EPA REGION
AIR QUALITY
TRENDS REPORT
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REG ON 3
EPA REGION III
AIR QUALITY TRENDS REPORT
1983-1988
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EPA REGION III
AIR QUALITY TRENDS REPORT
1983 - 1988
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Services Division
Philadelphia, PA 19107
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This report has been reviewed by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency: Environmental Services Division,
Greene A. Jones, Director and Air Management Division, Thomas J.
Maslany, Director, Region III; and each State and Local Air
Pollution Control Agency in Region III, and has been approved for
publication.
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PREFACE
This report presents the status and trends in air quality from
1983 through 1988 for ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
sulfur dioxide, particulates and lead in the Mid-Atlantic Region:
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia
and West Virginia. Background information on air pollutant
characteristics, health and welfare effects, trends, attainment
status, monitoring requirements and comparisons with national
statistics are also presented.
The content of this report is based on data collected in a
nationwide monitoring network operated by state and local air
pollution control agencies. We hope that this report will provide
you with a better understanding of the progress that the state,
local and federal governments have achieved in improving overall
air quality. This progress can only be continued with the full
cooperation and support of the various federal, state and local
regulatory agencies and the general public.
This report was prepared by the United States Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Region III, Environmental Services
Division. The intent is to provide interested members of the air
pollution control community, the private sector and the general
public with current information on the status and trends in
air quality within the Mid-Atlantic Region. The Division
solicits comments on this report and welcomes suggestions on
our techniques, interpretations, conclusions and methods of
presentation.
Please forward any response to Victor Guide, Chief,
Philadelphia Operations Section, Environmental Monitoring and
Surveillance Branch, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 841
Chestnut Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, manager of the
publication process and principal author and contributor in
researching, designing, writing and editing the report.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many people are responsible for the air quality trends
discussed in this report. Special mention must be given to the
Monitoring Chiefs and staff of each State and Local Air Pollution
Control Agency in Region III for a multitude of tasks involved in
collecting, analyzing and reporting the air quality data presented
in this report:
. Joseph Kliment state of Delaware, DNREC
. David Krask District of Columbia, DCRA
. Robert O'Melia State of Maryland, AMA
. Richard Wies State of Maryland, AMA
. Ben Brodovicz Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, DER
. Jeffrey Miller Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, DER
. Harilal Patel Allegheny County Health Department
. Clem Lazenka City of Philadelphia, AMS
William Parks Commonwealth of Virginia, APCC
Ron Engle State of West Virginia, APCC
Others who have contributed to the production of this report
include: Patricia Flores for CIS technical support; David Arnold
Theodore Erdman, Lew Felleisen, Hal Frankford, Israel Milner, Davia
O'Brien, Rebecca Taggart, and Carol Febbo for editorial assistance-
Larry Budney for coordinating the Regional peer review process; the
staff of the Environmental Services Division and Air Management
Division, EPA Region III and the Technical Support Division, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards for comments and peer review-
Frances Andracchio, Carletta Parlin, Gayna Bazley, Sally Ann
Brooks, and Linda Marzulli for typing support; and Jane Wilcox, EPA
Headquarters, Facilities Operation Branch for color photo 'copy
support. Special mention must also be given to Michael Giuranna
for his dedication in providing technical assistance throughout the
development of this report and to Frances Andracchio for assisting
in preparation of the final copy of this report.
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CONTENTS
List of Figures viii
List of Tables !.!!!!.'!!!!!!!!!!."!!!!
Foreword''
1.0 INTRODUCTION.
1
l.l Air Pollutants 3
1.2 Health and Welfare Effects 3
1.3 Air Quality Dependence on Topography & Weather 4
1. 4 Monitoring Networks 5
1.4.1 state of Delaware !. e
1.4.2 District of Columbia 6
1.4.3 State of Maryland 7
1.4.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 7
1.4.5 Allegheny County 8
1.4.6 City of Philadelphia 9
1.4.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 9
1.4.8 State of West Virginia 9
1.5 Air Pollution Control g
2.0 REGIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS 10
2.1 Regional Profiles of Pollutant Variability 12
3. 0 TRENDS IN OZONE 27
3.1. Characteristics and Sources 28
3.2. Effects 29
3.3 Air Quality Trends 31
3.3.1 State of Delaware 36
3.3.2 District of Columbia 37
3.3.3 State of Maryland 38
3.3.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 40
3.3.5 Allegheny County 43
3.3.6 City of Philadelphia 45
3.3.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 46
3.3.8 State of West Virginia 47
3.4 Emission Trends 48
3 . 5 Comments 48
3.6 Worth Noting 50
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4. 0 TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE 52
4.1 Characteristics and Sources 52
4.2 Effects 52
4.3 Air Quality Trends 53
4.3.1 State of Delaware 55
4.3.2 District of Columbia 56
4.3.3 State of Maryland 57
4.3.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 59
4.3.5 Allegheny County 63
4.3.6 City of Philadelphia 64
4.3.7 commonwealth of Virginia 65
4.3.8 State of West Virginia 66
4. 4 Emission Trends 67
4. 5 Comments 67
4.6 Worth Noting 68
5 .0 TRENDS IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE 70
5. i characteristics and Sources 70
5.2 Effects 71
5.3 Air Quality Trends 71
5.3.1 State of Delaware 72
5.3.2 District of Columbia 73
5.3.3 State of Maryland 74
5.3.4 commonwealth of Pennsylvania 75
5.3.5 Allegheny County 79
5.3.6 City of Philadelphia 80
5.3.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 81
5.3.8 State of West Virginia 82
5.4 Emission Trends 83
5.5 Comments 83
5.6 Worth Noting 83
6.0 TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE 84
6.1 Characteristics and Sources 84
6.2 Effects 85
6.3 Air Quality Trends 85
6.3.1 State of Delaware 86
6.3.2 District of Columbia 87
6.3.3 State of Maryland 88
