PROGRESS IN THE PREVENTION AND
     CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
              IN 1972
           ANNUAL REPORT

              Of The

ADMINISTRATOR 01' THE ENVIRONMENTAL
         PROTECTION AGENCY

              To The

   CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
        In Compliance With
         Public Law 91-604
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970
             May  1973

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  PROGRESS IN THF. PREVENTION AND
     CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
              IN 1972
           ANNUAL REPORT

              Of The

ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
         PROTECTION AGENCY

              To The

   CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
        In Compliance With
         Public Law 91-604
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970
             May  1973

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                Page

I.     SUMMARY	      l

11.    STANDARDS,  REGULATIONS,  AND GUIDELINES 	      5

III.   NDNITORING 	      9

IV.    ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL 	     13

V.     STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS 	     28

VI    ACTIVITIES OF THE PRESIDENT'S AIR QUALITY
      BOARD  	

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                       LIST OF TABLES
T.     STATUS OP EPA AIR REGULATORY EFFORT

Fl.    MONITORING INSTRUMENTS OPERATED BY STATES

III.   SUMMARY OF GRANTS FOR STATES AND LOCAL
      CONTROL AGENCY PROGRAMS

IV.    MANPOWER EMPLOYED BY STATE AND LOCAL AIR
      POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES

V.     STATUS OF EPA ACTIONS ON STATE
      IMPLEMENTATION PLANS

VI.    STATES GRANTED EXTENSIONS FOR ACHIEVEMENT
      OF S02 AND PARTICULATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
      STANDARDS

VII.   AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS REQUIRING
      TRANSPORTATION/LAND USE CONTROLS AND TWO-
      YEAR EXTENSIONS TO ATTAIN STANDARDS

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                              PREFACE

      The Clean  Air Act,  as amended,  authorizes a national

program of air  pollution research,  regulation, and  enforcement

activities.   This program  is  conducted by  the Environmental

Protection Agency  (EPA).

      This report describes the major elements of progress

made  by EPA  during calendar  year  1972 toward the prevention

and  control  of air pollution.  It  is submitted annually  in

accordance with Section  313  of the  Clean  Air Act,  which  reads

as  follows:

      "Sec.  313.  Not later than  six months after the  effective date
      of this  section and not later than January  10  of each calendar
      year beginning after such date, the Administrator shall report
      to the Congress on measures  taken toward implementing the pur-
      pose and intent of this Act including, but  not limited to,
      (1) the  progress and problems associated with  control of auto-
      motive exhaust emissions and the research efforts related
      thereto; (2) the development of air quality criteria and
      recommended emission control requirements;  (3) the status of
      enforcement actions taken pursuant to this  Act;  (4) the status
      of State ambient air standards setting, including such plans
      for implementation and enforcement as have  been developed;
      (5) the  extent of development and expansion of air pollution
      monitoring systems; (6) progress  and problems  related to
      development of new and improved control techniques; (7) the
      development of quantitative and qualitative instrumentation
      to monitor emissions and air quality;  (8) standards set or
      under consideration pursuant to title  II of this Act;  C9) the
      status of State,  interstate, and  local pollution control pro-
      grams established pursuant to and assisted by this Act; and
       (10) the reports  and recommendations made by the President's
      Air Quality Advisory Board."

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I.   SUMMARY
    This report is organized into five major areas:
    .  Standards, Regulations, and Guidelines
    .  Monitoring
    .  Enforcement and •• Control
    .  Status of Air Pollution Abatement Programs
    .  Activities of the President's Air Quality
      Advisory Board
    Summarized below under the above headings are EPA's
principal  accomplishments during the 1972 calendar year.

Standards.  Regulations, and  Guidelines
    Regulations were promulgated in the mobile  source  area
in  1972 which  established emission limits for 1974 model  year
heavy  duty trucks.  Regulations were  also promulgated  which
assured the availability of  unleaded  fuel for automotive
use in mid-1974.   A number  of regulations were  proposed
which  are  also applicable  to mobile sources:
     (1) Emission  limits  for  1975 model  year light  duty
        diesel motor  vehicles
     (2) Maintenance provisions for post-1974 light  duty
         vehicles
     (3) Emission  limits  for aircraft  and aircraft engines
     (4) Schedule  for the removal of  lead from leaded grades
         of gasolines
                                          «
     In other areas, 12PA issued guidance to the States on
 necessary  revisions in their implementation plans.  These

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revisions address such topics as the requirement for public



hearings on comp]Lance schedules.  Transportation Control



Guidelines will lie proposed soon to assist the States in pre-



paring transportation control plans.  In the case of the



California South Coast Basin, EPA has been ordered by a



Federal court, to submit a transportation control plan which



will achieve the national ambient air quality standard for



photochemical oxidants.





Monitoring



     A detailed  analysis of  the monitoring program was con-



ducted this year.  As a result the  EPA monitoring effort is



being decentralized with as  much responsibility  as possible



delegated  to the States and  regions.



     Because of  problems with the present reference  method for



measuring  nitrogen dioxide  (NC>2) , a major effort is  underway



to  evaluate a  replacement method and  to  reassess ambient NC^



levels  in  air  quality  control regions.



     The monitoring program  has  also  initiated  a quality



control  effort.  As a  result of  this  effort,  it  will be possi-



ble to  compare and utilize  data  from  different  laboratories



through  the use  of uniform  procedures.





