OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE
ASSESSMENT OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
PEI Associates, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati/Ohio 45246-0100
Contract No. 68-02-3935
Work Assignment No. 2-15
PN 3607-29
for
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
August 30, 1985
-------
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND
ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE
ASSESSMENT OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
PEI Associates, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246-0100
Contract No. 68-02-3935
Work Assignment No. 2-15
PN 3607-29
for
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
August 30, 1985
-------
CONTENTS
Page
1. Introduction j_j
1.1 Background
1.2 Sources of information
1.2 Contents
2. Manufacture and Use of Tetrachloroethylene 2-1
2.1 Overview
2.2 Manufacture of tetrachloroethylene
2.3 Dry cleaning
2.4 Production of chlorofluorocarbons
2.5 Degreasing solvent
2.6 Miscellaneous uses
2.7 Other emissions
3. Conclusions and Recommendations 3_1
APPENDICES
A. Methodology for the Calculation of Representative Exposure
Levels in Major Production and Usage Categories A-l
B. Calculated Mean TWA Exposure Values B-l
C. Individual TWA Exposure Measurements C-l
D. Key to NIOSH Reports Q.J
E. Methodology for the Estimation of the Number of Exposed
Workers in Major Production and Use Categories E-l
F. Breakdown of Worker Population Estimates in Each Industry
Category p_
-------
FIGURES
Number page
2-1 Chemical Use Tree and Usage Rates for Tetrachloro-
ethylene 2-2
2-2 Process Flow Diagram for the Producton of Tetrachloro-
ethylene by the Chlorination of Ethylene Dichloride 2-5
2-3 Process Flow Diagram for the Production of Tetrachloro-
ethylene by Hydrocarbon Chlorinolysis 2-6
2-4 Process Flow Diagram for the Production of Tetrachloro-
ethylene by Oxychlorination 2-7
2-5 Process Flow Diagram for the Production of Freon 113
by Reaction of Tetrachloroethylene and Hydrogen-
fluoride 2-21
2-6 Typical Cold Degreaser 2-24
2-7 Typical Open Top Vapor Degreaser 2-25
2-8 Typical Conveyorized Degreaser 2-26
2-9 Process Flow Diagram for Waste Solvent Reclamation 2-31
iv
-------
TABLES (continued)
Number • Page
2-14Estimated Worker Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene From
Paint and Coatings Use 2-38
2-15 Estimated Worker Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene From
Other Minor Tetrachloroethylene Uses 2-39
2-16 Miscellaneous Uses of Tetrachloroethylene in 1983 2-40
2-17 Summary of Major Tetrachloroethylene Distributors 2-41
2-18 Tetrachloroethylene Emission Estimates From POTWs in the
10 HighesT^mitting Counties 2-43
3-1 Summary of Annual Usage and Release of Tetrachloroeth-
ylene in the United States 3-2
3-2 Summary of Occupational Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene 3-3
VI
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) is a colorless liquid of moder-
ate volatility. Although it is a contaminant of water and a component in
solid wastes, it is generally recognized as an atmospheric pollutant. Its
physical properties indicate that tetrachloroethylene present in water would
be conveyed to the atmosphere by evaporation.
Three primary uses of tetrachloroethylene (dry cleaning of fabrics,
chlorofluorocarbon production, and metal degreasing) constitute over 90
percent of consumption. Each of these uses is declining, however, for a
variety of reasons. Dry cleaning usage is declining because of changing
clothing patterns and better controls on evaporative losses of the solvent.
The production of chlorofluorocarbons is declining because of concern over
the effect of their use on the ozone layer. Finally, use in metal degreasing
is declining because of better controls on evaporative losses from degreasers.
These trends have resulted in the closing of a number of the tetrachloroeth-
ylene production facilities and the scheduled phasing out of others.
Preliminary results of National Toxicology Program testing indicate that
tetrachloroethylene may be carcinogenic in both mice and rats. For this
reason, EPA is developing preliminary information on tetrachloroethylene in
preparation for potential rulemaking under the Toxic Substances Control Act.
The purpose of this study was to identify and quantify occupational exposures
and environmental releases associated with the production and use of tetrachlo-
roethylene. EPA will use this information and additional health effects data
to decide which exposure and release scenarios present significant risks to
humans.
1-1
-------
i : SOURCES OF INFORMATION
.ne sources of information used to compile this report included unpub-
I ,hed reports on tetrachloroethylene provided by EPA, the open literature,
ind exposure data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
! HA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
state air pollution agenices were contacted to clarify conflicting or missing
i ormation where necessary. The report contains a list of references.
I ' CONTENTS
Section 2 presents an overview of tetrachloroethylene use. This is
-" lowed by more detailed discussions of the principal manufacturing and
j-_ge' categories. For each category, the process using tetrachloroethylene
i" described, occupational exposures are identified, and environmental re-
I ses are quantified. Where appropriate, the process descriptions include a
Kncess flow diagram. Occupational exposures are summarized in a table with
i h values identified in the text. Environmental releases are summarized in
i table. Section 3 summarizes the findings of this report.
Jhe report also contains several appendices which provide supporting
lata". Appendix A describes the methodology used to calculate exposure levels
major production and use categories. Appendix B presents the calculated
i__n occupational exposure values. Appendix C presents the individual occupa-
;' nal exposure measurements. Appendix D is a key to the specific plants
/ re OSHA and NIOSH obtained these occupational exposure data. Appendix E
l^cribes the methodology used to estimate the number of exposed workers in
: major production and use categories. Appendix F is a detailed breakdown
if worker population estimates in each of these categories.
1-2
-------
SECTION 2
MANUFACTURE AND USE OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
This section begins with a brief overview of the principal tetrachlo-
roethylene manufacturing and usage categories. This is followed by more
detailed discussions of each category for which sufficient information was
found to develop a reasonable characterization. Each of these discussions
includes a process description, estimate of environemntal release, and where
available, summaries of workplace monitoring data from NIOSH and OSHA.
2.1 OVERVIEW
The estimated production of tetrachloroethylene in 1983 was 230,400
metric tons. • Figure 2-1 identifies the major uses of tetrachloroethylene.
The largest use of tetrachloroethylene is as a dry cleaning solvent.
EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has estimated
tetrachloroethylene consumption in 1983 for this purpose at 117,000 metric
tons. • They have estimated that approximately 43 percent of the tetrachlo-
roethylene (almost 50,000 metric tons) is emitted to the air with the remain-
ing assumed to be recycled.2 PEI estimates that over 98 percent (almost
115,000 metric tons) is emitted on-site with approximately 2,000 metric tons
sent for soild waste disposal. The reasons for this discrepancy are explained
in Section 2.3.3.
The second largest use of tetrachlorethylene is as an intermediate in
the production of chlorofluorocarbons. Tetrachloroethylene is used to pro-
duce Freon 113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane), Freon 114 (dichlorotetrafluoro-
ethane), Freon 115 (chloropentafluoroethane), and Freon 116 (hexafluoroethane).
OAQPS has estimated that 60,300 metric tons of tetrachloroethylene were used
for this purpose in 1983. They have estimated emissions from this process
at 34 metric tons.
2-1
-------
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE —
MANUFACTURE
(230,400 MT/YR)
ro
ro
NET
IMPORTS —
(460 MT/YR)
DRY CLEANING
(117,000 MT/YR)
CHLOROFLUOROCARBON PRODUCTION
(60,300 MT/YR)
—METAL DECREASING
(35,000 MT/YR)
-MISCELLANEOUS USES
(18,560 MT/YR)
p-COLD DECREASING
(8,400 MT/YR)
OPEN-TOP VAPOR
DEGREAING
(13,300 MT/YR)
•CONVEYORIZED VAPOR
DECREASING
(13,300 MT/YR)
i— ADHESIVES 2,800 MT/YR)
— AEROSOLS (2,530 MT/YR)
SOLVENT RECLAMATION
(2,000 MT/YR)
PAINTS AND COATINGS (1,660 MT/YR)
»T W
— OTHER (11,570 MT/YR)
There are distribution losses associated with these uses. Reference 2 estimates 162,000 MT/yr is trans-
ferred through the distribution system.
t
Corrected from Reference 2 to equal production.
Figure 2-1. Chemical use tree and usage rates for tetrachloroethylene.
-------
Metal degreasing is the next largest use of tetrachloroethylene. OAQPS
id the Halogenated Solvents Industrial Alliance (HSIA) have estimated that
35,000 metric tons were used in 1983 for this purpose. ' Using emission
factors from available literature, OAQPS has estimated that 33,000 metric
tons of tetrachloroethylene were emitted to the atmosphere.
Tetrachloroethylene is used in several other miscellaneous applications
including adhesives, aerosols, and paints and coatings. OAQPS and HSIA have
estimated usage in these applications in 1983 at 2,800 metric tons, 2,530
metric tons, and 1,660 metric tons, respectively. ' Subtracting all identi-
fied usage from total production and inputs, PEI estimates that 11,570 metric
tons are consumed in uses not specifically identified. It is assumed that
all of the tetrachloroethylene used in these applications is emitted to the
2
atmosphere.
In addition to the manufacture and use categories previously discussed,
air emissions can result from distribution losses and from wastewater treat-
ment at Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). OAQPS has estimated distri-
bution losses at 50 metric tons per year and release from POTWs at about
2
2,000 metric tons per year.
2.2 MANUFACTURE OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Approximately 230,400 metric tons of tetrachloroethylene were produced
in 1983, of which an estimated 0.2 percent is released to the air at manu-
2
facturing plants. Tetrachloroethylene consumption has declined by about 30
percent since 1980, causing some former producers to halt production of the
chemical. Stauffer Chemical Company (Louisville, Kentucky), Ethyl Corpo-
ration (Baton Rouge, Louisiana), Dow Chemical Company (Freeport, Texas) and
Occidental Petroleum Company (Taft, Louisiana) have all stopped producing
tetrachloroethylene. The active facilities in 1985 include Diamond Shamrock
(Deerpark, Texas), Dow Chemical (Pittsburg, California, and Plaquemine,
Louisiana), E.I. du Pont de Nemours (Corpus Christi, Texas), PPG Industries
(Lake Charles, Louisiana), and Vulcan Materials Company (Geismar, Louisiana
and Wichita, Kansas). Du Pont in Corpus Christi, Texas has plans to convert
this plant to production of chloroform and carbon tetrachloride by the end of
1985.3
2-3
-------
p
2.2.1 Process Description
There are three basic processes used to produce tetrachloroethylene:
the chlorination of ethylene dichloride, hydrocarbon chlorinolysis, and oxy-
chlorination of ethylene dichloride.
Only one plant, the Diamond Shamrock facility in Deerpark, Texas, pres-
ently produces tetrachoroethylene by chlorination of ethylene dichloride.
The Dow Chemical facility in Freeport, Texas also used this process but
ceased production in 1984. Figure 2-2 is a process flow diagram for this
process in which tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene are co-produced
from the chlorination of ethylene dichloride. The ratio of the products can
be varied by changing the process conditions. The reaction is usually car-
ried out at about 400° to 450°C at a pressure slightly above one atmosphere.2
Three companies at five locations use the hydrocarbon chlorinolysis
process to produce tetrachloroethylene. These companies are Dow Chemical
(Pittsburg, California and Plaquemine, Louisiana), Vulcan Chemicals (Wichita,
Kansas and Geismar, Louisiana) and E.I. du Pont de Nemours (Corpus Christi,
Texas). Figure 2-3 is a process flow diagram for this process which involves
the gas-phase cracking of propane-propylene mixtures into C, and C? fragments
along with chlorinolysis at 450° to 550°C.2 This process yields a mixture of
tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and hydrochloric acid.
PPG Industries developed the oxychlorination of ethylene dichloride
process and is currently the only company using the process (at its Lake
Charles, Louisiana facility). Figure 2-4 is a process flow diagram. The
process, like the chlorination process, produces both tetrachloroethylene and
trichloroethylene. The product mix can be varied by adjusting the ratio of
ethylene dichloride to chlorine. The buildup of hydrogen chloride is con-
trolled by oxidation of the hydrogen chloride that is formed. The reaction
involves the simultaneous oxychlorination/dehydrochlorination with either
chlorine or anhydrous hydrogen chloride as the chlorine source.
2.2.2 Occupational Exposure
PEI was not able to find any occupational exposure data for tetrachloro-
ethylene manufacture.
2-4
-------
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
WASTE
ro
CAUSTIC
PROCESS
~ WATER
NEUTRAL1ZER
DRYER
ETHYLENE
DICHLORIDE
STEAK
TRICHLOROETHYLENE/ TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ERCHLOROETHYLENE DISTILLATION
DISTILLATION COLUMN
COLUMN
T
(WASTE)
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
REACTOR
T
HEAVY
ENDS
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
STORAGE
Figure 2-2. Process flow diagram for the production of tetrachloroethylene
by the chlorination of ethylene dichloride.
-------
(HEAVY i'ASTE)
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
DISTILLATION
no
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
STORAGE
WASTE
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE FROM
METHANOL HYDROCHLORINAT10N
AND METHYLCHLORIOE CHLORI NA-
TION PROCESS
JIT
CAUSTIC
CHLORINE
ABSORPTION
COLUMN
WASTE
NEUTRALIZER
Figure 2-3. Process flow diagram for the
by hydrocarbon chlorinolysis.
roduction of tetrachloroethylene
-------
ro
i
CATALYST
STEAM
REACTOR
OXYGEN
dD-
CD-
CHLORINE/HCl
ETHYLENE
OICHLORIDE
WASTE
PROCESS —, f
WATER l|
WASTE
WASTE
HCt ABSORBER WASTE
WASTE
V
HC1
TO WASTE
TREATMENT
C2 CHLORINATED—1
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
DRY ING
COLUMN
STEAM
STEAM
k
AMMONIA
YPROCESSV.X
WATER J
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
STORAGE
TRICHLOROETHYLENE NEUTRALIZER DRYER
DISTILLATION
COLUMN
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
STORAGE
HEAVY PERCHLOROETHYLENE
ENDS COLUMN
COLUMN NEUTRALIZER
DRYER
Figure 2-4. Process flow diagram for the production of
tetrachloroethylene by oxychlorination.2
-------
2.2.3 Environmental Release
Table 2-1 presents estimates of tetrachloroethylene production and
release to air at manufacturing plants. All emission estimates are from
Reference 2. These estimates are from information gathered in response to
EPA Section 114 requests, the application of Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) emission factors, the application of AP-42
emission equations, and actual test data. The emissions and sources of the
data are explained more fully in Reference 2.
2.3 DRY CLEANING
Fifty-one percent of the total tetrachloroethylene produced in 1983 was
2
consumed as a dry cleaning solvent. There are an estimated 27,198 dry
cleaning facilities in the United States.2 OAQPS has estimated that 117,000
metric tons of tetrachloroethylene were consumed by the dry cleaning indus-
try. Air emissions of tetrachloroethylene are estimated by OAQPS to be
49,736 metric tons and by PEI to be approximately 115,000 metric tons.
2.3.1 Process Description
The dry cleaning industry is divided into three sectors: coin-operated,
commercial, and industrial dry cleaners.
Coin-operated cleaners use 18 percent of the tetrachloroethylene con-
sumed in dry cleaning. They are small self-service facilities usually
associated with neighborhood laundromats. OAQPS has estimated that 11,804
coin-operated dry cleaning facilities used tetrachloroethylene in 1978.7
Tetrachloroethylene is used as the solvent in an estimated 97.5 percent of
coin-operated machines. All coin-operated machines are dry-to-dry units
where clothes are washed and dried in the same unit. Machine capacities
range from 3.6 kg to 11.5 kg per load. A typical installation has two or
three machines.
Commercial dry cleaners use 71 percent of the tetrachloroethylene con-
2
sumed in dry cleaning. They are typically small dry cleaning facilities and
are characterized by small neighborhood shops that are independently owned or
are franchise operators. There were an estimated 15,060 commercial cleaners
using tetrachloroethylene in 1978. Tetrachloroethylene is used as the
p
solvent in an estimated 73 percent of the commercial dry cleaning sector.
2-8
-------
TABLE 2-1. ESTIMATED TETRACHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCTION AND RELEASE
TO AIR FROM TETRACHLOROETHYLENE MANUFACTURE (1983)
PO
i
vo
Company
Diamond Shamrock
Dow Chemical Co.
E.I. du Pont de
Nemours
PPG Industries
Vulcan Materials Co.
Location
Deerpark, TX
Freeport. TXe
Pittsburg, CA
Plaquemine, LA
Corous Christi,
TXr
Lake Charles. LA
Geismar, LA
Wichita, KS
Coordinates3
latitude/longitude
29°43134'795'>07I16"
29o0j,59.,/95«13.16.,
3800r35'7121°5r22"
30°W30"/9\°5}'00"
27°52'30"/97°1510011
30° 12' 36" /93° IT 06"
30°10'00"/90<>59'00"
37°36I55"/97''18130"
Total
Average plant
Estimated
production of
tetrachloro-
ethylene
(MT/yr)B
36,000
32.800
10,900
19,700
31,900
52,400
32.800
10,900
230,400
28.800
Estimated release to air (MT/yr)c
Process
9.0
19.5
-
8.2
0.21
0.2
2.2
-
39.3
4.9
Fugitive
138.4
80.4
0.41
55.8
13.6
23.5
60.0
40.1
412.2
51.5
Storage
75.0
15.4
13.8
21.4
0.97
18.5
23.0
15.8
183.9
23.0
Other
3.8
0.39
1.47
6.37
0.09
1.9
0.004
l.S
15.5
1.9
Total release
to aird'8
MT/yr
226.2
115.7
15.7
91.7
14.9
44.1
85.2
57.4
650.9
81.3
kg/day
646
331
45
260
43
126
243
164
1,858
232
Reference 6.
References 2, total production apportioned by capacity of facility from Reference 3.
cReference 2
Based on plant operation 7 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
eOow stopped production of tetrachloroethylene at the Freeport facility in 1984.
DuPont scheduled to convert facility to production of chloroform and carbon tetrachlorlde late 1981.
-------
Seventy-five percent of the machines are transfer machines where the clothes
are hand-transferred between washing and drying. Machine capacities range
from 11 kg to 23 kg per load.
Industrial dry cleaners use 11 percent of the tetrachloroethylene con-
2
sumed in dry cleaning. They are the largest dry cleaning plants and are
predominantly engaged in supplying rental uniforms, mops, and mats to busi-
nesses, industries, and institutions. From 40 to 45 percent of industrial
laundry facilities have dry cleaning equipment and 50 percent of these use
tetrachlorethylene. An estimated 334 industrial dry cleaners used tetrachlo-
roethylene in 1978. The typical facility has one dry cleaning system con-
sisting of over 250 kg per load washer/extractor and three to six 38 kg
capacity dryers.
