EPA-R4-73-023J
November 1973
Environmental Monitoring Series
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 22
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Department, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verna Holoman, Abstractor.
The 3" x 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terras accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
requests from EPA personnel to be placed on the mailing list should be directed
to the Project Officer:
Mr. Luther Garrett
Data and Information Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
404 M Street, S.W.
Washington, B.C. 20024
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 22
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 22 November, 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS Page 1-24
Scope; Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallics; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 25-48
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 49-55
Scope; Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 56
Scope; Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 57-59
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8298
"DETERMINATION OF TRACE FLUORINE IN BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY PHOTONUCLEAR ACTIVATION
ANALYSIS", Ohno, S., Suzuki, M.f Kadota, M., Yatazawa, M., Mlkrochimlea Acta, No. 1,
1973, PP 61-68.
Spinach leaves and rice were prepared for photonuclear activation analysis of
fluorine by freeze drying, pulverizing, evaporating with NaOH, fusing the residue with
sodium peroxide, dissolving the fused cake In distilled water, centrifuging, and
adjusting the supernatant to pH 6-7. Powdered soil was prepared by fusing with sodium
peroxide and following the procedures used for the plant samples. Sample solutions
were then passed through an Ion exchange resin (Dowex 1X8 and 50WX8) which was dried
and sealed In a polyethylene bag for irradiation. Fluorine-l8 was separated by adding
a fluorine carrier solution and HC1 to the sample, filtering, transferring the filtrate
to a separator funnel and extracting with dimethyldlchlorosilane In xylene. Activity
was then measured on a TMC lOO-channel pulse height analyzer and the results compared
with those from standard solutions. Recoveries ranged from 85 to 91 percent, the
detection, limit was about 0.01 mlcrogram, and precision was about plus or minus 11
percent. The extraction procedure apparently eliminated Interference from iodine,
bromine, and chlorine. The method is applicable to air, water, and other environmental
materials in addition to biological and geological materials.
INDEX TERMS: Fluorine, Soil analysis, Separation techniques, Water analysis, Air,
Sample preparation, Photonuclear activation analysis, Rice, Spinach, Chemical
Interference, Precision, Recovery, Detection limits.
AMEC-8302
"AHIOinC EXCHAUGE SEPARATIONS OF THE ELEMENTS THAT CAM BE EXTRACTED WITH TRIBUTlfL
PHOSPHATE. II", Koch, W., Kortcisch, J., Mikrochlmlca Acta, No. 1, 1973, PP 101-112.
A very sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination
of germanium has been described employing pyrocatechol violet. Prior to the
determination, the germanium is first accumulated by extraction with tributyl phosphate
(TBP) and kerosene and then separated from the co-extracted elements, that Interfere
with the determination, by means of the strongly basic anion-exchanger Dowex 1,X8 In a
mixture consisting of §0 vol. percent TBP, 60 vol. percent methylglycol and 10 vol.
percent 12 N hydrochloric acid. In addition it was shown that this mixture is well
suited to separate uranium quantitatively from germanium. The spectrophotometrlc
determination of germanium is Interfered with by V(V), Mo(VI), Ga(lII), Tl(lII),
Sb(lll), Sn(ll) and Fe(lll). The interference by iron can be averted by adding
sodium-potassium tartrate.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Separation techniques, Spectrophotometry, Oemanlum,
Chemical Interference.
AMIC-8304
"DETERMINATION OF SMALL AMOUBTS OF URANIUM AFTER COHCENTRATING THHOUGH EXTRACTIC* AKD
AICIONTC EXCHANGE IK A SOLVENT AGENT SYSTEM CONTAINING TRI-K-OCTYLPHOSPHIIIE OXIDE",
Korkisch, J., Koch, W., Mikrochlmlca Acta, No. 1, 1973, pp 157-168,
A method has been developed for the separation of uranium that is based on
systematic studies of the behavior of uranium in various water-organic solvent systems
containing trl-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO) towards various anion forms of the
strongly basic anion exchanger Dowex 1,X8. In this procedure, the uranium is
extracted from a 1 N hydrochloric acid solution containing ascorbic acid into diethyl
ether and adsorbed from a mixture consisting of 50 vol. percent ether (o.l N in TOPO),
!»5 vol. percent methylglycol and 5 vol. percent 12 N hydrochloric acid on the ion
exchanger (chlorld form). Following elutlon with 1 M hydrochloric acid, the
uranium is determined either fluorimetrlcally or spectrophotometrically by the
thlocyanate method. By means of this anion exchange procedure, it is possible above
all to separate the uranium from all ions Interfering vlth its fluorlmetrlc or
spectrophotometrie determination and also from TOPO itself. In particular,
consideration is given to the spectrophotometrie determination of the uranium in the
presence of larger amounts of molybdenum, and a method was worked out for the removal
of this element. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutant Identification, Uranium, Tri-n-
octylphosphine oxide, Solvent systems, Preconcentration.
AMIC-8306
"SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF METAL DITHIZONATES BY THIN-LAYER CHROMATCGRAPHY AND
ITS APPLICATION II» TOXICOLOGICAL ANALYSIS", Tewari, S. N., Bhatt, N., Mikrochimiea
Acta. Bo. 3, 1973, PP 37T-3K>.
A quick and reliable method has been developed for the detection of toxic
metals present In autopsy tissues and other biological materials, by complex
formation and thin-layer chromatography. The study wae restricted to the metal Ions
which form complexes with dlthlzone and are extractable at (1) pH 1-U (i.e. Cu, Hg,
Cd) and (2) pH 6-8 (i.e. Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Co). The thin-layer chromatographle
investigation was carried out on Silica Oel-G plates. Autopsy tissues suspected of
containing Cu were treated with a chloroform solution of dithizone with the pH of the
medium being maintained between 1 and k. Four developing agents were tested:
carbon tetrachlorlde: chloroform (10:10, toluene, xylene, and benzene. No spray
reagents were required as the spots of the metal complexes on the plates were colored.
The R sub f values of the common metal complexes In the U solvents and the color of
their respective spots on the TLC plates are given.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Pollutant identification, Heavy metals, Methodology,
Solvent extractions, Chemical analysis, Toxins, Thin layer chromatography.
Biological materials, Organic solvents. Metal dlthizonates, Cooplexation,
Toxicology.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMXC-8311
"PYRIDINE KETOXIMES AS ANALYTICAL REAGENTS: THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMIHATIOH OF
COBALT WITH 2-Pn»IDYL-2-THIEIIYL-BETA-KETOXIME", Notenboom, H. R., Holland, W. J.,
Blllingiurst, R. G., Mikrochimlca Acta. No. 3, 1973, pp 1467-1*73.
The synthesis and characterization of 2-pyridyl-2-thlenyl-beta-ketoxlme (I)
and its application to the spectrophotoraetrlc determination of trace amounts of
cobalt by extraction of the resulting chelate from strong hydrochloric acid solution
Into chloroform are described. Under the conditions of analysis the chelate has a
maximum absorbance of 1*12 ran with a molar absorptivity of 20,000 and a Sandell
sensitivity of 0.0029 mlcrogram/sq cm. The optimal pH range for chelate formation
was 7.0-10.8; the addition of sufficient HC1 to make the sample solution 1.2-3.U M
gave reproducible results. The Co chelate in 3 M HC1 was stable for at least one week
and the chloroform extracts for at least 2 hours. As little as 0.5 ml of reagent
solution gave reproducible results. The chelate was completely extractable into
chloroform and dichloromethane, partially extractable into methyl isobutyl ketoae and
benzene and non-extractable into hexane and carbon tetrachloride. A large number of
ions did not interfere with the analysis; however, permanganate, chromate, disodium
EDTA, fluoride, palladium, and platinum (2 and U plus) Ions seriously interfered and
must be absent from all determinations.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotonietry, Cobalt, Pollutant identification. Aqueous solutions,
Chemical analysis, Chrojnogenic reagents, 2-Pyridyl-2-thienyl-beta-ketoxlme,
Trace levels, Chemical concentration, Ionic interference, Metal chelates, Sample
preparation, Precision, Accuracy, Chemical concentration.
AMIC-8561
"SOW CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HISSISSIPPI RIVER BORDERIHG IOWA",
McDonald, D. B., In: Water 1972. AIChE Symposium No. 129, Vol. 69, 1973, p 280-372.
The portion of the Mississippi River which borders Iowa contains a variety of
habitats, such as main channel, off-channel, lake, and slough areas, which support a
wide variety of fish of sport and commercial significance. Over 50 species were
identified in pool lU alone. Studies of the water chemistry Indicate that the water
quality is good compared to streams within the state although there are limited
stretches of river where deteriorated water quality conditions occur. Pollutants may
also be introduced into the river as a result of runoff from agricultural land. Oxygen
concentrations are usually adequate for fish life; however, low dissolved oxygen levels
have been observed In slough areas accompanying the death and decay of large algal
masses.
INDEX TERMS: Mississippi River, Water quality, Freshwater fish, Aquatic habitats,
Water pollution effects.
AKEC-6781
"OHJANIC POLUUTAHT rDENTIFICATION UTILIZING MASS SPECTROMETFY ", McOulre, J. M.,
Alford, A. L,, Carter, M. H., U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast
Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia, Report No. EPA-F2-732314-, July 1973,
5l» pp.
A system has been developed for the rapid identification of volatile
organic water pollutants. It Involves gas chromatography/nass spectrometry
with computerized matching of mass spectra. Application of this system to the
analysis of waste effluents revealed a significant number of pollutants that were
not previously known to be present.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Organic compounds, Polychlorinated biphenyls,
Industrial wastes, Effluents, Organic pesticides, Computer programs, Data
processing. Synthetic rubber, Organic wastes, Chemical analysis, GC-ffess
spectrcmetry, Coal gasification, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-8961*
'EXTRACTION AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM AS A MIXED LIGAKD COMPLEX
OF OXINE AND AZIDE", Rao, V. P. R., Anjaneyulu, Y., Mikrochimica Aeta, No. U, 1973,
pp 1481.1*90.
Vanadium, oxlne and azide react at pH 3.5-'*.5 to give a dark green solid which
extracts into benzene giving dark green solution. The extract has absorption maxima at
1*15 nm and 620 nm with molar absorptlvitles 8650 and 60^0 respectively.
Spectrophotometric investigations reveal that the extracting species has V, HOx, and
H3(-) In the ratio 1 to 2 to 2. Beer's law is obeyed up to 8.10 micrograms and
10.50 mlcrograms of vanadium per ml at U15 nm and 620 nm, respectively. The
sensitivity of the color reaction is O.OO65 mlcrogram per sq cm at 1*15 nm and 0.009
nlcrogram per sq cm at 620 nm. The percent extraction of V was found to be 90. The
formation constant and the free energy of formation are 8.3 to 8.7 times 10 to the 6th
power and -9.91 to -9.31 Cal respectively at 30 C. The interference of various foreign
ions was studied and methods are proposed for the elimination of the interference of
some of those substances. Infrared and magnetic data of the solid complex are given.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Spectrophotonietry, Aqueous solutions, Vanadium,
Complexation, Sensitivity.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9137
"NITROGEN SOURCES AND CYCLING IN NATURAL WATERS", Brezonik, P. L., University of
Florida, Department of Environmental Engineering, Gainesville, Florida, Report Ho.
EPA-660/3-73-002, July 1973, 177 pp.
Sources of nitrogen were reviewed to determine their significance In
lacustrine budgets. Nutrients in rainfall were found significant although their
variability obviates precise conclusions. Using literature values for nutrient export
from various land uses, nutrient budgets were calculated for 55 Florida lakes. Critical
N and P loading rates (above which eutrophication is likely) were estimated from the
calculated budgets and lake trophic conditions. Algal fixation in two eutrophic Florida
lakes was studied in detail; the total annual N fixed and factors affecting the
occurrence of fixation were evaluated. A survey of fixation in 55 Florida lakes showed
significant fixation only in eutrophic lakes. Bacterial fixation in the anoxic
hypoliinnlon of a small lake contributed substantial nitrogen to the lake, and N fixing
activity was found In both estuarine and lacustrine sediments. The acetylene reduction
assay for N fixation was evaluated; short incubations were found essential. Reduction
was light dependent and N2 acted as a competitive inhibitor. A preliminary experiment
suggested that lacustrine sediments act as ammonia buffers; estuarine sediment sorbed
ammonia strongly with little tendency to release anmonla to the water. Interferences
from high organic color were evaluated for automated inorganic N and P analytical
methods. Various amino acids were also shown to interfere with the indophenol ammonia
procedure.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Cycling nutrients, Eutrophication, Nitrogen fixation, Lakes,
Water pollution sources, Limnology, Water quality, Natural waters, Nutrient
sources, Nutrient budget, Acetylene reduction, Nitrogen cycle, Organic nitrogen.
AMIC-91UO
"DISTRIBUTION OF CAESIUM-137 IN BRITISH COASTAL WATERS", Jefferies, D. F., Preston, A.,
Steele, A. K., Marine Pollution Bulj-etin, Vol. U, No. U, August 1973, PP 118-122.
Water samples were collected from the Irish Sea, the northeaat Atlantic,
Scottish coastal waters, and the North Sea for analysis of Cs-137 emulating from the
Wlndscale nuclear fuel reprocessing plant for the purpose of determining distribution
patterns and dilution of this effluent. Cs-137 was determined by filtering seawater
through a 0.22-mllllinicron membrane filter using one-step separation with either amaonium
dodeca-molybdophosphate or potassium cobaltlhexacyanoferrate followed by gamma
spectrometry. More than 90 percent of the total cesium was retained In the filtrate.
The data suggest that water leaving the Irish Sea through the North Channel more* roan*
the coastline in a clockwise direction closely confined to the coastal margins of
.Scotland and then enters the northern North Sea, where its southern penetration nay be
detected as far south as the northern coast of England. This type of distribution has
far-reaching implications for the fate of materials Introduced to coastal waters since
even Cs-137, which is relatively conservative in seawater, is largely confined In Its
distribution to inshore waters. Those materials which are less conservative and thus
more rapidly removed from the water mass will be even more restricted in their
distribution as a consequence. These general conclusions confirm once more the need to
concentrate monitoring and surveillance operations in coastal waters, since the majority
of pollutants are Introduced regularly and in largest quantity at or near the shoreline.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns. Radioactive wastes, Coasts, Water analysis, Sea
water, Waste dilution, Separation techniques, Cesium-137, Gamma speetrcmetry.
AMIC-9188
"ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS O? GAS CHROMATCGRAPHY OF METAL CHELATES", Barratt, R. S.,
of the Society for Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 10, No. 7, July 1973,
pp Io7-17<
A general suranary is given of methods of ehelating metals, namely Be, Cr, Nl,
Cu, and Co for analysis by gas chromatography. Chelating agents, recovery, detection
limits, interferences, and chemical structures of several chelates are discussed. The
use of gas chronatography for determination of chloride Ions is also described.
INDEX TERMSS Heavy metals, Beryllium, Gas chromatography, Chlorides, Chelation,
Chromium, Nickel, Copper, Cobalt, Detection limits, Recovery, Chemical
interference.
AfflC-9195
"DETERMINATION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF CHROMIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMBTRY WITH A
TANTALUM FILAMENT ATOMIZER", Maruta, T., Takeuchi, T., Analytlca Chimica Acta, Vol. 66,
No. 1, August 1973, PP 5-V1.
The effect of various foreign Ions on chromium absorption in atomic absorption
spectrometry was examined with a modified tantalum filament itomizer. The sample
solution containing Cr was vaporized and atomized from a tantalum filament by electrical
heating into an argon stream within an absorption chamber. All atomic absorption
signals were recorded with the height of the absorption signal being used to determine
the concentration of Cr, The highest absorption signal was obtained when the filament
temperature level (1650 degrees) was the lowest. The detection limit of this method was
found to be 0.9U pg and the sensitivity was 0.52 pg. Ten determinations using 6 ppm Cr
solution gave a coefficient of variation of 2.8 percent. The effects of 100-, 50- or
10-fold weights of 12 different metal ions on the absorption signal in a 6 ppm Cr
solution were measured at various temperatures. No Interferences of Fe, Cu, Mn, Al or
Ha were observed irrespective both of concentrations and filament temperature levels; Fe
did not interfere even at a 300-fold amount. No interference wis observed at the
10-fold level with the exception of alkaline earth elements and V. The proposed
technique is very rapid as a complete single analysis of the aqueous sample requires
only 2 min. There are no memory effects between determinations. The most prominent
advantages of the proposed method of atomization are Its high sensitivity, simplicity
and rapidity.
DIDEX TERMS: Chromium, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification. Heavy metals,
Chemical analysis, Alkaline earth metals. Temperature, Atomic absorption
spectrophotometry. Ionic Interference, Tantalum filament atomizer, Precision,
Detection limits. Sensitivity.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9211
"EXTRACTION OF BORIC ACID WITH ALIPHATIC 1,3J>IOLS AND OTHEB CHELATIHG AGESTS",
Egneus, B., Uppstrom, L., Analytlca Chlmlea Acta, Vol. 66, No. 2, September 1973,
pp 211-229.
Some UO compounds have teen investigated with reference to their boric acid
extraction properties. Preliminary tests showed that aliphatic 1,3-diols with at least
6 carbon atoms possess superior extraction qualities compared to diketones,
hydroxyketones, hydroxyamlnes and other species investigated. The 1,3-dlols were then
further studied with attention to size and steric configuration. The extraction
equilibria involved were thoroughly investigated for 2,2-diphenylpropanedlol-l,3 (DPPD).
The constants derived showed that this diol, in spite of its large hydrophobia groups,
has a smaller reaction constant than the previously investigated 2,2-diethylpropanediol-
1,3 (DEPD) and 2-ethylhexanediol-l,3 (TMPD), which seems to form a very stable ester witt
boric acid in chloroform at room temperature. The ester formation is supported by
n.m.r. and i.r. spectra. The effect of gemlnal substltuents in the 2-position is
discussed.
INDEX TERM: Separation techniques, Solvent extractions, Methodology, Aqueous solutions,
Chelation, Boron, Chemical properties, Boric acid, Chelatlng agents, Chemical
recovery, Aliphatic 1 3-diols, Infrared spectra, HMR spectra. Ultraviolet spectra.
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Reagents, Organic solvents, Esteriflcatlon, Ketonea,
Amines.
AMIC-9215
"ATOMIC ABSORPTION ABE FLUORESCENCE SFECTPOMETRY WITH A CARBON FILAMENT ATOM
RESERVOIR. PART XIV. THE DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM IN FUEL OILS", Everett, G. L.,
West, T. S., Williams, R. W., Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 66, No. 2, September 1973,
pp 301-303.
The carbon filament atom reservoir technique for determining vanadium in
aqueous media and Cu, Ag, and Ni In lubricating oils has been extended to Include
vanadium In petroleum products. A 10-ml sample solution was shaken with 2 M HC1 for 5
mln and separated. 0.1 percent l-(2-pyrldyl-azo-2-rwphthol) (PAN) in ethanol was added
to the acid layer and the pH adjusted to U.O with concentrated ammonia. The
vanadium-PAN complex was then extracted with chloroform and analyzed. This method has
an overall extraction efficiency of greater than 95 percent; the detection limit of V in
the original sample is 0.007 ppm (w/w). The sensitivity of the method (1 percent abs.)
was 0.013 pg and the detection limit (S:N equals 2) was 0.03 Pg; the reproduclbility for
15 replicates at the 10-ng level was plus or minus U percent.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant Identification, Instrumentation, Solvent
extractions, Petroleum products, Fuel oil, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
Fluorescence spectrophotometry, Carbon filament atom reservoir, Vanadium,
Beproduclblllty, Precision, Detection limits, Sensitivity, Acid stripping.
AMIC-9221
"EETERHIHATIOB OF Z.IMC BY FLAWLESS ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROPHOTOMETRY", Kurz, D.,
Roach, J., Eyrlng, E. J., Analytical Biochemistry, Vol. 53, No. 2, June 1973, PP
586-593.
The flaoeless atomic absorption method described is a simple, rapid, accurate
microtechnique for determining zinc in aqueous solutions, serum, or urine. It requires
no sample pretreatment, only 1.0 microliter of sample per determination, no correction
for viscosity differences between sample and standard solutions, and is not subject to
ionic or organic Interference, The average recovery of added zinc in serum is 97.5
percent and in urine is 97.6 percent. The values obtained for serum (mean plus or minus
SD: 9^.6 plus or minus 11.0 micrograms/lOO ml; N equals 25) and urine (range: 6OO-10OO
micrograms/2U hr; H equals U) are comparable to the values reported in the literature.
The coefficient of variation was less than 5-0 percent in all cases. The qualitative
concentration limit was 0.009 microgram/100 ml. The techniques and instrumentation
described are also applicable to a number of trace minerals of common interest.
INDEX TERMS: Zinc, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Urine, Instrumentation,
Pollutant identification, Anions, Cations, Biological samples, Flameless atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Serum, Ionic interference, Chemical recovery,
Sample preparation.
AMICJ9826
"ION-EXCHANGE SEPARATIOHS ON MIXED COLUMNS", Yambe, T., Journal of Chromatography,
Vol. 83, August 29, 1973, pp 59-65.
The separation of metal ions by elution with a solution containing a
chelate-forming agent, namely an organic hydroxy acid (lactic icid or tartaric acid)
was investigated by changing the mixing ratio (gamma) of the cation- and anion-exchange
resins and by changing the pH of the eluent. When the concentration of lactic acid was
0.5 M at pH 2.8 and gamma equals 1/2, a mixed sample of Lu, Tm, Er, Ho, Dy, Tb and Od was
completely separated within 100 mln. When the concentration of tartaric acid was 0.25 M
at pH 3.0 and gamma equals 2, a mixed sample of Cu, Zn, Pb, Co end Cd was completely
separated within 90 min.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Cations, Heavy metals, Anion exchange, Cation
exchange, Hydrogen ion concentration, Mixed columns, Ion exchange chromatography,
Ion exchange resins, Elution, Organic hydroxy acids, Rare earth elements,
Lactic acid, Tartaric acid, Chelating agents.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMXC-9231
"POTENTIALITY OF TOE COUFLIHG OF COLUMS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAFHY AMD FIELD DESORPTIOH
MASS SPECTROMETW", Schulten, H.-R., Beckey, H. D., Journal of Chromtography,
Vol. 83, August 29, 1973, PP 315-320.
The first use of column liquid chromatography in combination with field
desorptlon mass spectrometry Is exemplified by the separation and identification of
the components of a steroid mixture extracted from rat serum. There are two main
reasons for the high-molecular-ion intensities obtained: (l) the smaller transferred
energy In the field ionization process compared with other lonlzatlon modes increases
the chance of detecting the Intact molecular Ions; and (2) the samples are not
Introduced via the comnonly used direct Introduction system for evaporation, but are
applied to the field ion emitter from a solution using the emitter dipping technique.
Hence ionization and desorptlon of the adsorbed molecules can be performed with
minimum thermal stress. Potential applications for the coupling of liquid
chromatography and field desorptlon mass spectrometry are discussed, especially la
relation to the handling of the sample and the limits of detection.
IBDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Organic compounds, Pollutant identification.
Column liquid chrometography, Field desorptlon mass spectrometry, Sample
preparation, FD mass spectra, Detection limits, Steroids, Molecular ions.
AMIC-9235
"A HIGH-SPEED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPH UITH A FUV-SFECTROFLUORIMBTRIC DETECTOR AHD THE
ULTRAMICRO-DETERMINATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS", Hatano, H., Yamamoto, Y., Sat to, M.,
et al., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 83, August 29, 1973, PP 373-380.
A high-speed liquid chrotnatograph has been used with a new spectrofluorimetrlc
detector, which is more sensitive than a normal ultraviolet absorption or
spectrophotometric detector for fluorescent compounds. The spectrofluorimeter is
equipped with double-beam optics and with a flow-cell, 3 microliters in volume, and is
used to record the emission and excitation spectra of the separated components during
the chrcoatographlc separation by stopping the elutlon at peak maxima. This
technique embles both qualitative identification and quantitative determination of the
separated components. Selective recording of chromatograms is possible by varying the
wavelengths for emission and excitation. The technique Is demonstrated using mixtures
of vitamins B2, B3, and B6, and of naphthalene, anthracene, pyrene, benz(a)anthracene,
benz(a)pyrene and benz( e)pyrene have been separated and Identified.
mDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Chemical analysis, Aromatic compounds. Pollutant
identification, Organic compounds, Laboratory equipment, Separation technique*.
High speed liquid chromatography, Flow spectrofluorimetrlc detector, Quantitative
analysis, Spectrofluorimetry, Trace levels, Sensitivity.
AMIC-92to
"MICRODETERMIHATIO1I OF ARSEHIC(lII) AND OSMIUM(VIII) THROUGH OSMIUM-THTOUREA
REACTT05", Kaldu, P. P., Rao, G. 0., Mjcrochemical Journal. Vol. 18, No. l», August
1973, PP 422-1*27.
The osmium-thiourea reaction described in previous methods for the
determination osmium and arsenic was slow under the conditions utilized. A new method
has been proposed for the rapid determination of osmium without waiting 30 minutes for
the attainment of full color intensity. With this procedure only 1 ml of 1 percent
thiourea is necessary. It was observed that arsenic(lll) catalyzed the reaction.
Based on this, qualitative and quantitative methods are described for the determination
of both osmium and arsenic. Interference study of 30 ions showed they do not
interfere.
IBDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification. Chemical
reactions, Color reactions, Spectrophotometry, Cations, Anlono, Alkali metals,
Alkaline earth metals, Heavy metals, Arsenic, Osmium, Trace levels,
Quantitative analysis, Ionic Interference, Accuracy.
AMIC-92U2
"APPLICATIONS, INVOLVING THE IODIDE ION. VIII. DIRECT AND INDIFECT DETERMINATION OF
MERCURY(I) AMD AKALYSIS OF MIXTURES. ANALYSIS OF CHFOMIUM(VI)-CHROMIUM(lII) MIXTURES.
DETERMISATKW OF HYPOCHLORITE ", Khalifa, H., Issa, Y. M., MJcrochemieal Journal.
Vol. 18, Ho. k, August 1973, pp U36-W*.
Mereury(I), down to 3 PPm, has been accurately determined by direct titratlon
with iodide or by back-titrating excess of iodide with mercury(ll) using silver amalgam
as the indicator electrode. Tlje direct method and additional volumetric ones were
applied to the rapid analysis of various mixtures involving mercury(l) with fair
accuracy and precision. Analysis of Cr(VI)-Cr(lII) mixtures Involved potentiometric
back-titration of excess iodide and of excess EDTA separately with mercury(ll).
Back-tltratlon of excess iodide was successfully applied to the determination of
hypochlorite.
IHDEX TERMS: Mercury, Volumetric analysis, Chromium, Methodology, Iodides, Heavy metals,
Aqueous solutions. Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Potentiometric
tltration, Hypochlorites, Mixtures, Accuracy, Precision, Detection limits.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
A MIC-9268
"CURRENT STATUS OF IKE ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN SAFETY ASPECTS OF NITRIIXJTRIACETIC
ACID (NTA)", Thayer, P. S., Kenaler, C. J., CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental
Control. Vol. 3, No. U, September 1973, PP 375-tOH.
A review of the available experimental and field information on nitrllotrlace-
tlc acid (NTA) Indicates a. very low probability of environmental or human hazard at the
maximally proposed levels of use in detergents. The probable average concentrations
will be low, less than 25 parts per billion (ppb), in the domestic water supply and the
high concentrations, 1,500 to 20,000 parts per million (ppm), required to produce
adverse effects in animals appear to provide a more than adequate margin for safety.
The probable effects on the environment, including contribution towards eutrophication
of estuarine bodies of water, also appear to be minimal. The use of NTA in
detergents should, however, be accompanied (1) by an environmental surveillance program
to ensure that the probable low concentrations of NTA are the actual concentrations,
and (2) a continuing research program to further assure environmental and human safety.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrilotrlacetic acid. Environmental effects, Pollutant identification,
Reviews, Public health, Biodegradation, Toxicity, Water pollution effects. Soil
contamination effects, Surface waters. Mater pollution Sources, Fate of
pollutants, Sensitivity, NTA chelates, Degradation products, Substrate
utilization, Degradation pathways, Mobilization, Enzymatic inhibitors,
Teratogenlclty, Mutagenicity, Carcinogenic!ty, Metabolism, Animal physiology,
Water pollution, Measurement, Path of pollutants, Sewage effluents, Sewage
treatment, Rivers, Streams, Organic loading, Eutrophication, Plant growth.
AMIC-9270
"THE USE AND EFFECT OF MIXED STANDARDS OF THE QUANTITATION OF POLYCHLORINA1ED
BIPHENYLS", Beezhold, F. L., Stout, V. F., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology. Vol. 10, No. 1, July 1973, PP 10-15.
A study was made of the problems encountered when the chrcmatograa of a sample
being analyzed for PCB's via GLC cannot readily be compared to a particular Aroelor
standard. The use of mixed Aroelor standards was proposed and a study made of the
effect of mixed standards on the analytical results. It was found that the choice of a
standard could alter the values by more than a factor of 2. In addition, the particular
mixture used as a standard should be reported along with resulting values.
INDEX TERMS: Polychlorinated biphenyls, Pollutant Identification, Separation
techniques, Aroclors, Chemical analysis, Quantitative analysis, Mixed standards,
Animal tissues.
AMIC-9273
"POLYCHLORINATED TERPHENYLS IN PAPERBOARD SAMPLES", Thomas, G. H., Reynolds, L. M.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 1, July 1973,
PP 38-U1.
The detection, estimation, and confirmation of the Identity of
polychloroterphenyls (PCTs) as well as polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) are described for
paperboard and food packaging material. The sample is blended, and an aliquot Soxhlet
extracted, concentrated, cleaned-up on Florisil, and subjected to a 'PCB split1 on
Florlsil. For waxy samples, the residue from extraction is dissolved in 5 percent
benzene in acetone with slight warming; the solution chilled in a dry ice/methanol bath
for 3 mln; the flocculent precipitate filtered; and the filtrate concentrated and
treated as above. The PCT content of cleaned-up sample extracts is screened and
quantified using gas chromatography. Approximately 100 paperboard samples have been
analyzed with PCT levels of 0-163 ppm and PCB levels of 0-20 ppn. Two satisfactory gas
chromatography systems have been developed for the estimation of PCTs.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Polychlorinated biphenyls,
Gas chromatography. Methodology, Estimating, Polychlorinated terphenyls,
Paperboard, Packaging materials. Sample preparation.
AMIC-93T5
"THE DETERMINATION OF PEHTACHLOROPHENOL AND HEXACHLOROPHENE IN HUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE",
Shafik, T. M., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No.
1, July 1973, PP 57-63.
A method was developed for determining low levels of pentachlorophenol
(PCP) and hexachlorophene (HCP) in human adipose tissue. 20O mg of adipose tissue
were accurately weighed into a Duall tissue grinder to which hexane was added. The
sample was mixed on a Vortex mixer and allowed to stand for about 30 min. The sample
was then ground, washed with hexane, and combined with 10 percent NaCH. This mixture
was then mixed on the Vortex mixer for 1 mln and centrifuged to separate the 2 layers.
Several extractions with hexane and diethyl ether were carried with the final hexane
extract containing ethylated PCP and HCP being transferred to a silica gel mlcrocolumn
for separation. Identification was made by electron capture gas chromatcgraphy.
Confirmation of the diethyl ether of hexachlorophene and the ethyl ether of
pentachlorophenol was accomplished by mass spectral direct probe analysis. The limits
of detectability for PCP and HCP In adipose tissue are 5 and 10 ppb, respectively.
Samples fron the pooled human fat weighing 100-300 mg were analyzed for both PCP and HCP
using the procedure described in the analysis of adipose tissue. An average of 5 ppb
PCP was found in six replicates and 30 ppb HCP in 1O replicates of human adipose tissue.
Replicate samples of the pooled fat (100-3OO mg) were spiked with **.6 ng PCP and 10 ng
HCP. The average recoveries of PCP and HCP frco the replicates analyzed were 75 percent
and 96 percent, respectively.
IMEEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Mass spectrometry, Electron
capture gas chromatography, Adipose tissue, Pentachlorophenol, Trace levels,
Quantitative analysis, Hexachlorophene.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9276
"tNTERCAIJBRATION OF ANALYSES OF RECENTLY BIOSYMTHESIZED HYDROCARBONS AND PETROLEUM
HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE LIPIDS", Farrlngton, J. W., Teal, J. M., Quinn, J. G., et al.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 3i September 1973,
pp 129-136.'
An Intel-calibration exercise has been conducted to determine the accuracy and
precision of hydrocarbon analyses. Column chromatography or thin layer chromatography
was used to isolate the hydrocarbons from other lipids. Gas chronB tography was then
used as n screening method to select hydrocarbon extracts which would be further
analyzed by GC-mass spectrometry and other combinations of spectrophotometric and wet
chemistry methods to determine the concentration of petroleum hydrocarbons in the
samples. The presence or absence of the unresolved complex mixture signal in the
hydrocarbon gas chromatograms served as the initial criterion for determining
petroleum contamination. A homologous series of peaks In the chromatograms provided
supplemental evidence of petroleum contamination which was then confirmed analytically.
Three laboratories analyzed e reference sample (IDOE-5) consisting Of cod liver lipids
spiked with 371.8 ppm of a distillate cut (n-Cl6 to n-C26) of South Louisiana crude oil.
The results were fairly accurate and agreed very well for the concentrations of both
petroleum and recently biosynthesized pristane and squalene. Using GC as the initial
screening method is fairly accurate and precise for hydrocarbons in the boiling range
207-^50 C with a polarity suitable for column or thin layer chroraatographic isolations.
The methods as employed here would not detect asphaltenes; O, N, S containing
aliphatic and cyclic compounds; nor concentrations of hydrocarbons much above or below
the boiling range specified above.
AKLC-9276 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Lipids, Methodology, Calibrations, Pollutant identification, Isolation,
Natural organics, Marine environment, Interlaboratory studies, Flajne ionization
i^a chromatography, Petroleum hydrocarbons, Chemical composition, Chemical
concentration, Column chronatography, Thin layer cnronatography. Accuracy,
Precision, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9881"
"VOLTAWETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES, POLYCHLOHIHAtED
BIPHEWLS, TOLYCHLORIHATED NAPHTHALENES AND POLYCHLORINATED BENZENES", Farwell,
S. 0., Belaud, F. A., Gear, S. D., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1973, PP 157-165.
The need for an analytical method which would provide for the exact
identification or 'fingerprinting' of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the environment
prompted the study of the possibility of using a voltanmtric detector. This detector
could provide both gross classification, such as distinguishing between polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCH), and identification of the
specific isooer in each class of compound. This research represents the first in the
voltanmetric reduction of PCB's and PCN's and provides a preliminary description of
the analytical methodology applicable to the rapid identification of these compounds.
The apparatus used employed three-electrode potentlostatlc control circuitry with
interruptable linear voltage sweep control. All solutions were 0.5 mM in the
electroactiv* species with dimethyl sulfoxide aa the solvent and 0.1 M
tetraethylammonium bromide as the supporting electrolyte. Nitrogen gas was used for
deaeratlon. The voltage values for the compounds analyzed are tabulated.
INDEX TERJ6: Pollutant identification, Polychlorlnated biphenyls, Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Chemical analysis, Pollutants, Fingerprinting,
Polychlorittated naphthalenes, Voltamnetry, Voltanmetric detector, Polychlorlnated
benzenes, Characterization, Chlorinated hydrocarbons, laomers, Reduction
potentials.
AMIC-9293
"A M3DIFIED EXTRACTION kCTHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERAL OIL IN SEA WATER",
Hughea, D. R., Belcher, R. S., O'Brien, E. J., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology. Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1973, pp 170-171.
Synthetic seawater samples for evolution of three oil-extraction procedures
were prepared by adding sodium chloride to distilled water and spiking with 3-8 to 188
ppm Bass Strait Crude Oil. The three extraction techniques were (I) reciprocal
shaking with carbon tetrachlorlde, (2) stirring with a stainless steel impeller with
carbon tetrachlorlde, and (3) same procedure as (2) in an ultrasonic cleaning bath.
Extractions were for 15 minutes, after which samples were allowed to stand overnight.
Further separation was carried out in a separatory funnel. The third procedure required
centrlfuglng to separate phases. Extracts were added to a Florlsll column, eluted wltn
carbon tetrachloride, and the sunned infrared absorption determined for tfte eluate.
Recoveries which were determined from calibration curves vere best (mean iralue 102
percent) using the stirring-ultrasonic dispersion method.
