PROGRESS IN THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN 1972 ANNUAL REPORT Of The ADMINISTRATOR 01' THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY To The CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES In Compliance With Public Law 91-604 The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 May 1973 ------- PROGRESS IN THF. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION IN 1972 ANNUAL REPORT Of The ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY To The CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES In Compliance With Public Law 91-604 The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 May 1973 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. SUMMARY l 11. STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND GUIDELINES 5 III. NDNITORING 9 IV. ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL 13 V. STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS 28 VI ACTIVITIES OF THE PRESIDENT'S AIR QUALITY BOARD ------- LIST OF TABLES T. STATUS OP EPA AIR REGULATORY EFFORT Fl. MONITORING INSTRUMENTS OPERATED BY STATES III. SUMMARY OF GRANTS FOR STATES AND LOCAL CONTROL AGENCY PROGRAMS IV. MANPOWER EMPLOYED BY STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES V. STATUS OF EPA ACTIONS ON STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS VI. STATES GRANTED EXTENSIONS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF S02 AND PARTICULATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS VII. AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS REQUIRING TRANSPORTATION/LAND USE CONTROLS AND TWO- YEAR EXTENSIONS TO ATTAIN STANDARDS ------- PREFACE The Clean Air Act, as amended, authorizes a national program of air pollution research, regulation, and enforcement activities. This program is conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This report describes the major elements of progress made by EPA during calendar year 1972 toward the prevention and control of air pollution. It is submitted annually in accordance with Section 313 of the Clean Air Act, which reads as follows: "Sec. 313. Not later than six months after the effective date of this section and not later than January 10 of each calendar year beginning after such date, the Administrator shall report to the Congress on measures taken toward implementing the pur- pose and intent of this Act including, but not limited to, (1) the progress and problems associated with control of auto- motive exhaust emissions and the research efforts related thereto; (2) the development of air quality criteria and recommended emission control requirements; (3) the status of enforcement actions taken pursuant to this Act; (4) the status of State ambient air standards setting, including such plans for implementation and enforcement as have been developed; (5) the extent of development and expansion of air pollution monitoring systems; (6) progress and problems related to development of new and improved control techniques; (7) the development of quantitative and qualitative instrumentation to monitor emissions and air quality; (8) standards set or under consideration pursuant to title II of this Act; C9) the status of State, interstate, and local pollution control pro- grams established pursuant to and assisted by this Act; and (10) the reports and recommendations made by the President's Air Quality Advisory Board." ------- I. SUMMARY This report is organized into five major areas: . Standards, Regulations, and Guidelines . Monitoring . Enforcement and •• Control . Status of Air Pollution Abatement Programs . Activities of the President's Air Quality Advisory Board Summarized below under the above headings are EPA's principal accomplishments during the 1972 calendar year. Standards. Regulations, and Guidelines Regulations were promulgated in the mobile source area in 1972 which established emission limits for 1974 model year heavy duty trucks. Regulations were also promulgated which assured the availability of unleaded fuel for automotive use in mid-1974. A number of regulations were proposed which are also applicable to mobile sources: (1) Emission limits for 1975 model year light duty diesel motor vehicles (2) Maintenance provisions for post-1974 light duty vehicles (3) Emission limits for aircraft and aircraft engines (4) Schedule for the removal of lead from leaded grades of gasolines « In other areas, 12PA issued guidance to the States on necessary revisions in their implementation plans. These ------- revisions address such topics as the requirement for public hearings on comp]Lance schedules. Transportation Control Guidelines will lie proposed soon to assist the States in pre- paring transportation control plans. In the case of the California South Coast Basin, EPA has been ordered by a Federal court, to submit a transportation control plan which will achieve the national ambient air quality standard for photochemical oxidants. Monitoring A detailed analysis of the monitoring program was con- ducted this year. As a result the EPA monitoring effort is being decentralized with as much responsibility as possible delegated to the States and regions. Because of problems with the present reference method for measuring nitrogen dioxide (NC>2) , a major effort is underway to evaluate a replacement method and to reassess ambient NC^ levels in air quality control regions. The monitoring program has also initiated a quality control effort. As a result of this effort, it will be possi- ble to compare and utilize data from different laboratories through the use of uniform procedures. Enforcement