RESSi
Report to Congress
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY • 4TH & M STREET SOUTH WEST
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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PROGRESS IN THE PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF AIR POLLUTION
IN 1973
ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE
ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY
TO
THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
IN COMPLIANCE WITH
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AS AMENDED
JANUARY 1974
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
PREFACE v
I - Introduction and Summary 1
II - The Progress and Problems Associated with Control of
Mobile Source Emissions and the Research Efforts
Related Thereto 6
- Measures Taken to Implement Mandated Title II
Emission Standards 6
- Transportation Control Plans 11
- Additional Activities in the Mobile Source Area ... 14
- Mobile Source Research and Development 21
III - The Development of Air Quality Criteria and Recom-
mended Emission Control Requirements 24
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards 24
- National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants 25
- Health Effects Research 29
IV - The Status of Enforcement Actions Taken Pursuant
to This Act 30
- Stationary Source Enforcement Actions 30
- Mobile Source Enforcement Actions 33
- Enforcement of Section 306 - Federal Procurement. . . 38
V - The Status of State Standards Setting, Including
Such Plans for Implementation as Have Been
Developed 40
- Issues Affecting Development and Implementation
of State Implementation Plans 42
- Status of State Implementation Plan Approvals,
Disapprovals, and Promulgations 49
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Table of Contents (continued)
CHAPTER
VI - The Extent of Development and Expansion of Air
Pollution Monitoring Systems .. ......... 51
- Progress in the Development of Monitoring Systems . .52
- Trends in National Ambient Air Quality Levels. ... 57
VII - The Development of New and Improved Air Pollution
Control Techniques ................ 55
VIII - The Development of Instrumentation to Monitor
Emissions and Air Quality ............ 72
- Emissions Monitoring Developments ....... ... 73
- Ambient Monitoring Developments. ... ....... 74
- Quality Control Efforts ............... 75
IX - Standards Set or Under Consideration Pursuant to
Title II of This Act ............... 75
X - The Status of State, Interstate/ and Local
Pollution Control Programs Established Pursuant
to and Assisted by This Act .......... .. 79
- Federal Financial Assistance to Air Pollution
Control Agencies ................. 80
- Progress of State and Local Air Pollution Control
Programs ..................... 80
XI - Reports and Recommendations Made by the President's
Air Quality Advisory Board ............. 85
APPENDIX - Summary of EPA's Stationary Source Air
Enforcement Actions
ii
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Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Major Air Pollution Control Regulations and
Standards Issued During 1973
••• 1975 Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Emission
Standards 7
- Status of the Transportation Control Plans. . 13
- Control Measures Used in Transportation
Control Plans 15
- Emission Levels of In-Use Vehicles 17
Sources Regulated by National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
26
- New Source Performance Standards Proposed
in 1973 28
- Summary of Mobile Source Enforcement Actions. 34
- Priority Classifications of Air Quality
Control Regions 41
- Status of State Implementation Plans 50
- Status of Air Quality Control Regions with
Respect to State Implementation Plan
Monitoring Requirements (Sept. 1973). ... 53
- Comparison of Numbers of Existing and
Proposed Monitors with Number Required
by State Implementation Plans 53
Status of Air Quality, Total Suspended
Particulates
62
Status of Air Quality, Sulfur Dioxide 1972. . 63
Status of Air Quality, Oxidants 1972 ..... 64
111
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Tables (continued)
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
Table 20
Page
- Status of Air Quality/ Carbon Monoxide . . 65
Mobile Source Emission Standards Acted
Upon by EPA in 1973
Mobile Source Regulations Acted Upon by
EPA in 1973
Summary of Grant Awards to State and Local
Air Pollution Control Agencies
Personnel Employed by State and Local Air
Pollution Control Agencies . .
77
76
81
83
Table of figures
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Illustrative Label for 1974 Vehicles—-
Specific Information 19
Composite Levels of Total Suspended
Particulates at Urban and Non-urban
NASN Stations ,
Composite Levels of Sulfur Dioxide at
32 NASN Stations
58
59
IV
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PREFACE
The Clean Air Act, as amended, authorizes a national
program of air pollution research, regulation, and enforce-
ment activities. This program is directed at the Federal
level by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). However, primary responsibility for the prevention
and control of air pollution at its source rests with State
and local governments. EPA's role is to conduct research
and development programs, set national goals (via standards
and regulations), provide technical and financial assistance
to the States, and, where necessary, supplement State imple-
mentation and enforcement programs.
Section 313 of the Clean Air Act requires the Adminis-
trator to report yearly on measures taken toward implementing
the purpose and intent of the Act. Section 313 reads as
follows:
"Not later than six months after the effec-
tive date of this section and not later than
January 10 of each calendar year beginning
after such date, the Administrator shall
report to the Congress on measures taken
toward implementing the purpose and intent
of this Act including, but not limited to,
(1) the progress and problems associated
with control of automotive exhaust emissions
and the research efforts related thereto;
(2) the development of air quality criteria
and recommended emission control require-
ments; (3) the status of enforcement actions
taken pursuant to this Act; (4) the status
of State ambient air standards setting,
v
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including such plans for implementation and
enforcement as have been developed; (5) the
extent of development and expansion of air
pollution monitoring systems; (6) progress
and problems related to development of new
and improved control techniques; (7) the
development of quantitative and qualitative
instrumentation to monitor emissions and
air quality; (8) standards set or under con-
sideration pursuant to title II of this Act;
(9) the status of State, interstate, and
local pollution control programs established
pursuant to and assisted by this Act; and
(10) the reports and recommendations made by
the President's Air Quality Advisory Board."
This report covers the period January 1 to October 15, 1973
and describes the major elements of progress toward the pre-
vention and control of air pollution that have been made by
EPA since the last report.
vi
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I. INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY
The year 1973 was significant for air pollution
control. This report reviews the progress that the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made
during the first 10 months of 1973 in the control and
prevention of air pollution. It follows the order of
topics listed in Section 313 of the Clean Air Act.
Additional measures of progress have been incorporated
where appropriate.
EPA acted on a number of air pollution control
regulations and standards in 1973. The major ones are
summarized in Table 1.
A number of major events occurred in 1973:
o A 1-year suspension of the statutory 1975
hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO)
emission standards for light-duty motor
vehicles was granted; interim standards were
set.
o A 1-year suspension of the statutory 1976
nitrogen oxides (NO ) emission standard for
J^.
light-duty motor vehicles was granted; an
interim standard was set.
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Table 1
Major Air Pollution Control Regulations and Standards Issued During 1973'
Subiect
Reduction of lead in gasolines
Availability of lead-free gasolines
Inspections of motor vehicle certification
activities
National emissions standards for hazardous
air pollutants
Stationary source upset provisions
Servicing of auto emission controls
New source performance standards (Group II)
Indirect sources/maintenance of standards
Denial of grants, loans, and contracts to
polluters
Emission standards for 1975 model year
autos
Significant deterioration of air quality
Aircraft emissions
Aircraft engine retrofit
Emissions from light-duty trucks
Emission standard for 1976 model year autos
Revocation of annual secondary ambient air
quality standard for sulfur dioxides
Supplementary control systems
Regulations for high-altitude motor vehicles
Transportation control plans
Date
Published
in Federal
Register
Jan. 10
Jan. 10
Feb. 26
March 30
May 2
June 4
June 5
June 18
June 21
July 2
Status
Proposed
Final
Proposed
Final
Proposed
Final
Proposed
Final
Proposed
Final
Discussed
in Chapter
IX
IX
IX
III
III
IX
III
V
IV
II
July 16
July 17
July 17
Aug. 7
Aug . 21
Sept. 14
Sept. 14
Oct. 12
o
Proposed
Final
Proposed
Final
Final
Final
Proposed
Proposed
Final
V
IX
IX
IX
II
III
V
IX
II
a
b
First 10 months only
Promulgated on several different dates
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o Transportation control plans were developed
or approved for those Air Quality Control
Regions requiring them.
o The Annual Secondary Sulfur Oxides Ambient
Air Quality Standard was revoked.
o New Source Performance Standards were proposed
for 7 additional sources.
o National Emissions Standards for Hazardous
Pollutants were promulgated for asbestos,
beryllium, and mercury.
o Approximately 65 enforcement actions were taken
against stationary sources of air pollution
and about 600 investigations are underway.
o Approximately 80 investigations were conducted
by the Mobile Source Enforcement Program; 214
administrative orders and seven referrals to
the Department of Justice have resulted.
o Effective July 1, 1974, air polluters will be
ineligible for certain Federal contracts,
grants, and loans.
o EPA promulgated compliance schedules, where
necessary, for some stationary sources.
o In the center of selected cities, the average
concentrations of total suspended particulates
dropped 20 percent over the past 12 years, and
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average sulfur dioxide concentrations dropped 50
percent.
o New monitoring data indicated that the air quality
in some Air Quality Control Regions originally
believed to be meeting standards may actually be
violating the standards.
o The SO control technology development program is
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demonstrating adequate control technology for
utility boilers to support the Agency's immediate
(through 1980) regulatory and enforcement needs.
o Non-utility sources of SOx/ which are major contrib-
utors to ambient concentrations/ are becoming
the focal point of control system development
activity.
o Control technology for fine particulates,
potentially a major health hazard, is seriously
deficient. A major effort to develop detection
measurement and control technology is underway.
o The Community Health Effects Surveillance
Studies (CHESS) program continued to demonstrate
the benefits of improved air quality; adverse
health effects of suspended sulfates were
highlighted.
o Numerous monitoring instruments were developed—
for example/ instruments for 1) methane/
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carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide from cars and
2) ambient nitrogen oxides.
o The number of State and local control agency
personnel climbed to 6,195 in Fiscal Year 1973,
up from 4,165 in 1971 and 2,837 in 1969.
o EPA support of State and local control agencies
increased to $50.5 million in Fiscal Year 1973,
as compared to $42.1 million in 1972.
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II. THE PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS AND THE
RESEARCH EFFORTS RELATED THERETO
Title II of the Clean Air Act mandated at least
90 percent reductions in carbon monoxide (CO),
hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NO ) emissions
2t
froir light-duty vehicles and engines, and gave the
Administrator authority to prescribe certain other
emission standards for automobiles, trucks, and planes.
MEASURES TAKEN TO IMPLEMENT MANDATED TITLE II
EMISSION STANDARDS
Suspension of HC and CO Emission Standards for
1975 Model Year Autos
In 1972, EPA denied the requests of five manu-
facturers for a 1-year suspension of the nationwide
statutory 1975 automobile emission standards for HC and
CO. As a result of a decision by the U. S. Court of
Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, EPA in
1973 was required to reconsider its earlier decision.
Following extensive public hearings, EPA on April 11,
1973, suspended the statutory 1975 HC and CO emission
standards until 1976 and established a set of interim
standards for 1975. A somewhat more restrictive set
of interim standards was established for vehicles sold
in California than for vehicles sold in the rest of the
country. The California standards were designed to
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require the use of catalyst systems on automobiles sold
in that State. Suspension of the nation-wide standards
avoids economic difficulties involved in forcing catalyst
technology on all 1975 domestic vehicles, while the
interim California standards provide for a gradual phasing-
in of catalyst technology prior to 1976. Table 2 sum-
marizes the 1975 interim emission standards.
Table 2
1975 Model Year Light-Duty Vehicle Emission Standards
Emission.Limit (Grams per Mile)
Hydro- Carbon- Nitrogen
carbons monoxide Oxides
National Interim Standards 1.5 15.0 3.1
California Interim Standards 0.9 9.0 2.0
National Statutory Standards .41 3.4
After the initial suspension decision granting the
request of five domestic motor vehicle manufacturers,
27 other domestic and foreign automobile manufacturers
also applied for a suspension. Having previously
considered three of the Section 202(b)(5)(D) criteria
which were applicable to the industry in general (i.e.,
public interest/ availability of technology, and cor-
roborating information, including the National Academy
of Science's study on available technology) and con-
cluding that they did favor suspension, EPA held a public
hearing limited to the fourth criterion (i.e., good faith
of individual applicant). EPA granted the suspension to
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these 27 applicants in July.
In August/ two more manufacturers applied for
suspension. A notice of EPA1s intent to grant the sus-
pension was published in the Federal Register; for lack
of comments no public hearing was held and the suspension
requests were granted. In September 1973, one additional
manufacturer requested suspension; disposition of that
request is pending.
Suspension of NOX Emission Standard for 1976
Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles"
On July 30, 1973, after 9 days of public hearings,
the Administrator granted Ford Motor Co., General Motors
Corp., and Chrysler Corp. a suspension of the effective
date of the statutory 1976 NC- emission standard for light-
X
duty vehicles for 1 year as allowed by Section 202(b)(5)(D)
of the Clean Air Act.