6.3.4 commonwealth of Pennsylvania 90
6.3.5 Allegheny County 93
6.3.6 City of Philadelphia 95
6.3.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 96
6.3.8 State of West Virginia 97
6.4 Emission Trends 98
6.5 Comments 98
6.6 Worth Noting 10°
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7 .0 TRENDS IN PARTICULATE MATTER 101
7.1 Characteristics and Sources 101
7.2 Effects 103
7.3 Air Quality Trends 103
7.3.1 State of Delaware 106
7.3.2 District of Columbia 108
7.3.3 State of Maryland 110
7.3.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 114
7.3.5 Allegheny County 121
7.3.6 City of Philadelphia 125
7.3.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 127
7.3.8 State of West Virginia 129
7.4 Emission Trends 133
7.5 Comments 133
7.6 Worth Noting 133
8.0 TRENDS IN LEAD 134
8.1 Characteristics and Sources 134
8.2 Effects 134
8.3 Air Quality Trends 135
8.3.1 State of Delaware 136
8.3.2 District of Columbia 137
8.3.3 State of Maryland 138
8.3.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 140
8.3.5 Allegheny County 142
8.3.6 City of Philadelphia 143
8.3.7 Commonwealth of Virginia 144
8.3.8 State of West Virginia 145
8.4 Emission Trends 146
8.5 Comments 146
8. 6 Worth Noting 146
9.0 OTHER MAJOR AIR QUALITY ISSUES 147
9.1 Toxic Air Pollutants 147
9.2 Acid Deposition 151
9.3 Indoor Air Pollution 158
9.3.1 Sources 158
9.3.2 Health Effects 158
9.3.3 Pollutants 158
9.4 Global Air Quality Problems 162
9.4.1 Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone 162
9.4.2 Global Warming 163
REFERENCES 165
APPENDIX 167
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FIGURES
1-1. Population exposure to unsafe levels of air 2
pollutants in Region III.
2-1. Regional three dimensional map of the annual 13
second daily maximum 1-hour average ozone
concentration. 1988.
2-2. Regional three dimensional map of the second 15
maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon
monoxide concentration, 1988.
2-3. Regional three dimensional map of the highest 17
annual arithmetic mean nitrogen dioxide
concentration, 1988.
2-4. Regional three dimensional map of the highest 19
annual arithmetic mean sulfur dioxide
concentration, 1988.
2-5. Regional three dimensional map of the highest 21
annual mean total suspended particulate
concentration, 1988.
2-6. Regional three dimensional map of the annual 23
arithmetic mean PM10 concentration, 1988.
2-7. Regional three dimensional map of the maximum 25
quarterly mean lead concentration, 198«-
3-1. Ozone design values, 1986-88, for severe, 30
serious, moderate and marginal areas in the
United States.
3-2. Areas exceeding the ozone NAAQS, based on 32
1986-88 data.
3-3. Areas exceeding the ozone NAAQS, comparison of 34
1985-87 vs. 1986-88.
3-4. Regional Ozone Profile Map, 1986-88. 35
3-5. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 36
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, State of Delaware, 1983-1988.
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3-6. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 37
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, District of Columbia, 1983-1988.
3-7. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 38
annual second daily maximum l-hour ozone
concentration, state of Maryland, 1983-1988.
3-8. Ozone excedance days, State of Maryland for six 39
sites, 1984-1988.
3-9. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 40
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
1983-1988.
3-10. Ozone trends in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 41
for twelve air basins, 1979-1988.
3-11. Number of ozone exceedance days, Commonwealth 42
of Pennsylvania, 1988.
3-12. Allegheny County 5-year ozone trends. 44
3-13. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 43
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, Allegheny County, 1983-1988.
3-14. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 45
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
3-15. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 46
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, Commonwealth of Virginia,
1983-1988.
3-16. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 47
annual second daily maximum 1-hour ozone
concentration, State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
3-17. Seasonal trends in ozone exceedances in 49
Regional III states.
3-18. Total number of exceedances of the ozone 51
NAAQS in Region III states, 1983-1988.
4-1. Areas exceeding the carbon monoxide NAAQS, 54
based on 1987-88 data.
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4-2. Trend in the composite mean and range for 55
the second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, State of Delaware,
1983-1988.
4-3. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 56
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, District of
Columbia, 1983-1988.
4-4. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 57
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, State of Maryland,
1983-1988.
4-5. Carbon monoxide exceedance days, State of Maryland, 58
1984-1988.
4-6. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 59
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration. Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, 1983-1988.
4-7. Carbon monoxide trends in Pennsylvania, second 60
maximum 8-hour running mean, 1979-1988.
4-8. Carbon monoxide second maximum 8-hour 61
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
1988.
4-9. Allegheny County 5-year carbon monoxide trend. 62
4-10. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 63
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, Allegheny County,
1983-1988.
4-11. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 64
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, City of
Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
4-12. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 65
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, Commonwealth of
Virginia, 1983-1988.
4-13. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 66
second highest nonoverlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration, State of West
Virginia, 1983-1988.
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4-14. Carbon monoxide attainment/non attainment status 69
in Region III.
5-1. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 72
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, State of Delaware, 1983-1988.
5-2. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 73
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, District of Columbia, 1983-1988.
5-3. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 74
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, State of Maryland, 1983-1988.
5-4. Trend in the annual arithmetic average nitrogen 75
dioxide concentration, State of Maryland, for
Essex, Old Town and Fort Meade, 1984-1988.