INDEX TERMS: Water aralysls, Sea water, Separation techniques, Oil, Recovery,
Infrared absorption.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMJC-9266
"THE DETERMINATION OF METHYL MERCURY IN URINE", Ross, F. T., Gonzalez, J. G.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 3, September
1973, pjTT87-1927
Described is a modification of the above procedure for the determination of
methyl mercury in urine employing a cystelne acetate cleanup procedure and analysis
using the GLC-£C technique. A urine sample is pipetted into a stoppered centrifuge tube
and acidified to pH 1 with concentrated HC1. Benzene is added to the mixture and
shaken vigorously for 5 mln. The emulsion was broken by centrifugation, and the organic
layer removed by a disposable pipette. The urine is extracted again as described
above. The organic layers were combined, and an aliquot was removed and extracted with
cystelne acetate solution. The mixture was shaken vigorously, the layers separated, and
an aliquot acidified to pH 1 with HC1 and extracted with tvo portions of benzene. The
benzene layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and stored in a glass
stoppered test tube until GLC analysis. This method is capable of detecting ppb of MMC
and combines high recoveries and rapid analysis time in a single procedure. Since
binding of HC to urine constituents is fast and complete, acidification of the urine
to pH 1-2 is absolutely necessary prior to benzene extraction. The cleanup procedure
using cysteine acetate solution is also essential for the elimination of interfering
GLC peaks.
INDEX TEHMS: Urine, Methodology, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis,
Electron capture gas chromatography, Methylmercury, Sample preparation, Cleanup,
Chemical recovery.
AHIC-928T
"TTTRATION OF SULPHATE IN MINERAL WATERS AND SEA WATER BY US IDG THE SOLID-STATE
LEAD ELECTRODE", Mascini, M., Analyst. Vol. 98, No. 1166, May 1973, pp 325-328.
A procedure Is described for the determination of sulfate in the range 20 to
3000 p.p.m. in mineral and seawaters by using a lead-selective electrode. Chloride and
hydrogen carbonate are separated from the sample by passing it firstly through a
cation-exchange resin in the silver form, and secondly through a cation-exchange resin
In the acid form. The solution recovered is titrated with standard lead nitrate
solution. Phosphates, occasionally present In mineral waters, interfere with the
sulfate determination. Based on several titrations carried out on standard solutions
of sulfate and on seawater and mineral waters, the extent of error shows that the
procedure is acceptable for routine analysis. The limit of sensitivity is about 10 ppm
and the titratlon time is about 10 minutes.
INDEX TERMS: Mineral water, Sea water, Sulfates, Chemical analysis. Pollutant
identification, Separation techniques, Lead electrodes, Potentiometrlc titratlon,
Sample preparation, Chemical recovery, Sensitivity, Chemical Interference,
Precision.
AMIC-9268
"ANAIXSIS OF HIGH-PURITY WATER BY FLMELESS ATOMIC -ABSORPTION SPECTRQSCOPY. PART II.
SIGNAL INTEGRATION WITH A NON-RESOKAMCE LINE CORRECTION SYSTEM FOR SPURIOUS
ABSORPTION PHENOMENA", Plcfcford, C. J., Rossi, G., Analyst. Vol. 98, No. 1166, May
1973, PP 329-331*.
A polychromator has been used In conjunction with a multi-channel integration
system and an automatic sample injection unit in graphite-tube flameless
atomic-absorption spectroscopy. The precision of the system has been evaluated at high
and low absorbances, and Its ability to compensate for spurious absorption and variable
volatility effects examined. The use of a non-resonance line correction system and
integration of the absorption signal improves the precision of graphite-tube flameless
atomic-absorption speetroscopy, particularly at low concentration levels. Some
variations in signal intensity caused by changes in the volatility of the sample can
be eliminated, and the compensation for spurious absorption phenomena Is satisfactory
up to 95 percent absorption, provided that the reference line is close to the resonance
line of the main element. With the automatic sampler the system does represent e first
approach to a fully automatic scheme for multi-element determinations by flameless
atomic-absorption spectroacopy. The results achieved indicate the feasibility and the
applicability of such a system, particularly when a limited number of elements have to
be determined on a routine basis or when the limited size and the nature of the sample
(toxieity and activity) could make cumbersome or impossible the determination of more
elements.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Heavy metals, Automatic control. High purity water,
Flameless atonic absorption spectrophotometry, Multielemental analysis,
Graphite tube.
AMIC-9292
"GAS-LIQUID CHBOMATCGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CHLORFENVINPHOS IN MILK, EGGS, AND
BODY TISSUES OF CATTLE AND CHICKENS", Ivey, M. C., Oehler, D. D., Claborn, V. H.,
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 5, September/October 1973,
pp 822-^21*.
A reliable and sensitive gas liquid chromatographic method Is described In
which a flame photometric detector is used to determine micro amounts of
chlorfenvlnphos in the milk and body tissues of cattle and in the body tissues, eggs,
and manure of chickens. With extraction and cleanup, 0.002 ppm of the insecticide
could be detected in milk and 0.001 ppm In body tissues and eggs. Recoveries of
83-100 percent were obtained from the fat, muscle, kidney, liver, and heart of cattle
and from the fat, muscle, liver, skin, and manure of chickens. Recoveries of 93
percent were obtained from milk and 81 percent was obtained from eggs.
IHDEX TERJC: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Organophosphorus pesticides. Milk,
Poultry, Cattle, Pollutant identification, Pesticide residues, Flame photometric
gas chromatography, Animal tissues, Chlorfenvinphos, Chemical recovery. Sample
preparation, Cleanup, Detection limits, Sensitivity.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AfflC-9293
"PICLORAM PHOTOtmC DECOMPOSITION", Hosier, A. R., Guenzi, W. D., Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 5, September/October 1973, PP 835-837.
Irradiation of a 0.00208 M aqueous solution of the picloram sodium salt with
300-380 nm ultraviolet light resulted in 99 percent degradation of the parent compound
within 72 hr. After 5, 15, 25, 31*, and U8 hr of irradiation, the amounts of picloram
degradation were 15, 27, 31, 61, and 90 percent, respectively (all picloram solutions
were analyzed as the methyl ester, solutions were methylated by dlazomethane). After
3U hr of irradiation, 11 visually observable degradation products, excluding the spot
of origin (spot no. 1) and parent compound (spot no. 13), were separated by tic. Eight
of these spots had radioactivity above background, which Indicated that the carboxyl
carbon (C-lU) was still Intact. No radioactivity was detected in the other three
compounds, spots 5, 6, and 8, indicating decarboxylation. During photolysis, two
chloride ions were produced per molecule of picloram photolyzed. Evidence was obtained
to suggest that both a free radical and an ionic mechanism are Involved in the
photolysis of picloram. The overall reaction proceeds by a nonchain mechanism.
INDEX 1ERKE: Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Radioactivity techniques, Pollutant
identification, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Path of pollutants, Fate of
pollutants, Picloram, Photodecomposition, Quantitative analysis, Electron
capture gas chromatography, Thin layer chromatography. Degradation products,
Degradation pathway.
-rates and products of decomposition of 2,2-I)IBROMD-3-NITRILOPROPIONAMIDE", Exner,
J. H., Burk, G. A., Kyriacou, D., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol.
21, No. 5, September /October 1973, pp 838-W2.
Rates and products of decomposition of 2,2-dibromo-3-nltriloproplonamlde
(DBNPA), an antimicrobial compound for industrial water treatment, were determined over
a range of conditions. Rates of hydrolytlc decomposition, determined polarographlcally
at various pH's and temperatures, are consistent with acid- and base-catalyzed amide
hydrolysis. Hydrolysis of DBNPA ultimately forms carbon dioxide, ammonia, and bromide
ions via the following sequence of degradation products! dlbromoacetonitrlle,
dlbromoacetamlde, dibromoacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid. DBKPA reacts
rapidly with various ions such as bisulfite to form cyanoacetamlde. Decomposition under
the Influence of sunlight also leads to cyanoacetamlde. Contact with soil and soil
organisms degrades DBNPA. Decomposition of DBNPA by several chemical and biological
pathways ensures that the compound will not persist in the environment.
INDEX TERM3: Microblal degradation, Hydrolysis, Pesticide kinetics, Environmental
effects, Hydrogen ion concentration, Temperature, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
identification, Soil contamination, Water pollution, Degradation rates,
Degradation products, Blocides, Nucleophlles, Photodeconposltlon, 2 2-Dlbrono-3-
nltrlloproplonamlde, Fate of pollutants.
AMIC-9295
"PERSISTENCE OF EMDOTHALL IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT AS DETERMINED BY GAS-LIQUID
CHROWVTOGRAPHy", Slkka, H. C., Rice, C. P., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.
Vol. 21, No. 5, September/October 1973, PP 8U2-&U6.
A gas chromatographlc method was used to determine the residues of endothall
in both the water and hydrosoil of a farm pond and of laboratory aquaria. The bulk of
endothall added to the aquaria remained In the water during the course of the
experiment. Both in the pond and in the aquaria, the herbicide persisted In the
hydrosoil for a longer period than in the water. In the pond treated with approximately
2 ppm of endothall, the herbicide could not be detected in the water and top 1 in. of
the hydrosoil 36 and UU days after treatment, respectively. In the aquaria treated with
2 and U ppm, endothall was reduced to nondetectable levels in the water within 7 days
after treatment. It took 2 and k weeks for the herbicide in the hydrosoil to reach a
level of less than 0.1 ppm in the aquaria treated with 2 and It ppm, respectively. The
rate of endothall dissipation in the aquaria was similar at both application rates.
INDEX TERMS: Persistence, Pesticide kinetics. Aquatic environment, Pesticide residues,
Radioactivity techniques, Herbicides, Water analysis, Hydrosols (soils), Soil
analysis, Aquaria, Pollutant identification, Endothall, Gas liquid chromatography,
Fate of pollutants, Chemical recovery, Detection limits, Sample preparation,
Farm ponds.
AMIC-9Z96
"PHOTOLYSIS OF PARATHION (0,0-DIETHYL-0-(li-HITROPHENYL)fflICPHOEPt{ATE). NEW PRODUCTS",
Grunwell, J. R., Erickson, R. H., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21,
No. 5, September/October 1973, PP 929-931.
Solutions of parathion and paraoxon were irradiated at 2537 A for varying
amounts of time and for 6 hr, respectively, in order to identify the photolytic
products. Photoproducts were identified by gas liquid chromatographic retention time,
mass spectra, and infrared spectrum and by comparison with an authentic sample.
0,0,S-Trlethylthlopho8phate was identified as the major product of the photolysis of
parathion in aqueous THF or ethanol. Minor products were 0,0,C-triethylthiophosphate,
paraoxon, and trlethylphosphate, which was formed by secondary photolysis of paraoxon.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions. Pollutant identification, Phosphothioate pesticides,
Degradation (decomposition). Irradiation, Photolysis, Parathion, Degradation
products, Paraoxon.
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V. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9299
"CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE EFFLUENTS FROM A COWERCIAL PIMIENTO CANNIHD OPERATION",
Bough, W. A., Journal of Milk and Food Technology. Vol. 36, No. 7, July 1973,
PP 371-371*.
Composite samples of liquid effluents taken at each unit operation in
plMlento processing every 30 min over a 2-hr period were passed through a 20-mesh screen
to remove particulate material and analyzed in duplicate for the following
characteristics: total, fixed, volatile, suspended, dissolved, and settleable solids;
pH; total acidity; COD; and 5-day BOD. Flow rates were determined with a trapezoidal
weir which was placed in the rectangular gutters carrying the effluents.
Characterization of the unit effluents revealed significant patterns of difference in
composition and flow rates. The most concentrated effluent occurred in the first stage
of the processing operation where the roasted peel was removed by washing. The
suspended solids load of this effluent accounted for 69 percent of the total suspended
solids load and 37 percent of the COD load, but only 18 percent of the total flow.
Segregation and separate treatment of this concentrated effluent is suggested to reduce
the total waste load. Another concentrated effluent resulted from the citric acid dip
before the packing and closing area. The flow of the effluent was only 10 percent of
the total, but accounted for 32 percent of the total dissolved solids and 37 percent of
the total BOD. Two effluents from the grading area accounted for 50 percent of the
total flow and only 10 percent of the total COD load. Recycling of these dilute
effluents to the peel removal operation is suggested. Based on the rate of processing,
the total wastes produced from pimiento canning contained 3.2, 60.2, and 35.4 Ib. of
suspended solids, COD, and BOD, respectively, per ton of raw pimientos. The total waste
flow was U,81tO gal. per ton.
AMIC-9299 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IMDEX TEJ*6: Effluents, Flow rates, Waste Identification, Industrial wastes, Food
processing industry, Chemical analysis, Sampling, Pollutant Identification,
Pimiento cannery, Characterization, Sample preparation.
AMIC-930U
"AHALYZIH3 HEAVY ENDS OF CRUDE", Thompson, C. J., Dooley, J. E., Hirsch, D. E.,
Ward, C. C., Hydrocarbon Processing, Vol. 52, No. 9, September 1973, PP 123-130.
A systematic procedure which utilizes isothermal and molecular distillation,
chemical treatment, silica-alumina gel chromatography, gel permeation cnronatography
and spectrometry has been developed by the Bureau of Mines for the separation and
characterization of heavy ends of petroleum. Some aspects of the procedure are
described and applied to a 370-535 C (700-1000 F) distillate from Gach Saran, Iran,
crude oil. In this application chromatography is utilized through anlon and cation
exchange resins to separate acids and bases, followed by chemical treatment with
FeC13 to remove neutral nitrogen compounds. The distillate, then essentially free of
acids, bases and neutral nitrogen compounds, is passed through a dual silica-alumina
gel adsorption column, using gradient elution, to produce four well-defined
concentrates; namely, saturates, monoaromatics, diaromatics and polyaromatic-polar
compounds. Nfess spectra were used to identify the general composition of each
concentrate. A combination of gel permeation, mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic
resonance data were then used to further evaluate the adsorption concentrates of the
distillate. The entire procedure reported in this study is schematically outlined.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Methodology, Separation techniques, Pollutant
identification, Crude oil. Heavy distillates, Oil characterization, Gach Saran
crude oil, Chemical composition, Petroleum distillates. Saturates, Monoaromatlcs,
Diaromatics, Polyaromatic-polar compounds.
AMIC-9308
"THE FORMATION OF WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS SUBSEQUENT TO AN OIL SPILL", NfecKay, G. D. M.,
McLean, A. Y., Betancourt, 0, J., Johnson, B. D., Journal of the Institute of Petroleum,
Vol. 59, No. 568, July 1973, PP 164-172.
A series of experiments were carried out to obtain more information on the
extremely stable water-in-oil emulsions formed when some hydrocarbon products are
spilled at sea. It was established that the agent responsible for the stability was
not a discrete chemical entity but was an asphaltenic type substance. The mechanism
resulting in the stabilizing effect does not involve electrical double layer interaction,
but Is due to the mechanical strength of the asphaltenic layer encapsulating each water
droplet.
INDEX TERMS: Oil spills, Chemical properties, Oil-water interfaces, Stability, Emulsifie
Emulslflers, Chemical analysis, Mass spectrometry, Isolation, Water-in-oil
emulsions, Emulsification, AsphalteneB, Crude oil. Stabilizing agent, Gas oil.
Naphtha, Asphalt.
10
-------
1. PHYSICAL_AND_CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9310
"COMPLEX BEHAVIOUH OF COBALT IN THE DANUBE RIVER", Radosavljevic, R., Tasovac, T.,
Draskovic, R., et al., Archlv fur Hydrobiologle, Suppl. W», No. 2, Muxh 1973,
pp 2U1-2U8.
As a part of a program for investigating the pollution of the Danube and
studying the behaviour of different pollutants introduced in the river, systematic
investigations of the content of Cobalt-6o and inactive isotope have been carried, out
and their concentrations in water, suspended material, bed sediments, plankton and
other components determined. The capture of cobalt by suspended particles and bed
sediments has been studied. The behaviour of cobalt in the Danube River is complex and
depends on many parameters. The interdependences between the content of cobalt in water
and dispersed components in the river, bicmaterials, macro-and-mlcrochemical elements
indicate that blogeochemical transport in the river is very heterogenous and depends
on hydrodynamical conditions. The empirical curves of cumulative frequency
distributions of particular levels of cobalt in the cross-section of the river at the
kilometer llW* and 1137 have log-normal distributions and confirm that hydrodynamical
conditions in the river plays an Important role in transport of cobalt. Results of
field and laboratory experiments are presented.
INDEX TERMS: Cobalt, Bottom sediments, Plankton, Suspended solids, Path of pollutants,
Hydrobiology, Aquatic animals, Water pollution, Chemical analysis, Danube River,
Transport, Chemical concentration, Bioaccumulatlon, Animal tissues.
AMIC-9312
"A COMPARISON OF THE CONTENT OF MICROELEMENTS IN THE WATER OF THE RIVER DANUBE NEAR
VIENNA AND BELGRADE FOR 1961-1970", Frantz, Von A., Draskovic, R. J., Tasovac, T.,
et al., Archiv fur Hydrobioloeie. Suppl. W», Mo. 2, March 1973, PP 258-262.
The Federal Institute of Hydrobiology and Waste Water Research in Vienna,
Austria, and the Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences in Belgrade, Yugoslavia,
started systematic investigations of the River Danube to determine the amount of
microelements by means of neutron activation analysis in dependence of place and time.
Results of 1961-1970 are presented. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Chemical analysis, Neutron activation analysis, Pollutant
identification, Heavy metals, Tims, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt, Sodium, Spatial
distribution, Temporal distribution, Alkali metals, Danube River, Scandium,
Antimony, Lanthanum, Rare earth elements.
"INTERPRETATION OF INFRARED SPECTRA USING PATTERN RECOGNITION TECHNIQUES", Liddell,
R. W., Ill, Jurs, P. C., Applied Spectroacopy. Vol. 27, No. 5, September/October 1973,
PP 371-376.
The pattern recognition technique utilizing adaptive binary pattern classifiers
has been applied to the interpretation of infrared spectra for carbonyls, cyclohexanes,
alcohols, ketones, esters, benzene, and ethers. The binary pattern classifiers were
trained to determine the chemical classes of x-y digitized infrared spectra. High
predictive abilities were obtained in classifying unknown spectra. A new training
procedure for binary pattern classifiers was developed and used to classify Ir spectra
into chemical classes. Pattern classifiers trained in the conventional way and by the
new procedure were used in conjunction with feature selection, and it is shown that a
small fraction of the data is necessary to classify these infrared spectra successfully
into chemical classes.
INDEX TERMS: Computer programs, Data processing, Pollutant identification, Organic
compounds, Infrared spectra, Pattern recognition, Carbonyls, Cyclohexanes,
Ketones, Esters, Benzene, Ethers.
AMIC-93U6
"THE SPREADING OF HEAVY METALS IN FLOWING WATERS IN THE REGION OF OCCURRENCE OF
NATURAL DEPOSITS AND OF THE ZINC AND LEAD INDUSTRY", Pasternak, K., Acta Hydrobiologlca.
Cracow, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1973, PP l'»5-l66.
Waters from channels, streams, and rivers in the area of lead and zinc mining
(Boleslaw) were analyzed for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Cr, Co, Mo, Sr, and Ba to Investigate
the contribution of these industries to metal concentrations In the water. Samples were
collected in polyethylene bags and prepared for determination of microelements (except
Sr) by evaporating and dissolving the residue in nitric acid. Determinations were made
by atomic absorption spectroscopy. It was found that these industries contribute
significant amounts of Zn, Pb, and Cd to the receiving waters, and these metals may be
transported considerable distances. Lead content decreases the fastest and zinc content
the slowest as the distance from the pollution source increases. The natural
occurrence of lead and zinc ores in the deeper rock layers does not to any extent
Influence the surface waters with pH about 8.1 and with high total hardness. The
Increase in the content of zinc, lead, and cadmium In the water of the Investigated
water courses is mainly connected with the industrial pollution. The quantitative level
of these three heavy metals shows a distinct tendency to increase in the autumn-winter
season. The occurrence of calcium-dolomite rocks in the catchment basin of the
investigated water courses is revealed in the chemism of the water by an exceptionally
high content of magnesium and a low content of manganese and copper.
IHDEX TERM3: Distribution, Heavy metals, Mine wastes, Water pollution sources, Copper,
Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Manganese, Chromium, Cobalt, Molybdenum, Strontium, Barium.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9350
"ACCUMULATION OF FOSSIL C02 IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE SEA'
Vol. 2U5, No. 5^19, Xeptember 7, 1973, pp 20-23.
Fairhall, A. W., Nature.
A model showing the relationship between the accumulation of COS in the
atmosphere from fossil fuels and the levels in the sea predicts that the rapid Increase
in atmospheric COS will cause the sea to become undersaturated in CaC03. The possible
result of this undersaturation Is that coral reefs and shells of organisms would tend to
dissolve. The model is based on the premise that the long lived terrestrial biosphere
and humus are not significant sinks for fossil COS emissions. The author cautions that
the predictions of the model remain to be validated and the effect of undersaturation of
CaC03 on calcareous organisms is not presently known.
INDEX TERM3: Mathematical models, Carbon dioxide, Water pollution effects, Molluaks,
Calcium carbonate, Sea water, Fossil fuels.
AMIC-9352
"PRINTOUT COLORIMETER FOR AUTOANALYSIS OF WATER POLLUTION", Snaddon, X. V. M. ,
Mayo, E. A., Cope, J., Process Biochemistry, Vol. 8, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 15-17.
A dual-beam colorimeter was developed to perform routine and continuous
monitoring for the Upper Tame Mine Drainage Authority. The criteria for the system
were that it be reliable, automatic correction of electronic drift be provided,
discrimination between channels be provided with a means of detecting plateaus and
peaks and converting these maxima into concentration units, results be displayed In
digital form, and sample identification be included with results. The system consists
of four basic sections: the input amplifiers, linearizer, and subtracter; the analog
to digital converter and maximum memory system; the digital output stage; and the
power supplies. The optical system is designed to withstand dropping without damage.
Results of determinations of COD agreed closely with those obtained by other methods.
Use of the system to determine anmonla-nltrogen and nitrite revealed that temperature
variations and oxidation of reagents affected results. Suggestions are given for
coupling alarms, automatic shutoff, and data accumulation systems to the colorimeter.
INDEX TERMS: Colorlmetry, Water analysis, Instrumentation, Automatic control. Design
criteria, Chemical oxygen demand, Ammonia, Nitrites.
AMC-9355
"SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN CHROMATCCRAPHY", Karasek, F. W., Research /Development, vol. 2U,
No. 9, September 1973, PP 5M7.
Methods and problems associated with sample introduction in gas
chrcmatography are discussed. The most widely used method employs a syringe to inject
the sample through a septum. Reproducibility is plus or minus 1 percent. However,
problems such as septum leakage, sample blow-back in the syringe, and nonlinear
volatilization of sample may destroy the accuracy of results. Valves have also been
developed for sample injection. These can perform many thousands of sample injections
(versus 50-80 for a septum) and can be used for backflushing, column or sample
selection; detector switching, and concentration techniques. Valves also are
frequently used In process chromatographs under automatic control and provide
reproducibility of better than plus or minus 1 percent. Many of the procedures used
with GC are useful for liquid chromatography.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Sample injection, Syringes.
AMIC-9359
"CHLORODIOXINS IN PESTICIDES, SOILS, AND PLANTS", Helling, C. S., Isensee, A. R.,
Woolson, E. A., et al., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2, April/June
1973, PP 171-178.
Chlorodioxins, such as 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxln (TCDD), are
highly toxic impurities found in certain pesticides. A review is made of (1) the
sources and toxicology of TCDD and its relationship to the herbicide
2,l*,5-trichlorophenoxyacetlc acid (2,U,5-T), and (2) pesticide analyses and
soil-related environmental studies of TCDD conducted by the U, £. Department of
Agriculture. TCDD was persistent and immobile in soils. The dioxin was not detected,
however, 6 years after abnormally high applications of 2,U,5-T to Lakeland sand. TCDD
was not photodegraded on soil and only slightly, in aqueous suspension. Plants grown
in soil containing 0.06 ppm TCDD had no detectable quantity (less than or equal to
1 ppb) at maturity. It was not translocated when applied to leaves, but irashoff or
volatilization occurred. TCDD was undetected (less than 50 ppb) In 19 bald eagle
(Haliaeetus leucocephalus) carcasses.
INDEX TERMS: Soil contamination, Vegetation, 2 k 5-T, Pesticide kinetics, Toxiclty,
Water pollution sources, Persistence, Volatility, Absorption, Translocation,
Chlorodioxins, Toxicology, Pesticide formulations, Impurities, Chlorodibenzo-p-
dioxlns, Teratogenicity, Photodecomposition.
12
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9366
"DISSIPATION AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF DICAMBA RESIDUES IS WATER", Self res, C. J., Allen, T.
J., Leinweber, C. L., Pearson, K. H., Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 2, No. 2,
April/June 1973, PP 306-309.
A study was conducted to evaluate (l) the influence of several environmental
factors on dicamba dissipation from water, and (2) the biological significance of
dlcamba residues In water relative to growth and development of several crop species.
Two south-central Texas ponds (only one was vegetated) were surface-sprayed with the
dlmethylamine salt of dlcamba, and samples were taken and analyzed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 12,
15 and 20 days after treatment and thereafter at about 7-day Intervals for an
additional 70 days. Dlcamba dissipation was studied under controlled greenhouse
conditions using polyethylene containers under fluorescent lights. Dicamba
concentrations In field samples were estimated using mustard seedling bloassay,
spectrophotometric, and GLC techniques. Three greenhouse studies were conducted to
evaluate seedling response of several crops to preemergence irrigation with water
containing the herbicide. The herbicide dissipated most rapidly fron water under
non-sterile, lighted conditions. Pond sediment evidently contained mlcrobial
populations capable of decomposing the herbicide. Temperature was crucial in dicamba
dissipation, especially in the presence of sediment. Influence of sediment on
dissipation rate of dlcamba was apparently augmented by light in sane cases. Under
sunnier conditions, dicamba at U.U kg/ha per surface area of ponds dissipated at about
1.3 ppm/day. Dlcamba dissipated as a logarithmic function of concentration with time.
Reaction of seedling crops to irrigation water containing dicamba varied among species
and cultivars. Relative tolerance from these studies was ranked from most to least
tolerant as follows: sorghum greater than cotton greater than cucumbers.
AMIC-9366 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TEJ9C: Pesticide kinetics. Pesticide toxicity, Phytotoxlclty, Water pollution
effects, Pesticide residues, Environmental effects, Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, Water analysis, Pollutant Identification, Water pollution sources,
Laboratory tests, Resistance, Plant growth, Bioassay, Dicamba, Seedling crops,
Dissipation, Fate of pollutants, Data interpretation.
AMIC-9369
"SEASOHAL CHANGES IK THE ORGANIC FORMS OF CARBON, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN SEA
WATER AT El IS THE ENGLISH CHABNEL DURING 1968", Banoub, M. W., Williams, p. J. leB.,
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol. 53, No. 3,
August 1973, PP 695-703.
Water samples were collected at monthly Intervals during 1966 at Station El
in the English Channel for analysis of organic C, N, and P to determine seasonal
variations. Two aliquots from each sample were filtered for particulate N and C
analysis through two glass fiber filters, one for analysis of organic C and one for
or^nic N. The filtrate was frozen Ln clean bottles until analysis. The filters were
washed with K2SO1* and H2SOU to remove inorganic carbonates and stored in solid C02.
Particulate organic C was measured by infrared analysis of C02 formed by combustion.
Particulate N was measured by KJeldahl combustion followed by colorimetrlc determination
of ammonia by conversion to indophenol blue. Dissolved organic C was analyzed by the
method of Menzel and Vaccaro (1964), total S and P were determined by uv irradiation;
and chlorophylls were determined according to the recommendations of the SCOR/UVESCO
report (1966). The average integral mean values were: dissolved organic carbon, 780
micrograms C/l; dissolved organic nitrogen, 6>k micrograms N/l; dissolved organic
phosphorus, 3-8 micrograms N/l. Dissolved organic carbon and the particulate organic
carbon and nitrogen showed increases subsequent to the spring bloom; such increases
were less evident in the dissolved organic nitrogen results and not apparent In those
of dissolved organic phosphorus.
INDEX TEFMS: Water analysis, Seasonal, Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, English Channel.
AMTC-9371
"THE DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS AND FAUNA IN THE FIRTH OF CLYDE IN RELATION TO THE
DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE SLUDGE", Halcrow, W., MacKay, D. W., Thornton, I., Journal of the
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Vol. 53, No. 3, August 1973,
pp 721-739.
Sediment, water, and fauna were collected from the Firth of Clyde during
September, 1971 to January, 1972 for analysis of heavy metals resulting from disposal of
sewage sludge. Procedures for sample preparation are given. Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn,
HI, Pb, and Zn in sediments was determined by atomic absorption. Ag was determined by
optical emission spectroscopy, and As, Mo, Sn, and V by colorimetry. Fiuna were
homogenized, and water was solvent extracted and preconcentrated for AA analysis. Only
liver and muscle were analyzed from fish. Mercury in sediments was determined by
cold-vapor AA after drying and acid digestion. Results show maximum ranges of Cu, Pb,
and Zn to be confined to a relatively small area within 2 km of the center of the
dumping area. Hg shoved a similar pattern with peak concentrations of L820 ng/g at the
center of the dumping site. Pb and Zn contents were also hlgn at sites further up the
Clyde; however, no evidence of large-scale transport was found. Organic carbon contents
were 3-8 percent compared with background levels of 0.3-2.2 percent. Epifaunal species
showed rather erratic variation In trace metal content, unrelated to total or readily
extractable trace metals in the underlying sediment. The trace-metal content of
demersal fish species was not significantly different from figures reported for
elsewhere in the United Kingdom. The distributions of sane In-faunal and epifaunal
species in the area are described. It is concluded that the effects of sewage sludge
disposal in this area are local, gross changes being limited to an area of about 20 sq
km of sea-bed. However, little is known of the overall effects of toxic wastes
particularly at threshold levels, and further monitoring Is required.
13
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9371 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Heavy metals, Sediments, Sludge disposal, Benthlc fauna,
Marine fish, Calcium, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Lead,
Zinc, Mercury, Carbon, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Sample preparation,
Silver.
AMIC-9372
"AN IMPROVED BOTTOMJiATER SAMPLER", Joyce, J. R., Journal of the Marine Biological
Association of the United Kingdom. Vol. 53, Ho. 3, August 1973, PP VH-T&.
AMIC-9379
"IROH, ZIBC, MAGNESIUM, AND COPPER CONCENTRATIONS IN BODY MEAT OF THE BLUE CRAB,
CALLJNECTES SAPIDUS", Boon, D. D., Chesapeake Science, Vol. lU, No. 2, June 1973,
pp 1U3-1W*.
Body meat of the blue crab, Callinectea sapldus, was analyzed by atomic
absorption for iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper. Samples were taken biweekly from
May 6, 1971 to April 19, 1972, a total of twenty-six determinations over a one-year
period. For each determination, a one pound can of unpasteurlzed 'regular1 or
'special' crab body meat was purchased locally. One hundred grams of this meat were
honcgenized with 100 g of distilled water in a high speed blender and acid digested.
Concentrations found were as follows: iron, 7-66 ppm; zinc, 36-68 ppm; magnesium,
39U-527 ppm; and copper, 5-97 ppra. Concentrations of copper were high during May, 1971,
but no seasonal trend was found. Iron and copper values were near those found by
other investigators in 1939; magnesium contents were hi^ier.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Iron, Zinc, Magnesium, Blue crab, Sample preparation. Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-939U
A sampler for collecting water at predetermined points above the
sediment-water interface consists of a frame containing six inverted PVC bottles. The
bottom of each bottle has a hole drilled in it which is fitted with a single prespex
flap valve. Sillco-rubber tubing is attached to the neck of each bottle and passes
through a trigger bar which is connected to an actuating weight and two support bars.
The tubes pass through holes in the side plating at different (interchangeable) levels
to collect samples at predetermined points above the sediment. The sampler can be
actuated at any depth. This device has been successfully used in a study of the Tawe
estuary, where a bottom layer of high-turbidity, low-salinity water has been
discovered.
INDEX TERMS: Sampling, Mechanical equipment, Water, Design criteria, Bottom water
sampler.
"ANALYSIS OF ALKYL ETHOXYLftTES BY NMF", Cross, C. K., NfecKay, A
American Oil Chemists' Society, Vol. 50, No. 7, July 1973, PP 21+9-250.
C., Journal of the
A new, fast, simple technique is presented, which allows complete
characterization of alkyl ethoxylates in terms of average chain length of the alkyl
portion and degree of polymerization. The method uses trimethylsilylation of the
termlnal-OH of alkyl ethoxylate to obtain a sharp distinct internal standard of nine
hydrogens per molecule. The number of hydrogens responsible for the NVP it 0.7-1.5
and 3.0-3.9 ppm can be calculated and, consequently, the average chain length ind
average number of ethylene oxide units. Water and ethanol do not Interfere since they
are removed in the reaction. Results for several commercial =ilkyl ethoxylates were in
good agreement with compositions stated by the manufacturers.
INDEX TERMS: Nuclear magnetic resonance,
Nonionlc surfactants.
Alkyl ethoxylates, Characterization,
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9UO3
"A PNEUMATIC SAMPLE CHAHGER FOR GAMMA-RAY SPECTROSCOPY", Missoni, C. J., Fones, R. V.,
Simon, F. O., Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. kh, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 1350-1352.
The capacity of gamma-ray spectroscopy equipment was Increased by the addition
of a gravity-fed, pneumatic-ejection sample changer. The changer is designed for solid
samples which are placed In polyethylene rabbits 1.65 cm In diam and 5.50 cm long.
These are made by cutting off the hinge and opening tab from a 7.U ml polyethylene vial.
Operation of the changer and the associated electronics are described. The electronic
circuitry has a fail-safe feature which stops the operation of the changer if a
malfunction occurs. The system has proved to be more than 99 percent reliable.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Automatic control, Gamma ray spectroscopy, Sample
changers.
AMIC-9l<05
"AHALYSIS BY MEANS OF GAS BUBBLE ELECTRIFICATION", Pantony, D. A., Stagg, D. C.,
Zeltschrlft fur Analytlsehe Chemle, Vol. 26k, No. 5, June 13, 1973, pp 3^8-353.
A simple theory is proposed to account for the reciprocal relationship
between concentration of solute and the charge on a droplet ejected as a rising bubble
bursts at a solution's surface. Reasonable agreement Is found between theoretical
predictions of charge in multlvalent electrolytes and the experimental values.
Application to continuous analysis of flowing systems and to end-point detection Is
demonstrated for acid-base and complexlmetrlc tltrations.
INDEX TERMS: Chemical analysis, Solutes, Aqueous solutions, Volumetric analysis,
Electrolytes, Gas bubble electrification, Acid-base titratlon, Compleximetrlc
titratlon, Acetic acid, Nickel chloride, Trlsodlum trlmetaphosphate, Trlsodlum
orthophosphate, Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, Pentasodium trlphosphate, Tltrimetry.
AMIC-91*06
"AMPEROMETRIC TITRATIOH OF MERCURY(II) WITH EDTA, DTPA AMD TRIEN IB THE PPM-RANCE",
van der Linden, V. E., Dicker, J., Zeltsehrlft fur Analytlsche Chemle. Vol. 26U, Ho. 5,
June 13, 1973, PP 353-355.
Hercury(II) can be titrated at pH 2.5-3 with EDTA, DTPA and TRIEN. The
titratlon la followed amperometrlcally making use of a rotating gold-electrode at a
potential of plus 0.25 V vs. S.C.E. Especially the use of DTPA allows the
determination of small amounts of mercury(II) (down to 1 mlcrogram). The standard
deviation IB 2-3 percent. A correction for the systematic negptive error of
approximately k percent in the case of EDTA and 8 percent in the case of DTPA, mainly
cauaed by the faradalc reaction at the electrode, can easily be made. Bismuth, Iron
and thorium will interfere, but on addition of fluoride the interference of thorium
and iron can be masked. TRIEN showing a better selectivity of mercury towards iron has
the lowest conditional stability constant and will not be suited to the titration of
very low concentrations. Copper may be present in a thousand fold concentration.
About equivalent amounts of iron(lll) can be titrated in one run with mercury. In that
case two end-points are obtained, the first one for iron, the second one for mercury.
The ratio of the conditional constants of mercury to those for copper and iron is more
favourable for DTPA and especially TKEEN.
IHDEX TERMS; Volumetric analysts, Mercury, Electrochemistry, Amperometric titratlon,
EDTA, DTPA, TRIES, Metal complexes, Trace levels, Rotating gold electrodes,
Chemical interference, Precision, Stability constants.