The Administrator established an interim standard
of 2.0 grams per mile. The suspended standard was 0.4
grams per mile.
There are several manufacturers who have not yet
applied for a suspension, but they are expected to do so
by the end of this year. The only criterion that will
have to be evaluated with respect to these manufacturers
is the good faith of their efforts.
Certification Testing
Certification of new passenger cars for compliance
with Federal emission standards began with 1968 model
8
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year vehicles. The program includes testing prototype
vehicles which represent all new motor vehicles sold in
the United States. The manufacturer is required to
submit data showing that prototypes conform to Federal
standards for exhaust, crankcase, and fuel evaporative
emissions. EPA carries out a review of the manufacturers
data and performs confirmatory tests on selected proto-
types.
During the past year, certification of 1974 model
year light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines was
completed. Test programs of approximately 50 manu-
facturers were monitored and data from over 600 fleet
vehicles and engines were reviewed. This year's
certification program represented a major increase in
vehicles of each type over the previous model year and
required that EPA conduct over 1,200 planned emission
tests.
Limited Certificates of Conformity
Ford Motor Co., International Harvester Co., and
General Motors Corp. encountered scheduling problems
which made it impossible to complete their certification
programs prior to production start-up dates. To avoid
the severe economic repercussions associated with plant
shutdowns, EPA issued limited certificates to permit
shipping vehicles. Limited certificates included
elaborate safeguards to assure that no uncertified
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vehicles would be sold to an ultimate purchaser. The
first limited certificates were issued in August. By
the end of September, all such limited certificates had
been replaced with full certificates.
California Request for Waiver of Pre-emption
for 1975 Model Year Light-Duty Trucks
The 1975 model year suspension decision granted,
in part, California's request for waiver with respect to
1975 model year light-duty passenger vehicles. On Aug.
17, California requested a waiver with respect to 1975
model year light-duty trucks. A public hearing was
held in San Francisco on Oct. 2, 1973. On Nov. 1, 1973,
the Administrator denied California's waiver request on
the grounds that insufficient lead time existed before the
1975 model year to permit the widespread use of catalysts
on 1975 model light-duty trucks. However, in denying the
waiver requests the Administrator did permit California
to enforce the NO standards of 2 gpm which is more
X
stringent than the 3.1 gpm Federal standard for 1975
model light-duty trucks because the 1974 model light-duty
trucks sold in California were required to meet the 2
gpm N0x standards. The Administrator's decision will
permit California to enforce its requested standards of
.9 gpm HC and 17 gpm CO for 1976 model year light-
trucks .
10
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Assessment of Mobile Source Technology
In 1972, EPA formed a task force to assess mobile
source emission control technology. In February 1973,
the task force issued a report (based on information
obtained from vehicle manufacturers, component suppliers,
and in-house testing) indicating that only three of 20
manufacturers studied—Honda, Toyo Kogyo (Mazda) and
Daimler-Benz—intended to rely on noncatalyst systems
to meet 1975 emission standards.-' In EPA tests, all
three were able to meet the original statutory 1975
standards. Of the manufacturers intending to use
catalyst systems, only General Motors, Ford, and
Chrysler seemed to have good probabilities of meeting
the statutory 1975 standards.
TRANSPORTATION CONTROL PLANS
The United States is divided into 247 Air Quality
Control Regions (AQCRs). Thirty-eight AQCRs in 23
States (including the District of Columbia) require
transportation control measures, in addition to
stationary source emissions controls and the Federal
new car emission controls, to attain ambient air quality
standards for CO or photochemical oxidants. In addition,
the latest air quality data are being examined to identify
other AQCRs in which air quality standards for CO or
photochemical oxidants might be exceeded. Initial review
of these data indicates that standards may be being
1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Automobile
emission control - the state-of-the-art as of December,
1972. February 1973. xl
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violated in 20 additional AQCRs. (See Chapter VI.)
A number of States submitted transportation control
plans for EPA's approval. When review of the State plan
did not demonstrate that air quality standards would be
attained, EPA 1) published notice to that effect in the
Federal Register and 2) proposed a transportation control
plan. EPA's proposed plans were presented at hearings
to permit public participation in the proposed rule
making. For those States that did not prepare and
submit transportation control measures, EPA published in
the Federal Register proposed strategies to reduce CO or
HC emissions from motor vehicles. Public hearings were
also held to consider these proposed transportation control
plans. The promulgation of EPA-proposed rule making in
the Federal Register was to be completed by late Mov. 1973.
Table 3 summarizes the actions EPA has taken, to date, on
transportation control plans. It is EPA policy to with-
draw its proposed or promulgated plans as soon as an
approvable State plan is submitted.
The transportation control plans have been worked
out through close cooperation between Federal, State,
and local officials. In the California cities where auto-
related air pollution is generally considered to be
among the worst in the Nation, the transportation controls
include parking restrictions, exclusive use of lanes or
streets by buses, vehicle inspection-maintenance programs,
12
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Table 3
Status of the Transportation Control Plans'
Approved State Plans
1. New York City, N. Y.
2. Rochester, N. Y.
3. Syracuse, N. Y.
4. Dayton, Ohio
5. Toledo, Ohio
6. Minneapolis, Minn.
7. Birmingham, Ala.
8. Mobile, Ala.
9. Kansas City, Mo.
10. Kansas City, Kan.
11. Baton Rouge, La.
12. Portland, Oreg.
Promulgated EPA Plans
1. Boston, Mass.
2. Springfield, Mass.
3. New Jersey Suburbs of
New York City
4. New Jersey Suburbs of
Philadelphia, Pa.
5. Cincinnati, Ohio
6. Houston-Galveston, Tex.
7. Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex.
8. San Antonio, Tex.
9. Austin-Waco, Tex.
10. El Paso, Tex.
11. Corpus Christi-
Victoria, Tex.
12. Denver, Colo.
13. Los Angeles, Calif.
14. San Francisco, Calif.
15. San Diego, Calif.
16. Fresno, Calif.
17. Sacramento, Calif.
Still to be
Approved/Promulgated
1. Pittsburgh, Pa.
2. Philadelphia, Pa.
3. Baltimore, Md.
4. Washington, D. C.
5. Maryland Suburbs of
Washington, D. C.
6. Virginia Suburbs of
Washington, D. C.
7. Indianapolis, Ind.
8. Chicago, 111.
9. Beaumont, Tex.
10. Salt Lake City, Utah
11. Phoenix-Tucson, Ariz.
12. Seattle, Wash.
13. Spokane, Wash.
14. Portland, Oreg.
As of Nov. 6, 1973. Some interstate AQCRs are listed more than once,
therefore the total is not 38.
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mass transit incentive plans by employers/ controls on
gas handling operations, special treatment for buses and
car pools on military installations, metered ramps on
some highway entrances with bypass lanes for buses and
car pools, retrofit of air pollution controls devices on
autos, and a contingency strategy of gasoline
limitations.
Most of the other urban plans contain some combination
of these controls, depending on the severity of the local
air pollution problem. The types of control techniques
employed are summarized in Table 4.
EPA intends to ask Congress for flexibility in
working out achievable schedules for those cities
requiring drastic control measures. However, EPA
believes that all of the control techniques are reason-
able and feasible except for severe gasoline limitations.
ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THE MOBILE SOURCE AREA
NOX Emission Standard
The previous reference method for nitrogen dioxide
(the so-called Jacobs-Hochheiser method) was recently
found to be inadequate. Because of problems in collec-
tion efficiency and NOX interference, it cannot be used
for accurate measurement of ambient atmosphere. As a
result of measurements made with other monitoring
instrumentation, 43 Air Quality Control Regions (AQCRs)
throughout the country previously classified as being
14
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Table 4
Control Measures Used in
Transportation Control Plans
Additional Stationary Source Controls
Filling storage tanks at service stations
Filling auto tanks
Loading and unloading barges
Solvent and degreasing operations
Architectural coating operations
Dry cleaning establishments
Inspection and Maintenance
Light-Duty Vehicle
Heavy-Duty Vehicle
Traffic Flow/Transit
Improved mass transit
Improved traffic flow
Cus-car pool lanes
Car pool matching system
Transportation by-pass
Traffic Disincentives
Parking restrictions
Bridge tolls
Vehicle-free zones
Delivery bans
Idling restrictions
Taxi cruise restrictions
Motorcycle limits
Mechanical Retrofit
Vacuum spark advance disconnect
Air bleed
Catalyst
High-altitude modifications
Truck retrofit
Gasoline Limitations
15
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in violation of health-protective primary standards
were found not to be in violation. Two AQCRs definitely
remain in violation. In one, Chicago, the statutory
NO emission reduction for automobiles will not be
Jt
necessary to meet primary standards. In the other instance,
Los Angeles, achievement of the statutory NO emission
X
reduction would fail to result in air quality that would
meet established goals until 1990. Consequently, EPA
recommended that Congress consider the revision of the
statutory 1977 model year, 90 percent NO emission
Jv
reduction standard contained in the Clean Air Act of 1970.
Automotive Exhaust Emission Survey
Several studies have been comnrissioned by EPA to
determine exhaust emissions from in-use motor vehicles.
The most recent study, a survey of 1957 to 1971 model
year vehicles based on the improved test procedures
applicable to 1975 model year vehicles, shows a signifi-
cant downward trend in HC and CO emissions since the
2
advent of Federal emissions standards. However,
during the same time period, NO emissions have increased.
Jt
The data are summarized in Table 5.
2 Automobile Exhaust Emission Surveillance; A Summary.
Calspan Corp., Buffalo, New York, March 1973. Under
contract to EPA, this organization analyzed data obtained
by EPA funded surveillance programs.
16
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Table 5
Emission Levels of In-Use Vehicles
HC CO NOX
Grams/ % Grams/ % Grams/ %
Model Year mile change mile change mile change
Pre-Controlled 8.74 86.5 3.54a
(1957-67)
1968
1969
1970
1971
5.54
5.19
3.90
3.06
-37%
-41%
-55%
-65%
67.8
61.7
48.2
40.1
-23%
-29%
-44%
-54%
4.34
5.45
5.05
4.81
+ 22%
+52%
+43%
+ 35%
1968-71
(Average) 4.42 -49% 54.4 -37% 4.91 +39%
a NOV regulated starting with 1973 model year.
JC
The data also showed that most cars exceeded
either the CO or the HC standards applicable to their
model year. This can probably be attributed to a
combination of factors including: 1) problems with
quality control of production vehicles; 2) the fact that
the cars were tested in the condition in which they
were found and may not have been maintained properly;
and 3) because emissions averaging was allowed in the
certification of prototypes through 1971 to determine
compliance with the standards.
Auto Fuel Economy Labeling Program
In the President's Energy Message to Congress of
April 16, 1973, EPA was assigned (in cooperation with
the Department of Commerce and the Council on Environ-
2 Automobile Exhaust Emission Surveillance; A Summary.
Calspan Corp., Buffalo, New York, March 1973. Under
contract to EPA, this organization analyzed data obtained
by EPA funded surveillance programs.
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mental Quality) the responsibility of developing a
program to inform the public on fuel economy characteristics
of automobiles. EPA published proposed procedures in an
Aug. 27, 1973 Federal Register notice.
The implementation of the program depends on auto
manufacturers voluntarily displaying one of two approved
labels beside the car price sticker. One label would
provide general information regarding average fuel consump-
tion for cars tested in the same weight class. The alterna-
tive label would offer the same information plus the
specific test results for the model of car offered for
sale. (See Figure 1.) The railes-per-gallon informa-
tion was developed at the EPA testing facility in Ann
Arbor, Michigan. The test procedure is the same as used
for the emission certification program and is based on
an urban/suburban driving cycle. To date, auto manu-
facturers representing approximately 90 percent of the
U.S. new car market have agreed to participate in the
voluntary program. EPA is providing participating auto
dealers with a pamphlet which describes the concept of
fuel economy and its importance as a criterion for new
car buyers.
Clean Car Incentive Program •
The Federal Clean Car Incentive Program is designed
to foster development of new types of low-emission
vehicles capable of meeting 1976 standards. EPA leases a
18
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Figure 1
ILLUSTRATIVE LABEL FOR 1974 VLHICLE3--SP£Ci:: 1C INI-ORi-iATION
Based on the results of tests conducted or certified
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the fuel
consumption of this vehicle is estimated to be:
17 Miles Per Gallon
on an b'PA test cycle which simulates commuter-type
dri vi ng .
The table below shows miles per gallon (MPG) per-
forrnanca and fuel costs for vehicles in different weight
categories. The test weight and the measured fuel economy
of this vehicle are circled. These figures are not indi-
cative of performance during highway driving.