5-5. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 76
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
1983-1988.
5-6. Nitrogen dioxide trends in the Commonwealth of 77
Pennsylvania, by Air Basins, 1979-1988.
5-7. Nitrogen dioxide annual means for areas in the 78
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1988.
5-8. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 79
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, Allegheny County, 1983-1988.
5-9. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 80
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
5-10. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 81
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration, Commonwealth of Virginia,
1983-1988.
5-11. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 82
annual arithmetic average nitrogen dioxide
concentration. State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
6-1. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 86
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, state of Delaware, 1983-1988.
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6-2 Trend in the composite mean and range for the 87
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, District of Columbia, 1983-1988.
6-3. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 88
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration. State of Maryland, 1983-1988.
6-4. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 89
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, annual means (ppm), State of
Maryland, 1984-1988.
6-5. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 90
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
1983-1988.
6-6. Sulfur dioxide trends in Pennsylvania, annual 91
means, twelve air basins, 1979-1988.
6-7. Sulfur dioxide annual means for areas in the 92
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1988.
6-8. Allegheny County 5-year SO2 trends. 94
6-9. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 93
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, Allegheny County, 1983-1988.
6-10. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 95
annualarithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration. City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
6-11. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 95
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, Commonwealth of Virginia,
1983-1988.
6-12. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 97
annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration, State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
6-13. Region III Sulfur Dioxide Profile. 99
7-1. Regional PMio Group Identification Map. 102
7-2. Regional isopleth of suspended particulate 104
concentrations, 1988 geometric mean.
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7-3. Trend in the composite average and range of the 106
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, State of Delaware, 1983-1988.
7-4. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 107
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, State of
Delaware, 1983-1988.
7-5. Trend in the composite average and range of the 108
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, District of Columbia, 1983-1988.
7-6. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 109
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, District of
Columbia, 1983-1988.
7-7. Trend in the composite average and range of the 110
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, State of Maryland, 1983-1988.
7-8. Total suspended particulate trends, annual geometric 111
means, State of Maryland (six sites), 1984-1988.
7-9. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 112
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, State of
Maryland, 1983-1988.
7-10. PM10 Trends, annual geometric means, State of 113
Maryland (four sites), 1984-1988.
7-11. Trend in the composite average and range of the 114
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
1983-1988.
7-12. Trend in the annual geometric mean total 115
suspended particulate concentration, Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, 1979-1988.
7-13. Total suspended particulate concentration, annual 116
mean, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1988.
7-14. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 117
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, 1983-1988.
7-15. Trend in the annual PM10 concentration, 118
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1985-1988.
7-16. PM10 annual means for areas in the Commonwealth of 119
Pennsylvania, 1988.
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7-17. Allegheny County 5-year TSP trends 1984-1988. 120
7-18. Trend in the composite average and range of the 121
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, Allegheny County, 1983-1988.
7-19. Allegheny county 4-year PM10 trends, 1985-1988. 122
7-20. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 124
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, Allegheny
County, 1983-1988.
7-21. Trend in the composite average and range of the 125
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
7-22. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 125
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, City of
Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
7-23. Trend in the composite average and range of the 127
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, Commonwealth of Virginia, 1983-1988.
7-24. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 128
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, Commonwealth
of Virginia, 1983-1988.
7-25. State of West Virginia, total suspended particulate 130
matter, annual geometric mean comparison,
1965 vs. 1988.
7-26. State of West Virginia, total suspended particulate 131
matter, maximum value comparison, 1967 vs. 1988.
7-27. Trend in the composite average and range of the 129
annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration, State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
7-28. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 132
maximum 24-hour PM10 concentration, State of West
Virginia, 1983-1988.
8-1. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 136
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, State of Delaware, 1983-1988.
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8-2. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 137
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, District of Columbia, 1983-1988.
8-3. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 138
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, State of Maryland, 1983-1988.
8-4. State of Maryland, lead trends for six sites, 139
1984-1988.
8-5. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 140
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
1983-1988.
8-6. Lead trends in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 141
maximum quarterly means, 1979-1988.
8-7. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 142
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, Allegheny county, 1983-1988.
8-8. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 143
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
8-9. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 144
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, Commonwealth of Virginia,
1983-1988.
8-10. Trend in the composite mean and range for the 145
maximum quarterly arithmetic mean lead
concentration, State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
9-1. Wind patterns relevant to acid precipitation. 150
9-2. Acid rain stations in Region III. 152
9-3. pH of wet deposition in 1987 based on NADP/NTN 154
Data
9-4. Locations of major emissions of SOX and NOX. 155
9-5. Areas in North America containing lakes sensitive 157
to acid precipitation.
9-6. Percentage of radon readings over 4 PCI/L. 160
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TABLES
2-1. Air Quality Trend Statistics and Associated 26
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
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FOREWORD
For the past 20 years, Americans have been concerned
with the quality of the air we breathe, the water we drink
and the land on which we live. This report presents a brief
assessment of progress made in improving the quality of the
air we breathe. Since the passage of the Clean Air Act in
1970 great strides have been made in improving and protect-
ing air quality: reductions in the ambient concentrations
of Lead, Carbon Monoxide, Particulates, Sulfur Dioxide and
Nitrogen Dioxide have been realized. An extensive radon
program has been developed in Region III with a home-testing
database used to identify high risk areas. These results
are even more impressive when you consider that 25% more
people live in the United states today than did 20 years ago,
there are thousands more automobiles traveling millions
more miles and there are more manufacturing facilities pro-
ducing a greater number of products.
Although great successes have been achieved through
cooperation between EPA, state and local air quality programs,
the challenges ahead are formidable and present no easy
choices. We have significantly reduced the ambient lead
concentration in the air, but ozone levels have increased.
