7-chaonel FM recorder. The^ data were
re-recorded in the labora*.ory In wide-band FM form with 6.75 kHz carrier frequency and
continuous time code. A general-purpose tins series analysis program was used to
pro=ej= and analyze the data by computer and provide autocorrelations, cross
correlations, power cpsctral densities, histograms, standard deviations, mean values,
imxinun cagniludej, nss levels, and transfer functions. An exceedance program computed
the number of tines and period during which the signal exceeded a specified level.
Power spectral density curves identified dominant frequencies.
INDSX TiiRMJ: Data processing, Computer programs, Data acquisition, Recorders.
AMIC-9232
"a^ALL-VOLUME SOLID-ELECTRODE FLOW-THROUGH ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS. PRELIMINARY
EVALUATION USING PULSE POLAROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES", MacDonald, A., Duke, P. D.,
Journal of Chromatosraphy, Vol. 83, August 29, 1973, pp 331-3U2.
A preliminary evaluation is given of the use of potentlostatlc pulse
polarographlc techniques for solid-electrode flow-through electrochemical cells as
detectors for use In both automated analysis.and liquid chromatography. The following
advantages are noted over previously reported constant-applied-potentlal techniques:
increased sensitivity, minimal effect of flow-rate on current measurement and a vast
Increase in electrode stability for the short-term sampling period and for extended
routine operation.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Equipment, Electrochemistry, Automatic control, Flow
rates, Measurement, Polarographic analysis, Evaluation, Stability, Methodology,
Performance evaluation, Electrochemical cells; Pulse polarography. Solid
electrodes, Detectors, Liquid chromatography. Sensitivity, p-Amlnophenol.
HMIC-9I86
"GUIDE TO SBLECTIKG GRAPHIC DISPLAYS", Krigman, A., Instruments and Control Systems,
Vol. U6, Ho. 9, September 1973, pp 87-91.
Guidelines are presented to assist In the design of graphic displays which
will provide information to operators in an optlmlum fashion. Among the topics discussed
are display formats, lighting, configuration, engineering, and physical parameters.
Manufacturers and brief system descriptions are listed.
INDEX TERMS: Design criteria, Data displays.
AMIC-9305
"CHOOSIKG A STATIC INVERTER SYSTEM?11, Conger,
Vol. 20, No. 9, September 1973, pp 57-65.
N. L., Instrumentation Technology,
Data are given on the key specifications for hardware available from ten
manufacturers of static inverter systems which serve as power backups. The similarities
and differences of the systems are highlighted. A checklist is included to assist in
specifying, purchasing, end installing a system.
INDEX TERMS: Design criteria, Static inverter systems, Power supplies.
51
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9450
"ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PULoED VOLTAMMETRIC STRIPPING AT THIN FILM MERCURY
£LECTRODE3", Copeland, T. R., Christie, J. H., Osteryoung, R. A., Skogerboe, R. K.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. l»5, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2171-2171*.
This report describes the use of differential pulse stripping analysis
with thin film electrodes for the determination of lead and cadmium In a variety of
samples. Instrumental and chemical parameters have been thoroughly investigated
and optimized for the direct determination of these elements in natural vaters,
blood, blood plasma, urine. oample solutions were deoxygenated with prepurified
nitrogen while in position in the rotating electrode assembly. Water samples and HH03
digests of blood were prepared for analysis by adding 2 ml of acetate buffer to 25
ml of sample. Urine and blood plasma samples were prepared as above or by diluting
2 ml of sample and of buffer to 25 ml with distilled, deionized water. The results
indicate that reliable analyses are obtained on samples as small as a few microliters
under conditions which are more sensitive than linear scan stripping techniques by
factors ranging from U to 20 or more.
INDEX T£RKJ: Analytical techniques. Lead, Cadmium, Pollutant identification,
Reliability, Thin film mercury electrodes, Differential pulse stripping
voltammetry, Sensitivity, Biological samples, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9U60
"GLASS-METAL COMPOSITE ELECTRODES", Guilbault, G. G., Lubrano, G. J., Analytical
Chemistry, Vol. Uj, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2255-2258.
Some preliminary data are presented on an electrode system which utilizes
a metal/glass composite carried as a film on a rigid inert glass carrier. Jueh
electrodes have the advantages of durability, inertness to poisoners, and low cost.
The conventional electrodes used were Beckman 39273 platinum inlay electrodes and
Beckman 39261 silver billet electrodes. The new type of sensors was prepared from a
chemically pure, low alkali glass cut to sections 1/8-inch thick, 1 inch wide, and U
inches long. Onto this substrate was screened a formulation composed of a noble
metal powder and pure glass binder of low alkali content and of a fine particle size
mixed In a fugitive binder. Examples of potentiometric titrations and cyclic
voltanmetric measurements show the possible usefulness of the new sensors as
substitutes for the more costly billet, foil, or wire electrodes now commonly used in
potentiometric measurements.
INDEX TERMS: Fabrication, Zeta potential, Electrical properties, Electrodes,
Instrumentation, Equipment, Construction, Physical properties, Durability, Costs,
Glass-metal composite electrodes, Sensors, Platinum electrodes, Silver billet
electrodes. Potent!ometry, Cyclic voltammetry, Potentiometric titration.
"ION-ELECTRODE 3A3ED aJTOMATIC GLUCOJE ANALYSIS SYSTEM", Llenado, R. A., Rechnitz, G. A.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, Ho. 13, November 1973, pp 2165-2170.
An automated analysis system is described which utilizes a novel
flow-through type ion-selective membrane electrode for the enzymatic determination
of glucose. The system functions well in conjunction with aqueous, protein-loaded,
and serum samples containing glucose In the physiological concentration range at
sampling rates of up to 70 determinations per hour. The proposed methodology
eliminates the need for color development or dialysis steps and successfully overcomes
protein interference at membrane electrodes via Improved electrode design.
(Reprinted from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2165-2170.
Copyright 1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions. Automatic control. Laboratory
equipment, Research equipment, Ion selective electrodes. Membrane electrodes,
Glucose, Biological samples, Continuous flow system, Beproducibility, Precision,
Enzymatic techniques.
AJHC-9U66
"DOUBLE PULSE COULOSTATICS", Daum, P. H., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1+5, No. 13,
November 1973, pp 2276-2278. '
The intent of this communication was to present the development of a two-step
method which avoids most problems due to double layer charging and solution resistance
and thus allows the study of much faster chemical processes. The method involves the
perturbation of the potential of the test electrode from a potential where no
electrochemical reaction occurs to the diffusion limiting region with the application
of a short duration coulombic pulse. The system is allowed to relax for a predetermined
time tau and is then perturbed with a coulombic pulse of opposite sign, to the diffusion
limiting region In the other direction. The ratio of the relaxation potential at time
2 tau, to that at time tau is determined, and from this and the value of tau, the rate
of a coupled chemical reaction can be determined. The method can be recognized as the
addition of a second pulse to the familiar method of coulostatic analysis and is
similar to the methods developed by Sluyters et al. for ",he stjiy of Heterogeneous
electrochemical processes.
UJDEX TERMS: Chemical reactions, Methodology, electrochemistry, Heiistance, Voltage
regulations. Chemical analysis, Double pulse coulOJtetics, Coulostatic analysis.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-9UU.
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