Vehicle Test Range of Average Fuel Costs
Weight (Ibs. ) MPG M'PG (10,000 nif. & 40~£/qal . )
2,000 22-29 24 $165
2,250 12-25 21.5 $135
2,500
2,950
3,000/3100/
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
17-22.5
10.5-24.5
9-20
10.5-20
6.5-19
7.5-14
7-11
18.5
17.5
15.5/777
13.5
10.5
9.5
9
$215
$230
$265/"2W
$295
$380
$420
$445
5,500 7-10.5 8.5 $500
The actual fuel economy of this vehicle will depend on
factors such as individual driving habits, the maintenance
condition of ihe vehicle, and the optional equipment choser-
Additional fuel economy information is available from your
dealer an ' frcr the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.f.
19
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candidate prototype which is subjected to stringent
emission and performance tests. If the prototype passes
the initial tests, EPA may purchase additional prototype
cars for testing. Up to 500 vehicles may be purchased
for further evaluation and limited fleet use.
The program began in January 1971. Approximately 20
proposals were received, of which seven were accepted
for further study. Three remain in the program, and
only one prototype has been tested. This vehicle
(powered by an internal combustion engine with catalytic
exhaust treatment and exhaust gas recirculation) has
often met the 1976 emission standards during testing
but its durability has not been acceptable.
Low-Emission Vehicle Purchase Program
Section 212 of the Clean Air Act provides for the
creation of a Low-Emission Vehicle Certification Board.
If EPA determines a vehicle has emissions substantially
lower than existing standards, the Board has the responsi-
bility of certifying whether the vehicle meets specifica-
tion for purchase by the Federal Government. Certified
vehicles may be purchased for use in Government fleets
at premiums of up to 50 percent over prices normally paid
for equivalent vehicles (100 percent if the vehicle is
a EPA has proposed that advanced technology or production
techniques be required for a vehicle to qualify as a
"Low-Emission Vehicle."
20
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inherently low polluting). To date/ one group of battery-
powered heavy-duty vehicles covered by a single applica-
tion have been determined to be low-emission vehicles,
but in September 1973 the Board rejected vehicles covered
by the application as unsuitable for use by the Federal
Government/ because their maximum cruising speed was too
slow. In addition, one application for an electric bus
has been completed, and two other notices of intent to
apply have been filed/ both for electric-powered vehicles.
MOBILE SOURCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Alternative Automotive Power Systems Program
EPA's program to develop alternative automotive
power systems has concentrated on the three most promising
systems: the gas turbine, the Rankine cycle, and the
stratified charge engines.
Gas turbine designs under development have met
the statutory 1975 standards, and demonstration of an
improved gas turbine engine for passenger cars meeting
statutory 1976 emission standards is projected for 1975.
Major problems with the Rankine cycle (high-emission
levels, bulky components, valving complexity) have now
been solved, and plans call for developing and demonstrating
a prototype in 1974.
The stratified charge engine has shown the most
promising results to date. Stratified charge engines with
21
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oxidation catalysts and exhaust gas recirculation have
demonstrated emission levels well below statutory 1976
standards at favorable fuel costs. Significant problems
with the durability of engine and vehicle systems remain.
Research and Development on Aircraft Emissions
EPA has promulgated regulations to control emissions
of CO, HC, NO , and smoke from both commercial and general
J^
aviation aircraft. In the development of these regulations,
extensive programs were conducted to determine the impact
of aircraft emissions on air quality, the level of
emissions from present aircraft, and the technological
feasibility of controlling aircraft emissions. Present
aircraft emission research efforts are concentrated in
three areas:
o analysis of the feasibility of modification
of aircraft ground operation procedures for
emission reduction
o refinement of emission measurement procedures
o assessment of progress in development of low-
emission aircraft engines.
Efforts will continue in these areas. In addition,
projects may be initiated to develop emission control
technology for particular aircraft types.
Other Government agencies have programs involving
various aspects of the aircraft emissions problem. Maior
programs include the Department of Transportation's
Climatic Impact Assessment Program designed to determine
22
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the potential impact of high-altitude supersonic flight,
NASA1s Clean Combustor Program designed to develop low-
emission combustion systems for jumbo jet engines, and
the Air Force's program to develop low-emission engines
and afterburning measurement procedures. These and other
projects form the nucleus of the Government's aircraft
emission control program.
23
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III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY CRITERIA AND
RECOMMENDED EMISSION CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
As a result of EPA's continuing review of the criteria
used in setting ambient air quality standards, the annual
secondary ambient air quality standard for sulfur dioxides
(SO2) was revoked. Secondary standards are set at a
level intended to protect against welfare effects. The
annual secondary standard was revoked because new
scientific data suggest that vegetation is damaged from
high, short-term concentrations of SO2 during the growing
season, rather than continuous exposures to lower levels.
The other secondary SO2 standard, which specified a
maximum 3-hour concentration, remains in effect.
In June, EPA published Effects of Sulfur Oxide in
the Atmosphere on Vegetation. This document revised
Chapter 5 and portions of Chapter 10, of the Air
Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides document. EPA
is continuously working on improving the basis for
existing standards, developing the basis for new ones,
and reviewing the criteria and control techniques
documents.
3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Effects of Sulfur
Oxide in the Atmosphere on Vegetation;Revised Chapter
5 for Air Quality Criteria for Sulfur Oxides National
Environmental Research Center/ Research Triangle Park,
N.C. 27711
24
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NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR
POLLUTANTS (NESHAPs)
On April 6, National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants were promulgated for asbestos,
beryllium, and mercury (see Table 6). These are the
first three substances to be controlled under Section 112
of the Clean Air Act.
As required by Section 112(b)(2) of the Clean Air
Act/ the Administrator has issued information on pollution
control techniques for asbestos, beryllium, and mercury.
EPA is currently determining the optimum statutory
and regulatory procedures for controlling several other
pollutants. The Act provides several control mechanisms:
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Sec. 109); the
non-criteria pollutant clause (Sec. lll(d)) of New Source
Performance Standards (Sec. Ill); the National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (Sec. 112); and
the regulation of fuels and fuel additives (Sec. 210).
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS (NSPS)
On June 5, 1973, EPA proposed New Source Performance
Standards for asphalt concrete plants, petroleum refin-
eries, petroleum storage tanks, secondary lead smelters,
secondary brass and bronze ingot production plants, iron
and steel plants (basic oxygen furnaces)/ and municipal
25
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Table 6
Sources Regulated by National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
POLLUTANT
HEALTH EFFECT
Asbestos
to
Beryllium
Mercury
Bronchial cancer
Cancers of membranes,
lining of chest, and
abdomen
Acute and chronic lethal
inhalation effects
Skin and eye effects
Central nervous system
injury
Kidney damage
SOURCES REGULATED
Roadway surfacing when
asbestos tailings are used,
building demolition,
asbestos mills, selected
manufacturing operations,
and spray-on asbestos
materials
Extraction plants, foundries,
ceramic manufacturing plants,
machine shops, rocket
testing facilities and dis-
posal of beryllium
containing wastes
Ore processing for mercury
recovery, plants using
mercury chlor-alkali cells
to produce chlorine gas
and alkali metal hydroxide
-------
sewage treatment plant incinerators. While the seven
proposed standards are primarily for new plants, they
also apply to an existing plant which is modified in
such a manner as to increase its emissions. Final
standards are expected late in 1973. Table 7 summarizes
these standards.
On October 15, 1973, EPA promulgated final regulations
relating to periods of start up, shutdown, and malfunction
of sources subject to NSPS. These regulations clarify
the compliance status of sources during the specified
periods. The regulations make it clear that compliance
with existing new source standards, other than for
opacity of emissions, is determined through performance
tests conducted under representative operating conditions.
These tests are conducted within 60 days after a new plant
achieves its maximum production rate, but not later than
180 days after start up. Subsequent tests may be made at
any time. Existing opacity standards, pertaining to
visual observations of emissions, would not be applied
during periods of start up, shutdown, or malfunction.
However, the owner or operator would have to show that any
violations of the opacity standard occurred only during
start up, shutdown, or malfunction.
Under the regulations, plant operators would be
required to use maintenance and operating procedures
designed to minimize any excess emissions during start up,
shutdown or malfunction. Owners and operators would also
27
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Table 7
to
00
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS PROPOSED IN 1973 -/
industry
Percentage Reduction of uncontrolled Emissions
Particulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
Carbons
Sulfur
Dioxide
Asphalt concrete plants
Petroleum refineries 93 99.5
Petroleum storage tanks 80
Secondary lead smelters
Secondary brass and bronze
ingot production plants
Iron and steel plants
(basic oxygen furnace)
Sewage treatment plant
incinerators
ja/ First 10 months only
b/ The input quantity of hydrogen sulfide is regulated in order to control
sulfur dioxide emissions.
99.7
80
97
99
96.6-99.6
-------
have to file a written report for each calendar quarter
covering those time periods when emissions are known or
estimated to have exceeded the standards.
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH
The Community Health Effects Surveillance Studies
(CHESS) program was initiated to provide data relating
human health effects to long and short-term exposure of
population subgroups to SO , respirable particulates,
J^
NO / CO, and photochemical oxidants. The CHESS Studies
X
have demonstrated the benefits from improved air quality
with respect to the chronic respiratory disease experience
of subjects who have moved to communities having cleaner
air. Also, the studies have shown that children living for
3 or more years in communities having high levels of air
pollution have more acute respiratory disease episodes
than recent immigrants to the community.
Data obtained from the CHESS program indicate that
adverse health effects are consistently associated with
exposure to suspended sulfates, indeed, more so than to
SO2 or total suspended particulates. This information
has initiated further study in the transport processes
and control techniques for suspended sulfates.
Studies were initiated to evaluate potential health
effects of fuel and fuel additive emissions from internal
combustion engines. As a result of this work it has been
determined that the physiological availability of lead
compounds from street dust is similar to that of other
lead compounds.
29
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IV. THE STATUS OF ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS TAKEN PURSUANT
TO THIS ACT
Significant enforcement actions were taken by
EPA under several sections of the Clean Air Act during
the past year. These included: Section 113 notices
of violation and orders under Title I. Inspections,
investigations and referrals for prosecution under
Title II with respect to certification, warranties,
recalls, tampering with emission control systems, and
importation of vehicles that do not meet emission
standards.
STATIONARY SOURCE ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
EPA air enforcement activities concerning stationary
sources were initiated following the May 31, 1972,
approval of most portions of State plans to meet the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Since then,
enforcement activities have concentrated on:
o Establishing reasonable compliance schedules
for all major sources
o Developing a source surveillance program to
determine the status of compliance
o Keeping major sources in compliance or on
compliance schedules.
Enforcement of State Implementation Plan Regulations
During the first ten months of 1973, enforcement
actions have been initiated against approximately 66
30
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facilities. This is a significant increase from the
six actions taken during 1972. These actions represent
a supplement to State enforcement activities. In some
cases these actions were taken to establish reasonable
compliance schedules. In other cases, the actions were
designed to achieve compliance with previously established
schedules. These actions include notices of violation,
abatement orders, and civil/criminal proceedings and are
summarized in the Appendix. Some 600 EPA investiga-
tions were in progress in the last quarter of 1973.
Most actions taken were against flagrant violators
and were initiated because of State failure or inability
to act; these actions were prompted by citizen complaint,
or through routine EPA investigations.
As various requirements of State Implementation
Plans become effective through July 1975, enforce-
ment activity related to stationary sources is expected
to increase substantially.
State Implementation Plan Compliance Schedules
The key to enforcement of stationary source regula-
tions is the establishment of meaningful compliance
schedules. A compliance schedule sets forth increments
of progress which a source must take toward final
compliance. The objective is to ensure that action is
not postponed until it is too late to meet the compliance
date. All sources subject to regulations with final
31
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compliance dates after January 31, 1974, are required
to be covered by an enforceable compliance schedule
involving increments of progress. Development of the
schedules is primarily a State responsibility. However,
many States did not fully satisfy these compliance
schedule requirements and EPA has had to promulgate
schedules affecting approximately 3500 facilities. In
most cases where EPA has had to promulgate compliance
schedules,it has promulgated categorical schedules
applying to all sources in a given source category
subject to a given regulation. An additional 10,000
facilities need to be placed on schedules. Schedules
for about 2,540 facilities have been submitted by
the States and an additional 3,000 facilities are
expected to be handled by the States. The remainder
of the problem will need to be resolved by EPA by
July 1974.
Enforcement of National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
National emission standards for mercury, beryllium,
and asbestos were promulgated by EPA on April 6, 1973.
As mandated by the Clean Air Act, EPA completed
issuance of waivers of compliance for affected sources
making request. Some 600 facilities are subject to
the regulations. About 413 of them are presently in
compliance; the remainder are scheduled to be in
32
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compliance by April 6, 1975. In addition to these
facilities, all operations which involve spraying
asbestos materials (containing greater than 1 percent
asbestos) and demolition operations are subject to
the regulations. EPA has initiated two enforcement
actions to date against demolition contractors.