AMIC-oli07
"SELECTION OP EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIOHS FOR THE PHOTOMETRIC COMPLEX FORMATION
TITRATIOHS OF METALS IN THE PPM.RANGE", Kragten, J., Zettsehrlft fur Analytische Chemie,
Vol. 26U, No. 5, June 13, 1973, pp 356-361.
Metals can be complexometrlcaUy titrated In the ppm-range in the presence of
e
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
"APPLICATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FOR THE ENRICHMENT OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND THEIR
DETERMINATION BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMSTRY", Jackwerth, E., Lohmar, J.,
Wittier, G., Zeitschrift fur Analytlsche Chemie, Vol. 266, No. 1, July 3, 1973,
pp 1-8.
Activated carbon can tie used as collector material in trace analysis. Due to
the special character of activated carbon, not only insoluble compounds can be
enriched, but also many soluble chelate complexes of trace elements. For that purpose
the buffered aqueous solution of the analytical sample containing complexing or
precipitating reagents is filtered through a small filter paper covered with 50 rag of
activated carbon. The trace compounds, and in many cases also the surplus reagent are
adsorbed by the collector. By treating the carbon collector with acid after the process
of trace enrichment, a trace concentrate free of unwanted substances ia obtained. Thus
it is possible to use sensitive electrochemical and optical methods for the determina-
tion. For the determination of the enriched elements by atomic absorption spectrometry,
the activated carbon suspended in diluted nitric acid can be dispersed directly Into the
atomizer. The carbon particles do not cause any interferences. The application and the
advantages of activated carbon for enrichment of trace elements in high-purity materials
is demonstrated by some analytical examples. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Trace elements. Activated carbon, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis,
Heavy metals, Separation techniques, Solubility, Pollutant identification,
Methodology, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Enrichment, Sample preparation,
Metal chelates.
AMIC-91*13
"ISOLATION AMD CLEANUP OF ORGAKOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES AND THEIR OXONES FROM
ANIMAL TISSUES", Hladka, A., Kovac, J., Zeltschrlft fur Anajytlsehe Chemle. Vol.
265, No. 5, July 30, 1973, PP 339-3<*2.
A simple Isolation and cleanup procedure has been developed for the
determination of organophosphorus insecticides and their oxones in animal tissues.
This procedure partly unites extraction of organophoephorus pesticides and their
oxones with cleanup by column chromatography. Most polar coextracts remain on the
column and In its further processing the eluate does not tend to form emulsion. The
process has been studied on model mixtures of P-32- and C-It-labelled pesticides with
tissues as well aa after application of pesticides to white rats. The average recovery
of the method is 90.5 percent, with a standard deviation of plus or minus 5.1 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Isolation, Pollutant identification, Radiochemical analysis,
Phosphothioate pesticides, Pesticide residues, Solvent extractions, Oxones,
Animal tissues, Radlochromatography, Isomers, Chemical recovery, Precision,
Sample preparation, Metabolites.
AMIC-9U12
"SEPARATION AND GAS-CHROMATCCRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF FLUORIDE", Bock, R.,
Strecker, S., Zeltschrlft fur Analytlsche Chemie, Vol. 266, No. 2, July 23, 1973,
pp 110-116.
Traces of fluoride can be separated from aqueous solution by extraction with
(C2H5)3S1C1 in m-xylene or with (c6H5)liSbOH in CH2C12. Furthermore, several
coprecipltation reactions were tested; absorption on hydroxyl apatite is most suitable.
Determination of 0.05 ralcrogram fluoride/ml can be performed by gas chroma.togr8.phy of
(C2H5)3SiF in m-xylene using flame lonisation detectors; but variable blanks of 0.5-1.5
micrograms fluoride normally prevent the determination of less than ca. 3 inicrograms
fluoride. (In German)
IBDEX TERMS; Fluorides, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Separation techniques,
Pollutant identification, Solvent extractions. Trace levels, Flame ionlzatlon gas
chromatography, Detection limits.
AMIC-9l*lU
"NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE RELAXATION TITRATION", Schluter, A., Weiss, A.,
Zeltschrift fur Analytisehe Chemie. Vol. 266, No. 3, August 30, 1973, pp 177-186.
Quantitative determination of the concentration of paramagnetic ions in
aqueous solutions Is performed by NMR relaxation tltration. By measurement of the
nuclear spin-lattice relaxation time T sub 1 or the nuclear spin-spin relaxation time
T sub 2 redox titratlona and complexometrlc determinations of the concentration of
paramagnetic ions are possible. Also the precipitation of ions from the solution can
be followed by this method. The use of a magnetic indicator In this analytical method
Is shown. The sensitivity of the method goes down to concentrations as low as 0.001 M.
The accuracy of NMF relaxation titration is better than 1 percent. A number of
applications of the method are given.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Aqueous solutions, Chemical precipitation, Chemical analysis,
Chemical reactions, Quantitative analysis, NMR relaxation titration, Paramagnetic
ions, Metal complexes. Accuracy, Detection limits, Chemical concentration.
16
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
"OXYGEN UPTAKE OF BOTTOM SEDIMENTS STUDIED IN SITU AND IN THE LABORATORY", Edberg,
If., Hofsten, B. V., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1285-129^.
Oxygen uptake by soft bottom sediments was measured In situ with a
temperature-compensated oxygen electrode In a Plexiglas cylinder. Comparative
measurements were made In the laboratory on sediments cores taken with a modified
Kajak bottom sampler from near the site of the in situ measurements. Values obtained
from In situ measurements at 19 localities in fresh and brackish waters vere in the
range 0.3-3.0 g 02/sq m/d. Laboratory measurements yielded consistently lower values
and showed that the oxygen uptake depended on the oxygen concentration and that the
temperature coefficient decreased with Increasing temperature. There was no simple
correlation between oxygen uptake and content organic matter in sediments.
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, On-slte tests, Laboratory tests, Measurement,
Freshwater, Organic matter. Brackish water, Water temperature, Running waters,
Oxygen consumption, Natural waters, Oxygen electrodes, Concentration.
AMIC-9l*37
"ORGANIC DESORPTION FROM CARBON-II. THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN THE DESORPTION OF
PHENOL FROM WET CARBON", Pahl, R. H., toyhan, K. G., Bertram!, G. L., Water Research.
Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1309-1322.
e The desorption of phenol from active carbon was studied using cyclic and
continuous flow desorbers. The absorptivity Index of phenol in each of 10 solvents was
determined by spectrophotometry using a set of standard solutions of phenol in each
solvent. Phenol was adsorbed onto the carbon in a polyethylene container and the carbon
was separated from solution by filtration. The damp carbon was placed in flasks,
frozen, and vacuum-dried. After 36-U8 h the flasks were removed, weighed, and the "dry1
carbon stored. Final drying was done by freeze drying and confirmed by
thermogravlmetric analysis. A Soxhlet extraction apparatus was used to desorb phenol
from carbon using methanol, acetonitrlle and cyclohexane. A continuous flow desorber
constructed from a modified Soxhlet extractor was used so that «/n the solvents could be
used under identical flow and temperature conditions. The heat of solution of phenol in
methanol, dodecyl alcohol, acetonitrile and cellosolve acetate was determined using the
calorljoeter and experimental procedure described by Betrand, Beaty and Burns (1968). A
wide difference in desorption capabilities was shown among the 10 solvents. The system
employed was complex, with water being present in addition to phenol on the carbon. An
attempt to correlate the desorption data with the physical properties of the phenol and
solvent and regular solution theory is made. A thermodynamlc approach using the linear
Tree energy-enthalpy relationship produced a reasonable correlation of the heat of
formation of the phenol-solvent hydrogen bond with the desorption data. This indicated
ihat the desorption of the phenol from carbon in this complex system is dependent upon
the ability of the solvent to form hydrogen bonds with the phenol.
. . __ —
AMIC-9^37 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Activated carbon, Methodology, Separation techniques, Aqueous
solutions, Adsorption, Solvent extractions. Moisture content, Pollutant
identification, Desorption, Organic solvents, Pollutant removal, Wet carbon,
Inorganic solvents, Heat of solution.
AMIC-9U38
"ORGANIC DESORPTION FROM CARBON-III. THE EFFECT OF SOLVENT IN THE DESORPTIOH OF
PHEHOL FROM DRY CARBON", Knictaneyer, W. W., Mayhan, K. G., Bertrand, G. L., Water
Research, Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1323-1330.
The desorption of phenol from active carbon was studied using a continuous
flow desorber. The system used was nearly water free to reduce water-phenol
interactions. An attempt to correlate the desorption data with the physical properties
of phenol and solvents, In addition to regular solution theory, proved unsuccessful. A
thermodynamic approach using the linear free energy-enthalpy relationship produced a
general trend by using the heat of solution for phenol in solution and a reasonable
correlation using the heat of formation of the phenol-solvent hydrogen bond with the
desorption data.
INDEX TERMS: Activated carbon, Adsorption, Methodology, Phenols, Separation techniques,
Pollutant identification, Desorption, Pollutant removal, Continuous flow system,
Dry carbon, Heat of solution, Heat of formation, Heat of wetting.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC -
"TOE DETERMINATION OF PHENOLS IN AQUEOUS EFFLUENTS", Cooper, R. L., Wheatstone, K. C.,
Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1375-138**.
A method Is described for the determination of monohydric and dihydric
phenols in aqueous effluents. The phenols were extracted into methyl isobutyl Icetone,
the trimethylallyl ethers prepared, separated by gas-liquid chronatography and
detected by a flame lonizatlon detector. Complete separation of phenol, cresols,
xylenols, ethylphenols and dihydric phenols was achieved using dual stainless steel
columns packed with Chromosorb W (AW-DCMS) coated with 5 percent trl-2,U-xylenyl
phosphate and by linear temperature programming from 75 C to 125 C at 1.5 C/mln;
concentrations down to 0.1 mg/1 of each phenol in the original sample could be
determined. The results obtained by the gas chromatographie method were compared with
those using standard coloriawtric methods of analysis for carbonization effluents
arising from different sources. The method is generally applicable to wastes
containing phenols.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Effluents, Separation techniques, Pollutant Identification,
Industrial wastes, Liquid wastes, Chemical analysis. Drainage water, Flame
ionization gas chromatography, Cresol, Xylenols, Dihydric phenols, Ethylphenols,
Monohydric phenols, Detection limits.
AMIC-9UA6
"PROCEDURES FOR RADIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS",
Krieger, H. L., Gold, S., U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Radiochemlstry and
Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, Report No. EPA-RU-73-01U-,
*y 1973, IT1* PP.
In the course of studies to evaluate potential health hazards from aqueous
discharges at nuclear power stations during routine operations, the Radiochemlstry
and Nuclear Engineering Research Laboratory of the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency's National Environmental Research Center In Cincinnati has compiled and
tested the radlochemlcal methods given in this manual. The composition of test
solutions has ranged from mixtures of many radionuclides at microcurles per
mllliliter concentrations to barely detectable levels at picocuries per liter
concentrations. The substrate quality has ranged from highly deionized colant water
to waste solutions with high concentrations of salts and detergents. The procedures in
the front section of the manual are standard methods (ASTM Standards) which are
applicable for separating and measuring these radionuclides In most reactor liquid
wastes. The methods in the second section have been compiled from information in
analytical chemistry texts or from technical reports in the scientific literature.
Method evaluation Involved replicate analyses with reactor coolants, reactor wastes and
specific tracer solutions as substrates. The criteria established for each method were
chemical yellds greater than 70 percent, decontamination factors at least 1000,
irocedure time commensurate with the half life of the nucllde being separated, and
ease of analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Radlochemlcal analysis, Aqueous solutions, Nuclear reactors, Analytical
techniques. Radioactivity techniques, Liquid wastes. Beta particle counting.
"CHLORINATIOB EFFECTS ON ORGANIC COHSTITUENTS IN EFFLUENTS FROM DOMESTIC SABITABY
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLMTTS", Jolley, B. L., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee, Report No. ORNL-TM-1^90, Contract No. W-7li05-eng-a6, October 1973,
3^ PP.
The major objectives of this research were to develop a method for examining
chlorination effects and to determine whether, as well as to what extent,
chlorine-containing organic compounds are formed when effluents from domestic sanitary
sewage treatment plants are chlorinated at mllligram-per-liter chlorine concentrations.
An additional purpose was to characterize, or identify, and quantify stable
chlorine-containing and other organic compounds present In chlorinated and unchlorinated
effluents. Chlorination yields were approximately the same for both primary and
secondary effluents. Essentially the same effects were obtained by chlorination with
either chlorine gas or hypochlorite solution. The effects of chlorination in the
chlorinated effluents were determined by a method which coupled chlorination by Cl-36
radioactive tracer with separation by high-resolution anion-exchange chroraatography using
sensitive radioactive tracer monitoring. It was determined that chlorine-containing
stable organic constituents are present after chlorination of effluents from domestic
sanitary sewage treatment plants. Over 50 chlorine-containing constituents were
separated from chlorinated secondary effluents. Seventeen of these chlorine-containing
organic compounds were tentatively identified and quantified at the 0.5- to U.3-
microgram/liter level. In addition to the 17 chlorine-containing compounds that were
identified, 32 stable organic constituents were identified and 23 of these were
quantified at 2- to 190-microgram/liter levels in the effluents from domestic sanitary
AMIC-9iH*9 (Continued)
Card 2/2
primary sewage treatment plants. Nine stable organic constituents were Identified, and
eight of these were quantified at 5- to 90 microgram/liter levels in the effluents
from domestic sanitary secondary sewage treatment plants.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorination, Organic compounds, Radioactivity techniques, Sewage
treatment, Sewage effluents. Domestic wastes, Chlorine, Methodology, Environmental
effects, Sampling, Chemical reactions, Anlon exchange. Aqueous solutions, Separa-
tion techniques, Laboratory tests, Laboratory equipment, Cation exchange, Ion
exchange chroma tography. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, Synthetic sewage.
18
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9U52
"EXPERIMENTAL STOUT OF TOE PHASE-SELECTIVE ANODIC STRIPPING ANALYSIS OF MICROMOLAR
CADMIUM(II) AT THE MICROMETER HANGING MERCURY DROP ELECTRODE IN 0.1 M POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE", Moorhead, E. D.. Davis, P. H., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 13,
November 1973, PP 2178-218U.
Conflicting reports in the literature pertaining to the observed magnitude
of the ac phase-selective current obtained in the anodic stripping of Cd from the HMDE
prompted an experimental reassessment of the stripping behavior Of this metal using a
micrometer-type HMDE and 0.1 M KC1 as base electrolyte. Reproducibillty of the
stripping analysis was indicated by a 1.20 percent average deviation in the measured
peak height obtained for ten independent runs at the micromolar Cd(ll) level. The
functional dependence of peak height on signal frequency, applied ac voltage, and
cadmium concentration conformed to theory developed previously for ac polsrography.
However, observed in-phase peak currents obtained during the stripping step were
substantially smaller than those reported by previous authors for the same experiment.
The influence of stripping scan rate on the Cd-Cd(Hg) system was examined, and peak
heights were found to be strongly dependent On this parameter. The importance of
maintaining well-controlled conditions during pre-electrolysls was indicated from brief
studies of peak height dependence on solution volume and stirring rate. (Reprinted
from Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November 1973, pp 2178-2181*. Copyright
1973 by the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Chemical analysis, Electrochemistry, Aqueous solutions,
Hanging mercury drop electrodes, Phase-selective anodic stripping, ac Phase-
selective voltamnetry, Chemical concentration, Trace levels, Reproducibllity.
AMIC-9«*53
"HIGH PRECISION SAMPLING FOR CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATIONS", Bowen, B. E., Cram, S. P.,
Leltner, J. E., Wade, R. L., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November 1973,
pp 2105-2191.
The precision of several chronatographic sampling valves of original design is
shown to approach 0.05 percent for unretalned solutes. Hybrld-fluidlc, high pressure,
and commercial valves have been characterized by measuring the precision of their
column input profiles and statistical moments. A computer-based data acquisition and
control system was developed for use with high precision algorithms. (Reprinted from
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2185-2191. Copyright 1973 by
the American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TLRMS: Separation techniques, Chromatography, Automatic control, Computers,
Hydraulic valves, High pressure valves, Precision, Chronatographic sampling
valves, Hybrid-fluidic valves, Data acquisition, Hamilton valves.
AMIC-9U55
"ENHANCEMENT OF THE SENSITIVITr AND SELECTIVITlf OF THE COULSON ELECTROLYTIC
CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR TO CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES", Dolan, J. «., Hall, R. C.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November 1973, pp 2198-220U.
Factors which Influence the sensitivity and selectivity of the Coulson
electrolytic conductivity detector to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides were determined
and optimized. The most influential factors which affect sensitivity are absorptive
surfaces, electrode polarization, system stability, and furnace temperature.
Replacement of the standard U-mrn i.d. quartz reaction tube with one of 0.5-mm l.d.,
replacement of the silicone rubber septum at the furnace exit with a teflon fitting,
and Increasing the mAifimim cell voltage to 1*1* V dc resulted in a minimum detectability
of 0.1 ng for heptachlor and a useable sensitivity of O.U ng as compared to 2 ng and
5 ng, respectively, for the unmodified detector. The most Influential factors which
affect selectivity are funace temperature, reaction gas composition, and reaction gas
flow rate. Optimization of these parameters enables most chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides to be selectively determined in the presence of other halogenated materials
such as PCS with selectivities greater than 1000:1. (Reprinted from Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2198-220U. Copyright 1973 by the
American Chemical Society. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydorcarbon pesticides, Selectivity, Separation techniques,
Gas Chromatography, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Pollutant identification,
Sensitivity, Electrolytic conductivity detector, Detection limits, Gas flow rates,
Furnace temperature, Chemical composition, Reaction gas.
AMIC-91*59
"ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SILVER, LEAD, CADMIUM, ZINC, AND NICKEL OH
BOHOSILICATE GLASS, POLYETHYLENE, AMD POLYPROPYLENE CONTAINER SURFACES", Struempler,
A. W., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. 13, November 1973, PP 2251-225<*.
Container absorption of low concentrations of Ag, Fb, Cd, Zn, and Ni ions In
aqueous solutions was studied using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry In order
to develop a workable method for studying trace quantities of these Ions in natural
precipitation (rain, snow, hail). Only new containers (borosilicate glass,
polyethylene, polypropylene) were used after rigorous cleaning. Fifty milliliters of
test solution were stored in each container during the aging period and analyzed
initially at dally Intervals. After several days analyses were made at 2- to 3-day
Intervals, or longer. The adsorption of Ag ion on borosilicate glass and polypropylene
containers was studied as related to light and temperature. No single container type
proved satisfactory for all ions. Polyethylene containers did not absorb cadmium or
zinc. Acidification to pH 2 with HN03 prevented silver, lead, cadmium, and zinc
adsorption on borosilicate glass surfaces. Acidification also prevented adsorption of
silver on polyethylene surfaces. Additionally, silver solutions must be maintained in
the dark, even under acidified conditions, to maintain stability and minimize
adsorption loss. New polypropylene containers could not be cleaned satisfactorily for
cadmium and zinc studies. Extreme care was necessary to minimize contamination when
working with the low ion concentrations detectable by flameless atomic absorption
spectrometry.
INDEX TERMS: Adsorption, Aqueous solutions. Heavy metals, Ions, Plastics, Physical
properties, Borosilicate glass. Polypropylene, Storage containers. Chemical loss.
19
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9^70
"HANGING MERCURY DHOP ELECTRODEPOSITION TECHNIQUE FOR CARBON FILAMENT FLAMELESS
ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS. APPLICATION TO THE DETERMINATION OF COPPER IN SEA
WATER", Falrless, C., Bard, A. J., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. 13, November
1973, PP 2299-2291.
Controlled potential electrolysis at a hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE)
has been coupled with carbon filament atomic absorption as an analytical technique and
applied to the determination of Cu in seawater. Synthetic seawater and natural
seawater samples were analyzed. Timed electrolyses at a controlled potential of -0.35
V vs. SCE were conducted with a simple three-electrode arrangement. Deaeratlon of
analysis solutions was accomplished ty bubbling N2 for 5 min prior to electrolysis and
then by passing N2 over the solution during electrolysis. After electrolysis
relaxation losses were examined. Five microllters of p-xylene was used to pretreat the
filament cavity. The mercury was volatilized completely by heating the filament at
approximately **25 C, then the Cu was atomized. Accuracy was checked by the atandard
additions method. The natural seawater analysis give 0.72 mlcrogram Cu/1 which is
within the range for unpolluted seawater. The practical detection limit for this
technique with this electrode configuration, solution volume, and electrolysis time is
0.2 microgr-un Cu/1. The absolute detection limit of the carbon filament atomizer is
about 0.5 pg of Cu (essentially the same value as the sensitivity per 1 percent
absorption. These results indicate that this is a suitable technique for the
determination of Cu in unpolluted seawater vlth matrix interferences apparently
eliminated and selective volatilization of Hg without covolatilization of Cu
accomplished. In addition, in this technique, sample size is limited only by the
electrolysis apparatus configuration, total amount of trace metal, and time, and is not
restricted to the microllter capacity of the carbon filament.
AMIC-91*70 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Sea water. Chemical analysis, Methodology, Pollutant
Identification, Trace elements, Electrochemistry, Hanging mercury drop electrode,
Carbon filament, Flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Controlled
potential electrolysis, Detection limits, Accuracy.
AMIC-9l»72
"A MULTIPARAMETER OIL POLLUTION SOURCE ITEWTIFICATION SYSTEM", Miller, J. W.,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory,
Edison, New Jersey, Report No. EFA-B2-73-221, Contract No. 68-01-0059, July 1973,
181 pp.
The feasibility of oil pollution source identification is demonstrated on
eighty crude oils from the world's major oil fields. Measurements of fifteen
diagnostic parameters were made on the 600 plus F fraction of the crude oil samples.
Of the fifteen parameters studied it was demonstrated that six were sufficient to
distinguish among the crude oils. These parameters are carbon and sulfur isotoplc
composition, sulfur, nitrogen, vanadium and nickel contents. A hydrocarbon gas
chromatographic profile was also diagnostic for identification but its usefulness was
reduced for aged samples by the effect of weathering. The other parameters studied
were the saturate, aromatic and aspnaltic contents and the carbon Isotoplc composition
of each of these fractions, the n-paraffln distribution (odd-even predominance curves)
and the sulfur gas chromatographic profile. The influence of weathering on the
parameters was studied. A statistical procedure based on multivariate normal analysis
was developed to compare an unknown with a data library and to give an unbiased match
of the unknown with a known based on the precision of the measurement methods.
INDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Oil spills.
Water pollution sources, Statistical methods. Weathering, Oil fields, Chemical
compositon, Crude oil, Oil characterization, Oil fingerprinting, Data
interpretation, Saturates, Asphaltics, Aromatic hydrocarbons, Gas chromatography,
Mass spectrometry, Crude oil bottoms.
AMIC-9l*76
"INTERMEDIA ASPECTS OF AIR AND WATER POLLUTION CONTROL", Stone, R., Smallwood, H.,
Ralph Stone and Company, Incorporated, Los Angeles, California, Report No.
EPA-600/5-73-003, Contract No. 68-10-0729, August 1973, 365pp.
Major air and water pollutant control strategies are identified which are
of current National concern. Emphasis is on artificial transfer between air or water.
Natural transfers are not treated in depth and land is considered only as a means for
residue disposal. Discussions include dangers of intermedia transfer from land to
air or water. Control methods for each intermedia pollutant are discussed; comparative
costs and expected unit process efficiencies are given. Residue disposal methods and
problems are presented. Institutional factors, regulations and strategies for
pollution control are summarized and discussed. These are also illustrated with a
gross regional study of the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, which Is described in
perspective with the National scene. Summary data are developed for major pollutants
and residues discharged nationally and in the California South Coast Region, along
with product/pollutant ratios for industries represented by the Standard Industrial
Classification Code and other public economic sectors. The framework for a
mathematical model is developed for the prediction of the effects of change in any of
the elements of the production-consumption-pollution-regulation network.
INDEX TERMS: Methodology, Air pollution, Pollution abatement, Soil contamination.
Legal aspects. Industrial wastes, Municipal wastes. Water pollution, Comparative
costs, Model studies, Waste disposal, Efficienceis, Water quality standards,
Regulation, Path of pollutants, Treatment facilities. Treatment, Pollutant removal,
Pollution sources, Regulatory strategy, Air quality standards, Environmental
impact. _______^_
20
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9UT7
"A. TOPOLCCICALLY OPTIMUM RIVER SAMPLING PLAN FOR SOUTH CAROLINA", Sharp, W. E.,
Clemson University, Water Resources Research Institute, Clemson, South Carolina,
Completion Report No. 36, April 1973, 31 pp. NTI£ Report No. PB-222 278.
A sequential river sampling plan has been developed which is Independent of
the shape of a drainage basin. Mathematical analysis indicates this sampling plan
will be the optimum one in the search for a pollutant coming from a single source. The
I procedure consists of sequential sampling at successive centroids of the river basin
| such that only the contaminated portion is followed after each step. The site
I selection for all possible source locations need only be performed once using standard
' river basin naps. This selection has been performed for an river basins In South
Carolina and the results are summarized on a composite drainage map of the State.
The map shows that under ideal circumstances no more than 11 sequential samples vould
be needed to locate a unique pollution source on any of the rivers of South Carolina.
Many practical problems require that a simultaneous sampling plan be used and for this
purpose the necessary sampling sites can be selected quickly from among the sites
already narked on the map as sequential sites. These sites are uniformly distributed
and a 50 percent sequential coverage of the state is possible using a simultaneous plan
for only 81 sites. These have been listed in order of priority and their locations are
specified in terms of road numbers where highway bridges are closest to each site.
INDEX TERMS: Hater sampling, Methodology, South Carolina, River basins, Watersheds
(basins), Sampling plans, *Topology, Simultaneous sampling, Sequential sampling.
AMIC-9U78
"LAKE MICHIGAN DISCHARGE STUDIES", Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality,
Chicago, Illinois, Final Report, June 1973, i^6 pp. NTIS Report No. FB-321 869.
To investigate the feasibility of zero discharge of industrial wastes Into
Lake Michigan, effluents from eight of the 16 major dischargers were surveyed for the
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality. The companies surveyed were a
pharmaceutical manufacturer, a coal-powered generating station, a flour mill and cereal
plant, an outboard motor manufacturer, a smelter, two steel plants, and an oil piping
company. The surveys included characterization of effluents, analysis of treatment
facilities and procedures, feasibility of waste recycling, and some recommendations for
improvement of treatment procedures. In terms of volume, the largest discharges to the
lake were cooling waters.
INDEX TERMS: Industrial wastes, Electric power Industry, Food processing Industry,
Domestic wastes, Electric powerplant, Chemical wastes, Pharmaceutical plants,
Flour mills, Cereal plants, Steel mills, Piping companies, Smelters,
Characterization.
AMIC-9479
"CURBEHT PRACTICE IB GC-MS ANALYSIS OF OH3ANICS IN WATER", Webb, R. 0., Garrison, A. W.f
Keith, L. H., et al., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory, Athena, Georgia, Report No. EPA-R2-73-277, August 1973, 91 pp.
Experiences during five years of evaluating the application of gas
chroma tography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to wastewater analysis at the Southeast
Environmental Research Laboratory have resulted In the selection of recommended
practices for such applications. Liquid-liquid extraction with solvents such as
methylene chloride and chloroform removed greater than 50 percent of compounds found
in pulp mill and petrochemical waste at concentrations of 2 micrograms/1 to 2O
mlcrograms/1. The KudernaJ)anish evaporator was the most effective means of
concentration after extraction. Diazomethane and dimethyl sulfate proved to be the
most effective of five methylation reagents studied. Packed columns were effective for
gas chromatography of simple mixtures and SCOT columns provided better overall
performance for complex mixtures. Computerized data reduction was essential for
practical use of GC-MS for samples containing many compounds. A computerized spectra
matching program proved highly effective in identifying compounds contained in the
computer library. The system was shown to be effective in solving problems related to
fishkills caused by pesticides, confirmation of polychlorinated biphenyl residues in
water and identification of compounds discharged by over a dozen industries. Over two
hundred compounds were identified in industrial effluents.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis, Waste water (pollution),
Organic compounds, Industrial wastes, Waste identification, Solvent extractions,
Organic wastes, Chemical wastes, Separation techniques, Pulp wastes, Municipal
wastes, Toxlcity, GC-Mass spectrometry, Sample preparation, Eerivatization.
AMIC-9
"DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY, CADMIUM, LEAD AND THALLIUM IN A. EUTHOI-HIC LAKE", Kbthis,
B. J., Kevern, N. R., Bradley University, Department of Biology, Peoria, Illinois,
Project Completion Report, Contract No. DI-1U-31-OOO1-3522, June 1973, 25 pp.
NTIS Report No. PB-221 993.
Five species of fishes, two species of aquatic macrophytes, zooplankton,
migratory goose feces, water and sediments from a eutrophic lake were analyzed for
mercury, cadmium, lead and thallium. Hg concentrations were determined by flameless
atomic absorption spectrophotonsetry after preparation according to the methods of
D'ltri et al. (1971). Cd, Pb, and Tl concentrations in biota, sediments, and
waterfowl droppings were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry
after digestion with a mixture of nitric and perchloric acid. Mercury was detected in
fishes and sediments only while cadmium and lead were detected in ill components.
Thallium was detected only in sediments. Sediments in the lake act as a. 'sink' for
the four metals. Mercury in axial musculature of largemouth bass was highly correlated
with length and weight. A high degree of correlation between other metals and weight
and length of other species was not evident. The feces of migratory waterfowl had high
concentrations of both cadmium and lead. In view of the large quantity of waterfowl
feces deposited within the drainage basin, It is suggested that this avenue Is one of
the major sources of contamination for the two metals and that fallout from airborne
partlculate matter is secondary. Fallout of airborne particuls-te matter nay be the
primary method by which mercury and thallium enter the lake although residual
concentrations of the four metals in soil of the drainage basin were not determined.
IMDEX TERMS: Mercury, Water pollution sources, Cadmium, Lead, Chemical analysis,
Pollutant Identification, Ecological distribution, Aquatic life. Thallium,
Wlntergreen Lake.
21
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
"STABILITY AND REMOVAL OF COMMERCIAL DYES FROM PROCESS WASTEWATER", Porter, J. J.,
Pollution Engineering. Vol. 5, No. 10, October 1973, pp 27-30.
A study has teen made of the more common basic, acid, and direct dyes used by
the textile Industry In relation to their stability to light and water under conditions
similar to those encountered when they are discharged to natural streams and reservoirs.
All the basic dyes (triphenylmethane, phenazine and thiazine types) studied showed
appreciable degradation during their 200-hr exposure to visible and ultraviolet light.
Of the acid dyes studied, three showed drastic photolnduced degradation. The acid azo
dyes were more fugitive to light than the acid anthraquinone dyes. The basic reason
for degradation of acid dyes seems to be their susceptibility to electrophilic attack.
The data show that the direct dyes are more resistant to photodegradatlon than are the
acid and basic dyes and that they would be stable and resist photochemical degration in
a treatment plant or receiving water. The data also show that the rate of degradation
for direct dyes is at least 10 times as slow in natural daylight as in artifical light.
Removal of dyes from wastewater will depend on dye class and chemical composition.
Color removal can be accomplished by activated carbon, a combined treatment of a
chemical oxidant and gamma radiation, and lime precipitation.
INDEX TERMS: Stability, Environmental effects, Aquatic environment, Waste water
(pollution), Natural streams, Reservoirs, Industrial wastes. Physical properties,
Light, Waste water treatment, Basic dyes, Acid dyes, Direct dyes,
Photodecompositlon, Textile industry, Pollutant removal, Decolorization, Organic
dyes, Degradation rates, Fate of pollutants. Degradation products, Chemical
composition.
AMIC -9U92
"COMPARING THE QUALITY OF OUR WATERS", Hobbs, J. J., Medina
Pollution Engineering. Vol. 5, No. 10, October 1973, pp
0., Dillon, A.,
Many extensive studies are now being conducted throughout the world on the
quality of water in rivers, lakes and streams. Analyses of grab samples collected from
number of major bodies of water are presented in tabular form. It is important to
note that grab sample results are of value only when related to a number of collection
factors. The analysis of these samples is for the purpose of general information only.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Water chemistry, Water properties. Rivers, Lakes, Streams,
Water analysis. Chemical analysis. Bays, Springs, Natural waters.
AMIC-9509
'KETECTIOH AMD ESTIMATION OF ISOPROPYL METHYLPHOSPHONOFLUORIDATE AND 0-ETHYL
S-DIISOPHOPYLAMIHOETHYLMETHyLPHOSPHONOTHIOATE IN SEAWATEB IN PARTS-PER-TRILLION LEVEL"
Michel, H. O., Gordon, E. C., Epstein, J., Environmental Science and Technology. Vol.
7, No. 11, November 1973, pp 10U5-10U9. ~ **"
A procedure is described for the estimation of two very potent
antichollnesterase chemicals, viz., isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB) and
0-ethyl S-dllsopropylaminoethyamethylphosphonothioate (VX) in seawater in concentrations
at the parts-per-trillion level by an enzymatic technique. Kinetic constants for the
reaction of other anticholinesterases with two sources of cholinesterase and for the
reaction of the chollnesterases with several substrates are given. With these data,
the reader can select conditions for the development of procedures for estimating very
low concentrations of these anticholinesterases in water.
INDEX TERMS: Estimating, Sea water, Pollutant identification, Water analysis, Poisons,
Chemical reactions, Nerve gas, Trace levels, Anticholinesterases, Enzymatic
techniques, Enzymatic inhibitors.
AMIC-9512
'tCCURREHCE OF HEXACHLOROPHENE AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL IN SEWAGE AND WATER", Buhler, D. R.
Rasmusson, M. E., Nakaue, H. S., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 10,
October 1973, PP 929-931*.
Concentrations of hexachlorophene (KCP) ind pentachlorophenol (PCP) in
sewage and water samples have been analyzed by gas chromatography. Sewage influent or
effluent or river water samples were acidified with t* N H2SOU and extracted three times
with chloroform. The chloroform extracts were dried with anhydrous Na2EOli and
evaporated to dryness in vacuo at 20 C to minimize any losses of volatile components.
The residues were dissolved in CH2C12-methanol (5:1), ethereal dlazomethane added,
and the mixtures allowed to stand for 30 rain at room temperature. After roethylation,
the samples were evaporated to dryness in a stream of N2, redlssolved In benzene, dried
with Na2SOU, made up to 5 ml and analyzed. HCP and PCP levels in Sk-hr composite
samples of sewage influent collected simultaneously from three Oregon cities ranged
between 20-31 ppb and 1-5 ppb, respectively. Composite effluent values from these
same sewage treatment plants were 6-12 ppb HCP and i-k ppb PCP, reflecting i 60-70
percent removal of HCP and a U-28 percent removal of PCP. Analyses of daily and hourly
water samples from the Willamette River collected Just upstream from the city of
Corvallis, Oregon, showed that HCP and PCP were present in river water in concentrations
varying between 0.01-0.1 ppb and 0.10-0.7O ppb, respectively. Conventional processing
of raw Willamette River water at the Corvallis Taylor water treatment plant removed
about 60 percent of the HCP and PCP originally present in the water leaving about Uo
percent of these chlorophenols in the finished drinking water. Identifications of HCP
and PCP in sewage effluent and influent, Willamette River water and treated drinking
water were confirmed by mass spectrometry.
22
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9512 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis. Gas chromatography, Mass speetrometry, Pollutant
identification, Sewage, Chemical analysis, Phenolic pesticides. Chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, Water sampling, Hexachlorophene, Pentachlorophenol,
Sample preparation, Chemical recovery, Pollutant removal.
AMIC-9513
"TOXAPHEHE ACCUMULATION IN FISH IN LAKES TREATED FOR ROUGH FISH CONTROL",
R. A., Lee, G. F., Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 7, No. 10,
1973, PP 93^-939.
Hughes,
October
The results are presented of a study which covered the decline of toxaphene in
treated lakes; the extent of toxaphene residue uptake by stocked fishj and the toxicity
of 'aged' toxaphene residues compared to that of the standard mixture. Previously
described methods for extracting, cleaning up and estlmtlng toxaphene residues In
aquatic samples were used. Electron capture &>.a ehromatography was used to identify the
pesticide and its presence in samples was confirmed by thin-layer ehromatography. Fish,
stocked in lakes retaining in the water very small amounts of toxaphene and plankton,
accumulated residual toxaphene while maintaining excellent growth and reproducing
successfully. Both stocked and hatched bluegills eliminated accumulated residues while
nalntaining excellent growth. Edible flesh of bluegills contained leas than 10 percent
of the whole body burden of toxaphene residues, and substantial portions of residues
were removed by pan frying. Significant correlations were noted between accumulated
toxaphene residue and fat content of stocked bluegills. Toxaphene and toxaphene
residue accumulation were more closely related to fat content than to fish weight.