2.3.2 Occupational Exposure
Table 2-2 presents occupational exposure data for tetrachloroethylene
use in dry cleaning. The calculated time-weighted averages (TWA's) range
n3
2
33 3
from 1.2 mg/m to 1,934 mg/m with a geometric mean of 108.8 mg/m .
2.3.3 Environmental Release
Tables 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5 present OAQPS estimates of tetrachloroethylene
usage and release to air from coin operated, commercial, and industrial dry
cleaning, respectively.
The OAQPS release estimates are presented to be consistent with the
2
other OAQPS estimates used in this report. However, PEI believes the esti-
mates should be revised as 1) the number of coin-operated dry cleaners has
decreased significantly since the 1978 estimate, thus affecting the sector
breakdown, and 2) almost no tetrachloroethylene is sent off-site for recovery
and all solvent except that retained in the filtration residues is emitted
on-site.
Abt Associates has estimated dry cleaning filtration residues generated
at 934 MT/yr for generators of <_ 25 kg of waste per month; 4,217 MT/yr for
generators of > 25 kg to < 100 kg of waste per month; and 8,509 MT/yr for
Q
generators of _> 100 kg of waste per month. Assuming that these categories
roughly correspond to the three dry cleaning sectors, that 97.5 percent of
coin-operated, 73 percent of commercial, and 50 percent of industrial waste
o
is tetrachloroethylene waste (same proportion as solvent usage), and that 25
2-10
-------
TABLE 2-2. WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLQROETHYLENE
FROM ITS USE IN DRY CLEANING3
Type of plant
Women's outerwear
Garment pressing
Dry cleaning plant
Broad woven fabric
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Industrial launderers
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Power laundry
Linen laundry
Power laundry
Dry cleaning plant
Industrial launderer
Dry cleaning plant
Power laundry
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Coin operated laundry
Dry cleaning plant
Leather tanning
Power laundry
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Garment pressing
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Coin operated laundry
Dry cleaning plant
Dry cleaning plant
Medical systems
Dry cleaner
No. of
exposures
28
9
4
6
7
2
1
3
3
3
10
12
2
2
1
3
7
3
3
11
2
3
7
7
21
12
4
2
2
2
2
4
8
2
3
4
3
5
1
11
TWA
exposure
value,
mg/m3
115
431
204
370
288
453
638
232
197
1935
81
110
583
122
109
709
425
183
98
4
39
196
283
132
608
478
204
73
173
204
105
110
630
479
1
462
187
209
75
346
(continued)
2-11
-------
TABLE 2-2 (continued)
K
Type of plant
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Dry cleaner
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
No. of
exposures
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
3
6
3
3
4
2
3
2
4
4
7
5
4
2
5
3
13
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
4
3
TWA
exposure
value,
mg/m3
75
43
312
62
455
33
112
13
86
190
279
63
16
72
21
40
65
573
13
19
32
112
210
122
19
57
15
90
197
69
8
48 '
35
88
433
53
213
109
The references for the data in this table are presented in Table B-l.
Insufficient information was present to accurately separate plants into
coin operated, commercial, and industrial facilities.
2-12
-------
TABLE 2-3. TOTAL 1983 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS FROM COIN-OPERATED
DRY CLEANERS, BY STATE2
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Estimated
plants as a
percent of total
U.S. facilities
1.55
0.12
1.49
0.68
7.60
1.60
0.93
0.068
0.72
5.04
1.24
0.39
0.23
8.83
4.02
1.22
1.32
1.21
0.96
0.18
1.35
2.31
5.50
1.25
0.52
2.49
0.20
0.48
0.35
Total 1983 emissions3 >b
MT/yr
260.0
20.1
250.0
114.0
1,274.7
268.3
156.0
11.4
120.7
845.3
208.0
65.4
38.6
1,481.0
674.2
204.6
221.4
202.9
161.0
30.2
226.4
387.4
992.5
209.6
87.2
417.6
33.5
80.5
58.7
kg/day
714
55
687
313
3,502
737
429
31
332
2,322
571
180
106
4,068
1,852
562
608
557
442
83
622
1,064
2,534
576
240
1,149
92
221
161
(continued)
2-13
-------
TABLE 2-3 (continued)
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Average plant0
Estimated
plants as a
percent of total
U.S. facilities*
0.28
2.19
0.75
10.16
1.51
0.12
5.98
1.78
0.63
2.97
0.62
0.52
0.19
2.56
10.08
0.36
0.042
1.78
1.23
0.39
1.86
0.12
100
Total 1983 emissions3 'b
MT/yr
47.0
367.3
125.8
1,704.0
253.2
20.1
1,003.0
298.5
105.7
489.1
104.0
87.2
31.9
429.4
1,690.6
60.4
7.0
298.5
206.3
65.4
311.9
30.1
16,766.6
1.42
kg/day
129
1,009
346
4,681
696
55
2,755
820
290
1,368
286
240
88
1,180
4,645
166
19
820
567
180
857
55
46,051
3.9
Reference 2.
Based on plant operation 7 days/week, 52 weeks/year.
cBased on 11,804 plants, Reference 2.
2-14
-------
TABLE 2-4. TOTAL 1983 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS FROM COMMERCIAL
DRY CLEANERS, BY STATE2
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
Cal iform'a
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawa i i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
Estimated plants,
weighted average
by state3
(percent)
1.50
0.002
1.10
0.56
9.90
1.50
1.80
0.29
1.10
3.50
2.60
0.40
0.16
5.90
2.20
0.77
0.67
1.2
1.4
0.31
2.1
3.4
4.6
1.5
0.7
1.7
0.19
0.68
0.92
Total 1983 emissions9'6
MT/yr
379.8
0.5
278.5
141.8
2,507.0
379.8
455.8
73.4
278.5
886.3
658.4
101.3
40.5
1,494.1
557.1
195.0
169.7
303.9
354.5
78.5
531.8
861.0
1,164.9
379.8
177.3
430.5
48.1
172.2
233.0
kg/day
1,217
2
893
454
8,035
1,217
1,461
235
893
2,841
2,110
325
130
4,789
1,786
625
544
974
1,136
252
1,704
2,760
3,734
1,217
568
1,380
154
552
747
(continued)
2-15
-------
TABLE 2-4 (continued)
State
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Average plant
Estimated plants,
weighted average
by state3
(percent)
0.18
3.00
0.36
9.00
2.50
0.27
5.60
1.20
0.54
4.90
0.58
1.20
0.10
2.10
8.60
0.065
0.03
3.00
0.93
0.44
1.50
0.059
Total 1983 emissions3'
MT/yr
45.6
759.7
91.2
2,279.1
633.1
68.4
1,418.1
303.9
136.7
1,240.8
146.9
303.9
25.3
531.8
2,177.8
16.4
7.6
759.7
235.5
111.4
379.8
14.9
25,020.6
1.66
kg/day
146
2,435
292
7,305
2,029
219
4,545
974
438
3,977
471
974
81
1,704
6,980
53
24
2,435
755
357
1,217
48
80,194
5.32
Reference 2.
bBased on plant operation 6 days/week, 52 weeks/year.
cBased on 15,060 plants, Reference 2.
2-16
-------
TABLE 2-5. TOTAL 1983 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS FROM
INDUSTRIAL DRY CLEANERS, BY STATE2
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
Cal i form' a
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Estimated
number of
industrial
dry cleaners
7
2
1
34
1
6
1
2
9
10
2
39
13
1
2
1
5
3
5
12
10
4
2
6
Total 1983 emissions3 'b
MT/yr
166.6
47.6
23.8
809.2
23.8
142.8
23.8
47.6
214.2
238.0
47.6
928.2
309.4
23.8
47.6
23.8
119.0
71.4
119.0
285.6
238.0
95.2
47.6
142.8
kg/day
666
190
95
3,237
95
571
95
190
857
952
190
3,713
1,238
95
190
95
476
286
476
1,142
952
381
190
571
(continued)
2-17
-------
TABLE 2-5 (continued)
State
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Total
Average plant0
Estimated
number of
industrial
dry cleaners
9
2
1
9
1
15
11
21
6
34
1
7
2
10
9
8
6
4
334
Total 1983 emissions3 *b
MT/yr
214.2
47.6
23.8
214.2
23.8
357.0
261.8
499.8
142.8
809.2
23.8
166.6
47.6
238.0
214.2
190.4
142.8
95.2
7,949.2
23.8
kg/day
857
190
95
857
95
1,428
1,047
1,999
571
3,237
95
666
190
952
857
762
571
381
31,793
95.1
Reference 2.
Based on plant operationg 5 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
cBased on 334 plants, Reference 2.
2-18
-------
percent of the filtration waste is tetrachloroethylene (PEI estimate), the
resultant solid waste disposal of tetrachloroethylene from dry cleaning
estimate is 228 metric tons per year for coin-operated, 770 metric tons per
year for commercial, and 1,064 metric tons per year for industrial dry clean-
ers.
Using these solid waste disposal estimates and assuming that all other
tetrachloroethylene is emitted on-site, Table 2-6 presents PEI estimates of
tetrachloroethylene release to air from dry cleaning.
2.4 CHLOROFLUOROCARBON PRODUCTION
Tetrachloroethylene is currently used as an intermediate for chlorofluo-
rocarbon production by two companies at three locations. They are Allied
Corporation (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) and E.I. du Pont de Nemours (Corpus
Christi, Texas and Montague, Michigan).
Twenty-six percent of the total tetrachloroethylene produced in 1983 was
consumed to manufacture chlorofluorocarbons. OAQPS has estimated that 60,300
metric tons of terachloroethylene was consumed in the manufacture of chloro-
fluorocarbons. Emissions from the facilities is estimated to total 34.4
metric tons per year.
2
2.4.1 Process Description
Figure 2-5 presents a process diagram for the production of chlorofluo-
rocarbons from tetrachloroethylene. Freon 113 and Freon 114 are co-produced
by the liquid-phase catalytic reaction of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with
either tetrachloroethylene and/or carbon tetrachloride and chlorine. A
portion of the Freon 114 produced by this method can be reacted with addi-
tional hydrogen fluoride to yield Freon 115 and Freon 116.
2.4.2 Occupational Exposure
PEI was not able to find any occupational exposure data for tetrachloro-
ethylene exposure during chlorofluorocarbon production.
2
2.4.3 Environmental Release
Table 2-7 presents estimates of tetrachlorethylene usage and release to
air from chlorofluorocarbon production. Since all tetrachloroethylene pro-
duced at the Du Pont facility in Corpus Christi, Texas is used to manufacture
2-19
-------
TABLE 2-6. ESTIMATED TETRACHLOROETHYLENE USAGE AND RELEASE TO
AIR FROM DRY CLEANING (PEI ESTIMATE)
State
New York
Cal i form' a
Texas
Illinois
Ohio
Michigan
Florida
Pennsylvania
Massachusetts
New Jersey
30 other
states
Total
Percent of dry
cleaners who
use tetracblo-
roethylene
12
11
9
7
5
5
4
3
3
3
38
100
Q
Average plant
Estimated
usage of
tetrachloro-
ethylene,
MT/yrD
14,040
12,870
10,530
8,190
5,850
5,850
4,680
3,510
3,510
3,510
44,460
177,000
4.3
Estimated solid
waste disposal
tetrochloro-
ethylene,
MT/yrc
247
227
186
144
103
103
82
62
62
62
784
2,062
0.08
Estimated ,
release to air
MT/yr
13,793
12,643
10,344
8,046
5,747
5,747
4,598
3,448
3,448
3,448
43,676
114,938
4.2
kg/day
44,208
40,522
33,154
25,789
18,420
18,420
14,737
11,051
11,051
11,051
139,987
368,390
13.5
Reference 6.
Reference 2 apportioned to states by percent of dry cleaners.
CPEI estimate.
Based on plant operating 6 days/week, 52 weeks/year.
eBased on 27,198 facilities, Reference 2.
2-20
-------
CATALYST
HF STORAGE
PERCHLOROETHYLENE
•f
CHLORINE
DRIER
1,1,2 TRICHLORO-1,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
OTHER CHLOROFLUOROETHANES/ETHENES
DRIER
O
REACTOR
HC1
JL
STEAM
T
STILL
STILL
SCRUBBER
Figure 2-5. Process flow diagram for the production of
freon 113 by reaction of tetrachloroethylene and
hydrogenfluoriclc.
2-21
-------
TABLE 2-7. ESTIMATED TETRACHLOROETHYLENE RELEASE TO AIR FROM CHLOROFLUOROCARBON PRODUCTION
Company
Allied Corporation
E.I. du Pont de
Nemours
E.I. du Pont de
Nemours
Location
Baton Rouge, LA
Montague, MI
Corpus Christi ,
TX
Coordinates3
latitude/longitude
d
43°24'10"/86°23I40"
27°52I30"/97°15100"
Total
Average plant
Estimated release to air (MT/yr)
Process
-
-
e
Fugitive
8.2
8.7
e
16.9
8.5
Storage
11.5
6.0
e
17.5
8.8
Other
-
0.049
e
0.049
0.025
Total0
release to air
MT/yr
19.7
14.7
e
34.4
17.2
kg/day
56
42
e
98
49
ro
ro
Reference 11.
Release estimates Reference 2.
cBased on plant operation 7 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
Personal communication with Louisiana State Agency UTM, Zone 15, 672.7 km east, 3373.5 km north.
Emissions at this facility included in Table 2-1, tetrachloroethylene manufacture.
Based on two plants.
-------
chlorofluorocarbons on site, all emissions in 1983 for that facility are
included in the tetrachloroethylene manufacture section. It should also be
noted that Du Pont plans to cease tetrachlorethylene production at this
facility by the end of 1985.
2.5 DECREASING SOLVENT
Fifteen percent of the total tetrachloroethylene produced in 1983 was
consumed in metal degreasing operations. There are an estimated 2,340 metal
degreasers using tetrachloroethylene in the United States. OAQPS and HSIA
have estimated that 35,000 metric tons of tetrachloroethylene were consumed
234
by metal degreasing in 1983. ' ' Emissions of tetrachloroethylene are
estimated to be approximately 33,000 metric tons. ' Used solvent from
degreasers is often sent for solvent recovery and reuse and these emissions
are also considered in this section.
2.5.1 Metal Degreasing
Five major industry groups used tetrachloroethylene in degreasing opera-
tions. These are furniture and fixtures, fabricated metal products, electric
and electronic equipment, transportation equipment, and miscellaneous indus-
4
tries.
2.5.1.1 Process Description--
Figures 2-6, 2-7, and 2-8 are diagrams for cold degreasing, vapor
degreasing, and conveyorized degreasing. Tetrachloroethylene is received by
rail car, tank truck, or 55-gallon drum.
A typical cold degreaser is stainless steel. Cleaning operations in-
clude spraying, flushing, brushing, and immersion. In a typical maintenance
cleaner, dirty parts are cleaned manually by spraying and then soaking in the
tank. After cleaning, the parts are either suspended over the tank to drain
or placed on an external rack that directs solvents back into the tank.
Agitation while the part is immersed increases cleaning efficiency.
Open-top vapor degreasers clean with the condensation of hot solvent
vapor on colder metal parts. A typical open-top vapor degreaser is a sump
containing a heater that boils the solvent to generate vapors. Dirty parts
are immersed in the vapor zone, and condensation occurs until the parts are
heated to the vapor temperature. Residual solvent evaporates as the part is
2-23
-------
BATH
EVAPORATION
CARRY OUT
Figure 2-6. Typical cold degreaser.
2-24
-------
ROOF ,
VENT "
POTENTIAL
ADSORBER
LIP TOPV
EXHAUST
RETRACTABLE
COVER
WASTE
SOLVENT
8'
o
DIFFUSION AND
CONVECTION
VAPOR
1 __{ ----------
LIQUID
_J[
CARRY OUT
CONDENSER
COILS
Figure 2-7. Typical open top vapor degreaser.
2-25
-------
ROOF VENT
ro
r>o
DIFFUSION AND
CONVECTION
LIP EXHAUST
POTENTIAL
ADSORBER
LIP EXHAUST
WASTE SOLVENT
Figure 2-8. Typical conveyorized degreaser.'
-------
removed from the vapor zone. Spraying the immersed parts with solvent or
Q
dipping them into the liquid phase increases the cleaning efficiency.
Conveyorized degreasers may operate with either cold or vaporized sol-
Q
vent. They are continuously loaded and are almost always hooded or enclosed.
Solvent evaporation occurs with all types of degreasing equipment. The
major causes of emissions are loss of solvent through diffusion, convection,
and movement of surrounding air; carry-out of solvent on cleaned parts; and
evaporation from disposal of waste solvent. The amount of these emissions
varies with the type of equipment used and the operating parameters.
2.5.1.2 Occupational Exposure--
Table 2-8 presents occupational exposure data for tetrachloroethylene
from degreasing operations. The calculated TWAs range from 1.2 mg/m to 538
mg/m with a geometric mean of 20.2 mg/m .
2.5.1.3 Environmental Release--
Sufficient current information was not found to estimate release by
degreaser type. Therefore, release is estimated for overall degreasing.
Table 2-9 presents estimates of tetrachloroethylene usage and release from
degreasing operations by industry. Table 2-10 presents emission estimates by
state. All emission estimates for degreasing operations are from Reference 2.
2.5.2 Solvent Reclaiming
Reclamation is the process of restoring a waste solvent to a condition
that permits its reuse. Section 2.5.1 estimated usage of 35,000 metric tons
per year and air emissions of 32,916 metric tons per year. The difference in
these estimates is assumed to be the amount sent for solvent recovery.
Therefore, an estimated 2,000 metric tons of tetrachloroethylene are reclaimed
per year. Approximately 0.2 percent of this total is released to air at
Q
these plants. There are an estimated 283 reclamation plants in the United
States, with the majority in California (11 percent), Ohio (9 percent), Texas
and New York (7 percent each), Illinois (6 percent), and Massachusetts and
New Jersey (5 percent each).
2.5.2.1 Process Description--
Figure 2-9 is a process flow diagram for the solvent recovery of tetra-
chloroethylene. Solvents are stored both before and after reclamation in
containers ranging in size from 55-gallon drums to 20,000-gallon tanks.
