EPA-R4-73-023J
December 1973
Environmental Monitoring Series
Reviews of Current Literature
on Analytical Methodology
and Quality Control
No. 23
Office of Research and Monitoring
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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Circulate to:
Ferris Benson
Dr. John Knelson
Dr. Anthony V. Colucci
NOTICE
This bulletin is prepared monthly by the staff of the Analytical
Methodology Information Center (AMIC), Information Systems Jepartiuent, Battelle,
Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, under EPA Contract No. 68-01-1832,
to inform personnel of the Analytical Quality Control Laboratory and other
segments of the National Analytical Methods Development Research Program of
recent publications on methodology. Personnel associated with the center are
Mr. Ralph Darby, Project Director, Mr. Robert Little, Project Leader, and
Miss Verna Holoman, Abstractor.
The 3" * 5" format of the citations and use of card stock is intended
to facilitate removal and filing of items of interest. Because of space limi-
tations, the index terms accompanying the citations are selected from a complete
list as representative of the important concepts presented in each article.
Comments and suggestions regarding the content of the "Reviews" or
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to the Project Officer:
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REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 23
By
Analytical Methodology Information Center (AMIC)
Information Systems Department
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43201
Contract No. 68-01-1832
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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NATIONAL ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
ANALYTICAL QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORY
REVIEWS OF CURRENT LITERATURE ON
ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL
No. 23 December, 1973
Arrangement of the citations following the major research areas of the Analytical
Quality Control Laboratory and other segments of the National Analytical Methods
Development Research Program. Items which apply to more than one area are cross-
referenced.
CONTENTS
1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS p l,2l
Scope; Wet chemical methods; Nutrients; NTA; Trace metals; Helium glow;
Chromatography (thin layer, gas, liquid); Spectroscopy (atomic absorption;
flame emission, arc-spark, visible, UV, IR, fluorescent); Radiochemistry;
Automation of methods; Ion-specific and other probes; Mass spectrometry;
Mass spectra; NMR; Instrument-computer interface; Chlorinated hydrocarbons
(pesticides, PCB's, other); Trace organics; Petroleum processes (reforming,
hydroforming, platforming, catalysts); Petroleum additives; Reduced crudes;
Sulfur isotopes; Boiling range determination; Asphatenes and carboids;
Weathering; Organometallies; Elemental analysis; Paraffinic distribution;
Petroleum wastes; Water quality standards; Effluent monitoring.
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS Page 22-
Scope; Plankton; Periphyton; Macrophyton; Macroinvertebrates; Fish;
Sample collection (grab samplers, artificial substrates); Sample
processing (preservation, staining, automatic and manual sorting and
counting); Organisms identification (taxonomic keys, optical and electron
microscopy, gas chromatography, electrophoresis, karyosystematics); Biomass
measurements (drying, freeze-drying, ashing, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll measure-
ment, calorimetry); Metabolic rates (primary productivity, respiration,
electron transport, nitrogen fixation); Culturing; Biomonitoring; Bioassay;
Bioaccumulation of hazardous materials; Community structure (indicator
organisms, species diversity, community stability); Mathematical models;
Statistical analysis.
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3. MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS page 42-47
Scope: Pollution indicators; Waterborne pathogens; Sampling; Detection;
Identification; Enumeration; Monitoring; Survival; Automation; Instrumenta-
tion; Cell counting; Selective and differential media; Growth factors;
Metabolic products; Membrane filter procedures; Microbiological standards;
Specific bacteriophage; Fluorescent antibody techniques; Radioactive
tracers; Antigen identification; Photomicroscopy; Optical measurements;
Data handling, presentation, and interpretation.
4. METHODS AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION Page 48
Scope: Collaborative testing; Laboratory and analyst performance evaluation;
Inter- and intralaboratory quality control; Evaluation of laboratory equip-
ment; Statistical treatment of analytical data; Experimental design.
5. INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT Page 49-52
Scope; Intake systems (methods of sampling, connecting lines, wells, motors,
pumps, mode of operation); Sensors (electro-chemical, electro-biological,
thermodynamic, mechanical, optical, nuclear); Analyzers (analog and digital
amplifiers, output displays); Recording systems (telemetry, data logging,
digital data processors).
ii
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1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-8559
"2,1*,5-T", Davis, F. S., In: Water-1972, AIChE Symposium Series Ho. 129, Vol. 69, 1973,
pp 269-278.
Available literature on 2,U,5-T and other chlorophenoxy herbicides was
reviewed to assess the effect of these pesticides on the environment. Studies of
toxicity, carcinogenicity, tumorigenlclty, and teratogenlclty Indicate that they do
not pose any undue threat when used properly. The bulk of the evidence gathered to date
suggests that the chlorophenoxy herbicides dissipate rapidly from soils where they
serve as a carbon source for the mlcrobial population. Plants metabolize or complex the
compounds readily. If domestic animals or wildlife Ingest forage containing these
herbicides, the chemicals are largely excreted via the urine. The possibilities of
biological magnification seem remote. In general, the net effect on the environment has
been reflected in increased yields of desirable species for man's use.
INDEX TERMS: 2 k 5-T, Pesticide toxicity, Environmental effects, Reviews, Persistence,
Plant metabolism, Biological magnification. Fate of pollutants.
AMIC-9152
"DETECTION OF ORDANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES BY IN SITU FLUOROMETRY ON THIN-LAYER
CHHOMATOGRAMS", Brun, G. L., (fallet, V., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 80, No. 1,
Jfey 30, 1973, PP 117-123-
Solutions of 35 pesticides were prepared to study the effect of heat
treatment alone or spraying the plate with an acid or base prior to heating on
fluorescence during thin-layer Chromatography. For chromatographlc separation, the
pesticides were spotted 2 cm from the bottom of the plate, eluted with m-hexane-acetone,
dried, and when necessary sprayed with appropriate reagent. Plates were then heated
at 50 to 250 C for 10 to 120 minutes to establish optimum conditions for fluorescence.
Twelve pesticides, azinphosmethyl, Bayrusll, coumaphos, cythloate, Dursban, Fospirate,
Imldan, Miretin, menazon, Noltran, phosalone, and zlnophos, gave positive results
under various experimental conditions, and spectral data, experimental conditions, and
detection limits (O.OO1-1.0 mlcrograma) are listed. The use of acid or base improved
the limits of detection markedly in the case of Bayrusll, but in other cases there was
either little Improvement or a slight decrease In fluorescence. The importance of the
acid- or base-treatment, however, was reflected more by the changes in the fluorescence
excitation and emission mxlma. In combining the spectral data of both techniques, a
great deal more selectivity should be Introduced in practice. Another advantage Is that
the use of acid or base does not have any effect whatsoever on the background of the
plate.
INDEX TERMS: Fluoronetry, «Org9jM>phosphorus pesticides, Detection limits, Thin layer
Chromatography, Sample preparation.
AXTC-9151*
"DETERMOATION OF AMETRDE AMD ATRAZINE RESIDUES IN SOIL BY THIN-IAYER CHBOMMajRAPffif",
HUBB, M., Adamorlc, V. M., Journal of Chroaatography, Vol. 80, Ho. 1, »fay 30, 1973,
PP 137-139.
During a study of the degradation of atrazlne and ametrlne In soil a
procedure for thin layer cnrontography was developed. Soil samples were extracted
by drying, grinding, shaking with amnonia solution and diethyl ether, filtering through
sodium sulfate, evaporating, reconstituting with diethyl ether, evaporating to dryness,
and dissolving the residue in chloroform. The dissolved residue was spotted on
chromtoplate covered with alumina G to which Uramin A fluorescent color had been added.
Near this spot, standard solutions of the pesticides were added, a carbon
disulfide-ethyl acetate mixture was applied for separation, and the spots observed and
marked under UV lights. These layers were scraped off and eluted with methanol in
chloroform into tubes and evaporated. Determinations were made by rinsing the tubes
with chloroform, partially evaporating, transferring the remainder to a silica gel
chronatoplate, and developing the plate with carbon dlsulflde-ethyl acetate. The areas
of the spots of the unknown compounds were compared with those of standards under UV
light at 251* nm. Recovery of ametrlne and atrazine was 80-83 percent and 100 percent,
respectively. The procedure makes possible the detection of as little as 0.005 ppm
triazine. Organochlorines do not interfere in the detection of triazines.
IHDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Sample preparation, Thin layer Chromatography,
Atrazlne, Ametrlne, Detection limits, Recovery.
AMIC-9155
"POLLUTION OF THE NORTH SEA"
Weichart, G., AHBIO, Vol. 11, No. k, 1973, pp 99-106.
A literature review Indicates that pollutants In the North Sea, which serves
as a catchment area for part of Britain, Belgium, Holland, Luxemburg, most of Germany,
and parts of Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, and Norway are introduced by rivers,
direct dumping from the coast, ship dumping, fallout, shipping, and offshore oil
production. Pollutants Identified are salts from potash mines, phosphates from urban
sewage, heavy metals (Cr, Hi, Fe, Hi, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As), pesticides,
nitrates, ammonia, nitrites, PCBs, phenols, mineral oil, titanium dioxide wastes, ash,
synthetic fiber waste, enzyme waste, resin waste, acids, sewage sludge, oil, wood and
plastic packing material, bottles, kitchen waste, and ship wash water. Although limited
data are available, It Is concluded that the North Sea is one of the most polluted areas
of the world.
INDEX TERMS: Water quality, Industrial wastes, Sewage sludge, Domestic wastes. Sewage
disposal, North Sea.
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1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL
AMIC-9166
"MULTIELEMENT INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE USDC A
SINGLE COMPARATOR STANDARD AND DATA PROCESSING BY COMPUTER", Llnekln, D. M.,
International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes. Vol. 2U, Ho. 6, June 1973,
PP 3*3-351.
Equations were derived which show that multielement analysis can be carried out
with a single comparator standard, cobalt, and thereby eliminate multiple rims. A
computer technique employing a Fourier transform Is employed for data smoothing.
Biological samples, human blood, lung, liver, heart, kidney, and mouse tumors were
analyzed for Au, Br, Na, Se, Cr, Ca, Ag, Pb, Sn, Zn, Hg, Sb, Sc, Co, and Fe. The
samples were prepared by lyophlllzlng In polyethylene vials, sealing, wrapping the vials
with cobalt-aluminum wire, and irradiating at 2 times 10 to the 13th power thermal
neutrons/sq cm/sec for 9 hours. Five or six days after irradiation, samples were
transferred to counting vials and counted for 100 mln in a reproducible geometry 30 cm
from a Ge(Li) detector. Concentrations of Au, Br, and Ha were determined from these
results. The remaining elements were analyzed by making counts for 1000 mln at 5 cm
from the detector six weeks after irradiation. Two weeks after irradiation, the cobalt
wires were cleansed, weighed, and counted in the Integral mode in a Nal well counter.
The method should be useful for other kinds of samples.
INDEX TERMS: Neutron activation analysis, Heavy metals, Irradiation, Biological samples,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-9577
"COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BORON IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND IN BOHOSILICATE GLASS
BY SOLVENT EXTRACTION", Tenney, A. S., Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Vol.
120, No. 9, September 1973, pp 12fll»-128?T'
Boron In aqueous solutions can be determined by adding dilute HF and
methylene blue solution to the sample in a polyethylene dropping bottle, shaking,
allowing to stand for one hour, adding 1,2-dlchloroethane, shaking, allowing to stand
overnight, and reading the absorbance in the range UOOO-700O Angstroms with a double-beam
recording spectrophotometer. Standards are prepared from boric acid solution.
Absorbance curves show three peaks at 1*900, 6050-6300, and 6750 Angstroms. Calibration
curves show that boron can be determined in the range 0-5 mlcrograms/ml with an
uncertainty of plus or minus 0.05-0.1 mlcrogram/ml using results from the two major
peaks. The detection limit Is about 0.1 nicrogram In a 2.0 ml sample. The procedure is
simpler than other methods because the double-beam spectrometer subtracts absorbance of
the blank and because no procedure is employed to remove Interfering ions such as
N03(-), As(5-),and Cr(6-).
INDEX TERMS: Colorimetry, Aqueous solutions, Boron, Sample preparation. Detection
limits.
AMC-9599
"DETERMINATION OF FLUORINE IN PETROLEUM AHD PETROLEUM PROCESS CATALYSTS WITH A FLUORIDE
ELECTROEE", Wilson, J. N., Marczewskl, C. Z., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. lU,
December 1973, pp 2bO9-2Ul2.
Procedures are described which have been developed for the preparation of
analytical solutions from crude oils, residues, products, and process catalysts,
suitable for the direct measurement of fluoride Ion concentration with a fluoride
electrode. Finely ground catalyst samples are mixed with the fusion flux, heated,
dissolved in water, buffer, and the EMF measured. For crude oil or residues or
petroleum products, a quantity is weighed, dried, reveighed, and twice extracted in a
separatory funnel. The aqueous phase was further extracted, diluted with water, and
neutralized for the measurement of the EMF. Under the conditions described for the
analysis of catalysts, the electrode response was Nernstlan down to concentrations of
O.1* ppm fluoride, and deviated only very slightly between O.k and 0.1 ppm fluoride.
The analysis of petroleum samples was completed entirely in the non-Nerstian region of
electrode response. Fluorided catalysts were analyzed by the above method and by
thorium nitrate tltration following a standard Willard and Winter distillation.
Generally good agreement was obtained for the 2 methods; the new method was about 5
times as quick and yielded much closer duplicates. Repeatable results were obtained
with 10 crude olio using maximum sample sizes of 2.5 g. The limitation of sample size
did not apply to distillate products, and determinations are possible at levels as low
as 10 parts per billion. The series of light distillates presented show the excellent
repeatability of the method over a wide range of fluoride concentrations.
INDEX TERMS: Fluorine, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Petroleum process
catalysts, Petroleum products, Sample preparation, Fluoride electrodes.
AMIC-9601
"DIRECT DETERMINATION OF SULFIDE BY RAPID DIRECT CURRENT POLARCCRAPHY", Canterford,
D. R., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 1*5, No. lU, December 1973, pp 2l*ll*-2Ul7.
The rapid polarographlc method for the direct determination of sulfide ion in
aqueous solution has been investigated in detail. As well as comparing the sensitivity
of the conventional and rapid methods, the possibility of Interference from other anions
and the effect of pH of the supporting electrolyte have been studied. The detection
limit under rapid polarographic conditions was 1* mlcroM sulfide, compared with 3 microM
under conventional conditions. Interference studies Involved the recording of
polarograms of 0.0015 M sulfide in the presence and absence of 0.01 M potentially
Interfering anlon. The rapid technique overcomes the autlclpated anionic interferences.
It was observed in this work that under both rapid and conventional conditions, the
total limiting current is Independent of pH, which is an advantage in analytical
applications as it eliminates the need to buffer the supporting electrolyte prior to
analysis. Supporting electrolytes of pH less than 8 or 9 are not recommended because
of the possibility of loss of sulfide as hydrogen sulfide.
INDEX TERMS: Sulfldes, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification, Chemical analysis,
dc Polarography, Detection limits.
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1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-960U
"SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF FERROCYANIDE AHD FEHRICYANHS IN AQJEOUS SOLUTIOKS
USIWG INFRARED SPECTROMETRK", Drew, D. M., Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 14-5, Mo. lA,
December 1973, PP 2l*23-2l*2l*.
An Infrared speetrophotometrle procedure has been described for the simultaneous
determination of ferrlcyanlde and ferrocyanlde in aqueous solutions. Photographic
bleach and fixer samples were analysed after dilution by a factor of five to bring the
concentrations of ferrlcyanlde and ferrocyanlde Into the analytical range. The spectrum
was recorded In the region from 2200 to 20OO/cm; the absorbance of ferrlcyanide mis
obtained at 2115/cm and ferrocyanlde at 20l»O/cm. Absorbance readings taken from five
determinations show standard deviations of plus or minus 0.02A for both species. For
the Interference work, the study was restricted to the effect of anlons and cations moat
common to the photographic solutions In question. The determination of ferrocyanlde was
not affected by the presence of sodium thiosulfate and ammonium sulfate either
separately or together. Ammonium sulfate bad no effect on the determination of
ferricyanlde. Sodium thiosulfate was not added to the later solutions because of Its
reaction with ferrlcyanlde.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Pollutant Identification, Cations,
Anlons, Infrared Bpectrophotometry, Ferrocyanides, Ferricyanldea, Absorbance,
Chemical Interference, Sodium thlosulfate, Ammonium sulfate, Molar absorptivity.
AMIC-9605
"COLUMN PARTITION CHROMATCGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF SODIUM AIXANE MONOSULFOHATES",
All, W. R., Laurence, P. T., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. lU, December 1973,
pp 21*26-21*28.
Allcane nonosulfonic acids can be quantitatively separated from dl- (and
poly-) sulfonlc acids over a wide range of carbon number (C9-C20) by a column partition
chromatographlc method using moist cellulose packing. After washing cellulose with
water and drying, a slurry was prepared by blending cellulose with water and petroleum
ether. This slurry was packed In the chromatographlc columns to a depth of 30 en.
Acid samples from which sodium sulfate was removed were pipetted directly onto the
column and the nonosulfonic acids eluted with n-butanol In petroleum ether and the
dlsulfonlc acids with water. The two fractions were titrated with nlKnM using
phenolphthaleln indicator. 2-Propanol was used as eosolvent in titrating the
monosulfonic acid fraction. Results of analysis of one sample at Intervals over 9
months showed the repeatability of the method to be very good.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques. Sodium alkane monosulfonates, Column chromatography,
Monosulfonic acids, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9606
"DETEFMniATION OF SUBMICROORAM LEVELS OF PHENOL IN WATER", Ooulden, P. D.,
Brooksbank, p., Day, M. B., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 1*5, No. ll», December
pp 2*30-2l»33.
1973,
Continuous distillation equipment which permits the distillation at
comparatively large sample flows In an automated system has been used in the
determination of phenol In water. The sample flow Is distilled and condensed, and
after the color formation step utilizing color-developing reagents, the dye Is
concentrated by extraction Into a small solvent flow. This technique has been uaed with
both U-anlnoantlphrlne (liAAP) and 3-methyl-2-benzothlazolinone hydrazone (MBTfi), at a
sample rate of 10 per hour. The limit of detection for the two methods is 0.2
microgram/1 phenol. The coefficient of variation of the UAAP method was 3.6 percent
and that of the MBTfl method, 2.I* percent. The step that separates the phenols from
interfering substances la a single distillation, hence the method is applicable only
to those relatively 'clean* waters for which thla single distillation constitutes a
satisfactory 'clean-up1 procedure.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Water analysis, Pollutants,
Colorlmetry, Solvent extractions, Chemical analysis, Distillation, Aqueous
solutions, Separation techniques, Trace levels, Chromogenic reagents, Detection
limits, U-Amlnoantipyrlne, Chemical Interference, 3-Methyl-2-benzothiazollnone
hydrazone, Precision.
AMIC-9608
"IMPROVEMENTS IN THE WET OXIDATION-DITHIZONE METHOD FOR DETERMINING LOW MERCURY LEVELS
IN FOOD", Nabrzyski, M., Analytical Chemistry. Vol. U5, No. lU, December 1973,
pp 2l*38-2l*liO.
The wet oxldatlon-dithlzone method for determining mercury was improved by
successively combining the dithizonate extracts obtained from two or more digested
samples to prepare one sample richer in mercury. The procedure was tested with samples
of fish, milk powder, or rice grains which were oxidized In a flask with a mixture of
sulfuric, perchloric, and nitric adds, the contents filtered, diluted with water,
divided Into two portions, and evaporated. Extraction was carried out by transferring
samples Into separator/ funnels, shaking with acetic acid and chloroform, discarding
the chloroform layer, and adding diluted dlthlzone In chloroform. Extracts were then
combined, sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite added, the solutions heated to remove
chloroform and nitrous acid, diluted with water and hydroxylamine chloride, cooled,
acetic acid added, and the solution run Into a separatory funnel. This solution was
then analyzed by a visual or colorlmetric procedure, both of which are described.
Investigations with radioactively labeled samples showed that recovery of Hg was god.
Analysis of fish digestate to which copper was added showed that copper did not
Interfere with Hg extraction at pH 0. Since Hg was selectively extracted at this pH,
the procedure can be used for simultaneous determination of both elements in foods.
The procedure can also be used to analyze natural waters.
INDEX TERMS: Separation techniques, Foods, Fish, Water analysis, Mercury, Biological
samples, Sample preparation, Recovery, Chemical Interference.
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1. PHYSICAL AMP CHEMTCAT. MRTWfflS
"STABILITY OF DILUTE STANDARD SOLUTIONS OF ANTIMONY, ARSENIC,
COLORIMETRY", Al-Sibaal, A. A., Fogg, A. G., Analyst, Vol. 9fi
PP 732-738.
IRON AND RHENIUM USED IH
, Ho. 1171, October 1973,
The stability of dilute standard solutions of Sb (U mlcrograms/ml), As
(20 micrograms/ml), Fe (50 micrograms/ml), and Be (5 microgramfl/ml) used in
colorimetry was studied by colorlmetrlc procedures over a period of two months. The
solutions vere stored in soda-glass, borosilicate glass, and rigid polyethylene
containers. The dilute standard antimony solutions, prepared either by dissolving
antimony potassium tartrate in water, or by dissolving elemental antimony in sulphuric
acid and diluting the solution vlth water, vere found to be stable (i.e., to deteriorate
by less than 3 percent) over a period of 50 days. Antimony solutions containing
hydrochloric acid deteriorated rapidly, however. The dilute standard arsenic solutions
prepared either by dissolving arsenlc(III) oxide in sodium hydroxide solution and then
neutralizing the solution with hydrochloric acid, or by dissolving dlsodium hydrogen
arsenate heptahydrate in water, were found to be stable. Arsenic(lII) in the former
standard solution was oxidized slowly by dissolved oxygen, but the total arsenic present
In the solution remained unchanged and could be determined by the molybdenum-blue
method. An iron(lll) standard solution, 0.06 M In hydrochloric acid and prepared from
anmtonlum Iron(lII) sulphate, was stable for at least S months, as was a standard
potassium perrhenate solution in a buffer solution of pH 6. Light in the laboratory
and the material of the containers did not adversely affect the solutions reported to be
stable.
INDEX TERMS: Stability, Colorlmetry, Storage, Iron, Standard solutions. Antimony,
Arsenic, Rhenium.
AMXC-9628
"HBTHUMETEU. PARAMETERS FOR DETERMINATION OF MERCURY BY FLAMBLESS ATOMIC
ABSORPTION SPECTRC-PHOTOMETRY", Hoggins, F. E., Brooks, R. R., Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, No. 6, November 1973,
pp 1306-1312.
Studies have been made on the instrumental parameters affecting the
performance of the solution-reduction and the thermal-volatilization techniques of
flamelces atomic absorption for mercury. Optimum conditions established for the
solution-reduction technique vere: gas flow 5 L/mln, stirring time 100 sec, and
stirring rate at least 1250 rpm. Optimum conditions for the thermal-volatilization
technique vere: flow rate 1.5 L/mln, heating time SO sec. The reproduclblllty and
time requirements of the tvo methods are compared, and guidelines are given on the
application of the methods to various kinds of samples such as fish, rocks, sediments,
and soils.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Soil analysis. Mercury, Fish, Sediments, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry, Instrumental parameters.
AMIC-9626
"GAS CHBOMATOGR/VPHIC DETERMINATION OF METAL MERCURY IN FISH, SEDIMENT, AND WATER",
Longbottom, J. E., Dressnan, R. C., Uchteriberg, J. J., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, Ho. 6, November 1973, PP 1297-1303.
Fish, sediment and water samples were analyzed for methyl mercury by a method
selected previously by the AQCL, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, for analysis of similar type
samples. Methyl mercury was extracted as the bromide salt from fish and sediment and as
the chloride salt from water samples. All extracts are treated with a cannon cleanup
procedure that resulted in the conversion of methyl mercury to the iodide salt for
electron capture gas chromatographlc analysis. Recoveries ranged from an average of
88.5 percent for water samples to averages of 95-5 and 96-3 percent for perch and
sediments. Methods for controlling contaminants and Interferences are discussed for all
phases of the method. Particular problems encountered vere column poisoning and
detector poisoning. When the method was applied to sediment samples collected from a
polluted river, a correlation could be established between total mercury and methyl
mercury when the concentration of total mercury vas in the 0-10 micrograms/g region.
For samples of very high inorganic mercury, the correlation failed.
INDEX TERMS: Fish, Sediments, Chemical analysis, Pollutant identification, Water,
Methylmercury, Electron capture gas chromatography, Organometallics, Chemical
recovery, Chemical Interference, Sample preparation, Sanple preservation, Accuracy,
Precision.
AMIC-9636
"NITRATE DETERMINATION BY A MODIFIED CONWAY MTCRODIFFUSIOH METHOD", Stanford, G.,
Carter, J. N., Simpson, E. C., Jr., et al.. Journal of the^Aasociation of Official
Analytical Chemists, Vol. 56, No. 6, November~1973, PP 1365-1365.
The proposed modified Convay mlcrodlffuslon method provides for consecutive
determinations of NHU- and NO3-N in a given aliquot of soil extract. Analysis Is
performed by pipetting soil extract Into the peripheral chamber of an Obrlnk-Convay
mlcrodiffuBlon dish, pipetting boric acid solution Into the center well, adding K2C03
to the outer moat and the sample chamber of the dish, and sealing the dish with the
cover. After 16 hrs or more the diffused NHUN Is titrated. Devarda's alloy Is then
added to the sample chamber, and N03-H is titrated after 16 hrs or more. To measure
(NHU(plus)N03)-H, Devarda's alloy is added to the sample chamber first. Analyses of
primary nitrate standards showed essentially complete recovery in the range of 1 to 20
ppm N03-N (U to 80 micrograma N/allquot). Results for (NHMplus)N03) -« and N03-N In
soil extracts are comparable to those obtained, respectively, by macrodlstillation with
Devarda's alloy and by the phenoldisulfonlc acid colortmetric method. The method Is
rapid and suitable for routine analyses of soil extracts, the equipment is inexpensive,
and no interferences are apparent.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Soil analysis, Ammonium, Convay microdlffusion method.
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1. PHYSICAL ADD CHEMICAL METHODS
"FORMATION OF PEHTAFLUOBOBEHZYL DERIVATIVES FOR THE IDEHTIFICATIOH AHD OUAHTITATIOH
OF ACID AHD PHENOL PESTICIDE RESIDUES", Johnson, L. G., Journal of the Association of
Official Analytical Chemists. Vol. 56, Ho. 6, November 1973, PP 1503-1505.
A procedure Is described for the preparation and electron capture GLC
determination of pentafluorobenzyl ester and ether derivatives of 2,k-D, p,p'-I)DA,
1-naphthol, p-nltrophenol, and sec.-amyl phenols. A column cleanup procedure
quantitatively Isolates the derivatives from excess reagents and other Interferences.
The method can toe used as an aid In the confirmation of the Identity of pesticide
residues and for the quantitative determination of extracted residues.
IHDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Pesticide residues. Phenolic pesticides.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pentafluorobenzyl esters, Ethers,
Derivatives, Trace elements, Electron capture gas chromatography, Cleanup,
Sample preparation.
AMIC-96U6
"COHSOLIDATIOH CHARACTERISTICS OF DREDGING SLURRIES", Salem, A. B., Kriiek, R. J.,
Journal of the Waterways Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division, Proceedings of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 99, No. WWit, November 1973f
PP
As part of a study of the consolidation characteristics of dredging slurries,
dredglngs from various sites around Toledo, Ohio, were chemically analyzed.
Compositions were as follows: clay, 30-53 percent; total solids, 12.0-43.1* percent;
volatile solids, 7.0-1&.6 percent; COD, 80-185 mg/gn; organic N, O.U-5.3 "g/gj
ammonia-N, O.lt_1.7 mg/g; phosphates, O.lU.2 mg/g; oil and grease, 0-11.9 "g/8»
hydrocarbons, 0-6.8 mg/g; Iron, 0.3-31.8 mg/g; cyanide, 0-11.8 micrograme/g; lead,
5O-l8l mlcrograms/g; mercury, 0-0.k mlcrograms/g; and organic C, 0-7.6 percent. The
dredging water contained 0-0.25 ppm Pb, 0-0.85 PP» Cu, 1^-32 pp«i K, 0-30 ppm Ma, 0-132
ppm Ca, and 0-80 ppm Fe.
IHDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Suspended solids, Chemical oxygen demand, Oil, Nutrients,
Dredge spoils, Characterization, Grease.
AHtC-964?
"TRACE ORGAHICS IH WATER: THEIR ISOLATIOH AHD rDEHTIFICATTOH", Burnham, A. K.,
Calder, 0. V., Fritz, J. S., et al., Journal American Water Works Association,
Vol. 65, Ho. 11, Hovember 1973, PP 722-725.
The new method for isolating and concentrating organic compounds in potable
water Involves passing the water through a column packed with XAD-2 polystyrene
nacroretlculflr resin, and eluting the mostly neutral, sorbed organic compounds with an
appropriate solvent (e.g., ethyl ether). After sorptlon and elution, the solvent is
evaporated, the neutral organlcs separated by gas chrooatography, and the individual
compounds Identified with a mass spectrometer coupled to the column. Gas
chroma tography is used in quantitative determinations. Except for the MS
Identification, the method is simple and relatively rapid; the concentration and
elution steps are both quantitative, and when tested, all the organic compounds were
recovered In their original form. The method has been used for concentrating and
identifying neutral organic Impurities in the water of tvo Iowa cities and of the
Delaware River. Data on water from Ames, Iowa, show the distribution of hydrocarbons
with respect to geographical proximity to a. source of pollution.
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Water pollution. Pollutant Identification, Isolation,
Methodology, Water analysis, Gas chromatography, Trace levels, Data
Interpretation.
AMIC-96U8
"PROBLEMS IH PHEHOUCS-MDDELIBO METHODS IH THE OHIO RIVER AT WHEELING, W. VA.",
McMlchael, F. C., Vlganl, F. C., Journal American Water Works Association, Vol. 65,
Ho. 11, Hovember 1973, PP 725-731.
An attempt was made to develop a forecasting function for phenolics in Ohio
River water at Wheeling, W. Va., by fitting a time-series model to phenolic data
obtained during 1963-1968. The analysis of the data revealed unexpected information on
the effect of operator bias on the reported data. Although the historical data are
unsuitable for modeling what Is occurring In the river, they do reveal information about
the activities of the operators in the treatment plant. When the operator bias is
removed from the data, there is essentially no structure to the residuals, which
indicates no apparent physical or assignable cause relationship In the
phenolics-concentration data. The problem that very high concentrations of phenolics
affect water quality remains. All available evidence indicates that these rare events
follow no deterministic pattern. The extreme values of phenolics concentration may be
caused by at least three factors: analytical problems, slugs of nonindustrial origin,
and extraordinary Industrial discharges.
IHDEX TERMS: Forecasting, Mathematical models, Ohio River, Data interpretation,
Phenolics.
-------
X. PHYSICAL ASP CHEMICAL MEtBQI)§
"EVALUATION OF A LOW-COST ARSENIC AMD SELENIUM DETERMINATION AT MICROGRAM-PER-LITER
LEVELS", Caldwell, J. S., Llshka, R. J., McFarren, E. P., Journal American Water
Works Association, Vol. 65, No. 11, November 1973, PP 731-735^
New methods and modifications of known methods of detecting arsenic and
selenium In water are described. The modifications are concerned vltb converting
Inorganic arsenic and selenium Into gaseous hydrides that can be swept Into an
argon-hydrogen flame of an atomic absorption spectrophotoaeter. Organic arsenic
compounds can be determined like the inorganic compounds after a preliminary digestion
with a mixture of nitric, sulfuric, and perchloric acids. Such a procedure does not
appreciably interfere with inorganic As determinations. Organic Se was not
Investigated. Gas-flow rate, Zn concentration, burner head position in relation to
light path, and the use of a single-slot burner head were investigated In relation to
the decrease of sensitivity and/or extension of the determination range. The previous
procedures for these elements are extremely tedious and time consuming, but these new
procedures Can be performed in a few minutes - thereby permitting routine monitoring of
water supplies for As and Se.
INDEX TERMS: Hater analysis, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Evaluation,
Selenium, Arsenic, Trace levels. Chemical recovery, Chemical, interference, Atomic
absorption spectrophotometry.
AMIC-9650
"TREATMENT OF OILY AND METAL-CONTAINIHG WASTEWATER", Lin, Y. H., Lawson, J. R.,
Pollution Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 11, November 1973, pp
Data are presented in a tabular form which cover the major sources of oily
and metal-containing wastes, characteristics of selected Industrial vastevaters, and
effluent concentrations after various methods of waste treatment.
INDEX TERMS: Waste water (pollution), Properties, Oil wastes, Industrial wastes, Water
pollution sources, Liquid wastes, Effluents, Chemical wastes, Oily water, Metal
wastes.
AMIC-9651*
"BRAVE HEW WORLD OF TOC AMD TOD", Industrial Water Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 5,
September-October 1973, PP 13-17.
Because of the shortcomings of BOD and COD testa and tine required to obtain
results, they are unsatisfactory for real-time control of treatment plant effluents.