Enforcement  and  Control



      Several  significant mobile  source  enforcement  actions



were taken in  1972.   Among  the  most important were  the  denial

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of the automobile manufacturers'  request for suspension of
1975 emission standards (see footnote, p. 14), and the disqual-
ification of the entire Ford Motor Company prototype certifi-
cation fleet because of unauthorized maintenance during dura-
bility testing (subsequently, Ford was fined $7 million for
violations of Federal law).  A program was implemented to
enforce emission standards for imported vehicles.  Also, EPA
ordered that devices designed to defeat the effectiveness of
emissions controls be removed from new cars.  The first
stationary source enforcement actions under the Clean Air Act
were  taken in 1972:  30-day notices for violation of a state
implementation plan were issued to Delmarva Power and Light
Company  (March 8, 1972) and Allied Chemical (May  26, 1972).
      Toward  the  control of mobile source pollution, an EPA
task  force was formed  in 1972 to  assess  the capability of the
auto  industry to meet  the  1975 and 1976  light duty  vehicle
emission  standards.  In addition, surveillance  testing was
initiated on a total of 3,000 1972 model year vehicles  in St.
Louis,  Los Angeles,  Atlanta,  Detroit  and Philadelphia.   This
testing was  designed to determine how emission  control
systems will perform in actual use.   The EPA  program  supporting
the development  of  advanced automotive power  systems  was
broadened in 1972  to consider noise  and fuel  economy  factors,
 impacts of  electric vehicles, and an assessment of  private

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industry progress and development.





Status of Air Pollution Abatement Programs



     In 1972 State Implementation Plans were submitted for



every State and region.  The review and approval or disapproval



ol" these plans vms a major effort.   In addition, Transportation



Control Plans were required from 24 states.  The deadline for



submission of these plans is April 15, 1973.





Activities of President's Air Quality  Advisory  Board



     The Air Quality Advisory Board met once during 1972  to



discuss the relationship between land  use  and environmental




quality.

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II.   STANDARDS,  REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES
     Air pollution control standards set by EPA are con-
sidered below under three groupings on the basis of their
primary concern:
     (1) Regulations affecting mobile sources
     (2) Regulations affecting stationary sources
     (3) Guidance to the states and regions.

Mobile Source Regulations
     Two major mobile source regulations were promulgated
during 1972.  The first established emission limits for new
1974 heavy duty motor vehicles.  The second was  intended to
assure  the availability of sufficient quantities of unleaded
gasoline for  1975 model year vehicles.
     Several  regulations  were  proposed  in  1972,  including
maintenance  provisions  for post-1974  light  duty  vehicles,
emission limits  for  1975  light duty  diesel  motor vehicles,
and  a  schedule  for  the  removal of  lead  from leaded grades  of
gasoline.   In addition,  1974,  1976,  and 1979 emission  limits
 for  aircraft and aircraft engines  were  proposed.
      Regulations were proposed on  February 23, 1972 requiring
      • The general availability by July 1, 1974 of a grade
        of  unleaded gasoline containing not more than 0.05
        grams of lead and not more  than 0.005 grams of
        phosphorus per gallon

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     •  A reduction of lead in leaded grades to not more than
       1.25 grams per gallon by January 1, 1977.
     At that time, a 90-day comment period was opened, and
public hearings were held in April and May.
     The health effects information received during the comment
period did not resolve the health effects  issues.  As a result,
the comment period was reopened for an additional 30 days on
May 14, 1972.  The unleaded grade regulations will be promul-
gated early in 1973.  However, because of  the need for more
data on the health  effects issues,, the regulations  for a reduction
of lead in leaded grades of gasoline will  be reproposed at  the
same time.

Stationary Source Regulations
     New  source  performance standards  (NSPS)  are emission
standards  for new and significantly modified  point sources.
One group  of standards for  five  industrial source categories
was promulgated  in  December  1971.   Revisions  to  these  standards
which clarified  the  applicability  of  standards during  start up
and shut  down procedures were  proposed in 1972.   A second  group
of sources  is under  consideration  and standards  will  be  pro-
posed  in  1973.   Group  I  and the  sources  considered for Group
II are  listed below:
      Group I;   Fossil  Fuel  Fired Steam Generators
                Municipal Incinerators

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              Cement  Plants
              Nitric  Acid  Plants
              Sulfuric  Acid  Plants
     Group  II: Petroleum Refineries
              Secondary Lead Smelters
               Iron  and  Steel Mills  (basic oxygen furnaces)
              Sewage  Treatment Plants
               Asphalt Concrete Plants
               Brass and Bronze Ingot Production Plants
               Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids
     Hazardous poJlutants arc also essentially a stationary
source problem.   Asbestos, beryllium, and mercury have been
identified as hazardous pollutants and regulations were pro-
posed in December 1971 to limit emissions from sources of
these pollutants.  Promulgation of the regulations is expected
early in 1973.

Guidance to States and  Regions
     F.PA has  issued or  is developing guidelines  for the States
and  1-PA regional offices.  Revisions to  the guidelines for
State Implementation  Plans were promulgated in  1972,  including
a  list of  steps  essential  to  ensure  conformance  with  compliance
schedules.   Guidelines  will  soon  be  proposed  to  aid those  States
required  to  submit  Transportation Control  Plans  to meet national
ambient air  quality standards for carbon monoxide and/or photo-
chemical  oxidants.
      All  regulatory actions  are summarized in Table I.