We regulate seven hazardous air pollutants, but there are
thousands unregulated. The great American love affair with
driving our cars everywhere without consideration for the
effect on the environment needs to be reevaluated. We must
address the issue of long range transport of pollutants.
Each community must be concerned, not only with the local
effects of its air pollution emissions and control efforts,
but also with the impact of these actions on nearby and
distant communities.
The problems of today are not the large smoke stack
concerns of the 1970's: major sources of air pollution are
being controlled. Now the difficult decisions must be made.
We must recognize that our environment is finite and that
continuous growth must give way to a more natural use of our
resources and our environment. Unless we reduce the attack
on our environment, air quality will deteriorate to the point
that smog may threaten large land areas and acid precipitation
could eliminate the fish in our lakes and streams and reduce
crop production and forest growth.
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We have done much to abate the most visible pollution
but we still have much unfinished business. The problems of
air toxics, ground level ozone, radon, acid precipitation,
indoor air pollution, global warming, stratospheric ozone
depletion and the acidification of lakes will require a
cooperative effort by all of us. We need to work together as
partners to further improve the environment in which we live
if we are to be good stewards of this precious resource and
leave a legacy of a healthy world for our children and their
children.
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EPA REGION III
AIR QUALITY TRENDS REPORT
1983 - 1988
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Although considerable progress has been made improving
the quality of the air we breathe, air pollution remains one
of the greatest risks to the health and welfare of all of us.
Pollutants create a multitude of health problems, attack and
accelerate the aging of materials, reduce visibility, damage
vegetation and produce odors. As directed by the Clean Air
Act of 1970, National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
were established for those pollutants commonly found through-
out the country which posed the greatest threat to air quality.
The law provides for two types of standards, primary and
secondary: Primary standards set limits protective of public
health, including the health of sensitive populations such as
asthmatics, children or the elderly; secondary standards set limits
to protect vegetation, wildlife, and materials.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has established
primary and secondary standards for six principal pollutants: Ozone
(03) , Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (N02) , Sulfur Dioxide
(SO2)i Particulate Matter (PM), and Lead (Pb). The deadline for
meeting these standards was December 31, 1987, and many areas were
able to meet the standards for all pollutants by that date.
As reflected in the national summary of long term air quality
and emissions trends, the air we breathe today is demonstrably
better for public health than it was 10 years ago. The latest
measurements of air quality are encouraging. They show that levels
of all six pollutants are lower, in some cases dramatically lower
and that considerable progress has been made in reducing air
pollution.
However, despite the remarkable successes of air pollution
control programs, much work still needs to be done. Over 100
million people still live in areas throughout the country which,
at least occasionally, are subjected to air pollution knowruto be
harmful to public health (see Figure l-l). In Region III, several
major urban areas will not be able to meet the standards for one
or more of the NAAQS pollutants.
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ESTIMATED POPULATON EXPOSURE
TO UNSAFE LEVELS OF AIR
POLLUTANTS IN REGION III
POPULATION N MLLJON8
20
16
10
5 -
Mimo-
Rgure1-1
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1.1 AIR POLLUTANTS
Air pollutants can generally be classified in two broad
categories: natural and man made. Natural sources of air
pollution include wind blown dust, volcanic ash and gases,
smoke from forest fires, pollens and natural radioactivity.
Man made sources of air pollution cover a wide range of
chemical and physical activities. Each year we generate
billions of tons of air pollutants which come from a variety
of mobile and stationary sources. More than half of the
nation's air pollution comes from mobile sources which include
cars, buses, motorcycles, boats and aircraft. Exhaust from
mobile sources typically contain carbon monoxide, volatile
organic compounds (VOC's), nitrogen oxides, particulates and
lead.
Stationary sources contribute to the air pollution
problem through the burning of fuel for energy and as by-
products of industrial sources. Factories that burn coal,
oil, gas and wood are major sources of air pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, parti-
culates, VOC's and lead. Almost 80% of S02, 50% of NOX,
30-40% of particulates emitted in the United States comes
from fossil fuel fired power plants, boilers and furnaces.
Also associated with the burning of fossil fuels is acid
rain which corrodes metals, weathers stone buildings and
monuments, injures vegetation, and acidifies lakes, streams
and soils.
In addition to the criteria pollutants, other pollutants
that are produced by a limited number of industrial sources,
but are believed to be very dangerous, also have federal
standards. Standards which limit the pollution emitted by
particular industrial processes are called National Emissions
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs). Incinerators,
chemical plants, hazardous waste disposal facilities, smelters,
refineries, acid plants and dry cleaners are some sources of
toxic air pollutants.
1.2 HEALTH AND WELFARE EFFECTS
As our understanding of air pollution has changed over
the years, we have come to realize that air pollution affects
not only the local population around a given source, but that
certain pollutants can be transported hundreds of miles to
affect other cities, or even wilderness areas. In 1987, the
entire Northeast was exposed to a graphic sample of atmospheric
transport, as smoke from large forest fires in Kentucky and
West Virginia blanketed cities to the north as far away as Maine.
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Ozone and air toxics, as well as sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides in the form of acid rain are examples of
pollutants which can be transported over long distances.
Such transport dramatically increases the number of people
exposed to a given pollutant, and increases the difficulty
associated with solving the problem as well. The transport
phenomenon demands that we work closely with air agencies and state
legislatures throughout the Northeast as we move to improve air
quality in the future.