As a result total organic carbon (KC) and total oxygen demand (TOD) are being used for
this purpose. Although there is no rigorous correlation between TOC and BOD or COD,
because of the general consistency of effluent compositions, they all show the same
trends. TOC is based on the automatic measurement of the oxygen required to combust
the Impurities of a water sample. TOD correlates well with COD when interferences are
not present. The correlation between TOD and BOD depends on the specific sample.
Typical examples of applications of TOC and TOD are discussed and several commercially
available instruments are described.
INDEX TEPMSt Biochemical oxygen demand, Chemical osygen demand, Monitoring, Sewa.ge
effluents, Total organic carbon, Total oxygen demand.
AMIC-9661
"IDENTIFTIHG SOURCE OF PETROLEUM BY INFRARED SPECTROSCOPE", Lynch, P. F., Brown, C. W.,
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 13, December 1973, pp 1123-1187.
The Infrared spectra of over 50 samples of crude oils, fuel oils, and other
petroleum products have been measured using a Perkln-Elmer Model 521 infrared
spectrometer. Bands In the 650-1200/cm spectral region uere characteristic of each
sample and can be used to identify the source of the sample. Computer analysis of
abaorptlvltles of 21 selected bands was used to match unknowns with the correct knowns
by taking the ratios of known to unknown absorptlvltles. The method was demonstrated
on laboratory samples and on a sample taken from an actual oil spill. The method of
analysis is rapid and it provides unambiguous identification for petroleum products,
eliminating the need for adding tracer materials to petroleum products or for other
methods of analysis.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution sources, Oil pollution, Oil spills, Pollutant
Identification, Water pollution, Chemical analysis, Computers, Data processing,
Methodology, Infrared spectrophotometry, Data Interpretation, Crude oil, Fuel
Oil, Petroleum products, Oil characterization, Kerosene, Petroleum distillates,
Ho. 2 fuel oil, Absorptivity.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9663
'•TEST FOR ANTICHOLINESTERASE MATERIALS III WATER", Gamson, R. M., Robinson, D. W.,
Goodman, A., Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 7, So. 13, December 1973,
PP 1137-U'tO.
A single device containing paper Impregnated with cholinesterase Is reported
for detection of organophosphorus Inhibitors In the ppb to ppn range In water. The
device Is a polypropylene 'ticket1, 1 In. wide, 2 In. long, and 1/16 In. thick, round at
one end, and square at the other. The round end is vetted with buffer (pH 8) and the
substrate (2,6 dlchloroindophenyl acetate In llgroine) Is added from a dispenser.
After a short waiting period, the round end ia observed for blue color development
which serves as a control for the presence or absence of enzyme activity. The
appearance of the blue color Indicates that the system Is operating properly; it also
means that a cholinesterase inhibitor Is not present. Ho change In color Is Indicative
of the presence of a hazard. Optimum perfomance is obtained at 2O C aad pH 8. Under
these conditions, the enzyme is completely Inhibited in 20 win or less by 10 ppb up to
1 ppm depending On the inhibitor. Comparison of Inhibition data with rate Constanta
Indicates that the sensitivity of the device to any given Inhibitor can be estimated If
the rate constant value Is known for that Inhibitor with horse serum cholinesterase.
Experimental data are presented on studies with the organophosphorus esters Isopropyl
methylphosphonofluorldate (Sarln), 0-ethyl S(a-dllsopropylamlno)ethyl
methylphosphonothioate, and O,0-diethyl 0-p-nltrophenyl phosphorothloate (parathlon).
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant Identification, Methodology, Organophosphorus compounds, Water
pollution. Water analysis. Enzymatic inhibitors, Antlchollnesterases, Horse serum
cholinesterase, Detection limits, Sensitivity, Trace levels. Chemical Indicators.
AMIC-9667
"A STRUCK GAS STRIPPING PROCEDURE FOR GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF DISSOLVED
IHORGAHIC AND ORGANIC CARBON IK FRESH WATER AND CARBONATES IN SEDIMENTS", Stalnton,
M. P., Journal Of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October "
1973, pp iwa_ii»it5.
A simple, rapid method Is described for determining dissolved Inorganic carbon
in water. A 20-cu cm sample of water is drawn Into a 50-cu on polypropylene syringe
and acidified by injection of 1-cu cm of dilute sulphuric acid. Twenty-nine cubic
centimeters of helium at atmospheric pressure is Injected Into the syringe followed by
10 sec of manual agitation to partition C02 between gas and liquid phase. The gas
phase containing 60 percent of C02 from the sample Is then analyzed by gas
chranatography. This method has been used to determine dissolved Inorganic and organic
carbon In Canadian Shield waters and to determine total carbonates in sediments.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chronatography, Freshwater, Sediments, Water analysis, Soil analysis,
Dissolved Inorganic carbon, Dissolved organic carbon, Syringe gas-stripping method,
Sample preparation, Sensitivity, Chemical recovery, Precision.
AMC-9671
"DISTRIBUTION AND UPTAKE OP ARTIFICIALLY INTRODUCED RADIUM-226 IN A SMALL LAKE",
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973,
Radlum-226 was added to lake 227 of the Experimental Lakes Area In August, 1970,
so that gas -exchange rates between the atmosphere and the lake could be traced by Its
gaseous daughter product radon-222. Although the radium was expected to remain In
solution It did so for only about 1 month. An investigation was made to locate the
radium after It left solution. Water and deep water surface sediment samples «"•"< nlgpl
( eplllthophyton) and detrltal material were analyzed in order to determine radium
distribution. Since Ra was found to be highly concentrated in rock scrapings, an attempt
was made to correlate Ra uptake with epilithophyton carbon fixation. Algal-detrital
material frcra nonlabelled lakes (lakes 339 and 2UO) with natural radium activities (0.1
dpm/liter) was analyzed for Rn by liquid scintillation counting in a dloxane fluor.
In 1"^"* 2S7 radon activity decreased toward the center, thus confirming that the radon
source was the littoral zone. Radium activity of rock scrapings and surface sediment
further Indicated that radium was concentrated on the littoral bottom surface. Results
of two successive scrapings of the same rocks from lake 227 showed that the radium
analyzed In these scrapings was concentrated In the algal or detrltal coating of the
rock and not from the rock Itself. Two years after labelling lake 227, activities in
the surface sediments below 8 m were as high as 660 dpm/g of dried sediment. Radium
uptake had no relation to the carbon fixation rate. Laboratory tests determining
radium removal rate indicated no significant difference between removal by unaltered
algal-detrltal material and boiled algal -detrltal material.
AMIC-9671 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Lake sediments, Absorption, Ecological distribution, Detritus, Chemical
analysis, Path of pollutants, Ra-226, Epilithophyton, Gas exchange rates, Algal
counts, Pollutant removal.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL ME1HODS
"MOVEMENTS OF PHOSPHORUS BEWEEN ITS BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT FORMS IH LAKE WATER",
Lean, D. R. S., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, Ho. 10,
October 1973, pp 1525-1536.
A model consistent with the kinetics of phosphorus in epillmnetlc lake water
was developed. Adding P-320U to lake water and separating the major forms of dissolved
phosphorus by Sephadex gel filtration showed that the exchange mechanism 'between
inorganic phosphate and the particulate fraction predominates. At the same time, a
low-molecular-weight phosphorus compound is excreted which combines with colloids in
lake water, releasing phosphate from the colloid and making the phosphate available for
'transfer1 again. This rapid cycling of phosphorus between the four principal forms -
the particulate fraction, the low-molecular-weight P compound, colloidal P, and
phosphate - appears to contribute to formation of colloids in lake water. No direct
coraplexing of phosphate to the colloid was observed. Only In the presence of algae,
bacteria, and other particulate matter did the radioactive phosphorus move to the low-
molecular weight and the colloidal forms. The low-molecular-weight compound is nega-
tively charged, as is the colloidal P, but to a lesser degree. Both are removed by
anion exchange materials along with phosphate, but the rate that they move into the
fraction removed by membrane filtration is different from that for phosphate. This
complicates measurements of transfer and makes previous studies on utilization of
dissolved organic phosphorus of doubtful value since corrections for filter retention
were rarely, if ever, made.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Path of pollutants, Lakes, Epillmnion, Kinetics, Cycling
nutrients. Movement, Model studies.
AMlC-g68a
"USE OF A SILVER-SULFIDE ELECTRODE FOR STANDARDIZING AQUEOUS SULFIDE SOLUTION IN
DETERMINING SULFIDE IN WATER", Barica, J., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of
Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, PP 1589-1591.
A simplified method is described for standardizing aqueous sulfide solution in
determining sulfide in water. A silver-sulfide electrode is used to detect the endpoint
in titration of standard solution of sodium sulftde by silver nitrate. The method
makes it possible to perform potentlometrlc titration within 60 sec by adding the
titrant until the potential reading Is between -15O and 0 rav, without plotting the data
on a graph. The concentrations of sulfide solutions determined by this method were
within plus or minus 0.2U mg S (SD), or 3 percent, of the values obtained by the
conventional iodometric standardization.
INDEX TERSE: Sulf ides, Aqueous solutions, Water analysis, Pollutant identification,
Silver/sulfide electrodes, Standardization.
AMIC-9685
"LABORATORY STUDIES OF THE ACCOMMODATION OF SOME CRUDE AND RESIDUAL FUEL OILS IN
SEA WATER", Gordon, D. C., Jr., Keizer, P. D., Prouse, N. J., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada
To understand more fully the potential availability of petroleum hydrocarbons
to marine organisms Inhabiting the water column (both In the natural environment and
in experimental situations devised to test the effects of hydrocarbons), a series of
laboratory experiments were undertaken to study the accommodation of three different
types of oil in seawater under different experimental conditions. Concentrations of oil
accommodated in seawater under laboratory conditions are directly related to the
amount added and the degree of turbulence, but inversely related to temperature. The
major fraction (87-98 percent) of this oil is in particulate form ranging in size from
about 1 to 30 microns, presumably small droplets. The exact ratio of the particulate
to subparticulate fractions is directly related to the apparent viscosity of each
Individual oil. Of the total amount of oil initially added, 9-15 percent appeared in
seawater at the end of the 7-days experiments. Except in the proximity of recent oil
slicks, the oil concentrations observed in these experiments are one to two orders of
magnitude greater than the concentrations generally observed in the marine environment
off eastern Canada.
INDEX TEFMS: Laboratory tests, Sea water, Oil pollution, Turbulence, Water temperature,
Crude oil, Residual fuel oil, Accomodation, Fate of pollutants, Particulate oil,
Subparticulate oil, Aliphatic hydrocarbons, Petroleum hydrocarbons.
AMIC-9686
"FACTORS AFFECTING THE BEHAVIOR OF FIVE CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN TWO NATURAL WATERS
AHD THEIR SEDIMENTS", Oloffs, P. C., Albright, L. J., Szeto, S. Y., et al., Journal of
the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1973, PP 1619-1623.
Water samples from the Fraser River and Georgia Strait, British Columbia, were
treated with different chlorinated hydrocarbons and incubated for up to 12 weeks at
13 C. (l) In the presence of bottom sediments from the sajne locations as the waters,
no residues were found to escape into the atmosphere. (2) With the exception of llndane
in ocean water, all detectable residues had moved into the sediments after 6 weeks.
(3) Most of the llndane was metabolized. (U) Sterilization of the waters and sediments
prevented the metabolism of lindane but had little effect on DDT and DDD. (5) Agitation
of water samples containing ganma-chlordane, incubated without sediment, had no effect
on its disappearance, but the presence of 0.01 percent of a nonionlc surfactant retarded
this almost completely.
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, Pesticide kinetics, Environmental effects, Water
pollution, Fraser River, Georgia Strait, Chlorinated hydrocarbons.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMEC-9688
"OCCURRENCE OF DDT RESIDUES IB BELUGA WHALES (PEIPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS) FROM THE
MACKENZIE DELTA, N.W.T", Addlson, R. F., Brodle. P. F.. Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 130, No. 11, November 1973, PP 1733-1736.
Tissue samples from Ifc Beluga whales were analyzed for the presence of pesticide
residues as a possible reflection of the level of pesticide contamination of the marine
environment in the Mackenzie Delta area. Blubber, mlddorsal muscle, and liver samples
vere taken and preserved in formalin or frozen. Ten grains were dissected from the
interior of each sample, extracted by homogenizing with an acetonitrlle-based system,
evaporated to dryness for gravimetric lipld determination. Additional aliquots were
cleaned up by chronatography on Florisil and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography.
Only residues of the DDT group vere detected with certainty. Muscle and liver
contained p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT; total residue concentrations In these tissues were
approximately 0.01 and 0.02 ppm fresh weight, respectively. Blubber contained p,p'J3DE,
p,p'-DDT, and o,p'-DDT; total residue content was approximately 2-U ppm fresh weight.
INDEX TERMS: Marine animals, Pesticide residues. Pollutant identification, DDT,
Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Beluga whales, Animal tissues.
AMIC-9700
"ACCUMULATION AHD MOVEMENT OF MIREX IN SELECTED ESTUARIES OF SOUTH CAROLINA, 1969-71",
Borthwick, P. W., Duke, T. W., Wilson, A. J., Jr., et al.. Pesticides Monitoring
Journal, Vol. 7, Ho. 1, June 1973, pp 6-26.
In In conjunction with a fire ant eradication program during which mirex was
aerially applied to coastal areas near Charleston, S. C., field studies were conducted tc
monitor the movement and accumulation of mlrex In the estuarine system. Collections of
background and periodic posttreatment samples of water, bottom sediments, shrimp, crabs,
fish, and estuary-dependent birds and mammals were analyzed for mirex using
electron-capture gas chromatography. The data revealed that (l) mlrex was translocated
from treated lands and high marsh to estuarine biota - all animal classes sampled
contained mirex; and (2) biological concentration of mlrex occurred - especially In
predators such as racoons and birds. Mlrex residue ranges for respective sample
categories were: water (less than 10.01 ppb); sediment (0-0.07 ppm); crabs (0-0.60 ppm);
fishes (0-0.82 ppm); shrimps (0-1.3 ppm); namnals (Q-k.b ppm); and birds (0-17.0 ppm).
No mass mortalities were observed during the study.
INDEX TERMSs Pesticide kinetics, Pesticide residues, Bottom sediments, Estuaries, Path
of pollutants, Biota, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Fish, Water birds,
Shellfish, Bird eggs, Mammals, Mirex, Bloaccumulation, Animal tissues, Data
Interpretation, Chemical recovery, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9702
"INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE STUDY OF ORGANOCHLOFINE AND MERCURY RESIDUES IN WILDLIFE,
1969-71", Holden, A. V., Pesticides Monitoring Journal. Vol. 7, »o. 1, June 1973,
PP 37-52.
A two-part collaborative study of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorlnated
bipnenyls (PCB's), and mercury residues was carried out by 26 laboratories In 12
countries. The first part involved the analysis of three test samples containing
organochlorine residues and one group of test samples containing mercury. One
organochlorine sample contained seven pesticides or derivatives added to corn oil; a
second was a standard solution of a PCB formulation In hexane; and the third a
homogenate of cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) muscle containing mainly PCB's. With few
exceptions, agreement among the analysts involved was reasonably good and acceptable for
monitoring wildlife residues. Coefficients of variation for the various organochlorines
were from plus or minus 10 percent to plus or minus 17 percent. The test samples
containing mercury included a group of freeze-dried homogenates of the muscle tissue of
pike (Esox luclus) and an ampoule of methylmercury dicyandlamlde in water; the samples
were analyzed for total and methylmercury. Again, agreement was reasonably good, although
only four laboratories reported total mercury values and eight, methylmercury values.
The second part of the program required the sampling and analysis of several species of
wildlife from both terrestrial and aquatic environments, including fish, shellfish, and
the eggs of birds. Samples were taken In specified numbers and at specified times, from
both areas considered to be free of any pesticide usage and areas known or believed to be
seriously polluted. Eggshell thickness indices were also determined. The results of the
wildlife analyses demonstrated the difficulties in selecting species appropriate for
International monitoring programs, in identifying (before analysis) areas of high
AMIC-9702 (Continued)
Card 2/2
contamination, and in relating concentrations to measurable biological effects. Samples
of any one species from areas regarded as unpolluted in different countries contained a
wide range of organochlorine concentrations. The PCB levels in mussels from such areas
contained 0.01 to 0.67 mg/kg, and DDE levels in herring ranged from less than 0.01 to
0.03 ng/kS' The differences between residue results for samples in this second part of
the study were much greater than the analytical variations estimated from the first part
of the study.
INDEX TERMS: Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Pesticide residues. Mercury, Heavy
metals, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Wildlife, Shellfish, Freshwater fish, Water
birds, Pollutants, Pollutant identification, Bird eggs, Bloaccvunulatlon, Animal
tissues, Interlaboratory studies, Collaborative studies.
-------
1. PHYSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9703
"PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN NATURAL FISH POPULATIONS OF THE SMOKY HILL RIVER OF WESTERN
KANSAS", KOaaaeen, H. E., Kadoum, A. M., Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1,
June 1973, PP 53-61.
Fish populations from five locations in an area of low pesticide use are
described and their pesticide residue levels are given for the 3-year period, 1967.69,
The study was carried out in a dry-land farming area with developing Irrigation on the
Smoky Hill River of west central Kansas. Fish samples were collected by
electro-shocking at five stations along an 80-km section of the river. A total of 393
samples of the commonly occurring species (whole body, flesh, gonads) were analyzed
for organochlorine residues by electron capture gas chrooBtography. During the 3 years,
21* species of fishes were collected; 15 of these species were common in the study area.
The number of species, number of individuals collected, and species diversity are
presented for each station with respect to time. No endrln, aldrln, or heptachlor
residues were detected in any sample. Heptachlor epoxlde was found in trace amounts in
three samples. Dieldrln was present in 15 percent of the samples, usually in amounts
less than 0.01 ppm. DDT and Its metabolites were detected in 75 percent of the samples,
usually at only several hundredths of a part per million. The fish populations collected,
were considered 'clean' from pesticides when compared with fishes from other surveys.
These data form a baseline for future comparison as the agriculture changes in this area,
INDEX TERMS: Fish populations, Pesticide residues, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
Freshwater fish, Smoky Hill River, Metabolites, Background levels. Animal tissues,
Sample preservation, Sample preparation.
AKIC-9705
"PESTICIDES IN SELECTED WESTERN STREAMS - 1968-71", Schulze, J. A., Manigold, D. B.,
Andrews, F. L., Pesticides Monitoring Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1, June 1973, pp 73-8U.
This paper presents data from the U. S. Geological Survey program for
monitoring pesticides in the streams of the Western United States for the period
October, 1968 to September, 1971. Samples were collected in 1-quart glass bottles
sealed with a Teflon-lined screw cap. Two bottles were collected at each of SO
sampling stations, one for insecticide analysis and the other for herbicide analysis.
All analyses were performed by gas chromatography. Compounds determined include the
common chlorinated insecticides and herbicides. Heptachlor and Its epoxlde were not
detected during the 3-year period, and aldrln was found only once. DDT was the most
frequently occurring insecticide, and 2,U,5-T the most common herbicide. The amounts
observed were small; the maximum concentration of an insecticide was O.U6
mlcrogram/liter for DDT, and of an herbicide 0.99 microgram/liter for 2,U-D.
Concentrations were highest in water samples containing appreciable amounts of suspended
sediments. Graphs are Included to show Insecticide and herbicide occurrences for the
4-year period (October, 1967-September, 1971) during which all SO monitoring stations
have been in operation. Beginning In July, 197O, the phosphorothioate insecticides -
parathion, methyl parathion, malathlon, and diazlnon . were determined monthly on all
samples, (biathlon was not found during this period. Polychlorinated bipbenyl (PCB's)
compounds which were monitored for beginning in October, 1969 were also detected at two
stations.
INDEX TERMS: Natural streams, Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, Phosphothioate
pesticides, Polychlorinated biphenyls, Pollutant Identification, Insecticides,
Herbicides, Water analysis, Gas chromatography. Sample preparation.
AMIC-9721
"SYSTEM SIMJLATIOH TO IDEHTIFlf ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH HEEDS: MERCURY COHTAMHIATIOH",
Anderson, A. A., Anderson, J. M., Mayer, L. E., OIKOS. Vol. 2U, No. 2, 1973,
pp 231-238.
Data on the distribution and translocatlon of mercury in the environment are
summarised to determine whether the mercury balance has been disturbed by man's
activities and whether additional research is required. A model based on System
Dynamics methodology was developed to identify research needs, assess the persistence
of mercury as a pollutant, and analyze policies for controlling mercury pollution.
This model traces the path of mercury from its natural sources to its natural sinks.
By superimposing the effect of man's activities on the natural flow of mercury, the
effect of Industrial and agricultural consumption on mercury contamination in the world
system can be examined. Although the model is not complete several conclusions result
from the available data: Mercury pollution of soils and streams is primarily a local
problem; mercury levels in marine fish may rise above acceptable levels if the
consumption of resources with one ppm mercury or more continues. Further experimental
research is needed to obtain data on the mercury content of fossil fuels, on possible
natural mechanisms for the release of mercury into the air, and on conversion
mechanisms for methylation of mercury in the soil, ocean, and fish sectors.
INDEX TERMS: Model studies, Mercury, Path of pollutants, Environmental effects, Water
pollution effects, Soils, Fish, Mud, Air, Air pollution, Heavy metals, Cycles,
Data interpretation.
AMIC-9723
"TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENTS OF NEW YORK BIGHT", Cannody, D. J., Pearce, J. B.,
Yasso, W. E., Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. U, No. 9, September 1973, pp 132-135.
Sediment samples from seventy-five stations around the waste disposal sites in
the New York Bight were analyzed for the presence of Cr, Cu, Pb, Hi, and Zn.
Twenty-five other sites In the Hudson Shelf Valley and in Delaware Bay were sampled for
comparative purposes. A Smlth-Mclntyre bottom grab was used for sampling. Aliquots
were removed, frozen, oven-dried at 105 C, extracted in 8 N H1J03 for 30 rain, and
filtered to a constant volume. The resulting solutions were analyzed by atomic
absorption. There was a greater variation in heavy metal concentrations in and near
the dumping areas than in the uncontamlnated regions. In severely polluted areas, metal
concentrations occasionally varied as much as 50 percent between subsamples taken from
the same grab sample. On comparing metal concentrations at different depths to a depth
of 15 cm, no consistent trend was discernible.
ISDEX TERMS: Trace elements, Bottom sediments, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Nickel, Zinc,
Waste disposal. Heavy metals, Pollutant identification, Sewage sludge, New
York Bight, Dredge spoils.
10
-------
1. PICfSICAL AMD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMTC-9721*
"TRACE METALS IN THE NORTH SEA", Button, J. W. R., Jefferles, D. F., Folkard, A. R.,
et al., Marine Pollutlo_n_Bulletln. Vol. k, No. 9, September 1973, pp 135-138.
The distribution of zinc, manganese, nickel, copper and cadmium In water and
biological material has been measured In the southern North Sea and Straits of Dover,
and off the north-east coast of England. Analyses were conducted by means of an atonic
absorption technique. Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Cd were measured In all samples. Fe was
additionally analyzed In shoreline and biological samples; Fb and Ag were measured In
the biological material only. With the exception of cadmium, the metals measured
shoved onshore-offshore gradients to varying degrees, the highest values generally
occurring In the vicinity of estuaries. The concentration of cadmium varied between
less than 0.1 and 1.1+ micrograms/1 but Its distribution could not be contoured with any
degree of confidence. These Investlf^tions provide baseline values against which
future pollution changes can be measured.
IHDEX TERMS: Baseline studies, Heavy metals, Surface waters, Chemical analysis, Marine
algae, Biological materials, North Sea, Background levels.
AMIC-9725
"TRACE METALS IN CAKBONATE AND ORGANIC RICH SEDIMENTS", Se^ir, D. A., Pellenbarg,
R. E., Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. U, tto. 9, September 1973, PP 138-1U2.
During an Investigation of the trace transition metal distributions within
carbonate and organic rich near-shore and estuarlne sediments, three separate
geographical locations. Card Sound and Turkey Point, Florida and Mangrove Lake, Bermuda,
have been studied. The sediment samples were collected with hand coring tubes and
homogenized. A subsample vas freeze-dried to a constant weight and analyzed by
flameless atom reservoir atomic absorption spectrophotaBetry after acid dissolution and
solvent extraction of the metal pyrrolidlne dlthlocarbamates. The results obtained from
the three areas show that the accumulations could be ascribed to local human activities,
though their nature varied widely from one site to another.
INDEX TERMS: Bottom sediments, Heavy metals, Pollutant Identification, Chemical
analysis, Trace elements, Carbonates, Estuarlne environment, Or^nic soils, Clays,
Water pollution sources, Marine environment.
AKIC-9727
"POLLUTION STUDIES IN THE CLYDE SEA AREA", Steele, J. H., Mclntyre, A. D., Johnaton,
R., et al., Marine Pollution Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 10, October 1973, PP 153-157.
The water quality and the effects of pollution on the Firth of Clyde are being
monitored by the Department of Agriculture and. Fisheries for Scotland. Surveys were
made of the plankton, benthic anl fish populations of the area. Pollutants identified
were sewage sludge; heavy metala such as Cu, Fb, Zn, Cd, and Hg; trace organlcs;
PCB's; pesticides such as dleldrin and DDT; crude fuel and lubricating oils; and heated
water. Levels of metals In fish, shellfish, sediments, zooplankton, and water and the
levels of dieldrln, DDE, TDE, DDT, and PCE in fish are listed. Bloaosays with flatfish,
plaice, the bivalve Telllna tenuia, and herring eggs and larvae show that copper
concentrations of 1O mierogramfl/rhave adverse effects on the food chain leading to
young flatfish and at levels above this, herring eggs are affected. Excess nutrients
apparently lower grazing rates which may be the reason for the occurrence of higher
chlorophyll concentrations In the Firth. There are three main conclusions from this
study, (l) There is evidence of enhanced levels of contaminants in the Clyde.
(2) This evidence is found most obviously at intermediate trophic levels (Telllna and
zooplankton), rather than in the water or the fish. (3) Experiments show direct effects
on organisms from this area which are comparable to effects found by contaminated
additions to unpolluted waters, but the exact cause or causes retain to be determined.
IHDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Water quality, Heavy metals, Polychlorinated
biphenyls, Oil, Bioassay, Sewage sludge, Fish, Zooplanktort, Benthic fauna,
Pesticides, Thermal pollution. Firth of Clyde.
AMlC-97^5
"INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HEAVY METALS IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT, DECEMBER U-7,
1973, NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE, VAHDERBILT UNIVERSITY", Vanderbilt University, Nashville,
Tennessee, Conference Papers, 1973, 529 pp.
Among the papers presented at the International Conference on Heavy Metals In
the Aquatic Environment, held at Vanderbilt University, December U-7, 1973, were the
following: 'The Effects of Heavy Metals on Flah and Aquatic Organisms', Katz, M.,
Seattle Marine Laboratories; 'Methyl Mercury Analysis (A Review and Some Date)',
Sumlno, K., Kobe University School of Medicine; 'A Review of the Status of Total Mercury
Analysis', Burrows, W. D.; 'Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metals Other Than Mercury',
Laitinen, H. A., University of Illinois; 'Field Observations on the Transport of Heavy
Metals in Sediments', de Groot, A. J., Allersma, E., Institute for Soil Fertility and
Delft Hydraulics Laboratory; 'Metabolic Cycles for Toxic Elements in the Environment -
A Study of Kinetics and Mechanism', Wood, J. M., University of Minnesota; 'Sorptlon
Phenomenon in the Oremics of Bottom Sediments', Relmers, R. S., Krenkel, P. A., Eagle,
M., Tragett, G., Battelle's Columbus Laboratories and Vanderbilt University; "The
Accumulation and Excretion of Heavy Metals in Orfpnlsms', Mlettlnen, J. K., University
of Helsinki; "Transport and Biological Effects of Molybdenum In the Environment',
Chappcll, W. R., University of Colorado; 'The Distribution of Mercury in Fish and Its
Form of Occurrence1, Doi, R., Ul, J., Tokyo Metropolitan Research Institute of Environ-
ment Protection and University of Tokyo; 'Environmental Lead Distribution in Relation to
Automobile and Mine and Smelter Sources', Rolfe, G. L., Jennett, J. C., University of
Illinois; "Experience with Heavy Metals In the Tennessee Valley Authority System1,
Nicholas, W. R., Brye, B. A., Water Quality Branch; "The Use of Synthetic Scavengers for
the Binding of Heavy Metals', Feick, G., Johanson, E. E., Ye-jple, D, S., JBF Scientific
11
-------
1. PHYSICAL AHD CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9714.5 (Continued)
Card 2/2
Corporation; 'Physical-Chemical Methods of Heavy Metals Removal1, Patterson, J. W.,
Mlnear, R. A., Illinois Institute of Technology and University of Tennessee; "The Effecti
Effects and Removal of Heavy Metals In Biological Treatment1, Adams, C. E., Jr.,
Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr., Goodman, B. L., Associated Water and Air Resources Engineers,
Inc.
INDEX TERMS: Heavy metals, Chemical analysis. Public health, Water pollution effects,
Fish, Sediments, Bloassay, Absorption, Transport, Methylatlon, Bloaccumulatlon,
Blotransformatlon.
AMIC-9752
"THIN-LAYER CHROMA TOGRAPH 1C ANALYSIS OF HMX IN WATER", Glover, D. J., Hoffsooner, J. C.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and TOXICOLOGY , Vol. 10, No. 5, November 1973,
pp 302-3CJ*.
HMX (l,3,5,7,-tetranltro-l,3,5,7-tetrazacyclooctane) may be determined in
concentrations down to 0.05 ppm In water by a combination of extraction, concentration,
and thin-layer chromatography. The solubility of HMX In water was determined to be
5.0 ppm at 22 degrees plus over minus 2 C.
INDEX TERMS: Pollutant identification. Water analysis. Aqueous solutions, Thin layer
chromatography, HMX, Trace levels.
AMIC-9T62
" ARSENIC AHD ANTIMONY IB LAUNDRY A HE BY INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS",
Tanner, J. T., Friedman, M. H., Holloway, G. E., Analytiea Chlnlca Acta. Vol. 66,
No. 3, October 1973, PP U56J*59.
Samples of laundry aids (3 enzyme preaoaks, 1 detergent, 2 heavy-duty enzyme
detergents and 1 heavy-duty detergent) and standards of As(III) oxide and metallic
antimony were sealed In quartz and Irradiated for 20 mln and allowed to undergo
radioactive decay tor 3-5 days for determinations of As and Sb concentrations by
neutron activation analysis. The analyses were made with a high-resolution Nuclear
Diodes Ge(Ll) detector and a Nuclear Data U096 channel analyzer. The concentrations
In the laundry aids tested ranged from 5 to 51 ppm of As and from 1 to B ppm of Sb.
In comparison, values for arsenic as determined by X-ray fluorescence and colorimetry
were, respectively, 6-U7 ppm and 5.57 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Neutron activation analysis, Chemical analysis, Detergents, Pollutant
identification, Water pollution sources, Domestic wastes, Arsenic, Antimony.
AMIC-9760
"A SOLVENT-EXTRACTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MANGANESE^ IN SEA WATER",
Flynn, W. W., Analytiea Chlmlca A eta. Vol. 67, No. 1, November 1973, PP 129-13U.
A solvent-extraction procedure is described for the determination of
manganese-5't. In seawater. The water (1 liter) is buffered to pH 3.8, and extracted
with dl(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid in n-heptane. The manganese-54 with carrier Is
stripped from the organic phase, and eventually precipitated as the dioxide; the
precipitate is dissolved In hydrochloric acid and counted in a scintillation counter.
Chemical recovery is determined colorlmetrically. Samples spiked with manganese-51*
showed quantitative recovery from 1 liter of seawater with a typical recovery of
70-75 percent of carrier. The method Is applicable to seawater containing many other
ions, and decontamination factors for a wide range of radionuclides are reported. The
limit of detection la ca. 0.00000001 microCi/ml.
INDEX TERMS: Solvent extractions, Pollutant identification, Methodology, Sea water,
Chemical analysis, Cations, Heavy metals, Alkaline earth metals, Mn-51*, Chemical
recovery. Detection limits, Ionic Interference, Rare earth elements.
12
-------
1. PgfSlCM, MP CHEMICM. METHODS
AMIC-9786
"fflOSPHOSIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF BORON", MarcantOnatos, M., Oamba, G.,
Monnier, D., Analytical Chlmlca Acta, Vol. 67, Ho. 1, November 1973, PP 220-22^.
Micro-amounts of boron in seawater and In solutions containing an
Interfering metal can be determined using the phosphorescent emissions which occur with
the complexation of boric acid by dibenaoylmethane or benzoylacetone. Calibration
curves were constructed using standard solutions prepared by heating nanogram quantities
of boron as boric acid in aulfurlc acid, cooling, and adding ether. Limits of detection
vere about O.U ng D/ml vlth dlbenzoylmethane when emission was measured at 508 tan
with a 2-mm dia. phosphorimetric cell and an excitation wavelength of U02 nm. The
presence of Cr, Ce, Nl, Cu, Mg, Mn, Pb, Cd, Zn, Sn, Li, Ha, K, Al, V, Fe, Co, Ag, Te,
Hg, In, Tl, NHU, F, Br, Cl, I, NO3, SCH, POU, S2O3, and CH3COO ions gave errors of less
than 10 percent. Mo and W caused significant Interference. Seavater samples were
prepared for analysis according to the same procedure used for standard solutions
substituting seawater for boric acid. The solutions for analysis should contain no
more than 3 percent seawater.