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                                     TABLE I.  STATUS OF EPA AIR REGULATORY EFFORT
MOBILE SOURCES
  Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles
  Light Duty Diesel Motor
  Vehicles

  Light Duty Vehicle
  Maintenance

  Aircraft Emission Standards
  Non- leaded  Gasoline


  Reduction of Lead in
  Leaded Gasoline

 STATIONARY SOURCES
  New Source  Performance
  Standards (NSPS) General
   Group II New Source
   Performance Standards

   Hazardous Pollutants
 GUIDANCE
   Revisions to State
   Implementation Plan Guidelines

   Transportation Control
   Guidelines
Establishes emission limits for new 1974 and later
model heavy duty motor vehicles

Proposes emission limits for new 1975 light duty diesel
motor vehicles

Proposes maintenance provisions for post-1974 light duty
motor vehicles

Proposes 1974, 1976, and 1979 emission limits for
aircraft and aircraft engines

Assures availability of sufficient quantities of
unleaded fuel in mid-1974

Proposes a schedule for removal of lead  from  leaded
grades of  gasoline


Proposes start up and shut down regulations


Proposes emission limits  for new  sources--see text


Establishes emission or  other limits on sources of
asbestos,  mercury and beryllium
 Outlines requirements for changes necessary in SIP's
 --see text

 Outlines necessary procedures and information for
 fornulation of state transportation control plans
Promulgated     9/8/72
                                                                                                Proposed
Proposed
Proposed
               10/6/72
11/8/72
12/12/72
Promulgated     1/10/73


Re-proposed     1/10/73
 Proposed
 Proposal
 Pending

 Promulgation
 Pending
 8/24/72


Early 1973


Early 1973
 Pronulgated    12/9/72
 Proposed
  1/12/73

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HI.   MONITORING



      F,PA is responsible for conducting an ambient, and source



monitoring program to:



      •  Determine the need for developing ambient air quality



        and source emission standards and regulations



      •  Locate localized "trouble spots"



      •  Measure air quality and emission trends to assure



        maintenance of standards



      The states have responsibility for ami) Lent air monitoring



with technical and financial assistance from liPA.  The number



and type of monitoring sites required, currently in operation,



and planned by the States is presented in Table II.



      I'.PA has given assistance to States and territories  in



developing inventories of 60,000 point and 3,.sOO area sources.




The current inventory data are stored in a computerized data



b a n k .






Decentralization of Monitoring Effort



      A detailed analysis of the monitoring  program was con-



ducted tliis year and  some changes resulted.  The basic deci-



sion was to decentralize the monitoring effort and to dele-




gate as much responsibility as possible to the States and



regions.  As part of  this effort, a  pilot program was estab-




lished in Region II to investigate the possibility of having



regional offices conduct analysis of samples.  Currently,  all



samples collected in  the regions are sent to F.PA-Research

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Triangle Park, North Carolina for analysis.  Kstablishment of
facilities in regional offices would speed analysis, as well
as increase the total number of samples which could be
collected.
Development of New Monitoring Techniques
    Reference methods for air pollution measurement are being
reviewed.
     In particular,  problems have  arisen recently with  the  current
reference method  for measurement  of  nitrogen dioxide.   Evalua-
tions are proceeding at  100  sites with a  threefold  purpose
     • To determine  a replacement  for the  current  reference
      method
     • To reclassify the  air  quality  control  regions with
      respect to  nitrogen dioxide
     • To furnish  data  for state implementation plans
 Three nitrogen dioxide measurement  methods appear promising;
 however, the evaluation will continue until  mid-1974.
     A method for ambient monitoring of asbestos, which is
 classified as a hazardous pollutant, was developed recently
 by HPA.

 Quality  Control
     The  monitoring program  has also been  involved  in quality
 control  improvements..  This effort  is an  attempt to  assure
 accuracy  and validity of monitoring data  nationwide.   Through
                               10

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the use of uniform procedures in all phases of the monitoring



process, it is possible to compare and utilize data gathered



by different laboratories.  This activity is expected to be



fully implemented in 1973.
                              11

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               TABLE II.  NDNITORING INSTRUMENTS OPERATED BY STATES
Pollutant
Measured
TSP-Hi Vol **
TSP-Tape
S02- Bubbler
SO? -Continuous
N02- Continuous
CO-Continuous
Ox-Continuoas
Minimum
requirement
1587
522
855
268
NR
150
227
Current
2767
500
640
350
123
198
207
Planned By
State in 1974*
3650
850
1400
950
275
400
400
* Based on State Implementation Plans Submitted to EPA.



** TSP=total suspended particulate



NR - None Required
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IV.  ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL





Mobile Source Enforcement



     Several significant mobile source enforcement actions



were taken in 1972.  Among the most important were a refusal



to certify vehicles on which unauthorized maintenance was



performed, denial of a request for suspension of the 1975



auto emissions standards (see footnote, p. 14), and develop-



ment and implementation of a program to enforce emission



standards for imported vehicles.  Additionally, the commercial



airlines' program to retrofit the JT8D engine was about 92%



completed by the end of 1972.  The program must be completed



in 1973 under the newly proposed aircraft emission standards.





Ford Certification Failure  <



     EPA refused emissions compliance certification of the



entire Ford Motor Company prototype fleet when it was discovered



that unauthorized maintenance had been performed during dura-



bility testing on one engine family manufactured.  Consequently,



the engines of this family that had been manufactured could



not be sold until conformity with the certification process



was demonstrated through a full rerun of the 50,000 mile



durability test.  The rerun was satisfactorily completed in



1972.  Subsequently, Ford was fined $7 million dollars for



criminal and civil violations of Federal law.
                           13

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Auto Suspension Request

     On May 12, 1972 the Administrator announced his decision

to deny the request of five automobile manufacturers to sus-

pend the 1975 standards for one year.  The manufacturers main-

tained that more time was needed to develop catalytic reactors

as well as other system components.  Catalyst suppliers,

however, indicated that their components would be ready for

installation in 1975 models.  Denial was based primarily on

the failure of the manufacturers to demonstrate that requisite

technology did not presently exist.—


Import Program

     Until March 1971, used automobiles  imported from abroad,

and new automobiles  imported by  individuals for personal use,

were not required  to meet emissions standards.  In  the past

year, F.PA has developed an  import  program which controls all

imports.  Progress  in  the past year has  included:

     . Publication  of  import regulations  in February  1972.