Bluegills killed in lake treatment projects accumulated concentrations of toxaphene
lower than concentrations of toxaphene residues found in stocked bluegills. Accumulated
toxaphene in killed bluegills correlated veil with fat content of the fish. Baaed on
the changes in the toxaphene signature in gas ehromatography, it is proposed that there
is a partial degradation of some of the more toxic components of toxaphene.
IMDEX TERMS: Pesticide residues, Pesticide toxicity, Pesticide kinetics, Pollutant
Water pollution effects, Bloaccumulation, Toxaphene, Fate of
identification. Water pc
pollutants. Fat tissue.
AMIC-9519
"SALISITT CORRECTIONS FOR DISSOLVED OXYGEN MEASUREMENTS", Pijanowski, B. S.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 10, October 1973, pp 957-958.
Presented Is a convenient method of compensating for the effects of salinity
on the data acquired from dissolved oxygen meters. It is pointed out that the basic
design of most of these instruments does not include provision for salinity
compensation or, at best, uses a fixed value. The need for a general method of
compensation is emphasized, particularly when such meters are to be used In estuarlne
studies. The correction technique is based on earlier work by Gilbert et al. and is
presented in a form suitable for development by computer for specific instruments.
Illustrations demonstrating the methodology include curves for a meter intended
basically for use in freshwater as well as for another which employs a fixed value of
salinity compensation. The correction factors are dimensionless and can be applied to
correct dissolved oxygen values in units of either ppm or ml/1.
INDEX TERMS: Salinity, Dissolved oxygen, Measurement, Water temperature, Methodology,
Pollutant identification, Compensation, Correction factors.
AMIC-9528
"MERCURY IN FISH, SEDIMENTS, AND WATER IN LAKE OAHE, COUTH DAKOTA", Walter, C. M.,
June, F. C., Brown, H. G., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. "*5,
No. 10, October 1973, pp 2203-2210.
Analyses for total mercury content were made of fish, sediment, and water
samples collected In several locations in Lake Oahe, South Dakota, and its tullwaters.
Preparation of fish samples for Kg analysis consisted of thawing frozen specimens,
removal of e. portion of the flesh, and rigorous chemical digestion. The concentration
of total Hg in the sample was determined by the Hatch and Ctt flameless atomic
absorption method using a Hg analyzer coupled to stripchart recorder. A total of ''3
sediment samples was collected, placed in polyethylene bags and frozen. Subsamples
were digested, diluted to a 500-ml volume, and analyzed for Hg content as above.
Water samples were also analyzed as above. Mercury concentrations equal to or
exceeding 0.5 mg/kg occurred in 30 of 225 fish samples tested (13 percent). Higher
concentrations were found most frequently in predatory game fishes, primarily
northern pike and walleye, from the cheyenne River arm. Sediment simples with
mercury concentrations above 0.5 ng/kg were found only In the Cheyenne River irm, but
water samples contained only neglibible amounts of mercury. Recommendations for
further studies are presented.
INDEX 1ERMS: Mercury, Freshwater fish, Lake sediments, Water analysis, Pollutant
identification, Chemical analysis, Flameless itomic absorption spectrophotometry,
lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Sample preparation, Chemical recovery, Cheyenne River,
Animal tissues.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMI':-9538
"SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF CADMIUM, COPPER, MANGANESE, LEAD, AND ZINC Hi WATER AND
PHYTOPLANKTON IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA", Knauer, G. A., Martin, J. H., Limnology
and Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. k, July 1973, pp 597-6OU.
Surface water and mixed phytoplankton samples, collected over 1 year in Monterey
Bay, California, were analyzed for Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn. Nearshore samples were
collected about 16 km offshore over the Monterey Submarine Canyon. Phytoplankton
I samples were collected with a 0.5-m No. 20 net and concentrated on a ring of No. 20
I netting with the excess water being removed by gentle vacuum. Water samples were
j collected with a 30-1 PVC Niskin sampler; open ocean samples were processed aboard ship
and stored in h N HH03 until laboratory analysis. The metals were concentrated on a
chelatlng resin (Chelex 100), eluted with U N HNO3, evaporated to dryness, combined with
1 percent concentrated HNC3 solution, and analyzed by atomic absorption. Aliquots of
dried and ground phytoplankton were digested in HNO3 and H2O2. After centrifugation,
the solutions were diluted and analyzed as above. The phytoplankton appeared to have
little effect on the concentrations of these elements in water with the exception of Cd,
which decreased during peak periods of productivity. Generally, metal levels in
nearshore surface waters appeared to be more dependent on hydrographlcal fluctuations
than on biological factors. Surface water collected on a transect between Hawaii and
Monterey was analyzed for these same trace metals, for Inshore-offshore comparisons.
Levels of Cu, Mn, and Zn were usually higher inshore than offshore especially during
periods of strong upwelling. Concentrations of Cd and Pb were almost always an order of
magnitude higher inshore.
INDEX TERMS: Cadmium, Copper, Manganese, Lead, Zinc, Water analysis, Phytoplankton,
Pollutant identification, Seasonal variation, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-9550
"AN AUTOMATED ANALYSIS FOR UREA IN SEAWATER", DeManche, J. M., Curl, H., Jr.,
Cougnenover, D. D., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973, pp 686-689.
An automated method adapted to a Technlcon Auto Analyzer has been used to
determine urea in seawater. In the flow system for automated analyses, a sample rate
of 12/hr with a sampling time of U.5 min and a 0.5 min wash gave good results. The
sensitivity of the method with the 50-ram flow cell used was 0.018 absorbance units/
(mlcrogram-atoms urea-N)/liter. Ten replicate samples of 1.0 and 3.0 mlcrogram-atoms
urea-N/liter had standard deviations of 0.019 and 0.017 and a lower limit of
detection less than 0.1 mlcrogram-atoni. For most precise measurements at low levels,
the limit of detection is less than 0.05 microgram-atom urea-N/liter. Beer's law was
found to apply over the range of 0-10 mlcrogram-atoms urea-B/liter. The method was
used to measure urea in seawater samples collected on cruise C72091 of the RV Cayuse to
:he Inside Passage of Southeast Alaska in October 1972. The lowest value was 0.25
microgram-atom urea-N/liter and the highest 2.20. The median value for 306 samples
taken at depths from 1 to 200 m was 0.59. The automated method is rapid and sensitive
enough to measure in situ urea concentrations before enrichment with N-labeled urea in
nitrogen uptake experiments, eliminating the problems reported by McCarthy (1972).
IHDEX TERMS: Ureas, Automatic control, Methodology, Sea water, Pollutant identification.
Water analysis, Technicon AutoAnalyzer, Sensitivity, Detection limits, Precsion.
AMIC-9552
'GRADIENT ANALYSIS OF CARBON MONOXIDE AND METHANE ID POLLUTED AND OTHER NEARSHORE
HABITATS", Welch, J. T., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Master's
Thesis, tfarch 1973, 8k pp. NTIS Report No. AD-76^ U82.
A system for the determination of dissolved gases in seawater by gas
chromatography was constructed and used to find the concentrations of methane and
carbon monoxide in a variety of habitats around the Monterey Peninsula. Methane was
shown to have a maximum of O.O0028 ml at 50 meters at the open ocean station, with a
surface value of 0.00011 m. The surface waters at the nearshore stations were almost
three times this value. Methane was also shown to be an effective tracer for sewage
effluent. The carbon monoxide maximum was found at 15 meters which correlated closely
with primary productivity. The surface values were lower than the nearshore values.
All stations sampled were found to be highly supersaturated with both gases. This
indicates that in this area, the ocean is a major source of both methane and carbon
monoxide. (Abstract only)
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Sea water. Methane, Water pollution, Gas chromatography.
Surface waters, Water pollution sources, Supersaturatlon, Primary productivity,
Tracking techniques, Tracers, Methodology, Carbon monoxide, Gradient ai»lysis,
Dissolved gases, Monterey Bay, Chemical concentration, Neirshore habitats.
AMIC-9560
"EVALUATION OF FLAME EMISSION DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS IN WATER", Seitz, W. R.,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory,
Athens, Georgia, Report No. EPA-660-2-73-007, August 1973, 18 pp.
NUCOR's flame spectrometer for phosphorus analysis was evaluated. Response to
phosphorus in the form of H3POU was linear from 3 micrograms/liter, the detection limit,
to 120 mg/liter, the highest concentration tested. Metal ions depress phosphorus
emission and must be removed by cation exchange prior to analysis. High concentrations
(greater than or equal to 5 mg/liter) of sulfur interfere positively. Volatile
phosphorus compounds produce a larger signal for a given phosphorus concentration than
nonvolatile compounds. River water samples were spiked with Inorganic and organic
phosphorus and analyzed. The measured phosphorus concentrations were 10-25 percent
lower in river water than In deionized water.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Phosphorus, Detection limits, Chemical interference,
Flame emission spectroscopy, Chemical recovery.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9167, 9323
Category U, AMIC-9395, 9396
Category 5, AMIC-92U7, 9576.
-------
2. BIOLOCICAL METHODS
AMIC-7238
"THE TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC CARBON TO ORGANISMS LIVING III THE DEEP OCEANS". Fournier,
R. 0., Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B (Biology), Vol. 73,
No. 18, 1971-1972, PP 203-211.
Of the theories which have been proposed to explain the mechanism of organic
carbon transport to Its point ot utilization in the deep ocean, none Is adequately
quantified to demonstrate its validity. A new mechanism is proposed based upon the
occurrence of the so-called olive-green cells at various depths that suggests these
cells may contribute up to 35 percent of the carbon requirements of the benthlc fauna in
the deep ocean. Quantitative data were obtained by collecting water with sterile or
non-sterile samplers, filtering it through a membrane filter, and clearing and mounting
the filter for microscopic examination. The cells are pignented, possibly procaryotic
organisms of uncertain identity. The cells were generally absent from the upper 50
m, Increased in number from 50 m to a maximum at 30O-500 m., and gradually decreased
down to UOO m. The suggestion that these cells are the source of carbon for benthic
organisms is based on three factors. First, the distribution of these cells varies
directly with the level of surface productivity. Second, the negative gradient of the
cell concentration below 300-5OO m suggests that they are utilized throughout the
water column. Third, other studies have identified similar cells In the guts of
benthlc and pelagic organisms.
INDEX TERMS: Benthic fauna, Distribution patterns, Cycling nutrients, Nutrient
requirements, Deep water. Transport, Organic carbon, Olive-green cells, Marine
environment.
"A PBOCEDURE FOR SHORT-TEJM BIOASEAY TESTS ON INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS OF LOW OXYGEH
CONTENT", Ozburn, G., Kraft, J., Somppi, L., Canadian Journal of Zoology, Vol. 51,
No. 7, July 1973, PP 79^-795.
In a newly developed bioassay procedure concerned with the toxicity of
Industrial effluents with a low dissolved oxygen content, oxygenatlon van achieved using
a pressurized oxygen supply and polyethylene bags. This method greatly reduces the
xasslbility of stripping volatile toxins within the effluent. The decrease in toxicity
;hat occurs If a sample is aerated with a bubbler before testing can be clearly shown
'ith this method. The procedure has been used to determine the 96-hr LC oub 50 of a
ileached kraft mill effluent for rainbow trout.
NDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Methodology, Oxygenatlon, Industrial wastes. Oxygen sag, Toxins,
Volatility, Effluents, Toxicity.
AfflC-9010
"RESPIRATION RATES OF SOME HEW ZEALAND ECHTNODERMS (NOTE)", Johnson, W. S.,
New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 7, Nos. 1-2,
June 1975, PP 1*>5 -iW. "
Respiratory rates were measured in four common New Zealand echlnoderms,
Evechinua chlorotieus and Goniocidaris umbraculum (Echinoidea), and Coscinasterias
calamaria and Pentajonaster pulehelluB (Asteroldea). The organisms, collected from
Otagp Harbour and Blueekin Bay, were maintained In running sea water until their
guts were cleared. Single animals were placed in airtight containers filled with
air-saturated seavater, and the oxygen tension measured to the nearest 0.01 ppm at
hourly intervals with a polarographlc oxygen electrode. All experiments were
terminated when oxygen tension reached 50 percent saturation. The respiratory rates at
12 C ranged from 3.8 to 9.8 mlcroliters 02/h/g (live weight). The rates for
Eveehlnua and Coscinasterias fall well within the range of metabolic rates of other
echinoids and asteroids. Goniocidaris and Pentagpnaster have relatively low
respiratory rates.
IHDEX 1EBME: Respiration, Bioassay, EchinodermE, Evechinus chlorotieus, Goniocidarla
umbraculum, Coscinasterias calamaria, Pentagonaster pulchellus. Ion selective
electrodes.
AMIC-9167
"A LIMHOLQGICAL SURVEY OF THE FRESHWATER COASTAL LAKES OF EAST GIPPS1AHD, VICTORIA",
limns, B. V., Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, Vol. 2k,
No. 1, February 1973, PP 1-20.
The limnology of eleven lakes in East Glppsland, Victoria, Australia, vras
examined in varying degrees of Intensity. For the largest two, Lakes Elusive and
Barracoota, information is presented on physiography, major physical and chemical
features, microphytes, zooplantcton, littoral invertebrates, benthos, and fish. Limited
data, mainly on water chemistry and zooplankton, are given for the remaining lakes.
The lakes are divisible into three groups. The four floodplain lagoons contain
alkaline water dominated by sodium and bicarbonate ions. Zooplankton in each consists
of Boeckell'' mlnuta, Thermocyclops hyallnus, and Daphnla lumholtzl, as well as a
variety of other entcmostracans. The coastal dune lakes have acid water dominated by
sodium and chloride Ions and a restricted zooplankton of one to three species. Including
Calamoeeia taamanlca. Compared with coastal dune lakes of southern Queensland, these
are heterogenous In node of origin, water chemistry, and zooplankton. Despite some
similarities with dune lakes, Lake Barracoota is basically different. Its physiography
suggests a recent marine origin which is confirmed by the presence of two isopods and
a polychaete with marine affinities.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Aquatic plants, Zooplankton, Benthic fauna, Freshwater fish,
Ph- sicochemlcal properties, Lakes, Water temperature, Dissolved oxygen, Color,
Dissolved solids, Oxidation-reduction potential, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium,
Magnesium, Chlorides, Blcarbonatea, Sulfates, Copepoda, Rotifers, Aquatic Insects,
Mollusks, Crustaceans, Mayflies, Dlptera, Isopods, Australia, Caddlsflles, Odonata,
Transparency, Pelecypoda.
25
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9175
"SOME ASPECTS OF THE BIOLOGY OF CALLIOPHJS LAEVIUSCUUIS (KROYER) (CRUSTACEA
AMPHIPODA) IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC", Steele, D. H., Steele, V. J., Canadian
Journal of Zoology. Vol. 51, No. 7, July 1973, PP 723-729.
Callloplua laeviusculus. a small amphipod, was collected from several
locations In the northwestern Atlantic, primarily in eastern Newfoundland, to study
their biology. The organisms were most comnonly found attached to algae on rocky
i shores with moderate wave exposure. Populations peaked in late sunnier vhen the animals
j swarm at the surface and may then be found in the plankton far out to sea or on
I protected shores. They appear to be confined to areas with positive mean monthly
summer temperatures not exceeding about 22 C. Fifty percent of the females were
calculated to be mature at 5.6 and 6.7 mm in the summer and winter respectively in
Newfoundland waters, but, in Labrador, maturity was not achieved in females up to 10
mm in length. In Newfoundland several generations are produced per year and the
females may have more than one brood. However, the females are in the resting stage
between August and November-December, and young are only released from spring until
late summer. In Labrador, where only one generation is produced per year, young
are released in the spring but probably do not reach maturity until the autumn. In
Newfoundland fecundity does not vary seasonally.
IBDEX TERMS: Sexual maturity, Life cycles, Aquatic habitats, Calliopius laevicusculus.
AMIC-92U3
"AQUATIC SEDIMENT AS A HABITAT OF EMERICELLOPSIE, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF AH
UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF CEPHALOSPQRtuX", fubaki. K., Hycologla. Vol. 65, No. k,
July/August 1973, PP 938-9^1.
During a survey of the marine, brackish-, and fresh-water fungi of Japan,
three species of EmerlcellopBis were Isolated from the muds of four sites: 26 strains
of E. humlcola, 3 strains of E. m
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMEC-9285
"DDT INHIBITION OF ACTIVE CHLOROPHENOL RED TRANSPORT IN GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS)
RENAL TUBULES", Gruppuso, P. A., Kinter, L. B., Bulletinof Environmental Contamination
and and Toxicology. Vol. 10, No. 3, September 1973, PP 181-186.
Kidneys were excised from goldfish, placed In modified Forster's saline
medium, teased with tweezers into loose masses of tubules, and about 0.5 mg placed In
each depression of a multiple ceramic-ring slide. After removal of adhering medium,
about 0.1 ml of medium containing O.OOO02 M chlorophenol red was added. DDT and Its
metabolites, DDD, DDE, and DDA were added to Investigate their effect on epithelial
cell transport of organic anions such as phenol red. Incubation was carried out
for up to 3 hours in a moist chamber at 18-20 C. Every 15-30 minutes, depression
slides were removed, the media drawn off and replenished, and the teased masses
evaluated for dye uptake. An arbitrary visual rating on a 1 to 5 color scale was
made for the functioning tubules, the ratings for comparable depressions averaged,
and dye-uptake curves generated using a least squares, curve-fitting computer program.
To validate the method, dose-response data were also obtained for two known competitive
inhibitors, PAH (p-aminohippurate) and Diodrast (iodopyracet), and the metabolic
uncouple!-, DHP (2, l*-dinitrophenol). DDT and its non-polar metabolites, DDD and DDE,
were clearly inhibitory at 0.0001 M. The polar metabolite, DDA, appeared to be a more
effective inhibitor than DDT. The rapidity of the Inhibition Indicates that metabolic
conversion of DDT Is not required for the inhibition. Three mechanisms are proposed
which may underly the toxlclty of DDT and like compounds.
INDEX TErae: Animal metabolism. Inhibition, DDT, Absorption, Bioassay, Goldfish, DDE,
DDD, Transport, Chlorophenol red, DDA.
AMIC-9307
"UPTAKE OF FLUORIDE BY WATER HYACIMTH, EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES". Rao, K. V., Khandekar,
A. K., Valdyanadham, D., Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Vol. 11, Ho. 1,
January 1973, PP 68-69.
Water hyacinths (Elchhornla crassipes) which are known to act as scavengers,
were collected from the Hussaln Sagar tank in Hyderabad, India, and analyzed for
fluoride and other trace elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Co, Ml, Ti, Cu, Pb, Zn, P)
TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL USEFULNESS OF THIS PLANT FOR REMOVING FLUORIDES FROM WATER.
The fluoride concentration was 25 ppm In leaves and 60 ppm In petioles for a background
concentration of 1 PP* In the tank. To further investigate water hyacinth as a
fluoride scavenger, plants were exposed up to 26 days to concentrations.^ 0, 5, 10, 15,
20 and 25 ppm fluoride and analyzed for fluoride content. Uptake ranged from 11 to 75
ma'in the course of k weeks. Since uptake was appreciable only at higher concentrations
(greater than 10 ppm), water hyacinth is unsuitable for defluorldation since levels in
natural waters are generally below this level.
INBEX TERJC: Fluorides, Water hyacinth, Bloaoeay, BioaccumuOation, Biological
Modification.
AMIC-9309
"FISHES AS INDICATORS OF WATER QUALITY AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR ECONOMIC USE",
Jankovic, D., Archly fur Hydroblologie. Vol. UH, No. S, March 1973, PP S22-228.
Fishes react differently to the Intensity and nature of pollution, which makes
then useful as Indicators of water quality. Alburnus alburnua L., Chondrostoma nasus L.
Scardinlua erythrophthalaus L., Blica bjoerkna L., and others are rather tolerant of
vastewaters of industry, mining and sewage from villages and agriculture. The decrease
of economically valuable fish species, Cyprlnus carplo carpio L., Acipenser ruthenus L.,
Stlzostedlon lucloperca L., and others, in the Danube and its tributaries depends on
various factors, one of then being the pollution caused by untreated effluents. The
knowledge of these adverse effects on the fauna of the Danube system makes possible an
actual project for the development of fisheries. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Biolndicators, Water quality, Industrial wastes, Sewaae effluents, Mine
wastes. Farm wastes, Freshwater fish.
AMIC-9311
"THE CHIRONOMIDS OF THE PERIPHYTON IN THE YUGOSLAV PART OF THE RIVER DANUBE",
Jankovic, M., Archly fur Hydroblologie. Vol. Ufc, No. 2, March 1973, pp 2U9-257.
The report gives a preliminary account of the fauna of a stretch of the
Yugoslav part of the Danube, 50 km long. The results were obtained at the beginning of
April 1971. Twenty-one species of chlronomld lavae were recorded in the Danube between
Belgrade and Smederevo, 70 percent of them for the first time. Eighty-one percent of
the species were of the subfamily Orthocladiinae. Crlcotopus algarum, the
ccononest and most abundant species was the only one which occurred in all the
localities. Leas freqvent but almost as abundant was Rheorthocladlum rubicundus. Rh.
:obius was also Important despite its relatively low abundance. The subfamily
two of them playing periodically a
More frequent was Polypedllum gr.
Chironcminae was represented only by 3 species,
more or less Important role in the periphyton fauna.
convlctum, which exhibited considerable production In the polluted part of the Danube
where another species of the genus, P. gr. laetum, was the predominant species. The
municipal and industrial wastevaters reduce the number of chlronomld species and cause
changes of their composition. Thus species of Chlronominae were predominant in places
affected by the Iron smelter, whereas Orthocladilnae predominated in the part polluted
by municipal uutevaters as well as in the clean sector of the Danube. (In German)
INDEX TEFMS: Aquatic insects, Water pollution effects, Perlphyton, M14ges, Dominant
organisms, Spaclatlon, Systematlcs, Biological conunlties, Secondary productivity,
Ecological distribution, Danube River, Chironomlds, Species abundance, Yugoslavia.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-931U
"OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE TURBELLARIAN FAUNA OF THE
DANUBE DELTA", Mack-Fira, V., Cirstea-Nastasescu, M., Archly fur Hydroblologle.
Vol. UU, No. 2, Mirch 1973, PP 266-268.
An account is given of the turbellarian fauna of the three main regions of the
Danube Delta: river, river-marine and predeltalc. Eurytoplc, euryhaline and eurythermal
species could be distinguished. The Turbellaria of the Danube Delta are, with fev
exceptions, wide-spread in other Rumanian inland waters. (In German)
INDEX TEFMS: Ecology, Ecological distribution, Aquatic habitats, Aquatic animals,
Speciation, Systeraatics, Turbellaria, Flatworms.
AMIC-9316
"OS THE SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY OF THE GENUS CHAMAESIPHON (CYANOPHYCEAE). 2. ECOLOGY",
Kann, E., Archly fur Hydroblologie. Suppl. 1*1 (Algologlcal Studies 8), June 1973,
pp 2U3-282.
A compilation of the ecological factors governing the occurrence of the
Chamaeslphon species investigated clearly reveals the environmental requirements of the
abundant species, those of less frequently occurring species are accordingly more
obscure. Chamaeslphon la a predominantly running water fora, although some species
grow exclusively on inanimate surfaces (stones, glass, plastics), while others grow only
on living substrates (algae, aquatic plants). Few occur on both types. In general,
the species have a wide temperature tolerance; only a feu (Ch. geltlerl. Ch. fuscus.
Ch rostaflnskii) appear to prefer running water of constantly low temperatures (i.e.,
also in sunnier;. A similarly wide tolerance Is displayed for toe chemical quality
of the water. With two exceptions, the Chamaeslphon species thrive equally well in
calcium-rich water as in calcium-poor water, although some species are significantly
more abundant in the former. It appears from previous Investigations that Ch. fuscus
Is a Ca-pcor water form and that Ch. geltleri prefers Ca-rich water. Only a small
amount ofdata exists on the role played by the trophic level of the water body. The
available data indicate that Chama.eslphon species grow best in unpolluted water,
although some can tolerate polluted conditions. Ch. polymorphua is the only species
which has been found growing In polysaprobic water. (In German)
INDEX TEFMS: Cyanophyta, Aquatic algae, Ecology, Systematics Environmental effects,
Speciation, Dominant orguilsms, Water quality, Aquatic habitats, Resistance,
Ecological distribution, Chamaeslphon, Species abundance.
AMIC-9317
"BED LIGHT AMD NITBOGEN STARVATION IMDUCED CHANGES IN PIGMENT COMPOSITION
(PHYCOERfTHRIN, CHLOROPHYLL FOHM5) AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC 02 EVOLUTION OF FORPHYRIDIUM SP.",
Hoarau, J., Guerin-Dumartrait, P. E.j Leclerc, J.-C., Archlv fur Hydrobiologle, Vol. 39,
No. 8, June 1973, PP 317-332.
dlum sp. Lewln^loom. 637, was grown at 85OO erga/sq en/a Intensity In
red light (654 no) or In white light. It has been verified that algae cultivated In
this white light, giving a large proportion of green and yellow radiations, show the
same pigment composition and photosynthetic 02 evolution as algae cultivated In green
light. Inoculum was either synchronized cells or cells previously deprived in nitrogen
(effects of light being studied during the starvation removal).' Nitrogen starvation
includes a rapid dropping of the phycoerythrin/chlorophyll (Per/Chi) quantitative ratio
caused by the fall of the Per content. Photosynthetic activities are reduced but
remaining Per forms are still active for the energy transfer to Chi a. Refeedlng gives
a rapid Increase of pigment contents, specially for the Per. When grown in red light,
after previous starvation or not, Porphyrldlum cells show comparatively with white
light cells a net lowering of the Chi content without important changes in Per content
(counter complementary chromatic adaptation). Absorption spectra of algae measured at
-196 C reveal three main forms of Chi a: Ca670, Ca677 and Ca683. In red light, the
Ca683/Ca677 ratio Is decreased while the Ca670/Ca677 Is slightly Increased. Measurements
of photosynthetic O2 evolution indicate that in red light cells of low Chi content,
efficiency of Chi for 66k nm radiations is Increased. Efficiencies of Per and Chi for
green (5^7 nm) radiations are little affected. (In French)
INDEX TEW6t Plant pigments, Deficient elements, Light quality, Photosynthetic oxygen,
Nitrogen, Rhodophyta, Porphyrldlum.
AMIC-9318
"THE INFLUENCE OF EUTROPHIC LAKE SEDIMENTS ON THE GROWTH OF DIFFERENT PLANKTONIC ALGAE",
Javornlcky, P., Fujlta, D. K., Goldman, C. R., Archlv fur Hydrobiologie, Suppl. kl
(Algologlcal Studies 8), June 1973, PP 3M-362.
In order to assess the effect of substances leached from sediments on the
production of phytoplankton In a large, shallow, eutrophic lake (Clear Lake, California),
one In situ experiment and four laboratory bioassays were conducted. The field
experiment showed the effects of sediments on various species or groups of algae to
differs the presence of sediment Inhibited the growth of Anabaena flos-aquae and
A. elrclnalls while It simulated the growth of Chlorococcales.In vitro bioassays were
conducted with seven "ip*1 strains, Aphanlzomenon flos-aquae, Mleroeyatls aeruglnoaa,
Oscillatoria Hmnetlca, Nltzsehla kuetzinglana, Navieula pellieulosa, Chlorella
mlnutlsslma, and Scenedesmus intermedlus, in 50-ml flasks containing sediment extract,
a synthetic imitation of sediment extract, enriched (Ca, Mg, C03, S103) extract, or
enriched Imitation. Aphanizomenon and Chlorella grew well in the sediment and synthetic
extracts for 200 hours which demonstrated that the cells were able to store required
nutrients that were missing from the synthetic extract. This test also showed that
the chelating effect of EDTA and citric acid used in the synthetic extract was
similar to that of the humlc substances in the sediment extract. The results vlth the
enriched extracts led to the following conclusions: (l) Growth of Aphanizomenom is
definitely limited by Fe and probably by P. (2) Growth of Microcystls and
Oscillatoria Is definitely limited by N and possibly by P. f5TGrowth of Kitzschla
is definitely limited by N and probably by P, Fe and SI. (U) Growth of Navieula "is
definitely limited by N and possibly by P. (5) Growth of Chlorella is definitely
limited by N and Fe. (6) Growth of Seenedesmus la definitely limited by Fe,
probably by N and possibly by P.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
T
AMIC-9318 (Continued)
Card 8/2
INDEX TERK3: Nutrient requirements, Growth rates, Diatoms, Lyanophyta, Chlorophyta,
Bloassay, Sediments, On-slte tests, Phosphates, Iron, Nitrates,
AMIC-9321 (Continued)
Card 2/2
about intermediate In mean dry weight (1.8 gm/ sq m) as compared to other oligotrophic
lakes and was dominated by Chlronomldae.
INDEX TERMS: Fhotoplankton, Primary productivity, Benthic fauns, Seasonal,
Zooplankton, Hater quality. Rotifers, Dinoflsgellates, Pigments, Crustaceans,
Diatoms, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Protozoa, Movich Lake.
AMIC-9321
"A LIMNOLOGY STUDY OF A HIGH MOUNTAIN LAKE IN MOUNT RAINIER NATIONAL PARK,
WASHINGTON STATE; USA", Larson, G. L., Archiv fur Hydroblologle, Vol. 72, No. 1,
June 1973, PP 10-U8.
Mowich Lake, a high mountain lake in the Western Washington State Cascade
Mountains, was studied from March to November 1967 to determine blotlc relationships.
Alkalinity, pH, oxygen, N, P, color, dissolved solids, temperature, transparency,
conductance and primary production were determined. Phytoplankton samples were
collected, enumerated, and extractable pigments determined. Zooplankton were collected
from 7 depths, counted, and reproductive rates calculated, Macrobenthos was sampled at
5 depths. In general, the lake was low In mineral content and unproductive. The
winter lake cover appeared to play an important role in primary production by way of
nutrient additions. Primary production, extractable phytoplankton pigments and total
Bhvtoplankton biomass were strongly correlated in both time and space, and were maximal
in July The maximum primary production was 152/sq m and 21/cu m mg C assimilated per
day.^ucimum phytoplanKton biomass was 32/sq m and 1.7/ cu m g» fresh weight. The
activity quotient ((mg C asslmilated/sq m/day)/(mg phytoplankton blomass/ sq m))
indicated the primary production of Mowich Lake to be in the oligotrophic range. The
community consisted of eight species of Rotifera. The only crustacean,
agills. was occasionally taken pelagically, but was usually confined to
andbinthlc regions. £oopla*kton populations were maximal between early
tooeand mid-«ovember. The egg ratio reproductive rate, B (eggs/female/day , was
fro* September to early October. Other population coefficients were also
Lonklsplna and Keratella hiemalls. Tne macro-benthos was
AMIC-9322
"SOME ARCTIC LIMNOLOGY AHD THE HIBERNATION OF INVERTEBRATES AND SOME FISHES IN
SUBZERO TEMPERATUKES", Holmquist, C., Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Vol. 72, No. 1,
June 1973, PP "»9-70.
Five shallow (less than 2 m depth) lakes in permafrost areas of northern
Alaska were investigated to determine whether bottom-living animals occur and survive in
frozen environments. Samples were collected in the summer of 1970. A number of
macroscopic plants, algae, and animals were identified. The animals Included hydrozoa,
Turbellaria, Hardigarda, Gastrotrlcha, Polycnaeta, Oligochaeta, Hirudinea, Crustacea,
Insects, Hydrachnida, Molluscs, Bryozoa, Porifera, Nematoda, and fish. The results of
the survey are discussed with respect to the possible winter temperatures of the bottom
habitats for invertebrates of such areas, the frost resistance of invertebrates, the
oxygen supply, the mode of hibernating in invertebrates, and the actual lakes with their
animals. The available literature on low temperature survival of invertebrates is also
reviewed. Since the area concerned is compound and varied topographically, geologically
and climatically, and the invertebrates live in mierocllmntlc and mlcroecologieal
conditions as compared with the larger, more mobile vertebrates, it is impossible to
deduce anything as regarding the winter conditions of the actual lakes or the
frost-resistance of animals existing there from what is known from the
better-investigated temperate areas or from laboratory conditions.
INDEX lERfC: Overwintering sites. Cold resistance, Aquatic plants, Oligochaetes,
Mollusks, Diatoms, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Survival, Hydrozoans, Turbellaria,
Tardlgrades, Gastrotrlcha, Polychaetes, Leeches, Hydrachnids, Bryozoa, Porifera.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMICJ9323
"STUDIES OH PHYTOPLANKTON IN RELATION TO ITS PRODUCTION AND SOW PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
FACTORS ID LAKE SVINSJOEN", Lande, A., Archly fur Hydroblologte. Vol. 72, No. 1,
June 1973, PP 71-86.
Llmnologlcal Investigations were carried out during 1968 and 1971 on Lake
Svlnsjoen, a moderately eutrophlc lake about 30 km southwest of Oslo. Investigations
Included measurements of primary production, quantitative phytoplankton, pH, specific
conductivity, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, Ca, Mg, oxygen, alkalinity, Na, K, sulfate,
chloride, and blcarbonates. Primary production was determined by the dark bottle
method and by C-lU uptake. Samples vere collected from various depths with a
transparent Ruttner vater sampler and transferred to glass and polyethylene bottles
for analysis. The results show that pH values lie between 7.0 and 9.0 in mixollmnion
during the summer season, and the calcium content is about 30 mg/1. The orthophosphate
content Is about 10-15 micrograms/1 in mixollmnion during the winter, but the summer
measurements show values below 3 mlcrograms/1. The dominating phytoplankton species In
1971 were the diatoms Cyclotella comta and Synedra acus during May and June, and the
Chlorophyta species Tetraedron punctulaturn during July and August. The highest number
of Tetraedron cells was 9,200,000 cells/1, found in August 1971. The two methods
of determining primary productivity on some occasions gave different results which were
difficult to Justify. A study of the relation between the primary production and the
standing crop of phytoplankton, shows that the dally renewal cofflclent lies between
1.0 and 0.3 in Svlnsjoen.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity. Dominant organisms, Physicochemlcal properties,
Radioactivity techniques, Cyanophyta, Diatoms, Dlnoflagellates, Chlorophyta, Lake
Svinsjoen, Dark bottle method.
AMIC-932U
"AN IK SITU EXAMINATION OF THE GRAZING ACTIVITIES OF NATURAL ZOOPLANKTON CC*MJNITIES",
Haney, J. F., Archiv fur Hydrobiologle, Vol. 72, No. 1, June 1973, pp 87-132.
In Heart Lake, grazing rates for the water column exceed 100 percent/day in
the summer, but become less than 10 percent/day during the winter. The lower vertical
boundary of zooplankton filter-feeding Is closely defined by a 1 ppm dissolved oxygen
isopleth during summer stratification. Grazing rates measured with different food
Items showed some seasonal differences. The populations of dominant filter-feeding
zooplankton species in Heart Lake corresponded with grazing rate maxima and minima
recorded during the same period. Daptmla rosea and D. galeata were the most Important
grazers in Heart Lake, 1969, together accounting for approximately 80 percent of the
total annual grazing activity. Several species of zooplankton migrate vertically in
irt Lake, resulting in shifts of grazing to the upper stratum at night. At least
some species filter more rapidly at night. Eutrophic Heart Lake and the acid bog lake
were very similar, with intense grazing by Cladocera limited vertically to the upper 3
meters. In contrast, copepod domination of the zooplankton and extremely low grazing
rates uniformly distributed throughout the water column characterized the oligotrophic
ike. A comparison of grazing rates and primary productivity in these three lakes
howed (1) high grazing and high primary productivity in Heart Lake (2) high grazing
and low primary productivity In the bog lake and (3) low grazing and moderate primary
roductlvity in the oligotrophic lake, Phytoplankton renewal rates in oligotrophic
.akes are generally far in excess of zooplankton grazing rates, whereas in eutrophic
akea the two ratea are comparable. Grazing rates of zooplankton communities were
measured in situ by automatically releasing a small quantity of P-32-labeled cells
yeast algae, and bacteria) inside a plexiglass grazing chamber In the lake and
AMIC-932U (Continued)
Card 2/2
assaying the zooplankton for radioactivity after 5 min feeding. Studies were conducted
in the eutrophic Heart Lake and on two occasions in a deep oligotrophic lake and a
shallow acid bog.
INDEX TERMS: Grazing, Eutrophication, Zooplankton, Primary productivity. Feeding rates,
Trophic level, Oligotrophy, Bogs, Dominant organisms, Diurnal distribution,
Heart Lake.