Generally, when levels of criteria pollutants are at or
above the NAAQS, individuals with respiratory problems are
uncomfortable, and the performance of. active individuals
degrade. Each criteria pollutant has its own hazardous
properties and a long list of health problems are initiated
or aggravated by air pollution. Polluted air can do more
than make you sneeze or cough, it can affect the respiratory,
neurological and reproductive systems, the eyes, heart, lungs,
liver and skin. Those most at risk to exposure of these pollutants
are the very young, the elderly, smokers, workers exposed to
toxic substances and people with heart or lung diseases.
These national standards were also established to protect the
environment. Levels above the standard cause noticeable
damage to buildings, crops, and forest. Levels below the
standards also damage the environment, such as reducing
visibility in national parks and causing acid rain damage to
lakes, streams, and forests.
Some of the most prevalent and widely dispersed pollutants
are further described in Appendix B.
1. 3 AIR QUALITY DEPENDENCE ON TOPOGRAPHY AND WEATHER
Some areas of the country experience serious criteria
air pollution problems, because the topography traps the air
pollution emissions near the ground. Examples are Denver and
Phoenix where the high elevation inhibits the natural tendency
of the pollution to travel upward and disperse, and Los Angei6s
where the Sierra-Nevada mountain range traps the pollution along
the coast.
Topography causes pollution problems in Region III where
large air pollution emission sources are in deep river valleys
which frequently experience late night, early morning inver-
sions. High valley walls trap the pollution and residential
areas that overlook the industrial sources may be severely
affected by air pollution emissions.
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Weather plays an important role in the ultimate severity
of the pollution problem. Meteorological characteristics of
urban areas (higher temperatures, lower relative humidities,
greater cloudiness, more frequent fogs, lower wind speeds,
greater precipitation) are important variables which govern
the length of time and frequency to which receptors (humans,
materials, vegetation, etc.) will be exposed to air pollutants.
The weather system to be concerned about, a stationary high
pressure center, will inhibit the dispersion of pollution typically
from one to four days. When the system occurs in cooler weather
carbon monoxide, particulate, and sulfur dioxide levels are at
their highest. When this weather system occurs in summer the ozone
level will reach unhealthy levels. The summer of 1988 experienced
the highest ozone levels in the 1980's, because of the unusually
strong and frequent high pressure centers that occurred in
June and July.
In Region III the most severely affected areas are the
Washington, Baltimore, and Philadelphia metropolitan areas
where the high temperatures, strong solar radiation, and emissions
of organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are the ingredients for
producing unhealthy levels of ozone from Washington, DC to Boston,
MA.
1.4 MONITORING NETWORKS
EPA and the states use a nationwide monitoring network,
State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS),to measure
levels of criteria air pollutants in the ambient air. Current
air monitoring efforts center on the six pollutants for which
NAAQS exist: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur
dioxide, particulates and lead.
The overall air pollutant measurement program is a
cooperative effort between the respective state agency and
the EPA Regional Office. Each year EPA Region III works with
each state agency on planning where measurements will be
collected. The monitoring networks follow the national
guidance on network design, with consideration for local
conditions. Region Ill's Environmental Services Division
works with these agencies throughout the year to assure that
reliable measurements are collected when and where they are
needed. The state and local agencies in Region III contin-
uously operate about 600 monitors.
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A portion of the SLAMS networks are designated National
Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) which produce measurements
of pollution levels among major metropolitan areas for the tracking
of long term trends at the national level. This report uses the
data collected by all the criteria pollutant monitoring
stations in Region III, because many of the higher pollution
levels are detected at stations that are not part of the NAMS
program.
The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to judge
compliance with air quality standards, to provide real time
monitoring of air pollution episodes, to provide data for
trend analysis, regulation evaluation and planning, and to
provide information to the public on a daily basis concerning
the quality of the air.
A brief description of the air quality monitoring conducted
in Region III is presented in the following sections of this
report.
1.4.1 State of Delaware. Department of Natural Resources
The Delaware Ambient Air Monitoring Network consists
of thirteen sites located throughout the state for monitoring
pollutant gases (S02, NOX, CO, 03), particulates (TSP, PM10,
lead), acid precipitation, and one special purpose monitor
for vinyl chloride. Most monitors are located in the more
densely populated urban/commercial areas of northern Delaware.
The criteria gaseous pollutants are monitored on a continuous
basis with hourly averages transmitted via the telemetry
system to the central data acquisition system. The Pollution
Standard Index is computed daily and reported to the public
via the American Lung Association and local media. See Appendix
C for a brief discussion of PSI.
1.4.2 District of Columbia. Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
The District of Columbia's Ambient Air Monitoring
Network consists of nine sampling sites located throughout
the District, monitoring for a total of eighteen air pollutants.
The criteria gaseous pollutants are monitored on a continuous
basis with hourly averages transmitted via telemetry lines
to the central computer system.
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Pollutant Standard Index readings are gathered three
times a day and reported to the Council of Governments (COG).
COG collects the same type data from the other agencies in
the metro area, and reports the PSI for the Metro DC area.
1.4.3 State of Maryland Department of the Environment.
Air Management Administration
The Maryland Air Quality Surveillance System consists
of a network of 56 air monitoring stations operated by the
Division of Air Monitoring and cooperating local agencies.
Continuous monitoring is performed at 22 stations for ozone,
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and wind
speed/direction. Particulate monitoring is performed for total
suspended particulate (TSP) at 34 sites; at 4 of these sites, PM10
monitoring is performed. At six of the TSP sites, samples are also
analyzed for lead content.
Additional particulate measurements are performed for
sulfate, nitrate, benzo-a-pyrene, arsenic, and chromium. At
two sites, weekly acid deposition samples are collected.
In addition to criteria pollutant monitoring, Maryland
has been performing the non-methane organic compound monitoring
analyses for Region III since 1987. In 1989, analyses were
performed for eleven (11) sites.