INDEX. TERFC: Water analysis, Sea water, Boron, Phosphorlmetry, Detection limits.
Sample preparation, Chemical interference.
AMIC-9787
"ENHAMCEMENT OF SENSITIVITY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MERCURY IN WATERS", Harsanyl, E.,
Polos, L., Pungor, E., Analytlca Chlmlca Aeta, Vol. 67, Ho. 1, November 1973, pp 229-233.
A study of the parameters ccnmon to the Topping and Plrle (1972)
preconcentration method for mercury In seawater has been undertaken in order to
establish If the sensitivity and speed of the method could be Improved. The method
Involves aerating the seawater sample Into a quantity of permanganate-sulfurlc acid
solution after treating the sample with tin (II). This solution Is then treated with
tin (II), and the mercury is further aerated into the measuring cell. The value of the
detection limit was determined from the deviation of reagent blank results; with the
proposed enrichment technique, it was found to be 0.008 ng Kg/ml, which could be
further reduced by decreasing the blank value. In a study of the efficiency of the
enrichment, a 7 percent average decrease in the signal compared to direct aeration from
a 50-ml volume UBS observed, i.e. the efficiency of the transference of mercury Into the
smaller volume was 93 percent. The relative standard deviation of the enriching
operation was k percent for 7 parallel determinations. Hie proposed enriching method
was compared In the examination of waters with an enriching method based on extraction
with dlthizone; the efficiency of the latter method was 85 percent after a. single
extraction, but greater amounts of reagents were required, so that the blank values were
larger. The reproduclblllty was the same In both cases. The enrichment method, owing
to its simplicity and rapidity, Is very suitable for the determination of mercury In
waters. Independently from the atomic absorption measurements, the enriching operation
can be done On several samples simultaneously.
IHDEX TERMS: Mercury, Methodology, Sea water, Sensitivity.
AMIC-9788
"COMFLEXDETKIC DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHATE", De Sousa,
Vol. 67, Ho. 1, November 1973, PP 23^-235.
A., Analytlca Chlmlca Acta,
The complexiinetric method esdescrlbed for the determination of phosphate Ion is
baaed on the rapid quantitative precipitation of silver orthophosphate from a neutral or
slightly alkaline phosphate solution. The freshly precipitated silver phosphate is
dissolved In an ammonlacaJ. solution of potassium tetracyanonickelate and titrated with
EDTA to a visual endpoint with murexide as indicator. The time required for phosphate
determination Is about 30 min. The method described gave satisfactory results for the
determination of phosphate in the range 10.0-150.0 mgj the accuracy varied from 1.0
percent to 0.5 percent over this range. There was no interference from moderate amounts
of Al, Nl, Co, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, Ca, Sr, Ba, and Mg, but vanadate, ehroroate,
molybdate, tungstate and hallde lone Interfered.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphates, Methodology, Aqueous solutions, Pollutant identification,
Complexlmetric tltratlon, Accuracy, Ionic interference.
AMIC-9797
"DETECTION OF POLLUTANTS IN WATER BY RAMAN SPECTROSCOFY", Braunllch, G., Gamer, G.,
Petty, M. S., Water Research, Vol. 7, No, 11, November 1973, pp 16*0-16^7.
A system for detecting pollutants in water by Raman spectroscopy consists of a
cell containing the sample which is Irradiated by laser light which passes through the
sample several times by the use of mirrors. Scattered light, shifted and unshifted, IE
collected by a lens, passed through an edge filter which absorbs unshifted components
and an interference filter which transmits the selected Raman spectra, and read by a
photomultlpller. The region chosen for investigation was that corresponding to
Stretching Of the CH bond. Investigations were carried out with solutions or suspension:
of detergent, algae, and motor oil and with pond water, river water, and purified sewage
with ethanol chosen as the standard. Fluorescence from contaminants and the Hainan
spectrum of water Interfered with detection of the desired spectra. Consideration of
methods for eliminating these problems produced several guidelines for the system: edge
filters with a discrimination of better than 10 billion are required; high power lasers
and sensitive detection equipment are necessary; fluorescence effects should be removed;
the exciting source should probably be red; and the Raman signal from water should be
eliminated possibly by comparing signals from samples and pure water. Detection limits
of a system using HeCd or HeNe lasers is calculated to be In the range of 1-10 ppm.
INDEX TEKM5: Water analysis. Design criteria, Instrumentation, Raraan spectroscopy,
Detection limits.
-------
1. VKISICKL ME) CHEMICAL ME1HCEB
AMIC-9809
"CHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SURFACE WATER AND TBE GROUND IN SOOTH FLORIDA",
Greenfield, L. J., Hare, C. R., Water Resources Bulletin, Vol. 9, Ho. 5, October 1973,
PP 923-931.
Water and soil from a stretch of shallow ground north of a cypress head In
south Florida were analyzed for chlorides, Mg, Ca, Ha, K, pH, alkalinity, SOU, Si, Fe,
PQl», MO3, tf02. The area is covered with water part of the year, and the soil consists
primarily of peat formed from decaying vegetation. The top layer consists of a
blue-green algal mat whose decay products contribute to the peat. Collections of soil
were made layer by layer and analyzed for cations, anions, and ion exchange capacity
and examined microscopically. The main features found fr the area were that soil
compaction increases with depth and that there is a large fraction of solid silica
present. The Ion exchange capacity Is high enough to account for the Ion content within
the soil and surrounding waters and Is probably a very important buffer system that
retards limestone erosion. CEC values ranged fros 20-190 meq/100 gm dry soil from
bedrock to surface.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Soil analysis, Peat, Wetlands, Ion exchange capacity.
AMIC-9827
"CHANGES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A HEAVY RESIDUAL OIL
WEATflERING UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS", Betancourt, 0. J., McLean, A. Y., Journal of
the Institute of Petroleum. Vol. 59, No. 569, September 1973, pp 233-230"!
An Oil spill from the tanker Arrow in Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia, in 1970
provided an opportunity to study changes in properties of oil over a 2-year period
subsequent to the spill. The indicators of weathering used were viscosity, density,
asphaltene content, and the concentration of nickel, vanadium, and sulfur. The main
conclusions from the study were: (1) The ratio of the concentrations of vanadium and
nickel in an oil sample appear to be unaffected by the age of the sample. (2) Compounds
containing vanadium and nickel in the fuel oil studied do not appear to be affected by
weathering to any significant extent. (3) The composition of residual fuel oil is
altered on weathering by evaporation and other processes, possibly blodegradation and
solution. (4) The effect of the weathering processes is not great in terms of total loss
of material and was less than 20 per cent after 18 months. (5) The rate of weathering
is rapid, although erratic, In the early months after a spill. After approximately
one year the rate of change is much reduced suggesting that the oil on the shore will
remain for several years unless removed by mechanical means. (6) Asphaltene
concentration rises as the result of weathering processes. This is associated with a
corresponding rise In viscosity which suggests that if asphaltene concentration could be
increased artificially, the movement of shore bound oil could be restricted.
INDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Weathering, Oil spills, Degradation (decomposition),
Chedabucto Bay, Asphaltenes, Vanadium, Bunker C oil.
II,
AMIC-98S9
"MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS OF KUWAIT ASPHALTENES AS DETERMINED BY
ULTRACENTRIFUQATIOH. RELATION WITH VISCOSITY OF SOLUTIONS", Reerink, H.,
Lljzenga, J., Journal of the Institute of Petroleum, Vol. 59, No. 569, September
1973, pp 211-222:
Molecular weight distributions of various Kuwait asphaltenes were determined by
means of ultracentrifugation. In comparison' with most synthetic polymers the asphaltene
distributions are very wide. Some of them are approximately log-normal. Asphaltene
samples are poorly characterized by their number average molecular weight. Blowing of
bitumens can lead to a marked widening of the molecular weight distribution of the
asphaltenes. The viscosity of solutions of these asphaltenes is related to the width of
the distribution.
INDEX TERMS: Oil, Centrifugation, Viscosity, Dialysis, Separation techniques,
Asphaltenes, Ultracentrifugation, Bitumens, Molecular weight, Sedimentation
coefficients. Blowing.
AMIC-9830
"NUCLEONIC SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION GAUGE - COMPARISON OF TRANSMISSION AND SCATTERING
MODES", Krishnamurthy, K., Rao, S. M., Bajagopalan, R., International Journal of Applied
Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 2k, No. 11, October 1973, pp 579-583.
Recent Interest in the development of nucleonlc gauges for measuring the
concentration of suspended sediments in streams prompted this comparison of the
transmission and scattering modes of operation for such instruments. It was found
that there is hardly any difference in the performance of the gauge in either mode of
operation. This could be predicted by the theory as well. The standard deviation under
the experimental conditions corresponds to about 700-750 ppm. Besides the fact that
there is little or no difference in both types of gauges, since scattering of low energy
gamma radiation of 60 keV does not appreciably alter the photon energy even under
multiple scattering (mean free path:5 cm), the dependence on the chemical nature of the
sediment will be similar to that with the original energy gamma rays. It was also
concluded that the nucleonlc sediment concentration gauge with Am-2Ul any not be good for
measurement of concentrations below 3000 ppm.
INDEX TERMS: Suspended solids, Nucleonic gauge, Counting, Scattering mode,
Transmission mode.
-------
Mtt) CBEVCffiM. TETftOEE
AMIC-9835
"HYDROCARBON AND CHLOROPHYLL: A CORRELATION IK USE UPWELLING REGION OFF WEST AFRICA",
Zsolnay, A., Deep-Sea Research. Vol. ilO, No. 11, October 1973, pp 923-925.
Seawater samples were taken from 17 stations off West Africa for analysis
of hydrocarbon and chlorophyll a content to investigate their possible relationship.
Samples were taken In the euphotic zone, usually at U, 10, 17 and 35 m. The
hydrocarbons were extracted from the sea water by shaking each of two 1-lltre allquotsof
the sample with 10 ml hemne. The extracts were combined and concentrated under vacuum
until their volume was 30O microliters. Fifty mlcroliters were then Injected on a
10 cm column with a 1.8 mm l.d. containing 0.05-0.2 mm silica gel that h?d been 5
percent (w/w) deactivated with distilled water. The heat of adsorption detector
consisted of two thermistors, one surrounded by an inert material while the other was
packed In a material capable of adsorbing hydrocarbons. The resulting heat of
adsorption was then a measure of the amount of hydrocarbons present and resulted In one
sharp peak within two minutes after injection. Amounts as small as 1 microgram
hydrocarbon could be determined with fresh graphite as the adsorbent. A significant
linear correlation between the non-aromatic hydrocarbons and the chlorophyll-a content
in the euphotic zone of the water off West Africa existed between k March and 10 March
1972. This showed that the hydrocarbons present were the result of phytoplankton
activity. The line of the estimating equation tended to go through the origin,
indicating that the hydrocarbons in the euphotic zone were not due to a pollution source,
INDEX TERMS: Organic compounds, Chlorophyll, Phytoplankton, Sea water, Separation
techniques, Upwelling, Analytical techniques, Data interpretation.
AMIC-9837
"ANALYSIS OF TRACE ELEMENTS, PHOSPHORUS AND SULPHUR, IN THE LJPH) AND THE NON-LIPID
PHASE OF HALIBUT (HIPPOGLOSSUS HIPPOGLOSSUS) AND TUNNY (TflUHNUS THYHNU5]", Lunde, G.,
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 2U, NO. 9, September 1973,
pp 1029-103H.
To study the effect which some natural conditions have upon the level of trace
elements, halibut was chosen as representative for a relatively stationary species of
fish and old individuals of tunny were selected as examples of non-stationary fish.
Samples were homogenized in a blender and extracted with hexane. The insoluble phase
(meal) and the aqueous phase were dried, weighed, ashed, the ash dissolved in HC1, and
diluted with water. The determination of zinc, iron, selenium, copper, lead, and
cadmium in the meal and in the dehydrated aqueous phase was carried out using atonic
absorption spectrophotometry and X-ray fluorescence techniques for zinc, cadmium, lead,
copper, arsenic, and iron and neutron activation for the analysis of selenium. Mercury
was determined together with the selenium in the meal by non-destructive activation
analysis. In the aqueous phase the mercury was analyzed In some samples by fTameless
atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results show that the tunny which cover a great
area and occupy positions near the top of the marine food chain show large variations in
the content of the different trace elements analyzed. The halibut samples taken from the
various localities did w>t show such a great difference In the content of trace elements
analyzed for. Hor could any particular difference between young and old individuals be
observed. The content of the heavy metals lead, copper, zinc and cadmium seems on
average to be within the same range as formerly reported. The values for iron found in
halibut, are, however, remarkable low.
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Sulfur, Fish, Lipids, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Zinc, Iron, X-ray
flXKJrescence. Mercury, Separation techniques, Neutron activation analysis, Bromine.
—
AfflC-9838
"SPECTBOPHOTOMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ARSENIC IN NITRIC ACID EXTRACTS OF SOIL AND SOIL
ADDITIVES", Collier, G. P., Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, Vol. 2U,
Ho. 9, September 1973, PP 11Z5-IU7.
The Bpectrophotonetric determination of arsenic in solutions containing nitric
acid necessitates the removal of nitrate ions without loss of arsenic. A convenient
and effective method for Its removal was achieved by treatment with formic acid. The
recoveries of arsenic over the working range, O.U to U.O ppm gave a standard error of
0.039 and 0.052 ppm, respectively. The recoveries obtained by the proposed method of
nitrate removal compare favourably vith those of the more tedious evaporation
procedures where recoveries of 87 percent are reported. It is also a simple and rapid
method and permits the detection of arsenic over the normal working range with the
minimum of error.
INDEX TERMS; Spectrophotcmetry, Soil analysis, Separation techniques,
Arsenic, Detection limits, Chemical interference.
Nitrites,
AMIC-98>U
"COMPOSITION AND WASTE LOAD OF UNIT EFFLUENTS FROM A COMMERCIAL LEAFY GREENS CANNING
OPERATION", Bough, W. A., Journal of Milk and Food Technology. Vol. 36, Nc. 11,
November 1973, DP 5>»7-553.
Analysis of data on composite waste loads from canning of collard, turnip,
mustard, spinach, and kale greens revealed no significant differences among the five
types of greens. For unit effluents from the dunker washers, reel washers, and
blancher, significant differences were found for solids load and total acidity. The
most concentrated effluent was from the tumbler fillers. The average composite waste
load for all leafy greens was 20.2 plus or minus 5.7 Ib/ton COD, 8.5 plus or minus 2.8
Ib/ton BOD, 2.8 plus or minus 1.2 Ib/ton suspended solids, and 2,666 plus or minus U27
gal/ton waste water. These values are less than one-half of those previously reported
for wastes from spinach greens. These results suggest possibly improvement for inplsnt
control of waste fron leafy greens, and may also be relevant to the setting of effluent
standards for the fruit and vegetable industry.
INDEX TERMS: Effluents, Canneries, Waste identification, Acidity, Chemical oxygen
demand. Biochemical oxygen demand, Suspended solids. Dissolved solids. Hydrogen
ion concentration, Vegetables, Characterization.
-------
i. anrsrcAL /urn CBMGAL
AMic-9853
"DETEBMIHATION OF TRACE ORGANICS IH AIR AND WATER", Mieure, J. P., Dietrich, M. W.,
Journal of Chromatosraphlc Science, Vol. H, Ho, 11, Savember 1973, pp 559-570.
Several procedures have been developed for measuring trace organlca in air ani
water matrices. These methods use only the equipment and apparatus nonbally found In an
analytical laboratory, and require a minimum of operator training. The scheme used for
analysing both air and water consists of the following operations: (l) The organ-Lea
are concentrated and isolated from the matrix. (2) The components of interest are
Identified. (3) The Identified compounds are measured. The second two operations are
based primarily on gas chromatography (GC) and utilize relatively standard techniques.
These are 'basically the same for air or water. Three specific procedures for
determining trace orgsnlcs in water, particularly waste water are described. Ifee
Identification and quantltatlon steps are basically the same for the three procedures
and use standard GC techniques. The procedures differ In their method of sample
concentration. One Is based on liquid-liquid extraction, another on head space sampling
and the third on concentration with a packed column. Analysis of tap water, waste waterj
and river water revealed the presence of a number of organic compounds.
INDEX TERMS'. Potable vater, H^ste water (pollution), Organic compounds, Gas
chromstography, Separation techniques.
AMIC-9851*
"ANALYSIS OF TRACE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IH NEW ENGLAND RIVERS", Hites, fi. A., journal of
Chromatographle Science. Vol. 11, No. Ij, November 1973, pp 570-57&.
Mater from the Vtonatiquot and Murrioack Fivers has been examined for the
presence of anomalous lipophilic organic compounds using computerized gas
chromB.tography-iga.s8 spectrcmetry and high resolution naas spectrometry. Several
plasticizers (di-n-butyl phthalate, dibutoxyethoxyethoxymethane, dl-2-ethylhexyl adip&te,
varioua Iscmers of dioctyl phthalate, and dllsodecyl phthalate) were found at levels of
1 to 30 ppb In the Monatlquot River. A factory on the Tiver dealing with plastic
products is the probable source of these compounds. Biphenyl, trlchlorobenzene, and
butyl benzoate were found in the water of the Merrimack Fiver at a concentration of 0.1
to 0.5 ppb. Since all of these compounds are conroonly used in the dyeing industry as
additives to the dye bath, this would seem to be their Source.
IHDEX TERJ6: Organic wastes. Industrial wastes. Computer programs. Plastics,
Separation techniques. Dyes, GC-oass spectromttry, Methylenc chloride, Phths.lfi.tes,
Plasticizers.
16
AMC.9855
'tOMPLEXUB CAPACITY. OF HATURAL WATER - ITS SIGNIFICANCE AND MEASUPE3CHT",
Journal of Chromatographic Science. Vol. 11, Ho. 11, November 1973, P 579.
Chau, Y. K.,
The abundance of completing Uganda In a body of water determined the
ccKtplexlng capacity of the Mater aad hence its regulating capability. The measurement
of couplexlag capacity of a water sample Is based on the amount of copper ion being
conrplexed by the organic Uganda through direct complexation and/or displacement
reaction. It is done by spiking several allquots of a sample with increasing amounts
of a copper solution. Then the uncooplexed copper is measured by « differential pulse
anodic stripping voltanmetrte technique. After the ccnplexlng ligaads In the sample
have been saturated with copper, the peak current of free copper will increase
linearly with the amount of the copper spikes. By extrapolating this linear curve
back to zero peak current, the intercept of the X-axis represents the camplexlng
capacity of the water expressed as equivalents of micro mole Cu/1. As the differential
pulse anodic stripping voltamoetry measurement of 'free' copper is carried out in a
system containing excess of copper ions, the peak current thus obtained represents the
concentration of 'free' copper. The amount of copper plated out from the labile
complexes, if any, becomes Insignificant. The significance of completing capacity of
water on the effect and toxlcity of copper ion on algal photosynthesis has also been
investigated flsevhfrf using the C-lk uptake techiaque with lake waters of different
complexing capacity and with the original plankton species.
INDEX TERMSs Trace elements, Copper, Ions, Chelation, Photosynthesis, Absorption, L»k.e
Ontario, Lake Erie, Complexing Capacity, Anodic stripping voltammetry, Ligands,
Chelating agents.
A MIC-9857
"A 1CTHOD FOR THE HIGH TEMPERATURE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF PETROLEUM
RESIDUES", Levy, E. M., Webber, L. R., Kfcffatt, J. D., Journal or Chromatographlc
Science. Vol. 11, So. 11, November 1973, pp 591-593.
An analytical procedure is described by which crude oils, residual fuel oils
and pollution samples can be analyzed by high temperature gas chrcraatography without
pretreatment of the sample. Problems, which would otherwise arise from contamination
of the system by the high boiling residues in the oils, are avoided by placing the
sample In a aluminum boat In which the Involatile residues are r
-------
1. PHYSICAL ASP CHEMICAL METHODS
AMIC-9859
"A MULTIPLE SPECIFIC ION DETECTOR AND ANALOG DATA PROCESSOR FOR A GAS CHROMATOGRAPH
QUADRUPOLE MASS SPECTROMETER SYSTEM", Jenden, D. J., Silverman, R. W., Journal of
Chromtographlc Science, Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1973, pp 6oi-6o6.
A system is described which allows a quadrupole mass spectrometer to be used as
an 8-channel multiple specific ion detector for a gas chromatograph. Eight separate
outputs are provided, each of which nay be tuned to any mass peak vlthin the range of
the mass spectrometer. Scaling ind zero bucking controls are provided on each channel.
An analog data processor allows up to four sets of linear combinations to be calculated
from the outputs, which may thus be made specific for isotopic variants rather than
nominal masses. A set of semi-automatic peak integrators allows ion currents for eight
masses to be separately integrated over a chromatographic peak, using only a single
channel recorder to monitor the peak. A usable mass spectrum may be obtained In this
way from 1 ng of a compound when a reference spectrum is available for comparison.
INDEX 1ERMS: Mass spectrometry, Gas Chromatography, Computer programs, Analog
computers, Ion detectors. Recorders, GC-Mass spectrometry.
AMIC-9867
"PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS. KINETICS OF SELECTED s-TRIAZINES IN
SOLUTION", Ruzo, L. 0., Zablk, M. J., Schuetz, R. D., Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, So. 6, November/December 1973, PP 10U7-1059.
The purpose of the present investigation was to extend the knowledge of the
photochemistry of symmetrical substituted triazlnes. The rate variations caused by
solvent and substltuent effects indicate certain characteristics of the excited state
which will be useful in the understanding of their photoreactlons. The rate constants
(k) for several 2-methylthio and 2-faalo-U,6-blas(alkylamlno)-s-trlazines were calculated
in methanol, n-butyl alcohol, and water solutions. The rate of disappearance of the
starting material (I-XII) was found to be dependent on the nature of the halogen and
alkyl substituents and the solvent employed. A decrease in k was observed in the
order I^BrJ^l-F and -C2H5 greater than -C3H7. All photoreactlons showed zero-order
rate constants. The rate constant in methanol was found to be considerable greater
than that calculated in n-butyl alcohol.
INDEX TERMS: Trlazine pesticides, Pesticide kinetics, Pollutant identification,
Aqueous solutions, Chromatography, Photochemistry, Methanol, n-Butyl alcohol,
Photolysis, Thin layer Chromatography.
AMIC-9868
"PHOTDDECOMPOSITICW OF P-CHLOROPHESOXYACETIC ACID", Crooby, D. G,, Wong, A. S.,
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6, November/Decomber 1973,
pp 10*9-10527
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effect of natural and
simulated sunlight (300-U50 nm) on dilute aqueous U-CPA solutions and establish a
general mechanism for the environmental photolysis of phenoxy acids. Solutions of
U-CPA (p-chlorophenoxyacetlc acid) decomposed readily under sunlight or laboratory
ultraviolet light to provide principally p-chlorophenol, phenol, hydroquinone,
p-chlorophenyl formate, phenoxyacetlc acid, p-hydroxyphenoxyacetlc acid, and humlc
acids. These products represent oxidatlve removal of the side chain, replacement of
the chlorine by hydroxyl or by hydrogen, and polymerization of unstable intermediates.
Formation of p-chlorobenzonltrile by irradiation of U-CPA In the presence of cyanide
ions substantiated that the corresponding replacement of the ring chlorine by hydroxyl
was a photonucleophillc reaction.
INDEX TERMS: Ultraviolet radiation. Aqueous solutions, Chemical degradation, Light,
Sodium compounds, Pesticides, Photodecomposition, Chlorophenoxyacetic acid,
Sunlight, Polymerization, Sodium salt, Chlorinated phenoxyacetlc acids,
Photolysis.
AMIC-9869
"PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF 2,U,5-TRICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID (2.U.5-T) IN WATER",
Crosby, D. 0., Wong, A. S., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21,
Ho. 6, November/December 1973, PP 1052-105U.
Photodecomposition of the herbicide 2,U,5-trichlorophenoxyicetic acid
(2,U,5-T) in aqueous solution principally involved cleavage of the ether bond and
replacement of the ring chlorines by hydroxyl and by hydrogen. The major products
were 2,U,5-trichlorophenol and 2-hydroxy-U,5-dlchlorophenoxyacetic acid;
U,6-dlcblororesorcinol, U-chlororesorcinol, 2,5-dlchlorophenol, and a dark polymeric
product also were Isolated. The toxic 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was not
detected among the photodecomposition products. 2,U,5-T photolyzed very slowly
compared to its U-chloro and 2,U-dichloro analogs, but the 11-fold increase in
photolysis rate caused by sensitlzation with acetone or riboflavin suggests that
sunlight can be an important factor in the environmental degradation of 2,U,5-T.
INDEX TERMS: 2 U 5-T, Degradation (decomposition), Pollutant identification, Water
pollution effects, Aqueous solutions. Ultraviolet radiation, Irradiation,
Chromatography, 2 U-D, Photodecomposition, Acetone, Riboflavin, Sunlight.
17
-------
1. PiHSlCKL
frHEMICKL
MIC-9870
'CHARACTERIZATION AND MICRODETERKTHATION OF A WATER-SOLUBLE METABOLITE FROM BIAEEX
HERBICIDE BY CONVERSION TO 5,5-DMTHYLHYDANTOIN", Lau, S. C., Katague, D. B.,
Stoutamire, D. W., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6,
November/December 1973, PP 1091-109U.
A gas chroraatographic method has been designed for the characterization and
measurement of Bladex herbicide (propionitrlle, 2-(U-chloro-6-ethylamino-s-trlazln-2-
ylamlno)-2-methyl-) and Its various metabolites. It Involves the simultaneous cleavage
of the Bladex trlazlne ring and the cycllzation of the characteristic Bladex fragment to
5,5-dimethylhydantoin. Measurement of the 5,5-dimethylhydantoin provides a quantitative
assessment of the amount of Bladex and/or Its metabolites present. This Is readily
accomplished by gas-liquid chrcmatography or by thin-layer chromatography. As an
example, a procedure for the electron-capture gas chromatographic determination of a
water-soluble metabolite derived from Bladex herbicide by conversion to
5,5-dimethylhydantoin is described. Following the procedure, 1 ng of the metabolite
gives 25 percent full-scale response on the gc recorder chart. Recovery data from
experiments run on crops and soil were generally in the 75 to 110 percent range when
equal amounts of sample and reference solution in the same concentration range were
analyzed. A sensitivity of 0.1 ppm is achieved in crops and 0.02 ppm is achieved
In soil and water.
INDEX TERMS: Herbicides, Gas chromatography, Pollutant identification. Cation exchange,
Aqueous solutions, Separation techniques, Crops, Blsdex, Gas liquid
chromatography, Thin layer chromatography, Cleanup, Metabolites, Electron capture
gas chromatography.
AMIC-9&71
"DETERMINATION OF TRICHLORFON (0,0-DIMETHYL (2f2,2-TRICHLORO-l-HYDROXYETHYL)PHOSPHONATE)
IN FOREST ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES", Devine, J. M., Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry. Vol. 21, Ho. 6, November/December 1973, pp 1095-1090.
A gas chromatographlc method is described for the determination of trlchlorfon
(0,0-dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-l-hydroxyethyl)phosphonate) In various forest
environmental samples such as leaves, twigs, forest litter, soil, mud, water, aquatic
vegetation, and animal tissues. Trlchlorfon residues were removed with chloroform.
Animal extracts were processed through hexane-vater and water-chloroform partition steps
to remove llpid materials. Forest extracts were cleaned up with Nuchar C-190N activated
carbon. Determination of trichlorfon was made with a gas chromatograph equipped with a
flame photometric detector In the phosphorus mode. Recovery from the various types of
samples averaged 96 percent. The method is sensitive to 0.002 ppm for water and 0.05
ppm for all other sample types.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Pesticides, Pollutant identification, Vegetation,
Soils, Mud, Separation techniques, Water analysis, Soil analysis, Aqueous
solutions, Pesticide residues. Flame photometry, Activated carbon, *Trichlorfon,
Environmental samples, Tissue, Cleanup, Storage.
AMIC-9872
"ELEMENT SPECIFIC GAS CHHOMATCGRAPHIC ANALYSES OF OHQANCCHLORINE PESTICIDES IN THE
PRESENCE OF PCB'S BY SELECTIVE CANCELLATION OF INTERFERING PEAKS", Su, 0. C. C.,
Price, H. A., Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. Vol. 21, No. 6,
November/December 1973, pp 1099-1102.
Polychlortnated biphenyl interference-free qualitative and quantitative gas
chromatographic (gc) analyses of beta-BHC, oxychlordane, heptwchlor epoxlde, p,p'-DDE,
o,p'-DDT, p,p'J)ED, p,p'W3DT, and Mlrex in the 10-25 ng range have been carried cut in
the presence of approximately 10 to 20 times their concentrations of Aroclors 1232, 12U8,
1251*, and 1260 by the use of the Coulson electrolytic conductivity detector in the
noncatalytlc reductive mode. No modification of the detector system was necessary
except to set the detector's reactor temperature at 660 degrees. The results of
individual analyses in most instances were within plus or minus 20 percent of the
actual value. The operating parameters of the Coulson conductivity detector for gc in
the noncatalytlc reductive mode are as follows: conductivity bridge voltage, 30 V;
conductivity bridge attenuation, 1; furnace (reactor) temperature, 66O-8UO degrees;
transfer block temperature, 250 degrees; hydrogen flow rate throu#i reactor, ko ml/mln;
nitrogen flow rate through reactor, 100 ml/mln; gas chromatograph column temperature,
200 degrees; sample size, 5 mlcroliters.
INDEX TERMS: Aroclors, Gas chromatography. Chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides.
Electrolytic conductivity detector,
AMIC-9875
"DIBUTYL.AND DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE IN FISH", Williams, D. T., Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 6, November/December 1973, pp 1128-1129.
Twenty-one samples of canned seafoods and fish from Canadian lakes and rivers
were analyzed by GLC and GLC-mass spectrometry for dibutylphthalate (DBF) and
dl-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Samples were chopped, macerated manually, and
extracted three times by heating with hexane. The hexane solutions were concentrated,
extracted with acetonltrlle saturated with hexane, and concentrated again.
m-Chloroperbenzoic acid and sulfuric acid were added and the solution let stand
overnight. After adding water, the solution was extracted with petroleum ether, the
extract dried, concentrated, transferred to a silica gel column made up with ethyl
ether in petroleum ether, eluted, and the eluate examined by GLC. GLC-mass spectrometry
was used for confirmation of phthalate esters at concentrations five times greater than
background levels. Recoveries were 60-65 percent for DBP ind 65-70 percent for DEHP.
Concentrations found were 0-78 ppb DBP ami 0-160 ppb DEHP in the 21 samples.
INDEX TERMS: Freshwater fish. Marine fish, Crabs, Clams, Oysters, Shrimp, Biological
samples, Sample preparation, Dlbutylphthalate, Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,
•Gas liquid chronatography.
18
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AMIC-9888
"ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN WASTEWATEF EFFLUENTS AFTER CKLORINATION", Glaze, W. H.,
Henderson, J. E., IV, Bell, J. E., et al., Journal of Chromatosraphic Science,
Vol. 11, No. 11, November 1973, PP 580-58U.
Sewage wastewater effluent from the Denton, Texas, municipal treatment plant
has been examined before and after laboratory chlorlnation. Neutral organic materials
were concentrated by adsorption on Amberllte XAD-2 macroretlcular resin followed by
elutlon with diethyl ether. Gas chromatographic analysis of the extracts after
concentration was carried out using flame ionization, electron capture, and Coulson
electrolytic conductivity detectors. Hew chlorine-containing organics were observed' by
the Coulson detector in the chlorinated effluent using as little as 10 mg/1 of total
available chlorine. These results confirm the conclusion that chlorlnation as practiced
in municipal waste treatment plants may produce new chlorinated organic compounds.
Further studies must be carried out on the toxlcologlcal properties of these substances
once their molecular structures are known.
INDEX TERMS: Sewage effluents, Gas chromatography, Separation techniques,
Electrolytic conductivity detector, Chlorinated hydrocarbons.
AKIC-9892
"DETERGENT AND NON-DETERGENT PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE", Porcella, D. B., Cowan, P. A.,
Mlddlebrooks, E. J., Public Works, Vol. 101*, No. 9, September 1973, PP 126-128.
Sewage samples were collected from a suburban community of the City of Logan,
Utah, and analyzed to develop basic data on the changes in phosphorus content that
might occur as a result of restricting the use of heavy-duty detergents. A baseline
sample was collected first, and three weeks later the residents were requested not to
use dishwashers and clotheswashers for a period of U8 hours to permit collection of
test samples. Flow rates, C, N, P, Fe, BOD, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, suspended
solids, and volatile solids were measured for the samples collected during the two
periods. During the test period, total phosphorus decreased by 57 percent. The
concentration of organic carbon and BOD almost doubled In the test sample while nitrogen
remained approximately constant. Iron was relatively low In the raw sewage. Alkalinity
pH, and conductivity were in the range considered normal for raw sewage. The difference
in solids concentration corresponds to the increase in organic carbon and BOD indicating
that the lack of dilution water from the washers caused a significant Increase in
concentration in.the test sample. It Is concluded that additional research is
necessary before decisions are made to restrict detergent usage or to remove phosphorus
at treatment plants.