AMIC-9325
"A CULTURE SYSTEM FOR ABTEMIA, DAPHHIA. AND OTHER INVERTEBRATES WITH CONTINUOUS
SEPARATION OF THE LARVAE", Sorgeloos, P., Persoone, G., Archiv fur Hydrobiologle,
Vol. 72, No. 1, June 1973, PP 133-138.
An apparatus developed for continuous culturing of Artemia, Daphnla, and other
Invertebrates consists of five chambers, four of which have funnel-shaped bottoms, which
are connected by tubes and siphons. Chamber A contains the food supply which can be an
algal culture and is connected by siphons to chamber E, the water collector, ind chamber
B, the adult culturing chamber. Chamber B is connected by a tube from the bottom to
chamber C, the larvae collecting chamber, which in turn is connected from the side to
chasiber D, the water supply. To operate the system, an aquarium pump is switched on by
a timer for 5 minutes every half hour to pump water from the water supply (D) to the
water collector (E). This activates the siphons connecting the food supply (A) and the
culture chamber (B) to bring food and aerated water into chamber B. At the same time
the inflow of water carries the larvae from B into the larvae collecting chamber C and the
overflow in C goes to the water supply (D). A filter in the culture chamber prevents thi
transit of adults into the larval chamber. Larvae can be collected by means of a value
in the bottom of the collecting chamber. The equipment has been used for 6 months with
no special problems.
INDEX lEWB: Cultures, Laboratory equipment, Waterfleas, Automatic control, Brine
shrimp, Continuous cultures, Artemia salina, Daphnla magna.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9327
"TOE EFFECT OF pH, COS, -CONCENTRATION AHD BACTERIA ON THE GROWTH OF THE BLUE-GREEN
ALGA OSCILIATORIA REDEKEI YAH GOOR", Meffert, M.-E., Archly fur Hydroblologie. Vol. 72,
Ho. 2, July"19757
Axenlc and non-axenic suspensions of Oscillatorla redekei van Goor were
cultivated to observe the effects of (1) deficiency of COS, (2) COS at different pH
values, and (3) bacteria. In axenlc suspensions, decreases of COS and pH values
above 10 caused extensive fragmentation and autolysis, most of the trichones being
destroyed. In non-axenlc suspensions, fragmentation and autolysis were not so serious,
so that the trlchomes grovth continued. At pH values between 7-10, growth of axenlc
cultures without fragmentation and autolysis was only possible in the range of pH 9.
Trichomes of non-axenlc suspensions showed a larger range of growth. Measurements
from Lake Edeberg show that growth rate and trichome length (cells/trichcme) correlate
better with the free C02-concentratlon than with other parameters. The results suggest
that 0. redekei fixes C02 and not bicarbonate ion even though It can tolerate only low
concentrations of free CO2. Lakes rich In bicarbonate and carbonate are typical
blotopes of blue-green algae since pH values are high and COS levels are low. The
disappearance of these algae may result Iron extensive turbulence which lovers pH
and Increases C02 in the epilimnlon. Aeration of lakes to remove phosphorus therefore
•ay nave the secondary effect of eliminating blue-green algae. Since algae growth
increased and autolysis was limited in the presence of bacteria under optima conditions
and at high C02 levels, the "COS-effect" of bacteria presented by Lanfte is not valid
for 0. redeki.
INDEX TERMS:
requi
Hydrogen ion concentration. Carbon dioxide, Photosynthesis, Nutrient
-sits, Bioassay, Cultures, Growth rates, Oscillatorla redeki.
AMIC-93a8
"THE OCCURRENCE OF MICROTUKBELLARIA IN SOME BRITISH LAKES OF DIVERSE CHEMICAL CONTENT",
Young, J. 0., Archly fur Hydroblologie. Vol. 72, Mo. 2, July 1973, pp 202-224.
The distribution and seasonal occurrence of Mlcroturbellaria In three
different habitats In the littoral zone of calcium-rich, lowland, 'productive' lakes
and calcium-poor, upland, 'unproductive* lakes were Investigated over the course of a
year using three different sampling methods. Sampling methods, and methods used in the
extraction from samples and identification of Microturbellarla are described. Eleven
species occurred In both lake types, eight species occurred in Ca-rlch lakes, and
eleven species occurred in Ca-poor lakes. The total number of species collected from 6
calcium-rich and 6 calcium-poor lakes visited at monthly Intervals over a year ranged
fron 9 to 12 species and 3 to 18 species, respectively. Species recorded frequently
seemed to have a wide distribution within the range of habitats considered in each lake.
Species with a more restricted habitat distribution were these recorded only
Infrequently. A study of the vertical distribution of Microturbellaria on the floor of
calcium-rich lake suggested that some species were confined to the littoral and other
'species occurred also in the deeper water. The peak number of specimens recorded in
[calcium-poor and calcium-rich lakes occurred in July and May to July, respectively.
oglcal notes are presented on some of the common species found.
INDEX TERMS: Calcium, Lakes, Population, Distribution patterns, Water quality,
Turbellaria.
AMIC-9329
"EXPERDOTML ECOLOGICAL IHVESTIGATIONS OF CHRIONOMUB THUMg AMD CHIROHDMU5 PIGER
(DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE)", Scharf, B. W., Archlv fur Hydrobloing-l«.—vol—7?" So—5
July 1973, PP 225-2W*. —Si_» • . • .
In the year 1956 the species Chironomus thumal was divided Into two subspecies
which in 1972 vere elevated to species; C. thumni and C. piger. In t^g ^^
the ecological differences between the species in relation to temperature and oxygen
pressures were investigated. Differences were found in the resistance to cold and the
duration of development at different temperatures and at various oxygen pressures
The larvae of C. piger are more resistant to cold than those of C thummi which is in
accord with what Is known from natural conditions. The African C. pulcher is less
resistant than £. thumnl. No significant differences in the heat "resistance and the
preferred temperature of the two species could be found. At 0 and 15 C the embryos
of C. thumal develop more slowly than those of C. piger. but the development from egg
to imago occurs quicker In C. thumnl. The observation that the larvae of C thiuml are
more resistant to anaerobic conditions than those of C. jiger can be confirmed by means
of the rearing under diminished oxygen pressures.
INDEX TERK3: Dlptera, Cold resistance. Dissolved oxygen, Heat resistance, Chironcraus
piger, Chironomus thummi, Chlronomis pulcher.
AMIC-9330
ROTENONE WTHODS DJ A LARGE RIVERSYSTEM", Hocutt, C. H., Hambrick, P. S. Nfesnik
M. T., Archiv fur Hydroblologle, Vol. 72, No. 2, June 1973, pp 2U5-252.'' '
The use of rotenone, block net, and potassium permanganate was tested as a
method for sampling fish in the New River, Virginia and West Virginia. Six sites were
sampled by stretching the net across the river and applying about 3 8 liters of 2 5
percent emulsified rotenone at a location 68-91 meters above the net. The water was
detoxified by distributing approximately two pounds of potassium permanganate below the
block net. Fish were collected from the net, preserved, and identified Data on numbers
and kinds of fish were analyzed by a computer program which calculated diversity and
redundancy for rotenone and seine data. The species and number collected by rotenoning
at each station is listed. Rotenone collections yielded 1»0 species compared to 36 by
seine. Thirty-one species were cannon to both methods. Species collected by the
rotenone method but not by seine were: Nocomis leptocephalus. Noturus insignis
Cottua b. balrdl, Lepomis cyanellus. Etheostoma caeruleum. ET osburni Percina
maculata. Ictalurua punctatus, and Pylodictua ollvarls. All except the latter two
species are uncommon In the Bain-channel New River. Species collected only by seine
have scattered distributions and may not have been collected by rotenoning because of
seasonal variations. Meanvalues of diversity and redundancy for rotenone were 3.11 and
0.3U, respectively, compared with 2.73 and 0.31 for seining. Rotenone techniques
yielded an average of 26 species per collection compared to lU by seine over the same
area. The rotenone method is concluded to be a valuable sampling procedure.
IHDEX TERMS: Rotenone, Sampling, Nets, Freshwater fish. Species diversity, Redundancy,
31
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-931H
•GERMANIUM INCORPORATION INTO THE SILICA OF DIATOM CELL WALLS", Azam, F., Henmingsen,
B.E., Archiv fur Mikrobiologie, Vol. 92, No. 1, July 10, 1973, pp 11-20.
A non-photosynthic diatom, Kltzschia alba; two marine photoeynthetlc
diatoms, Cyllndrotheca fusiformls and Cyclotella nana; and a freshwater photosynthetic
diatom, Navicula pelllculosa, were exposed to various ratios of Ge-68-labeled
Ge{OH)VSi(OH)f (0.01, 0.1, or 1.0) in an attempt to trace the metabolic fate of Ge and
to examine the possibility that Ge might follow the same metobolic pathway as Si. Cell
counts, viability, Ge uptake and Incorporation, Isotope discrimination, silicic acid
uptake, and effects of Ge on metabolism were determined. The diatoms took up labelled
germanic acid from their growth media and incorporated up to 80 percent of it into the
silica of their cell walls. Sllicification appeared to be required for germanium
Incorporation. The uptake and Incorporation of gennanlc acid was dependent upon the
relative concentrations of Ge and Si. At Ge/Si of 0.01, no inhibition of growth or of
silicic acid uptake by N. alba was observed. The cell morphology was also normal and
60 to 80 percent of the Ge-68 taken up was incorporated. At Ge/Si of 0.1, silicic
acid uptake and growth of N. alba were inhibited by about 95 percent. Concomitantly,
striking morphological aberrations occurred. 10 to 20 percent of the Ge-68(OH)U taken
up was incorporated. The possible use of labeled Ge(OH)U for the study of silicon
metabolism is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Growth rates, Absorption, Bioassay, Eadioactivity techniques,
Germanium, Silicon, Metabolic pathways, Transport, Viability.
AMIC-931*5
"TOXICm OF THE HERBICIDE KURON (SILVEX) TO BLUEGILL EGGS AND FRY", Wilbur, R. L.,
Whitney, E. W., Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. Vol. 102, No. 3,
July 1973, PP 630-633.
Experimental treatment with herbicide Kuron of two alligatorweed-infested
North Carolina streams was initiated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers in summer,
1965. Surveillance of fish and Invertebrate populations was provided by the U. S.
I Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The effects of Kuron on bluegill eggs and fry
were examined under laboratory conditions to provide Insight on how reproduction of the
sunfish family may have been affected by Kuron treatments applied to the streams. Eggs
from each of nine bluegills were treated with Kuron concentrations of 0.0 ppm (control),
1.0 ppm, 1.0 ppm, 5.0 ppm, and 10.0 ppm acid equivalents. Analysis of variance
indicated that hatching was not significantly affected by treatments but that survival of
fry to an age of 6 days was affected by the treatments. No fry survived at 10.0 ppm
and only a token few survived the 5.0 ppm treatment.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticide toxicity, Herbicides, Fish eggs, Fry, Water pollution effects,
Bioassay, Fish reproduction, Sunfishes, Freshwater fish, Chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, Lethal limit, Kuron, Lepomis macrochirus. Survival, Meaian tolerance
limit.
AMIC-93U3
"NITROGEN FIXATION BY THE UNICELLULAR BLUE-GREEN ALGA APHAHOTHECE".
Archiv fur Mlkroblologle, Vol. 92, No. 1, July 10, 1973, pp 59-62.
Singh, P. K.,
The alga Aphanothece sp., which grows vigorously in rice fields of the
Central Rice Research Institute, India, was isolated for use in determining rates of
nitrogen fixation in media free of combined nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation was
estimated by the mlcro-KJeldahl technique. Cells were counted using a haemoeytometer.
The nlgn grew welJl both in media containing nitrate and in media lacking nitrate.
Little lag occurred when cells grown in media containing nitrate were transferred to
a nitrate-lacking medium, and growth continued for 18-25 days. The generation time
for this alga was 12 hr, and more than 2 mg of N were fixed in 25 days. Other algae
(Plectonema and Anacystis) from a similar habitat failed to grow in medium lacking
nitrate.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Bioassay, Nutrient requirements, Nitrogen fixation, Aphanothece,
Culture media.
AMIC-93U8
"BOTTOM MACROFAUHA IN THE GOCZALKOWICE DAM RESERVOIR IN THE YEARS 1965.1969",
Krzyzanek, E., Acta Hydroblologlca. Cracow, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1973, PP 169-196.
Investigations of the bottom macrofauna of the rinm reservoir at Goczalkowice
were carried out from 1965-1969 as a continuation of those carried out from the
beginning of its existence. Samples were taken at permanent points situated in U zones
of the reservoir for analysis. The temperature of the water was 1O and 25 C, the pH
value being 7.5-8.0. In the years 1965-1967 a further decrease in the amount of bottom
macrofauna was observed, but from 1968 there was a gradual increase. Ollgochaeta and
the larvae of Chlronomldae (mainly Procladius and Chironomus plumosus) dominated
quantitatively. The number of large Mollusca, mainly Unio plctorum, also Increased.
The upper and central zones were most numerously populated by the bottom macrofauiB.
Usually the encountered forms had already been noted in previous years.
INDEX IERMS: Benthlc fauna, Reservoirs, Systenatics, Speciation, Aquatic inlands,
Aquatic Insects, Mollusks, Annelida, Dominant organisms, Nematodes, Crustaceans,
Bottom sampling, Macroinvertebrates.
-------
AMK-93^9
"CTMJLATION OF RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE IN DAM RESERVOIRS", Kwapulinski, J,, Acta
Hydrobiologlca. Cracow, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1973, PP 215-225.
Benthos, periphyton, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bottom sediment, and higher
plant samples were obtained from one rheollmnle and two limnic reservoirs to
Investigate the accumulation of radiolsotopes in the various components. Three
accumulation values were calculated for sediments and periphyton by dividing sample
concentration by (l) specific water concentration or (2) by the mean concentration for
water, and (3) by dividing mean sample concentration by mean water concentration.
Values for other organisms were obtained using specific sample values and mean water
values. The sediments accumulated radioisotopes 1,600 to 9,500 times depending on the
type of sediment and hydrologic conditions. Periphyton accumulations ranged from 10O to
98,000 times. Other accumulations were: benthos, 5,900-12,000 times; zooplankton,
^,300-7,1*00 tiroes; phytoplankton, 7,200-13,000 times; and aquatic plants, 8,700Jw,OOO
times. It Is concluded that because of the large uptake abilities of the sediments
and organisms, self-purification processes are active In the reservoirs except in the
event of turbulence when recontamination occurs. Periphyton should be useful as
bioindlcators of beta radioactivity contamination and also provide useful Information
on previous contamination levels.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
INDEX TERMS: Radloisotopee, Benthos, Periphyton, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Sediments,
Aquatic plants, Bloindicators, Biological magnification, Bioaccumulation.
AMIC-9357
"HALF-SATURATION COHSTAHT5 FOR UPTAKE OF NITRATE AND AMMONIA BY RESERVOIR PLANKTON",
Toetz, D. W., Vare*, L. P.) Loughran, E. D., Ecology, Vol. 5U, Ho. U, Summer 1973,
pp 903-906.
Observations were made in order to learn If the uptake of NHl* and N03 by
freshwater plankton can be described by the Mlchaelis-Menten expression. Uptake of N03
and NHlt by reservoir plankton was estimated at 5 concentrations using N-15 tracer
techniques. A hyperbola results when the uptake velocity (v) of H03 and NHU is plotted
against concentration (S). The S/v vs S transformation of the Mlchaelis-Menten
expression was used to estimate K sub a. For a mixed population of blue-green algae
in Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma, K sub s was about U3 mg N03-M/(eu m), when the initial
concentration was 7.53 mg N03-N/(eu m). In Lake Keystone, where the Initial
concentration of N03JJ was 1*19.17 mg/(cu m), enrichment with N03 Increased v in a
similar way, suggesting use of the Mlchaelis-Menten model may not be realistic.
INDEX TERMS: Absorption, Ammonia, Nitrates, Plankton, Reservoirs, Water temperature,
Lake Carl Blackwell, Half saturation constants, Sample preparation, Michaelis-
Menten equation, Transparency.
AMIC-9356
"FIELD STUDIES ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA (CHLOROPHYTA) IN GREEN BAY,
LAKE MICHIGAN", Adams, M. S., Stone. W., Ecology, Vol. 51*, No. k, Sumner 1973,
pp 853-862.
Net photosynthesis of Cladophora glomerata was measured at three sites in
lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan, from late spring through summer, 1971- Lower levels of
productivity occurred early in the season at two of the sites, when water temperatures
were lowest. At the third site water temperature and productivity varied the least.
Contrary to other reports, it was found that Cladophora made relatively efficient use of
low illumination. Under statistically similar temperature and irradlance levels,
productivity was higher with Increasing proximity to the mouth of the Fox River.
litrogen, calcium, strontium, sodium, and zinc also were highest In concentration in
slants receiving the greatest amount of effluents from the Fox River in comparison with
;he site receiving the least. Site differences in productivity appear to be related to
nutrient levels, whereas seasonal differences In productivity are probably most closely
elated to seasonal temperature differences.
INDEX TERMS: Photosynthesis, Chlorophyta, On-site data collections, Environmental
effects Hater pollution effects, Aquatic algae. Chemical analysis, Plant tiSBues,
Cladophora glomerata, Green Bay, Chemical composition. Fox River, Seasonal
variation, Photosynthetic rates, Data, interpretation.
AMIC-9367
"SEASONAL CHANGES IN POPULATION DENSITY AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF PHOEOBRANCK
VELIGERS IN OFFSHORE PLANKTON AT PLYMOUTH", Fretter, V., Shale, D., Journal of the
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Vol. 53, No. 3, August 1973,
pp "71-^92.
Vertical and horizontal hauls were taken at approximately fortnightly Intervals
from April 1969 to April 1970 at L 3 (lat. Uo degrees 17.7 minutes N, long, k degrees
11.2 minutes W) and L U (lat. 50 degrees 15 minutes N, long. U degrees 12.5 minutes W).
Thirty-two species of prooobranch veliger were present at L 3, these larvae were not as
numerous at L U and only 26 species were recorded. The number of species was highest in
the summer: the number of veligers was highest in February. After mid October both the
number of species and the abundance of veligers decreased rapidly and remained low until
early February. Veligers of some species occurred later at L 3 and L ** than In more
Inshore waters and these were probably individuals carried beyond tidal influences which
would normally lead to settlement on the shore. They Included Lacuna vincta, Littorina
littorea and L. nerltoldea. Veligers of all ages were found it all depths. At their
time of "greatest abundance veligers of many species occurred maximally nt 5 or 10 m,
with a variable decrease towards greater depths and a sudden one towards the surface.
This distribution later changed giving a proportionally greater number at. greater depth.
When numbers were low the larvae scattered through the water column with little or no
Indication of a preferred depth. An examination of the age composition of veligers of
rissoids, Hatlca alder1, Nassarlus retlculatus and Phllbertla linear!s from certain
catches shoved that the surface accumulation at the time of abundance was composed of a
high percentage of young veligers: in an ageing population there was a higher percentage
of larvae, especially the older ones, at greater depths, except for Nassarlus rcticulatus
33
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9367 (Continued)
Card 2/2
which consistently showed maximal numbers above 10 m until the larvae became scarce.
When blooms of Phaeocystls occurred they affected the distribution, driving the larvae
away from the surface.
INDEX TERMS: Larval growth stage, Ecological distribution, Gastropods, Mollusks,
Invertebrates, Salinity, Water temperature, Veligers, Population density,
Seasonal variation, Vertical distribution, Sample preservation, Marine
environment.
AMIC-9370
'BROWN SEAWEED AS AN INDICATOR OF HEAVY METALS IN ESTUARIES IN SOUTH-WEST ENGLAHD",
Bryan, G. W., Hummerstone, L. G., Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom. Vol. 53, No. 3, August 1973, PP 705-720.
Concentrations of copper, zinc, lead, aluminum, manganese and Iron in the
brown seaweed Fucus vestculosus have been measured in samples collected over its range
of distribution In four estuaries having different degrees of metal contamination.
Factors controlling the concentrations in the weed have been studied and Include the
concentrations of metals In the water, seasonal changes, the position of the weed in
the intertidal zone and the particular portion of the plant which is analyzed. It is
concluded that analysis of the weed gives a reasonable indication of average conditions
in the water at points along an estuary and provides a method of making comparisons with
the same estuary In subsequent years or with other estuaries.
INDEX TERMS: Phaeophyta, Kelps, Estuarlne environment, Heavy metals, Blolndlcators,
Water pollution. Pollutant identification, Plant tissues. Chemical analysis,
Water analysis. Seasonal variation, England, Biological magnification.
AMC-9373
"THE ZOSTERA EPIFAUHAL CCMflJHITY IH THE YORK RIVER, VIRGINIA", fersh, G. A., Chesapeake
Science, Vol. lU, Ho. 2, June 1973, PP 87-97.
The Invertebrate epifauna occurring on Zostera marina L. in the lower York
Fiver, Virginia, was sampled with the aid of SCUBA for 1^ consecutive months from a
collecting station located at each of three different water depths within a single
eelgrass bed. The plants were clipped at their bases and the organisms were washed
from the plants into a 0.5-mm sieve, then preserved in 9-10 percent seawater-fornalln
solution. Each blade was stripped of sediment, epiphytes and sessile fauna.
Cleansed plants were oven-dried at 80 C for M5 hr, then weighed to the nearest 0,1 g.
A total of 112 invertebrate species were collected. The five most abundant non-colonial
species (Bittlum varlum, Paracercels caudate., Crepidula convexa, Ampithoe longlmana and
Erlchsonella attenuate] accounted for approximately 59 percent of the total fauna.
These species dominated the epifauna throughout most of the year. Several other
species, Including Bain mis iMprovisus, Molgula manhattensis, Polydora ligni and
Ercolanla fuscata, were abundant for only brief periods. A relatively high average
index of~~afflnlty (58 percent) between all synchronous sample pairs indicated a
generally homogeneous fauna, although several species were differentially distributed
with depth. Exfoliation of Zostera after June caused a steady decline in plant blomass,
but the abundance of epifauna continued to increase into the summer and fall. Lowest
total numbers and species counts occurred in February and early March. Diversity
values (H1) ranged from 1.92 to 3.90 bits/individual and averaged 3.0^ bits/individual
for all stations. High species numbers In summer were generally counteracted by
relatively low equltabilltiea (epsilon), with H' showing little seasonal change. The
primary sources of nutrition for the epifauna appeared to be (1) plankton and suspended
AMIC-9373 (Continued)
Card 2/2
partlculate matter, (2) detritus and microorganisms on the plant blades, and (3)
epiphytic algae.
INDEX TERMS: Biological communities, Food webs, Fish food organisms, Marine
plant*. Marine animals, Blomasa, Dominant organisms, Estuarine environment. Marine
mlcroorganlams, Crustaceans, Annelids, Mollusks, Nematodes, Rotifers, Diatoms,
Marine fish, Diptera, Epiphytes, Epifauna, Eelgrass, York River, Seasonal
variation. Species abundance, Species diversity, Zostera marina, Macroinvertebr-atea,
Flatworms, Acorn worms, Tunlcates, Sponges, Bryozoa, Coelenterates, Nemerteans.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL MBTHODS
AM1C-937U
'XARVAE OF THE BURROWIHG SHRIMP, UPOGEBIA AFFINIS. (CRUSTACEA, DECAPCDA, UPCGEBIIDAE),
FROM VIRGINIA PLANKTON", Sandlfer, P. A., Cheaapeake Science. Vol. lU, Ho. 2, June 1973,
pp 98-10U.
Four zoeal stages of Upogebia affinis taken in plankton samples from the York
River estuary and adjacent lower Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, are described and figured.
Upogebia affinis zoeae may be identified readily In plankton sanples. Distinguishing
characteristics Include an unarmed carapace and rostrum in «n stages, the shape ami
splnation of the telson, and the flattened appearance of the endopodltes of the
pereiopode in late stages.
INDEX TCRMS: Larval growth stage, Zooplankton, Chesapeake Bay, Crustaceans,
Invertebrates, Estuarine environment, Marine animals, Upogebia afflnls, York
River, Zoeae, Animal morphology, Burrowing shrimp.
AMIC-9376
"STANDIHG CROP OF SALT MARSHES SURROUNDING CHINCOTEAGUE BAY, MARYLAHD-VIHOINIA",
Keefe, C. V., Boynton, W. F., Chesapeake Science. Vol. Ik, No. 2, June 1973,
pp 117-123.
Chlncoteague Bay is surrounded by approximately 95 sq km (23,OOO acres) of
Irregularly,flooded salt marsh dominated by short Spartina alterniflpra. The •HH™™
standing crop, chemical composition, and live:dead ratio of the marsh grasses were
estimated from samples taken at 20 marsh stations In August, 1970. Samples consisting
of all the aerial plant parts were taken from a total of 20 sites. Plant parts lying
on the ground and no longer attached to the plant were also Included In the sample.
Die samples were oven-dried to constant weight at 100 C, and the estimated weight of
plant material per sq m at each station was determined. To obtain velfdits of organic
naterial, the samples were ground, charred, and burned at 550 C until the ash weight
Mined constant. Ash-free dry weight was then determined as the difference between
the weight of the ash and the weight of the subsample. The pulverized samples were
analyzed for C, N, P, K, Ca, and Kg. Live standing crop ranged from U27 to 558 g dry
matter/sq m and 335 to U70 g organic matter/sq m. The total standing crop of live
Oants consisted of U8 million kg of dry material of which 39 million kg was organic
terlal. Chemical analysis indicated that phosphorus and potassium were rapidly
cached from the dead plants while magnesium tended to be retained. Llverdead ratios
ranged from 0.9 to 2.3 and were lower than those found in regularly flooded marshes.
INDEX TERMS: Standing crops, Salt marshes, Tidal marshes, Organic matter. Chemical
analyolB, Chemical composition, Marsh grasses, Chlncoteague Bay, Sample prepara-
tion, Species abundance, Spartina alterniflorm.
AMC-9377
"MORTALITY OF MARKET-SIZED OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIHGINICA) IH THE VICINITY OF A
DHEDGIHD OPERATION", Rose, C. D., Chesapeake Science, Vol. lU, Bo. 2, June 1973,
PP 135-138.
The oyster lease in Palmetto Bayou, southern Louisiana, was inspected U-5 monthi
after dredging occurred to determine sediment-induced damage to market-sized oysters.
It was assumed that mortality near the spoil bank would exceed that at site further from
the bank. The average mortality of market-sized oysters collected at seven sampling
stations within 595 m of a spoil bank crossing the oyster lease was 57 percent, as
compared to an average mortality of 17 percent of the remainder of the lease. Sediment
(2-15 cm thick) commonly covered oysters taken from the affected area. Theoretical
mortality was estimated to be U8 percent.
INDEX TERMS: Mortality, Dredging, Sedimentation, Environmental effects, Oysters,
Mollusks, Marine animals, Spoil banks, Bottom sampling. Shellfish farming,
Shellfish, Estuarine environment, Invertebrates, Eastern oyster, Crassostrea
vlrginlca, Palmetto Bayou, Macrolnvertebrates, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-9378
"CHANGE IH FEEDING AND BODY CONDITION OF BHDWN BULLHEADS OVERWINTERING IN THE
HEATED EFFLUEHT OF A POWER PLANT", Massenglll, R. R., Chesapeake Science, Vol. Ik,
No. 2, June 1973, PP 138-lM.
Winter food habits and condition factors of the brown bullhead, Ictalurus
nebuloBUB. were determined from specimens collected in the discharge canal of the
Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company plant and Chapman Pond, a cove of the
Connecticut River unaffected by artificial heating. Stomach content analysis indicated
that fish overwintering in the heated discharge fed while those in water at 2 C from
Chapman Pond did not. Fish, annelids, Insects, molluscs and zooplankton were
consumed, with fish the most abundant food. Bullheads began feeding before the
temperature reached U C in Chapman Pond. The normal bullhead diet of Invertebrates
shifted to smaller fish in the densely populated canal. Although the bullheads In the
canal fed throughout the winter, their body condition was poorer than that of fish
overwintering in Chapman Pond.
MIJEX TERMS: Thermal stress, Heated water, Water pollution effects, Food habits, Fish
physiology, Powerplants, Fish food organisms, Life cycles, Annelids, Aquatic
insects, Overwintering sites, Mollusks, Zooplankton, Crustaceans, Freshwater fish,
Brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, Chapman Pond, Elvers, Stomach analysis.
35
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMICJ9380
"MUD SHRIMP (CALUANASSA) LAKVAE (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, CALLIAHASSIDAE} FROM VIRGINIA
PLANKTON", Sandifer, P. A., Chesapeake Science, Vol. lU, Ho. 3, September 1973,
pp 1U9-159.
Larval stages attributed to three species of Calltanassa (designated as
spp. A, B and C) taken In plankton samples from the lower Chesapeake Bay are described
and figured. Evidence concerning tentative Identification of spp. A and B IB
discussed, and It is suggested that these larvae may be ascribed to Calllaaassa
blformls and Calllanassa atlantlca, respectively.
INDEX TERM;: Zooplankton, Chesapeake Bay, Larval growth stage. Crustaceans,
Invertebrates, Ecological distribution, Estuarine environment, Mud shrimp, Zoeae,
Animal morphology, Sample preservation.
AMIC-9383 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Zooplankton, Ecology, Ponds, Freshwater, Crustaceans, Copepods,
Invertebrates, Physlcochemlcal properties, Aquatic plants, Speclatlon, Water
chemistry, Waterfleas, Growth stages, Rotifers, Species abundance, Microphytes.
AMC-9383
"COMPARATIVE ECOLOGY AND ZOOPIANKTON OF TWO MARYLAND POMES INCLUDING A CONGENERIC
OCCURRENCE OF DIAPTOMUS (CALANOEDA: COPEPODAJ", Smrchek, J. C., Chesapeake Science,
Vol. 14, No. 3, September 1973, PP 188-196.
Two freshwater ponds, one permanent (Pond 1) and the other temporary (Pond
2), located on the western Maryland shore of the upper Chesapeake Bay were studied
periodically from April 1970 to January 1971. Periodic phyBiochemical data, plant and
zooplankton samples, and general seasonal observations were obtained. The temporary
pond became dry in mid-September and remained so until late November. Free carbon
lloxlde, dissolved oxygen, and hardness fluctuated irregularly throughout the study.
In August the pH In the permanent pond decreased greatly with little subsequent
recovery. After Pond 2 again contained water, hardness Increased to over 1*OO percent
of values before drying. Lists of aquatic flowering plants were prepared for both
xmds. Each pond contained a distinct assemblage of zooplankters probably Influenced
,y the amount of aquatic vegetation present. Total zooplankton species numbers In each
xsod were almost equal, but the temporary pond contained greater quantities of
.ooplankton. Two generations per year of D. sanguineus were found in Pond 2.
ubranchlpus vernalla (Verrlll) and E. holaaniT
'• the general life cycle of these anostracans is briefly outlined. A congeneric
xcurrence of two calanold copepods Dlaptomus birgei Marsh and D. sanguineus Forbes
S found in May in temporary Pond 2. Both are of the same subgenue (Onychodiaptomus
laht) Various causes and mechanisms explaining congeneric occurrences are briefly
eviewed Slight size differences, insufficient time due to several factors discussed,
or competitive exclusion to operate to completion, and partial seasonal separation
jpear to best explain the present co-occurrence.
AMIC-9381*
'THE BIOLOGY OF BROWH ALGAE OH THE ATLANTIC COAST OF VIRGINIA. II. PETALONIA
FASCIA AMD SCYTOSIPHOll LOMENTARIA", Rhodes, R. G., Connell, M. U., Chesapeake Science,
Vol. 1U, No. 3, September 1973, pp 211-215.
Microscopic, brown nlgnl crusts and filaments were collected in the summer
from an oyster reef on the Atlantic coast of Virginia and isolated Into culture.
Developmental studies showed that the isolates were microscopic stages of Petalpnia and
Scytoslphon. These two brown algae exist the year around In the form of either
microscopic or macroscopic plants. In culture no sexual reprduction was found linking
the two stages of either Petalonla or Scytoslphon. The zoospores from the macroscopic
plants of Petalonla and Scytoslphon developed directly into crusts and Initials on the
crusts developed directly Into macroscopic plants. Culture conditions of 10 C and a
9-15 hour photoperiod stimulated the development of macrothalli In both taxa.
INDEX TERMS: Plant growth, Phaeophyta, Plant morphology. Marine algae, Marine plants,
Cultures, Germination, Water temperature. Salinity, Benthlc flora, Sessile algae,
Speclatlon, Biology, Petalonla fascia, Scytosiphon lomentarla, Plant development,
Culturlng techniques.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"A NEW MULTIPARAfCTER SEPARATOR FOR MICROSCOPIC PARTICLES AUD BIOLOGICAL CELLS",
Stelntaunp, J. A., Fulwyler, M. J., Coulter, J. R., et al., Review of Scientific
Instruments, Vol. W», No. 9, September 1973, PP 1301-1310.
A new flow-system instrument for quantitative analysis and sorting of
microscopic particles, particularly biological cells, based on multiple measurements of
physical and biochemical properties has been developed. Cells stained with fluorescent
dyes In liquid suspension enter a unique flow chamber where electrical and optical
sensors measure cell volume, single- or two-color fluorescence, and light scatter, and
emerge In a liquid Jet that Is broken Into uniform droplets. Sensor signals are
electronically processed several ways for optimum cell discrimination and are displayed
as pulse-amplitude distributions using a pulse-height analyzer. Processed
signals trigger cell sorting according to preselected parametric criteria. Sorting la
accomplished by electrically charging droplets containing the cells and
electrostatically deflecting them Into collection vessels. This Instrument is described
in detail with illustrative examples of experiments using polystyrene fluorescent
mlcrospheres, cultured human cells, and human leukocytes.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Separation techniques, Cytologlcal studies, Sorting,
Staining, Counting, Counting chambers.
AMIC-olllS
"PREPARATION OF SLUE FEFIPHYTON FOR VARIOUS PHDDUCTIVm ANALYSES", Czarnecki, D. B.,
Williams, H. D., Nordhelm, E. I., Transactions of the American Microscopical Society,
Vol. 92, No. 3, July 1973, PP 36U-37T:
An analytical procedure which employs ultrasonic vibration for the removal
of diatoms from microscope slides has been used to obtain data on community chlorophyll
content and diatom composition from the same sample. In this procedure the periphyton
slide Is placed In a polyethylene bag filled with MgC03 saturated 90 percent acetone and
the bag suspended In a vibrator filled with tap water and a small amount of wetting
agent. The instrument Is set at mnxlimim cavltation for 30 mln after which the bag is
removed, its content poured into centrifuge tubes and centrifuged at top speed for 10
mln. Acetone solutions of the contents were analyzed for chlorophyll content.
Dilutions and centrlfugations of the remaining tubes yield a suspension from which the
diatom frustules may be cleaned and mounted. In applying the above technique, a
recovery rate of over 99 percent was maintained using slide substrates Incubated over
a period of 8 weeks.
INDEX TERMS: Periphyton, Primary productivity, Diatoms, Systematics, Methodology,
Measurement, Chrysophyta, Biological communities, Chlorophyll, Algae,
Slide preparation, Sample preparation, Frustules, Recovery.
AMIC-9^17
"A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC ACARI IN THE ST. LAWRENCE
CHEAT LAKES", Modlin, R. F., Gannon, J. E., Transactions of the American Microscopical
Society, Vol. 92, No. 2, April 1973, PP
Aquatic Acarl were Investigated in benthlc, pLanktonic, and neustonic
habitats in Lakes Michigan, Huron, Superior, and St. Clair. Sampling was carried
out using bottom grab samplers, plankton nets and specially designed floating nets
modified from Zaitsev (1963). The mites were preserved in 10 percent formalin in the
field and transferred to Koenike's solution in the laboratory. Temporary mounts were
made in 5O percent lactic acid solution. Of the 382 Great. Lakes specimens examined, 15
genera and 21 species were found. These collections Increased the number of known
Great Lakes water mites to 21 genera and 32 species. The water mites were not
abundant In terms of blomass nor species composition. The scarcity of aquatic
vegetation Is an Important limiting factor. Benthic littoral and subllttoral habitats
had the greatest numbers of individuals and species. Species composition and blomass
diminished rapidly with depth. Hygrobates longipalpis and Lebertia porosa were most
abundant and widely distributed In benthlc habitats. Fiona rotunda and Unlonleola
crasaipes were most common In the plankton and Hydrozetes, Llmnobalaearua. and
SoldanelTonyx were unique to the neuBton.
INDEX TERMS' Ecological distribution, Great Lakes, Aquatic habitats, Ecology, Limiting
factors, Speclatlon, Animal groupings, Water mites, Hydracarlna, Neuston, Species
abundance. Sample preservation.