     . Issuance of  a standard declaration  form.

     .Establishment of working  relations with  Customs

       Officials at  all ports.

     . Development  of  computer capability  to  store  and  evaluate

       import dnta.

     All  imported  vehicles  must  now  meet upon entry,  or  be

motlified  to meet rifter entry,  all  applicable  standards  for

the model year  involved.


T7Since  this  writing,  the decision  was revised  by court  order
~~  and  changed  after  a  new hearing.

                             14

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Defeat Devices



     Defeat devices are devices which automatically and



temporarily disable at least a part of the emission control



system under commonly encountered conditions of urban driving.



This results in an increase in air pollutant emissions.  On



December 15, 1972 EPA ordered that these devices be eliminated



from 1973 model year vehicles manufactured by Ford, Chrysler,



American Motors, Nissan, and Toyota.  Approximately 2 million



cars and trucks yet to be produced were affected.  Public



hearings will be held on this issue early in 1973.





Development of Mobile Source Control



     In 1972 EPA continued its involvement in several programs



designed to foster technological improvements for the control



of automotive air pollution.  Among the most important are pro-



grams for development of an assembly line and inspection test



of auto emissions (Short Test), and development of advanced



automotive power systems.  In addition, EPA is encouraging



private industry to develop engine systems meeting 1976



emission standards through the Federal Clean Car Incentive



Program and the Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program.





Development of "Short Test"



     In the past year EPA has been evaluating several short



test methods.   The purpose is to qualify a test for use on



high volume auto assembly lines.  A short test is also sought for



State-run inspection and maintenance programs, but the test need
                            15

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not be the same as for the assembly .line test.  At present,
none of the tests correlate sufficiently with the full
Federal test procedure used in vehicle certification.
     Two»basic problems exist in development of the short test.
First, correlation is complicated because the short test is a
hot engine test while the certification procedure is  cold
start.  Second, it must be determined whether the measurement
of emissions from a  new engine can  be related meaningfully  to
emissions  of an in-use vehicle.

Advanced Automotive  Power Systems
      The Advanced Automotive  Power  Systems  (AAPS)  Program  goals
and objectives  have  been  broadened  in  the past  year  to include
more  than  the  testing and evaluation of advanced  power systems.
The broadened  program will  include:
      1.   Collection and  evaluation of information on private
          industry progress  and development.
      2.   Consideration of noise and fuel economy factors in
          addition to emission factors.
      3.   Consideration of the impacts of electric-powered
          vehicles as opposed to gasoline-powered vehicles.*
      In 1972 three  power systems were under AAPS consideration:
 the gas turbine, the Rankine cycle  and the stratified charge.
  * To reflect  the  broadened  goals  and  objectives  the program
   has been  renamed  the  Alternative Automotive Power Systems
                               16

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These three systems are considered to present the most



favorable prospects at this time for further development.



Hardware demonstrations, in cooperation with the Army, arc



scheduled for 1975.  A contract has been signed with Chrysler



Corporation to supply engines and vehicles to test the gas



turbine system.





Federal Clean Car  Incentive Program



     The Federal Clean Car Incentive Program is designed to



encourage private  development of low emission vehicles to meet



1976 emission standards.  Seven systems have been accepted into



the program.  One  prototype vehicle, an internal combustion



engine with catalytic exhaust treatment and exhaust gas  recir-



culation, has been delivered for testing.  The remaining six



entrants are in the pre-prototype delivery phase.





Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program



     Under  the Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program,  the Low



F.mission Vehicle Certification Board will certify low  emission



vehicles for purchase by the Federal government  for fleet use.



An application for battery-powered heavy duty trucks was



received in October 1972 and is presently being  processed.



Several  other manufacturers have  indicated  intent to  file appli-



cations .





Monitoring  Industry Progress and  Capability



     An  EPA task force  was formed  during fiscal year 1972 to



assess  progress and capabilities  of  the automotive  industry  in
                              17

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meeting the 1975-76 light duty vehicle emissions standards.
Several approaches are being taken:
    , Industry has been requested to, and has cooperated in
      supplying information on methods under development.
    . The National Academy of Sciences was contracted to
      conduct a comprehensive study of the technological
      feasibility of meeting 1975-76  standards.
     . The Aerospace Corporation has two contracts with EPA
      to provide data  on  the state-of-the-art of automobile
      emission  control and  to provide engineering support for
      continuing assessment  of  industry's  capability  for meeting
      1975-76  emission standards.

 Field Testing  of  1972  Vehicles
     On  September  12,  1972,  it was  announced  that  EPA would
 begin  field testing 1972  model  cars and light  duty  trucks.   A
 total  of  3,000 car owners in Los  Angeles,  Atlanta,  Detroit,
 Philadelphia,  and  St.  Louis were  selected at random from state
 registration lists to form the  test sample.   The test sample
 selected represents more than 701 of all 1972  models sold in
 the United States.  Testing procedures will be the same as those
 required for new car  certification.  These in-use tests are
 designed to determine how emission control systems will perform
 during actual use  and will be used to determine if recall pur-
 suant  to Section  207(c)  is necessary and  appropriate.

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Stationary Source Enforcement



    P,PA took its first stationary source enforcement actions



under the Clean Air Act in 1972.  The first 30-day notice for



violation of a state implementation plan was issued to Delmarva



Power and Light Company (Delaware City Plant) on March 8 for



failure to reduce the sulfur content of its fuel by January 1,



1972.