2-27
-------
TABLE 2-8. ESTIMATED WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
FROM USE IN DECREASING3
Type of plant
Metal stampings
Air transport
Water trans, services
Electric ind. apparatus
Coating and engraving
Switchgear
Valves and pipe fittings
Motor vehicle parts
Fabr. metal products
Service ind. machines
Iron and steel forgings
Noncurrent wiring devices
Water trans, services
Vacuum sweepers
Vacuum sweepers
Stainless steel parts
Uranium minings
Medical systems
Clocks
Air conditioner components
Aircraft
Cutlery
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
No. of
exposures
2
47
5
2
5
2
3
3
4
4
4
2
8
1
9
1
1
2
2
11
22
2
6
4
TWA exposure
value,
mg/m3
538
2
14
115
52
1
1
169
29
41
136
187
1
86
14
24
8
97
2
1
11
115
75
20
The references for the data presented in this table are presented in Table B-2,
2-28
-------
TABLE 2-9. 1983 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS
FROM DECREASING OPERATIONS BY INDUSTRY
Industry
Furniture and fixtures
Fabricated products
Electrical and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total
Estimated release to air
Mg/yra
170
14,000
2,500
10,300
5,700
32,670
kg/dayb
680
56,000
10,000
41,200
22,800
130,680
Release estimate Reference 2.
Based on plant operations 5 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
2-29
-------
TABLE 2-10. 1983 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSIONS FROM DECREASING
OPERATIONS, BY STATE2
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawai i
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Estimated release
to air*'6
MT/yr
477.5
1.9
286.4
263.1
4,086.0
327.2
1,184.1
64.8
5.1
772.9
575.9
20.6
22.5
1,953.2
1,148.3
323.6
399.1
353.4
388.1
120.3
293.3
1,039.0
2,553.9
488.1
336.6
840.1
kg/day
1,790
7
1,146
1,052
16,344
1,309
4,736
259
20
3,092
2,304
82
90
7,812
4,593
1,294
1,596
1,414
1,552
481
1,173
4,156
10,212
1,952
1,346
3,360
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
Estimated release
toair5'6
MT/yr
9.8
117.7
46.6
124.9
1,058.7
42.0
2,090.9
614.4
16.2
2,405.8
376.2
227.6
1,734.4
143.3
539.1
258.1
19.1
639.4
1786.0
170.8
80.3
497.9
706.0
88.9
824.0
2.7
32,915.8
kg/day
39
471
186
500
4,235
168
8,364
2,458
65
9,623
1,505
910
6,938
573
2,156
1,032
76
2,558
7,144
683
321
1,992
2,824
356
3,296
11
131,656
aRelease estimate Reference 2.
Based on plant operation 5 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
2-30
-------
STORAGE TANK
VENT
WASTE SOLVENTS
STORAGE AND
HANDLING
INITIAL
TREATMENT
VtNT
I WASTE TO
T DISPOSAL
PURIFICATION
DISTILLATION
VENT
STORAGE AND
HANDLING
_*. RECLAIMED
SOLVENT
Figure 2-9. Process flow diagram for waste solvent reclamation.
2-31
-------
Haste solvent can be piped or leaded manually into process equipment. Ini-
tial treatment includes vapor recovery or mechanical separation. Vapor
recovery operations include condensation, adsorption, and absorption. The
operation used depends on the solvent and type of contamination. Mechanical
recovery operations include decanting, filtering, draining, settling, and
centrifuging. Any combination of vapor or mechanical recovery methods may be
employed during solvent reclamation. After initial treatment, the solvent is
distilled to remove any dissolved impurities. Distillation methods include
batch, continuous, or steam distillation.
After distillation, the solvent is purified. During purification, water
is removed by decanting or salting. Mechanical decanting separates a water
and solvent layer, while salting runs the solvent through a calcium chloride
bed where the water is removed by absorption. During purification, special
additives are added to renew the solvent. Waste materials are disposed of by
incineration, landfilling, or deep well injection.
Emission points for tetrachloroethylene include storage tank vents,
condenser vents, incinerator stacks, and fugitive losses.
2.5.2.2 Occupational Exposure--
PEI was not able to find any occupational exposure data for tetrachloro-
ethylene exposure during solvent reclamation.
2.5.2.3 Environmental Release--
Table 2-11 presents estimates of tetrachloroethylene usage and release
to air from solvent reclamation. PEI estimates the quantity of tetrachloro-
ethylene recycled from metal degreasing to be 2,000 metric tons per year.
Release of the tetrachloroethylene is estimated using the emission factors in
AP-42. These emission factors are 0.01 kg/metric ton from storage, 1.65
kg/metric ton from the condenser, 0.02 kg/metric ton from incineration, 0.10
kg/metric ton from spillage, and 0.36 kg/metric ton from loading losses, for
g
a total release of 2.14 kg/metric ton. Based on these data, PEI estimates
the average tetrachloroethylene throughput per plant to be 19.3 metric tons
per year, with release to air of only 0.02 metric tons per year.
Emissions are allocated to states by the percentage of solvent reclaimers
per state. This estimate is from a compilation prepared for EPA by Sobotka
and Company.
2-32
-------
TABLE 2-11. ESTIMATED TETRACHLOROETHYLENE USAGE AND RELEASE TO AIR
FROM SOLVENT RECLAMATION
Location
Cal ifornia
Ohio
Texas
New York
111 inois
New Jersey
Massachusetts
Michigan
Pennsylvania
Indiana
Arizona
Missouri
Tennessee
Kansas
Oregon
Wisconsin
Oklahoma
Washington
Colorado
Florida
South Carolina
Other
Total
Percent
of a
plants
11
9
7
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
13
100
Number
of ,
plants
31
27
20
19
16
14
13
11
11
10
8
8
8
7
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
41
283
Average plant
Estimated
tetrachloro-
ethylene
reclaimed
(MT/yr)C
220
180
140
140
120
100
100
80
80
80
60
60
60
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
260
2,000
19.3
Estimated
release to air >e
Metric
tons/yr
0.47
0.39
0.30
0.30
0 26
0.21
0.21
0 17
0 17
0 17
0 13
0 13
0.13
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.09
0 09
0.09
0.56
4.32
0.02
Kilo-
grams/
day
1.3
1 i
0 9
0.9
0 7
0.6
0.6
0 5
n «;
n «;
n &
(] a.
U . H
0 4
0 3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0 3
0.3
1.6
12.3
0.04
Based on number of plants in each state in Reference 10.
Reference 10.
Quantity reclaimed derived from difference between use and release to air
in Reference 2.
'- Emissior? sources included: storage, 0.01 kg/MT; condenser
Based on an average plant operating 7 days/week, 50 weeks/year.
2-33
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2.6 MISCELLANEOUS USES
Only eight percent of the total tetrachloroethylene produced in 1983 was
consumed in uses not previously covered in this report. These include the
manufacture and use of adhesives, aerosols, paints and coatings, and other
minor uses. OAQPS and HSIA have estimated that 2,800 metric tons of tetra-
chloroethylene were used in adhesives, 2,530 metric tons in aerosols, 1,160
metric tons in paints and coatings, and 11,570 metric tons in other minor
uses. OAQPS assumed that 100 percent of the tetrachloroethylene used in
these applications was emitted to the atmosphere.
2.6.1 Process Description
Tetrachloroethylene is used as a thinning agent which allows adhesives
to be applied easily and dry quickly. The tetrachloroethylene evaporates
soon after application.
Tetrachloroethylene is used as a general solvent carrier in aerosols.
Emissions can occur in both the manufacture and use of the aerosol.
Tetrachloroethylene is used as a general solvent carrier in paints and
coatings. Emissions can occur in both the manufacture and use of the aerosol.
Other minor uses not covered in the OAQPS/HSIA data, but for which PEI
found exposure data, include use as a chemical intermediate; in the plastics,
rubber and textile industries; as a coolant/lubricant; in foundry, printing,
welding, electronics, and photographic film applications; as a general clean-
ing solvent, in the laboratory; and other not classified uses.
2.6.2 Occupational Exposure
PEI was not able to find any occupational exposure data for tetrachloro-
ethylene exposure during the manufacture or use of adhesives. Some of the
measurements reported for plastics, rubber products, and photographic film
are probably values for the use of adhesives, but not enough information was
available to ascertain this.
Table 2-12 presents occupational exposure data for tetrachloroethylene
use in aerosol packing. The calculated TWA exposure values range from 71 to
201 mg/m with a geometric mean of 119 mg/m3.
PEI was not able to find any occupational exposure data for tetrachloro-
ethylene exposure during aerosol use. Some of the measurements reported
later for plastics, rubber products, coolant/lubricant, general cleaning, and
2-34
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TABLE 2-12. ESTIMATED WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
FROM USE IN AEROSOL PACKING3
Type of plant
Spot remover
Aerosol products
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
No. of
exposures
5
36
21
13
TWA exposure
value,
mg/m3
71
201
136
119
The references for the data presented in this table are presented
in Table B-3.
2-35
-------
not classified are probably values for the use of aerosols but not enough
information was available to ascertain this.
Table 2-13 presents occupational exposures data for tetrachloroethylene
use in paints and coating formulation. The calculated TWA exposure value is
1.2 mg/m for the single plant in this category. Table 2-14 presents data
for paint and coating use. The calculated TWAs range from 0.05 mg/m3 to 45
mg/m with a geometric mean of 3.4 mg/m .
Table 2-15 summarizes occupational exposure data for tetrachloroethylene
for other minor uses. Appendix B presents the full data while only the
geometric mean and range of values are summarized in this section.
2.6.3 Environmental Release
Table 2-16 presents estimates of tetrachloroethylene usage and release
to air from miscellaneous uses. All usage is assumed to be released to the
air from these categories.
2.7 OTHER EMISSIONS
Because tetrachloroethylene is a moderately volatile organic liquid,
losses to the atmosphere can result from storage and shipment. Atmospheric
release can also result from tetrachloroethylene dissolved in wastewater.
Such release from Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW's) has also been
estimated.
There, are an estimated 300 chemical distributors handling chlorinated
solvents. Table 2-17 identifies the three largest tetrachloroethylene dis-
tributors. These distributors represent approximately 20 percent of total
tetrachloroethylene sold through distributors. In general, distributors
maintain as few as three to as many as 65 regional distribution facilities.
One estimate places the number of regional distribution facilities at 500
2
nationwide. Each district distributor receives chemicals directly from the
producer by tank truck or rail car. Transportation is provided by the dis-
tributor. The received chemicals are stored by district distributors in
8,000 to 20,000 gallon fixed-roof storage tanks. The storage tanks used by
district distributors include vertical, horizontal, and underground tanks.
Turnover times for storage tanks typically range from two weeks to a little
2-36
-------
TABLE 2-13. ESTIMATED WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
FROM USE IN PAINTS AND COATINGS FORMULATION
Type of plant
Paint and varnish
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
No. of
exposures
7
7
7
TWA exposure
value,
mg/m3
1
1
1
The references for the data presented in this table are presented
in Table B-4.
2-37
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TABLE 2-14. ESTIMATED WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
FROM PAINT AND COATINGS USE3
Type of plant
Iron and steel forgings
Auto repair shops
Hardware nee.
Construction
Automobile dashboards
Arithmetic mean
Geometric mean
No. of
exposures
5
2
9
4
6
5
5
TWA exposure
value,
mg/m3
45
2
8
0
14
14
3
aThe references for the data presented in this table are presented
in Table B-5.
2-38
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TABLE 2-15. ESTIMATED WORKER EXPOSURE TO TETRACHLOROETHYLENE FROM
OTHER MINOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE USES3
Use category
Chemical intermediate
Plastics
Rubber products
Textiles
Coolant/lubricant
Foundry
Printing
Welding
Electronics
Photographic film
General cleaning
Laboratory
Not classified
Number of
facilities
5
7
6
2
3
1
14
1
7
13
4
4
29
Arithmetic mean
Number of
exposures
3
9
24
5
7
4
6
5
21
8
11
4
8
TWA
mg/m3
96.8
214.5
31.8
13.0
42.5
0.6
35.7
19.9
20.4
103.6
41.6
222.5
214.9
Geometric mean
Number of
exposures
2
6
6
5
6
4
5
5
7
6
7
3
5
TWA
mg/m3
13.2
12.2
8.9
10.3
16.1
0.6
11.6
19.9
6.9
57.1
31.4
16.0
27.6
The data summarized in this table are presented in Tables B-6 through B-18.
2-39
-------
TABLE 2-16. MISCELLANEOUS USES OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN 19832
Use
Adhesives
Aerosols
Paints and coatings
Unidentified
Total
Consumption
MT/yr
2,800
2,530
1,660
11,570
18,560
Emissions
MT/yr
2,800
2,530
1,660
11,570
18,560
2-40
-------
TABLE 2-17. SUMMARY OF MAJOR TETRACHLOROETHYLENE DISTRIBUTORS2
Company
Ashland
McKesson
Chem-Central
Number of
storage
facilities
61
63
31
Number of tetra-
chloroethylene
storage
tanks
37
6
10
Typical
size
(gal)
8,000
10,000
10,000
Typical
turnover
3 wks - 1 mo
N/A
1 mo
2-41
-------
over a month. The exact number of distributors and distribution facilities
that handle tetrachloroethylene is not known; however, it is estimated that
there are 270 tetrachloroethylene storage tanks owned by distributors, the
majority of which are fixed-roof tanks. OAQPS has estimated the throughput
of tetrachloroethylene at distributors at 162,000 metric tons per year.2
OAQPS has estimated that approximately 50 metric tons of tetrachlo-
roethylene were emitted in 1983 from distribution facilities.2 Storage emis-
sions accounted for 27 metric tons, while handling emissions were about 23
metric tons.
The source of tetrachloroethylene emissions from POTWs is considered to
be industrial discharges of waste streams containing the chemical.12 An
estimated 2,000 metric tons of tetrachloroethylene are emitted annually from
POTWs/ Table 2-18 presents the emissions for the 10 highest tetrachloro-
ethylene-emitting counties of 900 counties estimated. These 10 counties
account for about 35 percent of total tetrachloroethylene emissions from
POTWs.
2-42
-------
TABLE 2-18. TETRACHLOROETHYLENE EMISSION ESTIMATES FROM POTWs
IN THE 10 HIGHEST-EMITTING COUNTIES2
County
Wayne, Michigan
St. Louis City, Missouri
Los Angeles, California
Cook, Illinois
Queens, New York
Harris, Texas
Jefferson, Texas
Hamilton, Tennessee
Erie, New York
Hampden, Massachusetts
Total
Emissions (MT)
230.3
74.9
73.8
67.8
65.9
49.1
41.1
33.8
30.5
30.2
697.4
2-43
-------
SECTION 3
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Table 3-1 summarizes the usage and release of tetrachloroethylene in the
United States. Its principal use is as a solvent and, as a result of this
and its moderate volatility, its usage generally involves release to air.
Small quantities may be released to water in industrial wastewater and sent
for solid waste disposal as a contaminant in disposal of dry cleaning filtra-
tion material, but the overwhelming majority of the tetrachloroethylene is
released to the atmosphere. The only major consumptive use of tetrachloro-
ethylene is the manufacture of chlorofluorocarbons. Tetrachloroethylene
production and usage has declined significantly in recent years and projec-
tions expect this trend to continue. Dry cleaning and degreasing are by far
the largest release categories, together accounting for over 87 percent of
the total estimated release.
Table 3-2 summarizes the occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene in
the United States. The data used to calculate the geometric mean TWA's are
contained in the tables in Appendices B and C. The inhalation exposure in
miligrams per day is calculated using both maximum and geometric mean concen-
trations in mg/m , the quantity of air inhaled by the average person per hour
(1.25 m ), and length of work day.
Occupational exposure to tetrachloroethylene does not correlate well
with the release estimates. This is primarily due to the differences in
plant sizes between categories. For example, the largest releases are from
the large chemical plants manufacturing tetrachloroethylene.and chlorofluoro-
carbons. No occupational exposure estimates were found for these facilities,
but occupational exposure is probably lower than for those smaller facilities
that release all tetrachloroethylene used to the atmosphere. The highest
inhalation exposures measured are for dry cleaning and aerosol packing.
Photographic film uses, not classified uses, metal degreasing, and
3-1
-------
TABLE 3-1. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL USAGE AND RELEASE OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE IN THE UNITED STATES*
10
Category
Tetrachloroethylene manufacture
Dry cleaning
Chlorofluorocarbon production
Metal degreasing
Solvent recovery
Miscellaneous uses
Distribution facilities
POTWs
No. of
plants
8
27,198
3C
2,340
283
N/Ad
270
N/A
Total
usage,
metric
tons
230,400
117,000
60,300
35,000
2,000
18,560
162,000
N/A
Total
release,
metric
tons
651
114,938b
34.4
32,916
4.3
18,560
50
2,000
Average
usage/
plant,
metric
tons
28,800
4.3
20,100
15
19
N/A
600
N/A
Average release/plant
Metric tons
81.3
4.2
17.2
14
0.02
N/A
0.19
N/A
kilograms/day
232
13.5
49
56
0.04
N/A
0.52
N/A
All^umbers are taken from tables in individual sections. References for the values are given in those
Release estimates based on PEI rather than EPA, OAQPS Estimate.
S/hile there are 3 facilities release estimates are based estimates from two plants.
N/A = not applicable.
-------
TABLE 3-2. SUMMARY OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO
TETRACHLOROETHYLtNE
Category
Tetrachloroethylene
manufacture
Dry cleaning
Chlorofluorocarbon
production
Metal degreasing
Solvent recovery
Miscellaneous uses
Adhesives
Aerosol packing
Paint formulation
Paint use
Chemical intermediate
Plastics
Rubber products
Textiles
Coolant/lubricant
Foundry
Printing
Welding
Electronics
Photographic film
General cleaning
Laboratory
Not classified
Total nuirber of workers
Estimated
number of
workers
1,600
43,613
600
95,876
849
_
896
2,610
2,336
5.153
4,927
5,419
8,762
13,990
-
28,578
5,588
7,778
-
26,352
2,802
281,642
TWA exposure, mg/mj
Minimum
plant
.
1
-
1
-
.
71
1
0.1
1
0.1
1
5
1
0.6
0.8
20
1
7
9
1
1
Maximum
plant
_
1,935
-
538
-
_
201
1
45
455
1.261
114
21
87
0.6
131
20
73
421
80
833
1;500
Geometric
mean plant
679
109
679
20
679
679
119
1
3
13
12
9
10
16
0.6
12
20
7
57
31
16
28
Inhalation ex
Based on
ma x i mum
.
19,350
-
5,380
-
.
2.010
10
450
4.550
12,610
1,140
210
870
6
1,310
200
730
4,210
800
8,330
15,000
losurc. mn/day
Based or.
geometric mean
6,790
1,090
.
200
6.79C
6,790
1,190
10
30
130
120
90
100
160
6
120
200
70
570
310
160
280
539,371
(1) To convert exposure values to ppm, divide mg/m1 by 6.789.
(2) All exposure values are based on personal exposure data with four exceptions where no such dau were
available. The OSHA standard (100 ppm) was used to represent exposures for Tetrachloroethylene Manu-
facture. Chlorofluorocarbon Manufacture, Solvent Recovery, and Adhesives.
(3) All exposures are assumed to occur 250 days per year.