1.4.4 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental
Resources
Air quality monitoring in Pennsylvania is conducted by
three agencies: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
(PADER), Allegheny County Health Department, Philadelphia Air
Management Services. The majority of all monitoring efforts take
place in the "air basins" of the Commonwealth. These "air basins"
have been defined in the Bureau's regulations and consist of the
following areas: Allegheny County; Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton;
Erie; Harrisburg; Johnstown; Lancaster; Lower Beaver Valley;
Monongahela Valley; Reading; Scranton; Wilkes Barre; Southeast
Pennsylvania; Upper Beaver Valley; and York.
Of these air basins, the PADER conducts surveillance
in all but Allegheny County which conducts a separate monitor-
ing program. Philadelphia, which also conducts a distinct
monitoring program, is a part of the Southeast Pennsylvania
Air Basin which also includes the counties of Bucks, Chester,
Delaware, and Montgomery.
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In addition, there are three non-air basin areas
which have significant monitoring programs: Altoona, the
Shenango valley, and williamsport.
The Pennsylvania Bureau of Air Quality Control operates
two air monitoring networks in the Commonwealth: the discrete
particulate (high volume sampling) network and the commonwealth
of Pennsylvania Air Monitoring System (COPAMS).
The particulate network consisted of 56 stations in
1988. Each station sampled total suspended particulates on
a schedule of once every six days, selected filters were
also analyzed for sulfates, nitrates, lead, beryllium, and
benzo(a)pyrene. In addition, sampling was also conducted at
nine (9) sites for PM10 in 1988, with filters also analyzed for
sulfates and nitrates.
The COPAMS network is a totally automatic, micropro-
cessor controlled system which consists of 41 remote stations
throughout the Commonwealth. These remote stations are
connected to a central computer system in Harrisburg which collects
the raw data. Each station measures selected parameters, such as
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, soiling (measure of particulates),
wind speed, wind direction , ambient temperature, dew point
temperature, and temperature difference between 4 meters and is
meters above ground.
1.4.5 Allegheny County Bureau of Air Pollution Control
The network in 1988 consisted of 35 sites monitoring
seven (7) gaseous pollutants and three (3) measures of
particulates. In addition, concentrations of three (3) constituents
of particulates were determined at 6 to 18 sites. Three Huey
plates and five dustfall buckets rounded out the network. Some
benzene monitoring was also done. A summary by pollutant of
monitoring conducted in Allegheny County by site is: ozone
- 4, CO - 3, N02 - 2, S02 - 6, TSP - 21, PM10 - 11, Lead - 4.
The gases and fine particulates are monitored contin-
uously and telemetered to a central computer. The computer
programs also calculate the Pollutant Standard Index every hour
for purposes of air pollution episode control and reporting air
quality to the public.
8
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1.4.6 Citv of Philadelphia. Air Management Services
The Philadelphia Ambient Monitoring Network consists
of 10 continuous air monitoring stations, measuring gaseous
and aerosol pollutants, and a recently revised system of fourteen
(14) sites measuring total suspended particulate (TSP). Real-time
pollutant measurements obtained at the continuous air moni-
toring stations are telemetered to a central computer located
at the Air Management Services Laboratory. The PSI is reported
daily to the Clean Air Council of Philadelphia.
1.4.7 Commonwealth of Virginia. Department of Air Pollution
Control
The Virginia Air Quality Monitoring Network, compris-
ing seven (7) control regions, monitored at seventy-four (74)
locations throughout the Commonwealth during 1988. One
hundred and twenty-one (121) air quality monitors were used
at these sites to measure the levels of total suspended
particulates (TSP), particulate matter <10 micrometers (PM10),
lead (Pb), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2> ,
nitrogen dioxide (N02> , and ozone (03). The sites contained
sixty-one (61) TSP high volume samplers, fourteen (14) PM10
samplers, twelve (12) carbon monoxide monitors, ten (10) sulfur
dioxide monitors, nine (9) nitrogen dioxide monitors, and
fifteen (15) ozone monitors. The eight (8) lead stations use the
same high volume samplers as the total suspended particulate.
1.4.8 State of West Virginiaf Air Pollution Control Commission
The West Virginia Air Monitoring Network consists of
43 sites located throughout the state and the 10 Air Quality
Control Regions.
Sixty-six (66) monitors were used to measure the
air quality in the state: TSP - 27, PM10 - 5, Pb - 11, S02
- 11, CO - 3, O3 - 5 and N02 - 4.
WVAPCC also monitors for acid precipitation at eight (8)
monitoring stations and air toxics for 23 chemical compounds
at five (5) locations throughout the state.
1.5 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The Air Quality Act of 1967 as amended in 1970 and 1977
is the legal basis for air pollution control throughout the
United States. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
primary responsibility for carrying out the requirements of
the Act, which specifies that air quality standards be
established for hazardous substances. These standards are in
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the form of concentration levels that are believed to be low
enough to protect public health. Source emission standards
are also specified to limit the discharge of pollutants into
the air so that air quality standards will be achieved. The
Act was also designed to prevent significant deterioration of
air quality in areas where the air is currently cleaner than
the standards require. EPA works with state and local
governments to determine and enforce safer pollution levels.
On June 12, 1989 the President announced proposals for the
first major revision of the Clean Air Act in over a decade. A
comprehensive clean air bill was submitted to Congress on July 21,
1989. Currently, Amendments to the Clean Air Act are under debate
in Congress with expectations for final Congressional action by the
fall of 1990.