and Control Several significant mobile source enforcement actions were taken in 1972. Among the most important were the denial ------- of the automobile manufacturers' request for suspension of 1975 emission standards (see footnote, p. 14), and the disqual- ification of the entire Ford Motor Company prototype certifi- cation fleet because of unauthorized maintenance during dura- bility testing (subsequently, Ford was fined $7 million for violations of Federal law). A program was implemented to enforce emission standards for imported vehicles. Also, EPA ordered that devices designed to defeat the effectiveness of emissions controls be removed from new cars. The first stationary source enforcement actions under the Clean Air Act were taken in 1972: 30-day notices for violation of a state implementation plan were issued to Delmarva Power and Light Company (March 8, 1972) and Allied Chemical (May 26, 1972). Toward the control of mobile source pollution, an EPA task force was formed in 1972 to assess the capability of the auto industry to meet the 1975 and 1976 light duty vehicle emission standards. In addition, surveillance testing was initiated on a total of 3,000 1972 model year vehicles in St. Louis, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Detroit and Philadelphia. This testing was designed to determine how emission control systems will perform in actual use. The EPA program supporting the development of advanced automotive power systems was broadened in 1972 to consider noise and fuel economy factors, impacts of electric vehicles, and an assessment of private ------- industry progress and development. Status of Air Pollution Abatement Programs In 1972 State Implementation Plans were submitted for every State and region. The review and approval or disapproval ol" these plans vms a major effort. In addition, Transportation Control Plans were required from 24 states. The deadline for submission of these plans is April 15, 1973. Activities of President's Air Quality Advisory Board The Air Quality Advisory Board met once during 1972 to discuss the relationship between land use and environmental quality. ------- II. STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND GUIDELINES Air pollution control standards set by EPA are con- sidered below under three groupings on the basis of their primary concern: (1) Regulations affecting mobile sources (2) Regulations affecting stationary sources (3) Guidance to the states and regions. Mobile Source Regulations Two major mobile source regulations were promulgated during 1972. The first established emission limits for new 1974 heavy duty motor vehicles. The second was intended to assure the availability of sufficient quantities of unleaded gasoline for 1975 model year vehicles. Several regulations were proposed in 1972, including maintenance provisions for post-1974 light duty vehicles, emission limits for 1975 light duty diesel motor vehicles, and a schedule for the removal of lead from leaded grades of gasoline. In addition, 1974, 1976, and 1979 emission limits for aircraft and aircraft engines were proposed. Regulations were proposed on February 23, 1972 requiring • The general availability by July 1, 1974 of a grade of unleaded gasoline containing not more than 0.05 grams of lead and not more than 0.005 grams of phosphorus per gallon ------- • A reduction of lead in leaded grades to not more than 1.25 grams per gallon by January 1, 1977. At that time, a 90-day comment period was opened, and public hearings were held in April and May. The health effects information received during the comment period did not resolve the health effects issues. As a result, the comment period was reopened for an additional 30 days on May 14, 1972. The unleaded grade regulations will be promul- gated early in 1973. However, because of the need for more data on the health effects issues,, the regulations for a reduction of lead in leaded grades of gasoline will be reproposed at the same time. Stationary Source Regulations New source performance standards (NSPS) are emission standards for new and significantly modified point sources. One group of standards for five industrial source categories was promulgated in December 1971. Revisions to these standards which clarified the applicability of standards during start up and shut down procedures were proposed in 1972. A second group of sources is under consideration and standards will be pro- posed in 1973. Group I and the sources considered for Group II are listed below: Group I; Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Generators Municipal Incinerators ------- Cement Plants Nitric Acid Plants Sulfuric Acid Plants Group II: Petroleum Refineries Secondary Lead Smelters Iron and Steel Mills (basic oxygen furnaces) Sewage Treatment Plants Asphalt Concrete Plants Brass and Bronze Ingot Production Plants Storage Vessels for Petroleum Liquids Hazardous poJlutants arc also essentially a stationary source problem. Asbestos, beryllium, and mercury have been identified as hazardous pollutants and regulations were pro- posed in December 1971 to limit emissions from sources of these pollutants. Promulgation of the regulations is expected early in 1973. Guidance to States and Regions F.PA has issued or is developing guidelines for the States and 1-PA regional offices. Revisions to the guidelines for State Implementation Plans were promulgated in 1972, including a list of steps essential to ensure conformance with compliance schedules. Guidelines will soon be proposed to aid those States required to submit Transportation Control Plans