MOBILE SOURCE ENFORCEMENT ACTIONS
EPA's enforcement activity in the mobile source
area has increased greatly this year. Table 8
summarizes the mobile source enforcement actions
taken by EPA this year.
Certification Related Inspections/Investigations
In the light-duty vehicle manufacturing area, EPA
completed 24 inspections and initiated 18 investigations
in the first 10 months of 1973.
In the area of manufacturers compliance inspec-
tions, EPA visited domestic, European, and Japanese
manufacturing facilities. These inspection trips
have resulted in several follow-up investigations of
apparent irregularities and hence have served to
ensure greater compliance with the purposes and intent
of the Clean Air Act.
The investigations all concerned possible
violations by automobile manufacturers of the Act and
regulations promulgated thereunder. Three of the
investigations have thus far been referred to the
Department of Justice and are awaiting final disposition.
33
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Table 8
Summary of Mobile Source Enforcement Actions
Type of Source
Inspections/
Investigations'
Adminis-
trative
Orders
Referrals
to the
Dept. of Justice
New Sources
Automotive
Manufacturers
In-Use Sources
Recall
Tampering
Imports
Warranties
24 Inspections
18 Investigations
23 Investigations 1
28 Investigations 0
12 Investigations 212
1 Investigation 0
0
2
1
0
a Inspections are scheduled, detailed inspections of vehicle
manufacturers (or importers) records, documents, and
procedures supporting application for certification.
Investigations are searches of records and documents and
interrogation of individuals to determine whether violations
of the Clean Air Act and applicable regulations have occurred.
34
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On Feb. 2, EPA referred to the Department of
Justice a case involving the Chevrolet Division of
General Motors. The case involved production vehicle
weights which differed materially from the weights
reported for certification test vehicles. General
Motors was required by a Feb. 15, 1973, letter from
EPA to recall 2,290 Chevrolets.
A second investigation involved the conflict in
testimony between Chrysler Corp. and Engelhard
Industries Division representatives during the
public hearings on applications for suspension of the
1975 motor vehicle emission standards. The case was
referred to the Department of Justice on June 12, 1973.
The final outcome is still pending.
The third investigation referred to the Department
of Justice during the first 10 months of 1973 concerned
the failure to report the existence of and the use of
possible defeat devices by Volkswagen on a substantial
number of 1973 model year vehicles. The case was
referred on July 17 to the Department of Justice
for appropriate legal action.
In addition, the Department of Justice finalized
on February 13, 1973, the Ford case which EPA had
referred to them in September 1972. Ford Motor was
fined $7 million for illegal activity with respect to
its 1973 certification vehicles.
35
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Affirmative enforcement action was also taken
with regard to devices which manufacturers were in-
stalling on new vehicles which would, in their opera-
tion, defeat the effectiveness of emission control
systems under conditions not experienced during EPA1s
certification testing. In December 1972, EPA notified
six manufacturers that certain devices had to be
removed by Feb. 15 or March 15, 1973, depending upon
the complexity of the required change. A hearing was
held in January to discuss the classification of the
devices and the deadline dates for removal. On Feb.
19, EPA ruled that one specific device, a spark delay
valve, had been improperly classified in the December
ruling and therefore did not have to be removed. All
remaining devices, however, were required to be removed
by March 15.
Warranty Related Enforcement Actions
The written warranties of all 1972 and 1973
vehicle and engine manufacturers have been reviewed to
see if they comply with the law. Where appropriate,
vehicle manufacturers have been required to modify
language in the warranties. One investigation was
undertaken when a dealer refused to honor the emission
warranty. The dealer relented before any formal
action was necessary.
36
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Recall/Surveillance and Related Enforcement Actions
Since January 1973, 23 investigations of potential
recall situations have been initiated by EPA. As of
this time, EPA has ordered one recall; this involved
the 2,290 vehicles manufactured by General Motor's
Chevrolet Division.
In addition, several other important projects are
currently underway. The 1972 In-Use Compliance Testing
Program is almost complete. Under this program 3,000
1972 model year vehicles from 24 vehicle classes were
tested to determine whether all classes comply with
emission standards. A surveillance program is being
developed to augment the In-Use Compliance Testing
Program. The surveillance program will obtain data
from fleet owners, automobile clubs, private diagnostic
centers and State inspection/emission programs which
will indicate emission performance of vehicles in use
and serve to identify potential recall candidates. As
more States undertake emissions testing programs/ they
will be incorporated into this surveillance program.
Tamperinq-Related Enforcement Actions
EPA initiated investigations of 28 reported in-
stances of tampering by dealers or manufacturers during
the first 10 months of 1973. Thirteen of these
investigations have been concluded. Two cases have
been referred to the Department of Justice for
37
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appropriate legal action. One has already resulted
in a suit being filed against the Haney Chevrolet
Corporation of Orlando, Florida.
Import-Related Enforcement Actions
Appropriate steps have been taken to advise the
general public of the import restrictions concerning
non-conforming vehicles, and working relations have
been established with U.S. Customs at all major ports.
A centralized EPA-Customs import monitoring system has
resulted in 212 administrative orders directing: the
modification of 180 vehicles, exportation of 26 vehicles,
and the forfeiture of Customs bonds for 6 vehicles
which did not conform to emission standards when
imported. In addition, twelve investigations of
apparent violations of regulations have been conducted
and the first referral of a case of illegal importation
to the Department of Justice occurred in July 1973.
ENFORCEMENT OF SECTION 306 - FEDERAL PROCUREMENT
On June 21, EPA proposed regulations that would
make air polluters ineligible for certain contracts,
grants, or loans from the Federal Government. The
regulation is to be effective July 1, 1974. It covers
prime as well as sublevels of contractors grantees,
and borrowers. With assistance from the States, EPA
will compile a list of violating facilities for
38
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circulation among other Federal agencies. No facility
would be listed until EPA found adequate evidence of a
violation and until the facility's representatives and
legal counsel had the opportunity to consult with EPA.
39
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V. THE STATUS OF STATE STANDARDS SETTING, INCLUDING
SUCH PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION AS HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED
States were required to submit to EPA by Jan. 31,
1972, a State Implementation Plan (SIP) for attainment
of National Ambient Air Quality Standards for five
criteria pollutants—sulfur dioxide, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, photochemical oxidants, and
nitrogen dioxide.
A priority classification system was established
to categorize the Nation's 247 Air Quality Control
Regions (AQCRs) according to the severity of their
air pollution problem. The classifications were based
on measured ambient air concentrations (when they were
known) or on estimated air quality in the area of
maximum pollutant concentration. The SIP requirements
vary according to the priority classification so that
the time and resources to be expended in both developing
and carrying out the plan are commensurate with the air
pollution problem.
AQCRs are classified for each of the six criteria
pollutants as follows:
40
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Priority I: ambient concentrations significantly
above primary standards.
Priority la: ambient concentrations significantly
above primary standards due to emissions from a single
point source.
Priority II: ambient concentrations significantly
above secondard standards.
Priority III: ambient concentrations below secondary
standards.
Table 9 summarizes the AQCR priority classifications for
the various pollutants.
Table 9
Priority Classifications of Air
Quality Control Regions
Priority Priority Priority Priority
Pollutant I Ia II III
Particulate Matter
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Oxidant/hydrocarbon
108
39
29
4
54
11
21
--
—
--
71
41
— -
—
--
57
146
218a
243a
193
a Assuming reclassification is promulgated as proposed.
See Chapter V.
41
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ISSUES AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION
OF STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
Revocation of Annual Secondary Sulfur Dioxide
(SO?) Standards
On Sept. 14, 1973, EPA revoked the annual secondary
SO2 standard of 60 micrograms per cubic meter of air. New
scientific data suggested that vegetation damage arises
from high short-term concentrations of S02 rather than
from continuous exposure to lower levels. EPA concluded
that the existing SO_ criteria document could not
support the secondary annual standard. The primary SO2
standards and the short-term secondary SO,j standard remain
in effacu.
SlPs with approved 803 conc.ro! regulations remain
in effect.
Reclassification of AQCRs with respect to NO-5
On June 5, 1973, EPA, based on new ambient air quality
data, proposed in the Federal Register to reclassify 43
of the 47 Priority I AQCRs with respect to NO^ Priority
III. Two of the four remaining Priority I AQCRs need
further evaluation.
EPA also indicated that Denver, a Priority III
AQCR, may have to be reclassified Priority I. These
reclassifications affect the control strategies that
will be required in the reclassified AQCRs.
42
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Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality
On May 30, 1972, as the result of a suit filed by
the Sierra Club, EPA was ordered by the District Court
of the District of Columbia to disapprove all SIPs
which do "not prevent significant deterioration of air
quality" in currently clean areas and to promulgate new
regulations which would prevent significant deterioration.
The District Court order was appealed to the Court of
Appeals where it was affirmed, and subsequently to the
Supreme Court, where it was affirmed by a tie vote.
(June, 1973.) As a result of the initial court action,
all SIPs were disapproved on Nov. 9, 1972, to the
extent that they did not explicitly "prevent significant
deterioration."
Four alternative sets of regulations to prevent
significant deterioration of air quality were proposed
in the Federal Register of July 16, 1973. EPA is
soliciting widespread public participation in the rule-
making activity because, despite the extensive litigation,
there is no guidance available regarding what level of
deterioration is significant," nor what procedures
should be implemented to prevent that level of deterior-
ation from occurring. To this end, public hearings on
the significant deterioration issue were held and a
90-day period for public comment was established.
43
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Indirect Sources/Maintenance of Standards
In response to a court order, EPA developed and
promulgated regulations designed to ensure continuing
maintenance of the National Ambient Air guality Standards.
These regulations establish two new requirements related
to implementation of the Clean Air Act:
1. Indirect Sources—State or local agencies must
set up procedures to assess the air quality impact of new
facilities, such as shopping centers and sports arenas,
which could generate significant auto traffic, i.e.,
indirect sources. This requirement supplements the
existing requirement to assess the air quality impact
of pollutants emitted directly from new facilities.
2. Maintenance of Standards—States must identify
areas where projected growth and development could result
in violation of the national standards during the next
ten years, and they must submit an analysis of such
potential problems and plans for dealing with them.
The analysis must deal with all significant air quality
implications of growth and development, including addi-
tional air pollution from new commercial, industrial,
and residential development, and from increased demand
for electricity and heat, from motor vehicle traffic, and
from production of solid waste.
44
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States were required to identify potential problem
areas within nine months and to submit their problem
analyses and SIP revisions for maintenance of standards
within 24 months.
However, by court order they were only given until
August 15, 1973, to submit their SIP revisions for indirect
sources.
To date, only eight States have submitted their SIP
revisions for indirect sources to EPA. As required by
the Clean Air Act, EPA will promulgate regulations for
those States that do not submit their own regulations, or
whose submittals are disapproved. EPA's regulation will
be withdrawn as acceptable State regulations are received.
Clean Fuels Shortage
Because of possible shortages of clean fuels (low-
sulfur fuels) and flue gas desulfurization equipment,
EPA has developed a clean fuels policy to encourage
the States to:
o set attainment of the secondary SO2 standards
at a reasonable date but later than the
attainment of primary standards; and
o revise their control regulations to the
degree necessary to meet standards without
excessive control requirements.
The shortage of low-sulfur coal is most severe in coal-
burning utilities in EPA Regions III, IV, and V, where
45
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most of the Nation's coal is burned. Progress is being
made in the implementation of this policy. In order to
overcome any shortages of clean fuels during the winter
of 1973-74, EPA has established expedited procedures for
the processing of requests for variances (for the use of
high-sulfur content fuels) from the States. The variances
are considered SIP revisions, therefore requiring approval
by the Administrator of EPA. The expedited procedures
are designed to assure realistic action on the requests,
while protecting the public health and welfare.
Extensions for Developing and Implementing SI?s
The Clean Air Act provides for extensions of up to
2 years beyond the 1975 goal for attainment of primary
National Ambient Air Quality Standards in those AQCRs
where needed technology or other alternatives either
are not available or will not be available soon enough
to attain the primary standards. At present, nine AQCRs
in seven States have been granted extensions for attain-
ment of primary standards, primarily for SO2 emissions
from copper smelters. In six of these AQCRs, EPA is
required to promulgate regulations, and an extension was
provided as part of EPA's control strategy. It is likely
that additional extensions will be provided as a part of
the transportation control plans. These plans were
discussed in detail in Chapter II.