The Amendments include proposals to reduce emissions which
cause acid rain, urban ozone and toxic air pollution: a 10 billion
ton reduction in SO£ emissions, a 2 million ton reduction in NOX
emissions, a 40 percent reduction in emissions of volatile organic
compounds which cause urban smog, and a reduction of 75 to 90
percent in air toxics emissions. These reductions will in turn
help curb an increase in global warming resulting from fossil fuel
combustion. Other highlights of the Clean Air Bill include:
. Use of alternative fuels
. A Clean Coal Technology Program
. Proposal to improve fuel efficiency
. Asbestos ban which will prohibit importation,
manufacture and processing of asbestos by 1997.
. Air toxic emission standard for Benzene
. A call for a worldwide phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons
by year 2000.
2.0 REGIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
Ambient air quality trends are discussed for the period 1983
through 1988 in each state within 'Region III for the NAAQs
pollutants Ozone (03), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide
(N02) , Sulfur Dioxide (S02) , Particulates (TSP, PM-10) and Lead
(Pb). Each pollutant will be discussed as to specific
characteristics and sources, health and welfare effects and
state-by-state evaluation of air quality trends, comparisons are
made with the NAAQS to examine changes or trends in air pollution
levels. All air quality data used for trend analysis were
10
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obtained from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System
(AIRS) with additional data extracted from state annual reports.
The ambient air quality data are based on actual direct
measurements collected by the State and Local Air Pollution Control
Agencies in Region III. All stations meet uniform criteria for
siting, quality assurance, equivalent analytical methodology,
sampling intervals and instrument selection to assure consistent
data reporting among the States. The data are displayed in a
variety of formats:
. Graphs showing the average level of pollutant concentration
in each state along with the highest and lowest levels
measured during specific years'.
. For 1983 through 1988, the range (maximum/minimum) and the
composite pollutant specific average of the sites used are
shown. When only one site is available, or when the range
is too narrow to plot, the range is not plotted.
. Three dimensional maps that provide comparisons of
pollution levels between areas in Region III for 1988.
. Various graphs, charts and tables that characterize the
severity of the ozone problem which does not lend itself
to conventional trend plotting.
. Pollutant profile maps that depict the attainment and
non-attainment status within Region III.
In order to provide the reader with as much useful information
as possible, the report includes specific trend information from
state prepared air quality data reports and as such will vary as
to (1) timeframes (i.e., commonwealth of Pennsylvania trend graphs
for 1979 to 1988, Allegheny County 1984-1988, etc.) (2) narrative
format and (3) graphic presentation.
In order for a monitoring site to have been included in the
Regional 6-year trend analysis, the site had to contain data for
at least 4 of the 6 years from 1983 to 1988. Data for each year
also had to satisfy certain annual data completeness criteria
appropriate to pollutant and measurement methodology. For
continuous hourly data (O3, SO2, NO2, CO) and for non-continuous
data (TSP, PMlO, Pb) a valid trends analyses required at least 50
percent data capture during any year. In a majority of instances
data capture was 75 percent.
Also provided in the trends report are information about
changes in air pollution emissions. The changes in yearly
emissions from industrial and mobile sources within the Region were
compared to changes in national emissions. These are basically
estimates of the amount and different types of pollution emitted
11
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from factories, automobiles and other sources. The trend data were
extracted from the EPA publication, National Air Pollutant Emission.
Estimates. 1940-1987 and the National Air Quality and Emission^
Trends Report. 1987. Any reference to emission trends within
Region III were obtained from best available information at the
time of publication. Use of state emission inventories, the
National Emission Data System, the above referenced documents and
information obtained directly from the States were all utilized in
arriving at emission trends for Region III.
2.1 REGIONAL PROFILES OF POLLUTANT VARIABILITY
Sections 3 through 8 of the report will discuss the specific
status and trends of NAAQS pollutants by state within Region III.
As a lead into the state by state summaries, regional profiles of
pollutant variability are presented in three dimensional maps for
1988 in Figures 2-1 through 2-7.
In each map, a spike is plotted at the pollutant site location
on the map surface. This represents the highest pollutant
concentration recorded in 1988, corresponding to the air quality
standard. Each spike is projected onto a back-drop for comparison
with the level of the standard. The back-drop also provides a
regional profile of pollutant concentration variability.
OZONE
Ozone, a pollutant not directly emitted into the atmosphere
is formed by complex chemical reactions in the presence of
sunlight. Exposure to ground level ozone is the most widespread
air pollution problem facing the nation today. In the United
States, the highest concentrations are observed in Southern
California, the Texas Gulf Coast and the Northeast Corridor. jn
Region III, the ozone problems of 1983 and 1988 were severe because
the summers were unusually hot and dry. Ozone levels recorded in
1988 were higher than in 1983 with more excedances of the standard
recorded. A detailed discussion of ozone characteristics, sources
of the pollutant, effects and air quality trends is presented jn
Section 3.0 of this report.
The annual second daily maximum 1-hour average ozone
concentration recorded in 1988 in Region III is shown in
Figure 2-1. This map shows at a glance how ozone air quality
varies within the Region by site.
12
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azoic
DAILf MAX 1-HR
Figure 2-1
Regional three dimensional map of the
annual second daily maximum 1-hour
average ozone concentration,1988.
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CAR_BON_. MQNQXi D_E
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous qas produced by inroinplet.e fuel
combusion. The major source of this pollutant is from motor
vehicle exhaust. The general ambient air quality trend throughout
the country has been an overall decrease even though the number of
automobiles and miles travelled lias increased. Nationally, ambient
levels of carbon monoxide decreased between 1978 and 1987 as
measured at 198 trend sites. In Region 111, CO levels decreased
nearly 18 percent between 1983 and 1988. A more thorough
discussion of this pollutant is presented in Section 4.0 of this
report..