INDEX TERMS: Domestic wastes, Detergents, Phosphates,
removal, Characterization.
Water quality control, Nutrient
Khaxma, S. D., Public Works,
AfflC -9893
"EFFECTS OF HIGHWAYS OH SURFACE AHD SUBSURFACE WATERS"
Vol. 10U, No. 11, November 1973, PP 123-12**.
The construction of highways can create serious environmental problems in
surface and subsurface waters. Such problems need to be identified and solutions
considered during the design and location stage of highway construction. This paper
identifies several general problem areas, discusses them briefly and offers solutions
to either minimize detrimental effects or maximize beneficial effects. The general
problem areas considered are: (1) quantity of water, (2) water resources projects,
(3) storm drainage systems, (1») channel relocations, (5) flood controls and'flood
plains, (6) groundwater, (7) water recreation, (8) community utilities, and (9) water
quality.
INDEX TERMS: Highway effects, Subsurface waters, Surface waters, Bunoff, Storm drains,
Water resources, Channels, Flood control, Flood plains, Groundwater, Water quality
Recreation, Erosion, Sedimentation, Channel relocation.
AMTC-9896
"MODIFIED ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS IN ANALYSES OF TRACE METALS",
Buttgereit, G., Zeltschrlft fur Analytische Chemle, Vol. 267, No. 2, November 1,
1973, PP 81-88.
The basis of this experience report about atomic absorption spectroscopy with
and without flame Is the recognition and elimination of Interferences. Interferences
which are caused by the bonding state of the atoms, background absorption, viscosity
and surface tension changes are discussed with the aid of examples for flame AAS
Including sample boat technique. A laboratory-made device with background compensator
for the flameless mercury analysis, and a laboratory-made tantalum furnace for the
flameless high temperature method are presented. The interferences by absorption
superlmposltlons and optimizations in the direct analysis of heavy trace metals in urine
blood or serum are discussed In detail for commercial graphite furnaces. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Spectroscopy, Trace elements, Urine, Absorption, Viscosity, Surface
tension, Atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Blood, Biological samples, Serum,
19
-------
1. PHYSICAL MID CBEMCAL METHODS
AMIC-9899
"METHYLMERCURY IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS", Andren, A. W., Harriss, R. C., Nature,
Vol. 2»>5, No. 5^23, October 5, 1973, PP 256-857.
A study was conducted to determine the concentration and distribution of
methylmercury compounds in natural sediments from polluted and unpolluted coastal
environments. Surface sediments were collected and analyzed from the Mississippi Delta,
Mobile Biy, and the Florida Everglades. All the sediment samples were frozen
Immediately after collection and returned to the laboratory for the determination of
total mercury, methylated mercury and total organic content. The methylmercury
concentration varied from less than 0.02 ng/g to 0.19 ng/g, the high value being In the
estuarlne sediments from Mobile Bay. The most Interesting aspect of the data Is the
fact that the methylmercury content never represents more than 0.07 percent of the total
mercury present; the average Is 0.03 percent. Measurements of methylmercury with depth
In two cores from Mobile Bay were also made. Both cores were reducing except for the
upper 1* to 5 cm. It is shown that the methylmercury values decrease with depth to
minima of approximately 0.02 ng/g and that the methylmercury concentrations vary from
O.OU percent to 0.006 percent of the total mercury. The results suggest that future
toxicologlcal studies should emphasize biochemical mechanisms for synthesis of
methylmercury from Inorganic mercury species.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Sediments, Estuaries, Water pollution effects, Gulf of Mexico,
Gas chromatography, Distribution patterns, Methylmercury, Mississippi Delta,
Mobile Bay, Everglades, Sample preservation.
AMIC-9900
'XERCURY-SELENIUM CORRELATIONS IN MARINE MAMMALS", Koeman, J. H., Peeters, W. H. M.,
Koudstaal-Hol, C. H. M., et al., Nature, Vol. 2l*5, Ho. 5^5, October 19, 1973,
PP 385-366.
Data on Hg and Se concentrations in the livers of dolphins, porpoises, and
common seals showed a strong correlation of these two elements (correlation coefficient
of 0.932). Work In progress Indicates a similar correlation for the brain. This
result suggests that the correlation reflects a causal relationship between mercury and
selenium in marine animals. Se may have a protective effect against the toxic action of
Hg in these animals as has been found in rats and Japanese quails. Additional
observations that Hg in seal liver and brain Is tightly bound and could not be recovered
in the form of methylmercury may support the suggestion that Hg and Se occur together In
animal tissues and are associated to proteins by means of S.
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Toxlelty, Correlation analysis, Methylmercury, Selenium,
Dolphins, Porpoises, Seals (animals).
20
AMIC-9902
"HEW SPOT TESTS FOR NITRATES AHD NITRITES"
Vol. 18, No. 5, October 1973, PP Ii86-U90.
Hassan, S. S. M., MJcrochemlcal Journal,
Nitrate* can be determined by placing a drop of the test solution in a microtest
tube with aqueous hydroquinone solution and HC1, covering the mouth of the tube with
filter paper treated with Griess reagent, and heating. Development of a pink or red spot
indicates nitrates. An alternative test involves cooling the aforementioned solution,
shaking with ether, and placing one or two drops of this solution on filter paper spot-
ted with tetra base. A blue stain indicates nitrates. The lower detection limit for
both procedures is 50 micrograms of KN03. Nitrites are determined by mixing a drop of
test solution on a spot plate with one drop of Griess reagent. Nitrites produce a red
color. The detection limit Is 5 micrograms of KN02. Nitrates are identified in the
presence of nitrites by a<^«Hng sodium azide to the test solution before applying one of
the previously described procedures. The detection limit Is 60 micrograms of KN03.
Nitrites can be detected in the presence of nitrates by the method described. The
detection limit is 10 micrograms of KN02. Further tests vere conducted to detect
Interfering ions.
INDEX TERMS: Nitrates, Nitrites, Aqueous solutions, Chemical analysis, Pollutant
identification, Detection limits, Chemical interference.
AMIC-9903
"SEMIMICRODETERKINATION OF MERCURY(lI) AND ZINC(II) BY PRECIPITATION FROM HOMOGENEOUS
SOLUTI05, USIHG CATION GENERATION TECHNIQUE11, Johrl, K. N., Kaushik, N. K., Bakshl, K.,
Microehemleal Journal, Vol. 18, No. 5, October 1973, PP >*97-501.
A gravimetric procedure for the evaluation of milligram quantities of
mercury(II) and zlnc(II) when present along with adverse Ions Is based on the technique
of masking one or more constituents while precipitating the others. Besides potassium
thlocarbonate (FTC), EDTA and ammonium tartrate have been employed as masking agents,
thereby affording selective precipitation. In alkaline medium, PTC causes the
precipitation of basic thiocarbonates of mercury and zinc. However, by the masking
action of EDTA or ammonivm tartrate, not only the hydroxide precipitation is prevented
but the thlocarbonate precipitate obtained is clean and dense, having better filterable
properties. The procedure for the determination of mercury is not applicable in the
presence of Bi(lII), Pb(ll), and Cd(ll) ions as the latter Ions are also precipitated out
with Hg(ll). EDTA and ammonium tartrate, when added, prevent the precipitation of
Zn(ll), Cu(lII), AI(III), Mo(VI), As(lII), Sb(lII), and Sn(ll) against mercury(II).
Cu(ll), Ni(ll), and Co(ll) remain in the solution as their soluble thiocarbonate
complexes with an excess of PTC. Since EDTA masks zinc completely against PCT, It could
not be used in the case of zinc. Separations of zlnc(ll) have been carried out by
adjusting the required pH of the solution. In acidic solution, Mo(VI), Sn(ll), Sb(III),
As(lll), Cd(ll), Hg(ll) lone are separated from alkaline solution by adding an excess of
PTC.
INDEX TERMSt Chemical precipitation, Mercury, Zinc, Gravimetric analysis, Ions,
Pollutant identification, EDTA, Potassium thlocarbonate. Masking, Ammonium
tartrate.
-------
1. PffifSICAL MTO CSEKIC&L VEmoDS
AMIC-9906
"OH THE REACTION BETWEEN IODIDE AHD MEHCURY(lI)", Khalifa, H., Mlcrochemleal Journal.
Vol. 18, No. 5, October 1973, PP 529-535.
A survey on the iodlde-mercury(II) reaction and its analytical uses is
given. Titrations of iodide vith mercury(ll) in various acidities, using nitrate,
acetate, and chloride as tltrants and silver or platinum amalgam as the Indicator
electrode, showed that mercury(ll) nitrate is the best titrant giving O.U6 V/0.1 ml
potential break in comparison with O.lU V/0.1 ml of mercury(ll) chloride and 0.35 V/0.1
ml of raercury(ll) acetate, all titrants being 0.05 M in mercury(II).
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Ions, Volumetric analysis, Electrodes, Iodides, Pollutant
identification. Acidity, Chlorides, Nitrates, Ion selective electrodes. Acetates,
Platinum electrodes. Silver electrodes. Amalgam,
AMIC-9910
"ELECTHOH-DOHORWiCCEPTOR CO&FLEXHB REAGENTS IK THE ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDES. VI.
INFLUENCE OF STRUCTURE IN DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION", MacNeil, J. D., Frei, R.
Hutzlnger, 0., Hikrcchimlca Acta, No. 5, 1973, PP 6U1-650.
V.,
Pesticides may be detected following thin-layer chromatography by spraying
the chromatogram with a reagent which forms a pi complex with the pesticide. The
effect of various pesticide structures and substltuents In choosing a suitable pi
complexing reagent is discussed, as well as the effect of these factors in Influencing
the color of the complex formed. Quantitative analyses nay be performed in situ on
the thin-layer chromatogram and positive identification of the pi complexed compounds
may be made by mass spectrometry. The procedure should be applicable for formulation
analysis or studies of pesticide decomposition. The sensitivity of these reagents
(l_10 mlcrograms) is not sufficient, however, for them to be regarded as having a useful
potential in residue analysis. Their principal use will be In cases where a
non-destructive colorimetric method of detection offers an advantage.
INDEX TEHfC: Pesticides, Pollutant identification, Mass spectronetry, Degradation
(decomposition), Colorlmetry, Thin layer chromatography. Spray reagents.
AKEC-9920
"ORGANIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP ANAIXSIS VIA GAS CHBOMATDGRAPnT. III. DETERMIKATIOH
OF CARBAMATES BY REACTION WITH ALKALI", Ladas, A. S., Ma, T. S., Mlkrochimlca Aeta.
Ho. 5, 1973, PP 853-862.
A gas chronatographlc procedure for the analysis of carbonates employs a
specially prepared reaction tube, packed with a 10 percent mixture of potassium
hydroxide In glass beads, placed Inside the Injection port of a Perkin-Elmer 900 Gets
Chromatograph in front of the chromatographlc column packed with Porapak Q.6. A
solution of the carbamates (0.01-0.1 microaole) is injected directly into the gas
Chromatograph. The carbamates are reacted with the alkali present In the reaction
tube and the alcohols produced are separated, detected and recorded. Standard
calibration graphs of the alcohols are prepared in the same manner and the quantities
of carbamates are determined. The procedure is fast and quantitative.
INDEX TERMS: Carbamate pesticides, Gas chromatography, Alkalis (bases). Alcohol,
Pollutant identification, Methyl carbamate, Ethyl carbonate, Iso-propyl
carbanilate.
AMC-9922
"CANCELLATION OF SPECTROFHOTOMBTER SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS USING AN ANALOG COMPUTER",
Brach, E. J., Montour, M., St. Amour, G., Laboratory Practice, Vol. 22, No. 10,
October 1973, PP 631-632.
A method to cancel the effect of spectral and environmental characteristics or
the components of a epectrophotometer on spectral response curves of the absorption
characteristics of materials are discussed. The method uses analog computer techniques.
The spectral range covered is from U50 to 1050 ran. The position of the wavelength drive
is interfaced to the analog computer by a potentiometric voltage divider, acting as a
linear wavelength to analog voltage converter.
INDEX TERMS: Spectrophotonetry, Analog computers, Potentiometers, Instrumentation,
Transmittance, Spectral response. Cancellation, Monochrometors.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9657
Category 3, AMIC-9815
Category 5, AMIC-9790.
21
-------
Z. IJilCUDMCKL VETH.CCB
AMIC-9619
"EFFECT OF pH ON TOXIC ITY. OF COPPER TO 3CYTALIDIUM SP., A COPPER-TOLERANT FUNGUS,
AND SOME OTHER FUNGI", Starkey, H. L., Journal of~General Microbiology, Vol. 78,
Ho. a, October 1973, PP 217-225-
The effect of the chelating agents, oxlne (8-hydroxy-qulnolIne) and EDTA
(ethylenedlBininetetra-acetic acid) on toxlclty of copper to Scytalidlum sp., and the
influence of salts of Iron, cobalt and chromium On development of the fungus, have been
determined. Scytalldlum sp. grew in acidic media (pH 2.0 to 0.3) saturated with copper
sulphate (approx. 1 M) but was sensitive to low concentrations of copper (O.OOOU M)
near neutrality. Eleven other fungi (Aspergillus, Penicillivun, Trichoderm, Fusarlum,
Monlllnla, Stemphylium, and Rhlzopus) differed in that they tolerated relatively high
concentrations of copper near neutrality; nine tolerated high concentrations from pH
3.0 to 7.0, and six tolerated O.OOU M-copper sulphate at pH 2.0 to 7.0. Oxlne vaa more
toxic to SeytaUdiiim sp. at neutrality than It was at an acid pH and In the presence of
relatively large amounts of copper. SDTA had no appreciable effect on toxlcity of
copper. The fungus was relatively tolerant to chlorides of Iron, cobalt and chromium
at both neutral and acid pH.
INDEX TERMS: Copper, Toxlcity, Hydrogen ion concentration, Fungi, Iron, Chromium,
Cobalt, Chlorides, Cultures, Nitrogen, Scytalidlum, Oxlne, EOTA, Chelating agents.
AMIC-9652
"BIOLOGICAL 3FFECTS OF OCEAN DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES", Pratt, S. D., Salla, S. B.,
Galnes, A. G., Jr., Krout, J. E., University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of
Oceanography, Kingston, Rhode Island, Marine Technical Report Series Number 9, 1973,
53 PP.
The possible biological effects of disposal of compressed solid waste was
studied by conducting literature research and laboratory tests vlth sealed down waste
samples. Tests were conducted in tanks (16 ft X 1 ft X 1 ft) floored with test waste
consisting of paper, food, tin cana, aluminum, plastic, and glass. A control tank was
floored with sand. Oxygen uptake was studied in a U ft X U in. X 1* In. tank, and vaste
degradation was monitored in 20-gal tanks in a temperature controlled bath. A variety
of dissolved substances were monitored In water Overlying the waste and in Interstitial
water. Interstitial voter was monitored in tanks containing high organic waste in
salt water and in fresh water, high organic waste in salt water poisoned with mercuric
chloride, and low organic waste in salt water. Analysis of gas production from the model
systems and from slurries suspended in seawater showed that H2, 02, N2, CHU, COS,
and H2S were produced. Rate of oxygen uptake In the test tank was several times higher
than that of the control tank, but never exceeded 100 ml/sw m/hr. Slides in the waste
tank were fouled by filaments of sulfide bacteria which also contained nematodes,
oligochaetes, and harpactlcoid copepods. Only two large Infaunal species colonized the
waste deposits: Capltella capltatg. and Nereis auceinea. Marine fish and shrimp died
In 72-hr bloassays In which they were exposed to water flowing over the waste. Ho
mortality occurred with barnacles, hermit crabs, rock crabs, mussels, surf clams, or
ocean quahogs. The major toxicant was H2S. It is concluded that degradation of solid
AMIC-9652 (Continued)
Card 2/2
vaste will 1» alow in the ocean. However, more research is needed before the long-term
effects and consequent safety of ocean disposal can be adequately assessed.
INDEX TERMS: Model studies, Water pollution effects, Degradation (decomposition),
Waste disposal, Oceans, Solid wastea, Laboratory tests, Oxygen demand, Gases,
Marine fish, Benthlc fauna, Connate water, Sea water, Fate of pollutants. Gas
production.
AMIC-9656
"IN-PLANT BIOLOGICAL MONITORING", Cairns, J., Jr., Sparks, R. E.,
Engltiaering, Vol. 10, No. 5, September/October 1973, PP 22-21*.
Industrial Water
The quality of plant effluents can be monitored by recording the breathing
rate, swinging rate or other physiological activities of fish and other organisms
subjected to the effluent In tanks. After baseline values have been established with
unpolluted water, the presence of toxic substances can be detected by the occurrence
of abnormal activity. The sensor signals can be sent to a computer which automatically
compares the values with baseline values and sounds an alarm In the event of
significant changes. If the alert were sounded, the effluent would be analyzed to
detect the toxic pollutant and its sources. The method is also potentially useful for
river management.
IHDEX TERMS: Industrial wastes, Water quality, Bioassay, Monitoring, Animal physiology.
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2.
VEWXB
AMIC-9657
"BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO DETERGENT AND NONDETERGENT PHOSPHORUS IN SEWAGE - PART I",
Porcella, D. B., Cowan, P. A., Middlebrooks, E. J., Mater and Sewage Works, Vol. 120,
Ho. U, November 1973. PP 50-6?.
Sevage effluent from a suburban community of the City of Logan, Utah, was
collected during tines when detergents were and were not used to ascertain whether the
elimination of phosphate detergents would affect algal growth. Algal bioassays were
conducted with Selenastrum caprlcornutum and Anabaena flos-aquae using nutrient spikes
to determine which nutrients were limiting. Bloassays were also performed using
secondary treated, detergent-free sewage samples spliced with detergent to observe
whether any Increase In blostimulation resulted. The nutrient spikes were KHUC1,
Fe and trace elements, and NAAM solution for control. Chemical analysis of the sewage
samples showed that restricted use of detergent resulted In a 57 percent decrease in
phosphorus content; alum treatment also reduced phosphorus content. However,
calculated phosphorus concentrations in the bioassay flasks for different dilutions of
the secondary and tertiary effluents of the two sewage samples indicated the P content
was high as a result of the high level of P in the reservoir water used for dilution. It
is concluded that If the P content of the water is naturally high, the addition of more
P will not affect algal growth. The results of the algal bloassays are not included in
this part of the report.
INDEX TERMS: Algae, Detergents, Growth rates, Limiting factors. Phosphorus, Waste
treatment.
AMIC-9662
"STUDIES OH UPTAKE AND LOSS OF METHYLMEFiCURY-203 BY BLUEGILLS (LEPCMIS MACROCHIRUS
RAF.)", Burrows, W. D., Krenkel, P. A., environmental Science and~Technology, Vol. 7,
No. 13, December 1973, pp 1127-1130.
The uptake of methylmercury-203 directly from water by bluegills was found to
be nearly constant after five days at about 20 percent per gram of fish per liter of
water. Transferred to mercury-free water at 21* C, bluegills exhibited a rapid loss of
about
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9673
"DIURNAL VARIATION OF DISSOLVED INORGANIC CARBON AND ITS USE IN ESTIMATING PRIMARY
PRODUCTION AMD CO2 INVASION IN LAKE 227", Schindler, D. W., Fee, E. J., Journal, of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, pp 1501-1509.
In the course of studying phytoplankton response to low carbon levels
and fertilization with phosphate and nitrate in lake 227 a eutrophic softvater lake in
the Canadian Shield, several paradoxes were observed. Although standing crop increased
j after fertilization, primary productivity as measured by C-lU uptake at midday remained
the same as for unfertilized lakes. Furthermore, although carbon was shovn not to
limit phytoplankton standing crop, certain observations pointed to carbon limitation of
photosynthesis. To attempt to resolve these inconsistences, a new method was
employed based on the diurnal variation of dissolved Inorganic carbon (DIC), community
respiration, and Invasion of C02 as measured by gas chromatography. Errors were found
to result from diurnal variations in the degree of carbon limitation of phytoplankton
and from invasion of CO2 from the atmosphere and hypollmnion. Production by
phytoplankton in lakes fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus was found to be
several times higher than in natural lakes of the area. Net production during summer
stratification was found to be equal invasion of C02 from the atmosphere. The new
technique should have application in other eutrophic low carbon lakes, where C-lU tracer
techniques are encumbered by serious technical complications.
INDEX TERMS: Photosynthesis, Limiting factors, Carbon, Primary productivity, Diurnal,
Gas chromatography, Standing crops.
AMIC-9671*
"PRODUCTION OP SPILITHIPHYTON IN TWO LAKES OF THE EXPERIMENTAL LAKES AREA,
NORTHWESTERN OOTARIO", Schindler, D. W., Frost, V. E., Schmidt, R. V., Journal
Of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, pp 1511-152**.
Two new techniques for measuring photosynthesis by benthic algal flora in
waters low in dissolved inorganic carbon are described. The first uses gas
chromatography to measure changes in DIC in incubation chambers directly. The second
is a variation of the usual C-l1* procedure, In which disappearance of C-ik from the
water is measured by liquid scintillation Instead of uptake of C-lU by the algae. This
procedure is simpler than measuring the uptake of C-lU, because digestion and/or
combustion of samples is not necessary. Results are compared with the commonly employed
C-lk uptake and 02 release techniques. Tests shovied that heterogeneity of substrate was
the major source of variation in In situ results, being large enough to make
Interpretation of seasonal effects and other causal factors extremely difficult. Annual
production by epillthiphyton in two natural lakes In the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA)
was 5.19 g C and 5.18 g C/sq m of substrate annually for Lakes 239 and 2Uo, respectively,
These are the lowest values recorded for freshwater lakes at temperate latitudes.
Because DIC and 02 concentrations could be measured simultaneously, it was possible to
calculate photosynthetic quotients on several dates. These were extremely high,
averaging 2.6 for the summer of 1971-
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Benthic flora, Primary productivity, Absorption,
Photosynthesis, Carbon, Scintillation counting. Substrates, Incubation chambers.
2U
AMC-9676
"MEASUREMENT OF ADEMOSIHE TRIPBOSPHATE (ATP) IN TWO PRECAMBRIAN SHIELD LAKES OF
HORXHWESTEHN ONTARIO", Rudd, J. W. M., Hamilton, R. D., Journal of the Fisheries
Heaearch Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, PP 1537-156U.
Water sauries were collected in Van Dorn bottles from lakes 227 and 302 in the
Precambrian shield area of northwestern Ontario for analysis of ATP over several months.
Samples were filtered through a 250-micron net and three subsamples prepared for
extraction by passing through a 0.22-mlcron, U7-mn GS Mlllipore filter and la-micron and
56-micron nylon mesh filters. ATP analyses were performed under diffuse incandescent
light In modified glass scintillation vials. Large seasonal changes were evident, as
were specific sites of high biological activity due either to natural stratification or
to deliberate manipulation. Chlorophyll a, particulate carbon, and direct count data
were found to be misleading in specifylng~the changes or the sites of biological
activity. Analysis of the ATP data on the basis of the relative abundance of different
size fractions was found to be useful. An ATP filtration error could not be
demonstrated, Indicating that cell breakage is not a source of the filtration error
inherent In some C-lU primary and secondary productivity studies.
INDEX TERMS: Primary productivity, Secondary productivity, Lakes, Adenosine
trlphosphate.
AMIC-9677
"HETEROTROPHIC UTILIZATION OF SUCROSE IN AN ARTIFICIALLY ENRICHED LAKE", Thompson,
B. M., Hamilton, R. D., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30,
No. 10, October 1973, pp 15VM552." ~
Lake 304 In the Canadian Shield area was enriched with C, N, and P as sucrose,
amoonlum chloride, and orthophosphoric acid to investigate the role of organic carbon In
eutrophicatlon. The Investigation included study of the kinetics of sucrose
transformation, comparison of particulate carbon produced by heterotrophic processes
with that produced by algal photosynthesis and supplied by other sources, disappearance
of sucrose Immediately after enrichment using a laboratory experim-nt, and comparison of
the uptake of glucose and sucrose in lakes JQk and 227. The lake was enriched with
C-lU-labeled sucrose at a rate of 5-51* g C/sq m/yr. Heterotrophic activity exhibited
fluctuations representing the damped oscillations of a disturbed steady state system,
stabilizing 3 months after the commencement of enrichment. By late summer, reduction of
the weekly addition of sucrose to a few mlcrograins per liter was accomplished within a
day by the Increased mlcrobial activity resulting from rapid growth of heterotrophic
microorganisms. Heterotrophic conversion (preenrichment) of sucrose to particulate
carbon In the eplllmnlon between July and October 1971 was 2-17 percent of primary
production. 25-35 percent of total sucrose utilized was converted to carbon dioxide,
the remainder being Incorporated into particulate material or released as nonvolatile
products of metabolism.
INDEX TERMS: Eutrophlcation, Kinetics, Bloassay, Metabolism, Substrate utilization,
Blotransformation, Sucrose, Fate of pollutants, Organic carbon, Heterotrophic
bacteria, Particulate matter.
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2. BIOLOSICAL METflCBS
AMIC-96T8
"EFFECTS OF CADMIUM AND COPPER ON THE OXIDATION OK LACTATE BY RAIHBOW TROUT
(SAUC GAIRDSERI) GILLS", Billnski, E., Jonas, R. E. E., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Beard of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, pp 1553-1550.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not the exposure of
rainbow trout to copper and cadmium salt solutions results in a significant inhibition
of lactate oxidation in gills. Fish were exposed to 11.2-0.0112 «g/l CdCIS for U-96 ta-
in fiberglass tanks. After exposure, fish were decapitated, the gill arches cut out,
and gill filaments removed and weighed. The oxidative activity In gill filaments was
determined by measuring the liberation of C-lb-labeled COS treat C-llt-labeled
Na-laetate-3-C. Gills were also analyzed for Cd and Cu content and examined
hiatologlcally. At the highest Cd concentration (11.2 mg/l), fish died in 7 hr. At
1.12 mg Cd/1, fish mortality was 50 percent; Of the fish surviving, oxidatlve activity
was Inhibited by 50 percent. All fish died, in 2U hr when exposed to the highest level
of copper (0.636 mg/1). At a concentration of 0.06U rag Cu/1, 50 percent of the fish
died; of those surviving, oxidative activity was Inhibited by 53 percent. Comparatively
high levels of cadmium (2O mlcrograjos) or copper (5O micrograms) were needed to produce
in vitro inhibition of lactate oxidation by gill filament. The histological studies
suggest that Impairment of oxidative activity might be due to disruption of cellular
organization or to inhibition of enzyme activity. The lactate oxidation test appears to
be useful only at high levels of Cd and Cu, however It could be useful tn detecting gill
damage with other toxicants.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Cadmium, Copper, Rainbow trout. Oxidation, Animal physiology,
Lactates, Sample preparation, Histology, Gills.
AMIC-9680
"BIOASSAY PROCEDURES TO EVALUATE ACUTE TOXICITT OF NEUTRALIZED BLEACHED KRAFT PULP MILL
EFFLUENT TO PACIFIC SALMON", Davis, J. C., Mason, B. J., Journal Of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, Ho. 10, October 1973, pp
A series of bloassays was carried out to assess the acute toxieity of
neutralized, filtered, bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME) from a single mill to
underyearllng Pacific salmon in fresh soft water, at 1O-13 C. Toxieity expressed In
terms of the 96-hr LC5O varied from 22 percent of full strength BKME to nontoxlc in
different collections. A procedure Is described for estimating the i-day LC50 frog
geometric mean survival time data. Toxlclty of effluents changed unpredictably with
storage (even at 2 C), and declined with air stripping. Comparison of continuous flow
and static test procedures indicated that continuous flow procedures yield somewhat
higher toxieity results than static tests. Experiments with varying fish densities
Indicate that measurable toxieity Is less in static tests with heavy figsh loading.
Use of loading densities of 2.5 liters/g fish or better is recommended. Young sockeye
aJmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) appeared moat sensitive, and pink (0. gorbuacha) and coho
0. klsutch) salmon somewhat more resistant to toxic BKME solutions. No correlation was
found between time to death and condition factor In the size range of underyearllng
coho tested (3.0-7.3 ™)- Recommendations are made for routine and regulatory bloassay
procedures.
INDEX TERMS: Bloassay, Toxieity, oockeye salmon, Pink salmon, Bleached kraft pulp mill
wastes, Coho salmon.
AMIC-9&1
"MEHCURT UPTAKE AND IOH DISTRIBUTION IN GILLS OF RAINBOW TROUT ( SAIMO GAIRDNERT);
TISSUE SCANS WITH AN ELECTRON MICROPROBE", Olson, K. R., From, P. O. ,T5urnal of the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973, pp 15T5-157T.
Ralribw trout were exposed to 0.25 ppo HgC12 and 0.05 PP»i methylmercury for
23 hr and the gills removed and examined by electron mlcroprobe for the purpose of
identifying the pathway of Hg uptake. Gills were prepared by quick freezing, cutting
into U-1O-micron sections, mounting on quartz slides or carbon discs, and freeze drying.
Mercury was found in gills of rainbow trout which had been exposed to Inorganic mercury
but not In those exposed to methylmercury. No specific site for mercury uptake was
Identified and it is suggested that Inorganic mercury enters the gill across the general
lamellar surface. High concentrations were found associated with the gill cartilage.
Since little ion diffusion occurs during tissue preparation, localization and/or
Identification of tissues can be accomplished by scans for various elements: sodium
(Ha), potassium (K), chlorine (Cl), and sulfur (s). The technique is not suitable for
identification of highly volatile ccnjxxuids such as methylmercury due to the necessity
of subjecting tissues to high vacuum conditions, however, electron probe analyses should
be useful in studies of active ion transport systems In gill tissue and. In investigations
of the effects of heavy metal pollutants on fishes.
INDEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Mercury, Distribution patterns, Gills, Methylmercury,
Bloaccumulatlon, Sanple preparation.
AKIC-9683
"APPARATUS FOR RECORDING AVOIDANCE MOVEMENTS OF FISH", Scherer, E., Hovak, 3.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 10, October 1973,
pp 159*^—1^*90^ "™" '-~—-—
An apparatus for continuously recording movements of fish exposed to chemical
substances in a tank consists of an open sight viewer connected to the shaft of a
power-supplied potentiometer and mounted so that an observer can track a specimen In the
test chamber. The tank is designed with Inlets at each end and an outlet in the middle
so that a test soli,*,ion can be precisely added to one end and untreated water- at the
other end of the tank. The tank Is observed through a one-way mirror to reduce visual
disturbance of the fish. Varying the position of the viewer changes the output voltage
fron the potentiometer to a strip chart recorder. The viewer also actuates a voltage
sensitive switch which activates a timer when the fish enters one half of the tank and
gives a cumulative time of exposure to the conditions In that section. A second timer
records overall elapsed test time, Sample recordings show the avoidance response of
goldfish when exposed to HgC;i2. Total cost of materials to build the system is 1350
dollars, and construction time Is about 50 manhours.
INDEX TERMS: Toxieity, Bloassay, Laboratory equipment, Fish, Movement, Design criteria,
Costa.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9669
11 INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL EXPEDIENCE OH RESPONSE OF YEARLING RAIMBOW TROUT (SALMO
GAIRDHSRI) TO A BLACK AHD WHITE SUBSTRATE", Hitter, J. A., MacCrlnmon, H. R.,
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1973,
pp 17UO-171*2.
yearling rainbow trout (Salmo galrdnerl) selected black substrate regardless
of size or rearing experience when first Introduced Into an experimental tank offering a
choice of black or white. Differences In the degree of black selection among the
various lots of the sane strain during the initial 120 mln of exposure, under an
illumination of .01 be, were correlated only with the level of swimming activity. By
2k hr, only pond-reared fish continued to select black while laboratory-reared fish were
randomly distributed over black and white. The continuing wariness of only the
pond-reared fish reveals the long-term effect of prior experience of Juvenile trout
behavior. This finding indicates the possible feasibility of environmental conditioning
for wariness in the artificial propagation of hatchery-reared fls for live release.
IHDEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Color, Distribution patterns, Sediments, Substrates.
AMIC-9690
"ENDRIN UPTAKE AND RELEASE BY FINCERLING CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS)",
Argyle, R. L., Williams, G. C., Dupree, H. K., Journal of the Fisheries Research
Board of Canada, Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1973, PP 17^3-171*1*.
Fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) offered diets containing
O.04-U.O mlcrograms endrln/g food (dry weight; rapidly accumulated the pesticide.
Amounts in the tissues as determined by gas chronatography were directly proportional
to amounts in the food. Dietary endrin had no measurable effect on growth or mortality.
After endrin was withdrawn from the diet. It rapidly disappeared and could not be
detected after Ul days. In fish exposed to 0.5 mlcrogram endrln/liter of water,
mortalities began at tissue levels of 0.7 microgram endrln/g of wet whole fish and
total mortality occurred at levels near 1.0 microgram/g.
INDEX TERMS: Bioassay, Channel catfish, Mortality, Growth rates, Endrin, Elimination,
Bloaccuraulation.
AMIC-9691
"A PORTABLE WIDE-SPEED INDICATOR FOB USE WITH PLANKPOH NETS", Lusz, L. D., Waldron,
K. D., Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol. 30, So. 11, November
1973, pp 1T*9-1751.