to meet national ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide and/or photo- chemical oxidants. All regulatory actions are summarized in Table I. ------- TABLE I. STATUS OF EPA AIR REGULATORY EFFORT MOBILE SOURCES Heavy Duty Motor Vehicles Light Duty Diesel Motor Vehicles Light Duty Vehicle Maintenance Aircraft Emission Standards Non- leaded Gasoline Reduction of Lead in Leaded Gasoline STATIONARY SOURCES New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) General Group II New Source Performance Standards Hazardous Pollutants GUIDANCE Revisions to State Implementation Plan Guidelines Transportation Control Guidelines Establishes emission limits for new 1974 and later model heavy duty motor vehicles Proposes emission limits for new 1975 light duty diesel motor vehicles Proposes maintenance provisions for post-1974 light duty motor vehicles Proposes 1974, 1976, and 1979 emission limits for aircraft and aircraft engines Assures availability of sufficient quantities of unleaded fuel in mid-1974 Proposes a schedule for removal of lead from leaded grades of gasoline Proposes start up and shut down regulations Proposes emission limits for new sources--see text Establishes emission or other limits on sources of asbestos, mercury and beryllium Outlines requirements for changes necessary in SIP's --see text Outlines necessary procedures and information for fornulation of state transportation control plans Promulgated 9/8/72 Proposed Proposed Proposed 10/6/72 11/8/72 12/12/72 Promulgated 1/10/73 Re-proposed 1/10/73 Proposed Proposal Pending Promulgation Pending 8/24/72 Early 1973 Early 1973 Pronulgated 12/9/72 Proposed 1/12/73 ------- HI. MONITORING F,PA is responsible for conducting an ambient, and source monitoring program to: • Determine the need for developing ambient air quality and source emission standards and regulations • Locate localized "trouble spots" • Measure air quality and emission trends to assure maintenance of standards The states have responsibility for ami) Lent air monitoring with technical and financial assistance from liPA. The number and type of monitoring sites required, currently in operation, and planned by the States is presented in Table II. I'.PA has given assistance to States and territories in developing inventories of 60,000 point and 3,.sOO area sources. The current inventory data are stored in a computerized data b a n k . Decentralization of Monitoring Effort A detailed analysis of the monitoring program was con- ducted tliis year and some changes resulted. The basic deci- sion was to decentralize the monitoring effort and to dele- gate as much responsibility as possible to the States and regions. As part of this effort, a pilot program was estab- lished in Region II to investigate the possibility of having regional offices conduct analysis of samples. Currently, all samples collected in the regions are sent to F.PA-Research ------- Triangle Park, North Carolina for analysis. Kstablishment of facilities in regional offices would speed analysis, as well as increase the total number of samples which could be collected. Development of New Monitoring Techniques Reference methods for air pollution measurement are being reviewed. In particular, problems have arisen recently with the current reference method for measurement of nitrogen dioxide. Evalua- tions are proceeding at 100 sites with a threefold purpose • To determine a replacement for the current reference method • To reclassify the air quality control regions with respect to nitrogen dioxide • To furnish data for state implementation plans Three nitrogen dioxide measurement methods appear promising; however, the evaluation will continue until mid-1974. A method for ambient monitoring of asbestos, which is classified as a hazardous pollutant, was developed recently by HPA. Quality Control The monitoring program has also been involved in quality control improvements.. This effort is an attempt to assure accuracy and validity of monitoring data nationwide. Through 10 ------- the use of uniform procedures in all phases of the monitoring process, it is possible to compare and utilize data gathered by different laboratories. This activity is expected to be fully implemented in 1973. 11 ------- TABLE II. NDNITORING INSTRUMENTS OPERATED BY STATES Pollutant Measured TSP-Hi Vol ** TSP-Tape S02- Bubbler SO? -Continuous N02- Continuous CO-Continuous Ox-Continuoas Minimum requirement 1587 522 855 268 NR 150 227 Current 2767 500 640 350 123 198 207 Planned By State in 1974* 3650 850 1400 950 275 400 400 * Based on State Implementation Plans Submitted to EPA. ** TSP=total suspended particulate NR - None Required 12 ------- IV. ENFORCEMENT AND CONTROL Mobile Source Enforcement Several significant mobile source enforcement actions were taken in 1972. Among the most important were a refusal to certify vehicles on which unauthorized maintenance was performed, denial of a request for suspension of the 1975 auto emissions standards (see footnote, p. 14), and develop- ment and implementation of a program to enforce emission standards for imported vehicles. Additionally, the commercial airlines' program to retrofit the JT8D engine was about 92% completed by the end of 1972. The program must be completed in 1973 under the newly proposed aircraft emission standards. Ford Certification Failure < EPA refused emissions compliance certification of the entire Ford Motor Company prototype fleet when it was discovered that unauthorized maintenance had been performed during dura- bility testing on one engine family manufactured. Consequently, the engines of