    EPA also issued a notice to Allied Chemical on May 26 for



violation of sulfur dioxide levels set forth in the Delaware



State Implementation Plan at its Claymont Delaware plant.  On



July 20, the Administrator ordered Allied Chemical to comply



with state requirements.  Requirements for compliance have



been established by the EPA Regional Administrator for Region



III, which includes Delaware.





Development of Stationary Source Control



SOV Control Technology Development



    Many of the techniques for  removal of sulfur oxides  (SOX)



from flue gas have now reached  the demonstration stage of



development.  Demonstrations are being carried out on a  scale



large enough so that application to a full size plant can be



evaluated.  Techniques now being demonstrated include:



     . Dry limestone injection--150 megawatt coal-fired boiler



      at TVA's Shawnee Power Plant, Paducah, Kentucky.



     . Wet limestone scrubbing--TVA Shawnee Power Plant,  a



      secondary demonstration  of a process variation at  Key



      West, Florida.




                             19

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    ,  Catalytic Oxidation (Monsanto-Cat-Ox)- - Illinois  Power-
      100 megawatt coal fired boiler at Wood  River Station.
    .  Magnesium oxide scrubbing  (Chemical Construction Company)
      --Boston Edison 150 megawatt oil fired  boiler at Mystic
      River Station.
    .  Sodium ion scrubbing with thermal regeneration (Wellman
      Power-Gas) Northern Indiana Public Service Company--100
      megawatt coal fired boiler at Gary, Indiana.
    Over the past year, studies of the impact of various S02
sources on ambient air quality in most major cities that exceed
Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards have revealed that a
major contributor to adverse air quality is the combustion of
fossil fuels in industrial and commercial boilers.  In most of
these industrial cities this source accounts for over 50% of
the ambient SOX.  This is not to say that electric utilities
are not still a major problem.  Under adverse weather conditions
the utility, because of its great mass of emissions, can be the
major source of pollution.  The SOX Control Technology Develop-
ment Program has been broadened to  address the control of the
non-utility sources to achieve  (1)  product emission control
capabilities for  industrial and area combustion sources which
have a primary  effect on  ambient  air quality,  (2)  improved,
second generation control capabilities for both large  and small
combustion  sources, and  (3) control for  specific  industrial
processes which are major emission  contributors in specific
localities.
                              20

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    The development and demonstration of ongoing clean fuels
projects will be accelerated.  These projects include the
mechanical and chemical desulfurization of coal, molten iron
combustion which traps the sulfur from coal in the slag
together with coal ash, and the fluidized gasification/desul-
furization of residual oil.  A second thrust will be the
intensified development and adaptation of flue gas cleaning
technology to the industrial source sector.

Particulate Control Technology Development
    Current particulate control technology is adequate to
achieve up to 991 control of particulates as measured on a
mass basis.  It is totally inadequate, however, for the
control of fine particulates less than 3 microns.  Fine
particulates may be partially) controlled with present devices
by increasing their size, power input or pressure drop.
However,  the cost of control is about inversely proportional
to particle size.
    Unfortunately, it  is  this size fraction  that remains air-
borne  once suspended,  is  breathed deeply into the lungs,
becomes a vehicle for  toxic  gases, and is a  prime contributor
to atmospheric  turbidity.  Further,  since many  of the
combustion-originated  fine particulates  are  products  of  con-
densation of metallic  substances,  this  size  fraction  frequently
                              21

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contains a much higher percentage of active trace  materials




such as lead, copper, vanadium, etc. likely to be  chemically




active, catalytic and possible health hazards.



    The 1-PA participate control technology program is in an



carJy stage of development.  Emphasis is being placed in two



areas:   (1) development of new technology for control of



fine particles and (2) upgrading and extending the applica-



tion of conventional technology for more effective control of




coarse and fine particles.
  j. Control Technology Development



    The control of NOX from new motor vehicles will be primarily



dependent on Federal standards while the control of existing



stationary sources of NOX will be dependent on State standards,




set as n result of implementation plan development.



   Stationary sources are not built, modified or replaced



at a rate comparable to motor vehicles.  Thus, the control



of stationary sources becomes a matter primarily of modifying



existing sources.  The impending reclassif icat ion of the AQCR's



for NOX may ease  the control requirements on some existing
                             22

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stationary sources, hut where NOX emissions limitations on



stationary sources will still he required, existing technol-



ogy may be inadequate.  Therefore, research and development



must be carried out to insure the achievement of ambient air



quality standards.  Given the nature of the sources, and the



time period of compliance, Federal involvement in the R§D



program is necessary.  Increased awareness of the magnitude



of the N0x.air pollution problem coupled with the urgency



of developing control techniques for stationary sources have



guided the accelerated 17Y 1973 Rf,D effort.



     Two alternatives for control are (1) the prevention of



N()x formation and  (2) the removal of NOX formed before pro-



ducts of combustion are released to the atmosphere.  The EPA



Rf,D program places major emphasis on alternative (1) through



control of the combustion process.  This alternative is



emphasized because of its greater near-term control capabil-



ity and its lower  commercial cost.





Other Pollutant Control Technology



     For over five years, stationary source^R§D programs of



EPA  (and its predecessor) have concentrated on the.need



to develop SO? (from power plants) control  technology.