A wire-speed Indicator for monitoring the rate of wire payout or retrieval
during plankton tows consists of a metering wheel, a tachometer-generator, and a
readout meter. The tachometer-generator is driven by the metering wheel and produces
output which Is fed to the readout meter. The unit Is self-contained, provides remote
readout, and measures wire travel up to 50 m/rnln. It has been used satisfactorily
during about 10O tows.
INDEX TERRS: Plankton nets, Design, criteria, Wire speed indicators.
"DIVERSITY IN FRESH-WATER PHYTOPLANKTON", Moss, B., The American Midland Naturalist,
Vol. 90, No. 2, October 1973, pp 3M-355.
Phytoplankton samples were collected from three water bodies. Gull Lake
(Kalamazoo, Mich.), Priddy Pool, and Abbot's Pond (Somerset, U. K.), for as long as
2 years, the species counted, and diversity calculated using a derivative of the
Shannon formula. In the more eutrophlc bodies, diversity increased In simmer but was
low in winter. Diversity decreased with Increased fertlllity of the water. The data
confirm predictions made In the literature, but existing explanations of the phenomena
are considered unnecessarily complex. An explanation based on the balance of cell
numbers between overlapping populations of several species Is given, supported by a
simple mathematical model. The pigment diversity Index and the nature of succession
(periodicity) in freshwater phytoplankton are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Seasonal, Nutrients, Mathematical models, Water quality,
Eutrophlcatlon, Succession, Dominant organisms, Species diversity, Data
Interpretation.
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2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AfflC-9696
"DIVERSITlf AHD LONGITUDINAL DONATION IH FISH POPULATIONS OF TWO STREAMS ENTERING A
METROPOLITAN AREA", Tramer, Z. J., Rogers, P. M., The American Midland naturalist.
Vol. 90, No. 2, October 1973, PP 366-37!*.
The distribution and relative abundance of fishes were surveyed In Swan
and Tenmlle creeks, Lucas Co., Ohio, from their headwaters In a rural agricultural area
to points near the center of the city of Toledo, Ohio. Twenty-one species were found in
each creek. Of the total of 27 species collected only tvo, Semotllus atronaculatus
and Notropis stramlneus, occurred at each sample station. Species diversity along both
streams followed no definite pattern, even when the creeks became grossly polluted,
since declines In the number of species present were often offset by shifts toward
relative abundances which were more evenly distributed. Fish species diversity was not
correlated with an Index of habitat diversity. Furthermore, unlike other longitudinal
zonatlons, diversity was not correlated with mean depth of the stream or with distance
from the headwaters, and species composition changes took the form of replacements
rather than additions to the headwaters assemblage. Me conclude that pollution stress
cancelled out the effects of factors such as substrate diversity and mean depth, thereby
obliterating the normal patterns of diversity and longitudinal zonatlon.
INDEX TERMS: Systematics, Distribution patterns, Freshwater fish, Hater pollution
effects, Depth, Streams, Sampling, Habitats, Data interpretation.
AMIC-9698
"CAMBARUS BUNTINGI, A NEW 3PBCIES OF PUNCTICAMBARUS (DECAPODA, ASTACIDAE) FROM KENTUCKY
AND TENNESSEE, Bouchard, R. W., The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 90, No. S,
October 1973, PP <*06-4l2.
Cambarua buntingl, a new species of crayfish from the Cumberland Plateau and
Great Valley in Tennessee and the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky, Is described. Color
notes, relationships, distribution, life history notes and ecological data are given.
INDEX TERMS: Crayfish, Distribution patterns, Habitats, Tennessee, Kentucky, Color,
Ecological distribution, Cambarus buntingi, Puncticafflbarus, Decapods.
AMIC-9707
"THE DI3THIBUTIOH OF1 ASELLUS AQUATICUS (L.) AND PROASELLUS MERIDIANUS (RAC.) IH THE
SOUTHWESTERN PART OF THE NETHERLANDS", Wolff, W. J., Hydrobiologia, Vol. 42, No. U.
September 28, 1973, PP 381-392.
The freshwater isopods Asellus aquatlcus and Proasellus msrldlanus are cannon
in the Netherlands. The distribution of both species in the southwestern part of the
Netherlands seems to Indicate that snail ecological differences between both species
exist. This paper reports on these differences and discusses them In relation to the
results of previous authors. The ecological similarity of the two species apparently
may be extended to their tolerance to raised salinities. On the other hand it was
possible to confirm that these species react differently to water pollution. The main
conclusion of this study Is, however, that A. aquatlcus and P. neridlanus form an
extremely Interesting couple of species. A study of the way~they colonize the'future
fresh Delta lakes therefore may result in valuable data on interaction of closely related
species, and also has considerable theoretical interest. Such a study is planned.
INDEX TERMS: Distribution patterns, Salinity, Systematics, Hater pollution effects,
Habitats, Miter quality, Bracklh water, Asellus aquatlcus, Proasellus merldianus,
Netherlands.
AMIC-9706
"SELF- PURIFICATION AND CILIATE COLONIZATION IN ACID ENVIRONMENT (MODEL sXPERIKENT)",
Bick, H., Drews, E. F., Hydrobiologia, Vol. U2, No. k, September 28, 1973, pp 393-U02.
Because acid precipitation originating from air pollution may Increase the
acidity of lakes and rivers, a study was conducted of the effects of acidification on
the population dynamics of bacteria and protozoa associated with the decomposition of
peptone. Increasing acidification with sulfuric acid caused reduced rate of
decomposition and nitrification. Below pH 5 no oxidation of anmonla took place. Total
counts of bacteria and dilates as well as number of species of ciliated Protozoa
decreased slowly within the pH-range 7 to 5, but rapidly at pH-vmlues 5 to 3. The
limits of tolerance to high hydrogen ion concentration are sunmarlzed for 29 species of
freshwater dilates. (In German)
INDEX TERMS: Acidity, Bacteria, Protozoa, Freshwater, Lakes, Rivers, Air pollution
effects, Peptldes, Degradation (decomposition), Hydrogen ion concentration,
Nitrification, Anmonla.
S7
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2.
METOPES
AMIC-971U.
"THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF MAYFLY (EPHEH3HOPTEHA) AHD STOHEFLY (PLECOPTERA)
LARVAE AT DIFFERENT OXYGEN CONCENTRATION", Nagell, B. , Hydrobiologia, Vol. k2,
No. I*, September 28, 1973, PP U61-U89-
The aim of this Investigation was to elucidate how Tour aquatic Insect
larvae, from different habitats and having different respiratory organs or types of
respiratory regulation, react to a lowered oxygen concentration, and how their oxygen
consumption Is affected. The species Investigated where the stoneflies Taenlopteryx
nebulosa, Dlura. nansenl and Hemoura elnerea and the mayf ly Cloeon dlpterumTWater of
known oxygen concentration was allowed to flow past the experimental larvae. The
oxygen consumption of the larvae was calculated from the lowering of the oxygen
concentration which ensued. The critical point on the curve representing mean oxygen
consumption as a function of oxygen concentration was found to be a U-5 mg 02/1 for
Kemoura. The values refer to 8 C. Jfo Influence on the oxygen consumption of starvation
for i* to 5 days was found. No difference between the oxygen consumption values
obtained in the presence or In the absence of calcium ions could be observed during the
experiments. The basic picture obtained in this Investigation Is a set of Oxygen
consumption values scattered between a curve connecting highest values obtained and a
curve of the standard metabolism together with a zone In which the larvae are activated
by reduced oxygen concentrations.
INDEX TEIWS: Respiration, Stoneflies, Hayflies, Larvae, Metabolism, Water pollution
effects. Behavior, Calcium, Temperature, Osmotic pressure, Oxygen consumption.
Motor activity.
AMIC-9715
"POPULATION DYNAMICS OF POND ZOOPLANKTON. II. DAPHMIA AMBIGUA SCCURFIELD", Anglno, E.
E., Armitage, K. B., Saxena, B., Hydrobiologia. Vol. ±2, No. i*, September 28, 1973,
PP i*91-507.
Statistical relationships of 27 environmental components with population units
of D. amblgua vere determined for fifty weeks in a pond in northeastern Kansas.
Simultaneous analyses accounted for more variability in total number/1 and in the
number of ovlgerous females/1 than did any of the lag analyses; 1-week lag accounted
for the greatest amount of variability in clutch size. Calcium was the most Important
variable determining density of Daphnla. Temperature and chlorophyll a (as a measure
of food) were relatively unimportant in affecting total number. Other~envlronnental
components accounting for at least 2 percent of the variation in no lag -vere nitrite,
ammonia, iron, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, sulfate and manganese. Temperature and
boron were the most Important variables affecting the number of egg-bearing females/1.
Boron, nitrate, chloride, and strontium nere the most important variables affecting
clutch size. Food apparently affected clutch size In a minor way. The environmental
components affect Daphnia anbigua and DlaptOBua pallldua in quite different \iays.
These differences may prevent either species from maintaining dominance and excluding
the other and could account for the widespread pattern of co-occurrence of dlaptomid
and daphnld species.
INDEX TERMS: Zooplankton, Environmental effects, Population, Density, Statistical
methods, Calcium, Nitrites, Ammonia, Iron, Chlorides, Phosphates, Magnesium,
Sulfates, Reproduction, Manganese, Ovigerous females.
AMIC-9716
"irrrROGEH AHD PHOSPHORUS RELEASE FHOM DECAYING WATER MILFOIL", Nichols, D. s,,
Keeney, D. R., Hydrobiologia, Vol. U2, No. k, September 26, 1973, PP 509-525.
To evaluate the net H and P contribution to water from herbicide-killed
aquatic weeds, vater milfoil containing 1.5 percent N and 0.30 percent P was killed
with endothal and allowed to decompose, in the dark, in vater only or sediment-water
systems. Changes with time in dry weight, total N and P, and organic C In the plant
material, and organic and Inorganic forms of N and P in the water were determined.
Plant decomposition was limited by N. Inorganic N was released by the sediment, and
decomposition was more rapid when sediment was present. A smaller N requirement for
decomposition tinder conditions of low C»2 was postulated as a possible explanation of
the more rapid decomposition observed in the absence of aeration. The presence of
plant P in excess of decomposition requirements resulted In rapid accumulation of
organic P, followed by inorganic P, in the water. Organic B appeared In the water
early in the experiments, but was depleted rapidly, and Inorganic N was apparently
Immobilized as soon as It was formed. In the presence of sediment, organic N and
inorganic P levels were much lower. On treating of water milfoil with herbicide,
rapid P release can be expected. It wuld appear that N release from decaying weeds Is
much slower than P.
IHDEX TERMS: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Herbicides, Carbon, Hydrogen ion concentration.
Analytical techniques, Aquatic weeds, Degradation (decomposition). Sediments,
Aeration, Biomass, Oxygen, Water milfoil, Endothal, Organic carbon.
AMIC-9717
"THE BIOLOGY OF MY3IDS ACCLIMATIZED IN THE RESERVOIRS OF THE VOLGA RIVER",
Borodich, H. D., Havlena, F. K., Hydrobiologia, Vol. 1*2, No. k, September 28, 1973,
PP 527-539.
Myslds were successfully Introduced and acclimatized In the artificial
reservoirs of the Volga River. They live there in the shallow sandy areas and their
numbers amount to 300-500 Ind./sq m. They avoid direct sunlight, make slight vertical
migrations according to the light Intensity; during t"ie morning hours their maximum
is at the depth 0.2 m, at noon In 0.1-1.5 n- It has been proved that their biological
features in the new localities do not differ from those in the original localities.
IHDEX TERMS: Systematics, Habitats, Environment, Reservoirs, Light intensity,
Migration, Reproduction, Behavior, Adaptation, Mysiels.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METOPES
Amc-9719
"RE1ATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LEVELS OF RADIOCESIUM IN DOMINANT PLANTS AND ARTHROPODS IM A
CONTAMINATED STREAMBED COMMUNITY", Anderson, G. E., Gentry, J. B., Smith, M. H.,
OIKOS, Vol. 2k, No. 2, 1973, PP 165-170.
For several years Steel Creek (South Carolina) received reactor cooling water
and disassembly basin effluents from two nuclear production reactors located near the
stream's headwaters. When the stream no longer received reactor effluent In 1968,
vater flow was reduced and portions of the old streambed became exposed. Contaminated
vegetation then became available to animals as food. Thus, a unique opportunity UBS
created to study the fate of radionuclldes in a natural system. Preliminary study of
the Steel Creek system vas an investigation into the radiocesium levels and
concentration ratios of a plant - herbivore - predator food web. Emphasis has been to
develop predictive models for radiocesium concentrations in the system. Samples of
vegetation and arthropods were collected, analyzed for radiocesium by scintillation
counting, and the results statistically analyzed to determine whether any relationship
existed between radiolsotope concentrations. Mean cesium concentrations were
significantly higher on the islands than on floodplain areas. There were no consistent
trends for Increasing or decreasing concentration across trophic levels. However, the
degree of linear correlation between radiocesium concentrations in different types of
plants and arthropods was significant and makes possible a model to predict
radiocesium levels In other components of the system. Predictability was highest
between the various arthropod groups and lowest among the different plant types.
Between the two possible producer-herbivore-predator associations
(broomaedge-grasshopper-spider, and broomsedge-leafhopper-spider) radiocesium
concentrations ratios differed significantly.
AMIC-9719 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TEHM3: Cesium, Radioactive wastes, Food webs, Flood plains, Vegetation, Path of
pollutants. Nuclear reactors. Radio!sotppes, Streams, Insects, Statistical methods.
Ecosystems, Arthropods.
AXIC-9720
"ALGAL ASSAYS OF ARCHIPELAGO WATERS. QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS", Lindahl, P. E. B.,
Melin, K. E. R., OIKOS, Vol. 2k, No. 2, 1973, pp 171.178.
Eighteen surface water samples were collected during 1970 from Lake Malaren
(freshwater) and to the outer part of the Stockholm Archipelago (brackish water). After
filtration moat samples were enriched with phosphate (P), nitrate (R) and chelated
trace elements (TE), alone or in combination, and Inoculated with blue-green algae,
Oselllatorla agardhii or Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Isolated from the investigated area.
The algae (not free from bacteria) were cultivated under standard conditions. The dry
weight at harvesting was used to evaluate the growth-stimulating effect (in comparison
with unenriched controls) of the additions. The yields of 0. agardhii (the controls
and those with all three additions) were largest 17-26 km to the east of Slussen, the
Stockholm lock. During the year the smallest growth occurred during summer. The
results with A. floa-aquae followed a similar distribution pattern. Regression
analysis of the results with 0. agardhii showed that enrichment with TE or P, along or
together, did not stimulate growth! The addition of N, alone and in combinations with
TE or P, stimulated the growth, In proportion to the growth In the unenrlehed water
samples. The enrichment with P plus N plus TE gave the largest stimulation.
INDEX TERMS? Freshwater, Brackish water, Sewage treatment, Cyanophyta, Phosphates,
Nitrates, Chelation, Trace elements, Growth rates, Water pollution effects,
Sewage.
AJCC-9722
"SUCCESSION IB BESTHIC MACROFAUNA IN A SWEDISH FJORD SUBSEQUENT TO THE CLOSURE OF A
SULPHITE PULP MILL", Rosenberg, R., OIKOS, Vol. 2k, No. 2, 1973, pp Skk.2^8.
Quantitative sampling of the fauna in a Swedish fjord was made In 1971 and 1972
to complement previous data about the faunal recovery after tie cessation of the
sulphite pulp mill in 1966. In 1972 the succession had approached a final phase in
which the fauna had regained a composition similar to that found forty years earlier.
The benthic faunal increment, expressed as dry weight, In SaltkallefJord over the
period 1968-71 was roughly estimated to 2O percent and the yearly production to 70-80
tons on this k.k sq km area. Different indices have been used to describe the
coonunlties and the diversity. The succession showed a logistic pattern similar to
population growth curves.
INDEX TERMS: Pulp wastes, Sulfltes, Biological communities, Succession, Statistical
methods, Growth rates, Population, Fjords, Benthlc fauna, Water pollution effects,
Species diversity, Repopulation.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METOPES
AMIC-9728
"EFFECT OF CHELATION ON TOXICITY OF COPPER", Morris, 0. P., Russell, G., Marine
Pollution Bulletin, Vol. U, No. 10, October 1973> PP 159-160.
The effect of chelatlon on capper toxicity to algae was studied In. the
laboratory using EDf A as a chelatlng agent and Ectocarpus slllculoaus as the algae.
Three growth media were used. The basic medium was a formulation with Ka2 EDTA
excluded to make the medium as Inorganic as possible. The second consisted of the
basic formulation plus 3.7 mg SETA per liter. The third was 'Erd Schrelber' medium,
which contains soil extract. A series of copper concentrations was prepared in each
medium giving from 0.00 to 1.00 mg Cu (2 plus)/llter. The plant material was Inoculated
Into the media and cultures were grown at 11 C and a continuous light Intensity of
2,700 lux. Volumetric analysis of growth was made after 35 days. The growth rate of
Ectocarpus In the basic medium dropped very rapidly with Increasing copper, and there
was no Increase in plant volume over 35 days, at a concentration of 0.1*5 mg
Cu (2 plus)/I. The presence of EDTA Increased this critical concentration, the
Ectocarpus continuing to show some growth up to a level of over 0.8$ ng
Cu (2 plus)/l. It was concluded that the effect of chelation on the toxicity of copper
to Sctocarpus sillculosus In culture is very marked.
INDEX TERMS: Chelation, Toxicity, Copper, Marine algae, Organic compounds. Cultures,
Aqueous solutions. Chlorides, Growth rates, Volumetric analysis, EOTA, Erd
Schreiber medium.
AMIC-9731
'MULTIVARIATE APPROACHES TO ALGAL STRATAGEMS AND TACTICS IN SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF
PHYTOPLANXTON", Allen, T. F. H., Koonce, J. F., Ecology, Vol. 51*, So. 6, Autumn
1973, PP 1231*-12U6.
Numerical classifications and principal components ordinations were performed
on species from 57 weekly samples of phytoplankton from Lake Wingra. The data were
considered In absolute and relative terms before and after transformation to
presence/absence and logarithmic quantities. The data were also analyzed, taking into
iccount growth rates In the samples, by means of a transformation that replaced the
scores of species present by the productivity of the sample as determined by C-lU
uptake/biomass. It Is shown that different transformations can reveal different but
jlologically meaningful aspects of the data. These different biological aspects are
species similarities based on either short-term survival expedients in particular
environmental circumstances, species tactics, or long-range growth patterns,
Involving breadth of tolerance and place in the community, that Is, species stratagems.
lost phytoplankton species in Lake Wingra adopt one of three stratagems: either
uograzed, slow-growing and very persistent, or ungrazed, fast-growing and of
ntermedlate duration, or grazed fast-growing and ephemeral. Tactical Information Is
relevant to particular systems, while strategic information is needed In ecosystem
:omparlson and for models applicable to several systems.
INDEX TERMS: Phytoplankton, Statistical Methods, Productivity, Growth rates, Absorption
Biomass, Biological conmunlties, Ecosystems, Model studies. Grazing, Seasonal,
Standing crops. Data Interpretation, Multlvarlate analysis, Lake Wingra.
"EFFECTS OF THERMAL ADDITIOHS FROM THE YELLOWSTONE GEYSER BASIHS OS THE BEKTHIC
ALGAE OF THE FTREHOLE RIVER", Boylen, C. W., Brock, T. D., Ecology, Vol. ?!», Bo. 6,
Autumn 1973, PP 1382-1291.
During the spring and summer of 1971 and 1972 quantitative measurements of
temperature, water chemistry, and standing crop of benthic algal mats were made at a
series of stations along the Firehole River as it flows through the main geyser basins
of Yellowstone National Park. As the river flowed through the thermal areas, the
temperature gradually Increased to a maximum dally midsummer temperature 12 degrees
higher than the unheated upper portion of the river (15 to 27 C), and the river began
cooling when the thermal additions to the river ceased. The river was coldest in
early June, when maximum Input from melting snow occurred, and remained relatively
warm in the heated areas throughout the winter. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, phosphate,
and chloride also increased markedly; nitrate and ammonium concentrations appeared not
to be Influenced by the additions of hot spring water. The quantity of chlorophyll per
unit area extracted from epillthic algal mats also increased with the amount of thermal
water Input to 20 times that in the unheated control areas. The apparent growth rates
of benthic algae calculated from periodic quantitative sampling of cleaned rocks were
over fivefold greater in the warmer than in the cooler portion of the river. The
temperature optimum for CO2 fixation paralleled the midsummer temperature of the habitat
although it averaged about 3 degrees higher at each station. The results suggest that
higher temperatures from the additions of thermal water increase the algal standing crop
through Increase in growth rate of the algae, and that the algae in the heated portion
of the river are optimally adapted to the temperatures of their habitats.
AMIC-9732 (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Thermal pollution, Benthic flora, Geysers, Mater teaqperature, Alkalinity,
Hydrogen ion concentration, Conductivity, Phosphates, Chlorides, Nitrates,
Ammonia, Chlorophyll, Growth rates, Photosynthesis, Radioactivity techniques.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-9736
"INDICATIONS OF DISTURBANCES IN THE NITRIFICATION PROCESS IN A HEAVILY
NITROGEN-POLLUTED HATER BODY", Landner, L., Larsson, T., AMBIO, Vol. 2, No. 5,
1973, PP 15^-157.
When high concentrations of nitrite were repeatedly detected in the Bay of
Koping, Lake Malaren (Sweden), a study was initiated to analyze the autotrophic
oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. The number of denltriflers and of heterotrophs was
also determined. Water and sediment samples were taken with sterilized NIVA and Jenkins
samplers on four occasions, and the numbers of autotrophically nitrifying bacteria were
determined by Indirect most probable number procedures. It was found that Nltrosomonas
were 10O to 10,000 times more abundant than Sltrobacter in the bottom water as well as
in the sediment surface of the bay. The activity of Nltrobaeter in the bay was also
reduced, clearly indicating a disturbance of the oxidation of nitrite to nitrate.
INDEX TEFMS: Nitrification, Water pollution effects, Nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Nitrogen, Nitrites, Oxygen, Ammonium compounds, Nitrates, Benthos, Metabolism,
Respiration, Sampling, Oxidation, Nitrobacter, Nltrosomonas.
AMIC-9737
"BEHTHIC FAUNA AND 200PLANKTON IN SOME POLLUTED SWEDISH ESTUARIES", Olsson, I.,
Rosenberg, R., Olundh, 3., AMBIO, Vol. 2, No. 5, 1973, PP 158-163-
Four more-or-less polluted estuaries on the Swedish vest coast are compared
regarding bottom fauna of different sizes, and zooplankton. The salinity In these
almost non-tidal waters varies from estuary to estuary and decreases from north to
south. As It was expected that the physical and chemical environment In the estuarlne
systems might be reflected In the fauna! conmunltles, the purpose was to classify the
systems In respect to each other on a fauna! basis, especially with regard to the
pollution aspects. The meiofauna of the bottom (size 0.1-1 mm), represented by
'oraminlfers (one-celled animals) and annelids (segmented worms), seemed more to
reflect differences in pollution than differences In salinity. A reduced ostracod fauna
crustaceans) was an outstanding feature. Few species appeared in all estuaries. Even
he macrofauna of the bottom (size greater than or equal to 1 mm) showed that the
ffects of pollution in ByfJorden were restricted to the inner areas. In a comparison
rith another estuary, Saltkallefjorden, nowadays almost non-polluted and recovered,
here was a remarkably uniform fauna at certain localities in the two estuaries. If
1 stance to river-mouth is taken into Consideration, both melo- and macrofaunal
omposltlon seemed to be more similar between the various estuaries than within
ndivldual estuaries, reflecting the short-distance changes of the environment.
ompared to the bottom fauna, the zooplankton (greater than or equal to 0.16 mm) showid
ic least differences between the various estuaries. The composition seemed to be much
IB same, with copepods (crustaceans) as the dominating group.
INDEX TERMS: Benthic fauna, Zooplankton, Estuaries, Salinity.
AMC-9738
"MEraXL MERCUOT ACCUMULATION IN AH AQUATIC FOOD CHAIN. A MODEL AND SOME IMPLICATIONS FOI
RESEARCH PLANNIHG", Fagerstrom, T., Asell, B., AMBIO, Vol. 2, No. 5, 1973, pp 16U-171.
This paper utilizes a mathematical model to study the mechanisms of methyl
mercury accumulation In aquatic food chains. The three step food-chain model has pike
feeding on roach and roach feeding on chironomlds. Functions in the model include
environmental variables and equations describing some ecological and ethologlcal
processes that determine the flov of energy. The discussion la limited to three
specific problems, (l) Is the model at all able to mimic. In a qualitative sense, the
static picture that is comnon in nature, ie MM concentrations in fish increasing with
age, and concentrations In predatory species exceeding those in prey species by a
factor of two-five? (2) What is the relative importance of the accuracy of the
numerical values for the calculated MM concentrations in the fish? (3) What are the
dynamics of the reaction of the system to perturbations in the same simulations as were
used for the sensitivity analysis'!
INDEX TERMS: Mercury, Food chains, Mathematical models, Industrial wastes, Water
pollution effects, Pikes, Dlptera, Ecosystems, Absorption, Respiration,
Metabolism, Methylmercury, Roach.
AMIC-97'tO
"EFFECTS OF ARTIFICIAL fflfPOLIMNION AERATION AND RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNEHI
RICHARDSON) DEPTH DISTRIBUTION", Fast, A. W., Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, Vol. 102, No. U, October 1973, pp 715^755:
Hemlock Lake, an eutrophic and meromietlc Michigan lake, was artificially
aerated by hypollmnetlc aeration. This aeration system involved a special aeration tower
and compressed air Injection. Hypolimnetlc oxygen concentrations Increased from zero to
saturation during aeration. Thermal stratification was gradually reduced by the
aeration, but the lake remained thermally stratified for 10 weeks during aeration.
Before aeration, rainbow trout (Salmo gairdncrl Richardson) were limited to shallow
depths by the anaerobic hypollmnion. They distributed to the deepest depths soon after
aeration began and occupied the entire lake during artificial aeration.
INDEX TERMS: Rainbow trout, Distribution patterns. Aeration, Depth, Hypollnnlon,
Oxygen, Thermal stratification, Water temperature.
31
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
AMIC-97"H
"THE EFFECTS OF DIBFOM OH RESPIRATOR* ACTIVITY OF THE 3TONEFLY, HYDROPERLA CROSBYI,
HELLGRAMMITE, CORYDALUS CORHUTUS AND THE GOLDEN SHINER, HOTEMIGOHUS CRYSOLEUEAS^—
Markl, A. W., Stewart, K. W., Sllvey, J. K. G., Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, Vol. 102, No. k, October 1973, pp 806-81?: ~—~
The respiratory activity of three aquatic animals, selected from different
pollution Index classifications, was examined in the presence of sublethal concentration:
of Dlbrom, a commonly used, broad spectrum, organophosphate Insecticide. The oxygen
consumption of Hydroperla erosbyl (Needham and Classen), Corydalus comutus L. and
Notemlgonus erysoleucas vas measured in a specially designed following-water
respiroroeter, housed In an environmental chamber. The acute toxlclty of Dlbrom,
measured as aU-hr LC50's for these animals, was compared In both static and flowing-
water bloassays and found to be significantly more toxic to both the hellgranmites and
stoneflies in the flowing system (l£50: 6.8 ppm and 11.U ppb, respectively) than In the
static bloassay (LC5O: 9.5 ppm and 16.0 ppb, respectively). There was a marked
difference In the toxicity of Dibrom to golden shiners between flowing and static
systems but this was not statistically significant at the 95 percent confidence level.
Sublethal Dlbrom concentrations significantly affected oxygen consumption (Q02) in all
test animals, and reduced their tolerance to low oxygen tensions. The ability of the
golden shiner to tolerate low oxygen tensions was reduced by 50 percent by exposure to
5 ppm Dlbrom concentrations. Stonefly body undulations and hellgrammite gill beats
were Increased by exposure to sublethal toxicant levels In the flowing system. The
flowing-water respirometer offers an approach to simulate the lotlc environment in
bloassays and laboratory assessments of the effects of pollutants on respiration and
other organism responses.
AMIC-97M (Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Stoneflies, Shiners, Respiration, Insecticides, Oxygen, Water pollution
effects, Bloassay, Lethality, Hellgranmltes, Dlbrom.
"ACUTE TOHCITIES OF AHTUffCIH A, BAYER 73, AMD TFM TO THE COTRACOD CYPRETTA KAWATAI",
Kavatskl, J. A., Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, Vol. 102, NoTTT
October 1973, PP 929-031.
Static bloassays were conducted at 2k C with the ostracod Cypretta kawatal in
1500-ml glass beakers to Investigate the toxicity of antimycln A, T?W (95>.7 percent
3-trifluoromethyl-li-nitrophenol), Bayer 73 (70 percent 2-aminoethanol salt of
a'^-dlchlorc-U'-nitrosalicylanillde), and mixtures of TFM and Bayer 73- Mortality
observations were made at 2U-hr intervals up to 96 hr. The 96-hr LC5O values were:
antimycln A, 7.UO mlcrograms/1; TFM 7.10 ng/1; Bayer 73, 1.16 mg/l. The toxlclty of a
50-.5O mixture of TFM and Bayer 73 was simply additive (96-hr LC50, 3.03 mg/l), whereas
a 98:2 combination of TFM and Bayer 73 was slightly synergistlc (96-hr LC5O, 5.00 mg/l).
The three toxicants tested would have no significant immediate effect on C. kawatal
when employed at normal field concentrations for short periods of time, however, if the
toxicants were to persist In the ostracod's environment at application concentrations
for more than U8 hours, material loss of ostracods could occur.
IHDEX TERMS: Invertebrates, Pesticide toxicity, Bloassay, Lethal limit, Ostracods,
Antimycln A, Bayer 73, TFM, Synergistic effects.
"THE INFLUENCE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN ON THE GROWTH OF CHANNEL CATFISH",
Andrews, J. W., Mural, T., Gibbons, G., Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society, Vol. 102, No. k, October 1973, pp B35-H30.
The long-term effects of three levels of dissolved oxygen (10O,6o and 36
percent of air saturation) on channel catfish, Ictalurus punetatus, were evaluated
under two feeding regimes - a constant rate of 3 percent of blomass dally and ad
libitum. At ad libitum rates (6-week duration) average gains of 159, 12k, and 65 g
per fish were obtained in tanks containing oxygen at 100, 60, and 36 percent of
saturation, respectively. In both experiments food consumption and efficiency were
drastically reduced at 36 percent oxygen saturation. Survival rates were 100 percent
In all groups, thus suggesting that disease and parasite problems were not enhanced by
a hypoxlc environment. In these studies catfish did not demonstrate a polycythemlc
response to hypoxlc conditions.
INDEX TERMS: Dissolved oxygen, Channal catfish, Growth rates, Blomass, Feeding rates,
Mater quality, Carbon dioxide, ammonia, Blood samples, Hemoglobin, Hematoerlt.
-------
AHIC-971A
"NOTES ON THE UPPER LETHAL TEMPERATURE OF THE DUSBfSTRIPE SHINER, NOTROPIS PILSBRifl.
AMD THE BLUEGILL, LSPOMIS MACROCHIBUS" , Hlckaan, G. D., Dewy, M. ft.. Transactions"
of the American Fisheries Society, Vol. 102, Mo. U, October 1973, pp 830-850.
Sublethal, incipient upper lethal, and total lethal temperatures were obtained
for the duskystrlpe shiner, Hotropls pilsbryl, and the blueglll, Lepomls nacrochlrus.
Both species were exposed to a grs
ual temperature increase of 2 C per day and to
sudden temperature Increases after being acclimated to a temperature of 21.5 C.
Results Indicate that the Incipient upper lethal temperature of the blueglll, with a
2 C rise in temperature per day, is 35.5 c and that of the dusky stripe shiner is
approximately 32.0 C. Resistance times of both species to a sudden temperature
increase were also determined.
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature. Lethal limit, Shiners, Sunflshes, Thermal pollution.
AMIC-971*?
"PREDICTION OF IHCIFIENT LETHAL LEVELS OF COPPER TO JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON IH THE
PRESENCE OF HUMIC ACID BY CUPRIC ELSCTRODE", Zitko, P., Carson, W. V., Carson, W. G.,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 1O, No. 6, November
1973, pp 265-271.
This paper deals with the toxicity of copper and zinc to Juvenile Atlantic
salmon in the presence of humlc acid, and with predictions of incipient lethal levels
ILL) of copper from the potential of a cuprlc Ion selective electrode. The ILL of
copper increases with increasing concentration of humlc acid. The potential of the
cuprlc ion selective electrode is a linear function of the total copper concentration
in semilogarithmlc coordinates. The ratio of predicted to calculated ILL's decreases
with Increasing hardness due to decreased binding of copper by humic acid at higher
hardness. Humlc acid at concentrations of 5 and 10 mg/1 has no effect on the ILL of
Inc to Juvenile Atlantic salmon, possibly due to lower stability of humlc acid - Zinc
omplexes. The zinc - fulvic acid Complex Is approximately 10 tines less stable than
he corresponding copper - fulvic acid complex. The presented data Indicate that the
upric ion selective electrode is a useful tool for predicting ILL of copper to
uvenile Atlantic salmon in the presence of humlc acid. The technique nay very likely
extended to other copper-complexlng substances such as llgnosulfonates, pulp mill
ffluenta in general, and various organic compounds.