(<) The estimated numbers of workers are based on analysis of data from the HIOSH National Occupational
Hazard Survey (NOHS) except for four categories: Tetrachloroethylene Manufacture, Chlorofluorocar-
bon Production, Solvent Recovery, and Aerosol Packing. The numbers of workers in these categories
were based upon the estimated number of plants in the industry and the estimated number of workers
per facility.
(5) A value of 0.2 ppm (about 1.2 mg/m3) was used for exposure values reported as "not detected" when
calculating averages.
(6) The Not Classified category includes 244 exposure measurements from 29 plants which could not be
grouped into any other industry category.
3-3
-------
welding also have high exposures. Low inhalation exposures appear to result
when the quantity of tetrachloroethylene used in a product is very low (e.g.,
paint formulation).
The largest release categories, dry cleaning and degreasing, are indus-
try sectors where signficiant controls have been added in recent years to
control volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions to the ambient air. Signif-
icant changes have also occurred in these sectors due to market forces.
PEI makes the following recommendations for further study:
0 There is a large discrepancy in the OAQPS and PEI release estimates
for dry cleaning. This discrepancy results from the OAQPS estimate
of approximately 43 percent of the tetrachloroethylene emitted
on-site with the rest sent for recyle, while PEI believes that all
except that removed for disposal in filtration wastes is emitted
on-site. This discrepancy should be rectified.
0 Since the dry cleaning and degreasing categories have had signifi-
cant controls added in recent years, the worker exposure data
should be analyzed by time period to see if there is a downward
trend.
3-4
-------
REFERENCES
1 U S Environmental Protection Agency. Health Assessment Document for
" Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) "Draft"), EPA-600/8-82-005,
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, D.C. January
1982.
2 US Environmental Protection Agency. Survey of Perchloroethylene
Emission Sources. OAQPS Series, EPA-450/3-85-017. June 1985.
3 Mannsville Chemical Products. Chemical Products Synopsis-Perchloro-
ethylene. Cortland, New York. 1984 as cited in Reference 2.
4 Letter from D. L. Morgan, Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen and Hamilton to R. E.
Rosensteel, EPA/ESED. March 1, 1985. Response for Halogenated Solvents
Industrial Alliance concerning industrial consumption volumes of PCE in
1983 as cited in Reference 2.
5 Bellinger, J. C., and J. L. Shumaker. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Solvent Metal Cleaning. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Research Triangle Park, N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/2-77-022.
November 1977.
6 SRI. Assessment of Human Exposures to Atmospheric Perchloroethylene.
Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Contract
No. 68-02-2835. January 1979.
7 U S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning -
Background Information for Proposed Standards. Research Triangle Park,
N.C. Publication No. EPA-450/3-79-029a. August 1979.
8. Abt Associates. National Small Quantity Hazardous Waste Generator
Survey prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Solid Waste, Washington, D.C. Contract No. 68-01-6892. February 1985.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, AP-42, 3rd Edition. Including Supplement 14. May
1983.
10. Sobotka & Company, Inc. Identification of Solvent Reprocessors.
"Draft." Prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Toxic Substances. January 18, 1983.
(continued)
R-l
-------
REFERENCES (continued)
11. NTIS Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-Trifluoroethane
(Chlorofluorocarbon CFC-113) Final Report. EPA-600/8-82-002F. September
1983.
12. Memorandum and attachments from Lahre, T., EPA:AMTB, to Southerland,
J. H., EPA:AMTB. December 5, 1983. Initial look at available emissions
data on POTWs as cited in Reference 2.
R-2
-------
APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION
OF REPRESENTATIVE EXPOSURE
LEVELS IN MAJOR PRODUCTION
AND USAGE CATEGORIES
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY FOR THE CALCULATION OF REPRESENTATIVE
EXPOSURE LEVELS IN MAJOR PRODUCTION
AND USAGE CATEGORIES
This appendix presents an explanation of the methodology used to calcu-
late the occupational exposure estimates from NIOSH and OSHA data.' The ~"~""
primary data were obtained from published ¥l6SH~reports (primarily health
hazard evaluations) and a listing of OSHA inspection summaries obtained by
PEI on March 30, 1985. Tables in Appendix B present the NIOSH and OSHA data
for each tetrochloroethylene usage category. Appendix C presents the primary j
exposure data used in Appendix B. Appendix D provides a key to the indivi-
dual plants represented. . ' "
The principal production and usage categories are defined in Section 2.
They include the following major categories:
0 Manufacture of tetrachloroethylene;
0 Dry cleaning (51 percent of domestic consumption);
Production of chlorofluorocarbons (26 percent of domestic consump-
tion); and
0 Metal degreasing (15 percent of domestic consumption).
A large number of minor categories account for the remaining 8 percent of
consumption.
Table 3-2 summarizes the number of workers, typical personal exposure
levels, and daily body burden attributable to inhalation for each usage cate-
gory. The following notes describe the method used to prepare this table.
CALCULATION OF REPRESENTATIVE EXPOSURE LEVELS
Sources of Information
There were two principal sources of information on occupational expo-
sures to.tetrachloroethylene:
A-2
-------
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
reports, whKh included health hazard evaluation reports survey
_, reports, and technical assistance reports. y
( / PEI obtained exposure monitoring data from 115 OSHA reports and~72~NIOSH""
\reports.
The OSHA inspection sumna>^portsrwhich^ere-lh-the'forFof computer
printouts, contained the following pertinent information for each exposure
measurement:
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code;
0 Job title;
Number of similar exposures; and
0 Exposure value.
OSHA reported the exposure values as representing 8-hour time-weighted aver-
ages (TWAs) in ppm.
LhJLContents_of Jhe NIOSH..riP.gj:ts_were,_not.jtandard.ized. These reports,
having different objectives than the OSHA inspections, tended to focus on
plant operations, controls, and exposure evaluations. Depending on the
objectives of the investigation, the exposure values were reported as 8-hour
TWAs or short-term samples in either ppm or mg/ms. In addition, the number
of exposures similar to those measured was not always reported.
Approach
The general approach for calculating representative exposures consisted
of the following steps:
Arrangement of the exposure data into industry categories;
Conversion of exposure values into similar units;
Handling of exposure values reported as "not detected";
Calculation of TWAs for the NIOSH exposure data;
at^ach^antf an aV6ra9e exp°sure Va1ue for each industry category
A-3
-------
Calculation of an average exposure value for each industry cate-
gory; and
Calculation of the daily burden due to inhalation in each job
category.
Arrangement of the Exposure Data Into Usage Categories--
The available personal exposure data from the OSHA and NIOSH reports
were first grouped into 22 industry categories:
0 Manufacturing of tetrachloroethylene
0 Dry cleaning
Chlorofluorocarbon production
0 Degreasing
0 Solvent reclamation
0 Adhesives
0 Aerosol packing
0 Paint formulation
° Spray painting
0 Chemical intermediate
Plastics
0 Rubber products
Textiles
0 Coolant/lubricant
0 Foundry
0 Printing
Welding
c Electronics
0 Photograhic film
0 General cleaning
0 Laboratory
Not classified
Conversion of Exposure Values Into Similar Units--
The OSHA inspection reports and some NIOSH reports presented exposure
values in ppm, but other NIOSH reports used mg/m3. Values in mg/m3 can be
converted to ppm by the following equation:
ppn, - mg/m3 „ l^ x 760
where:
P = barometric pressure (mm Hg) of air sampled;
T = workplace temperature (°C) of air sampled;
24.45 = molar volume (liter/mole) at 25°C and 760 mm Hg;
MW = molecular weight;
A-4
-------
760 = standard pressure (mm Hg); and
298 - standard temperature (°K).
In the absence of any data to the contrary, it was jssumed__that the_ajjr
samples were collected at standard industrial hygiene temperatures and pres-
C and 760 mm Hg). Using these assumptions, the equation can be
solved for tetrachloroethylene as follows:
i a 24.45 760 (25 + 273)
ppm = .mg/mx -- x x v— -
f ppm = mg/m3 x 0.147
Handling of Expbsifpe-Va-lue-s-Rep'orted as "Not Detected"--
The second problem in calculating averages involved the issue of how to
handle exposure values reported as "not detected." Some value had to be •
substituted for "not detected" in these cases to allow the calculation of
average exposures. There are two ways in which a limit of detection may be
expressed:
0 The limit of detection of the analytical equipment, expressed in mg
per sample; and
0 The limit of detection of the method in measuring concentrations in
the workplace air, expressed in mg/m3 or ppm.
The second of these, the sampling limit of detection, accounts for both the
analytical limit of detection and the sample air volume.
An analytical limit of detection is normally reported in a published
sampling and analytical method. To maximize one's confidence in analyzing
occupational tetrachloroethylene exposure data, it would bejiecessary to
contact the industrial hygienists who made each measurement and verify the
purpose of the investigation, the method used, Us limit of detection, and
"the sample volume. The scope of the present study did not allow for such an
investigation, so assumptions had to be made to allow consistent substitution
of a value for those measurements reported as "not detected."
The specific analytical method used forthe__OSHA measuremen.ts-was_not
provided in the inspection summary reports.' NIOSH recommends the use of
A-5
-------
Jlethod P&CAM 127. which has^an analytical limit of 'detectlor^of n Vmg/sam_7
pie for tetrachloroethylenej The concentration of \etrachToroeti^n~e"~iii" the
~workplace-aTr~cafrbe~caTculated from the laboratory results as follows-
L'U-^";A
j- i/1
mq/m3= Analytical 1/d (mq) x 1000 (liters m*)
air volume sampled (liters)
The method specifies that the maximum recommended sample volume is 25 liters.
Assuming that the maximum sample volume is collected, the sample detection
limit can be calculated as foj_lows_:
PEI used a value equal to approximately one-ha^1_f_of Jhg^ampljng detection
Ijmit. or 0.2 ppm (1.2 mg/m3), for^alculational purposes when the exposure
value was reported as "not" ^^detecte^'"Thi s"c"o7r"e7po^ds' to a measurement
taken at one-half of the recommended maximum sample volume.
Calculation of TWAs for the NIOSH Exposure Data—
To allow averaging, it was also necessary to convert all of the exposure
data into estimated TWAs. These calculations were not required for the OSHA
measurements, which were already reported as TWAs. This was not always the
case_w1thjhe NIOSH data, however. wjnchj^e_^nejijresented only as the
resuUsj)fjhort-terrn sampn'ngjntho^Tlalculation^f^WAr PEI assumed that
tne exposure data collected during sucTsKort-termiampTi7^ reflected the
.worker's entire exposure to tetrachloroethy1ene_. Based upon the NIOSH plant
descriptions, PEI estimated the number of worker hours per day required in
the job relating to each exposure value. If this figure was less than eight
hours, any NIOSH exposure values not already not already reported as TWAs
were adjusted to calculate estimated TWAs as follows:
TWA = Exposure value x hours Per daX
For example, if the reported exposure value was 1000 mg/m3 and the job lasted
four hours per day, the TWA was calculated as follows:
A-6
-------
TWA 1000 mg/m3 x
TWA = 500 mg/m3
This approach assumes that there was no exposure during the remainder of the
workday. It was also used to adjust the 0.2 ppm value representing "not
detected" measurements. For example, if a value of "not detected" was re-
ported for a job category which lasted two hours per day, a value of 0.05 ppm
was used for averaging.
Calculation of Average Exposure Values for Each Industry Category at Each
Plant--
Appendix C presents the exposure data from each plant grouped into the
22 industry categories and converted into TWAs in mg/m3. The next step in
the analysis was to calculate average exposure values for each plant. Vari-
ations in personal exposure data are such that a geometric mean is generally
considered to provide a better representation of typical exposures within a
plant than an arithmetic mean. The calculation methodology can be
illustrated by reference to Table C-l which presents individual TWA exposure
values. The second plant on the table (identified as B013-16200) has two
measurements (30.754 mg/m3 and 14.936 mg/m3) which represent a total of five
exposures in the welding category. The geometric mean exposure at this plant
was calculated as follows:
Geometric mean = (30.754 x 30.754 x 14.936 x 14.936 x 14.936)
Geometric mean = 19.939 mg/m3
The same approach was used to calculate the geometric mean exposures for each
category at all- of the plants represented in the data. Appendix B presents
the results of these calculations.
This approach for calculating average exposure values at each plant was
used for all but four industry categories: manufacture of tetrachloroeth-
ylene, chlorofluorocarbon production, solvent recovery, and aerosol packing.
Because there were neither personal nor area exposure data for these catego-
ries, the OSHA Permissable Exposure Limit (100 ppm) was used to represent
possible worst-case exposure levels found in plants (for comparison, the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists [ACGIH] Threshold
Limit Value is 50 ppm).
A-7
-------
Calculation of Averge Exposures Values for Each Industry—
The next step was to use the geometric mean exposure values for each
plant to calculate averages for each category at all of the plants in each
industry. The exposure values in each plant had been reduced to a single
geometric mean value in the previous step. This allowed each plant to count
equally in the derivation of the final averages, irrespective of the number
of measurements taken (i.e., an unweighted average). Table A-l lists the
number of plants and measurements in each category.
The previous calculation of the geometric mean exposures for each plant
naturally smoothed out many of the differences between plants. There were
still instances, however, in which it appeared that there were large differ-
ences among plants. Both geometric and arithmetic means were therefore
calculated from the individual plant averages. Instances in which there are
still large differences between the final geometric and arithmetic mean
exposure values for the industry imply that there are large differences in
the geometric mean values for each plant.
In addition, geometric and arithmetic means were calculated for the
number of exposures reported for each plant. These data were calculated to
identify the number of workers typically exposed per plant within each job
category. The fact that the NIOSH reports often did not report numbers of
similar exposures for each measurement (as the OSHA reports did) is a source
of potential bias in these results, however.
Calculation of the Daily Burden Due to Inhalation in Each Job Category--
The final step in the analysis of exposures was to calculate the burden
due to inhalation of tetrachloroethylene in each job category. The average
human inhalation rate is 10 m3 per 8 hours (1.25 m3/hour). The amount of a
substance~avaTfabTe"fdrTnhTTaTion daily is calculatecTas fol 1 ows:
mg/day = C x 1.25 m3/hour x h/d
where:
C = airborne concentration in mg/m3; and
h/d = hours/day exposed.
A-8
-------
TABLE A-l. SUMMARY OF NUMBER OF TETRACHLOROETHYLENE MEASUREMENTS
Industry category
Tetrachloroethylene manufacture
Dry cleaning
Chlrofluorocarbon production
Degreasing
Solvent recovery
Adhesives
Aerosol packing
Paint formulation
Spray painting
Chemical intermediate
Plastics
Rubber products
Textiles
Coolant/lubricant
Foundry
Printing
Welding
Electronics
Photographic film
General cleaning
Laboratory
Not classified
Total
Number
of plants
0
76
0
22
0
0
2
1
5
5
7
6
2
3
1
14
1
7
13
4
4
29
202
Number of
measurements
0
330
0
142
0
0
41
7
26
15
64
144
11
21
4
91
5
147
101
42
16
244
1,451
A-9
-------
Since all of the exposure data had been converted to estimated 8-hour TWAs,
the daily burden for tetrachloroethylene in each category was calculated as
follows:
mg/day = C x 10 m3/day
Two levels were calculated for each industry category, one based on the plant
with the highest mean exposure value and one based on the geometric mean of
the mean exposure values for all plants.
Many of the plant inspections conducted by NIOSH and OSHA are initiated
as a result of employee complaints, and in such cases, the plants may not be
representative of typical industry practice. Other inspections, however, may
results from more routine investigations by OSHA or industrywide studies by
NIOSH. In addition, not all of the tetrachloroethylene data examined by PEI
were collected during NIOSH or OSHA investigations focusing on this chemical.
Samples were taken for tetrachloroethylene as part of the larger effort that
was directed primarily at other chemicals in the workplace. In such cases,
the handling of the tetrachloroethylene may not differ from typical industry
practice.
A-10
-------
APPENDIX B
CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
DRY CLEANING.
USE CATEGORr
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRr CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRV CLEANING
DRr CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
TYPE OF PLANT
UCMEN'S OUTERUEAR
GARMENT PRESSING
DRY CLEANING PLANT
BROAD UGVEN FABRIC
DRY CLEANING PLANT
DRY CLEANING PLANT
DRY CLEANING PLANTS
DRY CLEANING PLANT
DRY CLEANING PLANT
DRY CLEWING PLANT
DRY CLEWING PLANT
DRY CLEWING PLANT
INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERERS
DRY CLEWING PLWT
DRY CLEWING PLANT
POUER LAUNDRY
LINEN SUPPLY
POWER LAUNDRY
DRY CLEANING PLANT
INDUSTRIAL LAUNDERER
DRY CLEWING PLANT
POWER LAUNDRY
DRY CLEWING PLANT
DRY CLEWING PLWT
COIN OPERATED LAUNDRY
DRY CLEWING PLANT
LEATHER TANNING
POUER LAUNDRY
DRY CLEWING PLWT
DRY CLEWING PLWT
DRY CLEWING PLANT
CARMEN PRESSING
DRY CLEWING PLWT
DRY CLEWING PLWT
DRY CLEANING PLANT
COIN OPERATED LAUNDRY
DRY CLEWING PLANT
DRY CLEWING PLWT
MEDICAL SYSTEMS
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
NO. OF
EXP.
28
9
4
6
7
2
1
3
3
3
10
12
2
2
1
3
7
3
3
11
2
3
7
7
21
12
4
2
2
2
2
4
8
2
3
4
3
5
1
1 1
1
2
1
2
1
TVIA EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
114.573
431.102
203.896
369.877
287.586
452.679
638.030
231.505
196.881
1934.865
80.782
109.876
582.700
122.202
109.235
708.738
425.357
183.303
97.762
4.403
39.376
195.829
282.957
132.063
607.517
477.705
203.670
73.321
173.120
203.670
104.551
110.024
629.858
478.964
1.202
461 .652
186.698
208.807
74.679
346.271
74.679
42.937
312.294
62.222
454.863
REFERENCE
B1655-14400
B3580-00700
B4162-05400
B6756-51 100
88158-01000
C0494-07300
D7525-05700
FI759-I5200
F1759-15600
F89I5-05600
G2521-05400
G2521-15000
G3295-11400
G6338-12000
G7682-07700
G9994-7^5QO
H1724-05400
H1942-36800
H91 17-20100
K2917-00200
K8492-00100
L0037-09400
L8863-07000
L8863-07500
M0915-03400
M3326-13000
M5382-20400
R3874-00400
R8270-80400
R8270-80800
S0716-05800
S4876-00100
S7938-08IOO
V7066-02600
T7607-04400
V9402-31800
U6661-01000
U7083-24400
79-80, 81-74i
73-86-1 14
71 .54
71 .51
71 .49
71 .48
71 .47
B-2
-------
TABLE B-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
TYPE OF PLANT
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
AR1TH1ET1C MEW
GEOMETRIC MEW
NO. OF
EXP.