37
AMIC-9U19
"STERILE CULTURE TECHNIQUES FOR SPECIES OF THE ROTIFER ASPLANCHH/f, Alola, R. C.,
Moretti, R. L., Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol. 92, No.
July 1973, PP 36U-371.
3,
Several new techniques are subscribed for culturing the rotifer Aaplanchna
brightvelll, the protozoan, Paramecluro aurella, and the bacterium Aerobacter aerogenes.
The bacterium Is grown at 37 C, harvested by centrlfugatlon, and stored in a
separatory funnel In a concentrated suspension at k C. Allquots of the bacterial
medium are fed to cultures of paramecla which are maintained at 31 C. Portions of the
paramecia solutions, in turn, are fed to rotifer populations at room temperature. The
entire culture scheme Is sustained by employing aseptic procedures. Sterile culture
conditions were maintained by working under aseptic hoods containing UV germicidal
lamps turned on at all times. The glasware was vigorously washed in Tide, thoroughly
rinsed In tap and diatilled water, drained dry, wrapped in tin foil, and autoclaved at
15 psi for 20 min. Glassware used for chemicals was washed separately from that used
for bacteria, paramecia, and rotifers.
INDEX TERJ6: Protozoa, Bacteria, Rotifers, Methodology, Life cycles, Growth rates,
Harvesting, Microorganisms, Culturing techniques, Sterile cultures. Culture media,
Growth media. Sample preparation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
Transactions
AMIC-9U20
"BIOTIC CHARACTER AS RELATED TO STREAM KIHERAL COHTEWT", Seel, J. K., Sr.
of the American Microscopical Society, Vol. 92, No. 3, July 1973, PP
Nine montane streams In or near deciduous forests In eastern Kentucky and
western Virginia were studied in relation to those factors involved In the level of
autotrophlsm and benthos composition present. Samples of vegetation and macrobenthos
were collected during each of several collecting trips and the water was analyzed for
08 (one time), alkalinity, hardness, Ca, MS, inorganic P, ammonia, and nitrite nitrogen.
Algae and other plants were scraped or pulled from the bottom, nacrobentboe was taken
with a Surber net from movable materials, subaerged vegetation, and along bank
overhangs, and naiad clans and crayfish were often picked up or caught by hand.
Vegetation was preserved and stored in 2-4 percent formaldehyde solutions. Diatoms
were later cleaned In acid and mounted In Hyrax. Macrobenthos was fixed in formalin,
washed with water, sorted, and stored in alcohol. Parts for microslldes were cleared
In Euparol essence and mounted in diaphane. The streams fell into two distinct classes
with respect to hardness and alkalinity - five with these values below 30 mgl (Type B
streams) and four with them exceeding 50 mgl (Type A streams). B streams contained as
much or more phosphorus and nitrogen as the A's, but bad no vegetation other than very
sparse algal growth, and, with one exception, lacked molluscs. Type A streams had
abundant flowering plants and/or algae at all seasons and well-developed mollusc
populations. Benthlc Insects also showed definite A and B characteristics, although the
two stream types had a number of forms in common. Neither degree of shading nor stream
size seemed primarily involved in scarcity of plants in B streams. Allochthonous debris
was more concentrated In B streams. In one stream system the biota changed from B to
A In character with downstream mineral increase.
AHIC-9U22
"AH AEBOFHILOUS DIATOM COMftJMTIY FROM HOCKING COUNTY, OHIO", Lowe, B. L., Colling,
G. B., Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. Vol. 92, Mo. 3, July 1973,
pp
An aerophilous winter diatom community consisting, of 1*1 taxa was dominated by
Meloslra roseana Rabh., both in terns of number of cells and bio-mass. Scanning
electron microscopy revealed details of M. roaeana auxospore and vegetative cells not
previously reported.
IHDEX TEBK5: Diatoms, Biological communities, Cjrtological studies, Aquatic habitats.
Ecological distribution, Aerobic conditions, Dominant organisms, Winter, Scanning
electron microscopy, Sample preparation, Species abundance.
AMC-9U20 (Continued)
Card ZfZ
IHDEX TERM*: Biological properties, natural streams, Benthos, Aquatic animals. Aquatic
plants, Ecological distribution, Water quality. Water chemistry, Bottom sampling,
Water sampling. Aquatic algae, Invertebrates, Systematics, Organic matter,
Mollusks, Aquatic Insects, Annelids, Crustaceans, Water analysis, Montane streams,
Mineral content. Sample preservation, Macroinvertebrates, Flatworas.
STREPTCCEPHALUS MOOHEI H. SP., A HEW FAIHSf SHRIMP (AHOSTRACA) FROM MEXICO",
Belle. P.. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. Vol. 92, No. 3,
July 1973, PP 507-512.
More titan 2OO specimens of the genus Streptocepbalus were collected in
Chihuahua, Mexico, and fixed in 70 percent ethanol.A few specimens were washed in
several changes of distilled water for 2U hr before placing them in 10 percent
formalin for 2k hr. the fairy shrimp were then prepared for study by scanning electron
microscopy. The Anostraca collected were a new species, S. moorei; the species is
fully described and compared with other species already known for the genus.
INDEX TERMS: Crustaceans, Aquatic animals, Systerotics, Speclation, Invertebrates,
Mexico, Fairy ehrlop, Streptocephalus ooorle, Animal morphology, Anostraca,
Macroinvertebrates, Scanning electron microscopy. Sample preparation, Sample
preservatl on.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9U2U
"OBSERVATIONS ON RED COLORED CELLS OF PEBIDIHIUM WISCONSINEMSE EDDY FROM BUCKHORN
LAKE, ONTARIO", Nlcholls, K. H., Transactions of the American Microscopical Society.
Vol. 92, No. 3, July 1973, PP 526T52HT " "'
Plankton camples taken from Buckhorn Lake, a eutrophlc lake, revealed that
Perldlnlum visconsinense, widely distributed in the lake, exhibited a red coloration
vhlch masked the normal yellowish-brown pigment. The dimensions of 25 cells were
I recorded to determine a relationship, if any, between cell size and the red color. The
red color of active cells in the plankton was not related to abnormally large cell size
as has been believed for other species of Perldlnium. Because the red color in active
cells appears to be the result of preparation for encystment, it Is suggested that P.
viscous inense has a cycle of encystment and excystment similar to that of P_. cine turn
f. westli.
INDEX TERMS: Dinoflagellates, Color, Life cycles, Phytoplankton, Aquatic algae,
Pyrrophyta, Canada, Eutrophication, Microscopy, Pollutant identification, Seston,
Peridinium visconsinense, Buckhorn Lake, Cell size, Flagellates.
AMIC-9U26
"TOXICITY BIOASSAY OF HEAVY METALS IN WATER USING TETRAHYMEHA PYRIFORMIS",
Carter, J. W., Cameron, I. L., Water Research, Vol. 7, Ho. 77 July 1973, PP 951-961.
The toxlcltles of five heavy metal compounds on the survival of the ciliated
protozoan Tetrahymena pyrlformis were determined. Three-day old cultured cells were
exposed to five concentrations of each test compound In one or more of three water
series; distilled, soft, and hard water. A culture of each sample was placed in a
plastic petrl dish and covered with mineral oil to prevent evaporation. The cells were
counted initially, then again at 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, and on the
fourth day. Lethal threshold concentrations and tolerance limit medians were
determined by graphic methods. On weight bases cadmium was most toxic, followed In
decreasing toxicity by mercury, cobalt, zinc, and lead. Compared to similar fish data,
all heavy metals were more toxic to T. pyrlformls except lead. The toxicity of lead In
soft versus hard water exemplified an antagonistic effect with greater than seven times
the amount of lead necessary In hard water to produce comparable mortality as lead In
oft water. On the other hand, the toxicity of mercury is about twice as great in hard
water as In soft water (a synerglstic effect). T. pyriforiels appears to be a more
enaltlve Indicator than fish of heavy metal contamination of water. T. pyrlfomls
ioeissay should prove a good means of determining the existence of many w55e?
pollutants.
IHDEX TERMS: Blolndicators, Heavy metals, Bloassay, Toxicity, Water pollution effects,
Protozoa, Cultures, Mercury, Cobalt, Zinc, Lead, Cadmium, Water (hardness), Water
pollution, Lethal limit, Invertebrates, Tetrahymena pyrlformis, Synergistlc
effects, Median tolerance limit, Culture media.
"THE CONSTRUCTION OF A SAND PROFILE SAMPLER: ITS USE IN THE STUDY OF THE VORTICELLA
POPULATIONS AND THE GENERAL INTERSTITIAL MICROFAUNA OF SLOW SAND FILTERS",
Lloyd, B., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1973, PP 963-973.
A simple and inexpensive method is described by which the component groups of
the interstitial fauna can be examined undisturbed by direct microscopy. The method has
been developed specifically to locate and enumerate the functional interstitial
mlcrofauna of slow sand filters used in water purification and it is designed to
demonstrate the spatial relations of the constituent populations as they develop In time
In a flowing system. Details of construction and methods of operating the sampler
developed in this study are given. It has the features of (1) simple construction and
time composed of cheap materials; (2) no mechanical closure device, thus no Jamming; ajid
(3) the depth distribution of living organisms being examined directly and immediately
without disturbing the column or subsampling. The sampler has been successfully applied
to monitoring the development of Protozoa and Rotifera in pilot scale and full scale
slow sand filters at the London Metropolitan Water Board's Walton and Ashford Common
Treatment Works. Results are presented for the incidence of the general microfauna and
for the development, vertical distribution and effect of flow rate on the Vorticella
populations.
INDEX TERMS: Connate water, Aquatic microorganisms, Fabrication, Protozoa, Rotifers,
Annelids, Nemtodes, Ccpepods, Aquatic populations, Sand profile sampler.
Sampling equipment. Direct sampling. Sand filters, Flatworms, Species abundance,
Vorticella spp.
AMIC-9U28
"BIODEGRADATION OF UREA IN RIVER WATERS UNDER CONTROLLED LABORATORY CONDITIONS",
Evans, W. H., David, E. J., Patterson, S. J., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 7, July
1973, PP 975-985.
The blodegradation of urea in river waters has been evaluated under laboratory
conditions. Urea will degrade to ajnnonla at a rate depending on the bacterial state of
the river water and on the water temperature. Under normal conditions no breakdown may
be expected to occur at temperatures below 8 C for I1* days contact. In river waters with
a high suspended solids content, simulating extreme winter river conditions, « majclmum
breakdown of 3-6 percent dally of the original urea levels was found for temperatures not
exceeding 8 C during the first 7 days contact.
INDEX TERMS: Ureas, Blodegradation, Laboratory tests. Natural waters. Degradation rates,
Degradation products.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9U89
"CHRONIC EFFECT OF LOW pH ON FATHEAD MINNOW SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND HE PRODUCTION",
Mount, D. I., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 7, July 1973, pp 987-993.
Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were continuously exposed to reduced pH
levels of U.5, 5.2, 5.9, 6.6 and 7.5 (control) during a 13-month, one-generation test
In order to measure the effect of such exposure on reproduction and growth of these
fish. Since the TL sub 50 to the minnows was close to U.o, two acute tests were
performed in the same system after the chronic test to determine the lethal pH.
Survival was not affected, even at the lowest pH tested. Fish behavior was abnormal,
and fish were deformed at pH It.5 and 5.2. Egg production and egg hatchabllity were
reduced at pH 5.9 and lower, and all eggs were abnormal. A pH of 6.6 was marginal for
vital life functions, but safe for continuous exposure. Free carbon dioxide, liberated
by the addition of sulfuric acid to reduce the pH, may have had an unknown effect. The
fish did not become acclimated to low pH levels. The TL sub 50 values in the acute
tests were U.05 and U.2. In one test all fish died in the chamber maintained between
pH 3.6 and 3.8, while all survived In pH U.5-U.6. In the other test 20 percent survived
pH k.lJi.3 and none died at I+.5. Since exact lethal levels were not essential and pH
control was very difficult, no further refined testing was done.
INDEX TERMS: Hydrogen Ion concentration, Fish physiology, Toxielty, Water pollution
effects, Bloassay, Growth stages, Animal growth. Fish behavior, Fish reproduction,
Fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, Survival, Median tolerance limit,
v Teratogenicity.
AMIC-9U30
"THE REALITY OF THREE BRITISH BIOTIC INDICES", Sladecek, V., Water Research.
Vol. 7, No. 1, July 1973, PP 995-1002.
In Great Britain three indices are used for classification of streams according
to benthic Invertebrates: the Trent River Board Blotic Index (Woodlwlss, 196U), the
Lothlans River Purification Board Index (Graham, 1965) and the Score-System (Chandler,
-970). All these indices are based in reality on the saproblc system of Kolkwitz and
fersson (1902, 1908, 1909) and Its modern developments, mainly the saprobic Index by
Pantle and Buck (1955) and the saprobic valency by Zelinka, Marvan and Kubicek (1959).
•here is no substantial difference among the procedures named and the results are
omparable among themselves as pointed out in this paper. The British Indices deal only
1th a part of the whole extent of water quality and are restricted to running waters.
NDEX TERMS: Natural streams, Benthic fauna, Invertebrates, Biolndicators, Aquatic
Insects, Water quality, Annelids, Crustaceans, Mollusks, Growth stages, Neaatodes,
Blotic index, Saprobic index, »ater mites, Species abundance, Jfacrolnvertebrates,
Flatworms.
'VATER QUALITY CRITERIA FOR EUROPEAN FRESHWATER FISH. REPORT ON AMMONIA AND INLAND
FISHERIES", Water Research. Vol. 7, Ho. 7, July 1973, PP 1011-1022.
The purpose of this review is to summarize the state of knowledge on the effect
of ammonia on fish, to determine whether firm criteria can be established, and to
indicate areas where further research Is required. Data were primarily from European
sources. The survey shows that sewage effluent and effluents from certain industries
and from agriculture are conraon sources of ammonia in water. Of the parameters
investigated (pH, C02, DO, hardness, alkalinity, temperature, and salinity), It is
found that the harmful effects of ammonia on fish were related to the pH value and the
temperature of the water due to the fact that only the un-lonized fraction of ammonia
is poisonous. The un-ionized fraction increases with rising pH value, and with rising
temperature. Fish differ slightly in their tolerance to ammonia depending on species.
The difference in tolerance being more significant for short periods of exposure. The
difference In tolerance is, however, not great enough to justify different criteria for
different species. The lowest toxic concentration found for salmonlds is 0.2 mg
NH3/1 (un-ionized), but other adverse effects caused by prolonged exposure are only
absent at concentrations lower than 0.025 mg NH3/1 (un-ionized). Concentrations of tota
ammonia which contain this amount of un-lonized anmonia vary from 19.6 mg/1 (pH 7.0,
5 C) to 0.12 mg/1 (pH 8.5, 30 C). The criterion should not be applied to temperatures
below 5 C or to pH values above 8.5 when other factors have to be taken into
consideration.
INDEX TERMS: Hater quality standards, Ammonia, Freshwater fish, Toxicity, Water
temperature, Hydrogen Ion concentration, Water pollution sources.
AMIC-91*36
"EFFECT OF COPPER AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM ON THE SPECIFIC GROWTH RATE OF CILIATA
ISOLATED FROM ACTIVATED-SLUDGE", Sudo, P., Alba, £., Water Research, Vol. 7, No. 9,
September 1973, PP 1301-1307.
Three species of protozoa, Vortlcella mierostoma, Colpidium campylum, and
Operculajla sp., which commonly occur in activated sludge, were cultured in the
presence of copper and hexavalent chromium to determine the effect of these metals on
growth rates. Alcallgenes faeealls, which was found to be essentially unaffected by
Cu and Cr, was added to mass and monoxenic cultures of protozoa as the sole food source.
Metallic concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 1.6 mg Cu/1 and 0.10 to 51.2 mg Cr/1 which
were added as copper sulfate and potassium dlchromate. The term IL sub m (median
inhibitory limit) was used to define the metal concentration required to reduce the
specific growth rate of protozoa to one-half of that of a. control. The IL sub m for
copper was: 0.25 mg/1 (V. mlcrostoma), 0.32 mg/1 (C. campylum). and 0.27 mg/1
(Opercularia sp.). Regarding hexavalent chromium, IL sub m for V. mierostoma,
C. campy 1x57 and Opercularia sp. were 0.53, 12.9 and 20.2 mg/1, respectively.
Acclimation of each protozoa to these metals for 96 hr resulted in IL sub m enhanced
values of 1.2-2.2 times as large as that for the control.
INDEX TERMS: Protozoa, Bioassay, Toxiclty, Copper, Chromium, Growth rates, Vorticella
microotoma, Colpidium carapylum, Opercularia.
1*0
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
MCC-9U39
"STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL DATA FROM PREOPESATIONAL-POSTOPEBATI01IAL
INDUSTRIAL WATEP QUALITY MONITORING", Jensen, A. L., Water Research, Vol. 7, So. 9,
September 1973, PP 1331-13>t7.
Trends in data on aquatic populations can be assessed using simple statistical
methods and plotting results on control charts. The procedure was developed
specifically to monitor the effects of Industrial water, e.g. from power plants, on
water quality based upon preoperational and postoperational data. Since many
conditions cause changes in populations, the control charts are constructed with action
limits which specify normal deviations of data. A statistical method is given to
eliminate seasonal fluctuations in data. When data fall outside the action limits, a
disturbance in the system is suspected. Since sampling of bottom fauna on the basis
of transects in statistically unsound, a procedure of stratified sampling was developed
for calculating statistical values on the basis of subpopulations. Use of the
procedure is demonstrated with data from Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant which is being
constructed by TVA on Wheeler Reservoir in northern Alabama. It Is shown that stream
monitoring can detect only relatively large changes that occur in aquatic populations.
IHDEX TERMS: Monitoring., Water pollution effects, Aquatic populations, Statistical
methods, Control charts, Data Interpretation.
AMIC-9W»0
'BOTTOM FAUNA CHANGES DURING ARTIFICIAL RESERVOIR DESTRATIFICATION", Lackey, R. T.,
Hater Research. Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 131*9-1356.
Parvin Lake, Colorado, a 19 ha mesotrophic reservoir with mnxlimiin depth of 10
m and mean depth of k.k m, was studied to evaluate the effects of thermal
destratification (aeration) on bottom fauna. Identical sampling programs were carried
out during a control year (Nov 1968-Oct 1969) and a treatment year (Hov 1969-Oct 1970).
Samples were collected with an Ekman dredge, sieved through a wash bucket and the
organisms separated by sugar flotation and rose ben^.1 dyeing. Sampling sites (U) were
selected on the basis of previous studies, preliminary sampling, and depth. Four
macrobenthlc species were abundant during the study: Asellus intermedlus (isopod),
;haoborus sp. (phantom midge), Hyalella azteca (amphlpod), and Lumbrlculus ineonstans
"hironomidae were present and treated collectively.
annelid). Several species of
•alella significantly Increased in abundance in shallow water during destratification
ironomld larvae declined in abundance In the profundal zone during destratification
n Winter and Summer. Asellus. Chaoborus, and Lumbrieulus were not significantly
Itered in abundance during destratification.
INDEX TERMS: Benthic fauna, Aquatic populations, Aeration, Destratification, Midges,
Isopods, Amphipoda, Annelids, Diptera.
"Alf INTRODUCTION TO THE PKYTOPLAKKTON, PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND RELEVANT HYDROGRAPHY
OF LOCH ETIVE", Wood, B. J. B., Tett, P. B., Edvards, A., Journal of Ecology.
Vol. 61, No. 2, July 1973, PP 569-585.
Primary productivity was measured in Loch Etive for the purpose of estimating
the contribution of phytoplankton to the carbon cycle. The meteorology and hydrography
were also assessed. Phytoplankton was collected at various depths in plastic water
bottles, filtered, pigment extracted, and chlorophyll and ptin measured by
fluorescence. Phytoplankton was identified and counted under the microscope. Primary
production was measured by the C-lU method. The loch has a large catchment area, and
inflowing freshwater reduces average salinity. Analysis of currents in terms of a
two-layer system shows that separation of the deep (salty landwards flowing) and surface
(brackish, seawards flowing) layers proceeds at 6-8 km/day. The upper 10 m of the water
column corresponds approximately to the brackish and the euphotic zone. Standing crop
in this zone of the lower loch ranged from about 7 to about 250 mg C/cu m based on
pigment measurements. Skeletonema eostatum was the dominant phytoplankter but small j
flagellates were also Important. About 70 g C/sq m/yr is a rough estimate of gross •
annual primary production in the euphotic zone of the lower basin. A number of factors j
qualify this value, most important being difficulties in measuring CO2 concentrations,
and day-to-day fluctuations in light intensity. Light is considered to be the most
important limiting factor in the loch, and the effects of the wet west highland climate
dominate the ecology of the phytoplankton.
INDEX TERMS: Blonass, Phytoplankton, Primary productivity, Carbon cycle, Diatoms,
Dominant organisms. Light intensity.
AMIC-9475
"TflE RELATIONSHIP OF ENZYME KINETIC HETEROTROPHY ANALYSIS TO OTHER EUTHOPHICATIOK
INDICES", Koob, D. D., Utah State University, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station,
Logan, Utah, Research Report No. 11, June 1973, lU pp. NTIS Report No. PB-221 S'K).
Three locations In Bear Lake, an ultraoligotrophic like on the Utah-Idaho
border, were sampled for five eutrophication indicators - primary productivity, total
bacterial concentrations, coliform concentrations, V sub t values, and dark uptake
rates for inorganic carbon. In general, samples from the northern and central water
gyres of the lake were similar, but different from samples from the southern gyre. No
numerically significant correlations were found between any two of the parameters tested,
although similar weekly patterns of change were noted for dark uptake of inorganic
carbon and V sub t values at two of the locations. Hi^iest rates of carbon fixation
(both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic) and of organic carbon uptake occurred
at the location nearest concentrated human occupation. High values for coliform
counts, V sub t values, and primary productivity occurred during periods of high
tourist activity. A stimulatory influence of Swan Cree Inflow on prinery productivity
was Indicated.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Oligotrophy, Trophic level, Bear Lake, Enzyme kinetic
heterotrophy, Eutrophication index.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF LAKE WINGRA", Koonce, J. F., Teraguchi, M., Baumann, P. C.,
et a.1., University or Wisconsin, Laboratory at Limnology, Midlson, Wlscoaflln, Report
Mo. EPA-R3-73-OUU, August 1973, 118 pp,
An investigation of seasonal changes in species diversity and biomaas of
phytoplankton, zooplsnkton, benthos, and fish In Lake Wingra, Sbdlson, Wisconsin, was
conducted during 1970 and 1971. The objective of this study was to obtain ecological
! data on the biological components of an aquatic ecosystem and to utilize these data
I along with concurrent chemical data to aid the development of systems models of nutrient
j and energy fluxes in lake drainage basins. Interpretations of data gathered during this
study reveal several important considerations for models of lake systems «"^ future
studies of Lake Wingra. Phytoplankton associations, for example, appear to tie adaptive,
self -organizing systems. Such behavior suggests the possibility to apply optimization
principles to phytoplankton models. The data suggest, furthermore, that optimization
analysis can be based on size particle distributions of the phytoplankton, which, rather
than species, appears to be the basis of phytoplankton categories. Zooplankton and
benthos analyses, on the other hand, indicate that energy and nutrient fluxes my be
adequately approximted by simulating only a few species. Finally, results of fish
studies imply that models of whole lake ecosystems must account for the mobility of
predators in estimating their impact on prey populations, which should be characterized
by differing spatial and temporal susceptibility to predatlon.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Benthos, Freshwater fish, Biology, Blomass,
Cycling nutrients, tnergy budget, rfodel studies. Ecological distribution, Primary
productivity, BlorhtW.s, Standing crops, Fish food organisms, water chefolstry,
easonal variation, Species
sources.
THE BIOLOGY OF JLUE-GREEH ALGAE, Carr, If. G., Whitton, B. A. (Editors), Botanical
Monographs, VolT 9, Blaekwell Scientific Publications, London, England, 1972, 676 pp.
, ., ,
Dominant orranisms, Energy conversion. Lake Wingra, Seasonal
diversity, Species abundance, seasonal succession, Nutrient s
'BIOLOGICAL FIELD ADD LABORATORY METHODS FOR mSURING THE QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS
AND EFFLUENTS", Weber, C. I. (Ed.), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, Report No. EPA-670/U-73-001, July 1973,
187 PP.
This manual contelos biological methods selected by a committee of biologists
for use In routine field and laboratory works in fresh and marine waters during
short-term enforcement studies, water quality trend monitoring, effluent testing and
-eseareh projects. These methods are considered to be the best that are presently
ivailable.
INDEX TERMS: Analytical techniques, Water quality, Monitoring, Methodology, Plankton,
On-site tests, Laboratory tests. Pollutant identification, Periphyton, Aquatic
life, Fish, Toxlcity, Aquatic plants, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton, Biomass, Chemical
analysis, Aquatic algae, Aquatic bacteria, Rotifers, Protozoa, Crustaceans,
Standing crops, Bioassay, Bibliographies, Biolndicators, Model studies. Resistance,
Aquatic insects. Invertebrates, Annelids, Mollusks, Water pollution effects,
Fishing AniBB.1 physiology, Plant physiology, Data interpretation, Macrolnvert*-
brates, Biometrics, Sampling techniques, Sample preparation, Quantitative analysis,
Sample preservation.
This volume gives an account of most aspects of blue-green «ipii biology that
are of general interest, or are currently the subject of particularly marked activity.
Scoe of the topics are: 'Synthesis of Metabolic Intermediates' - A.J. Smith;
'Metabolic Control and Autotrophic Physiology1 - N.G. Carr; ' Photosynthetic Reactions
and Components of Thy lako ids' - D.W. Krognann; 'Fine Structure and Chemical
Composition of the Cell Envelopes' - G. Drews; 'Cytochemical Examination1 - G.W. Funs;
•Lipid Composition and Metabolism1 - B.W. Nichols; 'Biliprotelns and Bile Pigments' -
D.J. Chapman; 'Mutagenesls and Genetic Recombination1 - C. Van Baalen; 'Phyeoriruses' -
R.S. Saffertnon; 'The Heterocyst1 - P. Fay; Nitrogen Fixation1 - w.D.P. Stewart; 'Gas
Vacuoles' - A.E. Walobyj 'Freshwater Plankton1 - B.A. Whitton; 'Physiology and Ecology
of terine Blue-Green Ai^e1 - G. E. Fogg; "Ecology of Blue-Green Algae in Hot Springs' -
R.W. Castenholz; "Interactions with Other Organisms' - B.A. Vhltton; "The
Relationship between Blue-Green Algae and Carbonate Deposits' - S. Golubic; 'Status of
Classical Taxoncmy1 - T.V. Desikachary; 'Evolutionary and Ecological Aspects of the
Cyanophytes' - T.D. Brock; 'Autotrophy and Heterotrophy in Unicellular Blue-Green
Algae1 - R.Y. Stanier; 'Culture Collections' - J. Komarek; 'Notes of Isolation and
Laboratory Culture' - H.G. Carr, J. Komarek, B.A. Whitton; 'Continuous Culture of
Filamentous Blue-Green Al^.e' - J. Thomas; 'Mass Cultivation of Anacystis nldulans' -
F. Juttner.
INDEX TERMS: Cytologlcal studies, Phytoplankton, Aquatic algae, Cyanophyta, Marine
algae, Ecology, Soil algae, Nuisance algse, Biology, Chemical composition.
"THEORETICAL EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL DESTRATIFICATION ON ALGAL FROBUCTICW IN
IMPOUHDjeNTS", Lorenzen, M,, Mitchell, R., Environmental Science and Technology,
vol. 7, Ho. 10, October 1973, pp 939-9^.
Artificial mixing is an important tool in the management of eutrophic lakes
and reservoirs. Theoretical models of phytoplankton production are briefly reviewed
and a model for application to mixed impoundments is derived. The model considers both
nutrient depletion and the balance between photosynthesis and respiration %s potential
hiooiasa limiting factors. The results of model calculations show that nutrient limited
blcnass Is directly proportional to the depth of mixing, vhereas light-limited peak
bionass decreases linearly with increased depth of mixing. It is believed that in
Impoundment* where artificial destratlflcation is a successful control technique,
nutrient limited algal blooms are replaced by light-limited blooms of smaller
magnitude. The most important variables are the depth available for mixing and the
attenuation of light in the water column.
INDEX T£RK5: Destratlflcation, Impoundments, Primary productivity. Effects, Limiting
factors, Eutrophication, Depth, Model studies, Nutrient depletion, Artificial
mixing.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9520
"CARBON DIOXIDE AHD PH: EFFECT ON SPECIES SUCCESSION OF ALGAE", Goldman, J. C.,
Shapiro, J., Science. Vol. 182, No. 1*109, October 19, 1973, PP 306-307.
Arguments are presented to refute Shapiro's hypothesis (see AMIC-6551)
that predominance of blue-green algae results from a lowering of aqueous C02
concentration as the pH rises In natural waters. Three objections are presented!
(1) that algal growth is not controlled by free C02 concentrations, (2) that the pH can
affect the availability of nutrients other than CO2, and (3) that the result of changing
the pH may be through its effects on algal enzymes that may be involved in nutrients
transport. Shapiro's responses to these objections are also presented.
INDEX TERMS: Limiting factors, Dominant organisms, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen ion
concentration, Succession.
AMIC-9525
"ACUTE TOXICITY OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE TO THE COMMON GUPPY", Slonim, A. R., Jounal
Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, Ho. 10, October 1973, pp 2110-2122.
The acute toxlcity of beryllium sulfate solutions to gupples was determined
in five static bioassays. Other bioassays evaluated those factors that may affect the
median tolerance limits such as the fish age, increase of pH, and previous exposure to
beryllium. Some preliminary radloberyllium studies on Be uptake in guppies are
presented to gain some Insight into the mechanism of Be toxlcity. The 96-hour
median tolerance limit was 20.3 ng/1 in hard water and 0.19 mg/1 in soft water. Acute
toxiclty was independent of fish age but reduced to seme extent by buffering the
solutions. Proper preexposure conditioning significantly Increased the tolerance of
gupples to very toxic concentrations. Radio-beryllium data on exposed fish and some
.ndirldual organs, as well as on the effects of various factors on beryllium uptake,
were reviewed in conjunction with the toxicity data. These results indicate that the
.oxicity and lethality may not depend on the amount of beryllium concentrated within
;he fish, but more likely on the effect on a particular target organ or cellular or
subcellular component.
INDEX TERMS: Toxlcity, Beryllium, Bioassay, Water pollution effects, Age, Absorption,
Environmental effects, Water chemistry, Guppy, Median tolerance limit,
Bloaccumulatlon, Lebistes reticulatus, Beryllium sulfate, Beryllium radiolsotopes,
Data interpretation.
AMTCJ9587
"ERECTS OF RESIDUAL CHLORUE OH AQUATIC LITE", BrungS, W. A., Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation. Vol. 1*5, Mo. 10, October 1973, PP 2180-21931
Increased use of chlorine and recent studies of residual chlorine toxiclty in
aquatic systems have emphasized the need for close scrutiny of present disinfection
procedures. This review discusses chlorine uses and chlorine chemistry and
emphasizes toxiclty studies In the field and in the laboratory. Interim criteria,
based on knowledge to date, for permissible concentrations of total residual chlorine
are: (1) in areas receiving wastes treated continuously with chlorine, not to exceed
0.01 mg/1 for the protection of more resistant organisms only, or not to exceed 0.002
mg/1 for the protection of most aquatic organisms; and (2) in areas receiving
intermittently chlorinated wastes, not to exceed 0.2 mg/1 for a period of 2 hr/day for
more resistant species of fish, or not exceed -O.OU mg/1 for a period of 2 hr/day for
trout and salmon. If free chlorine persists, more restrictive criteria are warranted.
Alternate procedures or substitutes for chlorination should be investigated.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic life, Water pollution effects. Industrial wastes. Pollutant
identification, Waste water (pollution), Municipal wastes, Toxicity, Aquatic
animals, On-slte tests. Laboratory tests, Chlorination, Methodology, Lethal
limit, Mortality, Waste water treatment, Effluents, Marine animals, J-brine
plants, Persistence, Aquatic plants, Chlorine residual, Species diversity,
Dechlorlnatlon.
A MIC-9529
"TOTAL DISSOLVED ELECTROLYTE EFFECTS ON PtRIPHYTCN", Dickman, M., Journal Water
Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 45, No. 10, October 1973, pp 2211-2215.
Periphyton are good pollution indicators because they, unlike many fish and
bottom fauna, cannot leave an area during severe pollution *.nd return after conditions
have improved. A study was made of the periphyton above and below a sulflte pulp and
paper mill, and continuous conductivity monitoring supplemented the data collected on
pH, temperature, alkalinity, oxygen, and turbidity. Results shoved no significant
differences in any of the water chemistry parameters above or below the pulp mill.
The continuous monitoring, however, revealed peak values for conductivity belov the
mill that were not duplicated above the mill. The peaks indicated a change In one or
more of the parameters that could not be found using random sampling techniques.
IHDEX TERMS: Periphyton, Electrolytes, Dissolved solids, Water polluticn effects,
Liquid wastes, Pulp wastes, Sessile algae, Water chemistry, Bioindlcatore
Monitoring, Protozoa, Salts, Data interpretation.
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2. BIOLOGICXL METHODS
AMIC-9530
"ENVIHONNENTAL CONTROL OF PHYTOPIANKTUN CELL SIZE", Parsons, T. R., Takahashi, M.,
Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973, PP 511-515.
On the basis of ecological and physiological data, those determinate factors
contributing to phytoplankton cell size are the: (1) rate of nitrate or ammonia input
to the cell, (2) extinction coefficient of the water, (3) mixed layer depth, (U) light
intensity, (5) sinking rate of phytoplankton, and (6) upwelllng velocity of the water.
Two different sized species of phytoplankton, the large Dltylum brlgtatwellii and the
small Coccollthus huxleyi, were used to demonstrate this phenomenon mathematically.
From the results obtained it was apparent that the growth rates for C, huxleyi are
higher than those for D. brightwellii In areas which are known to be~predcmlnated by
small-celled phytoplankton (e.g. stable subtropical seas such as the Sargasso Sea and
temperate waters such as the subarctic Pacific). On the other hand the larger
phytoplankton species shows a higher growth rate in areas of tropical and antarctic
upwelllng as well as in coastal environments; this also is in general agreement with
current observations.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Environmental effects, Physiological ecology. Plant growth,
Growth rates, Limiting factors, Marine algae, Cell size.
AMIC-9531
"IMFLUENCE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON: DIATOhE",
Prakssh, A., fiashid, M. A., Jensen, A., et al., Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 18, No. *S July 1973, pp 516-521*.
Humlc compounds Isolated from brownish water of a mangrove swamp and from Fucus
veslculoaus and Laminaria digitata were studied in relation to their Influence on the
jrowth of axenlc aixl nonaxenic marine diatom cultures. Growth was measured by
estimation of cell numbers and volumes at frequent intervals In a Coulter counter
equipped with a volume converter. Responses to humic additives were determined by
exposing the cultures to 1 Or 5 microCi of activity Of C-lU added as C-lU-Na2HC03 and
ncubatlng them at 10 C and U klux light intensity for 2-k hr. The activity was
measured with a thin-window gas-flow counter. Chlorophyll a content was also measured.
he humic and fulvic iclds extracted from decomposed residues of the two littoral
marine algae and from mangrove leachates, stimulated the growth of a number of marine
latoms. This stimulatory effect was dependent on the concentration as well as the
molecular size of the humic additive. Low molecular size fractions at low
oncentrations generated the maximum growth responses, as evidenced by increased cell
ield, growth rate, chlorophyll concentration, and radiocarbon assimilation.
NDEX TERMS: Humic acids, Fulvic acids, Diatoms, Growth rates. Water pollution,
Laboratory tests, Phaeophyta., Plant growth, Mangrove swamps. Cell volume.
Chlorophyll a, Culture media, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9532
"FBfTONEUETON ECOLOGY OF A TEMPERABE MARINE LAGOON", Hardy, J. T., Limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. k, July 1973, PP 525-533-
Comparison of neuston (upper OA cm) and plankton (10 cm deep) water samples
frcm a. temperate marine lagoon and an adjacent, less sheltered bay Indicates that: (l)
the surface microlayer exhibits greater and more rapid environmental fluctuations than
the subsurface water; (2) no abundant phytoneuston populations develop outside the
lagoon; (3) in the main lagoon fairly abundant phytoneuston populations develop; (U)
phytoneuston populations are most developed in the shallow sheltered pond area of the
lagoon, particularly in summer; (5) taxonomic diversity is generally lower and donlnanci
greater In well-developed phytoneuston populations than in underlying phytoplankton
populations; (6) photosynthetic assimilation ratios are greater in phytoneuston than in
phytoplankton populations. (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. k,
July 1973, PP 525-533. Copyright 1973 by the American Society of "Limnology and
Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Lagoons, Temperate, Ecology, Phytoplankton, Bays, Dominant organisms,
Primary productivity, Standing crops, Biological communities, Protozoa, Marine
algae, Marine environment, Phytoneuston, Sample preservation. Sample preparation,
Species diversity, Species abundance, Sllicoflagellate3.