46
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The Clean Air Act also provides for 18-month
extensions for submitting plans for attaining secondary
standards. On May 31, 1972, EPA granted 18-month
extensions to 19 States involving 31 AQCRs to prepare
control strategies for the criteria pollutants for which
secondary standards have been set, i.e., particulate
matter and SO,,. Thirteen States were required to
submit particulate matter control plans by July 31,
1973. Because of the announcement on Kay 12, 1973,
that SO2 secondary standards might be revised, States
now have until Jan. 30, 1974, to submit their SO2
control strategies.
The Clean Air Act requires that secondary ambient
air quality standards be met within a "reasonable time."
EPA has defined reasonable time as the time required to
design, fabricate and install reasonably available
control technology. Thus, in developing their control
strategies for meeting secondary standards, States can
postpone the application of control technology only in
those cases where the control strategy would have a
severe adverse economic or social impact.
Supplementary Control Systems
EPA proposed regulations on Sept. 14, 1973, for the
use of Supplementary Control Systems (SCS) and requested
public comment. SCS is a temporary measure applicable
only to isolated smelters and coal-fired power plants,
47
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where the sole alternatives are permanent curtailment of
production, closing of the plants, or delays in attain-
ment of the standards. The essence of SCS is to allow the
pollution source, subject to certain restraints, to cut
back or modify its operations as necessary to permit
adequate dispersion of air pollutants.
Uncertainty as to whether EPA would allow the use
of SCS has affected promulgation of final regulations
for copper smelters. Promulgation of the SCS proposal
will allow EPA to complete the development of control
strategies to achieve the secondary standards.
Public Comments on Plan Revisions
As a result of a decision by the Sixth Circuit
Court of Appeals, EPA will provide an opportunity for
public comments prior to its approval of implementation
plans or revisions thereof. Public hearings continue
to be required during the State's development of the
plan or revision.
Fugitive Dust
Fugitive dust—particulate matter from unpaved
roads, agricultural lands, construction sites, and
other similar sources—caused several western States
to fail to demonstrate attainment of standards for
particulate matter. Additional data have been collected
and, initial results indicate that extreme control measures
may be required in the affected areas to attain
particulate matter standards. However, alternative
48
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solutions are expected.
STATUS OF STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN APPROVALS,
DISAPPROVALS, AND PROMULGATIONS
Plans were submitted by all 55 jurisdictions—50
States plus the District of Columbia, Guam, American
Samca, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. On May 21,
1972, EPA fully approved only 14 of the 55 plans. The
41 remaining plans were disapproved in part because of the
lack of, or deficiency in, one or more regulatory portions
of the plan (e.g., public access to emission data, or
faulty emission regulations). In these cases, EPA was
required to propose and promulgate substitute regulations.
It is and has been EPA's policy to rescind its regulations
when States enact adequate legislation or regulations.
As shown in Table 10, there are currently 20
State plans with all regulatory portions approved. This
summary includes EPA approval/disapproval proposals
which have not yet been promulgated. It is anticipated
that additional action may be necessary in some of these
20 States at a later date, depending on how these States
respond to requirements involving 18-ir.onth extensions,
maintenance of the national standards, and significant
deterioration of air quality.
49
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Table 10
Status of State Implementation Plans (siPs)a
Status Number of Stateg
SIPs fully approved by EPA 15
SIPs with only non-regulatory
sections disapproved by EPA
(no EPA action required) 5
tilPs with sections proposed by
EPA 19
EPA proposals finalized 11
EPA proposals incomplete
(action p»ending on some
sections) 8
SIPs with sections awaiting
final internal EPA action
before being proposed 16
Total Plans 55
Does not reflect plan disapprovals with respect
to "significant deterioration"/ extensions/ or
indirect sources/maintenance of standards.
50
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VI. THE EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT AND EXPANSION
OF AIR FOLLUTIOl! MONITORING SYSTEMS
EPA is responsible for conducting an ambient air
monitoring prograir. to:
O Assess compliance with or progress made
i
toward meeting ambient air quality standards.
o Activate emergency control procedures
intended to prevent acute episodes of
air pollution.
o Determine pollution trends.
o Develop a data base for assessment of
pollutant effects; land use and trans-
portation planning; study of pollutant
interactions, patterns, and trends;
evaluation of abatement strategies and
enforcement of control regulations; and
improving the reliability of diffusion
models.
EPA also has the responsibility for source
monitoring to:
o Develop and assess compliance with New Source
Performance Standards and National Emission
Standards for hazardous Air Pollutants.
o Measure emission trends to assure attainment
and maintenance of State Implementation
Plan (SIP) emission limitations.
51
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Under the requirements of the SIP development
process, the States were given the responsibility for
establishing monitoring networks for accorr.plishing these
objectives. EPA has given the States both technical and
financial assistance in establishing the networks. A
summary of the States' progress toward achieving the mini-
mum required monitoring network size is shown in Table 11.
The total number of required, proposed, and existing
stations are summarized in Table 12. As this table shows,
the total number of existing stations in ft given category,
in some instances, exceeds the 1974 legal requirements.
This is in spite of the fact that many individual AQCRs
do not meet the minimum requirements.
EPA has developed a data bank for storage and retrieval
of both air quality and emission data. The air quality
data bank contains information from over 4,000 monitors.
The emission bank has information on nearly 70,000 point
sources and 3,300 area sources throughout the country.
Access to the data are through terminals located at Research
Triangle Park, N. C. and in the 10 EPA Regional Offices.
Changes to these data banks are made through quarterly
and semi-annual reports.
PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MONITORING SYSTEMS
Decentralization of Monitoring
In 1972, EPA decided to decentralize the Federal
National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) from Headquarters
52
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Table 11
Status of Air Quality Control Regions (AQCRs) with Respect to
State Implementation Plan (SIP) Monitoring Requirements
(September 1973)a
Pollutant
Total Suspended
Particulates
so2
CO
Oxidants
N02
Number of
AQCRs
Requiring
Monitoring
by SIPS
247
247
29
54
45
Number of
AQCRs
Meeting
Minimum
Require-
ments of
SIPs
152
110
6
5
0
Number of
AQCRs Not
Meeting
Minimum
Require-
ments of
SIPs
95
137
23
49 '
45
a Based on 1972 data.
b The standards reference measurement method is being re-evaluated.
A new method and monitoring frequency will be named. Does not
account for proposed reclassification.
Table 12
Comparison of Numbers of Existing and Proposed Monitors with
Number Required by SIPsa
Number of Monitors
Pollutant
Existing
Total Suspended Particulate-
Tape
Total Suspended Particu-
late-Hi-Vol
SO0 Bubbler
SO 2- Continuous
CO-Continuous
Oxidants-Continuous
397
2,538
541
329
197
183
Required
by SIP
Regulat i ons
497
1,372
666
213
133
208
Proposed
In
SIPs
901
3,511
1,431
698
457
458
More monitors may exist than are required in some categories
but the minimum requirements of the SIPs may not be met
on an AQCR by AQCR basis because of the actual geographic
distribution of the stations. (See Table '11)
53
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to the 10 EPA .Regional Offices.3 This involved the
transfer of nearly 200 SO_ and NO- stations and 260 total
suspended particulate (TSP) stations, with their related
laboratory functions. Since many laboratories in the
future will be doing sample analysis, instead of only one
as in the past/ a comprehensive quality control program is
being established to ensure that results from the different
laboratories will be comparable. This program is being run
by the National Environmental Research Center at Research
Triangle Park, N. C. Technical assistance was given on
proper laboratory procedures and operation of instruments
to provide a smooth and orderly transfer of functions.
Revised Monitoring Requirements and Guidelines
Since last year, five issues emerged which affect
the SIP control regulations and could have a significant
impact on monitoring requirements:
o Prevention of significant deterioration of air
quality
o Indirect sources/maintenance of air quality
standards
o Supplementary Control Systems
o Revocation of secondary anrual SO2 standard
o Transportation control plans
a Some stations have been transferred to State control.
54
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These issues were defined in Chapter V. All of them nay
either imply or require additional monitoring over that
required when the original SIPs were submitted in 1972.
A study is underway tc develop the rnost cost-effective
strategy for implementing a monitoring network; the monitoring
implications of the five issues enumerated above have been
incorporated in the study. It is expected that this analysis
will have two results. First, new monitoring requirements
may be promulgated to ensure that all SIP goals are met.
Second, guidelines for the establishment, and implementation
of these networks will be developed and distributed to
the appropriate agencies.
Revised regulations, if any, should be promulgated
during 1974. The probable changes in monitoring are
difficult to predict since several of the issues (prevention
of significant deterioration of air quality, for example)
have not been resolved.
Status of New Monitoring Methods
Several candidate methods are now being evaluated in
order that the reference method for NO2 can be replaced.
A new method will be promulgated as socn as possible.
The NO2 air quality standard has not been affected by
the change.
On October 12, 1973, EPA published in the Federal
jteqi.ster a notice of proposed rule making for determining
55
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equivalence cf ambient air monitoring irethods. When
finalized, the proposal will establish requirements
and procedures applicable to determinations as to
whether methods for sampling and analyzing the cinbient
air may be designated "equivalent" to the established.
"re fe re nee me thod s."
In the area of source measurements, a number of test
procedures were promulgated along with the Mew Source
Performance Standards and the National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants.
Quality Control
An EPA-wide quality control strategy was adopted
in early 1973. The purpose of the program is to ensure
that all data collected by EPA, contractors, or State
and local agencies are valid. By using standardized
procedures and following rigorous quality control
practices, it will also be possible to better compare
data collected by various agencies and make decisions
regarding achievement, of standards, trends, and
adequacy of control plans, with a greater degree of
confidence than has been the case to date.
56
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TRENDS IN NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
Long-Term Trends in TSP, and S02 Levels
NASN data collected for the past 12 years have been
4
examined for trends in ambient levels of TSP and SO2.
The analysis shows that both TSP and SO2 concentrations
at most center-city NASN sites have declined significantly
over the 12-year period. In general, stations with the
highest concentrations in the early 1960's have shown
the greatest improvement. The average center-city TSP
concentration has decreas-ed by approximately 20 percent,
while SC,, concentrations have shown a much greater
improvement, decreasing by approximately 50 percent.
Figures 2 and 3 graphically illustrate this decline.
These results are' preliminary and will be fvrther
refined as State air quality information is included.
These improvement.£. in ail quality have prinari.ly
rt'Eulteci fix-Pi the incieased use of clearer-burring fuels
in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors
of nest urban areas. Local and State air pollution
regulations limiting the use of coal and high-sulfur
fuels have resulted ir. increased use of low-sulfur
4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality
Levels And Trends In Total Suspended Particulates And Sulfur
Dioxide Determined By Data In The National Air Surveillance
Network, Office cf Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, N.C. April, 1973,
57
-------
FIGURE 2
COMPOSITE LEVELS OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULARS
AT URBAN AND NONURBAN NASN STATIONS
200
150
100
PRIMARY STANDARD
SECONDARY
STANDARD
50
10
COMPOSITE AVERAGE
95 URBAN LOCATIONS
. PRIMARY STANDARD
i SECONDARY STANDARD
COMPOSITE AVERAGE
18 NONURBAN LOCATION
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
YEARS
RANGE OF URBAN GEOMETRIC MEANS
J RANGE OF NONURBAN GEOMETRIC MEANS
58
-------
FIGURES
COMPOSITE LEVELS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE AT 32 NASN STATIONS
200
150
CO
100
PRIMARY STANDARD
50
AVERAGE
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
YEARS
r RANGE OF ARITHMETIC MEANS
59
-------
oil and natural gas as the primary sources of energy.
Nationwide long-term trends in atmospheric levels
of oxidants, CO, and NO2 are not yet identifiable.
Air Quality in AQCRs
In spite of the improvement in air quality at
selected locations, air quality levels in many AQCRs
still do not satisfy the requirements of the primary
ambient air quality standards. In fact, as additional
air quality data have been collected, EPA has found that
some AQCRs originally assumed to be meeting standards
may actually be violating them. The data are still
under review. However, if this preliminary finding
holds true, then these AQCRs will have to adopt
control strategies that will result in airfcient air quality
standards being met. In those States where the example
region concept was used in SIP development, i.e.,
application of a plan designed for the AQCR with the
worst air quality in all AQCRs, no new olan may be
necessary. It is expected that existing regulations,
and any new ones that- will be required, will result in
attainment of primary ambient air quality standards in
almost ell AQCRs by 1975.
60
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Tables 13 through 16 present the status of AQCRs
with respect to TSF, SO-,, oxidants, and CO levels. As
explained in Chapter V, AQCRs were classified according
to estimated air quality when measurements were not-
available. This fact, in combination with changes in
actual air quality ever time explains why, for each of
the criteria pollutants, some priority I AQCRs are
not in violation ot the primary standards while some
priority II or III AQCRs are in violation.
61
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TabJe 13
*
STATUE OF AIR QUALITY, TOI'AI SUSPENDED FARTICULATES a/
1972
10
Priority^
Classification
I or IA
II
III
TOTAL
a/ As of Oct.