1
2
2
2
1
3
6
3
3
4
2
3
2
4
4
7
5
4
2
5
3
13
3
1
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
4
3
TUA EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
32.587
112.460
12.518
86.089
190.092
279.454
63.294
15.529
72.294
21.356
39.645
65.265
573.178
12.891
19.127
31.699
111.867
19.776
122.202
18.543
57.133
15.349
90.132
196.881
68.566
8.479
47.523
34.827
88.257
433.115
53.284
213.391
108.811
REFERENCE
71.46
71.44
71.42
71.40
71.39
71.37
71.36
71.35
71.34
71.33
71.32
71.31
71.30
71 .29
71.28
71.27
71.26
71 .25
71.24
71.23
71.22
71.21
71 .1"
71.18
71 .17
71 .15
71 .14
71.13
71.53
71.50
71 .43
B-3
-------
TABLE B-2. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
DECREASING
USE CATEGORY
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING .
DECREASING
DECREASING
TYPE OF PLANT
METAL STAMPINGS
AIR TRANSPORT
•WATER TRANS. SERVICES
ELECTRIC IND. APPARATUS
COATING & ENGRAVING
SWITCHGEAR
VALVES & PIPE FITTINGS
MOTOR VEHICLE PARTS
FABR. METAL PRODUCTS
SERVICE IND. MACHINES
IRON & STEEL FORCINGS
NON-CURRENT WIRING DEVICES
WATER TRANS. SERVICES
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
STAINLESS STEEL PARTS
URANIUM MINING
MEDICAL SYSTEMS
CLOCKS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIRCRAFT
CUTLERY
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
2
47
5
2
5
2
3
3
4
4
4
2
8
1
9
1
I
2
2
1 I
22
2
6
4
TWrt EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
538.348
1. 835
13.857
115.413
51.480
1.202
1.202
148.503
28.690
41.106
135.780
186.698
1.202
85.949
14.296
23.965
8.011
96.728
2.037
1.202
; 1.376
115.470
74.753
20.202
REFERENCE
B0984-12200
B4I62-05200
C0494-16300
C5828-05700
G6338-05400
KI7I2-00500
L8677-09100
M283I-07500
M9048-36600
P700I-18700
06677-35900
S577I-04800
S7938-I2000
82-280-1407
82-127-1370
82-040-1 1 19
80-71-703
79-80, 81-746
78-56-511
78-18, 19,20
77-63-449
76-9-345
B-4
-------
TABLE B-3. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
AEROSOL PACKING
USE CATEGORY
TYPE OF PLANT
NO. OF
EXP.
TVtt EXP.
WALUE,
MG/M3
REFERENCE
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
SPOT REMOVER
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
ARITJMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
5
36
21
13
70.305
201.375
133.940
119.155
80-201-816
71-25-20
B-5
-------
TABLE B-4. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR
USE IN PAINT FORMULATION
USE CATEGORY
PAINT FORMULATION
TYPE OF PLANT
PAINT t. YARN1SH
ARITtMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
7
7
7
TVtt EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
1.202
1.202
1.202
REFERENCE
P700 1-16200
B-6
-------
TABLE B-5. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
SPRAY PAINTING
USE CATEGORY
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
TYPE OF PLANT
IRON & STEEL FORCINGS
AUTO REPAIR SHOPS
HARDWARE NEC
CONSTRUCTION
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
5
2
9
4
6
5
5
TUA EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
45.004
1.765
8.480
0.049
13.578
13.775
3.396
REFERENCE
B7738-30400
C964I-15900
R2442-12200
80-154-1027
79-22-591
B-7
-------
TABLE B-6. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES
USE CATEGORY
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
INTERMEDIATE
TYPE OF PLANT
SPECIALTY CLEANING
SPECIALTY CLEANING
IND. ORGANIC CHEMICALS
IND. ORGANIC CHEMICALS
SPECIALTY CLEANING
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
2
1
2
4
6
3
2
TWA EXP.
WALUE,
MG/M3
1.202
454.863
4.789
12.220
8.894
96.793
13.217
REFERENCE
E2327- 15200
K9676- 12900
N378 1-05400
S9870-I7000
Y81 16-03300
B-8
-------
TABLE B-7. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN PLASTICS
USE CATEGORY
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
TYPE OF PLANT
BRASSIERES & GIRDLES
MISC. PLASTIC PRODUCTS
I/C ENGINES
PLASTIC MATERIALS
MISC. PLASTIC PRODUCTS
FOAM CUSHIONS
f*WD TOOLS
ARITtMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
4
2
2
23
21
9
3
9
6
TVM EXP.
YALUE,
MG/M3
0.068
122.202
3.938
2.444
1261.328
3.615
107.906
214.300
12. 159
REFERENCE
B3853-19400
F3898-09500
F89I5-04200
K8492-03700
L 1628-30600
78-68-546
76-77
^— ^— Tfsr'=XTTsr:rr'S'i=s=z-T-:
B-9
-------
TABLE B- 8. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
RUBBER PRODUCTS
USE CATEGORY
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
TYPE OF PLANT
FABRICATED RUBBER PRODUCTS
FABR. RUBBER PRODUCTS
FABR. RUBBER PRODUCTS
FABR. RUBBER PRODUCTS
TIRES &, INNER TUBES
BELTS t< RUBBER PRODUCTS
AR1TW1ETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
4
3
122
2
2
II
24
6
TWA EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
38.296
33.945
1.202
114.055
1.202
2.293
31.832
8.882
REFERENCE
G39S9-06900
K7622-00100
S4035-00100
S5771-04700 '
21506-02200
79-96-729
B-10
-------
TABLE B-9. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
TEXTILES
USE CATEGORY
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TYPE OF PLANT
FABRIC FINISHER
DECORATIVE RIBBON
ARITtMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
4
7
6
5
TUW EXP.
YALUE,
MG/M3
21.061
5.024
13.043
10.266
REFERENCE
05771-07800
47.20
B-ll
-------
TABLE B-10 CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
COOLANT/LUBRICANTS
«=»==^— -• "-
USE CATEGORY
COOLANT/LUBRICANT
COOLANT/LUBRICANT
COOLANT/LUBRICANT
TYPE OF PLANT
MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
MECH. POWER TRAM. EOPT .
NON-ELECTRICAL MACHINERY
ARITtMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
3
A
14
7
6
TVM EXP.
UALUE,
MG/M3
39.892
64.510
1.202
42.333
16.066
REFERENCE
B1705-18500
G7482-12IOO
M7343-00<400
B-12
-------
TABLE B-ll. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN A
FOUNDRY
USE CATEGORY
FOUNDRY
TYPE OF PLANT
ALUMINUM FOUNDRY
ARITtMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
4
4
4
TWA EXP.
YWLUE,
MG/M3 REFERENCE
0.616 79-9-615
0.616
0.616
B-13
-------
TABLE B-12. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE
IN PRINTING
USE CATEGORY
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
TYPE OF PLANT
ENVELOPES
COMMERCIAL PRINTING
COMMERCIAL PRINTING
DEPARTMENT STORE
GOVERNMENT
BOOK PUBLISHING
LABEL MANUFACTURING
LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
STATIONERY
GOVERNMENT
MICROFILM
LABELS
PRINT SHOP
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
4
4
6
to
13
8
2
2
7
2
11
7
2
7
6
3
TVM EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
126.066
1.202
1.202
1.202
1.792
12.504
131.819
25.623
47.853
0.847
37.735
51.758
48.929
11.743
35.734
11.551
REFERENCE
F8915-03300
H1076-26000
H1076-26200
10154-26800
KB492-03800
83-425-1500
83-266-1391
81-310-1039
81-105-831
80-18-691
79-7
78-77-659
77-84-450
76-9
B-14
-------
TABLE B-13. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE
IN WELDING
"- u~
USE CATEGORY
WELDING
""
TYPE OF PLANT
AIRCRAFT PARTS
ARlTmmC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
5
3
3
TVW EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3 REFERENCE
19.93? B0813-14200
19.939
19.939
B-15
-------
TABLE B-14 CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE
IN ELECTRONICS
«=*====«= — ="
USE CATEGORY
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
"=•"*"-
TYPE OF PLANT
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTORS
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
SEMICONDUCTORS
SEMICONDUCTORS
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
ARITmmC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
7
22
1
2
7
4
104
21
7
TVW EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
36.047
1.202
73.321
1.202
19.486
1.202
8.131
20.399
6.939
REFERENCE
B1705-I0400
F8972-06400
K932I-13400
SI741-06100
V8116-02400
VB116-03700
77-38-504
B-16
-------
TABLE B-15. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE
IN PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
USE CATEGORY
TYPE OF PLANT
TWA E>P.
NO. OF VALUE,
EXP. MG/M3
REFERENCE
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
5
6
3
9
14
IS
15
4
12
3
4
2
9
8
6
28.285
148.010
17.848
12.347
143.600
40.208
420.563
23. 105
89.255
84.295
6.733
205.013
127.934
103.630
37.112
79-42-685A
79-42-685B
79-42-685C
79-42-6850
79-42-685E
79-42-685F
79-42-6850
79-42-685H
79-42-6851
79-42-685J
79-42-685K
79-42-685L
79-42-685M
B-17
-------
TABLE B-16. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE
IN GENERAL CLEANING
USE CATEGORY
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANIN3
TYPE OF PLANT
AIR TRANSPORT
AIR FILTERS
ELECTRIC UTILITY
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
ARIThtirriC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
25
4
2
II
II
7
TV* EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
24.972
80.300
8.865
50.364
41.625
31.359
REFERENCE
B4 162-03800
81-409-1290
77-7A, 7B-486
72-35-34
B-18
-------
TABLE B-17. CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR USE IN
A LABORATORY
USE CATEGORY
LABORATORY
LABORATORY
LABORATORY
LABORATORY
TYPE OF PLANT
COH1ER1CAL TEST LAB
COMMERCIAL TEST LAB
COAL TESTING
URANIUM MINING
AR1TW1ETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
10
3
2
1
4
3
TV* EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
54.445
1.202
832.834
1.202
222.471
16.011
REFERENCE
M8484-07300
W7752-00900
80-109-110
80-71-703
B-19
-------
TABLE B-18 CALCULATED MEAN TWA EXPOSURE VALUES FOR NOT
CLASSIFIED USES.
USE CATEGORY
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
TYPE OF PLANT
BOLTS, NUTS, SCREWS
METAL HEAT TREATING ~ ' -
AUTO SUPPLY STORE
LIGHTING EQUIPMENT
AIRCRAFT
HATS I CAPS
HOUSEHOLD COOKING EQPT.
COMMERCIAL MACHINERY
PAINT & VARNISH
CHEMICALS
IRON t. STEEL FORCINGS
HEATING EQUIPMENT
PRINTING MACHINERY
REFUSE SYSTEMS
CONVERTED PAPER
PADDING »< UPHOLST. FILLING
ELECTROPLATING
U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
TELEPHONE APPARATUS
OIL FIELD MACHINERY
RAILROAD EQUIPMENT
OIL FIELD MACHINERY
VALVES t, PIPE FITTINGS
ELECTRIC LIGHT FIXTURES
U.S. POSTAL SERVICE
LABOR UNION
SEWGE TREATMENT
URANIUM MINING
TAXIDERMY
ARITHMETIC MEAN
GEOMETRIC MEAN
NO. OF
EXP.
3
14
6
3
1
8
2
IS
3
2
2
4
2
IS
2
35
3
2
13
1
3
2
4
20
57
7
2
2
9
8
5
TIW EXP.
VALUE,
MG/M3
1082.642
66.532
1141.910
99.076
. 29.804
321.771
89.479
9.701
65.908
6.799
224.037
2.418
536.331
.202
1.202
163.947
40.734
33.945
209.300
40.734
1.202
1500.369
.202
.202
.202
.202
.202
547.237
10.542
214.925
27.645
REFERENCE
A6053- 1 1200
BI705-1I500
67096-06200
B7096-09400
'C2093-18400
C3877-03500
D7525-03600
E2327-09500
E2327-I0400
G2521-I5100
G3959-07800
G732I-23200
G9307-40800
H3350- 12800
H4551-27000
H5714-I7200
K9676-I2IOO
L6410-01700
M283I-05IOO
M60I3-I1IOO
M6013-13IOO
M7343-OI200
PI 176-06400
P6513-03000
S9837- 12800
M466I-OI900
81-207-945
80-71-703
78-95-596
B-20
-------
APPENDIX C
INDIVIDUAL TWA EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS
C-l
-------
TABLE C-l. INDIVIDUAL TWA EXPOSURE VALUES (NIOSH)
USC CATEGORY
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DE6REASIN6
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
CENTRAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
PRINTING
PRINTING
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
TYPE OF PLANT
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
BOOK PUBLISHING
LABEL MANUFACTURING
LABEL MANUFACTURING
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACULM SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACULH SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
VACULH SWEEPERS
VACUIH SWEEPERS
VACUUM SWEEPERS
STAINLESS STEEL PARTS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
AIR FILTERS
LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING
LITHOGRAPHIC PRINTING
SEHAGE TREATMENT
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
PRESSURE SENSITIVE LABELS
SPOT RENOVER
SPOT REMOVER
SPOT REMOVER
SPOT REMOVER
SPOT REMOVER
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION
JOB DESCRIPTION
SUPERVISOR
PRESS OPERATOR
MSTE-UP
CAMERA PLATENAK1NG
SILK SCREENING
SUPERVISOR
PRESS OPERATOR
SILK SCREENING
PLATEHAKER
PLATEHAKER
DECREASER OPERATOR
PACE LINE
RACKER
CROUP LEADER
PAINT STRIPPER
RACKER
RACKER
SPRAY PAINTER
PAINT MIXER
SPRAY PAINTER
ELECTRO-POLISH OPERATOR
ASSEMBLER
CLEAN-UP AND TRIM
GASKET AW CLEAN-UP
CLEAN-UP
PLATEMAKER
PLATEHAKER
SEMER WORKER
SEMER WORKER
PRESSMAN
PRESSWN
PRESSMAN
PRESSMAN
PIESShAN
PRESSMAN
LAYOUT/PLATEMAKER
VALVE PLACER
BUTTON TIPPER
FILLER
GAS HOUSE
BUTTON TIPPER
SPRAYER
THHLER
TROWLER
ASSISTANT SPRAYER
HOURS TMA EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE,
DAY EXP. M6/W3
B.O 1 23.945
8.0
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.8
8.0
104.791
8.011
9.980
N/D
2.987
47.930
14.973
88.257
194.881
85.949
4.413
49.899
10.184
11.202
36.932
43.270
6.824
7.943
7.943
23.945
85.541
145.944
57.707
57.707
21.928
29.939
H/D
N/D
47.523
47.523
40.734
47.523
47.523
40.734
47.890
57.707
74.479
44.494
108.424
57.707
i.272
e.t07
1.475
0.007
REFERENCE
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-425-1500
83-244-13'!
83-244-1391
82-260-1407
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
B2-I27-I370
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
82-127-1370
82-040-1119
81-409-1290
81-409-1290
81-409-1290
81-409-1290
81-310-1039
81-310-1039
81-207-945
81-207-945
81-105-831
81-105-831
81-105-831
81-105-831
81-105-831
81-105-831
81-105-831
80-201-614
80-201-814
80-201-614
80-201-814
M-201-816
80-154-1027
BO-I54-I027
80-154-1027
Bt-154-1027
C-2
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
LABORATORY
LABORATORY
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
LABORATORY
DE6REASIN6
PRINTING
PRINT ING
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
RUBBER PRODUCTS
DRY CUMINS
DECREASING
DECREASING
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
gs^nEsx^a^^^s^^s^B^BSBC
TYPE OF PIAWT
COAL TESTING
COAL TESTING
URANIUM MINING
URANIUM MINING
URANIUM MINING
URANIUM MINING
STATIONERY
STATIONERY
BELTS t. RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS & RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS t RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS & RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS I RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS * RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS & RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS t RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS I RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS h RUBBER PRODUCTS
BELTS t RUBBER PRODUCTS
MEDICAL SYSTEMS
MEDICAL SYSTEMS
MEDICAL SYSTEMS
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCT ION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
HOURS
PER NO. (
J08 DESCRIPTION DAY EXP
TECHNICIAN 8.0 1
ASSISTANT TECHNICIAN 8.0
ELECTRICIAN 4.0
ELECTRICIAN 4.0
LAB TECHNICIAN B.O
MECHANIC 8.0
PLATEROOM 8.0
PLATEROOM 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
BUILDER 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
TANK LINING 8.0
STOCK CUTTER 8.0
DRY CLEANING 6.0
DE6REASER 8.0
DEGREASER 8.0
CAMERAMAN 6.0
FILM CLEANER 0-0
CAMERAMAN 6.0
CAMERAMAN 6.0
CAMERAMAN 6.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 9.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN B.O
CAMERAMAN 8.0
FILM CLEANER B.O
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN B.O
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
CAMERAMAN 8.0
MCRAHAN 8.0
FILM CLEANER 8.0
IMA EXP.
If VALUE,
M6/M3
1011.541
485.489
92.330
3243.445
N/0
8 Oil
0.597
N/D
0.479
N/D
N/D
H/D
4.789
N/D
27.154
20.347
N/D
N/D
N/D
74.479
47.523
194.861
82.147
8.490
44.774
11.202
t 48.404
1 91.040
1 97.015
1 183.09?
1 44.394
1 293.013
1 334.155
2.783
54.552
34.117
8.07?
17.448
24.237
21.044
24.952
5.904
14.393
12.947
3.123
[--• • m^r^ifrfm^ffmm ^j
REFERENCE
80-109-110
80-109-110
80-71-703
BO-71-703
80-71-703
80-71-703
80-18-491
80-18-4?!
79-94-729
79-?4-729
79-94-72'
79-?4-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-94-729
79-80, 61-746
79-80, 81-746
79-80, 81-746
79-42-485A
79-42-4854
79-42-485A
79-42-485A
79-42-485A
79-42-4856
79-42-6856
79-42-4856
79-42-6856
79-42-485B
79-42-685B
79-42-485C
79-42-485C
79-42-485C
79-42-4B5D
79-42-4850
79-42-485D
79-42-4850
79-42-4850
79-42-485D
79-42-485D
79-42-4B5D
79-42-4850
cms
C-3
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USC CATEGORY
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
TYPE OF PLANT
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
. FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
JOB DESCRIPTION
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
PRINTER
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERATWN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
HOURS TIM EXP.
PCR NO. OF UU.UE,
DAY EXP. KG/H3
B.O 327.705
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
B.O
8.0
B.O
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
0.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
445.590
92.398
187.648
107.877
91.584
88.16?