AMIC-9533
"A STUDY OF PLANKTON DYNAMICS AND NUTRIENT CYCLING IN THE CENTRAL GYRE OF THE
NOROH PACIFIC OCEAN", Eppley, R. W., Renger, E. H., Venrick, E. L., et al.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973f PP 53^-551.
The dynamics of phytoplankton growth in relation to nutrient concentrations
were studied in the subtropical central gyre of the North Pacific in November 1971.
Rates of excretion of phosphate, ammonium, and urea-N by zooplankton and rates of
assimilation of carbon, nitrate, ammonium, and urea-N by phytoplankton were measured.
The growth rate of phytoplankton was estimated to be about 0.2-0.3 doublings/day in the
70-80-JB mixed layer, apparently limited by concentrations of both nitrogen and
phosphate. Only nitrogen concentration was so limiting at a station near the western
edge of the California Current. No diel changes in concentrations of ambient nutrients
were observed. Urea-nitrogen appears to be an important source of nitrogen for
phytoplankton growth in these waters and to be an important excretory product of
zooplankton. Concentrations of phosphate and ammonium were extremely low, but turnover
tines were estimated to be of the order 3-5 days for ammonium and greater than 10 days
for urea and phosphate. Blomass of phytoplankton in the mixed layer was also very low,
and corresponded approximately to that expected if a laboratory culture were operated
as a nitrogen-limited ohemostat with a concentration of about O.U8 microgratt-atom
N/llter in the incoming culture medium and a dilution rate of about 0.13 per day.
Physiological differences were noted between the phytoplankton in the mixed layer and
that living below the thermocllne, B.S were differences in chemical composition (ratio of
CiChl a and C;N). (Reprinted from Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973,
PP 53"*~551. Copyright 1973 by the American Soceity of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9533 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Cycling nutrients, Zooplankton, Phytoplankton, Growth rates, Limiting
factors, Pacific Ocean, Photosynthesis, Mlxollonlon, Phosphates, Nitrogen, Bl
Water pollution, Water analysis, Vitamins, Trace elements, Carbon, Excretion
rates, Assimilation rates, Data Interpretation, Chemical composition.
AMIC-9531*
"REGRESSIONS BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC JffiASUHEMSTE IS THE EASTERN
TROPICAL PACIFIC AMD THEIR SIGNIFICANCE TO ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY", Blackburn, M.,
Limnology and Oceanography. Vol. 18, Bo. U, July 1973, pp 552-563.
Simple regressions of various standing stocks on each other and on primary
productivity were compared by covariance analysis for different seasons, latitudes, and
longitudes in the eastern tropical Pacific. The stock of zooplankton varies
significantly with that of chlorophyll a to a power less than 1.0 In all seasons and
areas, and It is shown that a similar relation probably exists between the
corresponding rates of dally production. A similar relation holds In the regression
of standing stock of fish-cephalopod micronekton, suitably lagged, on stock of
zooplankton. Thus the relative amount of organic matter transferred from one trophic
level to another probably decreases with an Increase of stock and production at the
lower level so that ecological efficiency is higher in oligotrophic than In eutrophic
situations, In tropical oceans. Standing stock of chlorophyll a varies significantly
with primary productivity to a power less than 1.0. The stock of crustacean
micronekton sometimes varies with the stock of chlorophyll a to a power greater than
10 which is Interpreted as a feeding aggregation. (Reprinted from Limnology and
Oceanography. Vol. ^8, No. U. July 1973, PP 552-?63. Copyright 1973 by thelmerlcan
g^y^ffrmnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner. )
TNDEX TERMS'
Pacific Ocean, Standing crops. Primary productivity, Regression analysis,
properties Tropical regions, Zooplankton, Temporal distribution,
' Chlorophyll I, Ecological distribution, Latitudinal studies.
AfflC-9535
tRAZDK OF PSEUDCCAIANUS HDKTHB 0V NATURALLY OCCURRING PARTICULAR MATTER",
Poulet, S. A.. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, Ho. U, July 1973, PP 56**-573-
The quantity and size of particulate natter consumed by Pse"^<^~«'''>nua nlnutus
were studied In seawater samples collected fnan different depths and from closely
spaced stations. The heterogeneity In particle distribution resulted from quantitative
and qualitative fluctuations In the particle spectrum, although at times the total
concentration was about the same. Pseudocalanus minutus consumed particles between b
and 1OO microns. An electlvity Index value was more often positive for 25.^-57.0-mieron
particles. On the average, particles less than 39 microns were more readily eaten than
larger particles. The consumption by copepods at different locations was related not
only to particle concentration but also to the pattern of the particle size spectrum.
PseudoM''l°'T'A" was able to shift its grazing pressure from amnii to large particles to
compensate for a reduction In density of snail particles. (Reprinted from Limnology
and Oceanography. Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973, PP 56U-573. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the
copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Grazing, Food habits, Laboratory tests. Particle size, Selectivity,
Browse utilization, Partlculate matter, Pseudocalanus minutus, Bedford Basin,
Vertical distribution, Particle concentration.
A NEW M5THOD FOR THE ESTDttTION OF ABSOLUTE MCROFOSSIL NUMBERS, WITH REFERENCE
ESPECIALLY TO DIATOMS", Battarbee, R. W., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18,
Ho. U, July 1973, PP W-653.
Random distribution of diatoms for estimation of absolute mlcrofossll
numbers can be obtained using an evaporation tray with depressions to hold four cover
slips. A measured quantity of well mixed suspension Is added to the tray and allowed
to evaporate without disturbance. The cover slips can then be removed or the samples
mounted directly by Inverting a slide with mountant on the cover slips. Statistical
analyses of randomness and variance showed that the technique is statistically reliable.
Procedures are given for utilizing these data In combination with data on water content,
sediment density, and deposition rate to produce meaningful results. Data obtained
for Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland suggest a relationship between Increasing total
diatom deposition, increasing Importance of alkallbiontlc species in fossil diatom
communities, and the possible progress of eutrophlcatlon.
INDEX TERMS: Diatoms, Cytologies! studies, Sample preparation, Counting.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
"A PORTABLE APPARATUS FOR MEASURING RELATIVE GAS VACUOLATIOH, THE STREHGTH OF
GAS VACUQLES, AND TURGOR PRESSURE IN PLANKTOHIC BIKE-GREEN ALGAE AMD BACTERIA",
Walsby, A. E., Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 18, Ho. U, July 1973, PP 653-658.
An apparatus developed to measure gas vacuolatlon, strength of 0ts vacuoles,
and cell turgor pressure in blue-green algae and bacteria is based on the finding that
a quasi-quantitative estimate of gas vacuoles can be obtained from the decrease In
turbidity when gas vacuoles are collapsed by application of pressure. The apparatus
comprises three main parts: a cylinder of compressed gaa connected to a gas inlet
system with a gauge to monitor the pressure, which is connected to a pressure-resistant
glass nephelometer tube housed in a nephelcmeter; and a battery-powered millivolt meter
with amplifier, monitoring the output of the nephelometer photocell. Readings are made
by admitting gas In steps of 50 kN/sq. m to a final pressure of l.U MR/sq m and recording
turbidity at each step. Cell turgor pressure is determined with a second sample
containing sucrose solution at a concentration of 0.5 M. The pressure required to
collapse the vacuoles Is equal to the cell turgor pressure. The relative degree of gas
vacuolatlon can be estimated from the ratio delta T sub a to T sub c, where delta T sub
a is the change In turbidity when all vacuoles are collapsed and T sub c is the turbidity
due to the cells remaining after collapsing nil gas vacuoles. The equipment Is
portable and costs about 560 dollars for parts.
INDEX TERMS: Cyanophyta,
pressure.
Mechanical equipment, Bacteria, Gaa vacuolatlon, Turgor
AMC-95W*
"PATTERNS OF RADIOCARBON UPTAKE BY A THERHDPHILIC BLUE-GREEK ALGA UNDER VARYING
CONDITIONS OF IMCUBATIOB", Sperling, J. A., Hale, G. M., Limnology and Oceanography.
Vol. 18, Ho. U, July 1973, PP 658-662.
In vitro and fast (Uo cm/sec), and alow (1-3 cm/sec) flow in situ methods of
sampling vere compared by measuring the primary productivity of tfaatlgocladus
laminosufl Cohn using each procedure. Current effect and the mechanics of in vitro
Incubation were distinguished by comparing the distributions of radioactivity within
the cores. Thick (lf.5-^.6 mm) and thin (10-1.5 «m) mats were grown on styrofoam In
aquaria and transferred to a laboratory stream model fox in situ tests. For In vitro
tests samples were taken with a steel cork borer, placed In 20-*1 screwcap vials,
and the vials placed In the stream model. C-lU-labeled HaHC03 was Introduced into
the stream and samples taken for radioactivity counts after 3 and 9 hours. The data
sujwest that the in vitro technique for determining radiocarbon primary productivity
ofthermophillc algae that form gelatinous mats In Justified, whether the cores be
thick or thin, when the core is composed entirely of algae free from bacteria or
substratum. Under these conditions the total uptake of In vitro Incubation* approaches
that of in situ incubations. Where cores are bounded by bacteria or substratum,
estimates of primary productivity may by underrated by the In vitro technique.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Primary productivity, On-slte tests, Cyanophyta, In vitro tests,
Mastlgocladus lamlnosus.
"DECOMPOSITION OF MAMIE COPEFODS", Harding, G. C. H., Limnology and Oceanography.
Vol. 18, Ho. k, July 1973, PP 670-673.
AH the first step in establishing the proportion of net damaged to dead
cppepods In plankton tows, experiments were conducted to Investigate the rate of
decomposition of dead animals. Sauries of Calanus flnmarchlcus, which had been
killed by suffocation, were sealed In 30-ml vials containing Halifax water at 1* C or
Sargasso Sea surface water at 22 C. Additional tests were conducted In which
Calanus were sterilized by guma radiation or autoclaving. The irradiated Calanus
were also incubated at 20-22 C in. seawater filtered through a 0.22-micron filter.
One vial of each series was opened at 21* hour intervals, until decomposition and the
carcasses stained for bacteria with carbol thlonln. The material was stained on a
O.U5-micron filter which was later mounted in Permount on a glass slide. Rod-shaped
bacteria decomposed dead Culnnus within 11 days in k C Halifax water and within 3
days in 22 C Sargasso Sea water. In both cases Initial infection occurred on the
exoakeleton and apparently progressed into the organisms through the mouth. The
urosome and internal extremities were the last to be attacked. Samples in filtered
seawater were covered with small coccoid bacteria after k<) days, but copepod tissues
were »n distinguishable. Collection of surface corpses by net is thought to be
Impossible after the first day of death In subtropical waters and beyond the sixth day
in temperate coastal waters.
INDEX TERMS: Blodegradation, Sampling, Copepods, Sea water, Bacteria.
'^OBSERVATIONS OH UPSTREAM MIGRATION BY IMAGINES OF SOME PLECOPTERA AND
EPHEMEBQFTERA", Madsen, B. L., Bengtson, J., Butz, I., Limnology and Oceanography,
Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973, PP 678-681.
The migration of the Imagines of some stream Insects was investigated using
sticky traps prepared with transparent polyethylene sheets to which hud been applied a
layer of sticky adhesive (Tanglefoot). Hie sheets were set up transversely over the
stream, using a wooden frame or wires with one sticky side facing upstream and the
other downstream. The plecopteran Braohyptera rial showed upstream migration;
Hemoura sp. did not. The ephemeropterans Caenls rlvulorum, Baetis (rhodanl and
vernusf, and Eph*""*rella Ignlta °Tj showed upstream migration.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic Insects, Mature growth stage, Migration patterns, Mayflies,
Stonefllea, Upstream, Downstream, Imagines.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-955U
"BIOLOGICAL MODELS OF FRESHWATER COMMUNITIES", Taub, F. B., UnlTerslty of Washington,
College of Fisheries, Seattle, Washington, Report No. EPA-660/3-73-O08, August 1973,
8l pp.
Data from continuous cultures of an alga (Chlamydomonas reinhardtil) and
protozoan (Tetrahymena vorax) have been used to construct a model of algpl atjryHr^g crop
over ranges of light intensity, dilution rate, and nutrient concentration both In the
absence and presence of predation by the protozoa. The model has been used to
demonstrate response surfaces for the steady-state standing crop values for the algae
and protozoa over the ranges used In the laboratory experiments (shown as Isopleths).
The physical variables had a marked effect on the °lerl standing crop which Influenced
the growth rate of the protozoan. The standing crop of the protozoan was determined by
growth and dilution rates. The effect of the predation was dependent on the protozoan
standing crop. The response surfaces Indicate that predation can reduce algal standing
crop only within certain ranges of the variables considered. The experimental
density results and the model projections, adjusted for the dally varying flow rates,
are shown. The chemical analyses for steady-state cultures are reported but not
entirely Integrated into the model. The comparative tenacities of Aroclor 12U2, a
polychlorlnated blphenyl and DDT, were tested on the alga and protozoan, and also on
daphnlds, ostracods, and guppies.
INDEX TERMS: Standing crops, Model studies, Ecosystems, Biological communities, Food
chains. Environment effects, Protozoa, Growth rates, Laboratory testa, Pesticide
toxlcity. Freshwater fish, Crustaceans, Predation. Computer models, Aquatic algae,
Primary productivity, Secondary productivity, Continuous cultures. Population
density.
AMIC-9555
'EFFECTS OF PROTOZOA ON THE FATE OF PARTICULATE CARBON", Holm, H. W., Smith, F. A.,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory,
Athens, Georgia, Report No. EPA-660/3-73-O07, August 1973, U2 pp.
Laboratory studies were designed to define the role of protozoa in the fate of
particulate (bacterial) organic carbon. Specific objectives were (l) to measure the
effects of selected environmental parameters on protozoan growth ates, (2) to measure
organic carbon in bacteria and protozoa, and (3) to quantltate carbon transformations
in predator-prey experimental systems. A growth system containing 2OO million
:itrobacter/ml In 0.001 M phosphate of pH 7.5, Incubated at 25 C at a shaking rate of
IOO rpm, was found to be an optimal environment for protozoan growth. The nutrient
bacterium, Cltrobacter, contained 8.6 times 10 to the minus 11 power mg C/cell, and
'etrahymena pyrlformls contained 1.1 ng C/cell. T. pvrlformlB altered the amount and
'brm of carbon in the system while growing on bacteria!! Of the total organic carbon
iresent at the initiation of the predator-prey experiment (93 mg), 93 percent was In the
»cterial fraction. Within 96 hours, 38 percent of the carbon was released as C02{ 5
percent was present as inorganic carbon in the water and the remainder (57 percent) was
lecreased from 86 to 2 mg within 96 hours, while the carbon in the protozoan 1)100888
ncreaaed from 1 to Uo mg. In the bacterial control, 11 percent of the organic carbon
as released as C02 within 96 hours while negligible amounts of inorganic carbon
alned In the water.
INDEX TERMS: Protozoa, Growth rates, Environmental effects, Aquatic bacteria, Cycling
nutrients, Food chains, Carbon cycle, Linking factors, Ecosystems, Particulate
carbon, Biotransformatlon, Substrate utilization, Fate of pollutants, Tetrahymena
pvrlfonnis, Cltrobacter. _ _
AMIC-9556
"AN INTRODUCTION TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF CHIBONOMD LARVAE", Mason, W. T., Jr.,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Quality Control Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio, EPA Report, January 1973, 90 pp.
This Identification guide was prepared to serve as a supplement to those
more definitive descriptions of chironomld larvae by Johannsen (193U-37), Roback (1957),
Curry (1961), Darby (1962), and Beck and Beck (1966), which take into account a variety
of head and body characteristics for classification. Head capsules of various species
are pictured to complement the keys to subfamily and genus, and to familiarize the
beginner with structures that are used for Identification.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic insects. Diptera, Larvae, Systematlcs, Speciation, Midges,
ChironOBlds, Insect morphology, Sample preservation.
AMIC-9557
"BIOLOGICAL MDNITORIHG OF THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY", Weber, C. I,, Reprint from: Biological Methods for the Assessment of Water
Quality, Special Technical Publication 528, American Society for Testing Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1973, pp 1*6-60.
The responsibility for water quality monitoring In the EPA is shared by the
Office of Monitoring, Office of Air and Water Programs, Office of Enforcement and
General Counsel, and Office of Research. Four types of monitoring have been
Identified - ambient trend monitoring, source monitoring, case preparation monitoring,
and research monitoring. The water quality monitoring network of the EPA will consist
of JOCO to 10,OOO EPA-funded stations and 140,000 to 5O,OOO stations operated by state
and local agencies. The data will be stored in a central EPA computerized system
called SlXjfcEr. The responsibility for quality control and the development, validation
and standardization of chemical, microbiological, and biological methodology for water
and wastewater has been assigned to the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory (AQCL)
(now the Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research laboratory-MDQARL) in
Cincinnati. Water quality is reflected In the species composition and diversity,
population density and physiological condition of Indigenous communities of aquatic
organisms. Biological methodology employed in water quality monitoring in the EPA
deals primarily with sample collection, sample processing, counting and identification
of aquatic organisms, biomass measurements, measurement of bioaccumulatlon and
biomagniflcation of pollutants, and biological data processing and interpretation.
IHDEX TERMS: Monitoring, Water quality. Methodology, Bioindlcators, Species diversity,
Bloaccumulation, Biological magnification, Data interpretation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
MGC-9558
"DESCRIPTION ASP ECOLOGY OF THREE STEBONEHA MfttFLY WfMFHS", Lewis, P. A.,
Offprint from: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Epheneroptera,
Florid* A and H University, Tallahassee, Florida, August 12-20, 1970, pp 57-72.
Three previously undescrlbed mayfly nymphs (Stenonema scitulum, S. termlnatum
and E. integrum) were collected from the Ohio and Scioto Rivers and from natural
substrates in snail streams in the Ohio Basin. The nymphs vere reared in tanks to the
adult stage and the subimaginal skins, nymphal exuviae and nymphs were preserved in 70
percent ethanol. Complete descriptions are given for the three species of nymphs.
IKDEX TEBHS: Msiyflies, Imature growth stage, Ecological distribution, Aquatic insects,
Systematlcs, Speciation, Water quality, Nymphs, Insect morphology.
T
AMIC-9559 (Continued)
Card 2/2
IHDEX TERMS: Thermal poverplants, Phytoplankton, Thernal stress. Growth rates,
Condensers, On-site investigations, Aquatic algae. Cooling water, Primary
productivity, Heated water, Hater pollution effects, Laboratory tests,
Methodology, Measurement, Plant growth, Environmental effects, Photosynthesis,
On-site tests, Lake Wylie, Seasonal variation. Pumping rates, Data interpretation.
AMIC-9559
"FIELD INVESTIGATIONS OF THE RESPONSE OF PHYTOPLANKTOH TO THERMAL STRESS", GurtZ, M. E.,
Weiss, C. M., University of North Carolina, Department of Enviroimental Sciences and
Engineering, Chapel Hill, Horth Carolina, ESE Publication No. 321, December 1972, 152 pp.
Investigations are reported of the effects of condenser passage on
phytoplankton productivity and subsequent growth. Samples before and after condenser
passage were collected simultaneously for three different levels of temperature rise
"10, 20, and 30 F delta T) on six dates at the Allen steam-electric generating plant on
Lake Wylle, North Carolina. Controlled cooling rates appropriate to the average
seasonal meteorological conditions and temperatures Involved were applied to the
samples. Productivity measurements using the carbon-Ik method were made at several
.lines during the cooling period, including a final determination after 26 hours. A
relationship between the intake temperature, delta T, and primary productivity was
ound. Relatively constant inhibitions occurred for a 10 or 20 F rise in temperature,
egardless of the initial temperature, although a trend toward greater inhibition*
t initial temperatures greater than 83 F was suggested. A 30 deg F delta T produced
uccessively greater Inhibitions in productivity with increasing intake temperature.
bximum inhibition occurred during the first 1-2 hours of cooling, and neither further
nhlbition nor recovery was observed during the remainder of the 26-hour cooling
jerlod Results suggest that some stimulation of photosynthesis may have occurred from
nechanical effects of condenser passage. Growth of thermally stressed samples in
utrlent-enhanced laboratory cultures was correlated with the magnitude of thermal
xposure; the highest final yields during a 2-week period were found for the samples
ith the greatest thermal stress. Diversity changes in phytoplankton populations
ollowing thermal exposure were suggested as a reason for these results. Implications
findings for power plant design were also discussed.
'EFFECTS OF DIELDRIN OH BHOWN TROUT IH FIELD AND LABORATORY STUDIES", Dacre, J. C.,
Scott, D., New Zealand Journal of thrlne and Freshwater Research, Vol. 1, No. 3,
September 1973, PP 235-216.
Fifty-five liters of dleldrln spray were accidentally discharged into the
Silver Stream, a tributary of the Taieri River, Otago, New Zealand, in September 1963.
All the brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the lower portion of the stream were killed.
A quantitative survey was not carried out until January 196U, and some repopulation
was noted. The bottom fauna was sampled 7 days after the release of dieldrin.
Statistical analyses of the data showed no significant effect of dieldrin on the
benthic fauna. Bioassays were conducted to determine the LC sub 50 for comparison with
other species. Tissue analyses for dieldrin residues were also carried out by
gas-liquid chroma tography. The 2U-hr LC sub 50 for dieldrin was found to be 0.016 ppro.
Minimum residue levels of dieldrin in skeletal muscles, liver, and brain were 1-2 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Brown trout. Water pollution effects, Dleldrln, Pesticide toxlcity,
Benthic fauna, Pesticide residues, Oiv-site investigations, Laboratory tests,
Bioassay, Lethal limit. Median tolerance limit, Animal tissues, Bloaccumulation.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-8561, 9268, 9350, 9366, 9371, 93T9, 9^1, 9513, 9538
Category 3, AMIC-9126, 9561.
1*8
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-69U1
"SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA IH EXTREMl EHVIHOWCMTS", Weiss, R. L., Indiana University,
Blocmington, Indiana, Dissertation Abstracts So. 73-2765, 1972, 235 pp. (Complete
report not available from AMIC.)
Sulfolobus aeldocaldarlus is a newly described species of sulfur oxidizing
bacteria able to live at low pH and high temperature. The or^uilsn is also
characterized by facultative autotrophlc growth on sulfur or simple organic compounds
| and a subunlt cell wall l«n*Hng peptldoglycan. In nature Sulfolobus was found to exist
at temperatures from 60-9U C and at pH values from 1.6-3. The temperature optimum for
growth was 7O-75 C; whereas the pH optimum for C-lU-glutamate uptake was from 2-k.
Survival and growth of Sulfolobus In extreme conditions were demonstrated by slide
Immersion studies and electron microscopy of natural samples taken at pH 2-3 and 75 C.
These studies showed that in addition to Sulfolpbus, two groups of rod shaped bacteria
exist at 75 C. These are distinguished from Sulfolobua by their morphology and cell waJU
structure. Electron microscopic studies showed that in flowing habitats with deposits
of elemental S cells were enriched with thin filamentous appendages known as pill.
These were not found on cells from bubbling pools containing S crystals, suggesting
that the possession of filaments Is a response to the physical flow of the habitat
rather than the presence of S. The results of laboratory experiments suggest a role of
filament in the attachment of cells to S. This attachment was observed directly by
fluorescent and scanning electron microscopy. Additional studies were carried out on the
cell envelope to determine the biochemical nature of the unusual cell wall structure.
These studies demonstrated a llpoproteln and a highly charged cell wall with a high
proportion of hydrophoblc amlno acids. Conceivably such a structure could contribute to
the survival of Sulfolobus In extremes of temperature and pH.
AMIC-69U1 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Sulfur bacteria, Thermophilic bacteria. Cytologies! studies, Hot springs,
Acidic soils, Acidic water, Survival, Sulfolobus acldocaldarlus, Characterization,
Cell wall. Chemical composition.
AMIC-86»U
"ATP POOLS IH ACTIVATED SLUDGE", Chlu, S. Y., Kao, I. C., Erickson, L. E., et al.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. U5, No. 8, August 1973, PP 17W-1758.
The possibility was Investigated of using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in
process Identification and control. The behavior of ATP concentration was studied along
with measurements for heterogeneous mlcroblal populations, such as chemical oxygen demand
(COD) and MLSS, in a continuous stirred tank reactor at various dilution rates. At each
dilution rate, the physiological behavior of cells harvested from the continuous-flow
reactor was studied using batch experiments. Efforts were made to investigate the
relation among AFT, biomass, and substrate concentration in all experiments, and the
relation between the ATP content in the cells and the substrate removal rate. Results
of the experiments Indicate that dilution rate can affect sludge activity and cellular
ATP content significantly and that ATP concentrations in experiments with both
continuous and batch cultures were generally proportional to the biomass and the amount
of substrate removed. Because ATP concentration responds rapidly to cell viability
and changes with population shifts and the phase of growth, it is concluded that ATP may
be a useful variable In process identification, operation, and control, although further
understanding of the relationship between ATP concentration and activated sludge
behavior is necessary if its full potential as a measurable variable is to be realized.
MDEX TEIQ6: Activated sludge, Biological treatment, Methodology, Nutrient removal,
Efficiencies, Waste dilution, Laboratory tests, Chemical concentration, ATP pools.
Batch cultures, Substrate utilization, Sewage microorganisms. Process control.
Process identification, Continuous cultures.
AMIC-903U
"CELL YIELD AHD OBOWTH RATE IH ACTIVATED SLUDGE", Sherrard, J. H., Schroeder, E. D.,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 1»5, No. 9, September 1973, pp 1989-1897.
A laboratory study of the completely mixed activated sludge process showed that
the observed cell yield coefficient corresponding to each value of sludge age or mean
cell residence time is a conceptually and practically significant parameter. At low
cell residence times, low nixed liquor suspended solids, high sludge production, and
high removal of Inorganic nutrients may be expected, while long residence times lead to
removal. Removal of biochemical oxygen demand is nearly constant under both
conditions.
INDEX TEIMS: Activated sludge, Growth rates, Laboratory tests, Biological treatment,
Hutrlent removal, Cell yield, Sewage microorganisms, Residence time. Substrate
utilization.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9126
"SULFUR AW) THE TOXICm OF THE RED A.1CA CERAMIUM RUBRUM TO BACILLUS SUBTILIS",
Ucawa, M., Thomas, V. M., Jr., Buckley, L. J., Uebel, J. J., Journal of Phyeology.
Vol. 9, Ho. 3, September 1973, pp 302-3O>K
In an Investigation the antibiotic activity of algae, the red alga Geranium
rubrum showed the greatest growth inhibitory activity against B. aubtllls. Quantities
of C. rubrum were collected and assayed to determine the nature or the inhibitory
substance. The algne were washed, blotted, and allowed to air dry at room temperature.
The dried algae were ground, extracted with benzene for ^-5 days In a Soxhlet extractor,
and dried In vacuo to yield the crude active extract. The crude extract was dissolved
in chloroform and chrcoatographed to yield an active fraction which was prepared for
further identification by thin-layer chromatography. Crystalline sulfur was the
inhibitory substance isolated from the red seaweed. This alga was unusual In that it
contained a much higher free sulfur content than other red and brown al^te tested.
INDEX TERMS: Rhodophyta, Algal toxins, Sulfur, Inhibition, Growth rates, Marine algae.
Bacteria, Toxlcity, Isolation, Sulfur compounds. Bacillus aubtllls. Geranium
rubrum, Sample preparation, Thin layer chroma tography.
AfflC-9176
"HATURAL HABITAT OF CARYOFHAHOH IATUH". Trentini, W. C., Hachen, C., Canadian
Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 19. Ho. 6, June 1973, pp 689-69!*.
When samples of fresh dung from pigs, horses, sheep, or cattle were enriched
to encourage the growth of Caryophanon latum, the organism was found to be specifically
associated with cattle dung!Several sheep dung samples were found to be positive for
C. latun, but all were taken frcn a pasture where sheep and cattle were graced together.
Til samples taken from sheep not pastured with cattle were negative. Autoclaved
samples of cattle, horse, nn\ sheep dung all supported growth ani natural morphology of
C. latun after l-fc days exposure. Control samples exposed to air in areas far removed
Trom cattle were uniformly negative. Aseptlcally collected 'free catch" samples from
cattle were mainly negative, as were samples collected from the fistulated rumen.
Enrichment of various other sources was undertaken. Our total findings support the
hypothesis that £. laturn is a natural, specific, and temporary resident of cattle dung
and is dispersed to new droppings by contaminated air and also probably by flying
insects or cattle movement.
IHDEX TERMS: Farm wastes, Water pollution sources. Pollutant Identification, Isolation,
Habitats, Domestic animals, Bacteria, Caryophanon laturn, Schlzomycetes,
Emrtrormental samples.
AMIC-9ll*2
"MICPOBIAL DEGRADATIOH OF PETROLEUM AT LOW TEMPERATURE", Cundell, A. M., Trailer,
P. W., Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. k, Ho. 8, August 1973, pp 125-127.
Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were isolated from littoral sediments
collected in Chesapeake Bay, Nova Scotia, and from oil-contaminated soil adjacent to a
natural oil seep at Cape Simpson, Alaska by an enrichment culture technique using Nos. 1
and 6 fuel oils and naphthalene as enrichment substrates. Th« enrichment flasks were
incubated at 0, 8, 16 and 2U C. The majority of bacteria were isolated from the 16 and
2U C enrichment flasks and were members of the genera Pseudcmcnas, Arthrobacter,
lorynebacterlum, Vibrio, 4.chromobacter, and B re vlbac ter ium. The range of hydrocarbon
utilization was studied using a Pseudomonas and an Arthrobacter isolate. Growth on
solid media containing the hydrocarbons at 16 C was used as criteria and it was shown
that the isolates grew at the expense of dodecane, hexylbenzene, naphthalene, phenaathra-
cene, decalln, tetralln and methylcyclohexane but not xylene. Growth occurred between
I C and 21* C within lU days of incubation suggesting the bacteria are tolerant at a range
of temperatures. The data suggest that bacteria existing in low temperature marine and
••easts! e«rir«nmMBts play a significant role in the bloavmrBdatlon of pollutant
ISDEX TE»E: Isolation, Bottom sediments, (ferine baetsria, Mlcreblal d«g>aa«tlon.
Littoral, Growth rates, Petroleum hydroeartoma. Substrate utilisation, Fate of
pollutants. Hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria, Aromtic hyarooarfcons, Aliphatic
hydrocarbons.
50
AMIC-9177
"DISSOCIATIOH IH A MARIHE PSEUDOM3SAD", Gow, J. A., DeVoe, I. W., MacLeod, R.
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, Mo. 6, June 1973, pp 695-701.
A.,
Eight morphological variants, the product of colonial dissociation, were
isolated from cultures of the marine pseudomonad B-16. Features which distinguished the
variants were smooth versus rough colony type, the presence or absence of color, ind
differences In colony diameter. The variants differed In their capacity to form stable
protoplasts and to grow at subqptimal Na(plus) concentrations In defined medium. All,
however, required Na(plus) for growth. The ability of the organism to accumulate
alpba-anlnoisobutyric acid (AIB) and the requirement for Na(plus) for this process was
not affected by dissociation.
IKJEX TE!*6: Marine bacteria, Isolation, Radioactivity techniques, Growth rates, Sodium,
Salt tolerance, Assay, Methodology, Essential nutrients, Deficient elements,
Absorption, Pseudcnaoads, Bacterial physiology, Characterization, Dissociation,
Bloaceumulation, alpha-Amlnolsobutyrlc acid, Culture media. Protoplasts, Cell
morphology, Nutrient media.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL M8THODS
AfflC-9183
•tOMPETrnVE GROWTH OF SEWAGE ORGANISMS", Poon,
the Environmental Engineering Division, Proce
Engineers, Vol. 99
Engineering
, BO. EtU, J
P. C., Wang, K. K., Journal of
of the American Society of Civil
August 1973, pp 1*«9-
Because of the occasional overgrowth of Geotrlchum candldum in the Field
Point Sewage Treatment Plant (Providence, R.I.), especially during winter, studies were
undertaken to determine whether certain environmental factors, particularly street
runoff, might give this fungus a competitive advantage over sewage bacteria. Growth
characteristics of sewage bacteria and Geotrichum were compared by the Warburg
respironetrlc technique under identical conditions when exposed to simulated salted
snow melt at 10 and 20 C. The snow melt contained chloride ion concentrations of $,000
and 10,OOO mg/1 and asphalt (with and without ultraviolet irradiation) 5-500mg/l. As
expected, all activities under control conditions at 20 C, including oxygen uptake rate,
specific growth rate, and rate of COD removal, Indicated that the sewage fungus was less
competitive. However, low temperature, slug doses of chloride ion at 5,000 mg/1 and
10,OOO mg/1 concentrations, and the presence of ultraviolet Irradiated asphalt were
found to affect differently the growth of activated sludge and Oeotrlchum. Individually
or in combination, these factors significantly reduced the growth activities of
activated sludge while Geotrichum was ouch less affected under the sane environment.
It Is concluded that such factors in combination with low pH and high carbohydrate
content in sewage could cause a predominance of sewage fungus in treatment plants.
INDEX TERMS: Sewage bacteria, Fungi, Water temperature, Cold resistance, Urban runoff,
Asphalt, Growth rates, Competition, Sodium chloride, Geotrichum candldum.
AMC-98U8
"DIRECT FLUORESCENT-ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE FOB THE MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMHATIOH OF FOOD AMD
ENVIRONMENTAL SWAB SAMPLES FOR SALMDBELLAE", Insalata, N. F., MahnKe, C. W., Dunlap,
V. G., Applied Microbiology Vol. 26, No. 3, September 1973, PP 268-270.
Comparative studies of a modified fluorescent-antibody procedure and the 5
7 day method used by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists for the
detection of Salmonella were made on 151 samples of wheat products and 183 swab samples
from In-process equipment. The agreement between the two methods for the 33!* samples
nested was 92.5 percent. Fod samples yielded 9^.7 percent agreement, whereas the swab
samples yielded 90.7 percent agreement. There were 7.5 false positives for the total
number of samples tested. Mo false negatives were obtained by using the
luorescent-antlbody method. The study also demonstrated that pooling suspect samples
s possible to permit larger nunfcers to be tested simultaneously by FA.
NDEX TERMS: Salmonella, AOAC Methods, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Method
evaluation.
MCC-9258
"quwmTATivE EXTRACTION OF ADEHOSIHE TRIPHOSPHATE FROM CULTIVABLE ARD HOST-GROWH
MICROBES: CALCUL/mOW OF ADENOEISE TRIPHC6PHATE POOLS", Dhople, A. M., Hanks, J. H.,
Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, Ho. 3, September 1973, PP 399-J»03.
Existing data on adenoslne triphosphate (ATP) pools in microbes are deficient
for two reasons: (1) incomplete extractions of ATP, and (2) the failure to take into
account that the adverse effects of extracting procedures on standard ATP exert
analogous effects on the ATP released from bacterial cells. Methods for correcting
observed yields and calculating ATP pools have been demonstrated. Three bacterial
species were used in the studies on extraction of ATP; Escherlchia coll, Hycobacterium
phlel, and Mycobacterium lepraeaurium. Perchloric acid and n-butanolTwere disqualified
because of inconvenient procedures. The new extraction procedure had minimal effects
on standard ATP, liberated 100 percent of the ATP pools from the three representative
species of microbes, and caused no Ionic imbalance or quenching of biolumlnescence.
This method Involves vortexing of cell suspensions for 10 a with 23 percent chloroform
animal cells.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, E. coll, Adenosine triphosphate, Mycobacterium
phlel, Mycobacterium lepratmurlum, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9303
'XHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, BACTERIAL COUNTS, AND POTENTIAL SHELF-LIFE OF SHRIMP FROM
VARIOUS LOCATIOHS OH THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO", Ccbb, B. F., III, Vanderzant,
C., Thompson, C. A., Jr., Custer, C. S., Journal of Milk and Food Technology, Vol. 36.