this family that had been manufactured could not be sold until conformity with the certification process was demonstrated through a full rerun of the 50,000 mile durability test. The rerun was satisfactorily completed in 1972. Subsequently, Ford was fined $7 million dollars for criminal and civil violations of Federal law. 13 ------- Auto Suspension Request On May 12, 1972 the Administrator announced his decision to deny the request of five automobile manufacturers to sus- pend the 1975 standards for one year. The manufacturers main- tained that more time was needed to develop catalytic reactors as well as other system components. Catalyst suppliers, however, indicated that their components would be ready for installation in 1975 models. Denial was based primarily on the failure of the manufacturers to demonstrate that requisite technology did not presently exist.— Import Program Until March 1971, used automobiles imported from abroad, and new automobiles imported by individuals for personal use, were not required to meet emissions standards. In the past year, F.PA has developed an import program which controls all imports. Progress in the past year has included: . Publication of import regulations in February 1972. . Issuance of a standard declaration form. .Establishment of working relations with Customs Officials at all ports. . Development of computer capability to store and evaluate import dnta. All imported vehicles must now meet upon entry, or be motlified to meet rifter entry, all applicable standards for the model year involved. T7Since this writing, the decision was revised by court order ~~ and changed after a new hearing. 14 ------- Defeat Devices Defeat devices are devices which automatically and temporarily disable at least a part of the emission control system under commonly encountered conditions of urban driving. This results in an increase in air pollutant emissions. On December 15, 1972 EPA ordered that these devices be eliminated from 1973 model year vehicles manufactured by Ford, Chrysler, American Motors, Nissan, and Toyota. Approximately 2 million cars and trucks yet to be produced were affected. Public hearings will be held on this issue early in 1973. Development of Mobile Source Control In 1972 EPA continued its involvement in several programs designed to foster technological improvements for the control of automotive air pollution. Among the most important are pro- grams for development of an assembly line and inspection test of auto emissions (Short Test), and development of advanced automotive power systems. In addition, EPA is encouraging private industry to develop engine systems meeting 1976 emission standards through the Federal Clean Car Incentive Program and the Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program. Development of "Short Test" In the past year EPA has been evaluating several short test methods. The purpose is to qualify a test for use on high volume auto assembly lines. A short test is also sought for State-run inspection and maintenance programs, but the test need 15 ------- not be the same as for the assembly .line test. At present, none of the tests correlate sufficiently with the full Federal test procedure used in vehicle certification. Two»basic problems exist in development of the short test. First, correlation is complicated because the short test is a hot engine test while the certification procedure is cold start. Second, it must be determined whether the measurement of emissions from a new engine can be related meaningfully to emissions of an in-use vehicle. Advanced Automotive Power Systems The Advanced Automotive Power Systems (AAPS) Program goals and objectives have been broadened in the past year to include more than the testing and evaluation of advanced power systems. The broadened program will include: 1. Collection and evaluation of information on private industry progress and development. 2. Consideration of noise and fuel economy factors in addition to emission factors. 3. Consideration of the impacts of electric-powered vehicles as opposed to gasoline-powered vehicles.* In 1972 three power systems were under AAPS consideration: the gas turbine, the Rankine cycle and the stratified charge. * To reflect the broadened goals and objectives the program has been renamed the Alternative Automotive Power Systems 16 ------- These three systems are considered to present the most favorable prospects at this time for further development. Hardware demonstrations, in cooperation with the Army, arc scheduled for 1975. A contract has been signed with Chrysler Corporation to supply engines and vehicles to test the gas turbine system. Federal Clean Car Incentive Program The Federal Clean Car Incentive Program is designed to encourage private development of low emission vehicles to meet 1976 emission standards. Seven systems have been accepted into the program. One prototype vehicle, an internal combustion engine with catalytic exhaust treatment and exhaust gas recir- culation, has been delivered for testing. The remaining six entrants are in the pre-prototype delivery phase. Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program Under the Low Emission Vehicle Purchase Program, the Low F.mission Vehicle Certification Board will certify low emission vehicles for purchase by the Federal government for fleet use. An application for battery-powered heavy duty trucks was received in October 1972 and is presently being processed. Several other manufacturers have indicated intent to file appli- cations . Monitoring Industry Progress and Capability An EPA task force was formed during fiscal year 1972 to assess progress and capabilities of the automotive industry in 17 ------- meeting the 1975-76 light duty vehicle emissions standards. Several approaches are being taken: , Industry has been requested to, and has cooperated in supplying information on methods under development. . The National Academy of Sciences was contracted to conduct a comprehensive study of the technological feasibility of meeting 1975-76 standards. . The Aerospace Corporation has two contracts with EPA to provide data on the state-of-the-art of automobile emission control and to provide engineering support for continuing assessment of industry's capability for meeting 1975-76 emission standards. Field Testing of 1972 Vehicles On September 12, 1972, it was announced that EPA would begin field testing 1972 model cars and light duty trucks. A total of 3,000 car owners in Los Angeles, Atlanta, Detroit, Philadelphia, and St. Louis were selected at random from state registration lists to form the test sample. The test sample selected represents more than 701 of all 1972 models sold in the United States. Testing procedures will be the same as those required for new car certification. These in-use tests are designed to determine how emission control systems will perform during actual use and will be used to determine if recall pur- suant to Section 207(c) is necessary and appropriate. 18 ------- Stationary Source Enforcement P,PA took its first stationary source enforcement actions under the Clean Air Act in 1972. The first 30-day notice for violation of a state implementation plan was issued to Delmarva Power and Light Company (Delaware City Plant) on March 8 for failure to reduce the sulfur content of its fuel by January 1, 1972. EPA also issued a notice to Allied Chemical on May 26 for violation of sulfur dioxide levels set forth in the Delaware State Implementation Plan at its Claymont Delaware plant. On July 20, the Administrator ordered Allied Chemical to comply with state requirements. Requirements for compliance have been established by the EPA Regional Administrator for Region III, which includes Delaware. Development of Stationary Source Control SOV Control Technology Development Many of the techniques for removal of sulfur oxides (SOX) from flue gas have now reached the demonstration stage of development. Demonstrations are being carried out on a scale large enough so that application to a full size plant can be evaluated. Techniques now being demonstrated include: . Dry limestone injection--150 megawatt coal-fired boiler at TVA's Shawnee Power Plant, Paducah, Kentucky. . Wet limestone scrubbing--TVA Shawnee Power Plant, a secondary demonstration of a process variation at Key West, Florida. 19 ------- , Catalytic Oxidation (Monsanto-Cat-Ox)- - Illinois Power- 100 megawatt coal fired boiler at Wood River Station. . Magnesium oxide scrubbing (Chemical Construction Company) --Boston Edison 150 megawatt oil fired boiler at Mystic River Station. . Sodium ion scrubbing with thermal regeneration (Wellman Power-Gas) Northern Indiana Public Service Company--100 megawatt coal fired boiler at Gary, Indiana. Over the past year, studies of the impact of various S02 sources on ambient air quality in most major cities that exceed Federal Ambient Air Quality Standards have revealed that a major contributor to adverse air quality is the combustion of fossil fuels in industrial and commercial boilers. In most of these industrial cities this source accounts for over 50% of the ambient SOX. This is not to say that electric utilities are not still a major problem. Under adverse weather conditions the utility, because of its great mass of emissions, can be the major source of pollution. The SOX Control Technology Develop- ment Program has been broadened to address the control of the non-utility sources to achieve (1) product emission control capabilities for industrial and area combustion sources which have a primary effect on ambient air quality, (2) improved, second generation control capabilities for both large and small combustion sources, and (3) control for specific industrial processes which are major emission contributors in specific localities. 20 ------- The development and demonstration of ongoing clean fuels projects will be accelerated. These projects include the mechanical and chemical desulfurization of coal, molten iron combustion which traps the sulfur from coal in the slag together with coal ash, and the fluidized gasification/desul- furization of residual oil. A second thrust will be the intensified development and adaptation of flue gas cleaning technology to the industrial source sector. Particulate Control Technology Development Current particulate control technology is adequate to achieve up to 991 control of particulates as measured on a mass basis. It is totally inadequate, however, for the control of fine particulates less than 3 microns. Fine particulates may be partially) controlled with present devices by increasing their size, power input or pressure drop. However, the cost of control is about inversely proportional to particle size. Unfortunately, it is this size fraction that remains air- borne once suspended, is breathed deeply into the lungs, becomes a vehicle for toxic gases, and is a prime contributor to atmospheric turbidity. Further, since many of the combustion-originated fine particulates are products of con- densation of metallic substances, this size fraction frequently 21 ------- contains a much higher percentage of active trace materials such as lead, copper, vanadium, etc. likely to