45.853
52.615
150. 308
149.589
143.140
149.901
318.472
38.901
21.725
45.464
41.209
59.475
49.017
50.103
52.072
22.132
38.833
59.879
38.494
35.303
43.110
3i.6«:>
485.889
386.430
1593.378
405.447
725.680
877.342
877.544
101.068
83.844
785.423
427.507
320.373
163.439
451.061
203.059
14.341
REFERENCE
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485f
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485C
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485E
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-465F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-465F
79-42-485F
79-42-485F
79-42-465F
79-42-46!?
?r--2-685F
7M2-485G
79-42-4850
79-42-4856
79-42-4856
79-42-465C
79-42-4650
79-42-485G
79-42-4850
79-42-4650
79-42-4850
79-42-6856
79-42-485G
79-42-465G
79-42-485G
79-42-4850
79-42-465K
C-4
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FIL^
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
SPRAY PAINTING
FOUNDRY
FOUNDRY
FOINDRY
FOINDRY
PRINTING
PRINTING
TYPE OF PUWT
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
FILM PRODUCTION
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
AUTOMOBILE DASHBOARDS
ALUMINUM FOUNDRY
ALUMINUM FOUNDRY
ALUMINUM FOUNDRY
ALUMINUM FOUNDRY
60VERM1EHT
60VERWENT
JOS DESCRIPTION
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
FILM CLEANER
CAMEROON
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CWERAHAN
CAMERAMAN
CAMERAMAN
FILM CLEANER
CAMERAhW
FILM CLEANER
SPRAY BOOTH
SPRAY BOOTH
SPRAY BOOTH
SPRAY BOOTH
SPRAY BOOTH
SPRAY BOOTH
CASTING REPAIR
HOT BOX CORES
CORE PAINTER
CASTING REPAIR
CHIEF
DAVIDSON
HOURS TUA EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE.
DAY EXP. NS/H3
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
IB. 05V
31.56?
30. SSI
57.143
56.009
206.793
217,791
249.496
40.123
140,736
109.646
152.209
33.266
74,863
30.211
54.719
?1.923
119.079
6.110
38.697
3.123
2.783
140.193
299.802
1602.340
249.088
93.145
470.749
636.401
659.280
13.762
5.499
16.497
13.578
13.578
13.578
13.576
13.578
13.578
0.543
0.407
H/D
0.543
18.941
40.938
REFERENCE
79-42-685H
79-42-685H
79-42-685H
79-42-6851
79-42-68::
79-42-6851
79-42-685!
79-42-685!
79-42-6851
79-42-6651
79-42-6851
79-42-6951
79-42-685!
79-42-6651
79-42-6851
79-42-685J
79-42-685J
7M2-685J
79-42-685K
79-42-685K
79-42-685K
79-42-685K
79-42-685L
79-42-6851
79-42-685?-.
79-42-685M
79-42-665*
79-42-685K
79-42-665'
79-42-689-.
79-42-685)*
79-42-6831
79-42-685K
79-22-5'!
79-22-591
79-22-591
79-22-5'!
79-22-591
79-22-5'!
79-9-615
79-9-615
79-9-615
79-9-615
79-7
79-7
C-5
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEHRY
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
.NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
NOT CLASSIFIED
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PIASTICS
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
PIASTICS
PIASTICS
DECEASING
DECREASING
DE6REASING
D£ GREASING
DE6REAS1N6
DESREASING
OE6REASING
DESREASING
K6REASING
DESREASING
TYPE OF PLANT
60VERW1ENT
60KIW1ENT
6CWIN1ENT
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
GOVEIM1ENT
60VEIN1ENT
GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
TAXIDERMY
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
MICROFILM
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOAM CUSHIONS
FOOT CUSHIONS
CLOCKS
CLOCKS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CWOITKNER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
JOB DESCRIPTION
HULTILITH
CHIEF
MULTILITH
CHIEF
MULTILITH
CHIEF
KULTILITH
• DAVIDSON
CHIEF
HEAD FINISHING
HEAD FINISHING
CLEANER
HEAD FINISHING
HEAD FINISHING
CLEANER
CLEANER
HEAD FINISHING
HEAD FINISHING
PLATEMAKER
FILM PROCESS
MAT PREP.
MAT PREP.
MULTILITH
MULTILITH
HULTILITH
CWERMAN
MOLD CLEANER
MOLD CLEANER
6LUER
CGhPOUNDER
JANITOR
KAXER
HI REMAN
KAXER
STOCK BOY
POWER PRESS OPERATOR
ASSEMBLY
LOADING DEGREASER
UNLOADING DEGREASER
CORE CHARGING
INSPECTION
INSPECTION
INSPECTION
HEAVY TRUCK LINE
HOURS TMA EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE,
DAY EXP. H&/N3
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
.0
.0
.0
• 0
t Q
.0
.0
.0
.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
54.923
46.872
21.929
32.92?
21.929
17.991
237.415
31.909
35.914
N/D
N/D
95.682
N/0
N/D
192.85?
127.871
62.391
83.844
20.347
2(1.367
61.101
47.690
81.469
74.679
95.044
4.617
6.382
2.376
2.105
2.376
8.011
7.807
4.006
N/D
2.037
2.037
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
N/D
REFERENCE
79-7
79-7
79-7
7f-7
79-7
79-7
79-7
79-7
79-7
79-95-596
78-95-596
78-95-596
76-95-594
78-95-596
76-95-596
78-95-596
78-95-596
78-95-594
78-77-659
76-77-659
76-77-659
78-77-659
78-77-65?
78-77-659
78-77-659
78-48-544
78-68-546
78-68-546
78-68-546
76-68-546
78-68-546
78-68-546
78-68-546
78-68-546
78-56-511
78-54-511
78-18,19,20
78-18,19,70
78-18,19,20
76-18, 19, ?0
78-18,19,20
78-18,19,20
76-16,19,20
Tt-18,19,20
C-6
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USC CATEGORY
DECREASING
Of GREASING
DECREASING
PRINTING
PRINTING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DE6REASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
KGREAS1NG
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECREASING
DECEASING
DECREASING
ELECTRONICS
aECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
aECTRomcs
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRON CS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ElECTRONICS
TYPE OF PLANT
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
AIR CONDITIONER COMPONENTS
LABELS
LABELS
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
AIRCRAFT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
JOB DESCRIPTION
CONDENSER LINE
FIN H4CHIN!
LEAK CHECK
PLATEmKER
PLATEHAKER
DOMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL MILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL MILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILl OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
CHEMICAL HILL OPERATOR
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
HINIATURI2ED TRLNKS
FERROD SENSORS
FERROD SENSORS
FERROD SWITCHES
CIRCUIT PACK HF6.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
HOLDING
HOLDING
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
CIRCUIT PACK MF6.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
SWITCHING SYSTEMS
HOURS
PER
DAY
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
e.o
8.0
B.O
e.o
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
B.O
6.0
B.O
NO. OF
EXP.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
DM EXP.
UUUE,
HG/H3
N/D
N/D
K/0
27.747
64.220
14.973
12.899
14.973
17.451
19.009
I9.4BB
8.147
4.110
25.119
27.635
25.11?
4.110
16. 294
17.451
10.842
U.973
10.184
19.466
14.294
14.294
0.479
0.479
5.024
9.9BO
9.980
9.980
4.W3
13.985
18.941
1.949
1.949
11.949
17.991
1.949
2.987
73.820
32.927
74.883
4.004
4.993
REFERENCE
78-18,19,20
78-18,19,20
78-18,19,20
77-84-450
77-84-450
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-44?
77-43-44?
77-43-44?
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-449
77-43-44'
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-39-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-3B-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
C-7
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
aECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
aECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
aECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRIMCS
ELECTRONICS
aECTRQNICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS •
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
TYPE OF PLANT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EOUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCKING EOUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EOUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SM1TCH1NS EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SM1TCH1NG EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCKING EQUIPMENT
JOB DESCRIPTION
CAST MIRED EQPT,
CAST NIRED EQPT,
SMITCHING SYSTEMS
SMITCHING SYSTEMS
SMITCHING SYSTEMS
SMI1CHING SYSTEMS
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
SMITCHING SYSTEMS
SM1TCHING SYSTEMS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
FERROD SENIORS
FERROD SENSORS
FERROD SENSORS
FERROD 'SENSORS
PLUG-IN TRUNKS
PLUG-IN TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
HINITURIZED TRUNKS
MINITURIZEO TRUNKS
UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT OPERATIONS
CAST NIRED EBPT.
CAST Ml RED EBPT,
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
HOURS IMA EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE,
DAY EXP. MG/413
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8,0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
1.969
2.987
2.987
5.024
1.969
4,006
20.978
38.958
11.949
15.004
19.960
55,673
1.969
4.006
5.974
9,960
5.974
8,961
16.973
20.978
6.993
8,961
5.024
5.974
11.949
10.998
8.011
10.998
18.941
47.930
39.919
18.941
72.846
1.969
2.987
2.987
4.006
1.969
2.987
15.954
15.004
31.908
50.918
8.961
8.011
REFERENCE
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-3B-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
C-8
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRON CS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRON CS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRON CS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRCNICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
GENERAL CLEANING
6ENERAL CLEANING
PLASTICS
PLASTICS
TYPE OF PLAVT
OFFICE 3NITCHIN8 EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EOUIPMENT
OFFICE SMITCHINE EQUIPMENT-
OFFICE WITCHING EWIBIENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EMINENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EOU1PHENT
OFFICE WITCHING EBUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EWIWENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
OFFICE WITCHING EQUIPMENT
ELECTRIC UTILITY
ELECTRIC UTILITY
HAND TOOLS
HAND TOOLS
JOB DESCRIPTION
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MOLDING
HOLDING
WITCHING SYSTEMS
WITCHING SYSTEMS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MOLDING
MOLDING
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
FERROD SENSORS
FERROD SENSORS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
MINIATURIZED TRUNKS
BACKPLANE CONNECTORS
BACKPLANE CONNECTORS
ESS APPARATUS
ESS APPARATUS
MEM REPRESENTATIVE
UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT OPERATIONS
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK MFG.
CIRCUIT PACK NF6.
FERROD SENSORS
FERROO SENSORS
PLUG-IN TRUNKS
PLUS- IN TRUNKS
UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT OPERATIONS
UNIT OPERATIONS
MINISTURI2ED TRUNKS
MINISTURIZED TRUNKS
LINEMAN
LINEMAN
STAMP MACHINE
STAMP MACHINE
HOURS 1HA EXP.
PER NO. Of VALUE,
DAY EXP. M6/N3
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
e.o
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8,0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
18.941
23.945
34.943
78.820
1.0 IB
1.018
2.987
8.011
4.004
4.993
5.024
4.006
1.016
1.018
13.985
28.921
9.960
8.011
10.998
9.980
40.738
28.921
5.974
5.024
1.949
5.431
5.024
10.990
8.011
14.973
5.974
8.011
5.024
4.993
4.006
5.024
4.004
5.024
5.974
5.974
4.006
39.919
1.949
B.O I 94.811
8.0 1 82.824
REFERENCE
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-3B-504
77-38-504
77-38-504
77-36-504
77-38-504
77-7A, 7B-484
77-7A, 7B-48i
74-7?
74-77
C-9
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USC CATEGORY
PLASTICS
DE6REAS1N6
DE6REASING
PRINTING
PRISTINE
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
PRINTING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
GENERAL CLEANING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
TYPE Of PLANT
HAND TOOLS
CUTLERY
CUTLERY
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
PRINT SHOP
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AUTOMOBILE BRAKES
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
JOB DESCRIPTION
STAMP MACHINE
BLADE DECREASING
BLADE DECREASING
PRINTER
PRINTER
PRINTER
PRINTER
PRINTER
PRINTER
PRINTER
MARKER
MARKER
MARKER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
CLEANING FILTER
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
V1SITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
VISITROL OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
FILLER OPERATOR
VALVE DROPPER
IMLVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
HOURS TIM EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE,
DAY EXP. H6/M3
B.O
B.O
B.O
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
B.O
6.0
B.O
B.O
B.O
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
0.5
8.0
B.O
8.0
6.0
6.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
154.490
103.604
128.443
21.725
10.842
12.220
14.257
12.220
4.752
12.899
67.890
257.982
196. 88 1
1140.919
902.937
841.834
454.843
373.395
384.973
257.902
144.331
109.778
109.778
169.417
159.477
139.718
9.980
9.980
29.939
9.980
349.294
9.980
707.414
924.020
SB0.440
128.312
410.331
448.441
443.597
554.019
540.771
399.872
103.872
441.285
1012.919
REFERENCE
74-77
74-9-345
74-9-345
74-9
74-9
74-9
74-9
74-9
74-9
74-9
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84- 114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
73-84-114
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
77-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
72-35-34
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
C-10
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
AEROSOL PACKING
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
TEXTILES
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
TYPE OF PLANT
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL. PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
. AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
AEROSOL PRODUCTS
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DECORATIVE RIBBON
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
JOB DESCRIPTION
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
UALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
VALVE DROPPER
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
GASSER OPERATOR
CDWEYOR LINE
CONVEYOR LINE
CONVEYOR LINE
CONVEYOR LINE
CONVEYOR LINE
CONVEYOR LINE
HARPING
HARPING
COATING
COATING
DYEING
CONVERTING
DYEING
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
DRY. CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
HOURS THA EXP.
PER NO. OF VALUE,
DAY EXP. H6/M3
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
312.294
427.026
140.220
172.441
114.771
118.129
191.450
184.441
357.101
940.444
299.395
413.724
120.145
48B.I29
109.962
118.129
197.540
15.415
34.441
14.973
21.044
8.624
54.991
5.024
5.024
5.024
5.024
5.024
5.024
5074
. vtl
74.479
27.154
47 R9I1
Or . 0/U
312.294
47.523
81 44R
O 1 . 100
454.843
32.567
445.322
19.009
230.824
0.479
142.934
45.484
190.092
REFERENCE
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-20
71-25-25
47 tt\
*(' . iU
47.20
47.20
47.20
47.20
47.20
71 S4
1 1 . j"t
71.51
71 SI
/ 1 . 31
71.49
71.49
71.48
71.47
71.44
71.44
71 6&
1 1 . it
71.42
71 47
' 1 .1*
71 4fl
/ 1 . in
7i in
/ 1 . !U
71.39
C-ll
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
DRY CLEWING
TYPE OF PLANT
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
JOB DESCRIPTION
DRY CLEWER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
SEAMSTRESS
DRY CLEWER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
PRESSER
FRONT COUNTER
HELPER
INSPECTOR
DRY CLEWER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
PRESSER
DRY CLEWER/SPOTTER
SEAMSTRESS
SHIRT FINISHER
DRY CLEANER
LALNDRESS
LALNDRY PRESSER
DRY CLEWING PRESSER
DRY CLEWER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
DRY CLEWER
PRESSER
SEAMSTRESS
DRY CLEWER
SPOTTER
DRY CLEWER
PRESSER
PRESSER
SEAMSTRESS
DRY CLEWER
PRESSER
IRONER
LALNDRY UORKER
DRY CLEWER
DRY CLEWER
PRESSER
PRESSER
COLKTER UORKER
HELPER
ASSISTANT IWWGER
DRY CLEWER
PRESSER
PRESSER
COLNTER UORKER
HOURS TUfl EXP.
PER NO. OF UALUE,
DAY EXP. MG/N3
B.O 1 441.285
8.0 1 251.193
8.0 1 196.881
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.D
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
128.991
19.009
42.459
88.257
81.418
S8.385
59.743
5.431
11.541
154.147
50.918
47.523
135.780
11.541
10.662
12.220
74.479
21.046
115.413
45.466
52.954
1792. 2'6
183.303
88.257
4.769
6.76'
4.789
47.523
4.789
20.367
20.367
41.101
142.549
27.156
27.154
27.156
4.769
27.154
393.742
8.0 1 95.044
8.0 1 115.413
6.0 1 J4.312
REFERENCE
71.3?
71.37
71.37
71.34
71.36
71.34
71.34
71.34
71.34
71.35
71.35
71.35
71.34
71.34
71.34
71.33
71.33
71.33
71.33
71.32
71.32
71.31
71.31
71.31
71.30
71.30
71.29
71.29
71.2'
71.29
71.28
71.28
71.26
71.28
71.27
71.27
71.27
71.27
71.27
71.27
71.27
71.24
71.24
71.24
71.24
C-12
-------
TABLE C-l (continued)
USE CATEGORY
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DOT CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
DRY CLEANING
TYPE Of PLANT
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
JOB DESCRIPTION
CO-B4NER
DRY CLEANER
PRESSER
WINTER PERSON
COWER PERSON
DRY CLEANER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER
PRESSER
PRESSER
PRESSER
SEAMSTRESS
DRY CLEANER
MANAGER
(MNER
DRY CLEANER
SHIRT PRESSER
PRESSER
PRESSER
FLAT IRIX WORKER
FLAT I RIM WORKER
COIKTER PERSON
COIWTER PERSON
SEAMSTRESS
WRAPPER
MANAGER
LAWDRY MORKER
LAIHDRY WORKER
DRY CLEANER
PRESSER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
SEAMSTRESS
SEAMSTRESS
PRESSER
PRESSER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
HELPER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER
DRY CLEANER/SPOTTER
PRESSER
HOURS
PER
DAY
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
e.o
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
C.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
e.o
8.0
8.0
B.O
8.0
B.O
8.0
8.0
B.O
NO. OF
EXP.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TMAEXP.
UU.UE,
MS/713
74.479
81.448
4.789
13.578
20.347
244.404
41.101
257.982
13.578
6.78?
13.578
4.7B9
1011. 541
4.7B9
27.154
95.044
4.789
40.734
33.945
4.789
4.789
13.578
27.154
20.347
4.789
27.154
4.789
4.789
441.285
40.734
40.734
194.881
115.413
40.734
4.073
17.451
47.523
101.835
20.347
20.347
88.257
373.395
502.384
tt.044
W.872
REFERENCE
71.24
71.25
71.25
71.25
71.25
71.24
71.24
71.23
71.23
71.23
71.23
71.23
71.22
71.2?
71.22
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.21
71.19
71.19
71.19
71.18
71.17
71. 1?
71.15
71. 15
71.14
71.13
71.13
71.13
71.53
71.50
71.50
71.43
71.43
C-13
-------
APPENDIX D
KEY TO NIOSH REPORTS
D-l
-------
APPENDIX D
KEY TO NIOSH AND OSHA DATA
This appendix provides a key to the NIOSH and OSHA exposure data listed
in Appendices B and C. Table D-l identifies the NIOSH reports by the NIOSH
report number. Table D-2 identifies the plants at which OSHA's measurements
were taken. These data were taken from an OSHA inspection summary report
obtained by EPA on March 30, 1985. They are identified in Table D-2 by the
CSHO number (e.g., A6053) and report number (e.g., 11200).