NDEX TERMS: Copper, Lethal limit, Atlantic salmon, Zinc, Humle acids, Toxlcity,
Electrodes, Bloassay, Hardness (water), Calcium sulfate, Fulvic acids, Ion
selective electrodes.
, JCTSOP6
AMIC-9750
"THE ACUTE TOOdCITT OF SOME HEAVY METAL IONS TOWARD BENTHIC OROA11I31S", Rehwoldt, R.,
Laako, L., Shaw, C., et al., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
Vol. 50, No. 5, November 1973, pp 291-29^.
A study was conducted to determine the toxiclty of some heavy metal ions
toward benthic fauna In a freshwater region of the Hudson River. Metal Ions evaluated
were copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, mercury, and chromium. Water quality during the
experiment was maintained at 17 C, 50 mg/1 hardness, 7.6 pH, and 6.2 mg/1 dissolved
oxygen. Mercury was the most toxic Ion toward the test organisms (bristle worms,
scud, caddlaflles, damselflies, midges, and snails) and was more toxic toward these
organisms than toward fish studied earlier In the same area. Hovever, with the
exception of the scud and midge, benthic organisms tend to be more able to withstand
heavy metal Inputs than fish.
INDEX TERMS: Toxiclty, Copper, Zinc, Nickel, Cadmium, Mercury, Chromium, Bloassay,
Benthic fauna, Oligochaetes, Amphlpoda, Caddisflles, Dlptera, Gastropods.
AMC-9751
"EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS OK THE TOLERANCE OF THE GUPPY TO BERYLLIUM 3ULFATE",
Solnim, C. B., Slonlm, A. R., Bulletin of environments! Contamination and Toxicology,
Vol. 10, Ho. 5, November 1973, PP #5-361. —
Bioassays were conducted to Investigate the effect of water hardness on the
toxlcity Of BeSOU to guppies. Four static tests were conducted simultaneously with
four levels Of hardness (22, 150, 575, I*OO rag/l) and Be concentrations ranging from
0.1 to 60 mg/1. In addition, two subsequent btoassays were conducted to assess the
hypothetical relationship between the TL sub 50 and water hardness. Median tolerance
limits for 96 hour tests were 20.0 mg Be/l at ItOO mg/1 hardness, 13.7 rag Be/1 at 275
ng/1 hardness, 6.1 mg Be/1 at 150 mg/1 hardness, and 0.16 mg Be/1 at 22 rng/1 hardness.
Curves resulting from plots of percent survivors vs. Be concentrations show downturns
as water hardness is lowered. In hard water, TL sub 50 values did not change
significantly after 2l|-hr exposures, but in soft water they were significantly lower
from 2l*-to 9°-hr exposures. Equations are included which can be used to estimate the
toxiclty at BeSOb to guppies at any given water hardness.
INDEX TERMS: Hardness (water), Bloassay, Beryllium, Situations, Estimating, Toxicity,
Resistance, Guppy.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METBOP6
AMIC-9753
"MIREX INCORPORATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT: TOXICITY IN SELECTED FRESHWATER ORGANISMS",
Naqvi, 3. M., de la Cruz, A. A., Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 5, November 1973, pp~305-30B.
A study was conducted to determine the toxicIty of Mirex to the following
pond Invertebrates: anphlpods (Hyallela azteca), dragonfly nymph (Macromla sp.), a
gyrinld beetle (Dlneutes amerlcanus), a water strlder (Gerris renlgis), and a shrimp
(Palaemonetes kadlakensisjlThe specimens were taken with nets from a garden pond and
a managed lake in Mississippi. Bloassay solutions were prepared by serial dilution with
tap water from a 1 percent stock solution of technical grade Mlrex In acetone. LD sub
30, LD sub 50, LD sub 99 and upper and lower limits of lethal concentrations in parts
per million for Gerris, Dlneutes, and Palaemonetes were determined by probit analysis
on an IBM 360-40 digital computer. Percent mortalities but not LD values were
considered for Hyallela and Macromla nymph at 1 ppb and 1 ppm Mlrex concentrations.
Representative TL sub 50 values were: Gerris, 0.13 ppm at 2k hr; Dlneutes, 0.0k at 72
**• and Palaemonetes, 0.19 at 120 hr. Palaemonetes was most resistant, Dlneutes
next, and Gerris least resistant to Mirex!fhe results also show a delayed mortality
effect of Mirex.
INDEX TERMS: Pesticides, Toxlcity, Amphlpoda, Dragonflies, Shrimp, Bloassay, Ponds,
Lakes, Lethality limit, Mississippi, Computer programs, Mlrex, Gyrinid beetles,
Water striders, Hyallela azteca, Dineutes amerlcanus, Gerris remigls,
Palaemonetes kadiakensls.
AMIC-9751*
"UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF AN ORGANOCHLOBINE INSECTICIDE (DIELDRIN) BY AM ESTUARINE
MOLLU3C, RANGIA CUNEATA", Petrocelli, 5. R., Hanks, A. R., Anderson, J., Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 10, No. 5, November 1973, pp 315-32O.
Clams (Rangia cuneata) were collected from Trinity Bay in Texas to study
uptake and accumulation of dieldrin from dilute solution. The clams were acclimated for
1 to 2 weeks in holding tanks at 25 C, 8.2 pH, and 15.6 percent, salinity. They
were than transferred to experiment tanks with water having like properties and a
dleldrin concentration maintained at about 0.55 microgram/llter. Samples of clams
and water were removed after 12, Sk, ^6, kS, 60, and 78 hours and after freezing and
cleanup of the meat samples were analyzed for pesticide residue by gas-liquid
chromatography. The results indicated that Rangia Is capable of absorbing and
concentrating dleldrin In Its tissue to levels far above ambient. The smallest dieldrln
residue In experimental calms was 38.2 mlcrogrsBS/llter after 12 hours exposure and the
Largest 1226 mlcrograms/llter after 60 hours. Apparently the dieldrln is not noxious
enough In the concentration used to affect siphoning and thus It is accumulated In
quantities that may become a threat to the estuarlne food web.
INDEX TERMS: Dieldrln, Mollusks, Bioassay, Absorption, Kinetics, Pesticide residues,
Estuaries, Bloaccumulatlon, Biological magnification. Gas liquid chronatography,
Rangia cuneata, Sample preservation, Sample preparation, Cleanup.
AMIC-9767
"OXYSEK CONSUMPTION OF LJMHgCALCANUS MACRURUS SARS (CALANOIDA, COPEPODA) IN
RELATION TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS", Roff, J. C., Canadian Journal of Zoology,
Vol. 51, No. 8, August 1973, PP 877-885. —-
The oxygen consumption of Linmocalarms macrurusnand its relationship to a
number Of environmental parameters were determined On specimens from two arctic lakes,
both In the laboratory and In situ. The Q10 from 0 to 10 C was 1.93 and from 5 to
15 C was 2.20. The respiration rate increased shortly after capture of the animals
and then declined to steady levels within 6 hr after capture. Experimental population
densities vithin the range of 0.1 to 2 animals/ml had no effect on the adult
respiration rate nor did the volume of the respiratory container. Experiments carried
out In situ showed no relationship between depth of incubation and respiration rate,
and did not differ significantly from the laboratory respiration rates. The upper
lethal temperature was about 16 C but animals could briefly withstand exposure to
21 C. Lethal oxygen concentration was dependent on temperature, being about 0.8
mg/llter at 0 C. The relationship of these lethal levels to the distribution of the
species is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Copepods, Oxygen, Respiration, Water temperature, Lakes, Arctic,
Population, Density, Distribution patterns, Depth, Lethal limit.
AMIC-9771*
"CYANCPHAGES - VIRUSES ATTACKING BLUE-GREEN ALGAE", Padan, E., Shilo, M.,
Bacteriological Reviews, Vol. 37, No. 3, September 1973, pp 3<*3-370.
This paper reviews characteristics, genetics, and growth cycles of
cyanophages, discusses the Interaction of their development with metabolism of the
cyanophycean host, and considers ecological effects. An extensive bibliography Is
Included.
INDEX TERMS: Cyanophyta, Viruses, Reviews, Bibliographies, Physlcochemical properties,
Proteins, Growth stages, Metabolism, Photosynthesl, Genetics, Cytologlcal studies,
Distribution patterns, Cyanophages, Nucleic acids, Phages.
-------
2. BIOLOGICAL METHODS
MCC-9795
"CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES FOR ESTABLISHING WATER QUALITY CRITERIA",
Lee, G. P., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1973, pp 1525-151(6.
Increasing emphasis Is 'being placed on the use of bloassay techniques to
evaluate potential water quality problems In the aquatic environment. Although the
physical environment Is carefully maintained, often less emphasis Is placed on
maintaining the proper chemical environment in bloassay tests. Considerations of
oxidation state, solubility, complexation, ionic strength, type and amount of solids,
salt ratios and concentrations and organic content are essential in extrapolating the
results from the test conditions to the environment. The chemical history of the test
organism must be controlled to insure meaningful results, and analytical measurements
should be made to insure that the proper chemical species is maintained throughout
the test period. If the environmental conditions are not duplicated, studies are
needed to determine how the results are dependent on the test environment used. This
paper discusses examples in which changes in the chemical environment of a bloassay
test may affect the results of the test and recommends procedures for minimizing
problems of this type.
INDEX TERMS: Wnter quality, Bloassay, Methodology, Reviews, Chemicals, Oxidation,
Solubility, Solid wastes, Salt balance, Organic matter, Toxiclty, Pesticides,
Chelation, Trace elements, Hardness (water), Complexatlon, Ionic strength.
Amc-9799
"ALGAL GROWTH PREDICTION USIBG GROWTH KIHETIC CONSTANTS", Toerlen, D. F., Huang, C. H.,
Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1973, pp 1673-1681.
The growth kinetics under conditions of phosphorus limitation of Selenestrum
caplcornutua Printz, a green alga specified for use in »lgp] bioassays, were used to
predict growth in hatch cultures for varied specific conditions of time and phosphorus
concentration. These predictions compared very well with actual batch culture growth
studies. The predicted ma**™™ cell concentration for two different levels of
phosphorus lay within values obtained in different laboratories. The predicted
maximum specific growth rates were either close to or Just above actual laboratory
data. The determination of growth kinetics thus allows accurate prediction of the
growth of planktonlc algae, a benefit In either algal bioassays or the solution of
practical eutrophication problems. The growth kinetic constants of specific algae
important in eutrophication problems need to be determined In order to utilize
potentialities of prediction in the rational solution of these problems.
IHDEX TEJ9C: Growth rates, Kinetics, Phosphorus, Bloassay, Cultures, Forecasting,
Tims', Eutrophication, Biomass, Nutrients, Suspended solids, Selenastrum
caprlcornutum, Batch cultures.
AMIC-9798
"EFFECTS OF OIL DISFEREANTS AHD OIL EMULSIONS ON MARINE ANB«LS"
Swedmark, M.,
Granno, A., Kollberg, S., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1973, pp 16*9-1672.
The toxlcltles to marine animals of nine oil dlspersants, three oil emulsions
with Corexit and of a dispersion of Oman crude oil, were studied in continuous flow
aquarium systems at 96 hr exposures followed by a recovery period in clean seawater.
New types of dlspersants were found to be less toxic than older types and oil emulsions
more toxic than dispersants alone or crude oil alone. Fishes and bivalves were found
most sensitive. Crustaceans were the most resistant to dlspersants but very
susceptible to oil emulsions. The tolerance of different species was found to be
related to their mode of life, more active species being more susceptible. Delayed
mortality of bivalves increased their susceptibility if the recovery period was
Included. Effects on locomotory behavior of fishes and crustaceans, breathing rate of
fish, valve-closure of bivalves and byssal thread formation of common mussels have been
demonstrated for both dlspersants and oil emulsions. The general sequence of such
effects was: increased activity; successively Impaired activity; Immobilization; and
death. Recovery is good for fish and crustaceans but poor for bivalves due to the
delayed effects. Ecological consequences of dlspersants and oil pollution in the marine
environment are discussed.
NDEX TERMS: Oil pollution, Toxlcity, Bloassay, Fish, Mussels, Crabs, Water temperature,
Salinity, Lethal limit, Sea water, Water pollution effects, oil dlspersants, Oil
emulsions, Crude oil.
35
AMIC-9601
"EFFECT OF PHENOL ON OXYGEN UPTAKE RATE OF A LABORATORY POPULATION OF CHIRONOMUS
ATTENUATES (WALK.)", Cole, S. L., Wilhm, J., Water Research. Vol. 7, No. 11,
November 1973, PP 1691-1700.
A laboratory population of fourth-instar larval forms of Chlronomus
attenuatua Walker received a continuous life-long exposure of 0, 2.e, 11.2, 16.3, ind
22.4 ppnTphenol. Measurements were taken of water temperature, pH, and dissolved
oxygen concentration. Larvae exposed to the different phenol concentrations were
analyzed for oven-dry weight and ash-free weight. The oxygen uptake was determined.
The regression of oxygen uptake (Y), adjusted for phenol level, pH, and oxygen
concentration, on ash-free weight (X) was log Y equals 0.173 minus O.U78 log X. The
regression of adjusted oxygen uptake (Y) on phenol concentration (X) was Y minus 1.632
plus 0.299 log X. Calories Lost through respiration (Y) were related to phenol level
(X)0 by the equation, Y equals (0.0021) plus (0.000386) log X. The ish-free weight per
Individual (Y) decreased with increasing phenol concentration (X) as explained by the
equation, Y equals O.llU log X.
INDEX TERMS: Diptera, Oxygen, Absorption, Phenols, Toxicity, Bloassay, Respiration,
Larvae, Water temperature, Hydrogen ion concentration, Dissolved oxygen, Weight,
Regression analysis, Chironoraus attenuatus.
-------
8. BIOUBICM. VETOES
MttC-9602
"CHRONIC TOXICITf OF A COPPER, CADMIUM AND ZINC MKTOFB TO THE FATHEAD MINHCM
(PIMEPHALES PBOMELAS RAFINESQUE)", Eaton, J. G., Water Research, Vol. 7, Ho. 11,
Nobember 1973, PP 1723-1736.
Fathead minnows were exposed to a series of concentrations of a copper,
cadmium and zinc mixture during a 12.5 month chronic test in water of 200 mg/1 total
hardness. The metal concentrations in the mixture were selected on the basis of results
obtained during previous chronic exposures to each of the metals individually in the
same water. Strict sunmation of the chronic toxicities of the metals was not indicated
when they were tested in combination. Toxic effects of the mixture attributable to
copper appeared to be increased, but that attributable to cadmium was reduced. The
effects thought to be due to zinc were similar in degree to those observed in the
single chronic exposure. Sunmation of effects resulting from a mixture containing
about the same proportions of copper, cadmium and zinc occurred at a ouch higher,
acutely lethal concentration. A lethal threshold was attained in the mixture when each
metal waa present at a. concentration of O.1! or less of its individual lethal threshold.
IKDEX TEEMS: Copper, Cadmium, Zinc, Toxiclty, Bioassay, Lethal limit, Spectrophotometry,
Water temperature, Growth stages, Spawning, Larvae, Fathead minnow, Embryos.
AMIC-9823
"THEFMOPHILIC FUNGI
Mycologia, Vol. 65,
IN A MUNICIPAL WASTE COMPOST SYSTEM", Kane, B. E., Holllns, J. T.,
Ho. 5, September/October 1973, PP 1087-1100.
A high-rate municipal compost system was systematically sampled during the
digestion period for the presence of thennophilie fungi. The objectives were to
(1) monitor environmental conditions during composting, (2) develop sampling and
culturing techniques tor Isolating thermophillc fungi from compost, and (c) examine
environmental requirements for growth of the isolated fungi. The compoet consisted of
sorted municipal refuse which was shredded, moistened with water or sewage sludge, and
piled In tanks. The compost atmosphere, sampling procedures, and culturing techniques
used during the study are described and experiments to determine the ability of selected
isolates to grow on cellulose are outlined. During the study pure cultures of JOk
isolates were established. These included Asperglllus fumlgatuB, Chaetomlum thermophlle.
lumicola lanuglnosa, Mucor pusillus, Thermoascus aurantiacua, and Torula tnermophila.
tt was demonstrated that (1; a thennophilie relationship exists between temperature and
jrowth, (2) a requirement exists for aerobic growth conditions, and (3) only C.
ihermophlle utilized cellulose as a carbon source. It was concluded that themophllic
'ungi are~pre«ent during composting in a mechanically assisted digestion. They were
.solated at all times during the composting and there is no apparent succession of
species. High temperature, acidity, and anaerobic conditions may limit growth in the
.nterior of the pile and thus restrict the role of these fungi.
INDEX TERMS: Waste disposal. Cultures, Sampling, Monitoring, Environmental effects,
Temperature, Growth rates, Aerobic conditions, Cellulose, Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Ion concentration. Acidity, Thennophilie fungi, Cdopost.
"OIL-1HDUCED MORTALITIES IH JUVENILE CCKO ADD 30CKEYE SALHMt", Marrow, J. E., Journal
of Marine Research. Vol. 31, Ho. 3, September 15, 1973, PP 135-1&3.
A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the effects of crude oil in
concentrations that might occur from an oil spill on sockeye and coho salmon.
Specimens aged 9 to 13 months that had been raised from eggs were first acclimated to
artificial seawater of 3 percent salinity. Crude oil was Introduced in concentrations
from 500 to 3500 ppm and the water temperature was set at 3. 8, or 13 C. Stress
behavior under the Influence of oil was also investigated. Mortality rates of up to
100 percent were produced in 96 hrs. The majority of the 96-hour experimental
mortality rates were significantly higher than the mortality rates of control animals.
The mortality rates were directly related to the concentration of oil, but appeared to
be inversely related to water temperature. Mortality apparently was caused by some
component of crude Oil that is soluble in water and is also volatile and/or easily
oxidized. It waa found that crude oil loses its toxicity to salmon after exposure to
air, probably through the loss of volatile toxic components. Hence, conclusions based
on bloassay work with oil of unknown history may be less valuable than those derived
from studies wherein the handling history of the oil is known.
INDEX TEWEj Sockeye salmon, Toxicity, Water temperature, Lethal limit, Fish behavior,
Bloassay, Sea water. Mortality, Stress, Arctic, Coho salmon. Crude oil.
AMIC-9876
"EFFECT OF POLLUTION 0» THE BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF TILAPIA 2ILLII G4", Saad,
M. A. H., Ezzat, A., Shabana, M. B., Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 2, No. 2,
June 1973, PP 171-179.
Lake Marlut, a shallow brackish water basin near Alexandria (U.A.R.), was a
highly productive lakej•however, it now receives large quantities of pollutants
resulting In greatly reduced or depleted DO. The extremely low 02 content of the lake
water has had hazardous effects on fish. Tllapla zlllil G., which constitute a major
part of the Egyptian lake fisheries, were sampled from Lake Mariut in order to study
the effect of 02 deficiency on the blood characteristics of these fish. Under the
stress of asphyxia, Tllapla showed a considerable increase in °il blood constituents.
The erythrocytes of asphyxiated Tilapia were characterized by a smaller corpuscular
volume and a higher iwan corpuscular hemoglobin count. A marked increase In total
proteins, alpha globulin, glucose and creatinine was observed in asphyxiated fish. The
results obtained from the experimentally asphyxiated fish and fish sampled from the 02
deficient area of Lake Marlut are nearly similar. It can be concluded that when the
fish enters this 02 deficient area it begins to undergo asphyxiation, after which it
nay die.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Dissolved oxygen. Fish, Bioassay, Pesticides,
Fertilizers, Lakes, Brackish water, Industrial wastes. Organic matter, Mortality,
Tilapia zillll, Blood.
-------
2. BlOLOBICAL
AMIC-9&77
"TOXICITlf OF LEAD NITRATE TO ALGAE", JtOancSufc, J. L., Gruendllng, G. K., Water. Air,
and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, Ho. 2, June 1973, pp 181-190.
The fixation of radioactive C was used to measure the toxicity of Pb(B03)2 to
five species of freshvater algae. Portions of unialgal cultures were Inoculated Into
low salt medium and were used to test all species at 1O, SO and 30 ppm Pb. This medium
approximated the salt concentrations of natural aquatic environments. Three different
cell veldts were used for each concentration of Pb and for the control to determine a
relationship between cell weight and toxiclty. The concentration ol Pb causing a
50 percent reduction of C-lU-labelled COS fixation as compared to the control was called
the ED sub 50 (median effective dose). These values were extrapolated from graphs of
ppm Pb vs dpm/mg dry cell weight. The ED sub 50 for three of the species tested
(Anabaena. Chlaatydomonas and Navicula) was between 15 and 18 ppm Pb. A desmid,
Cosmarium, had an ED sub 50 of 5 ppm. This species has a higher surface: volume ratio
than the other species tested and this may account for its Increased sensitivity. An
ED sub 50 for Ochromonas was not obtained. Throughout this experiment the fixation of
C-lU labelled C02 Increased with increasing Fb concentrations and la not readily
explained.
INDEX TEIM5: Toxiclty, Lead, Aquatic environment, Anabaena, Chlamydomonas,
Radioactivity techniques, Cultures, Carbon dioxide, Primary productivity.
Ecosystems, Lead nitrate.
"STREAM POLLUTIOH AHD A SIMPLIFIED DIVEBSIDf LHDBT, Eglott , D. A., Brmkel, W. H.
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation. Vol. 1»5, Ho. 11, November 1973, '
pp 2269-2275."
Biological Indexes of diversity of benthic macrolnvertebrate communities were
determined at seven stations In a stream subjected to pollution by secondarily
treated domestic wastewater. Indexes based on three different levels of taxonomic
classification (genus, order, and class) all reflected the effect of the discharge
on the biological coBnunitles. The advantages of using an Index of biological
diversity based on higher taxonomic categories Include (1) direct assessment of the
biological Impact of pollution, (2) a great savings in time and technical expertise
usually required to Identify biological specimens to low taxonomic categories, and
(3) the retention at some taxonomic Information, which Is required for making many
biological Inferences, especially with respect to the effect of pollution on biological
food chains.
INDEX IK96: Water pollution, Natural streams, Blolndlcators, Benthlc fauna, Waste
water (pollution), Biological communities, Water quality. Water pollution effects.
Species diversity Index, fbcroinvertehrates.
AMIC-9878
"DISTRIBUTION OF FORAMIHIFERA HEAR POLLUTION SOURCES IN CHAIEUR BAY", Schafer, C. T.,
Water. Air, and Soil Pollution. Vol. 2, No. 2, June 1973, pp 219-233.
Benthonic foramlnlfera samples were collected seasonally near several
Isolated sources of senage and (or) industrial effluent In the RestigouChe estuary.
Distinct blotopes based on species diversity and population density are developed
locally especially near Dalhousie peninsula and Belledune Point in response to the
effects of effluent discharge. Averaged diversity indices calculated in known polluted
areas describe an initially depressed curve that reflects the development of
near-abiotic conditions close to the effluent source and, at some distance offshore, an
anomalously high diversity which may be indicative of a zone near each outfall In which
certain components of the effluent generate a temporary favorable artificial
environment. The Elphldlum Incertum/clavatum group usually dominates the living fauna
lear sewage outfalls and appears to be able to invade and maintain Itself on nearshore
ediment substrates which have pH values in excess of 6.1*.
HDEX TERMS: Estuaries, Distribution patterns, Water pollution effects. Protozoa,
Sewage, Industrial wastes. Sediments, Hydrogen ion concentration, Water temperature
Salinity, Oxygen, Lead, Zinc, Fertilizers, Chlorine, Alkalis (bases), Powerplants,
Pulp wastes, Foramlnifera.
AMJC-9926
"USIJG AKHXLA TO ASSAY OIL DIEPERSANT TOXICITIES", Zillioux, E. J., FouLk, H.
Prager, J. C., Cardln, J. A., Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
Ho. 11, November 1973, PP 2399-2396.
R.,
Criteria established for a procedure to assay oil dispersants included
the following: (l) The assay must not require special training or skills by a
technical level person. (2) Only common laboratory equipment would be required.
(3) Materials and time must be minimal. (fc) The results must be accurate and available
In a short time. (5) The end point must be quantitatively measurable. (6) The
must be sensitive to chemical changes, yet suitable for laboratory tests. (7) The
species must be commercially available, be capable of being raised in the laboratory,
and not require care between assays. (8) Large numbers of the orgmlsms must require
small volumes of medium. (9) Neither the assay nor the organisms must require a
permanent allotment of laboratory space. These criteria were satisfied at least
partially by designing a bioassay procedure which uses nauplli of Artemia sallna
in synthetic seawater under defined chemical and physical conditions. The brine shrimp
are stored as eggs which are Incubated and hatched when needed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate
is used as a reference toxicant to Indicate differences in the condition of organisms
that may occur during the test. The procedures were used to compare US hr TL sub 5O
values of six proprietary oil dispersants with that of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Factors
and variations in method that may affect bioassay results are discussed. Conclusions
are that Artemia Is a suitable bioassay species to determine comparative toxiclty of oil
dlspersant compounds but that It should not be used to determine limiting environmental
concentrations for protection of marine life.
INDEX -CEBMS; Bjoassay, Design criteria, Brine shrimp, Oil dispersants, Standard methods.
37
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AKTC-99U1
"BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO DETERGENT
NONDETEHGENT PHOSPHORUS III SEHAGE . FART II",
Forcella, D. B., Cowan, P. A., Mlddlebrooks, E. J., Water and Sewage Works. Vol 120,
No. 12, December 1973, PP
.,
36-U6.
The responses are presented of Anateena flos -aquae and Selenastrun
caprlcornutum to detergent and nondetergent phosphorus. Maximum growth and mean
growth rate are discussed with mmr-iimim growth being based upon the first and last
biomass measurements during the growth cycle (18 or 21 days). Mean growth rate
represents growth over a 7-day period. Correlation between particulate carbon (PC),
optical density (QD) and suspended solids (SS) was performed to establish the relations
between the individual parameters. Dilution studies were made to detect toxiclty,
Indicated 'by unusual growth as a function of dilution. Deionized and reservoir water
were used to dilute effluents from secondary and tertiary sewage treatment. In
summary, the results indicate the following conclusions: (1) no differences exist
between baseline and test samples; (2) response was greater in secondary than tertiary
effluents; and (3) iron and trace elements appeared to stimulate slightly greater
growth. Samples of various wash products were added to a solution of two percent test
secondary effluent in reservoir water. The results showed no significant difference in
maximum growth. It can be concluded that the addition of the wash products to treated
sewage did not affect the bioassay response. (See also: AMIC-9657)
INDEX TERMS: Phosphorus, Bioassay, Sewage effluents, Plant growth, Toxiclty, Blomass,
Measurement, Waste dilution. Nutrients, Water pollution effects, Selenastrum
capricornutum, Anabaena flos -aquae.
AMIC-99U3
"TEMPERATURE CONTROL OF REPRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN A SUBARCTIC CORALLINE
ALGA", Adey, W. H., Phyeologia, Vol. 12, Nos. 3/U, December 1973, pp 111-118.
Based on detailed quantitative distributional data for the North Atlantic and
qualitative data for the North Pacific, a hypothesis of winter temperature control of
reproduction and distribution is formulated for the crustose coralline a1e°
^lathroroorphuni clrc"""Criptum. The hypothesis, that winter temperatures below 2-3 C
are required for reproduction, was tested by growing plants for extended periods under
various light and temperature conditions. Regimes from constant light cycle (12-12)
and intensity (120O lux) at a temperature of 12-13 C, to reduction of both light and
temperature over a 5 month Interval to 6-18 hr light-dark periods, 130 lux and 0 C,
were employed in a manner approximately simulating the natural pattern in the shallow
sublittoral of the telne coast. Although conceptacle production was initiated in
those tanks where the light cycle was reduced from 12 to 6 hr per day, mature
conceptacles with blspores developed only in the tanks where the temperature was
reduced. The most prolific plants were those subject to reduction of light cycle and
intensity. In tanks having neither temperature nor light cycle reduction, only a very
small percentage of primordial conceptacles were Initiated and none of these developed
to maturity. Die productivity of Clathromorphum circumacrlptum, based on oxygen
xchange measured with a precision polarographlc electrode, was examined at light
ntensltles ranging from oJ>OOO lux and temperatures ranging from 0-20 C. The
ompensatlon point was reduced markedly with temperature, reaching levels of only 35 lux
ear 0 C. This indicates a high level of efficiency in net productivity at very low
temperatures, and suggests that under arctic conditions holoautotrophlc plants probably
AMC-99U3 (Continued)
Card 2/2
can survive even where ice cover and winter darkness significantly reduce total light
received.
INDEX TERMSs Water temperature, Primary productivity, Reproduction, Bioassay, Light
intensity, Limiting factors, Growth rates. Ice cover, Clathromorphun
circumscription.
AKLC-99U
"INFLUENCE OF IODINE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPNENT OF THE BROWN ALGA ECTOCARPUS
SIXICULOSUS IN AXENIC CULTURES", Woolery, M. L., Levin, R. A., Phycologia. Vol. 12,
Nos. 3/U, December 1973, PP 131-138.
A quantitative evaluation was made of the iodine requirement of the brown alga
Ectocarpua sillculosus using solely the female clone. Cultures were grown In
(1) artificial seawater medium, of the same composition and prepared by the same method
as was the starvation medium; (2) artificial seawater medium prepared similarly, but
with sodium chloride which had not been pre-treated to remove iodine and bromine;
(3) natural seawater; and (U) seawater similarly depleted of iodine and bromine. In a
preliminary experiment prepared in quadruplicate, iodine and bromine were added,
independently and together, and after 2,k,6, and 8 wk, growth In the first set of tubes
was assayed colorlmetrically for mixed chlorophylls and carotenoids. Another experiment
was carried out to determine the effects of iodine concentrations lower than that in
seawater. After 2,3, and fc wk, the algae were examined microscopically for the
abundance of reproductive organs and zoospores and assayed colorlmetrically.
Nutrient-supplemented cultures were then incubated for an additional 6 wfc, and reassayed
for restoration of pigmentation. Filaments of E, silieulosus survived for at least 12 wk
in iodine-deficient media; however iodine is an essential nutrient for growth. Iodine Is
not replaceable by bromine at any of the concentrations tested. At least 0.0015
microgram at lodlne/1 is required for any appreciable vegetative growth, while
0.025 microgram at/1 Is needed for the normal formation and maturation of plurilocular
sporangia. (Natural seawater contains about O.1* microgram at Iodine/1). In 12-wk
cultures, 0.2 microgram at iodine/1 promotes maximum growth, equivalent to I* g dry weight
per litre of medium. Concentrations up to one hundred times as high are tolerated
without evident inhibitory effects.
-------
1. 31CJU3BICKL
^Continued)
Card 2/2
INDEX TERMS: Marine algae, Plant growth, Iodine, Essential nutrients. Deficient
elements, Phaeophyta, Bioassay, Plant physiology, Ectocarpus sillculosus,
Axenic cultures, Survival.
AMIC-99U5
"YAHADAPHYCUS. A NEW GENUS OF THE DELESSERIACEAE ( RHODOPHYTA)", Mlkami, H., Phycologia,
Vol. 12, Nos. 3/1*, December 1973, PP 139-1^3.
The structure and reproduction of Yamadaphycus carnosua gen. et sp. nov. from
the southeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, are described, and the taxon's relationship
to other members of Delesseriaceae is discussed. The structure of the apex belongs
to Kylin's Delesserla type. The female and asexual reproductive organs occur on
special proliferations that are formed in clusters and at random on both surfaces of
the fronds.
INDEX TERMS: Rhodophyta, Marine algae, Speciation, Systematics, Marine plants, Plant
morphology, Reproduction, Plant physiology, Plant groupings, Yanadaphycus
carnosus, Japan, Delesseria.
AMIC-99*16
'tULOURE STUDIES OF EBTEBOHDRPHA LJ.NZA (L. ) J.AK. AHD ULVARIA caofspEgm (KUTZUK)
BLUJHIG (CHLOROPHYCEAE, ULVAIES) FROM CENTRAL AMERICA", Kapraun, D. P., Flynn, E. H.,
Phycologia. Vol. 12, BOB. 3/U, Decanter 1973, pp 1^5-152.
Enteranorpha linza and Ulvaria oxysperma from Colombia and Costa Rica,
respectively, were studied by observations of material collected from nature and
laboratory culture experiments. Cultures were maintained in enriched seawater media in
an open-room Incubator Illuminated vlth 1500 lux Incident light at 23 C with 12-hr
light and a 12.hr dark cycle. The algae were stained for chromosomes using a modified
technique described by Kapraun (1970). Plant material was fixed in an I2KI-formalin
solution during the middle of the dark cycle, washed in distilled water after 12 hr,
and placed in an iron-alum mordant. Fronds were soaked In the mordant 2-5 mln, rinsed
thoroughly in distilled water and stained in acetocarmine for observation. Results of
these investigations were compared with the literature from Japanese and European
studies. Both E. linzfl and U. oxysperma were shown to be haplobiontic, reproducing
exclusively tiy bi- and quadrlflagellate zoospores. Results of cytologies!
investigations are discussed: N equals 10 was indicated for E. linza, while no
determination was possible for Ulvaria.