be chemically active, catalytic and possible health hazards. The 1-PA participate control technology program is in an carJy stage of development. Emphasis is being placed in two areas: (1) development of new technology for control of fine particles and (2) upgrading and extending the applica- tion of conventional technology for more effective control of coarse and fine particles. j. Control Technology Development The control of NOX from new motor vehicles will be primarily dependent on Federal standards while the control of existing stationary sources of NOX will be dependent on State standards, set as n result of implementation plan development. Stationary sources are not built, modified or replaced at a rate comparable to motor vehicles. Thus, the control of stationary sources becomes a matter primarily of modifying existing sources. The impending reclassif icat ion of the AQCR's for NOX may ease the control requirements on some existing 22 ------- stationary sources, hut where NOX emissions limitations on stationary sources will still he required, existing technol- ogy may be inadequate. Therefore, research and development must be carried out to insure the achievement of ambient air quality standards. Given the nature of the sources, and the time period of compliance, Federal involvement in the R§D program is necessary. Increased awareness of the magnitude of the N0x.air pollution problem coupled with the urgency of developing control techniques for stationary sources have guided the accelerated 17Y 1973 Rf,D effort. Two alternatives for control are (1) the prevention of N()x formation and (2) the removal of NOX formed before pro- ducts of combustion are released to the atmosphere. The EPA Rf,D program places major emphasis on alternative (1) through control of the combustion process. This alternative is emphasized because of its greater near-term control capabil- ity and its lower commercial cost. Other Pollutant Control Technology For over five years, stationary source^R§D programs of EPA (and its predecessor) have concentrated on the.need to develop SO? (from power plants) control technology. Attention is now being shifted to controls for many other pollutants, some of which are potentially more objectionable than SO->. These include hydrocarbons, hazardous pollutants, ha 1 ides, carbon monoxide, and odors, to name a few. 27, ------- EPA has begun to set standards in several areas involv- ing these pollutants. There is a pressing need for informa- tion, techniques and control technology to allow both the setting of meaningful and comprehensive standards and provide means for affected industries to respond to control require- ments. The research approach includes (1) characterization and quantification of the hazardous pollutant control capa- bility of on going or planned control system projects for combustion and industrial processes, (2) extension and acceleration of studies on specific industries and pollutants in order to quantify the pollutants emitted and the degree of control currently available, (3) R and Dto develop effec- tive controls for known offensive sources and declared and potentially hazardous pollutants. This will include commer- cial scale demonstration of control technology developed under the particulate control technology development program. Air Pollution Control Program Grants Air pollution control program grants are awarded to State, local, regional and interstate agencies with legal responsibility for air pollution control. These grants are conferred for assist ing, planning, developing, establishing, and monitoring air pollution control programs. Grants awarded in fiscal year 1971 and 1972, and estimated grants for fiscal year 1973 are summarized in Table III. 24 ------- TABLE III. SUMMARY OF GRANTS FOR STATE AND LOCAL CONTROL AGENCY PROGRAMS State or Territory Alabama ... Alaska Arizona ... Arkansas .. California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida' Georgia , Hawaii ., Idaho .., Illinois Indiana , Iowa Kansas ... Kentucky , Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi . Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota .. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island $ 1972 Actual 527,324 69,775 207,049 208,527 3,690,260 900,784 1,335,796 189 225,000 885,741 630,218 96,445 81,687 2,423,520 826,034 559,243 335,761 159,028 175,000 987,000 794,385 1,613,520 365,669 421,724 717,574 231,460 231,929 245,702 185,409 2,118,844 706,440 3,967,790 1,489,069 45,000 1,798,153 484,906 486,828 2,080,700 133,899 1973 Estimated3- $ 709,427 152,518 512,614 280,295 3,893,615 576,524 1,014,406 260,054 173,088 1,363,097 684,100 157,395 141,074 2,830,000 1,109,927 498,841 470,228 1,016,034 349,959 245,349 852,115 1,247,799 2,010,073 700,097 477,699 1,123,344 237,022 304,422 248,532 227,609 2,583,130 302,543 4,232,424 1,050,998 62,207 2,450,000 481,408 667,492 3,645,052 197,117 1974 Estimated $ 861,100 142,090 563,400 407,000 3,769,990 501,200 839,400 212,200 214,600 1,186,600 1,085,400 101,200 271,200 2,640,000 1,738,480 687,600 562,320 766,660 807,200 315,000 850,800 1,375,400 1,853,600 873,600 590,430 956,670 222,800 274,960 248,200 238,500 1,734,000 328,800 3,755,800 1,154,400 89,600 2,644,390 471,600 532,300 3,259,890 269,000 25 ------- TABLE III. (can't) South Carolina South Dakota .. Tennessee ..... Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington ... West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam Puerto Rico ... Virgin Islands 111,783 32,025 703,614 2,603,299 224,426 1,062,000 1,129,910 317,620 965,448 68,133 54,744 464,417 100,043 708,247 86,943 1,157,469 2,789,526 216,945 173,669 618,516 1,194,024 322,693 900,000 102,667 33,210 54,990 512,261 89,212 719,600 137,870 910,800 2,398,800 319,600 98,800 1,007,400 1,003,050 500,700 1,039,200 59,900 13,800 51,470 489,800 71,200 Grant $ contract support for Implementation Plan revision and development State Assignee0 Approximate Total $40,281,000 ...b 1,808,000 $42,089,000 $48,500,000 $48,219,000 3,017,000 1,645,000 3,000,000 281,000 $53,162,000 $51,500,000 a Dollar amounts are estimates of the actual amounts that may be awarded states during FY 73. Estimates include funds to support the program that provides Federal employees to the States on a temporary basis. b No budgeting in 1972 for SIP development. c Funds for temporary Federal empoyees assigned to states other than by payment through the grant mechanism. 26 ------- The increase in strength at the State and local control agency level can be used as an indicator of the Nation's growing capability to control air pollution. Table IV shows that the number of people employed in state and local agencies increased by 85% approximately in the last four years. TABLE IV. MANPOWER EMPLOYED3 BY STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES Estimates6 Agency State Local Total 1969b 997 1840 2837 1971C 1537 2628 4165 1972d 2028 3295 5323 1973 2834 3000 5834 1975 4949 3660 8609 a Full-time budgeted positions. b Manpower report to Congress June 1970. c Preliminary report of a State and local air pollution control agency manpower and training survey. d Estimated from Control Agency Summary Reports (Grants). e Estimated from state implementation plan summary. 27 ------- V. STATUS OF AIR POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS Under Section 110 of the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1970, States were required to submit plans to EPA that would imple- ment the national ambient air quality standards promulgated by EPA on April 30, 1971. On August 14, 1971 EPA promulgated guidelines for preparation and submission of the State Imple- mentation Plans (SIP's). By May 30, 1972 EPA was required by the Act to approve or disapprove the SIP's, or portions thereof. By July 30, 1972 EPA was required to promulgate any portions of SIP's not yet approved. On May 31, 1972, EPA published in the Federal Register the formal approval and/or disapproval of the SIP's. Of the 55 SIP's (50 States plus American Samoa, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the District of Columbia), only 14 were totally approved: Alabama, American Samoa, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Guam, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Puerto Rico, South Dakota and West Virginia. The 41 remaining SIP's were disapproved in part because of the absence of, or deficiency in, one or more essential regulatory portions. In these cases, the EPA was required to propose and promulgate substitute regulations. On June 14, July 27, and September 22, 1972, the EPA proposed regulations to correct the regulatory deficiencies of the SIP's. As of November 15, 1972, thirteen ' States (Alaska* Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, 'Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas 28 ------- and Washington) had corrected these deficiencies, thereby negating the need for the EPA to promulgate regulations for those States. Thus, as of December 31, 1972, there were 24 States for which EPA promulgation was not necessary. After holding public hearings and reviewing comments, EPA promulgated regulations for seven States (Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, KaHsas; ' "ttiode Island, Vermont and* Wyoming) on" September 22, 1972, and for seven additonal States (California, Louisiana,'Minnesota,.Missouri, New Jersey, Utah rand the Virgin Islands) on October 28, 1972. Action on the remaining 14 States for which EPA promulgation is required is expected to be com- pleted, after hearings and review of public comments, by mid-1973. If any of these States correct the regulatory deficiencies.of their SIP's, EPA promulgation will be obviated. Also, EPA promulgation would be revoked for the aforementioned 14 States if the necessary regulations were adopted by the States. Table V summarizes the status of the SIP's. Eighteen month extensions for the development of a plan to meet secondary standards for particulate matter and/or sulfur oxides have been granted in 27 air quality control regions. These plans are to be submitted on July 31, 1973. Also, transportation cdntrol strategies to attain carbon monoxide and/or photochemical'oxidant standards must be submitted for 38 regions by April'15, 1973. Table VI deals with extensions which have been granted for the 29 ------- achievement of ambient air quality standards. The status of transportation control plans listed in Table VII may change due to matters now in litigation and other factors. 