D-2
-------
TABLE D-l. KEY TO NIOSH REPORTS
47.20 3M Company, Fairmont, Minnesota. Survey of 3M Company,
Fairmont Plant. No. 47.20. January 1975.
71.13 Lux Dry Cleaners, Menlo Park, California. Industrial Hy-
giene Report No. 71.13. Perchloroethylene. February
1979.
71.14 Ruby's Cleaners, Hayward, California. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.14. Perchloroethylene. March 1979.
71.15 Ideal Cleaners, Oakland, California. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.15. Perchloroethylene. March 1979.
71.17 White Oak Drive-In Cleaners, San Carlos, California.
Industrial Hygiene Report No. 71.17. Perchloroethylene.
March 1979.
71.18 Broadway Cleaners, Redwood City, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.18. Perchloroethylene. March
1979.
71.19 Lockwood Cleaners, Oakland, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.19. Perchloroethylene. February
1979.
71.21 'Sterling Cleaners and Laundry, Burlingame, California.
Industrial Hygiene Report No. 71.21. Perchloroethylene.
March 1979.
71.22 G.F. Thomas Cleaners, San Francisco, California. Indus-
trial Hygiene Report No. 71.22. Perchloroethylene.
April 1979.
71.23 Esrik Cleaners, San Francisco, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.23. Perchloroethylene. April
1979.
71-24 Top Hat Cleaners, San Mateo, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.24. Perchloroethylene. April
1979.
(continued)
D-3
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
71.25 Mills Park Cleaners, San Bruno, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.26. Perchloroethylene. April
1979.
71.26 Golden State Cleaners, San Fancisco, California. Indus-
trial Hygiene Report No. 71.26. Perchloroethylene.
April 1979.
71-27 Colonial Cleaners, San Francisco, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.27. Perchloroethylene. April
1979.
71-28 Peninsula French Cleaners, Burlingame, California.
Industrial Hygiene Report No. 71.28. Perchloroethylene.
April 1979.
71.29 Roy's Cleaners, Redwood City, California. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.29. Perchloroethylene. April
1979.
71.30 Blue Ribbon Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial
Hygiene Survey Report No. 71.30. Perchloroethylene.
June 1980.
71.31 Pine Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial Hygiene
Survey Report No. 71.31. Tetrachloroethylene. July
1980.
71.32 Roy Court Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial Hy-
giene Survey Report. No. 71.32. June 1980.
71.33 Sander's Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Walk Through
Survey Report No. 71.33. May 1980.
71-34 DuBarry Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.34. Perchloroethylene. July 1980.
71-35 Upper Mack Cleaners, Detroit, Mighigan. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.35. Perchloroethylene. July 1980.
71.36 Janet Davis Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.36. Perchloroethylene. July 1980.
71.37 Janet Davis Cleaners, Detroit, Michigan. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.37. Perchloroethylene. July 1980.
(continued)
D-4
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
71.39 Gold Medal Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.39. Perchloroethylene. August
1980.
71.40 B&B Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.40. Perchloroethylene. September 1980.
71.42 Downtown Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.42. Perchloroethylene. November 1980.
71.43 Fernwood Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.43. Perchloroethylene. December 5, 1980.
71.44 Monitor Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.44. Perchloroethylene. September 1980.
71.46 Morton Drive-In Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.46. Perchloroethylene. December
1980.
71.47 Exclusive Cleaners, Chicago, Illinois. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.47. Perchloroethylene. November 1980.
71.48 Carnation One-Hour Cleaners, Bronx, New York. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.48. Perchloroethylene. December
1980.
71.49 Marvel Cleaners, New York, New York. Industrial Hygiene
Report No. 71.49. Perchloroethylene. December 1980.
71.50 Ernest Winzer Company, New York, New York. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.50. Perchloroethylene. December
5, 1980.
71.51 Happy Cleaner Man Cleaners, New York, New York. Indus-
trial Hygiene Report No. 71.51. Perchloroethylene.
December 1980.
71.53 Dapper Dan Cleaners, Flushing, New York. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.53. Perchloroethylene. December 5
1980.
71.54 Cambridge Dry Cleaners, New York, New York. Industrial
Hygiene Report No. 71.54. Perchloroethylene. January
1981.
71-25-20 Aerosol Techniques, Inc., Danville, Illinois. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 71-25-20. September 1972.
(continued)
D-5
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
72-35-34 The Budd Company, Clinton, Michigan. Health Hazard
Evaluation Report No. 72-35-34. March 1973.
73-86-114 Swiss Cleaning Company, Providence, Rhode Island. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 73-86-114.
March 1974.
76-9-345 W.R. Case and Sons Cutlery Company, Bradford, Pennsyl-
vania. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No.
76-9-345. March 1976.
77-38-504 Western Electric Company, Mesquite, Texas. Health Hazard
Evaluation Determination Report No. 77-38-504. July
1978.
77-63-449 McDonnell Aircraft Company, St. Louis, Missouri. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 77-63-449.
December 1977.
77-84-450 McCourt Label Company, Bradford, Pennsylvania. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 77-84-450.
December 1977.
78-56-511 Westclox-Division of General Time Corp., Peru, Illinois.
Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 78-56-511.
July 1978.
78-95-596 Jonas Brothers Taxidermy Company, Denver, Colorado.
Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 78-95-596.
May 1979.
HE 77-7A + 7B-486 Union Electric Co., St. Louis, Missouri, Health Hazard
Evaluation Determination Report No. 77-7A + 7B-486. May
1978.
HE 78-18, 19, 20, Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation, Conners-
67-592 ville, Indiana. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination
Report No. 78-18, 19, 20, 67-592. May 1979.
HE 78-68-546 Lear Siegler, Inc., Marble Head, Massachusetts. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 78-68-546.
December 1978.
HE 78-77-659 R.L. Polk Company (Graphics Services Department), Cincin-
nati, Ohio. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination
Report No. 78-77-659. January 1979.
HE-79-9-615 Arapahoe Aluminum and Brass Foundry, Inc., Englewood,
Colorado. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report
No. 79-9-615. September 1979.
(continued)
D-6
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
HE 79-22-591 Inland Division of General Motors, Dayton, Ohio. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 79-22-591.
May 1979.
HE 79-42-685A Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (B&B Opti-
cals), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685A. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685B Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Cineffects
Visuals), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685B. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685C Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Computer
Opticals), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685C. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685D Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (E.F.X.
Unlimited), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685D. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685E Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (E.U.E.
Screen Gems), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evalua-
tion Determination Report No. 79-42-685E. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685F Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Exceptional
Optics), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685F. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685G Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Film Opti-
cals), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685G. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685H Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Mini Effects),
New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation Determination
Report No. 79-42-685H. April 1980.
HE 79-82-6851 Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (The Optical
House), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-6851. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685J Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Select
Effects), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685J. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685K Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Tri-Pix),
New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation Determina-
tion Report No. 79-42-685K. April 1980.
(continued)
D-7
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
HE 79-42-685L Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (Videart
Opticals), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685L. April 1980.
HE 79-42-685M Motion Picture Screen Cartoonists, Local 841 (World
Effects), New York, New York. Health Hazard Evaluation
Determination Report No. 79-42-685M. April 1980.
HE 79-80, 81-746 Cobe Laboratories, Inc., Lakewood and Arvada, Colorado.
Health Hazard Evaluation Report No. 79-80, 81-746.
September 1980.
HE 79-96-729 Protection Coatings Corporation, Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 79-
96-729. August 1980.
HE 80-18-691 Looart Press Incorporated, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Health Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 80-18-
691. May 1980.
HE 80-71-703 Bear Creer Uranium Company, Douglas, Wyoming. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 80-71-703.
June 1980.
HE 80-201-816 Peterson/Puritan Company, Momence, Illinois. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 80-201-816. February 1981.
HETA 81-31-1039 King-Smith Printing Company, Detroit, Michigan. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 81-31-1039. January 1982.
HETA 81-105-831 Labels West, Inc., Redmond, Washington. Health Hazard
Evaluation Report No. 81-105-831. March 1981.
HETA 81-207-945 Metropolitan Sewer District, Cincinnati, Ohio. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 81-207-945. August 1981.
HETA 81-409-1290 The Donaldson Company, Inc., Dixon, Illinois. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 81-409-1290. April 1983.
HETA 82-040-1119 Synthes Ltd. (USA), Monument, Colorado. Health Hazard
Evaluation Report No. 82-040-1119. May 1982.
(continued)
D-8
-------
TABLE D-l (continued)
HETA 82-127-1370 Hoover Company, North Canton, Ohio. Health Hazard Eval-
uation Report No. 82-127-1370. September 1983.
HETA 82-280-1407 Hoover Company, North Canton, Ohio. Health Hazard Eval-
uation Report No. 82-280-1407. January 1984.
HETA 83-266-1391 McCourt Label Company, Bradford, Pennsylvania. Health
Hazard Evaluation Determination Report No. 83-266-1391.
November 1983.
HETA 83-425-1500 Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Health Hazard Evalua-
tion Report No. 83-425-1500. August 1984.
HHE 80-154-1207 Bechtel Power Corporation, Berwick, Pennsylvania. Health
Hazard Evaluation Report No. 80-154-1207. December 1981.
MTA 80-109-110 Patriot Coal Company Laboratory, Kingwood, West Virginia.
Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report No.
80-109-110. June 1980.
TA 76-9 GSA Printing Plant, Cincinnati, Ohio. An Industrial
Hygiene Survey Report No. 76-9. December 1975.
TA 76-77 Western Forge Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colorado.
Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report No. 76-
77. October 1976.
TA 79-7 Federal Communications Commission, Washington, D.C.
Hazard Evaluation and Technical Assistance Report No.
79-7. June 1979.
D-9
-------
TABLE D-2. KEY TO OSHA INSPECTION SUMMARIES
A6053-11200 Olympic Fastening Systems, Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
January-February 1981.
B0813-16200 United Tool & Die Company, Hartford, Connecticut. August
1980.
B0984-12200 RADNOR Tool & Manufacturing Company, Hartford, Connecticut.
April-May 1982.
B1655-14400 Margaret Fashions Division of Jonat, Jacksonville, Alabama.
October, 1979.
B1705-10400 Cambridge Thermionic Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts.
May 1980.
B1705-11500 Industrial Heat Treating Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. August-
October 1980.
B1705-18500 Teradyne, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. March-May 1982.
B3580-00700 Stovers Cleaners, Lubbock, Texas. May 1983.
B3853-19400 Crescent Corset Company, Inc. Syracuse, New York. September-
October 1981.
B4162-05200 Delta Airlines, Inc., Department 083, Atlanta, Georgia.
September 1980.
B4162-05400 Custom Laundry & Dry Cleaner, Atlanta, Georgia. November
1980.
B4162-05800 Delta Airlines, Inc., Department 083, Atlanta, Georgia,
March-September 1981.
B6756-51100 Angio Fabrics Company, Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts.
February 1984.
B7096-06200 Penske Products, St. Louis, Missouri. July 1982.
(continued)
D-10
-------
TABLE D-2 (continued)
B7096-09400
B7738-30400
B8158-01000
C0494-07300
C0494-16300
C2093-18400
C3877-03500
C5828-05700
C9661-15900
D7525-03600
D7525-05700
E2327-09500
E2327-10400
E2327-15200
F1759-15200
F1759-15600
F3898-09500
F8915-03300
F8915-04200
F8915-05600
(continued)
Dazor Manufacturing Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri. April-
September 1983.
Sherman Reynolds, Inc., Niles, Michigan. July 1981.
Big Four Dry Cleaning Company, Buffalo, New York. December
1980-January 1981.
Guardian Valet Service, Inc., Manhattan, New York. August
1979.
Sealand Service, Inc., Manhattan, New York. March-May 1981.
Bell Helicopter Textron-Machine, Dallas, Texas. August 1983.
International Hat Co., St. Louis, Missouri. June 1979.
All Star Products, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. March-April 1980.
Burgeys, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. March-November
1983.
Tappan Appliance Co., Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. September 1979.
Parkway Fashion Care, Atlanta, Georgia. May 1980.
Xerox Corporation, Atlanta, Georgia. June-September 1980.
Dynatron Bondo Corp., Atlanta, Georgia. February-March 1981.
Zep Manufacturing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. October 1982-
February 1983.
Lawrence Hatoff DBA 89th Cleaners, Manhattan, New York.
December 1979.
David Allen Services, Inc., Manhattan, New York. December
1979.
S. T. Madden Industries, Calumet City, Illnois. December
1979.
Willamhouse of Texas, Division of W., Dallas, Texas. January
1980.
Mercruiser Plant 14, Marine Pow, location not given, May 1980.
Sequoyah Quick Clean, location not given, September 1980.
D-ll
-------
TABLE D-2 (continued)
F8972-06400 Bendix Corp. Electrical, Albany, New York. March 1982.
G2521-05400 Singers Dry Cleaning and Laundry, Denver, Colorado. December
1981-October 1982.
G2521-15000 Denver Laundry and Dry Cleaning, Denver, Colorado. November
1983-January 1984.
G2521-15100 Chemical Sales Co., Denver, Colorado. November 1983.
G3295-11400 Coyne Industrial Laundries, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. August-Septem-
ber 1981.
G3959-06900 Stevens Elastomeric and Plastic, Springfield, Massachusetts.
November 1979.
G3959-07800 GKN Powder Met, Inc., Springfield, Massachusetts. February-
April 1980.
G6338-05400 Roll Coater, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana. June-September
1979.
G6338-12000 Johnsons Cleaners, Columbus, Ohio. October 1981.
G7321-23200 Amtrol, Inc., Providence, Rhode Island. November 1982-January
1983.
G7682-07700 Gigantic Cleaners, Denver, Colorado. November 1981-January
1982.
G7682-12100 Stanley Aviation Corp., Denver, Colorado. August 1983-January
1984.
G9307-40800 West Essex Rollers, Inc., Hasbrouck Heights, New York. Decem-
ber 1980.
G9996-76500 Seven Hours Laundry and Dry Cleaner, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
May 1980.
H1076-26000 Indian Health Service, Bismarck, North Dakota. September
1982.
H1076-26200 Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bismarck, North Dakota. September
1982.
H1724-05400 T. J. Linen Supply, Billings, Montana. February 1981.
(continued)
D-12
-------
TABLE D-2 (continued)
H1942-36800 Teasdale Fenton Cleaners, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio. August
1980.
H3350-12800 EWR Inc., Aurora, Indiana. June-October 1982.
H4551-27000 Bill Miller's Wallpaper Studio, Long Island, New York. Febru-
ary-April 1981.
H5714-17200 Globe Industries, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. December 1983-February
1984.
H9117-20100 Superior Laundry and Cleaners, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July
1982.
10154-26800 Sterns, Hasbrouck Heights, New York. April-May 1983.
K1712-00500 Andersen Power Products, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts. July
1980.
K2907-00200 Dickies Work Clothes Rental Se, Lubbock, Texas. April 1980.
K7622-00100 Itran Corp., Belle Mead, New York. November 1979-February
1980.
K8492-00100 Textile Tech., Inc. DBA Beechwold, Columbus, Ohio. July
1980.
K8492-03700 PPG Industries, Inc., Columbus, Ohio. November 1983-February
1984.
K8492-03800 Agriculture Stabilization & Company, Columbus, Ohio. November
1983-January 1984.
K9321-13400 RCL Electronics, Inc., Concord, New Hampshire. August-October
1983.
K9676-12100 Perfection Finishing, Inc., Toledo, Ohio. April-August 1981.
K9676-12900 Pulex Corp., Industrial Division, Toledo, Ohio. July-Septem-
ber 1981.
L0037-09400 Airline Drive-In Cleaners, Inc., Queens, New York. January-
February 1981.
L1268-30600 Dart Industries, Inc. Tupperware, Boise, Idaho. June 1979.
(continued)
D-13
-------
TABLE D-2 (continued)
L6410-01700 U.S. Postal Service, San Francisco, California. December
1980-January 1981.
L8677-09100 Webster Valve Co., Concord, New Hampshire. October 1979.
L8863-07000 Hallmark Cleaners, Atlanta, Georgia. November 1979-January
1980.
L8863-07500 Hallmark Cleaners, Atlanta, Georgia. May 1980.
M0915-03400 Paul Miller Plumbing Corp., Manhattan, New York. February
1981.
M2831-05100 Cook Electric, Niles, Michigan. September 1979.
M2831-7500 Milton Industries, Inc., Niles, Michigan. January 1980.
M3326-13000 Pilgrim Laundry and Cleaners, Austin, Texas. August 1982.
M5382-20400 A.C. Lawrence Leather Co., Inc., Concord, New Hampshire.
December 1980.
M6013-11100 TRW Mission Manufacturing Co., Houston-North, Texas. April
1981.
M6013-13100 Richmond Tank Car Co., Houston-North, Texas. January-February
1982.
M7343-00600 CBC Inc., Lubbock, Texas. December 1980.
M7343-01200 Kobe, Inc., Lubbock, Texas. March 1981.
M8686-07300 Core Laboratories, Inc., Denver, Colorado. May-July 1982.
M9048-36600 Community Metal Products Corp., Niles, Michigan. June-July
1983.
N3781-05400 American Biosynthetics Corp., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. October-
December 1980.
05771-07800 Jeremy Industries, Inc., Hasbrouck Heights, New York. July-
September 1983.
P1176-06400 Valves and Pipe Fittings Exc., Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. July
1979.
P6513-03000 Grimes Division of Midland Ross, Columbus, Ohio. January-
February 1982.
P7001-16200 Protecto Wrap Company, Denver, Colorado. August-October 1982.
(continued)
D-14
-------
TABLE D-2 (continued)
P7001-18700
Q6677-35900
R2442-12200
R3874-00400
R8270-80600
R8270-80800
S0716-05800
S1761-06100
S4035-00100
S4876-00100
S5771-04700
S5771-04800
S7938-08100
S7938-12000
S9837-12800
S9870-17000
V7066-02600
T7607-04400
V8116-02400
(continued)
Century International Corp., Denver, Colorado. May-August
1983.
Diebel Manufacturing Company, Miles, Michigan. December 1982.
Ken Koat, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. December 1983.
Seven Hours Laundry and dry Cleaning, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.
July 1980.
Ruby's Cleaners, Division of CR, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
August 1979.
Ruby's Cleaners, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. August 1979.
Central Dry Cleaners, Aurora, Indiana. July-September 1981.
Labarge, Inc., Electronics Division, Kansas City, Missouri.
July-September 1981.
West Company of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska. February 1980.
Comet Cleaners, Dallas, Texas. February-April 1981.
West Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. November 1981-Febru-
ary 1982.
Bentley Harris Manufacturing Company, Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania. January-April 1982.