Number
of
AQCRs
120
70
57
247
1973
b/ Federal Register. Vol.
AQCRs
One Quarter's Data
From One Station
118
63
37
218
36, #158, p. 15488
Reporting
Complete
Annual Averacre
110
53
28
101
, Auct. 14. 1971
AQCRs Violating
Either Primary
Standard c/
10?
22
14
138
c/ There is both an annual and a 24-hour primary standard
-------
Table 14
STATUS OF AIR QUALITY, SULFUR DIOXIDE
1972
en
Priority b/
r*l A GO i -Fi fri1~"i on
I or la
II
III
TOTAL
Number
. of
60
41
146
247
AQCRs
One Quarter's Data
From One Station
52
31
79
162
Rt» nor ting
Complete
Annual Average
41
27
55
123
AQCRs Violating
Either Primary.
Standard £/
13
4
2
19
a/ As of Oct. 1973
b/ Federal Register. Vol. 36, #158, p. 15488, Aug. 14, 1971
c/ There is both an annual and a 24-hour primary standard
-------
Table 15
STATUS OF AIR QUALITY, OXIDANTS a/
1972
Priority b/
Classification
I
III
TOTAL
Number
of
AQCRs
55
192
247
AQCRs Reporting
One Quarter ' s Data
From One Station
31
7
38
AQCRs Violating
the Primary
Standard
25
3
28
a/ As of Oct. 1973
b/ Federal Register, Vol. 36, #158, p. 15488, Aug. 14, 1971
64
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Table 16
STATUS OF AIR QUALITY, CARBON MONOXIDE a/
1972
Priority ID/
Classification
I
III
TOTAL
Number
of
AQCRs
30
217
247
AQCRs Reporting
One Quarter ' s Data
From One Station
22
26
48
AQCRs violating
the Primary
Standard
21
21
42
a/ As of Oct. 1973
b/ Federal Register. Vol. 36, #158, p. 15488, Aug. 14, 1971
65
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VII. THE DEVELOPMENT OP NEW AND IMPROVED AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL TECHNIQUES
The development and demonstration of stationary
source air pollution control technology is one of EPA's
largest tasks. Approximately $27.2 million were spent
on this activity in FY 73, primarily for on-going programs
to demonstrate control methods for sulfur and nitrogen
oxides, particulates, and other pollutants such as
mercury, beryllium and asbestos. The purposes of these
activities are threefold:
o To describe at least one method of control
for each major source of pollution.
o To provide a technical base for EPA enforcement
activities.
o To establish technical and economic data to
support New Source Performance Standards (NSPS).
Achieving these goals hinges on development and
demonstration of flue gas cleaning systems, production of
clean fuels, and modification of industrial processes.
Stationary Source Air Pollution Control
Technology-Sulfur Oxides
The emphasis of the SO control program has been on
H
demonstrating four methods of flue gas cleaning which are
applicable to new and existing coal-and oil-fired utility
and industrial combustion sources. The four control
systems are:
66
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o A wet lime/limestone scrubber at the TVA Shawnee
Steam Plant, Paducah, Ky.
o A magnesium-oxide scrubber at Boston Edison's
oil-fired Mystic Station, Everett, Mass.
o A catalytic-oxidation scrubber at Illinois
Power System's Wood River Station, 111.
o A sodium-ion scrubber (Wellman-Power Gas), at
Northern Indiana Public Service Co., Gary/ Ind.
On the basis of this and other work EPA has concluded
that demonstratable control technology for utility SO
A.
emissions exists.
A second technique used to reduce the emissions of
SO is to actually remove sulfur from the fuel prior to
J^
combustion. EPA is supporting research in this field,
particularly in coal-cleaning methods and fuel oil
desulfurization. Feasibility studies have been completed
for several fuel-cleaning processes, and large scale
demonstrations are being planned.
A third technique in the SO control strategy is
X.
combustion process modification, that is the modification
or control of the actual combustion process to reduce
not only the production of SO but also NO and particulates
3C X
Several processes are under consideration including
fluidized-bed combustion and submerged combustion.
These technologies are primarily for the control
of emissions from combustion sources. Industrial sources
67
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such as iron foundries, coking plants, nonferrous
smelters, and petroleum refineries are also major sources
of SO emissions; control technology for these sources
X
is under development and will be the focus of EPA efforts
in the future.
Particulates
The control technology for large particulates is well
developed. EPA efforts have been directed primarily toward
obtaining operating and economic data to evaluate
electrostatic precipitators, filter systems, and scrubbers.
Of great concern is the control of fine particulate,
that fraction of the particulate emission smaller than 3
micrometers. These small particles remain suspended in
the atmosphere and are easily respirable and absorbable
into the body. Fine particulates may contain toxic trace
metals and sulfates, each of which has considerable impact
on health. Control technology for fine particulates is
seriously deficient. Current EPA efforts center on
developing adequate devices and on field testing as
well as development of control methods. EPA is working
both to improve available collection devices and to
identify and ultimately demonstrate novel devices.
Nitrogen Oxides
Combustion modification is the only demonstrated
method for control of NO emissions from fossil fuel
«•»
burning. Tests of flue gas treatment techniques have
68
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shown little promise to date. Presently, the application
of combustion technology will allow NO emissions from
gas-and oil-fired utility boilers to be controlled to the
NSPS that have been set for these fuel categories.
EPA programs for combustion modification to control
NO include:
JC
o Air/fuel mixture control (low excess air combustion)
o Staged combustion
o Recirculation of flue gas
o Boiler component design
Other Pollutants
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPs) have been set for mercury, asbestos,
and beryllium. Other materials which are considered
pollutants but for which standards have not been set
include trace metals, polycyclic organic matter (POM)
and miscellaneous hydrocarbons, fluorides, odors, etc.
In general, control technology research efforts are
necessary for these materials.
One current goal of the Air Technology Program
is to characterize the major sources and the specific
chemical and physical properties of trace metal emissions.
This is a necessary first phase in the development of
control systems.
69
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Several tasks are being funded for field testing
coal-fired utility and industrial boilers, and for
limited source characterization of gas- and oil-fired
units. A field testing program is also planned for
residential and commercial heating units.
In addition, control technology development is
planned for certain chemical processing sources. These
include the zinc compounds industry, a significant source
of metallic particulates, and the glass industry, which
emits large quantities of arsenic, fluorides, and fine
particulates.
Efforts are underway to establish control techniques
both for open sources and for selected closed sources
of asbestos. The key sources include mining, milling,
and manufacturing sites; the latter source tends to be
located predominately in urban areas and contributes
substantially to human exposure to asbestos. The objective
of the efforts is to develop and demonstrate control
technology for handling, unloading, and disposal operations,
in addition to demonstrating the operation of a specific
methodology for controlling closed sources of asbestos
in manufacturing operations. This work is undertaken
to supplement control via NESHAPS, since their effective-
ness is still unknown.
70
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In control of mercury, an effort is being under-
taken to remove mercury from waste gases containing
SO (such as those gases derived from combustion and
JC
nonferrous metallurgical sources) via a combined SO
X
and mercury control system. Because both of these
substances come from combustion sources, it would be
highly useful to have a single system that could
effectively control both.
Current methods of POM detection and analysis are
generally complex, costly, and time-consuming. Also,
it is unknown to what extent POM may actually be emitted
as a gas which condenses to a particulate substance,
rather than emitted as a particulate. There is, in
addition, a problem in obtaining quantitative data on
POM emissions, whether in particulate or gaseous form,
In situ methods for measuring POM and determining its
characteristics are required, as well as techniques for
upgrading combustion processes to avoid POM formation.
The air program will focus attention on these problems.
EPA has begun to develop control systems through
the pilot plant stage of development for the following
sources—acrylonitrile plants, refinery crackers,
asphalt roofing plants, and ethylene dichloride plants,
71
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VIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTATION TO
MONITOR EMISSIONS AND SIR QUALITY
Methods for the quantitative detection of pollutants
in air are essential to EPA's abatement and control
program. Initially, methods are needed to determine
the extent and causes of a pollution problem and in
investigations of the health and welfare effects of
the pollutants. When standards are promulgated,
reference or compliance methods must also be promulgated,
for determining achievement and maintenance of the
standards. Furthermore, implementation plans call for
determining ambient air quality levels and stationary and
mobile source emission levels. For these applications,
the methods and associated devices employed must be
low cost, reliable, and capable of unattended operation
or use by relatively untrained personnel.
In the area of air quality measurements technology,
the major problems relate to the reduction in cost to
allow more economical deployment in monitoring networks
and. to improve sensitivity for use in background
locations. For source emissions, the major problem
is that of the proper interfacing of instruments with
the source so as to allow representative samples to reach
the instrument. There is also the time-consuming and
expensive problem of evaluation on all relevant sources,
since interfering substances and conditions vary from
source to source. Source emissions measurements technology
is still in a developmental stage.
72
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EMISSIONS MONITORING DEVELOPMENTS
Mobile Sources
Under the Clean Air Act, standards have been
established for emissions from automobiles. Specifically,
measurements must be made to show that CO, NO , and HC
X
meet the standards established for the emissions from
engines. As of the end of fiscal 1973, the methods for
NO , and HC have been shown to be adequate, although
JC
the procedures for applying these methods have not been
completely worked out. In the case of CO, there is
still a question concerning the adequacy of sensitivity
of present instrumentation for the very low emitting post-
1976 vehicles. Work is continuing on improvement of
this instrumentation.
Fiscal 1973 also saw the completion of other
developments related to mobile sources. The development
of an instrument for methane, CO, and CO« was completed.
This instrument will be of value in investigating
advanced design automotive engines. A prototype
instrument for measuring odors from diesel engines
and a device for the measurement of over 100 hydro-
carbons were completed. The hydrocarbon device will allow
EPA to determine which hydrocarbons are active in smog
formation and thus require control.
73
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Stationary Sources
In the area of stationary source measurements,
validation of compliance methods for the first group
of New Source Performance Standards was completed.
Performance specifications for monitoring systems for
SO,, NO , CO, HC, and visual opacity were established
£* H
and will be promulgated in the near future. Evaluation
of commercially available instruments for hydrogen
sulfide and total sulfur revealed several shortcomings
and the need for further research and development.
Finally, the designs were completed for interfacing
measurement devices with sources. Evaluation of these
designs are underway to determine whether modifications
are needed.
AMBIENT MONITORING DEVELOPMENTS
An X-ray fluorescence instrument for determination
of elements in particulate matter was developed. Once
a representative sample is obtained, this instrument
will determine a large number of elements in a short
period of time, i.e., phosphorous, sulfur, copper, lead,
and other heavy metals.
A study of the mechanism of particulate formation
has resulted in a "working concept" that assumes two
basic categories of particulate matter, i.e., fine and
coarse. A candidate method has been selected for use
74
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in evaluating this concept and instruments are now being
constructed for testing this idea.
An additional improvement in the measurement
technology for particulate emissions from stationary
sources has been development of a particle size classifier
and a device for continuously monitoring particulate
emissions (beta gauge). These devices are currently
being field tested.
QUALITY CONTROL EFFORTS
The quality control effort required to provide
valid data is now well underway. In fiscal 1973, guide-
lines for developing quality assurance programs were
completed and a first seminar for quality control program
managers was conducted. Reference samples or calibration
procedures were established and are available for SO2/
CO, NO2, ozone and particulate matter. Commercial sources
are being identified as suppliers of the reference materials
and calibration devices. In addition, EPA proposed guide-
lines for establishing the equivalency of other methods
to an EPA promulgated reference method for ambient air
measurements.
75
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IX. STANDARDS SET OR UNDER CONSIDERATION PURSUANT TO
TITLE II OF THIS ACT
A number of emission standards have been set, and
many regulations have been issued to support EPA's
control program in the mobile source area. Table 17
lists the major emission standards and Table 18 briefly
summarizes the major regulations acted upon during 1973
in the ir.obile source area.
Table 18
MOBILE SOURCE REGULATIONS ACTED UPON BY EPA IN 1973 a/
Reduction of Lead in Fuels (Proposed)
All Grades of leaded gasoline will be limited to:
2 grams of lead per gallon by 1975
1.7 grams of lead per gallon by 1976
1.5 grams of lead per gallon by 1977
1.25 grams of lead per gallon by 1978
Availability of Lead-Free Fuel (Final)
Large gasoline retailers (over 200,000 gallons
per year) will be required to offer lead-free
gasoline after July I, 1974; lead-free gasoline
is needed by catalyst-equipped cars.
Nozzle restrictions will make it impossible
to mistakenly use leaded fuel in a car
requiring lead-free gasoline.
Motor Vehicle Certification Inspections (Proposed)
EPA is authorized access to:
Facilities where processes related to
certification are carried on.