IBDEX TERMS: Cultures, Chlorophyta, Marine algae, Cytologlcal studies. Plant
morphology, Marine plants, Chromosomes, Benthlc flora, Central America,
Enteromorpha llnza, Ulvaria oxysperma, Culture media. Sample preservation,
Sample preparation, Columbia, Costa Rica.
AMC-99^7
"AH EXAMINATION OF THREE STRAINS OF THE BLUE-GREEN ALGAL GENUS, FREMYELLA". Wyatt,
J. T., Martin, T. C., Jackson, J. W., Phycologia, Vol. 12, Nos. 3/i», December 1973,
pp 153-161.
Placed In the family Scytonemataceae by some authorities and by others In the
Mlcrochaeteaceae, the blue-green algal genus Fremyella often exhibits seemingly
paradoxical behavioral patterns. Its growth characteristics and its metabolic rates
Indicate the genus to be ecologically competitive. On the other hand, its infrequent
occurrence In most experimental algal collections suggests Just the opposite. Three
strains of Fremyella produced widely different data which suggested that the genus
probably occupies terrestrial, subaquatic, and aquatic systems. However, the results
did not truly explain the rarity of the genus.
INDEX TEHMS: Growth stages, Cultures, Metabolism, Behavior, Plant morphology,
Fremyella.
39
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"THE GENUS NEOCHLOBIS STARR (CHLOROPHTCEAE, CHLOROCOCCALES)", Archibald, P. A.,
Pbycologia, Vol. lg~llo». 3/k, December 1973, PP 187-193.
Study and culture of five isolates of the genus NeocnlorlB revealed three
previously undescribed species. A morphological key to ail cm-rOTt. species of
Heochlorls as cultured under standard conditions ie provided. Supplementary grovth
patterns and physiological attributes are reported.
INDEX TERMS: Aquatic algae. Soil algae, Chlorophyta, Plant morphology, Plant growth,
Plant physiology, Speclation, Neochloris.
AMIC-9951
"NOFTH CAROLINA MARINE ALGAE. II. HEW RECORDS AND OBSERVATIONS OF THE BENTHIC
OFFSHORE FLORA", Schneider, C. W., Searles, R. E., Phycologla. Vol. 12, Nos. 3/U,
December 1973, PP 201-211.
Twenty new records from North Carolina are reported including four species of
green algae, two species of brown algae, and fourteen species of red algae. Nineteen
of these collections constitute the northernmost records of these species, though most
are found in the Bermudian flora. The other new record, that of Glgartlna stellate
(Stackhouse) Batters, represents a new southern extension for this northern species.
Two previously questionable records and one species known only from shallow water in
North Carolina are verified as members of the deep water offshore flora. A
clarification of the records of AgardhleHa tenera (J. Agardh) Schmltz in this area Is
given.
INDEX TEroC: Marine algae, Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, Khodophyta, Benthlc flora, North
Carolina, Distribution.
AMIC-9952
"A BIOASSAY COMPROMISE", Cain, J. E., Trainer, F. F., Phycologia, Vol. 12, Hos.
3/fc, December 1973, PP 227-232.
Selenastrum caprlcornutum was used as a test organism for assaying the
nutrient condition of natural waters. Using an actively growing culture, inoculated,
sterile-filtered water was incubated at 22 C In continuous fluorescent Illumination.
Organisms were grown in tubes on a roller tube rotator, and transferred daily,
reestablishing a population of I(OO,000 cells each day. Averages of 5-day runs showed
no evidence for nutrient carry-over when 1 plus doublings/day were recorded; carry-over
usually was not apparent on days 3-$ when nutrient poor waters were examined. Sites
were examined above and below a sevage treatment plant. In different rivers and during
fall, winter and spring. The assay, as measured in doublings of Selenastrum/day,
shows clear differences In the carrying capacity of the rivers at these sites.
INDEX 3ERMS: Bioassay, Water quality, Nutrients, Growth rates, Biolndicators, Natural
waters, Selenastrum caprlcornutum.
AfflC-9953
"LEAD INHIBITION OF HORMOTTLA BLENITCSTA (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CHLOROCOCCALEE)", Ntonahan, T. J.
Pjycologla, Vol. 12, Nos. 3/1*, December 1973, P 2^7.
Hormotila blennlsta, a unicellular green soil alga, was cultured In modified
Bristol's solution deficient in the potassium phosphate silts to which had been «idded
the trace element mix of Watt and Fogg (1966) and known concentrations of lead chloride.
Autoclave sterilization, axenle cultures, and sterile techniques were routinely used.
After autoclavlng, culture media ranged between pH 6.U and 6.6. Cultures were grown in
50 ml of medium and Incubated at S2 plus or minus 1.0 C under continuous fluorescent
Illumination supplying 3000 to UOOO lux light intensity. Dark experiments were
performed by placing cultures in sealed cardboard boxes in the growth chamber. Cells
were harvested during the declining growth phase and counts made to determine the
effect of lead on growth. When contrasted to control cultures, significant Inhibition
was noted in the light at nil lead concentrations tested from 50-500 ppb (P less than
0.001) and In the dark at 50 ppb (P less than 0.01), and 100, 250, and 500 ppb (P leas
than 0.001). It was concluded that the effects of lead among the algae may be
particularly accentuated under stressful conditions of essential nutrient deficiency,
such as phosphate and potassium as exemplified by H. blennlsta.
INDEX TEHMSs Lead, Inhibition, Plant growth, Bioassay, Deficient elements, Pollutant
effects. Survival, Hormotila blennista.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-9663, 9688, 9700, 972i, 9727, 97^5, 9835, 9837.
ltd
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"i.
"MIXED CULTURE BIOOXIDATION OF PHENOL. I. DETERMINATION OF KIHETIC PARAMETERS",
Pawlowsky, U., Hovell, J. A., Biotechnology and Bloenglneerlng, Vol. 15, No. 5,
September 1973, PP 889-896.
A mixed culture derived from soil and activated sludge organisms was used to
degrade phenol which was Inhibitory to microorganisms at higher concentrations. The
purpose of the experiments was to determine the kinetic parameters governing growth of
the organisms by measuring growth rates In batch culture. To maintain a constant
Inoculum for the experiments inoculum was taken from a continuously operating
continuous culture. Two populations were studied corresponding to two separate
residence times in the continuous culture apparatus. One contained predominatly
filamentous organisms, the other nonfilamentous. Five kinetic models vere applied to
the data and the best kinetic parameters for each model were determined by nonlinear
least squares techniques. The models were then evaluated for best relative fit to the
data. No significant differences were found between the models on the basis of fit and
so a choice was made on the grounds of simplicity. A model proposed by Haldane was
chosen as the best. No function however gave a satisfactory fit at the highest growth
rates obtained. This experimental maximum in the plot of growth rate against substrate
concentration was very sharp.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Oxidation, Cultures, Kinetics, Growth rates. Activated sludge,
Protozoa, Statistical methods, Rotifers, Sphaerotilus, Algae, Fungi, Metabolism,
Biooxidatlon, Ultraviolet spectrophotometry.
AMIC-9615
"MIXED CULTURE BIOOXIDATION OF PHENOL. II. STEADY STATE EXPERIMENTS IN CONTINUOUS
CULTURE", Pawlowsky, U., Howell, J. A., Biotechnology and Bioenglneerlng. Vol. 15, No. 5,
September 1973, pp 897-903.
A problem in steady-state analysis of the continuous stirred tank biological
reactor Is the failure to predict the effect of high dilution rate near the washout
condition. One cause could be apparatus effects, the most likely of which is bacterial
growth on the walls of the reactor. This study attempted to test the applicability of
a wall-growth factor in a model developed for the case of substrate inhibited kinetics.
Continuous culture experiments, using a mixed population of organisms on phenol, were
performed in continuous stirred tank biological reactors. Steady state phenol
concentrations were measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometry for a range of inlet
concentrations from 100 to 80O mg at various dilution rates. These results were compared
with those predicted from the model. It was found that the effect of growth on the walls
of the vessel was considerable and Increased by a factor of up to 3X the dilution rate
of the 90 percent conversion of phenol could be obtained.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Model studies, Cultures, Kinetics, Bicmass, Sewage bacteria,
Biooxidatlon, Continuous cultures. Wall growth. Steady state experiments.
Biological reactors, Mixed cultures, Substrate utilization.
AMICJ9616
"MIXED CULTURE BIOOXIDATION OF FHEHOL. III. EXISTENCE OF MULTIPLE STEADY STATES
IN CONTIBUOUS CULTURE WITH WALL GROWTH", Pawlovsky, U., Hovell, J. A., Chi, C. T.,
Biotechnology and Bloenglpeerlng, Vol. 15, Ho. 5, September 1973, pp 905-916.
It IB shown that two steady states exist In certain regions of operation of a
2-liter continuous stirred tank biological reactor. Transition was made from one steady
state to another by applying shock loads of either phenol substrate which is Inhibitory
to the culture at high concentrations or by adding large additional amounts of
concentrated organisms. The existence of the multiple steady states la ascribed to the
existence of wall growth, and their position is determined by the amount of wall growth.
Transient behavior of the system did not follow the predictions of the simple wall
growth model but the culture appeared to undergo a lag period Immediately after
applying the shock load to the system. It is concluded that the stability of a
continuous culture utilizing an inhibitory substrate is Improved by increasing the
degre« of wall growth and decreasing the substrate feed concentration. It is also
concluded that small scale experiments can usually not be interpreted correctly unless
the effect of wall growth Is taken into account.
INDEX TERMS: Phenols, Model studies. Sewage bacteria, Cultures, Biomass, Biooxidation,
Continuous cultures, Wall growth, Steady state experiments, Biological reactors,
Shock loading, Mixed cultures, Substrate utilization.
AMIC-9617
"TEMPERATURE-GRADIENT INCUBACTOR FOR THE GROWTH OF CLOSTRLDIA", Matches, J. R.,
Listen, J., Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 19, No. 9, September 1973,
pp 1161-1165:
A temperature-gradient Incubator was constructed and used for the growth of
clostrldia. With this Instrument the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures can be
obtained for 12 organisms at one time. The incubator can also be adjusted for
psychrophiles, and thermophiles. This unit Is mounted on wheels, self-contained, and
can easily be moved from room to room. The main part of the portable unit is the block
of aluminum which measures 36 In. X 13 in. X Ul/U in. This block contains 12 rows of
11/16-ln. holes U In. deep, with 32 holes per row, spaced at 1-ln. centers, giving a
total of 38U tubes. The block Is drilled and tapped at both ends with 1-in. pipe
threads through which the cooling and warming liquids are pumped. The antifreeze for
the cold end and water for the warm end of the Incubator are held in 6.2-gaL-stainless
steel tanks containing 5.6 gal. each. One bath is colled with a 1/3 horsepower sealed
refrigeration unit connected to a cylindrical shaped evaporator constructed from 31 ft
of 1/U-in. copper tubing. The cither bath is heated with a 500-W tube-type immersion
heater. The temperature in both tanks is controlled with mercury to platinum
thermoregulators and solid state mercury plunger relays. The incubator was designed so
that the desired temperature could be obtained rapidly and the incubator could be
operated with the covers open without appreciable change in the temperature gradient.
INDEX TERMS: Clostridium, Cultures, Incubation, Thermophlllc bacteria, Incubators,
Mesophlllc bacteria, Psychrophilic bacteria.
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VEfflODS
AMIC-9620
"PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY OF THE ENVELOPE PROTEINS OF KLEBSIELLA AEROGESES". Robinson, A.,
Tempest, D. H., Journal of General Mlcrotilology, Vol. 70, Ho. 2, October 1973,
pp 361-370.
The envelope proteins of Klebslella aerogenes (syn. Aerobaeter aerogenea)
grown In glucose-, sulphate-, phosphate-, ammonia-, potassium- and magnesium-limited
environments, In chemostats, have been Isolated, and compared by SDS.polya.oryIsolde gel
electrophoresis; marked differences were evident. The envelopes from glucose- and
sulphate-limited organisms were examined further: protein content was growth-rate
dependent, but sulphate-limited envelopes always contained less protein than
glucose-limited envelopes, and this protein had a lower sulpur content. The
sulphate-limited envelopes contained one major protein component with a molecular
weight of 30,000 daltons whereas the glucose-limited envelopes contained three main
protein components (molecular weights of U6000, 38000 and 28500 daltons). Selective
extraction of membrane proteins with Triton X-100 Indicated that both wall and membrane
proteins altered in response to changes In the growth environment. Similarly, the
soluble proteins of the organisms varied, but the ribosomal proteins remained almost
constant.
INDEX TERMS: Proteins, Isolation, Cultures, Sulfur, Nutrients, Growth rates,
Separation techniques, Electrophoresls, Carbohydrates, Potassium, Magnesium,
Phosphates, Ammonia, Sulfates, Klebsiella aerogenes, Glucose.
AMIC-96U5
"KECPOBIOLOOICAL DETERMINATION OF THIRAM", Rappe, A., Hiuquoy, 0., Baur, S.,
Journal of the AOAC. Vol. 56, No. 6, November 1973, PP 1517-1518.
A rapid and simple agar plate method has been developed for the
microbiological determination of thiram, using Saccharomyees earlsbergens is ATCC 9080
as the test organism. With this organism, as little as 25 ng thinun/well or 2OO
ng/disk can be detected, well below the levels that can be detected with either
Bacillus licheniformls or Flavobacterlum as the test strain. The choice of the
technique used for assay (well or disk) will depend on the nature of the solvent and
the amount of thiram to be analyzed. The assay technique was applied to the dietetic
carrot paste preparation spiked with known amounts of thiram. An inhibition zone
appeared for 10 ppm thiram, or 10 micrograms thiram/g sample. Althougji other
fungicides, such as nabam, ziram, and captan, also exlbit an antibacterial effect on
the 3 strains tested, the effect is at higher concentrations. With Saccharomyees
carlsbergensis, the limit of detection using the disk method Is 2 micrograms for nabam
and 1 ndcrogram for ziram or captan. Mercuric derivatives also have an antibacterial
activity and thus can be detected by the assay described. The lower limit of detection
of phenylmercury nitrate Is 1 mlcrogram.
INDEX TERJC: Pesticides, Pollutant identification, Food processing industry, Separation
techniques, Pesticide residues, Thiram, Saccharomyees carlsbergensis, Bacillus
llcheniformlB, Flavobacterlum, Microbiological determination, Mabam, Zlran,
Captan, Ferbam.
A MIC-9621
"THE EFFECT OF HYPOCHLORITE ON THE GERMINATION OF SPORES OF CL06TRIDIUM SIFERMENTAMS".
Wyatt, L. R., Waites, W. M., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 76. Ho. 2, October
1973, PP 393-365.
To investigate the effect of hypochlorite on germination of spores, a
suspension of Clostridium bifermentans containing about 3.5 mg dry wt spores was
centrifuged at 150OO g for 10 min and the spore pellet resuspended in 5 ml of a
solution of 100 micrograms sodium hypochlorite/ml containing 50 micrograms free
chlorine. The suspension was incubated for 10 mln at O C and centrifuged at 350OO g
for 3 mln, and the spores were washed once in 10 ml glass-distilled water and stored at
U C and then resuspended In 15 ml glass-distilled water and stored at 0 C until
required for measurement of germination rates. Germination rates were measured at 37 C
either spectrophotometrically or mlcrosoplcally. Incubation with a solution of sodium
hypochlorite increased the germination rate of spores of mutants of Clostridium
bifermentans by up to 3500-fold and in seme cases to about that of the wild-type.
60 ' " . . . -
Hypoehlorite treatment resulted in about a 60 percent decrease in viable spores. The
efficiency of Chlorinating agents as disinfectants may be due, in part, to stimulation
of spore germination followed by inactlvation of the germinated spore.
INDEX TERMS: Clostridlun, Germination, Spores, Cultures, Disinfection, Hypochlorltes.
AMIC-9653
"OCCUFATIONALLY RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTENB",
Vlraraghavan, T., Water Pollution Control Federation Highlights, Vol. 10, Ho. 11,
November 1973, PP D2-D3.
A study was undertaken by Ontario municipalities to evaluate the health
hazards to the workers in their wastewater systems. Twenty-five municipalities were
addressed for specific Information on the number of workers in their collection and
treatment systems who, during the period of 1970 to October 1972, and as n result of
their occupations, contracted any of the following diseases: typhoid/paratyphoid
fevers, baclllary dysentery, amoebic dysentery, roundworm or other worm infections,
tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, Infections hepatitis, and leptospirosis (Well's disease).
The cities were also requested to state whether any of those diseases contracted
resulted from accidental falls into the works or from prolonged exposure only. Three
municipalities reported four occupational cases of infectious hepatitis In their workers,
No municipality reported any of the other seven diseases as having been contracted
resulting from the occupations of the wastewater workers. This preliminary study
indicated that health hazards may exist among the workers in wastewater treatment works,
although the actual Incidence of disease may.not be high. The few cases of infectious
hepatitis reported could also be chance occurrences. There is need for (l) further
detailed studies in which the health of a worker before he Joins the works is fully
ascertained and documented and (2) periodical examination for many of these diseases.
INDEX TERMS: Municipal wastes, Waste water treatment. Pathogenic bacteria, Human
diseases. Public health, Hazards, Occupational health Hepatitis.
"52
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AMic-9692
"INABILITr TO DETECT SPORES OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM IN FISH PROTEIN CONCENTRATES
(FPC)", Hauechild, A. H. W., Pivnick, H., Regier, L. W., Journal of the Fisheries
Research Board of Canada. Vol. 30, No. 11, November 1973, pp 1760-1762.
Samples of fish protein concentrates from a total of 12k production lots
prepared in pilot plants by three different methods have been tested for the presence of
viable Clostrldium botulinum spores by incubating them in cooked meat medium ana
assaying the culture supernatant fluids for toxin. The samples were divided into three
groups. The 38 lots of group A were prepared by a hot isopropanol extraction method
from skate, dogfish, cod frames and fillets, flounder, ocean perch, sand lance,
svordfish, herring, capelin, and haddock frames. The 62 lots of group B were prepared
from cod fillets by a more gentle procedure (unpublished, patent pending) which Includes
dispersion of the meat in water, centrifuging, resuspension of the sediment in dilute
brine, pH adjustment to 8.5, holding, adjusting to pH It. 5, heating and cooling,
adjusting to pH 6.9, centrifuging, three repeated llpid. extractions of the sediment
with isopropanol at ambient temperature, drying in a rotating cone vacuum drier at
70-75 C, and grinding in a Hammer mill. The 2U lots of group C were prepared by hot
Isopropanol extraction of hake, menhaden, and anchovy. No spores of C. botulinum
could be demonstrated vrit certainty in any of the 12U samples of FPC tested. Two of
the supernatant fluids were lethal to mice, but their lethal effects appeared to be
caused by factors other than C. botulinum toxin.
INDEX TERMS: Botulism, Proteins, Spores, Cultures, Lethal limit, Toxicity, Separation
techniques, Fish protein concentrate, Clostrldium botulinum, Mice.
AMIC-9769
"LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND PROTEINS OF THE CELL ENVELOPE OF VIBRIO MftRINUS. A MARINE
BACTERIUM", Deneke, C. F., Colwell, R. R., Canadian Journal of Microbiology. Vol. 19,
No. 10, October 1973, PP 1211-1217.
Lipopolysaccharides Isolated from the marine bacterium Vibrio mn^nno strain
PS-207 were found to be similar to the lipopolysaccharides of R mutants of enteric
organisms, with respect to extraction characteristics, percentage of llpid A (61
percent), and sugars of the polysaccharlde side chain (glucose and heptose). A high
ratio (2:1) of phosphate to amino sugar was found in the lipid A. Hydroxy fatty acids
constituted only lU percent of the total fatty acids of the llpid A fraction, whereas
branched and straight-chain fatty acids were present in greater abundance. The major
envelope proteins of V. marinus strain PS-207 fell into three molecular weight classes
determined by SDS gel~electrophoresis. Numerous protein species were observed in urea -
acetic polyacrylamlde gel electrophoresls preparations.
INDEX TERMS: Proteins, Cytologlcal studies, Lipids, Phosphates, Acids, Electrophoresls,
Vibrio marinus, Lipopolysaccharides, Sugars, Fatty acids, Thin layer
chroma tography, Gas liquid chromatography, Flame lonlzation gas chromatography.
"53
'^GROWTH OT STREPTOCOCCUS craMORis AMD STREPTOCOCCUS IACTIS DI A CHEMOSTAT.
" ratilE ^
PRODUCTION
OF CELLS ASD SURVIVAL OF BACTERIA" rUTRTHrt rBfgm swratilE ^ HT-TV™..-!^ i. j.^ Belter, B.,
Rogers, P. L., Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 10, October 1973,
pp 1285-1295.
trep
In tryptone yeast extract broth and In supplemented 2 percent skim milk medium. In
both media, lactose was the limiting nutrient. Cultures were grown at various dilution
rates in media poised at constant pH and temperature and also at constant dilution
rates In media controlled at different pH levels and temperatures. The effects of the
various conditions of growth on production of bacteria, viable counts, and
acid-producing activities of cells and on the ability of bacteria to survive subsequent
frozen storage were determined. None of the conditions of growth tested had very
pronounced effects on the ability of cells to survive or on the inability of cells to
retain acid-producing activity after being frozen at - 70 C and stored at - ho C.
INDEX TEFMS: Streptococcus, Growth rates, Cytological studies, Cold resistance,
Nutrients, Hydrogen ion concentration, Freezing, Cultures, Sample preservation,
Survival, Culture media, Viable count, Chemostat.
AMIC-9772
"OXIDATION OF n-ALKABES BY CLADOSPORIUM RESINAE", Walker, J. D., Cooney, J. J.,
Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 19, No. 10, October 1973, pp 1325-1330.
Cells of two hydrocarbon-using strains of Cladosporium reslnae grown on
glucose oxidize hydrocarbons without a lag when transferred to dodecane, hexadecane, or
their primary alcohols, aldehydes, or acids. Cyclohexlnd.de does not limit oxygen uptake
when cells are transferred from glucose to dodecane or hexadecane. Isocitrate lyase
levels are not higher in alkane-grown cells than in glucose- or glutamic acid-grown
cells. Glucose-grown cells have higher Q sub O2 values than hydrocarbon-grown cells when
placed on dodecane or hexadecane. Thus, n-alkane-oxidizing enzymes are constitutive
in C. resinae. Cells oxidize dodecanal and hexadecanal though they do not grow on
them. Whole cells and cell-free preparations oxidize dodecane, hexadecane, and their
primary alcohols and aldehydes, indicating that the oxygenated compounds any be
intermediates in alkane oxidation. Hexane, which supports little growth, inhibits
oxygen uptake of whole cells below the endogenous level, as do hexanol and hexanal,
although cell-free preparations oxidize all three six-carbon compounds. Hexane inhibits
oxygen uptake on hexadecane. Therefore, hexane does not appear to be transported into
cells and. may Interfere with membrane function.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, Microbial degradation, Substrate utilization, Biooxldatlon,
Cladosporium reslnae, Dodecane, Hexadecane, Hexane, Hexanol, Hexanal, Dodecanal,
Hexadecanal,
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>eaqtfi
AMIC-9796
"SURVIVAL IN MATURATION PONDS OF COLIFORM BACTERIA WITH TRANSFERABLE DRUG
RESISTANCE", Grabow, W. 0. K., Mtddendorff, I. G., Water Research. Vol. 7, Ho. 11,
November 1973, PP 1589-1597.
The use of antimicrobial drugs which produces bacterial resistance that Is
mediated by R factors and is transfer-Table to other species raises questions regarding
the survival of these bacteria in maturation ponds. Consequently studies were
undertaken to investigate the behavior of drug-resistant conform bacteria In a series
of sewage maturation ponds in South Africa. Samples were collected from three ponds,
the conforms isolated, and E. coll I identified. The nalldixlc acid-resistant
strains E. coll E25 and Salmonella typhl N were used as recipients. Groups of 20
resistant colifonns selected at random from every sample were tested for transferable
resistance. The average reduction through the ponds of conforms resistant to
amplclllln, chloramphenlcol, kanamycln, streptomycin or tetracycllne was 6.83 percent
lower than that of drug-sensitive bacteria. This difference was mainly due to
colifonns with transferable resistance (R(plus) conforms) which Increased from 0.86
percent to 2.45 percent through the ponds. The spectrum of transferable resistance of
conforms in the effluent did not differ notably from that of conforms In the Influent.
The average incidence of Eacherichla coll I among R(plus) conforms decreased from
66.06 percent to 62.09 percent. TnTs Indicates that low-level transfer of R factors
may occur In ponds. Possible mechanisms and the epldemlological significance of the
Increased survival of R(plus) conforms In maturation ponds are discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Water pollution effects, Resistance, Sewage treatment, E. coll. Sewage
lagoons. Drugs, Survival, Salmonella typhl, Ampicillln, Chloramphenlcol, Kanamycln,
Streptomycin. Tetraeyellne.
A MIC-9815
"DETECTION AND QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENT OF FECAL WATER POLLUTION USING A
SOLID-INJECTIOB GAS CHROMA TOGRAPH 1C TECHNIQUE AND FECAL STEROIDS AS A CHEMICAL IBDEX",
Dougan, J., Tan, L., Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 86, No. 1, November 1973»
pp 107-116.
Gas chromatography was used to detect the fecal steroids, cholesterol,
coprostanol, and coprostanone In surface waters to evaluate the usefulness of this
procedure for detecting fecal pollution. Samples were extracted with hexane and further
processed to produce a residue. This residue was qualitatively analyzed by gas-liquid
chromatography by adding dioxane, applying the solution to the spiral part of the solids
Injector syringe, evaporating, and Injecting into a combined OV-l/OV-210 column. The
remaining solution was air dried and kept for further purification by thin-layer
chromatography. Samples were quantitatively analyzed by Injecting the sample and a
standard solution into the gas chroma tograph, producing traces, and determining weight
ratios by cutting and weighing peak areas. Coliforo counts were also made on separate
portions of the samples for comparison with the results from chromatography. On the
>asls of the results obtained, coprostanone appears to be the best Index of fecal
>ollutlon. It is possible to measure this compound at a contamination level In the 400
nice-gram per milliliter range. No simple relationship seems to exist between
:oprostanone content of ponuted water samples and classical conform counts. To be
most useful the method should be combined with classical microbiological measurements.
INDEX TERMS: Gas chromatography, Pollutant Identification, Separation techniques,
Fecal pollution, Coprostanone, Sample preparation.
AMIC-9831
"THE DIRECT ENUMERATION OF ESCHERICHIA CPU IN WATER US DIB M&CCOHKEY'S AGAR AT
IA C IN PLASTIC POOCHES", Hosael, D. A.~I77 Vega, C. L., Health Laboratory Science.
Vol. 10, No. 4, October 1973, pp 303-307.
Twenty-five water samples were examined by one of the European MPR standard
techniques, for E. coll (enrichment in brilliant green bile lactose broth and Isolation
on MacConkey agar at 44 C followed by MacKenzie, et al modification of Eljkman's
elevated temperature test), and by direct enumeration of E. coll in MacConkey agar,
using plastic pouches incubated In a water bath at 44 C. "Some forty strains of E. coll
freshly Isolated from water, stools, fresh meats and poultry were examined by ~ ~~~~~
conventional plating in McConkey's agar at 37 C and in pouches at 44 C. The results
obtained in both series of tests substantiated the validity of the suggested direct
enumeration procedure, which combines simplicity, rellabinty and rapidity.
INDEX TERMS: Cultures, E. coll, Water analysis. Method validation, Direct enumeration,
Feces, Meats.
AMIC-9832
"RELATIVE EFFICIENCY. OF CELL CULTURES FOR DETECTION OF VIRUSES", Cooney, M. K.,
Health Laboratory Science. Vol. 10, No. 4, October 1973, pp 294-302.
Viruses were collected from nasal and pharyngeal swabs and fecal specimens
were used In a comparison of the relative efficiency of HEX cells and WI-38 cens were
more efficient for recovery of adenovlrus and poliovlrus strains and that coxsacklevirus
(B group) recovery was limited to HEK. Conversely, WI-38 cells were more efficient for
recovery of Herpesvlrus hoadnls and the echovlrus types encountered. Recovery of CMV
and rhlnovlruses was accomplished only in WI-38 ceUs. Supplemental cell systems were
necessary for the recovery of respiratory syncial and, usually, CMV viruses. Mixtures
of two viruses In the same specimen were identified much more frequently in HEK cells
than In WI-38 cells.
INDEX TERMSt Viruses, Cultures, Pollutant identification, Isolation, Adenovlruaes
Polioviruses, Coxsackie viruses, Rhlnovlruses, Enteroviruses, Echoviruses '
Mjncoviruses, Cytomegaloviruses. '
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}. KLCTCBICiUSTCKL
AMIC-9833
"A BACTERIOLOGICAL PffiSSUIE-RETAIHIllG DEEP-SEA SAMPLER AHD CULTUffi VESSEL", Jannasch,
H. W., Wlrsen, C. O., Winget, C. L., Deep-Sea Research. Vol. SO, Ho. 7, July 1973,
pp 661-664.
In order to overcome the decompression problem In bacteriological
deep-sea sampling, an Instrument was constructed that can be operated both as a sampler
and pressurized culture vessel. The 1-liter sample does not undergo a change at
pressure during filling at the site of sampling nor during retrieval to the surface and
prolonged periods of Incubation in the laboratory. Sub-samples of 13 ml Bay be
withdrawn and added without affecting the pressure within the vessel. Means for easy
pressure adjustment as well as Internal mixing are provided. Hie sampler was built for
operation at pressures of up to 200 atm with a 2 1/2-fold safety margin. It has been
successfully tested under Internal and external »»»*«mnm pressure and was used for
laboratory experiments. Another Instrument to be used for sampling at depths of up to
6000 m Is under construction. The sampler consists of two stacked cylinders, each
containing a floating piston. It Includes three chambers, one of which is divided In
two sections by a fixed block containing the adjustable orifice and port for prefIXllng
with sterile distilled water. The sample chamber is lined with non-porous Teflon.
The upper end-cap contains the sample Inlet valve, the bottom end-cap and a valve for
charging the third chamber with air. Six tie-rods clamp the components into a
pressure-tight assembly.
INDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria. Sampling, Cultures, Pressure, Incubation, Mixing,
Instrumentation, Deep water, Culturing vessels, Deep sea sampler.
AMIC-98UU
"IDEHTIFICATIOH OF BACTERIA BY COMPUTER:
KEHTIFICATIOH 07 REFEREHCE STRADE"
Basecmb, S., Lapage, S. P., Curtis, M. A., et al.. Journal of General Microbiology,
Vol. 77, Ho. 2, August 1973, PP 291-315.
The results of the Identification of 1079 reference strains of Gram-negative,
aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria by the probabilistic method In a computer are given.
Comparison of Identification by conventional methods and by computer shoved that 90.8
percent of fermentative and 88.1 percent of non-fermentative strains could be
identified on the best available probability matrix, tfany of these strains were atyplca.
and had "-ng^ difficulty In Identification In the I»»H<«^I diagnostic laboratory. The
Implications of various factors In successful computer identification are discussed and
the results are given for each taxon by genus and species. (See AMIC-98U3 for
description of the statistical method and AMIC-981*5 for computer theory and
programming details.)
IHDEX XE3M5: Pollutant identification, Numerical analysis, Computer programs, Enteric
bacteria.
AMIC-98«i3
"IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA BY COMPUTER: GENERAL ASPECTS AMD PERSPECTIVES", Lapage,
S. P., Bascorib, S., Willcox, W. R., et al.. Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 77,
Ho. 2, August 1973, PP 273-290.
A probability method for Identification of bacteria is discussed.
Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria were chosen as a model and a table (matrix) was
constructed which contained the estimated probabilities of a positive result In rnch
test for each taxon. The results of tests on an unknown strain were compared with the
stored probabilities and the likelihood that the strain belonged to each of the matrix
taxa was calculated In turn by multiplication of the relevant probabilities. These
likelihoods were normalized and the value for each taxon referred to as the
identification score for that taxon. This procedure was applied to reference strains
and to freshly Isolated strains (field strains) from various medical diagnostic
bacteriological laboratories. The resulting data were used to improve the matrix,
Investigate the number of tests needed for identification, estimate test differences
between laboratories and for test selection strategies. The matrix was stored In a
computer In which nil calculations were carried out. Identification rates for
fermentative bacteria of 90.8 percent for reference strains and 89. U percent for field
strains were obtained, and for non-fermentative bacteria of 82.1 percent and 70.8
percent respectively. The field strains were received bacause they were difficult to
identify In the medical diagnostic laboratory; higher rates of Identification might be
expected for typical strains. (See also AMIC-98W* and 98^5)
INDEX TEM6: Aerobic bacteria, numerical analysis. Computer programs, Enteric bacteria,
Probability, Statistical methods, Laboratory tests.
"HENTIFICATIOK OF BACTERIA BY COMPUTER: THEORY AND PROGRAMING", Willcox, W. R.,
Lapage, S. P., Bascomb, S., Curtis, M. A., Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 77,
Ho. 2, August 1973, PP 317-330.