Attention is now being shifted to controls  for many other



pollutants, some of which are potentially more objectionable



than SO->.  These  include hydrocarbons, hazardous pollutants,



ha 1 ides, carbon  monoxide, and odors, to name a few.
                           27,

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     EPA has begun to set standards in several  areas  involv-
ing these pollutants.  There is a pressing need for informa-
tion, techniques and control technology to allow both the
setting of meaningful and comprehensive standards and provide
means for affected industries to respond to control require-
ments.  The research approach includes (1) characterization
and quantification of the hazardous pollutant control capa-
bility of on going or planned control system projects for
combustion and industrial processes,  (2) extension and
acceleration of studies on specific industries and pollutants
in order to quantify the pollutants emitted and the degree
of control currently available,  (3) R and Dto develop effec-
tive controls for known offensive  sources and declared and
potentially hazardous pollutants.  This will include commer-
cial scale demonstration of  control technology developed
under the particulate control  technology development program.
Air Pollution Control Program Grants
     Air pollution control program grants are awarded to State,
local, regional and  interstate agencies with legal responsibility
for air pollution control.  These  grants are conferred for assist
ing, planning, developing, establishing, and monitoring air
pollution control programs.   Grants awarded in fiscal year
1971 and 1972, and estimated grants for fiscal year 1973 are
summarized in Table  III.
                             24

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      TABLE III.   SUMMARY OF GRANTS FOR STATE AND LOCAL CONTROL
                   AGENCY PROGRAMS
State or Territory
Alabama ...
Alaska
Arizona ...
Arkansas ..
California
Colorado 	
Connecticut 	
Delaware 	
District of Columbia
Florida'	
Georgia  ,
Hawaii .,
Idaho  ..,
Illinois
Indiana  ,
 Iowa	
 Kansas  ...
 Kentucky  ,
 Louisiana
 Maine 	
 Maryland
 Massachusetts
 Michigan
 Minnesota
 Mississippi  .
 Missouri 	
 Montana 	
 Nebraska 	
 Nevada 	
 New Hampshire
 New Jersey
 New Mexico
 New York 	
 North Carolina
 North Dakota ..
 Ohio 	
 Oklahoma
 Oregon 	
 Pennsylvania
 Rhode Island
$
    1972
   Actual

  527,324
   69,775
  207,049
  208,527
3,690,260

  900,784
1,335,796
      189
  225,000
  885,741

  630,218
   96,445
   81,687
2,423,520
  826,034

  559,243
  335,761
  159,028
  175,000
   987,000
   794,385
 1,613,520
   365,669
   421,724

   717,574
   231,460
   231,929
   245,702
   185,409

 2,118,844
   706,440
 3,967,790
 1,489,069
     45,000

 1,798,153
   484,906
   486,828
 2,080,700
   133,899
   1973
 Estimated3-

$  709,427
   152,518
   512,614
   280,295
 3,893,615

   576,524
 1,014,406
   260,054
   173,088
 1,363,097

   684,100
   157,395
   141,074
 2,830,000
 1,109,927

   498,841
   470,228
 1,016,034
   349,959
   245,349

   852,115
 1,247,799
 2,010,073
   700,097
   477,699

 1,123,344
   237,022
   304,422
   248,532
   227,609

 2,583,130
   302,543
 4,232,424
 1,050,998
     62,207

 2,450,000
   481,408
   667,492
  3,645,052
   197,117
                                    1974
                                  Estimated
$
  861,100
  142,090
  563,400
  407,000
3,769,990

  501,200
  839,400
  212,200
  214,600
1,186,600

1,085,400
  101,200
  271,200
2,640,000
1,738,480

  687,600
  562,320
  766,660
  807,200
  315,000

  850,800
1,375,400
1,853,600
  873,600
  590,430

  956,670
  222,800
  274,960
  248,200
  238,500

1,734,000
  328,800
3,755,800
1,154,400
    89,600

2,644,390
  471,600
  532,300
3,259,890
  269,000
                                    25

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TABLE III. (can't)
South Carolina
South Dakota ..
Tennessee .....
Texas 	
Utah 	
Vermont 	
Virginia 	
Washington ...
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming 	
American Samoa
Guam	
Puerto Rico  ...
Virgin Islands
    111,783
     32,025
    703,614
  2,603,299
    224,426
  1,062,000
  1,129,910
    317,620
    965,448
     68,133
     54,744
    464,417
    100,043
    708,247
     86,943
  1,157,469
  2,789,526
    216,945

    173,669
    618,516
  1,194,024
    322,693
    900,000
    102,667

     33,210
     54,990
    512,261
     89,212
  719,600
  137,870
  910,800
2,398,800
  319,600

   98,800
1,007,400
1,003,050
  500,700
1,039,200
   59,900

   13,800
   51,470
  489,800
   71,200
Grant $ contract support for
Implementation Plan revision
and development

State Assignee0
Approximate Total
$40,281,000


      ...b

  1,808,000


$42,089,000
                                                 $48,500,000     $48,219,000
  3,017,000

  1,645,000
3,000,000

  281,000
$53,162,000     $51,500,000
a Dollar amounts are  estimates of the actual amounts that may be
  awarded states during FY  73.  Estimates include funds to support
  the program that provides Federal employees to the States on a
  temporary basis.

b No budgeting in 1972  for  SIP development.

c Funds  for temporary Federal empoyees  assigned to states other
  than by payment through the grant mechanism.
                                   26

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     The  increase  in strength  at the State and  local control

agency  level can be  used as  an indicator of the Nation's

growing  capability to control  air pollution.  Table IV shows

that the  number of people employed in  state and local agencies

increased by 85% approximately in the  last four years.
     TABLE IV.  MANPOWER EMPLOYED3 BY STATE AND LOCAL
               AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES

                                               Estimates6
Agency
State
Local
Total
1969b
997
1840
2837
1971C
1537
2628
4165
1972d
2028
3295
5323
1973
2834
3000
5834
1975
4949
3660
8609
a Full-time budgeted positions.
b Manpower report to Congress June 1970.
c Preliminary report of a State and local air pollution control
  agency manpower and training survey.
d Estimated from Control Agency Summary Reports (Grants).
e Estimated from state implementation plan summary.
                                27