Production lines of foreign and domestic
manufacturers to ensure essential
similarities of production and test vehicles.
a/ First 10 months only
76
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Table 17
Mobile Source Emission Standards
Acted Upon by EPA in 1973*
Percentaqe Emission Reduction^
Emission Source Effective Hydro-
Date carbons
Light-duty vehicles (except California)
California
Light— duty vehicles (all States)
Light-duty trucks
Turboprop and turbofan or turbojet
( < 8,000-lb, thrust)
Jets newly manufactured of > 8,000-lb. thrust ^
Retrofit of pre-1979 jets >29,000-lb. thrust
Turbine engines certified after 198Qf
(> 8,000-lb. thrust)
Piston engines (except radial engines*5)
Auxiliary power units4*
a First 10 months only
b These are no longer being produced in significant
c Maintenance at existing levels required
d Units used to operate on- board power systems when
engines are not operating
e Model year
f Excluding supersonic transports
g Compared to uncontrolled levels
1975e
1975®
1976e
1975e
1/1/79
1/1/79
1/1/83
1/1/81
12/31/79
1/1/79
quantities
propulsion
83
90
95
77
80
70
70
85
30
— c
Carbon
Monoxide
83
90
96
77
60
60
60
72
50
30
Nitrogen
Oxides
11
43
43
11
20
50
50
50
c
50
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Servicing of Auto Emission Controls (Final)
Warning systems (such as dashboard lights or
buzzers) on 1975 and later model cars are
required to alert drivers to malfunctions or
to the need for maintenance if the vehicle's
emission control systems are expected to
require maintenance during the vehicle's
useful life, defined as 50,000 miles.
Low-Emission Vehicle Standards (Proposed)
Advanced technology or production techniques
are expected to be needed for a vehicle to
quality as a "low-emission vehicle."
Regulations on High-Altitude Vehicles (Proposed)
New cars sold in substantial numbers in high-
altitude areas will be required to pass
special high-altitude certification tests.
New car owner manuals will be required to
contain information on engine adjustments
necessary for proper functioning of emission
control systems at high and low altitudes.
78
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X. THE STATUS OF STATE, INTERSTATE, AND LOCAL
POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS ESTABLISHED
PURSUANT TO AND ASSISTED BY THIS ACT
A single agency is designated to administer Air
Quality Control Programs in each of the 50 States,
the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico, the Virgin
Islands, and American Samoa. In addition, approxi-
mately 265 local agencies, concerned with air
pollution control at the municipal level, work in
coordination with the 55 State agencies. The State
agencies are organized as follows:
o 29 environmental agencies combining
air, water and possibly other
environmental protection programs,
and in some cases exercising signifi-
cant natural resources management.
o 20 health agencies combining air
pollution control functions (and
possibly other environmental protection
programs) with traditional medical
health protection functions.
o 6 air agencies specializing predominately
in the control of air pollution.
79
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FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL AGENCIES
EPA provides financial assistance to 54 State
agencies (the single exception being American Samoa)
and 176 local agencies. These 230 agencies represented
approximately 95% of the total expenditures by all
State and local air pollution control agencies in FY
1973. This assistance takes the form of grants for
planning, developing, establishing/ improving or maintaining
programs for the prevention and control of air pollution,
supplemented by special contractual assistance for the
conduct of specific Federally-required planning activities.
Grants awarded in Fiscal Years 1972 and 1973, are
summarized in Table 19.
PROGRESS OF STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS
Total expenditures for the support of air pollution
control programs have grown at an average annual rate of
approximately 30 percent, from $13 million in Fiscal Year
1965 to an estimated $113 million in Fiscal Year 1973.
The percentage of these expenditures provided by Federal
financial assistance has increased from approximately 31
percent in Fiscal Year 1965 to approximately 44 percent
in Fiscal Year 1973. However, the portion of these expendi-
80
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Table 19
Summary of Grant Awards To State and Local Air Pollution
Control Agencies
State or Territory
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
FY 1972
Actual
$ 527,324
69,775
207,049
208,527
3,690,260
796,270
1,335,796.
180b
225,000
957,742
630,218
96,445
81,687
2,423,520
826,034
559,243
335,761
187,981
175,000,
b
987,000
794,385
1,613,520
366,641
459,499
717,574
184,681
231,929
245,702
185,409
a
FY 1973d
$ 714,400
139,600
377,000
201,800
3,761,300
817,300
1,355,800
193,300
334,100
1,045,600
626,500
175,400
108,200
2,987,800
778,900
645,300
596,300
656,600
350,000
192,000
1,365,800
1,312,900
1,999,700
661,200
419,500
1,145,900
266,600
247,100
247,100
185,400
81
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Table 19 (continued)
FY 1972 a
State or Territory Actual FY 1973
New Jersey $2,135,581 $2,262,700
New Mexico 706,440 482,500
New York 3,967,790 4,273,000
North Carolina 1,489,039 1,188,600
North Dakota 40,525 45,000
Ohio 1,841,153 2,414,900
Oklahoma 484,906 416,000
Oregon 486,828 553,700
Pennsylvania 2,080,700 2,545,500
Rhode Island 133,899 133,900
South Carolina . 111,783 430,300
South Dakota 32,025 32,000
Tennessee 703,614 927,200
Texas 2,603,299 2,923,300
Utah b 160,000
Vermont 224,426 154,400
Virginia 1,062,000 991,800
Washington 1,129,910 1,084,500
West Virginia 317,620 507,000
Wisconsin 965,448 840,400
Wyoming 64,439 68,100
American Samoa
Guam 54,744 54,800
Puerto Rico 464,417 419,300
Virgin Islands 100,043 100,000
Total Grants $40,320,781 $46,827,300
Other Federal Financial
Assistance0 1,808,000 3,636,800
$42,089,0"QO 50,463,100
The amounts shown for FY 1973 grant awards are preliminary.
Actual funding also included carry-over from the previous
fiscal years.
Other Federal financial assistance includes special
contract support for the continuing development and
revision of SIPS and the equivalent value of temporary
Federal employees assigned to control agencies as a
supplement to their program grants.
82
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tures provided by State and local revenue sources has
grown almost seven-fold during the same period, from $9
million in Fiscal Year 1965 to an estimated $63 million
in Fiscal Year 1973.
The increase in the number of employees of State and
local control agencies is an indicator of the Nation1s
growing capability to control air pollution. Table 20
shows that the number of on-board personnel has more than
doubled in the last 4 years.
Table 20
Personnel Emplbyed by State and
Local Air Pollution Control
Agencies
Fiscal Year
Aqencv Level
State
Local
Total
1969
997
1,840
2,837
1971
1,537
2,628
4,165
1973
2,929
3.266
6,195
83
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Original manpower estimates contained in the SIPs
indicated that a manpower level by FY 75 of about 8,500
would be necessary to accomplish clean air objectives.
The trend indicated in Table 20 is encouraging; it is
hoped that the original manpower estimates will be met.
However, it should be noted that since this estimate
was made additional requirements have been put on the
States because of additional actions required on
transportation controls implementation, prevention of
significant degradation of air quality, and indirect
sources/maintenance of standards.
Accomplishments of the State programs have been
reflected throughout this report in the sense of their
activities in developing, implementing, and enforcing
SIPs.
84
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XI. REPORTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS MADE BY THE
PRESIDENT'S AIR QUALITY ADVISORY BOARD
The President's Air Quality Advisory Board met
in St. Louis, Mo., on March 27-30, 1973, to explore
urban air pollution problems and to consider the
tradeoffs involved in achieving environmental goals.
The Board received comprehensive briefings from Federal
and State officials, representatives of industry and
environmental groups, and other knowledgeable and concerned
individuals. In addition/ the Board conducted an
on-site review of various aspects of urban air problems
during a tour of St. Louis' industrial and central
city areas.
Individual conclusions and recommendations were
formulated by members of the Board and submitted to
the Administrator as part of the Board's report on its
meet ing.
85
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APPENDIX
Summary of EPA's Stationary Source Air
Enforcement Actions
May 1972 - October 1973
-------
SUttWRY OF EPA i\I < tNFORCEMENT ACTIONS
MAY 1972 - uTOBER 1973
~ COMPANY
TYPE OF SOURCE,
Allied Chemical
Corporation
Sulfuric Acid Plant
Di-lrvtrva Po.vcr &
Light Company
Steam Generator
City of Woonsocket
Open Burning
City of Newport
Open Burning
LOCATION
layront, Delaware
Region III
Delaware City,
Delaware
Region III
Moonsocket, Rhode
Island
Region I
Newport. Rhode
Island
POLLUTION PROBLEM
TYPE OF ACTION
Secure compliance with Delawa-e 'totice ^violation 1s~
..... -..-.s *._•__ cn~ .__.._«-^>»in ic ni»d on Mav 24. 19/J.
SIP limiting S02 concentrations
and mass emission rates.
, on Hay 24, 1973.
Order to comply issued
on July 20, 1972.
Secure compliance wtth Delawa.-e
SIP requiring the use of fuel
containing not in excess of
3.5X sulfur.
Open burning 5«- municipal refuse
disposal facility in violation
of Rhode Island regulations.
Notice of violation is-
sued on March 6, 1972.
Order to comply issued
on April 17, 1972.
Notice of violation is-
sued on Feb. 7, 1973.
Order Issued July 7,
•973.
I
Secure compliance with Rhooe
Island SIP prohibiting open
burning at public refuse dis-
posal site: P'.J prohibiting
the enissio of hamful con-
tairinants.
Notice of violation is-
sued Oct. 13. 1972.
Order to comply issued
r, Jan. 11, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
Bimonthly progress reports have been submitted as of
October 10, 1972. Information submitted to EPA on
construction of an emission control facility to com-
with the plan. A construction schedule with
f progress has been established by EPA.
At the conclusion of litigation instituted by Getty
Oil Company for a court order restraining enforcement
of the fuel sulfur content regulation the order to
comply was upheld. (The interest of Getty Oil Cr'
in this matter arises from a contractual arrangemeru,
between Delmarva Power & Light Co. and Getty Oil Co.
under which Getty provides Delmarva petroleum coke
for fuel in exchange for electricity. Getty Oil Co.
(Eastern Operations) vs. Ruckelshaus (342 F. Supp.
1006; 467 F. 2d. 349; cert. den.. U.S. ,
Jan. 15, 1973). Source is in compliance.
_ -
On March 7, 1973. a conference was held with repre-
sentatives of the city, who agrees to cease all open
burning of debris except that generated by HUD.
Region I is presently attempting informally to assist
HUD in the resolution of its disposal problems.
The Newport refuse disposal site is under surveil-
lance, and pursuant to Section 113, judicial pro-
ceedings are authorized if further violations of the
SIP occur. Presently in compliance.
-------
COMPANY
TYPE OF SOURCE
City of Mlddletown
Open Burning
Texaco, Inc.
American Barrel
company
Orum Reclamation
curnace & Incinerator
Northeast Utilities
Service
Steam Generator
U.S. steel Corp.
Gary Works and
<'niversal Atlas
Cement, Buffington
Harbor Plant
-"•teel Mill, Cement Pit.
LOCATION
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Middletown, Rhode
Island
Region I
Massachusetts
Region I
Massachusetts
Region I
Secure compliance with Rhode Is-
land SIP prohibiting open bum-
ing at public refuse disposal
sites and prohibiting the emis-
sion of harmful contaminants.
Selling fuel with higher sulfur
content than permitted under
Mass, regulations.
._ I'PE OF ACTION
Notice of violation is-
sued Oi:t. 13, 1972.
Conference held between
EPA an.! Middletown of-
fici<] Nov. 6, 1972.
Notice of violation is-
sued F. b. 1, 1973.
Operation of drum reclamation
furnace violating Mass, regu-
lations regarding open burn-
ing, visible emissions and
general air pollution.
In compliance presently, but order win be issued
if future violations occur. issued
On Feb. 12, 1973, pursuant to a Section 114 letter
Texaco met with Region I personnel and provided
Wlth respect to fuel availability and
meeti"9 TeX3CO has «ased Us
NOT ice of violation ?»-
Mar. 1!,, 1973, adminis-
trative order issued '
H_
1973.
I
Massachusetts
egion I
ary, Ind.
Region V
Burning fuel with a higher sul-
fur content than permitted under
State regulations.
Notice of violation is-
sued M. r. 16, 1973.
Operation of a steel mill with
cement production facilities in
violation of Indiana's regula-
tions regarding visible emis-
sions, combustion for indus*. -ia
heating and process operation...
Order
1973.
In compliance.
. .
ssued June '2,
n
r A
to
to
s sj;
An °rder was issued
requested U.S. District Court,
-tay °f the order and declara-
dfor^' &* counterclain,ed
of the order (first increment
D1strkt denied US.