Dun Rite Cleaners, Manhattan, New York. August 1979.
Global Terminal and Container Se, Manhattan, New York. Jan-
uary-August 1980.
United States Post Office, Jacksonville, Alabama. August
1979.
Hexcel Chemical Products, Hasbrouck Heights, New York. June-
July 1981.
R&L Family, Inc., Syracuse, New York. September 1979.
Keesler AFB, Jackson, Mississippi. June 1981.
Precision Assembly Corp., location not given, April 1980.
D-15
-------
V8116-03300
V8116-03700
V9402-31800
W6661-01000
W6661-01900
W7083-24400
W7752-00900
Z1506-02200
Chemscope Corp., location not given, June-July 1980.
BEI Electronics, Inc. Defense, location not given, July 1980.
Coin-0-Matic Laundromat, Tampa, Florida. August-October 1982,
Dun Rite Cleaners, Manhattan, New York. September 1980.
Amalgamated Clothing and Textile, Manhattan, New York. Feb-
ruary-April 1981.
One Hour Martinizing, location not given, December 1980.
Commercial Testing and Engineering, Charleston, West Virginia.
July 1979-March 1980.
Tri-State Rubber Sales, Inc., Charleston, West Vriginia.
July-November 1980.
D-16
-------
APPENDIX E
METHODOLOGY FOR THE ESTIMATION
OF THE NUMBER OF EXPOSED WORKERS
IN MAJOR PRODUCTION
AND USE CATEGORIES
E-l
-------
APPENDIX E
METHODOLOGY FOR THE ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF EXPOSED
WORKERS IN MAJOR PRODUCTION AND USE CATEGORIES
Sources of Information
There were two potential sources of information which could be used to
develop estimates of the number of workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene:
0 NIOSH's National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS); and
0 PEI estimates of the number of exposures in an average facility and
the number of plants in each industry category.
It was necessary to use both of these sources to develop the desired esti-
mates of worker populations.
Approach
The basic approach was to use the NOHS data wherever possible and rely
upon other sources only to fill in any gaps left by NOHS.
Use of NOHS Data—
PEI obtained a set of NOHS printouts of tetrachloroethylene on March 30,
1985. This data base listed the number of workers exposed to tetrachloroeth-
ylene or to trade name products containing tetrachloroethylene in a 1974
survey of 4,636 businesses employing nearly 900,000 workers. The survey
included 337 four-digit SIC codes and 155 NIOSH Occupational Classification
Codes (OCC). NIOSH used the results of the survey to project potential
worker exposures to tetrachloroethylene nationwide in 1985.
PEI used a four-step approach to develop worker population estimates
from the NOHS data:
The data in each OCC were first grouped to the extent possible into
one of the 22 industry categories listed in Appendix A;
0 The percentage of the total OCC in the survey accounted for by each
of the 22 industry categories was calculated;
E-l
-------
0 The total number of workers that NIOSH projected nationwide in the
OCC was multiplied by these percentages to estimate the number of
workers nationwide in each of the 22 industry categories in the
OCC; and
0 The totals of the preceding step from each OCC were grouped to
estimate the total number of workers nationwide in each of the 22
industry categories.
Some of the data could be easily classified into the industry cate-
gories; for example, laundry.and dry cleaning operatives (OCC 630) would be
placed in the category Dry Cleaning, irrespective of SIC. The choice was
much less clear-cut in many other instances, however. For example, a Heavy
Equipment Mechanic (OCC 481) could be exposed to tetrachloroethylene from
degreasing, from spray painting, or from use of a coolant or lubricant. A
choice was made based on the SIC category or such workers were assigned to a
"Not Classified" category.
There were two significant limitations on this use of the NOHS data.
First, PEI's assignment of NOHS data to the 22 industry categories was based
upon general knowledge of the SIC and OCC codes, not upon plant-specific
information. Second, the NOHS data used for NIOSH's projections are ten
years old, and there have been changes in solvent use patterns over this
period. NIOSH has completed the field work for a new survey, but results
will not be released until sometime in 1986.
Appendix F presents details of the number of workers and the SIC and OCC
codes which were put into each of the 22 industry categories.
Approach Where NOHS Data Could Not Be Used--
There was insufficient information in the NOHS printouts to classify
workers into seven of the usage categories. For four of those categories,
PEI had sufficient data to estimate the number of workers exposed. The four
are:
0 Tetrachloroethylene manufacture;
0 Chlorofluorocarbon production;
0 Solvent recovery; and
0 Aerosol packing.
E-2
-------
Although some of these involved fairly specific SIC's (e.g., tetrachloroeth-
ylene manufacture would be in SIC 2869, Industrial Organic Chemicals, Not
Elsewhere Classified), the types of facilities represented only a small
portion of the SIC and were not discernible in the NOHS data. Others (e.g.,
aerosol manufacture) could not be related in any logical manner to either SIC
or OCC. It was therefore necessary to use data sources other than NOHS for
these four categories.
PEI based the estimated number of workers at the four facilities and the
number of plants on information gathered for similar facilities using tetrachlo-
roethylene or on other information presented in this report. The final
estimates for four of the categories which could not be based upon the NOHS
data are as follows:
Number of Total
Number workers exposed
Industry category of plants per plant workers
Tetrachloroethylene manufacture 8 200 1,600
Chlorofluorocarbon manufacture 3 200 600
Solvent recovery 283 3 849
Aerosol packing 112 8 896
These four categories together make up only 0.7 percent of the total esti-
mated workers exposed to tetrachloroethylene in the United States.
Finally, there were three categories in which there was no NOHS data and
insufficient information for PEI to estimate the number of workers exposed.
These categories are adhesive use, foundry use, and photographic film uses.
E-3
-------
APPENDIX F
BREAKDOWN OF WORKER POPULATION
ESTIMATES IN EACH INDUSTRY
CATEGORY
F-l
-------
TABLE F-l. BREAKDOWN OF WORKER POPULATION ESTIMATES
IN EACH INDUSTRY CATEGORY
PEI industry category
Dry cleaning
Total
Chlorofluorocarbon produc-
tion
Degreasing
OCC Description
245 Managers and administrators
N.E.C.
305 Bookkeepers
314 Counter clerks, except food
441 Foreman
482 Household appliance and acces
installers
545 Stationary engineers
551 Tailors
611 Clothing ironers and pressers
613 Dressmakers and seamstresses
except factory
630 Laundry and dry cleaning
operatives N.E.C.
663 Sewers and stitchers
715 Truck drivers
(None identified in NOHS data)
454 Job and die setters, metal
461 Machinists
462 Machinists apprentices
471 Aircraft: mechanics and
repairmen
473 Automobile mechanics
480 Farm implements: mechanics
and repairman
481 Heavy equipment mechanics,
including diesel
491 Mechanic, except auto,
apprentices
492 Miscellaneous mechanics and
repairmen
Projected
nationwide
exposure
1,655
208
8,068
84
86
23
4,306
6,759
246
21,240
296
644
43,615
440
3,931
113
4,063
39,376
706
24,831
509
8,744
(continued)
F-2
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
OCC
Description
Total
Solvent recovery
Adhesives
Aerosol packing
Paint formulation
Total
Spray painting
Total
495 Not specified mechanics and
repairmen
502 Millwrights
514 Pattern and model makers,
except paper
535 Sheet metal workers and tin-
smiths
602 Assemblers
610 Checkers, examiners, and
inspectors: manufacturing
621 Filler, polishers, sanders,
and buffers
623 Garage workers and gas sta-
tion attendants
635 Metal platers
(None identified in NOHS data)
(None identified in NOHS data)
(None identified in NOHS data)
376 Stenographers
332 Mail handlers, except post
office
641 Mixing opertives
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous
694 Miscellaneous operatives
510 Painters, construction and
maintenance
644 Painters, manufactured
articles
Projected
nationwide
exposure
1,881
115
3,953
1,292
3,282
602
344
1,476
218
95,876
138
523
643
1,079
227
2,610
301
2,035
2,336
(continued)
F-3
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
Chemical intermediate
Total
Plastic
(continued)
Projected
nationwide
OCC Description exposure
010 Chemical engineers 56
013 Industrial engineers 20
243 Managers and administrators
N.E.C. 275
310 Cashiers 780
332 Mail handlers, except post
office 59
381 Stock clerks and storekeepers 242
441 Foremen N.E.C. 336
461 Machinists 540
484 Office machine: mechanic and
repairmen 577
502 Millwrights 850
522 Plumbers and pipe fitters 402
535 Sheet metal workers and tin-
smiths 68
604 Bottling and canning opera-
tives 178
645 Photographic process workers 55
666 Stationary firemen 186
692 Machine operatives, not
specified 389
785 Not specified laborers 140
5,153
154 Industrial engineering tech-
nician 224
162 Engineering and science tech-
nician 190
323 Expediters and production con-
trollers 13
441 Foreman, N.E.C. 252
461 Machinists 240
561 Tool and die makers 203
572 Not specified apprentices 16
602 Assemblers 61
610 Checkers, examiners, and
inspectors: manufacturing 255
612 Cutting operatives N.E.C. 34
643 Packers and wrappers, except
meat and produce 1,157
681 Winding operatives, N.E.C. 61
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous 1,078
F-4
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
OCC
Description
Total
Rubber products
Total
Textiles
(continued)
694 Miscellaneous operatives
695 Not specified operatives
753 Freight and material handlers
162 Engineering and science tech-
nicians
323 Expediters and production
controllers
424 Cranemen, derrickmen, and
hoistman
441 Foremen N.E.C.
522 Plumbers and pipe fitters
612 Cutting operatives N.E.C.
666 Statonary firemen
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous
694 Miscellaneous operatives
695 Not specified operatives
762 Vehicle washers and equipment
cleaners
785 Not specified laborers
013 Industrial engineers
023 Engineers N.E.C.
055 Operations and systms re-
research analysts
162 Engineering and science tech-
nicians, N.E.C.
225 Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C.
245 Managers and administrators,
N.E.C.
280 Salesmen and sales clerks,
N.E.C.
323 Expediters and production
controllers
441 Foremen, N.E.C.
461 Machinists
610 Checkers, examiners, and in-
spectors
613 Dressmakers and seamstresses
620 Dyers
Projected
nationwide
exposure
980
132
31
4,927
238
13
56
168
172
204
140
3,319
101
724
144
140
5,419
102
49
37
143
61
1,655
3,098
40
546
360
182
34
486
F-5
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
Total
Coolant/lubricant
Projected
nationwide
exposure
346
140
70
168
290
24
377
123
31
Total
(continued)
OCC Description
641 Mixing operatives
666 Solderers
672 Spinners, twisters, and winders
674 Textile operatives, N.E.C.
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous
692 Machine oepratives not speci-
fied
694 Miscellaneous operatives
706 Forklift and tow motor opera-
tives
753 Freight and material handlers
8,362
023 Engineers, N.E.C. 16
245 Managers and administrators,
N.E.C. 275
441 Foremen 126
461 .Machinists 2,190
486 Railroad and car shop,
mechanics 829
502 Millwrights 46
533 Rollers and finishers, metal 57
571 Tool and die makers 1,701
610 Checkers, examiners, and
inspectors, manufacturing 675
612 Cutting operatives, N.E.C. 255
641 Mixing operatives 272
642 Oilers and greasers except
auto 708
650 Drill press operatives 760
651 Grinding machine operatives 987
652 Lathe and milling machine
operatives 978
653 Precision machine operatives,
N.E.C. 480
656 Punch and stamping press opera-
tives 607
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous 1,887
692 Machine operatives not speci-
fied 996
694 Miscellaneous operatives 101
780 Miscellaneous laborers 24
785 Not specified laborers 20
13,990
F-6
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
Foundry
Printing
Total
Welding
Total
Electronics
OCC Description
(None identified in NOHS data)
152 Draftsmen
190 Painters and sculptors
245 Managers and administrators,
N.E.C.
310 Cashiers
344 Duplicating machiner opera-
tors
381 Stock clerks and storekeepers
422 Compositors and typesetters
441 Foremen, N.E.C.
461 Machinists
484 Office machines: mechanics
and repairmen
530 Pressmen and plate printers,
printing
602 Assemblers
641 Mixing operatives
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous specified
692 Machine operatives, not
specified
694 Miscellaneous operatives
023 Engineers N.E.C.
404 Boilermakers
441 Foremen N.E.C.
522 Plumbers and pipe fitters
535 Sheet metal workers and
tinsmiths
612 Cutting operatives
680 Welders and flame cutters
694 Miscellaneous operatives
023 Engineers N.E.C.
153 Electrical and electronic
engineering technicians
162 Engineering and science
technicians, N.E.C.
Projected
nationwide
exposure
201
37
1,104
130
6,370
606
6,368
126
840
288
8,420
2,263
104
1,044
603
28,578
16
768
84
546
1,224
17
2,908
25
5,588
49
612
643
(continued)
F-7
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
Total
Photographic film
General cleaning
Total
Laboratory
Total
Not classified
OCC
Description
441 Foremen, N.E.C.
602 Assemblers
610 Checkers, examiners, and
inspectors; manufacturing
612 Cutting operatives
635 Metal platers
665 Solderers
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous specified
694 Miscellaneous operatives
753 Freight and material han-
dlers
(Not identified in NOHS data)
315 Dispatchers and starters,
vehicle
441 Foremen, N.E.C.
610 Checkers, examiners, and in-
spectors; manufacturing
690 Machine oepratives, miscel-
laneous specified
780 Miscellaneous laborers
902 Children and charwomen
903 Janitors and sextons
045 Chemists
151 Chemical technicians
622 Furnacemen, smeltermen, and
pourers
001 Accountants
006 Aeronautical and astronau-
tical engineers
012 Electric and electronic
engineers
013 Industrial engieers
014 Mechanical engineers
Projected
nationwide
exposure
210
3,588
219
34
87
381
1,328
628
62
7,841
47
210
36
104
146
7,703
18,106
26,352
1,296
1,285
221
2,802
3,719
53
327
286
418
(continued)
F-8
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
(continued)
Projected
nationwide
OCC Description exposure
023 Engineers, N.E.C. 407
055 Operations, systems
researchers, and analysts 36
056 Personnel and labor rela-
tions workers 16
065 Physicians medical and
osteopathlc 230
075 Registered nurses 7,191
076 Therapists 168
082 Health record technologists
and technicians 25
083 Radiologic technologists and
technicians 349
085 Health technologist and tech-
nicians, N.E.C. 1,836
152 Draftsmen . 178
153 Electrical and electronic
engineering 524
154 Industrial engineering tech-
nicians 421
162 Engineering and science
technicians 1,666
165 Embalmers 2,401
184 Editors and reporters 1,203
190 Painters and sculptors 223
220 Office managers, N.E.C. 621
225 Purchasing agents and buyers,
N.E.C. 62
231 Sales managers and department
heads, retail trade 368
233 Sales managers, except retail
trade 201
245 Managers and administrators,
N.E.C. 1,655
260 Advertising agents and sales-
men 29
280 Salesmen and sales clerks,
N.E.C. ' 5,810
303 Billing clerk 123
305 Bookkeepers 4,476
312 Clerical supervisors, N.E.C. 5
321 Estimators and investigators,
N.E.C. 23
323 Expediters and production
controllers 625
F-9
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
Projected
nationwide
OCC Description exposure
325 File clerks 11
330 Library assistants and
attendants 24
332 Mail handlers, except post
office 1,588
343 Computer and peripheral
equipment operator 13
355 Office machine operators,
N.E.C. 209
360 Payroll and timekeeping
clerks 156
3.64 Receptionists 1,144
371 Secretaries, medical 50
372 Secretaries, N.E.C. 51,174
374 Shipping and receiving
clerks 748
375 Statistical clerks 361
376 Stenographers 2,071
391 Stock clerks and store-
keepers 3,755
394 Miscellaneous clerical
workers 1,748
395 Not specified clerical
workers 55,661
402 Bakers 277
403 Blacksmiths 75
405 Bookbinders 1,900
415 Carpenters 6,542
420 Carpet installers 3,095
424 Cranemen, derrickmen,
and hoistmen 139
425 Decorators and window
dressers 779
430 Electricians 16,701
431 Electrician apprentices 130
441 Foremen, N.E.C. 1,597
446 Heat treaters, annealers,
and temperers 263
452 Inspectors, N.E.C. 130
454 Job and die setters, metal 270
461 Machinists 6,782
470 Air conditioning, heating
and refrigeration 4,133
(continued)
F-10
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
OCC Description
480 Farm implement: mechanics
and repairmen
Household appliance and
accessory installers
Office machine: mechanics
and repairmen
Radio and television:
mechanics and repairmen
Millwrights
Holders, metal
Opticians, lens grinders,
and polishers
Plumbers and pipe fitters
Plumber and pipe fitter
apprentices
Power station operators
Rollers and finishers, metal
Sheet metal workers and tin-
smiths
Sheet metal apprentices
Sign pointers and letterers
Stationary engineers
Structural metal craftsmen
Upholsterers
Craftsmen and kindred workers
N.E.C.
Asbestos and insulation
workers.
Assemblers
Bottling and canning opera-
tives
Checkers, examiners, and
inspectors: manufacturing
Cutting operatives, N.E.C.
Filers, polishers, sanders,
and buffers
Furnacemen, smeltermen, and
pourers
Heaters, metal
Metal platers
Mixing operatives
Oilers and greasers, except
auto
482
484
485
502
503
506
522
523
525
533
535
536
543
545
550
563
575
601
602
604
610
612
621
622
626
635
641
642
Projected
nationwide
exposure
70
3,882
21,630
453
4,799
558
130
1,293
138
• 165
113
340
577
401
1,089
388
1,214
373
182
3,771
63
7,061
68
318
259
47
43
149
211
(continued)
F-ll
-------
TABLE F-l (continued)
PEI industry category
OCC Description
643 Packers and wrappers, except
meat and produce
645 Photographic process worker
665 Solderers
666 Stationary firemen
681 Winding operatives, N.E.C.
690 Machine operatives, miscel-
laneous specified
692 Machine operatives, not
specified
694 Miscellaneous operatives
695 Not specified operatives
706 Forklift and tow motor
operatives
715 Truck drivers
761 Construction laborers, except
carpenter helper
783 Freight and material handlers
755 Gardeners and groundskeepers,
except farm
762 Stock handlers
764 Vehicle washers and equip-
ment cleaners
770 Warehousemen, N.E.C.
780 Miscellaneous laborers
785 Not specified laborers
925 Nursing aids, orderlies,
aids, and attendants
926 Practical nurses
950 Housekeepers, except pri-
vate household
Total
Projected
nationwide
exposure
517
552
118
314
133
8,463
3,546
5,001
1,448
158
429
•1,092
1,576
244
233
5,420
1,781
558
2,811
175
388
344
281,642
F-12
------- |