Bo. 9, September 1973, PP U63JU68. =BS-
Because of the variation in microbiological characteristics of different
waters and consequent spoilage patterns in shrimp, amino nitrogen (AA-ff), ammonia, total
volatile nitrogen (TvTJ), trlmethylamlne nitrogen (TMN), bacterial content, and pH were
evaluated as means of measuring spoilage and shelf-life of shrimp. Freshly harvested
white shrimp (Penaeus setlferus) from 13 locations on the northwestern constline of the
Gulf of Mexico and brown shrimp (P. aztecus) from 3 water depths near Port Aransas,
Texas, and from a commercial fishing boat were placed on sterile ice, allowed to spoil,
and examined. Samples for chemical analysis were homogenized with trichloroacetic
acid and centrlfuged. Both IVJf and AA-N varied considerably from sample to sample %nd
did not show a consistent pattern of change during iced storage. TMH production was
evident in boat-shrimp samples with high TVN Levels. Bacterial counts of fresh shrimp
did not exceed 10,000/g. Nine of the 10 boat-shrimp samples had counts in excess of
1 million/8. Counts of samples spoiled on sterile ice ranges from 2 million-10
bllllon/g. The ratio TVM/AA Ji nay be useful in conjunction with appej-nnce and odor as a
measure of spoilage. Samples with TVK/AA-N greater than 1.3 mg N/mlllimole were
evaluated as poor. Maximum potential shelf-life of boat-shrlnp was reduced 0-15 days
by handling and storage.
INDEX TERMS: Shrimp, Chemical analysis. Odor, Microbial degradation, Biological samples,
Spoilage, Sample preparation.
-------
3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9353
'THE MICFGCALORIMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH", Jones, J. M., Process Biochemistry,
Vol. 8, Ho. 9, September 1973, PP 19-20.
A flow microcalorlmeter has been used to monitor the heat production of
bacterial cultures. In the calorimeter, solutions are pumped through cells which are
situated In a sandwich of semiconductor thermopiles and a heat sink. Heat transferred
across the thermopiles produces a small voltage directly proportional to the heat.
Plots of actual and integrated heat output, glucose concentration, acetate concentration
and cell concentration versus time show that thermograms reveal two distinct phases In
growth patterns: (1) the exponential growth phase and (2) the phase In which acetate
produced In phase 1 is consumed. Therefore, heat output can be used to describe the
separate phases of growth processes. Several applications of the technique are
suggested such as monitoring of fermentation processes, production of antibiotics, and
reactions to antibiotics.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Monitoring, Growth rates, Heat, Cultures, Mlcrocalorimetry.
"A THEORETICAL STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MICROBIAL POPULATION DYNAMICS OF
THE ACTIVATED-SLUDGE PROCESS - I. THE EFFECTS OF DIURNAL VARIATIONS OF SEWAGE
AND CASWIVOHDUS CILIATED PROTOZOA", Curds, C. R., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 9,
September 1973, PP 1269-1284.
Mathematical models and computer simulations have been used In examining the
theoretical implications of diurnal variations In sewage flow, bacterial content of the
sewage, and sewage substrate concentration on the mlcrobial population dynamics and
effluent quality of a completely-mixed activated-sludge plant. Variations in sewage
substrate resulted In variations in the concentrations of substrate In the effluent and
bacteria In the sludge. Variations In the bacterial content of sewage affected only
the bacteria-consuming dilate populations whereas variations in the flow of sewage
affected all populations. When nil three sewage parameters were varied simultaneously
she effect was cumulative. The effects of carnivorous clllates preying on
>acterla-consuming clllates have been considered for the first time. At least four
:ypes of dilate predator/prey situations could arise since both carnivore and prey can
>e either free-swimming or attached forms. In general, when the carnivore was a
'ree-swimming form, oscillations, which may or may not dampen, were obtained; when the
carnivore was an attached form, the dilate prey was washed out of the reactor.
However, the predictions of the population dynamics of the organisms also depend to a
.arge extent on the values of the various growth constants used.
NDEX TERMS: Sewage bacteria. Activated sludge, Flow rates, Population, Mathe
models. Protozoa, Growth rates. Flagellates, Substrates.
atical
AKIC-9V35
"SOIL BACTERIA IN LAHD-DRAINAGE WATER", Evans, M. R., Owens, J. D., Water Research.
Vol. 7, No. 9, September 1973, PP 1295-1300.
A general viable count was made of bacteria in the discharge of a subsurface
pasture drain during the winter of 1971/72 to determine whether significant loss of
natural soil bacteria occurred and whether concentrations fluctuated with flow rate.
Viable counts were made on 13^ samples by membrane filtration. Soil samples from
various depths in the drainage plot were used to estimate the number of bacteria
occurring In the soil. The concentration of bacteria in the drainage water was related
to flow rate, and an equation was developed to describe this relationship. The total
number of viable bacteria in the drainage water discharged during the k months
represented approximately O.I percent of an estimate of the total number of viable
bacteria present In the soil of the experimental plot. It was concluded that the
numbers of bacteria lost from soil by wash-out in drainage water were an insignificant
fraction of the probable annual production of bacteria in the soil.
INDEX TEHMS: Flow rates, Soil bacteria, Drainage water.
AMIC-9't97
'VIRUS REMOVAL IN HAWAIIAN SOILS", Young, R. H. F., Burbank, N. C., Jr.,
Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 65, No. 9, Part 1, September 1973,
pp 59B-6OU.
Three types of Hawaiian soils (Wahiava, Lahalna and Tantalus) were used in
laboratory studies in percolation columns to determine the extent of travel or possible
breakthrough of viruses into the underlying source of water supply, rhe viruses used
were a coliphage Tk BII mutant, and poliovirus Type II (Lansing) H8. The columns
containing the selected soils were subjected to intermittent percolating water with a
known concentration of virus, simulating the action of a. cesspool leaching into the
ground. The effluent from the soil column was collected and analyzed for viral content
by plaque-forming techniques. The Wahiawa and Lahaina soils were 100 percent effective
in the retention or adsorption of bacteriophage TU from percolating water at the
applied concentration of 2.3 million/ml of feed solution at depths of 6 and 2.5 in.
Breakthrough of the bacteriophage occurred immediately in both soils for the
1.5-In.-deep soil columns at an applied concentration of 1.5 million/ml of feed
solution. The Tantalus cinder subsoil proved ineffective In holding the bacteriophage
at the recorded thicknesses of 15, 12, and 6 in. at the applied concentration 1.5
minion/ml of feed solution. The breakthrough concentration was 500,000/ml.
Percolation tests with Wahiawa and Lahalna soils and Tantalus cinder demonstrated that
short soil columns did not completely remove poliovirus Type II from percolating water
when the virus was applied at a dosage of 150,000 pfu/ml. Breakthrough occurred
immediately for the 1 1/2- and 2 1/2-in. soil columns. Results with Tantalus cinder
dosed at 150,000 pfu/ml of poliovirus Type II demonstrated very low virus retention.
52
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3. MICRqBIOtQSICALJUETHQDS
(Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Viruses, Soils, Efficiencies, Percolating water, Leaching, Retention,
Hawaii, Lactosols, Volcanic cinder, Pollutant removal.
AMIC-9505
"SEDIMENT COLIFOKM POPULATIONS AND POST CHLORIHATION BEHAVIOR OF WASTEWATER BACTERIA",
Hulls, S. C., Keen, S. R., Davis, E. M., Water and Sewage Works. Vol. 120, No. 10,
October 1973, pp 79-61.
Enumeration and Identification of bacteria In wastewater collected from
the overflow weirs of two secondary clariflers, showed that significant aftergrowth
of bacteria occurred when samples were chlorinated at a level of 1.0 mg/1. Total
collform bacterial counte, fecal conform bacteria and the types considered
"non-coliform" «U demonstrated remarkable regrowth. Fecal streptococci on the other
hand, exhibited an appreciably slower die-off rate than in the non-chlorinated sample.
The data suggest that chlorinatlon effectively decreased the competitive bacterial
populations. Surviving bacteria are listed. Survival of enteric bacteria In
effluent from waste stabilization ponds was found to be distinctly related to •
phytoplankton concentrations. The results of survival tests after chlorinatlon at
levels up to 5.0 mg/1 with samples containing more than 20,000 areal standard units of
phytoplankton suggest that if disinfection is incomplete, nutrients are present,
and bacterial competition is reduced, indicator and pathogenic bacteria may reestablish.
Indicator bacteria have also been found in sediments of u npolluted waters, and high
levels were found in some cases where sediments were disturbed. It is recommended
that rapid and more precise methods, of generic identification be developed to eliminate
erroneous conclusions which may occur from elevated counts of bacteria resulting'
from bacterial aftergrowth or natural populations.
IHDEX TERMS: Chlorinatlon, Sediments, Waste water (pollution), Enteric bacteria,
Pathogenic bacteria. Aftergrowth, Survival.
"IDEHTIFICATION AND INCIDENCE OF KLEBSIELLA IN CHLORINATED WATER SUPPLIES", Ptak, D.
J., Glnsburg, V., Wllley, B. ?., Journal "Smerican Water Works Association, Vol. 65,
No. 9, Part 1, September 1973, pp 60<»-607.
Concern over the standard method of classifying conforms, caused the
Microbiology Unit, Water Purification Lab., City of Chicago, to institute a study to
determine whether a more accurate and rapid classification could be obtained. The
"Modified R/B Enteric Differential System" was selected and used to identify the
cause of the occasional positive reactions which occurred during water analysis. The
bacterium Identified was Klebslella pneumoniae which is known to be of fecal origin.
pneumonia
have iden
Since the standard IMV1C test would have identified Aerobacter aerogenes, generally
considered to be of non-fecal origin, an Improved laboratory procedure appears to be
needed. The modified R/B procedure used by the Water Purification Laboratory and the
resulting reactions are described. Klebsle1.1" has also been found to occur more
frequently in treated water supplies than other organisms possibly because it is
encapsulated In the mucold phase. Therefore, procedures should be employed to avoid
incorrect identification of the organisms.
IHDEX TERMS: Pathogenic bacteria, Pollutant identification,
methods, R/B procedure, Klebslella.
IMViC test, Standard
AMIC-95U1
"BACTERIAL , _.,_.
Brock, T. D., Limnology and Ocenaography. Vol. 18, No. U, July 1973, pp 628-6314.
Samples of sediment were collected from Lake Wlngra, Wisconsin, from
January 19 - July 21, 1972, for use in tests to determine whether bacteria In sediments
adapted to low temperatures. Samples were collected with a type R sampler, transferred
to collection bottles, and kept at U C until use. DO and air, water, and sediment
temperatures were recorded at the time of sampling. Glucose incorporation was
measured by adding C-lU-labeled material to sediment suspensions and incubating In the
dark at temperatures of 0 to 50 C. Release of C-lU-labeled C02 was measured by trapping
it in scintillation fluid. Growth rates were studied by preparing cultures of the sedi-
ment bacteria for incubation at U, 15, and 25 C. The results show that viable counts of
bacteria were always higher at 25 C than U C, although the temperature of, the sediments
remained below U C for over 3 months. All of the organisms Isolated and initially
cultivated at U C grew better at 25 C; no obllgately psychrophinc bacteria were
found. Isotope studies to measure the temperature optima of the resident bacterial
flora showed that the optimum temperature for incorporation of C-lU-glucose into cell
material and conversion of C-lU-glucose Into C-1U-C02 remained at 25 C or greater nil
winter. A true psychrophlllc flora does not develop in these sediments in winter, and
bacterial decomposition processes occur at a much slower rate In winter than In summer.
IHDEX TERMS: Cultures, Bacteria, Growth rates, Water temperature, Degradation
(decomposition). Adaptation, Metabolism.
53
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9561
"METHOD FOR THE SELECTIVE ENUM3RATION OF BLUE-GREEK BACTERIA IB WATER", McCurdy,
H. D., Jr., Hodgson, W. F., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, Ho. 5, November 1973, PP
688-686.
A membrane filter method for the selective enumeration of blue-green bacteria
has been developed which, on the basis of studies with laboratory cultures and field
•tests, has proved to be both practical and reproducible. The filters are Incubated
under specified conditions of temperature and illumination on a mineral salts agir
medlw supplemented with yeast extract and containing cyclohexlmlde to eliminate
eukaryotic contaminants. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, No. 5,
November 1973, pp 68S-686. Copyright 1973 by the Anerlcan Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Aquatic bacteria, Cyanophyta, Aquatic algae,
Selectivity, Methodology, Separation techniques. Isolation, Membrane filters.
Enumeration, Prokaryotes, Culturing techniques, Eukaryotea, Heproduciblllty.
AMIC-956U
"APPLICABILra OF THE REVERSE JKW FttffiR TECHNIQUE TO MAUDE MICBCBIAL STUDIES",
Griffiths, R. P., Hanus, F. J., Morlta, R. Y., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, No, 5,
Hovember 1973, pp 687-691.
The validity of using the reverse-flow filtration technique to quantitatively
concentrate marine bacteria was evaluated with both a pure culture of Vibrio marlnus
and seawater samples. After filtration, the volume of the filtrate and the combined"
concentrates were measured to determine the concentration factor. Analyses were made
on nil fractions. Colony forming units (Cm) in the various fractions and In
unflltered samples were determined Vy the spread-plate technique using Lib-X medium.
Total substrate uptake was determined by assaying for C-lU with labeled glutamate, and
biooass was determined with C-lU.labeled prollne. Assay of blomasE In the concentrate,
filtrate, membrane filter, and filter washings showed that essentially no
concentration occurred, and Most of the bacteria remained on the filter. Furthermore
data Indicate that cells were altered during the filtration procedure. Since the
number of cells lost on the filter Is significant and Inconsistent they cannot be
represented by a constant. Consequently, results obtained by this procedure should be
Interpreted with caution.
IBEEX TERNS: Marine bacteria. Separation techniques, Reverse-flow filtration,
Preeoncentratlon, Method validation.
AMIC-9562
"MICHODIU/nOH AHTIBIOTIC SUSCEPMBILITJf TEST: EXAMIHATIOII OF CERTAIH VARIABLES",
Tllton, R. C., Llebernan, L., Gerlach, E. H., Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, Ho. 5,
Hovember 1973, PP 658-665.
A semlautomated mlcrodilutlon susceptibility test is described. The effect
of certain parameters such as inoculua size, growth media, incubation conditions, and
inoculum dispensing systems was studied with E. coll, Staphylococcus aureus, and
Paeudomonas aeruglnosa. Both medium type and~lnoculu«i size caused significant variation!
in the Bin&un InhiDfTory concentrations (MIC) of certain antibiotic-organism
combinations No effect on MIC was observed as a function of Incubator type. Efforts to
read a reproducible MIC value in less than 12 h failed. A commercially available wire
pronged Inoculate* was determined to be Inaccurate and unsafe. Disposable dropper
nipettes proved to be economical, accurate, and precise. Although a standard method for
mlcrodilutlon antibiotic susceptibility testing 1» not proposed, data are presented whlct
show that future attempts at standardized procedures are mandatory if Inter- and
intralaboratory reliability Is desired.
TTOEX TERMS: Resistance, Antibiotics (pesticides), E. coll, Methodology, Cultures,
Inhibition Toxleity, Pesticide toxlclty, Antibiotic dilution tests,
sJphyScus aureus, Pseudc«c«as aeruglnosa. Minimum Inhibitory concentrations.
AMIC-9566
"LIPOLmC BACTERIA Dl THE OTTAWA RIVER", Blaise, C. R., Armstrong,
Microbiology. Vol. 26, Ho. 5, Hovember 1973, PP 733-7'tO.
J. B., Applied
Llpolytic bacteria were Isolated from two stations on Brewery Creek, an arm
of the Ottawa River, during the winter of 1971-72. Total counts were approximately
Sevenfold higher at the more polluted downstream station, whereas llpolytlc counts
were about 100-fold hltfier. At this station, significantly more llpolytlc bacteria
grew on plates Incubated at 20 C than at k C, suggesting that the population was
comprised of both mesophlles and paychrophlles. However, at the upstream station,
approximately the same number were obtained at both temperatures. A total of 1*3^
isolates, mainly from the downstream station, were tentatively classified. The n»jor
groups were Pseudoaonaa, Aclnetobacter-Moraxella, and Aerooonas. Though the total
number of llpolytlc bacteria was fairly constant throughout the winter, the relative
abundance of the aclnetobacters dropped from approximately 90 percent In November to
less than 10 percent In March, and then Increased. The aercnonads and pseudomonads
showed the opposite trend. Most of the bacteria, though isolated at k C, also grew at
30 C. Llpolysis, however, was generally strongest at 20 C or below. (Reprinted from
Applied Mlerobiglojy. Vol. 26, Ho. 5, Hovember 1973, PP 733~7'*O. Copyright 1973 by the
American Society for Microbiology. Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic bacteria, Isolation, Water temperature, Water pollution,
Biological properties, Liplds, Blolndicators, Lipolytic bacteria, Biochemical
characteristics. Substrate utilization, Ottawa River, Psychrophillc bacteria,
Hesophillc bacteria, Biochemical tests.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9567
"ESCHERICHIA COLI SEROGROUPS ISOLA1ED FROM STREAMS IN PENNSYLVANIA, 1965 TO 1972",
Glantz, P. J., Applied Microbiology, Vol. 26, No. 5, November 1973, pp 71*1-743.
Of 3,200 cultures of Escherichia coll Isolated from streams In Pennsylvania
over a 7-year period, &2.U6 percent or 2,639 were O serogrouped. The largest number of
cultures (33.1* percent) belonged to 0 groups 1 to 26, and the second highest number
(16.8 percent) belonges to 0 groups 60 to 88. The Individual E. eoll 0 groups moat
frequently Isolated were AD03, l8ac, SB., 3, 7, 73, 139, and OXT3.~~Prmctically every
known standard E. coll 0 group was found In the streams. It was not possible to
Identify the K and H antigen of every E. coll isolate. Serotypes of E. coli
02a:Kl:H6, 026:K60:H11, 055:K59:H27, cS6:iS55:&2, ll2ab:K68:H2, 125ab:Jf70iB2T,
128ab:K67:H2, and O138!K8l:HlU known to be pathogenic for humans and animals were
identified. Cultures having the same K antigen but a different H antigen for
enteropathogenic E. coli 0 groups 6, l8ab, l8ac, llab, 126, 127a, 139, 1M, and ll*7
were also Isolated. (Reprinted from Applied Microbiology. Vol. 26, No. 5, November
1973, PP 71*1-71»3. Copyright 1973 by the American Society for Microbiology.
Reprinted by permission of the copyright owner.)
INDEX TERMS: E. coll, Natural streams. Pollutant identification, Isolation, Water
pollution sources, Pathogenic bacteria, Enteric bacteria, Pennsylvania, Serotypes,
Biochemical tests. Fecal conforms, Culturing techniques.
AM1C-9571
"THE MICROBIAL ASSOCIATIONS DEVELOPING ON EXPERIMENTAL TRICKLING FILTERS IRRIGATED
WITH DOMESTIC SEWAGE", Halls, N. A., Board, R. G., Journal of Applied Bacteriology.
Vol. 36, No. 3, September 1973, PP U65-U71*.
Organisms in trickling filters were sampled by pumping waste from a eewage
treatment plant through rotating Perspex tubes with roughened inside surfaces. The
biological films were collected by plugging one end of the tubes, adding Ringer's
solution and glass beads, plugging the open end of the tube, and shaking to dislodge
the film. Disrupted films were cultured for 5 days and tested by Gram staining, by the
oxldase test, and for motllity, carbohydrate breakdown, and gelatin hydrolysis. The
bacterial flora of the film which developed on experimental trickling filters Irrigated
with domestic sewage was dominated by Aclnetioaacter and yellow-plgmented Gram negative
rod-shaped organisms and It was deduced that purification In certain aerobic waste
treatment processes may depend upon an association of these 2 organisms. Further
evaluation of the operational procedures likely to have a selective influence on the
microbial association which becomes dominant was made In studies using synthetic
sewage.
IHBEX TERMS: Sampling, Sewage bacteria, Dominant organii
Trickling filters, Acinetobacter.
Separation techniques,
AMIC-9572
'•IHE OBSERVATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS ON SURFACES BY INCIDENT FLUORESCENCE
MICROSCOPY", Paton, A. M., Jones, S. M., Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Vol. 36,
No. 3, September 1973, PP UUlJ*l*3.
Two methods vere developed for viewing surfaces for microorganisms by Incident
fluorescence microscopy. The direct method involves applying optical brlghteners and
counterstains directly to samples such as meat, fish, skin, plants and minerals and
mounting them on glass slides for microscopic observation. The tape method involves
placing adhesive tape on surfaces, such as on food processing equipment, removing the
tape, and placing it on a glass slide until processing. Tapes can be treated with a
fixative to assist retention of organisms, and counterstalned. For viewing, the tapes
are treated with optical brlghteners and mounted, adhesive side up, on glass slides.
The procedures have been used in microbiological studies associated with food
manufacture, agricultural research, and dermatological Investigations.
INDEX TERMS: Bacteria, Yeasts, Sample preparation, Fluorescent microscopy.
AMIC-9573
"THE PRESENCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM IN INDONESIAN WATERS", Mortojudo, J. W,,
Slaglan, E. G., Suhadl, F., et al.. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, Vol. 36, No.
September 1973, PP 1*37-W*0.
3,
Samples of mud, sand, coral, gravel, snails, scallops, oysters, sea slugs,
crabs, limpets, shrimps, starfish, octopus, and 13 species of bony fish were collected
from Java and Ball and examined for Clostridium botullnum. The organism was detected
in 10 percent of »n enrichment cultures tested with types A and C predominating.
INDEX TERMS! Pollutant identification, Sediments, Marine animals, Clostridium botulinum,
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9UO2, 91*19, 91*36.
55
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IffiTHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
AMIC-9395
"DETERWNftriON OF FATTY ACID COMPOEITIOH BY. GAS CHROMMnGRAFHY.: I. AH/VLYSIS WITH USE
OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITr DETECTOR", Watanabe, S., Hayano, S., Aklya, T., et al., Journal
of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Vol. 50, Ho. 9, September 1973, pp 357-35?!
Gis chronatographs with thermal detectors were used by a collaborative study
team to carry out replicate analyses or fatty acids for the purpose of establishing
standard methods. Statistical methods were used to determine: (1) the relationship
between operating conditions of the equipment and deviation from real values or
scattering of data, (2) whether the difficulty In making peak measurements accounted
for scattering of values, (3) the effect of enlarging peak size by adjusting attenuator
range or chart speed, and C1*) the effect of using response correction factors. From
the results of the four collaborative works it was found that deviation of analytical
values from exact composition and Inter-laboratory scattering of data nay be considerably
decreased by the following means: (1) enlarging the size of narrow peaks (leas than 5
mm at a half height) or peaks with low height by adjusting the attenuator range or chart
speed; (3) correcting the analytical values by using correction factors determined from
analysis of known mixtures having composition similar to that of an unknown sample.
INDEX IEKH3: Gas chronetogr^phy. Standard methods, Collaborative studies. Accuracy.
AKEC-9UOJ*
"WO-ICTEL SKIP-LOT SAMPLE*} FLAMS - OPERATIHG CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES"
Journal of Quality Technology. Vol. 5, Ho. k, October 1973, pp 160-166.
Perry, R. L.,
Skip-lot sampling plans are a system of lot-inspection plans which allow
skipping Inspection of a fraction of the samples when the quality history shows that
the product Is good. The operating characteristics of three two-level skip-lot
sampling plans are described. Basically the procedures Involve normal Inspection until
a certain nujAer of lota are accepted at which time skip-lot sampling Is effected.
If a given number of additional lots are accepted, a second skip-lot sampling scheme is
used. If an Item is rejected, the sampling procedure reverts to the original inspection
scheme. The three procedures tested were compared to show the shortcomings and benefits
of each. The plans can reduce the amount of inspection required when quality is good
and adjust the amount of reduction according to the level of submitted quality.
IHDEX OEFMS: Quality control, Sampling, Statistical methods, Skip lot sampling.
AMIC-9396
"DETEfWIKATION OF FATTY ACID COMPOSITION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY: II. AKALYSIS WITH USE
OF FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR", Watanabe, S., Nakasato, S., Hayano, S., et al., Journal
of the American Oil Chemists' Society, Vol. 5O, No. 9, September 1973, PP
Gas chromatographs with flame lonlzation detectors were used in collaborative
analyses of known mixtures of four or five fatty acid methyl esters. The resulting
data were treated statistically to examine the Inter - and intralaboratory scatter and
the effect of using correction factors. Average values in some cases did not approach
actual values even when only data with small deviations were accepted. In some
laboratories a sort of regularity was observed in the deviation of analytical values
from real values throughout the analyses of four samples. The application of
correction factors to th« analytical values obtained by these laboratories resulted In
a considerable decrease of InterlaboratOry scattering and deviation from the real
values. When a constant amount of sample was injected, intralaboratory scattering was
decreased, whereas InterlaboratOry scattering was not. Injection of large sample sizes
caused deviation. From this collaborative study it was recommended that 0.5-1.0
aicrollter of 20 percent solution be injected.
IMDEX TERMS: Gas chronatography, Fatty acids, Collaborative studies. Sample size.
"OHE-UAY ANALYSIS OF VARIAHCE", Olsson, D. M., Journal of Quality Technology. Vol. 5,
Ho. U, October 1973, PP 191-193.
A computer program for one-way analysis of variance is described. The
advantages of the program arei (l) flexible, easy-to-use input; (2) averages and
standard deviations of averages within treatment variances ind residuals can be
calculated; (3) analysis of variance can be tabulated and the treatment component of
variance can be estimated; and (U) the probability of exceeding the calculated
treatment F-ratio can be provided.
IHDEX TERMS: Computer programs. Data processing. Analysis of variance.
See alao: Category 1, AMC-9288
Category 3, AMXC-92W, 956**.
56
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5. IHSTRCMSm1 DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-92U7
"POTENTIOSTATIC COULOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF VANADIUM, VANADIUM-MANGANESE AND
VANADIUM-IRON MIXTURES ANT THE INFLUENCE OP CHROMIUM ON THE PROCESS", Bishop, E.,
Hitchcock, P. H., Analyst, Vol. 98, No. 1169, August 1973, PP 572-579.
A simple coulometric cell was constricted and a ccnmercial potentlostat was
adapted for use in determining V, V-Mn, and V-Fe In various media. Since current
integration by strip-chart recorder was inadequate, an RC integration system was con-
structed from polystyrene capacitors. Pretreatments of electrolytes and electrodes are
described. Vanadium (V) was determined at minus 0.128 V in acetate buffer and at plwa
0.2U7 V in 2.0 M sulphuric acid, in the latter with a relative standard deviation of
0.27 percent and a 95 percent confidence level result of 0.1008 to 0.1011 M compared
with 0.1012 M for a standard solution. Chromlum(VI) suppressed all reduction at
pH 1* 0 and reduced simultaneously vith vanadium in sulphuric acid. Minganese(VII)
reduced to aanganese(III) in the first step at plus 0.7 V at pH 3.5 and manganese(III)
and vanadium(V) simultaneously reduced In second step at minus 0.12 V. The separation
of iron(lll) was possible at plus 0.9 V but inpracticable; simultaneous reduction at
plus O.25 V in 2.0 M sulphuric acid followed by re-oxidation of the iron(II) at plus
1.0 V is reconmended.
INDEX TERMS: Vanadium, Voltanmetry, Chemical interference. Vanadium, Voltannietry.
AMIC-9385
"AN INEXPENSIVE, FAST XESPONSE CURRENT SPEED INDICATOR", Byrne, E. J., Boon, J. D., Ill,
Chesapeake Science. Vol. H>, No. 3, September 1973, PP 217-219-
A low cost, fast response current speed sensor consists of a bearing supported
axial rotor inside a cylindrical duct. The rotation rate of the impeller is obtained
by counting the number of closures of a magnetic proximity switch, mounted on the duct,
which is actuated by the passage of smali magnets bonded to the impeller. The signal
is transmitted to a surface counter, a high-speed electromechanical counter and a
solid state pulse generator, by the conductor suspension cable. The sensor output Is
linear over the calibration range of 0 to 150 cm/sec. Threshold speed is about 1.5
cm/sec Field usage indicates the device will be useful for shallow water applications
In hydraulics and ecology. Total cost to construct the unit is estimated to be about
200 dollars.
INDEX TERMS: Design, «Costs, Calibrations, Current meters, Detection limits.
A«C-9)189
"X-Y RECORDERS", Measurements and Data, Vol. 7, No. 5, September /October 1973,
PP 99-103-
Accuracy, speed, dimensions, costs, manufacturers, and other pertinent
information are listed for commercially available X-Y recorders operating with analog
signals.
INDEX TERMS: Costs, X-Y recorders.
AMIC-9U90
"EAGLE EYE - NEW FLOWMETER", Plache, K.
September/October 1973, PP 10^-106.
0., Measurements and CKta, Vol. 7, No. 5,
The Eagle Eye flowmeter uses an "Annubar1 primary flow element as the flow
sensor and a new Indicator designed specifically for use with the sensor. Basically,
the sensor transmits a pressure signal to a diaphragn which converts axial motion to
the pivotal notion of a range spring. The motion of the range spring is transmitted to
the meter pointer by means of a permanent (stator) mapiet on the range spring ind a
follower magnet on the pointer. Several advantages of the system <>re: readout is
direct and close to linear; the sensor is available in sizes of 1/2 inch to l8o inches
and does not require complicated engineering; pressure loss is low; iccurncy ind
dependability are high; measurements can be made with dirty liquids; readings cin be
remote from the measurement site; and cost is competitive with those of other
flowmeters.
INDEX TERMS: Design, Flowmeters.
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9576
"EVALUATION OF THE FERRIC LON SENSITIVE CHALCOGENIDE GLASS ELECTRODE", Jasinakl, R.,
Tmchtenberg, I., Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol. 120, No. 9, September
1973, PF n69-ll7k.
Further information is presented on the preparation, composition, performance,
and ferric ion sensing mechanism of chalcogenide glass FenSe60Ge28Sbl2 (where n falls
between 1.3 and 2). Properly prepared and activated electrodes responded to changes in
ferric ion concentration in perchlorate, chloride, and nitrate solutions with an
average Nernstian slope of 57.6 plus or minus 2.9 mV/decade, over the concentration
range of 0.01-0.00001 M ferric Ion (based on 16 electrodes). Useful response is found
down to at least 0.000001 M Fe(3 plus). Details are presented on the activation and
operating procedures. Although a complete evaluation Of the sensing mechanism has not
beer, made, it has been established that the activation process involves both an
oxidation of the fresh surface as well as a chemical interaction of this surface with
ferric iron from solution. The sensing process then involves exchange of ferric Iron
with this modified surface.
INDEX TERMS:
Ferric
Iron, Aqueous solutions, Ion selective electrodes, Detection limits,
ions.
AMIC-9579
'GUIDE TO SELECTING DIGITAL MULTIPLEXERS", Krigman, A., Instruments and Control
Systems, Vol. U6, No. 11, November 1973, PP 63-68.
Time division and frequency division multiplexing parameters for consideration
in selecting multiplexing systems are discussed. A reference guide to multiplexers,
their capabilities, and manufacturers are included.
INDEX TERMS: Data transmission, Multiplexers.
AMIC-9580
"DIGITAL MAGNETIC RECORDING OF WIDEBAND ANALOG SIGNALS", Spitzer, C. F., Computer Design.
Vol. 12, No. 10, October 1973, PP 93-90.
Digitization of a signal offers significant advantages when that signal
exceeds the analog bandwidth of the recorder or when unacceptable signal degradations
occur due to noise contamination, crosstalk or spurious signals, limited dynamic range,
and perturbations of the recorder's timebase. If the signal is sampled and digitized,
an error is necessarily incurred since that signal will probably not have been at an
exact quantizing level. The rms value of the resultant digitizing error, or
quantization noise, results in a peak-to-peak signal to rms error ratio of S/N ratio
equals (10.8 plus 6m) dB, where m is the number of bits per sample. This expression
is valid for unstructured signals. In the case of structured signals (eg, TV),
undesirable effects can be removed by artificially introducing white noise of a
magnitude of two or three quantization steps. There are numerous methods for varying
degrees of compression and signal deterioration. A factor of six seems feasible for
image transmission. Proper selection of a recording code can also aid In minimizing
bandwidth requirements. Care must be taken in ADC and DAC selection to prevent
converter problems from degrading the system significantly. For many future recording
applications, the advantages of pulse code modulation recording of analog signals are
expected to outweigh the drawbacks of higher equipment complexity.
INDEX TERMS: Data processing, Electronic equipment, Signal conditioning.
AMIC-9581
"ENERGY SIGNATURE MEASURES SYSTEM CHANGES", Bailey, S. J., Control Engineering.
Vol. 20, Ho. 10, October 1973, pp U5-W.
New equipment has been developed which follows system changes by monitoring
changes in input power. The instrument captures transient data and displays it for
field comparison, detects trends in process deviation from norm, and preprocesses
frequency spectra for later detailed computer analysis. Its basic function Is to aid
in determination of frequency components whose telltale variation from proper to
improper operation make them valuable in the performance of automatic 'machine minding.'
Machining, forming, mixing, welding, and powder compression processes have been
monitored by this procedure. Other potential applications exist where pmnps, valves,
or other mechanically driven devices are involved.
INDEX TERMS: Control systems, Process control.
58
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5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9582
"ON-LINE SIGHAL DIGITIZING FOR COMPUTER INPUT", Zarcades, P. A., Control Engineering.
Vol. 20, Ho. 10, October 1973, PP U8-51.
Advantages, disadvantages, and problems of various techniques for
conditioning, measuring, converting, and transferring analog data for input to
digital computers are presented.
j INDEX TEFMS: Data processing. Signal conditioning. Analog-to-digital.
AMIC-9583
"LOW-COST DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTENE", Kompass, E. J., Control Engineering,
Vol. 20, No. 11, November 1973, PP 58-61,
The capabilities of low-cost digital data acquisition systems from UO
manufacturers are reviewed. The equipment is categorized according to available
features.
INDEX TERMS: Data processing. Data acquisition systems.
"COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM POTENTIOMETRIC TITRATIONS USIHG ION-SELECTIVE
INDICATOR ELECTRODES", labell, A. F., Jr., Pecsok, R. L., Davies, R. H., et al.,
Analytical Chemistry, Vol. U5, No. lU, December 1973, PP 2363-2369.
Although ion-selective electrode potentiometry simplifies end point
determinations for many titrations and permits seme previously Impractical titrations,
frequent electrode calibration is necessary. A computer program, TITRATE, has been
developed which permits an accurate end-point determination for all titrations in which
a few of the data points lie in a concentration region where meaningful potentials can
be recorded. This computer technique locates the equivalence point in precipitation
an! complexation titrations in which either the analyte or titrant is electroactlve.
TITRATE analyzes only the meaningful data and computes the analyte concentration, the
fraction of ideal Nerastlan response, and the electrode formal potential. In addition,
standard deviations, a comprehensive error analysis, and data which facilitate plotting
both signold and linear titration curves are computed. The versatility of
ion-selective electrode potentiometry Is enhanced by permitting the analysis of Ions for
which electrodes exist plus species which rapidly form precipitates or complexes with
such Ions. Examples of three argentometric titrations using a silver ion-selective
electrode are presented. The analysis time is not extreme, and all data analysis is
performed by computer. Execution time for the complete analysis of data for one
titi«.tion is usually between 1 and 2 seconds on an IBM 360/65 computer making the cost
for computer tine minimal.
IKDEX TERMS: Computer programs, Data processing. Ion selective electrodes,
Ion selective electrodes, Potentiometric titration, Data interpretation, TITRATE,
Electroactive species,
AMIC-9611
"COMEVTERIZED DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM FOB THERKJGRAVIMETKY AND SIMILAR
APPLICATIONS", Romeo, 0., Ufshin, E., Ciccarelli, M. F., et al., Analytical
Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. 1^, December 1973, PP
The data-recording method used in conjunction with continuous thermogravimetric
analysis and precision electro-balances usually involves the use of a pen-recorder
which can be coupled with an automatic range expander. The pen-recorder usually has a
series of shortcomings which prove to be quite inconvenient to correct. As an
alternativ to the use of pen-recorders, 9. package has been designed which consists of
a digital voltmeter (DVM), an interval timer, an elasped time clock, and a teletype
equipped with a digital data controller. A block diagram and the operation sequence
Of this digital system are presented. In addition to the application to
thermogravimetry, the digital data acquisition system can be used for monitoring =nd
recording a variety of phenomena which involve either time-dependent parameters or, in
general, up to three independent variables. All system components are commercially
available as building blocks. Assembling of the system using commercial modules
should be done with minimal design by any competent electronic staff.
INDEX TERJ6: Computer programs, Automatic control. Data transmission. Data collections.
Fabrication, Programming languages, Electronic equipment, Thermogravimetric
analysis, Data acquisition, FORTRAN, Digital display.
59
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