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V.   STATUS  OF  AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS
     Under Section 110  of the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1970,
States  were required to submit plans to EPA that would imple-
ment  the national ambient air quality standards promulgated
by EPA  on April  30,  1971.  On August 14, 1971 EPA promulgated
guidelines  for preparation and submission of the State Imple-
mentation Plans  (SIP's).   By May 30, 1972 EPA was required
by the  Act  to  approve  or disapprove the SIP's, or portions
thereof.  By July 30,  1972 EPA was required to promulgate
any portions of  SIP's  not yet approved.
    On  May  31, 1972, EPA published in the Federal Register
the formal  approval  and/or disapproval of the SIP's.   Of the
55 SIP's (50 States  plus  American  Samoa, Puerto Rico, Guam,
the Virgin  Islands,  and the  District of Columbia),  only 14
were  totally approved:   Alabama, American Samoa, Colorado,
Connecticut, Florida,  Guam,  Mississippi, New Hampshire, North
Carolina, North  Dakota,  Oregon,  Puerto Rico, South  Dakota
and West Virginia.   The  41 remaining SIP's  were disapproved
in part because  of the  absence  of,  or deficiency in,  one or
more essential regulatory portions.   In these cases,  the EPA
was required to  propose  and  promulgate substitute regulations.
    On June 14,  July 27,  and September 22,  1972, the  EPA
proposed regulations to  correct  the  regulatory deficiencies
of the SIP's.  As of November 15,  1972, thirteen ' States
(Alaska* Arkansas,  Delaware, Georgia, 'Kentucky, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas
                             28

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and Washington) had corrected these deficiencies, thereby
negating the need for the EPA to promulgate regulations for
those States.  Thus, as of December 31, 1972, there were
24 States for which EPA promulgation was not necessary.
    After holding public hearings and reviewing comments,
EPA promulgated regulations for seven States (Hawaii, Indiana,
Iowa, KaHsas; ' "ttiode Island, Vermont and* Wyoming) on"
September 22,  1972, and for seven additonal States (California,
Louisiana,'Minnesota,.Missouri, New Jersey, Utah rand the Virgin Islands)
on October 28, 1972.  Action on the remaining 14 States for
which EPA promulgation is required is expected  to be com-
pleted, after  hearings and review of public comments, by
mid-1973.  If  any of these States correct  the regulatory
deficiencies.of their SIP's, EPA promulgation will be obviated.
Also, EPA promulgation would be revoked for the aforementioned
14 States if  the necessary regulations were adopted by  the
States.  Table V summarizes the status of  the SIP's.
    Eighteen  month  extensions  for the development of a  plan
to meet secondary standards for particulate matter and/or
sulfur oxides  have  been granted in 27 air  quality control
regions.  These plans are to be submitted  on July 31,  1973.
Also, transportation cdntrol strategies to attain
carbon monoxide and/or photochemical'oxidant standards  must
be submitted  for 38 regions by April'15, 1973.  Table VI
deals with extensions which have been granted for the
                              29

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achievement of ambient air quality standards.  The status of
transportation control plans listed in Table VII may change
due to matters now in litigation and other factors.
                             30

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                  TABLE V.   STATUS  OF EPA ACTIONS  ON STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
                                          Regulatory
                                          Portions  of
                                          Plan Approved
                               3A Regulations
                                Proposed
State
THE
 Totally
 Approved
EPA Regs.
Promulgated
Region I
   Connecticut              5/31/72
   Maine                   10/28/72
   Massachusetts
   New Hampshire            5/31/72
   Rhode Island
   Vermont

Region II
   New Jersey
   New York
   Puerto Rico              5/31/72
   Virgin Islands

Region III
   Delaware                 9/22/72
   District of Columbia
   Maryland
   Pennsylvania
   Virginia
   West Virginia            5/31/72

Region  IV
   Alabama                  5/31/72
   Florida                  5/31/72
   Georgia                  9/22/72
   Mississippi              5/31/72
   Kentucky
   North Carolina          5/31/72
   South Carolina
   Tennessee

 Region  V
    Illinois
    Indiana
   Minnesota
   Michigan
   Ohio                     7/27/72
   Wisconsin

 Region VI
    Arkansas
    Louisiana
    New Mexico
    Oklahoma
    Texas
10/28/72*
                9/22/72
                9/22/72
               10/28/72*


               10/28/72*
                                                                        9/22/72
10/28/72*
                                                                        9/22/72

                                                                        7/27/72
                                                                        7/27/72
  7/27/72

 10/28/72*
 10/28/72*
                 9/22/72
                10/28/72
                                                                         7/27/72


                                                                         7/27/72
  9/22/72
 10/28/72'
                10/28/72*
                                7/27/72
                                6/14/72
                                            31

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TABLE V.  (can't)
Region VII
   Iowa
   Kansas
   Missouri
   Nebraska

Region VIII
   Colorado
   Montana
   North Dakota
   South Dakota
   Utah
   Wyoming

Region  IX
   Arizona
   California
   Hawaii
   Nevada
   Guam
   American Sajioa

 Region X
    Washington
    Oregon
    Idaho
    Alaska
                                9/22/72
                                9/22/72
                               10/28/72*
5/31/72
5/31/72


5/31/72
                               10/28/72*
                                9/22/72
                               10/28/72*
                                9/22/72
 5/31/72
 5/31/72
10/28/72*
 5/31/72
7/27/72



7/27/72


7/27/72
                              7/27/72
                              9/22/72

                              7/27/72
                             10/28/72*
                              7/27/72
                  7/27/72
    * Action on promulgation of nitrogen oxides emission limitations not
      taken as yet.
                                            32