30 ------- TABLE V. STATUS OF EPA ACTIONS ON STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS Regulatory Portions of Plan Approved 3A Regulations Proposed State THE Totally Approved EPA Regs. Promulgated Region I Connecticut 5/31/72 Maine 10/28/72 Massachusetts New Hampshire 5/31/72 Rhode Island Vermont Region II New Jersey New York Puerto Rico 5/31/72 Virgin Islands Region III Delaware 9/22/72 District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia 5/31/72 Region IV Alabama 5/31/72 Florida 5/31/72 Georgia 9/22/72 Mississippi 5/31/72 Kentucky North Carolina 5/31/72 South Carolina Tennessee Region V Illinois Indiana Minnesota Michigan Ohio 7/27/72 Wisconsin Region VI Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas 10/28/72* 9/22/72 9/22/72 10/28/72* 10/28/72* 9/22/72 10/28/72* 9/22/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 10/28/72* 10/28/72* 9/22/72 10/28/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 9/22/72 10/28/72' 10/28/72* 7/27/72 6/14/72 31 ------- TABLE V. (can't) Region VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska Region VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming Region IX Arizona California Hawaii Nevada Guam American Sajioa Region X Washington Oregon Idaho Alaska 9/22/72 9/22/72 10/28/72* 5/31/72 5/31/72 5/31/72 10/28/72* 9/22/72 10/28/72* 9/22/72 5/31/72 5/31/72 10/28/72* 5/31/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 7/27/72 9/22/72 7/27/72 10/28/72* 7/27/72 7/27/72 * Action on promulgation of nitrogen oxides emission limitations not taken as yet. 32 ------- TABLE VI. STATES GRANTED EXTENSIONS FOR ACHIEVEMENT OF S02 AND PARTICULATE AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Two Year Extension Primary Standard State ALASKA ARIZONA CALIFORNIA COLORADO HAWAII IDAHO KENTUCKY MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS MONTANA NEW .JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK NEVADA OHIO PENNSYLVANIA UTAH VIRGINIA S02 Participate 18 Month Extension- Secondary Standard SO- X X X X X X X X X X X Participate X X X X X X X X X X 33 ------- TABLE VII. AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS REQUIRING TRANSPORTATION/ LAND USE CONTROLS TO ATTAIN STANDARDS Transportation/Land State (EPA Region) Use Controls Required AQCR For; Alaska (X) CO Northern Alaska-Fairbanks Alabama (IV) Metropolitan Birmingham CO, Alabama (IV) Mobile City C^ Arizona (IX) Phoenix-Tucson CO, California (IX) San Francisco Bay Area CO, California (IX) Metropolitan Los Angeles CO, California (IX) San Diego CO, California (IX) Sacramento Valley CO, 0^ California (IX) Fresno CO, 0 California (IX) El Centro CO Colorado (VIII) Metropolitan Denver CO, 0^ District of Columbia (III) CO, GX Indiana (V) Metropolitan Indianapolis CO, 0^ Illinois (V) Metropolitan Chicago CO Kansas (VI) Metropolitan Kansas City CO 34 ------- TABLE VII. (con't) Louisiana (VI) Southern Louisiana Maiyland (HI) Metropolitan Baltimore CO, Maryland (III) National Capital Region CO, Massachusetts (I) Metropolitan Boston CO, Massachusetts (I) Springfield CO Missouri (VI) Metropolitan Kansas City- Interstate CO Minnesota (V) Minneapolis-St. Paul CO Nevada (IX) Las Vegas CO, New Jersey (II) Urban Section bordering N.Y. CO, New Jersey (II) Metropolitan Philadelphia-Interstate CO New York (II) New York City CO, New York (II) Rochester 0^ New York (II) Syracuse CO Ohio (V) Metropolitan Cincinnati Ohio (V) Metropolitan Dayton 35 ------- TABLE VII. (con't) Ohio (V) Metropolitan Toledo 0^ Oregon (X) Portland-Interstate CO, Pennsylvania (III) Metropolitan Philadelphia CO Pennsylvania (III) Pittsburgh CO, Texas (VII) Austin-Waco Ox Texas (VII) Beaumont Ox Texas (VII) Corpus-Christi-Victoria GX Texas (VII) Metropolitan Houston-Calveston GX Texas (VII) Metropolitan Dallas-Ft. Worth QX Texas (VII) Metropolitan San Antonio C^ Texas (VII) El Paso-Las Cruces Alamogordo-Interstate QX Utah (VIII) Salt Lake City CO Virginia (III) National Capital Region CO, Washington (X) Eastern Washington Spokane CO Washington (X) Seattle CO, 36 ------- Special Problems There are several major impediments to the promulgation of State Implementation Plans and achievement of air quality standards. One such problem is the confusion caused by the discovery of inaccuracy in the NOX measurement technique. This problem is not expected to be fully resolved until 1974 (see Chapter III, Development of New Monitoring Techniques). Another such consideration is the Sierra Club suit against the EPA on the issue of non-degradation of air quality. By alleging that the Administrator violated the intent of Congress in his method of approving State Implementation Plans, the Sierra Club brings to issue policies on growth and develop ment which may cause deterioration in air quality. The suit is currently awaiting review by the Supreme Court. If the Court decides for the Sierra Club, significant changes will be required in portions of State Implementation Plans dealing with new sources . Another pressing problem is the deficit of low sulfur coal. Because many States included conversion of coal- burning facilities to low sulfur coal as a major control measure for sulfur oxides, this shortage has implications for the achievement of air quality goals. In November 1972 the Administrator sent a letter to the governors of those States and regions which had major low sulfur coal deficits. That letter advised that EPA would consider variances or plan revisions which would delay compliance where necessary and where attainment of the primary standard was not jeopardized. 37 ------- The States receiving the letter were: Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee and West Virginia. VI. ACTIVITIES OF THE PRESIDENT'S AIR QUALITY ADVISORY BOARD The President's Air Quality Advisory Board held a five day conference with the President's Water Pollution Control Advisory Board in March of 1972. The subject of the confer- ence was: "The Relationship between Environmental Quality and Land Use." Following testimony by noted experts in the field, the Board developed recommendations based on the findings of the conference. The recommendations centered on the need for private and public reorientation of land policies and attitudes, in order to bring land use and environmental goals into harmony. 38 ------- |