0 * . ^Id hiring on the
of declaratory judgment.
the
-------
CU:IPA;IY
TYPE OF SOURCE
Uabash Smelting Corp.
Secondary aluminum
plant
H.N. Hartwell & Son,
Inc.
Union Petroleum Corp.
Central Electric
; ower Cooperative
Hercules, Inc. -
"issouri Chemical
Works
Amax Lead Co.
Primary Lead Smelter
Asarco
Primary Lead Smelter
LOCATION
Indiana
Region V
Massachusetts
Region I
Massachusetts
Region I
Jefferson City,
Missouri
Region VI i
Louisiana
Missouri
Region VII
Boss, Missouri
Region VII
Glover, Missouri
Region VII
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of Indiana regulations
for visible emissions and pro-
cess operations.
Selling fuel with a higher sul-
fur content than permitted under
Mass, regulations.
Selling fuel with a higher sul-
fur content then permitted under
Mass, regulations.
Power company refu.ed tc submit
information requested In 1-ec-
Mon 114 letter.
Operation 01 pl-,nt i i viola-
tion of Missouri regulations
regarding proc«sjs operations.
Violation of Missouri S02
regulations.
Violation of K's^ouri S02
regulations.
TYPE OF A(
Notice of viole
^r. 28, 1973
issued May 30,
Notice of viol;
sued March 16,
Notice of viol
sued March 16,
Administrative
issued May 2,
Notice of vicl
May 16, 1973.
Issued Oct. 15
No;-.ce of viol
!
Not' x of vlo1
sied July 2,
AJministrativi
1 issued.
tion is-
Order
1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
Presently in compliance with terms of the order.
Presently in compliance.
Presently in compliance.
All the information required in the administrative
order has been provided.
Request for concurrence pending submission of further
information from Region.
Request withdrawn, source in compliance as of June
20, 1973.
-------
1 COMPANY
' TYPE OF SOURCE
St. Joe Minerals
Corp.
Primary Lead
Smelter
Centropolis
Crusher, Inc.
City of Lawrence
Open Burning
So. Calif. Edison
Kohave Power Pint.
City of Bristol
Open Burning
Kaibab Ind.
Wood waste burners
Western Pine Ind.
Wood waste burners
I nr/LTTnw
Herculaneum
Missouri
Region VII
Kansas City, Mo.
Region VII
Lawrence, Mass.
Region I
Nevada
Region IX
Bristol, R.I.
Region I
Payson, Ariz.
Region IX
Snowflake, Ariz.
Region IX
. POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of Missouri SO?
regulations
Refused to submit Information
required in Section 114 letter.
Open Burning
-j
TYPE OF ACT ION
Notice of violation Is-
sued June 2, 1973.
Order issued on June
6 1973.
Notice of violation is-
sued June 6, 1973.
L
Violation of State visible emls- Notice of violation 1s-
slon regulation and SO?, emissior si ed July 25, 1973: order
limits. . i;sued.
Open burning at municipal
refuse disposal facility In
violation of R.I. regulations.
Violation of Arizona visible
emission regulations.
Violation of Arizona visible
emission regulation. f
Notice of violation
i;sued April 26, 1973.
Nrtice of violation
issued July 24, "}>3.
Administrative crd r
issued Sept. 26 i973.
Notice of violation
issued July 24, 1973.
t
RESULTS OR STATUS
Conference and order pending.
All information required in the order has been
provided.
Conference held.
Conference held August 14, 1973.
Conference held. Issuance of order is pending.
-------
COMPANY
TYPE OF SOURCE
'.•'estern Xtoulcilru Co.,
Inc.
Wood waste burners
Wilfret Brothers
Realty Trust
Incinerator
Penn Central Trans.
Company
Passenger and freight
terminals
Independent Stave Co.
Inc.
Boilers, cyclones,
Tepee Burner,
Incinerator
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Steel Mill
Kaiser Steel Corp.
LOCATION
Snowflake, Ariz.
Region IX
Arlington, Mass.
Region I
Massachusetts
Region I
Lebanon, Missouri
Region VII
Burns Harbor Planl
Chesterfield, Ind
Region V
Fontana, Calif.
Region IX
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of Ariiona visible
emission regulation.
Violation of Mass, regulations
on incinerators.
Transfer of cement pr-jt. >cts
creating visible eroiisiwri
problem and trucks irli,.;'
contrary to requirements of
Mass. SIP.
Violation of Missouri partlcu-
late matter regulation.
: Violation of Indiana visible
emission and particulate
emissions (process *rt.)
regulations.
Violation of Calif, visible
emission and SOz regulations
(H2S standard).
TYPE OF ACT:J»
lotice of violation
issued July 24, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued July 2, 1973.
Kot'c. cf .-.elation
issued Jui/ 2, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued July 9, 1973.
Supplemental notice of
violation Issued Oct.
13, 1973. Order on
first notice issued
C:t. 16, 1973.
is rtice of violation
issued July 11, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued Aug. 7, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
Order pending.
i
i
i
— _ — — i
No order issued since 3 sources presently in compli-
ance and coke ovens on satisfactory State order.
Conference held August 29, 1973; order pending.
-------
COMPANY
TYPE OF SOURCE
& wood waste burners
Seaboard Foundry, Inc
Gray Iron Foundry
Inland Steel Co.
Integrated Steel
Mill
Youngs town Sheet
and Tube Co.
Integrated Steel
Mill
Missouri Power i
Light Co.
Power Plant
——————
LOCAT TDM
Mendocino and
Northern Sonoma
County, Calif.
Region IX
Johnston, R.I.
Region I
East Chicago, Ind
Region V
East Chicago, Ind.
Region V
Jefferson City, Mo
Region VII
• ,_
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of Calif, visible
emission regulations.
Violation of R.I. visible emis-
sions and particulate emissions
(process wt.) regulations.
Violation of Ind. visible emis-
sions, combustion for industrial
heating and process operations.
Violation of Ind. visible emis-
sions, combustion for industrial
heating and process operations.
. Refused to submit information
required in Section 114 letter.
TiPE Cf ACTION
Notice of violation
issued Aug. 15, 1973.
Not ice of violation
issued Aug. 1, 1973.
Not ice of violation
issued July 18, 1973.
' ^tice of violation
issjed July 18, 1973.
Airim'strative order
issjed Aug. 1, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS ,
Order pending.
Order pending.
Order pending.
Order pending.
-------
COMPANY
TVDC nr ^fiiiRPF
Roberts Const. Co.
Limestone Quarrying
and Crushing
J. Edward Moran
Generating Station
City of Burlington
Electric Light Dept.
Boilers
Atlantic-Richfield
Corp.
Power Pits & Steel
Mills
Mobil Oil Corp.
Oil refinery
American Oil Co.
Oil Refinery
Borden, Inc.
Phosphate Plant
LOCATION
Sundance, Wyoming
Region VIII
Burlington, Vt.
Region I
East Chicago, Ind
Region V
East Chicago, Ind
Region V
Whiting, Ind.
Region V
Palmetto, Fla.
Headquarters
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of ambient air stand-
ard for total suspended particu-
lates as provided in Wyoming SIP
Violation of Vt. particulate
matter and visible emissions
regul ati ons .
Violation of Ind. S02 regulat^n
CAPC-13)
Violation of Ind. SOa CAPC-13)
and visible emission (APC-3)
regulations.
Violation of Ind. S0£ (APC-13)
and visible emission (APC-3)
regulations.
Refused to submit information
required in Section P3 letter.
(NSPS development)
TYPE OF ACTION
Notice of violation
issued Aug. 16, 1973.
Order issued Sept.
28, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued on Aug. 14, 1973
.'lotice of violation
tssued Sept. 10, 197J.
Notice of violation
issued Sept. 10, 1973.
Ilotice of violation
issued Sept. 10, 1973.
Aa-iinlstrit ve >rde"
iss'.:--J A'iy. 17, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
Conference and order pending.
Region withdrew further consideration pending more
information from company.
-------
COMPANY
TYPE OF SOURCE
Mew Eng. Power Co. ;
Brayton Point
Power Stations
Alpha Portland
Cement Co.
Clinker Cooler
U.S. Gypsum Co.
f'ill rock process
Shingle finish pro.
racking process
Billiard Castings,
Inc.
Copula furnaces
U.S. Gypsum Co.
Mineral wool process
cupolas, blow cham-
bers, curing oven,
asphalt frame control
C.F. Industries
Amonlum Nitrate
pulling process.
LOCATION
Somerset. Mass.
Region I
Afften, Mo.
Region VII
East Chicago,
Ind.
Region V
Bridgeport
Conn.
Region I
Uabash, Ind.
Region V
Terre Haute, Ind.
Region V
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Violation of Mass. Genera]
Regulation to Prevent Air
Pollution and Visible Emis-
sion Regulations.
Violation Mo. parti cul ate
natter (process wt.) regu-
lation.
Violation of Ind. partlcu-
late natter (process emis-
sion APC-?) and visible
emission ;APC-3) rvjs.
Violatitn it Conn. parti ;i-
late natter -'pro- ess -ar s-
sions. visible ewiss ons
and fugitive di.;.-. r«.a«
Violation of Ind. parti cu-
late matter (process emis-
sion, APC-5) regs.
Violation of THI* Parti cu-
late natter (pocess enis-
sions, APC-5) regs.
~'PE OF ACTION
totice of violation
issued Sept. 6, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued Sept. 28, 1973.
Notice of vlolaticn
issued Oct. 5, 1973.
Nit ice c? vi /I at ion
issued Oct. 12, 1973.
Notice of violation
is ; ted on Oct. 5, 1973
Noti ;e of violation
issueJ Oct. 9, 1973.
RPClll TC AD CTATIIC
-------
CO.MPANY
TYPE Ur oUUKLL .
Universal Atlas
Cement
Cites of Lament,
Dayton, Connell,
Oakesdale and
Whitman County.
Washington
NIPSCO Bailly
State
Power Plant Boilers
West Penn Power Co.
Mitchell State
Public Serv. Co.
of Ind.
Wabash River Sta.
Can-Tex Ind., Inc.
Clay Shale Grinding
Storage
Pacific Co.j
Washington dump
Peninsula disposal
service
LOCATION
Hernibal, Mo.
Region VII
Same
Region X
Gary Vicinity
Ind.
Region V
Courtney {Wash. C
Pa. Region III
Terre Haute, Ind.
Region V
Cannellon, Ind.
Long Beach. Padf
Co.. Wash.
Region X
POLLUTION PROBLEM
Refused to submit §114
information requested.
Violation of Washington
open burning regulation.
Violation of Ind. SO. .•*?.
(APC-13)
o.) Violation of Pa. SO* reg.
Violation of Ind. SOx reg.
{APC-13}
Violation of Ind. parti cu-
late matter (process emis-
sion, APC-5) regs.
1c Violation of Washington's
open burning regulations
TYPE OF AC'-O,;
",d«rinistrative order
issued Oct. 1, 1973.
'lotice of violation
issued Sept. 21, 1973.
floilr-* o' violation
issued Se^t. 13, 1973.
notice of violation
issued Sept. 13, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued Sept. 13, 1973.
.totice of violation
issued Oct. 17, 1973.
Notice of violation
issued Oct. 17, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
Conference held on Oct. 18, 1973.
Conference held on October 18, 1973.
Conference held on October 18, 1973.
-------
I
o
i
U.STYPE OF SOURCE
U.S. Gypsum
Gypsum manu.
Gypsum plaster « panel
manu.
Container Corp. of
ifterica
boilers
Keeffer Paper Mill
boilers
Cfntral Soya, Co.
Boilers
Ind. Univ. Physical
Plant
Power Plant
LOCATION
Shoals, Ind.
Region V
Wabash, Ind.
Region V
Brounstom, Ind.
Region V
Indianapolis, Ind
Region V
Bloomington, Ind.
Region V
_ --,
POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Violation of Ind. participate
matter (process emission, APC-5)
regulations.
Violation of Ind. participate
matter from combustion of fuel
for indirect heating (APC-4R)
and S02 regs. (APC-13).
Violation of Ind. parttcu'at,'
matter from combustion of f-ie:
for indirect heating (APC-4C.).
Violation of Ind. partv:uUte
matter from combustion of fuel
for indirect heating (APC-4R) -
Violation of Ind. participate
matter form combustion of fuel
for indirect heating reg.
(APC-4R)
TYPE OF ACTION
Nit ce of violation Issu
Oct. 5, 1973.
li:t ce of violation
iss-.ed Oct. 9, 197C-
N;tice ui" v.'oiation
issied Oct. 12, 1973.
Hot:ce of violation
issued Oct. 12, 1973.
Uotice of violation
issjed Oct. 24, 1973.
RESULTS OR STATUS
ed
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