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           TABLE VI.   STATES GRANTED EXTENSIONS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF S02
                      AND PARTICULATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
                                      Two Year Extension
                                      Primary Standard
   State

ALASKA
ARIZONA
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
HAWAII
IDAHO
KENTUCKY
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MONTANA
NEW .JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NEVADA
OHIO
PENNSYLVANIA
UTAH
VIRGINIA
S02
Participate
                         18 Month Extension-
                         Secondary Standard
                                                              SO-
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X
                           X

                           X
                           X
Participate
                             X
                             X
                             X
                             X
                             X

                             X

                             X

                             X

                             X
                             X
                                         33

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 TABLE VII.  AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS REQUIRING TRANSPORTATION/
               LAND USE CONTROLS TO ATTAIN STANDARDS
                                        Transportation/Land
   State (EPA Region)                   Use Controls Required
       AQCR	                   For;	

Alaska (X)                                      CO
Northern Alaska-Fairbanks

Alabama (IV)
Metropolitan Birmingham                         CO,

Alabama (IV)
Mobile City                                     C^

Arizona (IX)
Phoenix-Tucson                                  CO,

California  (IX)
San Francisco Bay Area                          CO,

California  (IX)
Metropolitan Los Angeles                        CO,

California  (IX)
San Diego                                       CO,
California (IX)
Sacramento Valley                               CO,  0^

California (IX)
Fresno                                           CO,  0

California (IX)
El  Centro                                       CO

Colorado (VIII)
Metropolitan Denver                             CO,  0^

District of Columbia (III)                       CO,  GX

Indiana (V)
Metropolitan Indianapolis                       CO,  0^

Illinois (V)
Metropolitan Chicago                            CO

Kansas  (VI)
Metropolitan Kansas City                        CO
                                 34

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TABLE VII. (con't)
Louisiana (VI)
Southern Louisiana

Maiyland (HI)
Metropolitan Baltimore                           CO,

Maryland (III)
National Capital Region                          CO,

Massachusetts  (I)
Metropolitan Boston                              CO,

Massachusetts  (I)
Springfield                                      CO

Missouri (VI)
Metropolitan Kansas City-
Interstate                                       CO

Minnesota (V)
Minneapolis-St. Paul                             CO

Nevada  (IX)
Las Vegas                                        CO,

New Jersey  (II)
Urban Section
bordering N.Y.                                   CO,

New Jersey  (II)
Metropolitan
Philadelphia-Interstate                          CO

New York (II)
New York City                                    CO,

New York (II)
Rochester                                        0^

New York (II)
Syracuse                                         CO

Ohio  (V)
Metropolitan Cincinnati

Ohio  (V)
Metropolitan Dayton
                                  35

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TABLE VII. (con't)
Ohio (V)
Metropolitan Toledo                             0^

Oregon  (X)
Portland-Interstate                             CO,

Pennsylvania (III)
Metropolitan
Philadelphia                                    CO

Pennsylvania (III)
Pittsburgh                                      CO,

Texas (VII)
Austin-Waco                                     Ox

Texas (VII)
Beaumont                                        Ox

Texas (VII)
Corpus-Christi-Victoria                         GX

Texas (VII)
Metropolitan
Houston-Calveston                              GX

Texas (VII)
Metropolitan
Dallas-Ft. Worth                               QX

Texas (VII)
Metropolitan San Antonio                       C^

Texas (VII)
El  Paso-Las Cruces
Alamogordo-Interstate                          QX

Utah  (VIII)
Salt  Lake City                                  CO

Virginia  (III)
National  Capital Region                        CO,

Washington  (X)
Eastern Washington
Spokane                                        CO

Washington  (X)
Seattle                                        CO,
                                 36

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Special Problems
     There are several major impediments to the promulgation
of State Implementation Plans and achievement of air quality
standards.  One such problem is the confusion caused by the
discovery of inaccuracy in the NOX measurement technique.
This problem is not expected to be fully resolved until 1974
(see Chapter III, Development of New Monitoring Techniques).
     Another such consideration is the Sierra Club suit against
the EPA on the issue of non-degradation of air quality.  By
alleging that the Administrator violated the intent of
Congress in his method of approving State Implementation Plans,
 the  Sierra Club brings to issue policies on growth and develop
ment which may cause deterioration in air quality.  The suit
is currently awaiting review by the Supreme Court.  If the
Court decides for the Sierra Club, significant changes will
be required in portions of State Implementation Plans dealing
with new  sources .
     Another pressing problem  is the deficit of  low sulfur
coal.   Because many States included conversion of  coal-
burning  facilities  to low sulfur coal as a major  control
measure  for sulfur  oxides, this shortage has implications
 for  the  achievement of air quality goals.   In  November 1972 the
Administrator  sent  a  letter  to the governors of  those States
 and  regions which had major  low sulfur  coal  deficits.  That
 letter  advised  that EPA would  consider  variances  or plan
 revisions  which  would delay  compliance  where necessary  and
where  attainment of the primary standard was not  jeopardized.
                             37

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The States receiving the letter were:  Alabama, Georgia,
Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and West Virginia.

VI.  ACTIVITIES OF THE PRESIDENT'S AIR QUALITY
     ADVISORY BOARD
     The President's Air Quality Advisory Board held a five
day conference with the President's Water Pollution Control
Advisory Board in March of  1972.  The subject of the confer-
ence was: "The Relationship between Environmental Quality
and Land Use."  Following testimony by noted experts in the
field, the Board developed  recommendations based on the
findings of the conference.
     The recommendations centered on  the need  for private
and public reorientation of land policies and  attitudes, in
order to bring land use and environmental goals into
harmony.
                             38

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