The methods Incorporated In the computer program used in a trial or
computer-aided Identification of bacteria are described. The identification method is
based on Bayes's theorem and allows for dependent tests and missing data in the
probability matrix. It was found useful in developing the method to take account of
the occurrence of errors In bacteriological testing. The method suggests a definite
Identification only If the Bayesian probability of one of the taxa exceeds a threshold
level; if not, a separate procedure selects the best tests to continue the
Identification. (See also AMIC-98U3 for general study description and AMIC-98I& for
identification matrix and discussion.)
IHDEX TEFK3: Aerobic bacteria, Computer programs, Pollutant Identification, Bayesian
probability.
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AMIC-981*9
"ATTACHMENT OF BACTERIA TO SULPHUR IH EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS", Weios, R. L.,
Journal of General Microbiology, Vol. 77, Ho. 2, August 1973, pp 501-507.
Sulfolobus attaches to sulphur deposited In acid hot springs by means of pill
characterized as follows: (1) generally Irregular shape with sllgt curves and bends;
(2) adhesiveness that enables bacteria to attach to sulphur] (3) acid-stable, resistant
to pH values as low as 2; (It) heat-stable, resistant to temperatures as high at 75 C.
Sulfolobus attached to sulphur In nature and In culture eroded the sulphur crystal
where the bacteria were attached. Sulfolobus undergoes the following two forms of
attachment: (l) to sulphur by pill which separate the bacterium from the Sulphur
crystal and permit lateral movement of bacteria; (2) to glass slides by firm adhesion
of the wall to the surface of the slide. Attachment to sulphur In flowing springs
enables Sulfolobus to colonize these low pH (2 to 3) nigh temperature (70 to 75 C)
habitats.
IHDEX TERKS: Sulfur bacteria, Hot springs, Adhesion, Ifydrogen Ion concentration.
Cultures, Incubation, Sediments, Electron microscopy, Sulfur, Sulfolobus, Pill,
Media, Yellowstone National Park.
A MIC-9850
"THE EFFECT OF DISCONTINUOUS METHAWOL ADDITION OF THE GROWTH OF A CARBON-LIMITED
CULTURE OF PSEUDOMDNAS ". Brooks, J. D., Meers, J. L., Journal of General Microbiology.
Vol. 77, No. 2, August 1973, PP 513-519. ~ "
A study was undertaken to investigate an earlier observation that regular
oscillations in pH and DO tension occurred in carbon-limited cultures of Pseudomonas
methylotroplM growing continuously at low dilution rates. These oscillations occurred
with the same ferquency as the addition of the methanol carbon source. P.
methylotropha was isolated from soil and maintained on methanol agar slopes at 37 C.
The continuous culture equipment used allowed the mode of addition of methanol and
nutrient salts solutions to be altered In four ways. As the Interval between methanol
additions was Increased beyond 20 s the yield of bacterial dry wt/g of methauol fell
significantly. Discontinuous methanol additions also caused cycling In the values of a
number of parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen tension, C02 production and amlno
acid pool concentration. It Is suggested that after each add!ton of methanol a burst
of growth occurred, followed by a period of starvation, these observations are
discussed In the light of continuous culture practice and theory. The results
challenge established theories of how bacteria grow in continuous cultivation devices.
If organisms growing In the apparatus that Is normally used by mlcrobiologists are in
fact growing dlscontinuously, with bursts of growth happening with a regularity that
depends on the Imposed dilution rate, then the explanations offered by many authors for
variations In different phenomena with 'growth rate1 must be reconsidered.
INDEX TERMS: Pseudomonas, Growth rates, Hydrogen Ion concentration, Dissolved oxygen.
Carbon dioxide, Amlno acids, Centrifu^tlon, Specific gravity, Chronatography,
Fermentation, Methanol, Continuous cultures, Pseudomonas, Methyltropha, Feraentere.
1*6
WGC-9651
"PKJBUCTIOH OF BACTERIOFHAGE BY LYOPHILIZED AMD OXYGEN-EXPOSED ESCHERICHIA COLI",
Israeli, £., Shaplra, A., Journal of General Microbiology. Vol. 79, No. 1, November
1973, pp 159-161.
An investigation was conducted to determine whether protein and DMA synthetic
mechanisms could function correctly under some other control than that of the cell. E.
coll strains were used to Investigate the ability of freeze-drled, oxygen-exposed (FD&")
bacteria to produce phage. There was no difference In the burst size In phage-lnfected
bacteria between FDO and control organisms. These results suggested that the
mechanism of DMA and protein synthesis In TOO bacteria remained Intact after oxygen
exposure, and was able to function only \mier a different control. Although the
present results do not show any difference in response to phage Infection between
lyophillzed and FDO bacteria, the phage production capacity of lyophilized bacteria
before or after exposure to oxygen was only 10 percent of non-lyophlliaed controls.
The percentage of bacteria producing phage was related to the percentage of
microscopically observed filamentous forms in the population of such pre-locubated,
lyophilized as well as FDO bacteria. It seems that the main cause of death of bacteria
upon freeze-drying and exposure to 02 is not damage to DRA, RNA or protein synthesis
mechanisms per se, but rather interference vlth a control mechanism, probably linked
with the Initiation of the new reproductive cycle.
IHDEX TERMS: E. COli, Oxygen, Bacteriophage, Freeze drying, Bioindicators, Proteins,
Analytical techniques. Synthesis, Cultures, Lyophllized bacteria, DNA, FDO
bacteria, MIA.
AMIC-9880
"DISSIMHATORr REDUCTION OF IBORGANIC SULFUR BY FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC MARINE
BACTERIA", Tuttle, J. H., Jannasch, H. W., Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. 115,
Ho. 3, September 1973, PP 732-737.
Growth experiments were conducted utilizing newly Isolated facultatively
anaerobic marine bacteria for the purpose of demonstrating disslmllatory reduction of
thiosulfate and sulfite. Three strains of the isolates, which resembled a
thlobac1111-type bacteria, were used. Inorganic sulfur compounds other than sulfate,
were anaerobically reduced In a basal salts medium in three patterns: (l) sulfite and
thiosulfate were reduced to aulflde, and tetrathionate was reduced to thiosulfate; (2)
tetrathlonate was reduced to thiosulfate only; or (3) thlosul/ate was reduced to
aulflde only when pyruvate was the substrate. Comparison of anaerobic growth in the
presence or absence of inorganic sulfur compounds indicated true disslmiaRtory
reductions. Evidence that these reductions Involve dissimilation of inorganic sulfur
are (1) the failure of the bacteria to grow anaerobically in the absence of a. reduced
sulfur compound, or (2) the significant increase of anaerobic growth in the presence of
a reduced sulfur compound. The observed Increase may be an expression of increased
jrowth rate, Increased cell yield, or both. The reduction of tetrathionate by the
isolates 12W and 16B appears to be consistent with that described for Bacterium
M.ratypho«uni-E and Citrobacter. Although none of the Isolates was able to use sulfate
a» an electron acceptor, it Is clear that asslmllatory reduction of sulfate occurs
when sulfate Is the sole sulfur source in growing cultures.
IHDEX TERMS: Marine bacteria, Sulfur, Reduction (chemical), Anaerobic bacteria. Growth
rates, Sulfides, Cultures, Proteins, Hydrogen ion concentration, Sulfltes,
Thlosulfates, Tetrathlonates, Trlthionates.
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3. mcxmiouxicAL METBODS
/MTC-98S2
"SYNCHRONOUS CULTURES OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS OBTAINED BY FILTRATION WITH GLASS
FIBER FILTERS", Sargent, M. G., Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. Il6, No. 8,
November 1973, PP 736-71»0.
A simple method of potentially wide applicability for obtaining synchronous
cultures of Bacillus subtllls based on size selection Is described. Using glaas fiber
filters, a population (about 1 to 2 percent of the parent population) can be obtained
substantially enriched for small cells which grow synchronously. A method for rapidly
concentrating dilute suspensions of cells is described. Batches of cells (500 ml) at
an optical density (OD) of 1.5 to 2.0 (5>tQ nm) were placed in the filtration unit, and
the water pump was started. For most purposes the negative pressure was Increased
steadily from 0 to about 15 cm of mercury. By changing the filters once, 1 liter ot
selected cells (yield about U percent) could be obtained In 2 mln. Further selection
and concentration was achieved by passing the filtrate through another pad of glass
fiber filters, a collection filter (GF/C, 5.5 cm) (mounted in a smaller apparatus), at
a negative pressure of 30 to 1*0 cm of mercury. The increase in retentiveness at high
negative pressures provides an especially useful method of combining a selection and
concentration step. Cell obtained by filtration In this way grow synchronously.
INDEX TERMS: Filters, Bacteria, Cultures, Cytologlcal studies, Radioactivity techniques,
Size, Growth rates. Proteins, Synthesis, Filtration, Bacillus subtilis,
Synchronous cultures, DMA, Coulter counter.
AMIC-9881*
"GLUCOSE AND PYRUVATE METABOLISM OF SPIRCCHAETA LITORALIS. AN ANAEROBIC MARINE
EPIROCHETE", Hespell, R. B., Canale-Parola, E., Journal of Bacteriology. Vol. 116, No. 2,
November 1973, PP 931-937.
The pathways of glucose and pyruvate metabolism in Spiroehaeta litoralis, a
free-living, strictly anaerobic marine spirochete, were studied. Addition of 6.2 to
0.1* M NaCl (final concentration) to suspending buffers prevented cell lysis and was
necessary for gp.a evolution from various substrates by cell suspensions. The organism
fermented glucose mainly to ethanol, acetate, COS, and H2. Determination of
radioactivity In products formed from C-lU-labeled glucose and assays of enzyoatlc
activities in cell extracts Indicated that S_. litoralls catabollzed glucose via the
Embden-Meyerhof pathway. A clostridial-type clastic reaction was utilized by the
spirochete to degrade pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyne A, C02, and H2. Formation of acetate
"rom acetyl-coenzyme A was catalyzed by phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase.
Nlcotinamlde adenlne dlnucleotlde-dependent acetaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenases
lonverted acetyl-coenzyme A to ethanol. A reversible hydrogenase activity was detected
n cell extracts. S. litoralis cell extracts contained in rubredoxln similar in
pectral properties to other bacterial rubredoxlns.
NDEX TERMS: Metabolism, Anaerobic bacteria, ferine bacteria, Cytologlcal studies,
Sodium chloride, Fermentation, Carbon dioxide, Radioactivity techniques, Enzymes,
Chemical reactions. Reduction (chemical), Hydrolysis, Phosphates, Spiroehaeta
litoralis. Glucose, Pyruvates.
or THE EHEBSETICS OF METHAJE-UTILISIIIG BACTERIA or ACTHAJIE. AHD
OXYGEN-LIMITED CHEMDSTAT CULTURES", Nagai, S., Mori, T., Aiba, S., Journal of Applied
Chemistry and Biotechnology. Vol. 23, No. 7, July 1973, PP 5!i9-562.
A special apparatus was used to establish methane- and oxygen-limited
chemostat cultures of a methane-utilizing bacterium, at 30 C, pH equals 7.0,
respectively. The characteristic feature of this arrangement is a complete absence of
direct gassing with both methane and air (oxygen). Instead, two vessels (initial
working volume equals 3 1» magnetically stirred) were provided in which fresh medium was
saturated separately with methane and oxygen; the medium, saturated with either methane
or oxygen, was then charged separately into the culture vessel (working volume equals
1 litre, placed on a magnetic atlrrer) using a peristaltic pump. The culture vessel
was filled up with the medium after inoculation from the preculture so as to provide a
cell mass concentration of nearly 10 mg/1. Although total growth yields with respect to
methane and oxygen were hardly affected by dissolved oxygen concentration in the
medium, provided dilution rate was kept nearly at 0.1/hr, these values appeared to
Increase slightly with the increase of dilution rate. Assuming that no metabolites
other than carbon dioxide and water were produced during bacterial growth, maintenance
coefficients and true growth yields were assessed from specific rates of methane uptake
and respiration. These energetic constants, nearly Independent of the limiting
substrates, either methane or oxygen, were compared with those from published data on
facultative and obligate aerobes, Including a mixed culture of methane-utilizing
bacteria.
INDEX TERMS: Methane bacteria, Cultures, Oxygen, Methane, Growth rates, Absorption,
Respiration, Dissolved oxygen, Chemostat, Dilution rate, Continuous cultures,
Aerobacter aerogenes, Azotobacter vinelandii, Saccharoayces cerevisiae, Energetics
AMIC-9923
"METHOD OF PREPARING WASHED SUSPENSIONS OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA FOR METABOLIC STUDIES",
Roche, C., Albertyn, J., Klstner, A., Laboratory Practice. Vol. 22, No. 10, October
1973, PP 633-631*.
In preparing washed suspensions of anaerobic bacteria for various
microbiological studies, it is essential to avoid any exposure of the organisms to air
or oxygen. An apparatus that minimizes the risk of exposure during centrifugation is
described along with procedures for its use. Culture vessels were de-aerated using gas
mixtures that were passed through a catalytic gas purifier cartridge. Copper and butyl
rubber tubing were used to minimize diffusion of oxygen into the purified gas. In
producing and maintaining low redox potentials during washing the composition of the
reducing solution was arranged to be similar in ionic concentration to the growth
medium. Delonlzed water, which was boiled and prepared under a blanket of oxygen-free
gas, was used for preparing the media and mineral solution. Membrane filtration was
also used. All transfers of media and solution were made with sterile syringes. A
specific application of the procedure to cultures of Butyrvibrio species is described.
INDEX TERMS: Anaerobic bacteria, Centrifugatloa, Metabolism, Oxidation-reduction
potential, Cultures, Washed suspensions, Butyrivibrio, Sample preparation.
See also: Category 2, AMIC-9736, 9771*.
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U. remaps ASP PEBFCTMHICE
AMIC-9^93
"A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF MEANS. PART II. ANALYSIS OF CONTRASTS
PART III. ANALYSIS OF NON-NORMAL DATA", Schilling, E. G., Journal of Quality
Technology, Vol. 5, No. U, October 1973, pp lUf-159.
The derivation of analysis of means from the experiment model discussed In
Part I (A Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Means) provides a systematic procedure
for application of Ott's method to a variety of experiment designs. Analysis of
contrasts makes available an extension of the Ott technique for 2 to the p power
experiments to other forms of contrasts. For 2 to the p power experiments they are
equivalent. The use of Scheffe's S-Method for setting limits on the contrasts
introduces the ability to assess contrasts selected either before or after the
experiment was run. Thus it can be used to supplment analysis of means. While each
procedure may be used independently, a rational analysis might consist of the following
three elements: (l) ANOVA-to initially detect significance, (2) ANOMS-to describe the
fluctuations in the data leading to significance and graphically reveal the results of
the experiment, (3) ANCON-to test and graphically present differences apparent after
running ANOME. Many examples exist of practical and profitable application of the
Lewls-Ott procedure to a variety of problem areas. Extension of analysis of means to
non-normal distributions and to attributes data where the normal approximation to the
binomial distribution does not apply should increase the potential for application of
the method still further.
INDEX TERMS:
means.
Statistical methods, Quality control. Analysis of contrasts. Analysis of
"A SURVEY OF PREDICTION INTERVALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS", Hahn, G. J., Nelson, W.,
Journal of Quality Technology. Vol. 5, No. k, October 1973, PP 178-188.
Prediction Intervals to contain the results of a single future sample with a
specified probability gamma are discussed. Also given are simultaneous prediction
intervals to contain with probability gamma the results of each of k future samples.
Precise definitions of these two types of Intervals are given In a section of this
article, and a section is devoted to a variety of prediction Intervals for a future
sample from a normal population. Prediction intervals are provided for samples from a
binomial population, and distribution-free prediction Intervals are discussed.
References concerning prediction intervals for various other situations are given.
The discussion is limited to describing and Illustrating the methods for constructing
prediction intervals. It Is assumed throughout that both the past and the future
samples are obtained with simple random sampling from the same population. The validity
of prediction Intervals depends strongly on this key assumption.
NDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Forecasting, Probability, Regression analysis.
Prediction intervals, Binomial distribution, Exponential distribution, Poisson
distribution, Weibull distribution, Bayesian prediction, Lognonoal distribution,
Gairnn distribution, Multivariate normal distribution.
AMIC-9791*
"SAMPLE SIZES REQUIRED FOR TWO-SIDED COMPARISONS OF TWO TREATMENTS WITH A CONTROL",
Steffens, F. E., de Vllllers, F., Technoaetrlcs. Vol. 15, No. H, November 1973, PP
915-921.
The two-elded blvarlate t-test for simultaneous comparison of two treatments
with a control Is studied. The problem of allocating a given number of observations to
the treatments and the control is discussed, and it is concluded that, in the absence of
preferences, a general purpose rule would be to choose the sample sizes equal. A table
Is presented which gives the sample size required to ensure that the null hypothesis will
be rejected with at least a prescribed probability, given the significance level and the
standardized differences between the treatments and the control. Similar tables are
provided for use when the object is to ensure that both treatment means will be found
significantly different from the control mean with at least a given probability, or to
ensure that a specified treatment will be found significant with at least a given
probability.
INDEX TERMS: Statistical methods, Testing, Mathematical studies, Quality control.
Probability, Treatment, Comparison, Sample size, Bivariate t-test.
AMIC-9863
"PROCEDURES FOP TESTING THE DIFFERENCE OF MEANS WITH INCOMPLETE DATA", Lin, P.-E.,
Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol. 68, No. 3l»3, September 1973,
pp 699-703.
Procedures for testing the difference of means are obtained in sampling
from a blvariate normal distribution with covariance matrix sigma when some of the
observations on one of the variables are missing. A UMP test procedure Is obtained
when sigoa is known. When slgoa Is not known, exact test procedures may be obtained by
discarding partial data. To make use of all available data, approximate test
procedures are proposed. These procedures are compared to the exact tests, obtained
by discarding partial data, using Monte Carlo methods.
INDEX TERMS: Testing, Statistical methods, Average, Sampling, Monte Carlo method,
Difference of means, Blvariate normal distribution.
See also: Category 1, AMIC-9625, 961*8
Category 3, AMIC-9831.
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5. IHSTHMCHT DEYELOrMEHT
AMIC-8987
"A CALIBRATION OF INSTHWCHTS WITH NON-RANDOM ERRORS"
Vol. 15, Ho. 3, August 1973, PP 587-599.
Pepper, M. P. G., Technometrlca,
Problems of instrument calibration are considered using a mathematical model
which represents the measurement error as the sum of random walk and an Independent
observational error. The model is demonstrated by application to on-line and on-stream
calibrations and repetitive calibration schemes in which there are M-l different sample
sources.
INDEX TER)>6: Calibrations, Measurement, Mathematical models, Instrumentation, Errors.
AMIC-9399
"A HIGH SPEED MICROPROGRAMffiD SYSTEM FOR GENERATION AHD ACQUISITION OF SIGNALS",
Zornig, J. G., McDonald, J. F., The Reviev of Scientific Instruments, Vol. kk,
Ho. 9, September 1973, PP 1217-1S3T
A high speed microprogrammed system his been constructed to perform the
synthesis and recording of high frequency nonrepeating pulse signals. The system can
drive an analog device with arbitrarily designed waveforms and record individual
pulses from several sensors in return. The present design operates at frequencies up
to 1.5 Ufa and can accept pulse durations of up to 16000 samples. Accuracy is 1191161
by the available ADC and computer word size and is presently 8 bits (0.3 percent).
A primary advantage of the design is the reliance to the mnxlimim extent on the
hardware of a small general purpose computer. Very little more external hardware is
required than the ADC, DAC, and multiplexer. Waveforms are read directly from and
stored directly In the host computer core memory. This enables the n»»imim flexibility
in the design of service programs for particular experiments. At present the system is
used for an experiment in which a fast pulse Input is to be adjusted adaptively in
real time based on the measured outputs of a system.
INDEX TERfC: Computers, Data processing, Data storage and retrieval, Design criteria,
Computer programs, Analog-to-digital converters.
"HEW APPLICATTOHS OF CRT DISPLAYS", Zia
September/October 1973, PP 88-91.
r, E., Measurements and Data, Vol. 7, No. 5,
Descriptions are given of Installations which have replaced TTY units
with CRTs to monitor computerized process control systems.
IHDEX TEFMS: Electronic equipment, Process control, Cathode ray tubes, Information
displays, Displays.
AMIC-9U88
"PIEZOELECTRIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS", Measurements and Data, Vol. 7, Ho. 5,
September/October 1973, PP 92-98.
The theory of piezoelectric transducers is reviewed, and manufacturers,
types of pressure tranducers and their sensitivity, range, frequency response,
special capabilities, and price are listed.
IHDEX TE»e: Pressure, Measurement, Electrical equipment, Pressure transducers,
Piezoelectric transducers, Sensors.
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5, IHSTHUMEHT DEVELOBffiHT
Wolfe, L.j Journal American Water
AMIC-9502
"AUTOMATIC COBTBOL OF LEVEL, PRESSURE, AMD FUW"_
Works Association, Vol. 65, Ho. 10, October 1973, pp 65^-662."
Various types at valves for controlling level, pressure, aod flow are
diagramed and the best ways for using them are discussed. Mechanical float,
hydraulic float, solenoid, altitude, backpressure-control, rate-of-flow, relief,
modulating float, pressure-reducing, pressure-sustaining, and check valves are
considered.
INDEX TEWB: Automatic control, Pressure, Flew rates, Water levels, Valves.
AMIC-9578
"GUIDE TO SELECTING PKBRAM4ABLE DC POWER SUPPLIES", Krlgaan, A., Instruments and Control
Systems. Vol. 1»6, Ho. 10, October 1973, PP !»6-53.
Operation, performance, and available features of programmable dc power
supplies are discussed. Kbnufacturers and specific equipment capabilities are listed.
INDEX TERMS: Electrical equipment, Electronic equipment, Programmable power supplies.
Power supplies.
AMIC-9623
"DIFFEREHTIAL ELECTROLYTIC POTElJTIOfeTHf WITH PERIODIC POLARISATIOH. PART XXI.
INTHCDUCTIOir AND IHSTRUJCHTATIOIf", Bishop, E., Webber, T. J. H., Analyst, Vol.
98, No. 1171, October 1973, PP 697-711.
Previous work on periodic polarisation of indicator electrodes is reviewed
and discussed, and la faulted on the premise that perfectly symmetrical, bias-free
waveforms may not nave been used. A statement of Intent of the present work is made.
The fabrication, activation and testing of electrodes is described, waveform generators
are critically discussed, and measuring Instruments for periodic and d.c. potentials
are both described and evaluated. A simple device for interfacing instruments to
recorders, offering a high degree of band spread, Is described. High-voltage
square-wave generation by use of relays is also discussed. Waveform monitoring was
a crucial factor In the work, and the accurate balancing of shape, amplitude and
half-cycle duration la described. Frequency measurement and timing by means of a
crystal clock, and amplitude and "bias detection by integration and by d.c. differential
electrolytic potentlometry, are appraised. Finally, the working assembly Is described,
together with the technique for the elimination of electrical interference.
INDEX TERMS: Instrumentation, Electrodes, Differential electrolytic potentlometry,
Ion selective electrodes, Potentlometric titratlon, Periodic polarization.
AWC-962U
"DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROLYTIC POTEBTIOMETRY WITH PERIODIC POLARISATIOH. PART XXII.
SYMCTRICAL PERIODIC CURREHT DIFFERENTIAL ELECTROLYTIC POTENTIOtCTKY IN OXIDATION -
REDUCTION TITKOCTRY", Bishop, E., Webber, T. J. N., Analyst, Vol. 98, Mo. 1171,
October 1973, PP 712-72U.
The application of pure, symmetrical, bias-free square, sine and triangular
wave periodic polarisation to all types of oxidation - reduction titrations is reported.
Electrode configuration and earthing and the destructive effect of bias are examined.
Titratlon curve shapes are the same as those of classical d.c. differential
electrolytic potentlometry, but the periodic current densities required are much
higher than for d.c. The electrode response speed is greatly accelerated, unpolsed
potentials are steady, warning is given of the approach of the end-point in type II (b)
tltratlona, electrodes retain full activity for very long periods and errors In
titrations of Iron (II) with dlchromate or cerium (IV) are eliminated in the periodic
method as against the d.c. method. Discrimination In type II reactions Is slightly
attenuated In the periodic method, and In titrations at low concentrations It Is
considerably attenuated. The nature and the conditions of the titratlon, the speed of
the electrode charge-transfer process, the ballast load, the current density, the
electrode area, the shape of the applied waveform, the applied frequency, and the
deactivatlon of electrodes, ire examined In detail. The benefit of the constant-current
mode over the constant-potential mode is demonstrated.
INDEX TERMS: Aqueous solutions, Electrochemistry, Fotentlometrtc titratlon,
electrolytic potentiometry, Periodic polarization.
Differential
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5. ItlBTBUMENT DEVELOPMENT
AMIC-9735
"A DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE AVERAGE TEMPERATURE OF WATER, SOIL, OR AIR", Brown, J. M.
Ecology. Vol. -jk, No. 6, Autumn 1973, PP 1397-1399.
It Is possible to directly measure average temperature with a simple
electronic circuit and avoid the usual time-consuming arithmetic integration of
temperature records. Instructions are given for the construction of an electronic
integrating thermometer composed of a thermistor In a simple Wheats-tone bridge and a
mercury coulometer that provides a direct readout of the average temperature of soil,
air, or water over a designated time Interval.
INDEX TERMS: Water temperature, Measurement, Air, Soils, Electronic integrating
thermometer.
AMIC-9782
"SELECTROEE - THE UNIVERSAL ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE. PART VI. THE CALCIUM(II)
SELECTRODE EMPLOYING A NEW ION EXCHANGER IN A NONPOROOS MEMBRANE AND A SOLID-STATE
REFERENCE SYSTEM, Ruzicka, J., Hansen, E. H., TJell, J. C., Analytlca Chlmlca Acta.
Vol. 67, No. 1, November 1973, PP 155-178.
The correlation between extraction data and electrode behavior was used to
explain the vital properties of organophosphate-based calcium electrodes, and in
suggesting a new liquid ion exchanger, di-(n-octylphenyl) phosphoric acid. This
compound was synthesized and used in various electrode constructions including a
nevly developed membrane selectrode with a solid-state Inner reference system. The
resulting calcium(H) selectrode, calibrated In a series of calcium buffers, was
subjected to potential-pH measurements, and used in EDTA tltrations. The selectivity
parameters of this electrode towards Na(plus), H(plus) and other foreign iona were
round to be substantially better than those of any other calcium sensors previously
described.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Materials, Fabrication, Calibrations, Ion. selective
electrodes, Calcium electrodes. Stability, Selectivity.
AMC-9783
"SELECTRCBE - THE UNIVERSAL ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE. PART VII. A VALINOMYCIH-BASED
POTASSIUM ELECTRODE WITH NONPOROUS POLYMER MEMBRANE AND SOLID-STATE INNER REFERENCE
SYSTEM", Fiedler, U., Ruzlcka, J., Analytlca Chimlea Acta, Vol. 67, No. 1, November
1973, PP 179-193.
A potassium electrode utilizing a solution of vallnomycln in
diphenyletter and a porous membrane is compared with selectrodes In which the
dlphenylether has been replaced by a suitable plasticiaer and the porous membrane
support by a polymer net-work. The development of the polymer membrane allows the
use of simplified selectrode construction with a "solid-state" calomel reference
system. Rules for a successful choice of a suitable solvent-polymer combination are
suggested and used for development of new polyvinylchloride- and polyurethane-based
membranes.
INDEX TERMS: Potassium, Water analysis, Aqueous solutions. Ion selective electrodes,
Chemical Interference.
AMIC-9789
"A UNIVERSAL ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE BASED ON GRAPHITE PASTE", Sapio, J. P.,
Colaruotolo, J. F., Bobbitt, J. M., Analytlca Chlmica Acta, Vol. 67, No. 1,
November 1973, PP 2UO-2U2.
A design is proposed for a universal ion-selective electrode which Includes
many of the advantages of the selectrode, but of a much simpler construction. The
electrode consists of a graphite paste prepared from a liquid ion exchanger containing
the Ion of Interest and commercial graphite powder. Chloride, nitrate, and calcium
ion-selective pastes were prepared for use la electrodes to be tested. The chloride
and nitrate electrodes ^ve linear plots of E versus-log a over the activity range of
0.003-0.85 M with a slope of 5*» mV/decade activity change. No Interference occurred
with the chloride electrode when 0.0001 M Br, I, SO3, and C1OU were present. The
nitrate electrode was unaffected by O.OCO1 M Cl, Br, I, and C1OU. The calcium
electrode plot was linear over the activity range of 0.001-0.1 M with a slope of 30
mV/decade. At an activity level of 0.0001 M Ca, 0.001 M Mg and Ba and 0.01 M Na caused
no Interference.
INDEX TERMS: Water analysis, Nitrates, Chlorides, Calcium, Design criteria, Ion-
selective electrodes, Chemical interference, Detection limits.
51
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5. ISSTFtlMEHT DEVELPPMElfP
AMIC-9790
"A LIQUID ION-EXCHANGE NITRATE SELECTIVE ELECTRODE BASED ON CARBON PASTE", Qureshl,
G. A., Lindquist, J., AnaJytica Chlmlca Acta, Vol. 67, No. 1, November 1973, PP
To overcome the disadvantages of inner reference electrodes and membranes,
a liquid Ion-exchange nitrate selective electrode was constructed using wax-treated
carbon powder mixed with Orion Liquid 92-07-02. The wax Isolates the carbon to
prevent pH-responses from surface oxides. The basic preparation procedure consisted
of dissolving ceresin wax In n-hexane, adding graphite powder, heating, mixing the
j dried powder with the ion-exchange liquid, and compacting in a 10 mm teflon rod fitted
with a metal piston which also served as the contact. The reference electrode was
a saturated calomel electrode with a fiber Junction. Calibration of the electrode In
the range of 0.1-O.OOO001 M sodium nitrate showed reproducibility to be plus or minus
0.2 mV. Response was linear from 0.1 to 10 to the minus U.5 power with a slope of 58
mV /decade activity. Selectivity was as good or better than that of commercial
electrodes when phosphate, sulfate, chloride, bromide, perchlorate, and iodide were
present. Response time was 8-10 minutes with a new surface, but decreased to 2-3
minutes. Lifetime was U-6 months when the electrode was stored in a glass tube.
INDEX TERMS: Design criteria, Nitrates, Water analysis, Calibrations, Ion selective
electrodes, Detection limits, Reprodueibility, Nitrate electrodes, Chemical
Interference, Lifetime, Response time.
AMXC-9889
"SUSFEHDED SEDMOT OBSERVATIONS FROM ERTS-1", CLemas, V., Borchardt, J. F., Treasure,
W. M., Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 2, No. k, 1973, pp 205-221.
Satellite Imagery from four successful ERTE-1 passes over Delaware Bay
during different portions of the tidal cycle are Interpreted with special emphasis on
visibility of suspended sediment and Its use as a natural tracer for gross circulation
patterns. The MSS red band (band 5) appears to give the best contrast, although the
sediment patterns are represented by only a few neighboring shades of grey. Color
density slicing Improves the differentiation of turbidity levels. However, color
additive enhancements are of limited value since most of the information is in a
single color band. The ability of ERTS-1 to present a synoptic view of the surface
circulation over the entire bay is shown to be a valuable and unique contribution
of ERTS-1 to coastal oceanography.
INDEX TERMS: Remote sensing, Satellites (artificial), Data collections, Telemetry,
Suspended solids. Sediment transport, Currents (water). Tides, Suspended
sediments, ERTS-1, Multispeetral scanner, Delaware Bay, Multispectral sensing
system, Cape Henlopen, Cape May, Color density slicing.
AMIC-98311
"AN INEXPENSIVE S.T.D. DATA LOGGING SYSTEM"
No. 7, July 1973, pp 665-668.
Morrison, G F., Deep-Sea Research, Vol. 20,
This paper describes an inexpensive and convenient method of storing and
retrieving frequency modulated signals in the audio frequency band. The signal is
recorded on one channel of a stereophonic tape with a crystal derived clock frequency
on the other. During retrieval the clock frequency is increased in a phase locked loop
and Is used as an external standard for a commercial counter/timer which measures the
period of the signal In terms of this reference. The system has been used to record
salinity, temperature and depth data from the Plessey Environmental System Instrument,
and this application is discussed.
INDEX TERMS: Data storage and retrieval, Salinity, Temperature, Depth, Tape
recorders.
AMtC-9891
"REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF SALINITY IN AN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT", Thomann, G. C.,
Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 2, No. k, 1973, pp 2^9-259.
The microwave emission of seawater is dependent upon salinity in the low
microwave spectrum and it appears possible to measure remotely surface salinity at
21 cm wavelength with an accuracy up to one part salt per thousand parts water
for a 5-35 parts per thousand salinity range. The dielectric constant of seawater can
be represented by that of Had, except the aeawater conductivity is retained. The
effects of the atmosphere, cosmic noise, sea surface roughness, and constant
radiometer errors can be corrected using surface calibration measurements. Experiments
were performed In Mississippi and Louisiana coastal waters. Salinity accuracies of
3-5 parts per thousand were obtained - it is believed the accuracy was limited by
the radiometer used.
INDEX TERMS: Salinity, Remote sensing. Calibrations, Sea water, Accuracy.
See also: Category, 2, AMIC-9656, 9691, 97^7.
52
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