The highest second maximum non-overlapping 8-hour average
carbon monoxide concentration recorded in 1988 in Region 11. r is
shown in Figure 2-2. The profile shows most of the Region below
the 9 ppm level of the standard.
14
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CARBON MGNOXEE
2ND MAX 8-H? AVG
Figure 2-2
Regional three dimensional map of the
second maximum nonoverlapping 8-hour
average carbon monoxide concentration,
1988.
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Nitrogen dioxide is a toxic gas emitted primarily from the
combusion of fuels by stationary and mobile sources. At the
present time nitrogen dioxide does not present a significant air
quality problem for most areas of the country. A detailed
discussion of characteristics, sources of the pollutant, effects
and air quality trends is presented in Section 5.0 of this report.
The highest annual arithmetic mean nitrogen dioxide
concentration recorded in 1988 in Region III is shown in
Figure 2-3. The map shows at a glance that nitrogen dioxide levels
in 1988 were well below the MAAQS.
16
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE
ANNUAL AMTHWDTC MEAN
Figure 2-3. Regional three dimensional map of the
highest annual arithmetic mean nitrogen
dioxide concentration,1988.
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SULFUR DIOXIDE
Sulfur dioxide is a poisonous gas emitted primarily from
combustion processes, petroleum refining and non-ferrous smelters.
Several areas in the country still exceed ambient air quality
standards for sulfur dioxide. Nationally, average SO? levels
measured at 347 trend sites declined 35 percent from 1978 to 1987.
Highest concentrations are generally observed in the Midwest artel
Northeast. In Region 111, ambient SC>2 levels remained relatively
constant between 1983 and 1988. In Region III, Pittsburgh, PA wa.s
the only major urban area in the United States violating the 24
hour SO2 standard in 1988. A thorough discussion of this pollutant
is presented in Section 6.0 of this report.
The three dimensional map shown in Figure 2-4 depicts the
highest annual arithmetic mean sulfur dioxide concentration
recorded in 1988 in Region III.
18
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SULFUR DIOXDE
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
Figure 2-4. Regional three dimensional map of the
highest annual arithmetic mean sulfur
dioxide concentration,1988.
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TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
Particulate matter is the general term for particles found in
the atmosphere. Some sources include steel mi Us, power plants,
factories and motor vehicles. The total suspended particulate
matter standard was replaced in 1987 with a new standard based on
particulate matter smaller than ten microns in size (PM10). See
Section 7.0 for a more detailed discussion of this pollutant.
The three dimensional map shown in Figure 2-5 depicts the
Region III profile for the highest annual mean total suspended
particulate matter concentration recorded in 1988.
20
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PART1CULATES
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
Figure 2-5
Regional three dimensional map of the
highest annual mean total suspended
particulate concentration,1988.
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PM10
Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters smaJler than lo
micrometers, PM10, are responsible for adverse health effects
because of their ability to reach the thoracic or lower regions of
the respiratory tract. See Section 7.0 for a more detailed
discussion of this pollutant.
The three dimensional map shown in Figure 2-6 depicts the
Region III profile for the highest annual mean PM10 concentration
recorded in 1988.
22
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PM10
ANNUAL AffllHrfEDC MEAN
Figure 2-6. Regional three dimensional map of the
annual arithmetic mean PM10
concentration,1988.
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LEAD
Lead is a highly toxic metal and can accumulate in the body
when ingested or inhaled. The primary sources of this pollutant
are lead smelters, battery plants and the combustion of leaded
fuel. See Section 8.0 for a more detailed discussion of this
pollutant.
The regional profile for the maximum quarterly mean lead
concentration recorded in 1988 is shown in Figure 2-7.
24
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LEAD
MAX QUARTEFIY MEAN
Figure 2-7. Regional three dimensional map of the
highest annual maximum quarterly mean
lead concentration,1988.
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Table 2-1. AIR QUALITY TREND STATISTICS AND ASSOCIATED
NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS (NAAQS)
POLLUTANT
TRENDS STATISTICS
PRIMARY NAAQS
CONCENTRATION
Total Suspended
Particulate*
Sulfur Dioxide
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Lead
annual geometric mean
annual arithmetic mean
second highest nonover-
lapping 8-hour average
annual arithmetic mean
second highest daily
maximum 1-hour average
75 ug/m
0.03 ppm
(80 ug/nr)
9 ppm
(10 ug/nr)
0.053 ppm
(100 ug/m3}
0.12 ppm
(235 ug/m3)
maximum quarterly average (1.5 ug/nr
ug/m = micrograms per cubic meter
ppm
= parts per million
* TSP was the indicator pollutant for the original
particulate matter (PM) standards. This standard has been
replaced with the new PM-10 standard and it is no longer
in effect.
New PM standards were promulgated in 1987, using PM-10
(particles less than 10 micrograms in diameter) as the new
indicator pollutant. The 24-hour standard is attained when the
expected number of days per calendar year above 150 ug/m is
equal to or less than 1, as determined in accordance with
Appendix K.
26
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3.0 TRENDS IN OZONE
This section will describe and characterize some of the
most widespread and severe of environmental problems: exposure
to ground level ozone, a photochemical oxidant and major
component of smog. Ozone is a colorless, odorless gas that
adversely affects far more people than does any other kind
of air pollutant.
Following a discussion on characteristics and sources of
the pollutant, health effects and national air quality trends,
regional air quality trends for ozone will be discussed on a
state-by-state basis. Methods of presentation are varied and
include:
. Regional ozone profile map depicting ozone severity by
county
. National map depicting all areas in the United States
exceeding the ozone NAAQS based on 1986-1988 data
. State-by-state evaluation of ozone air quality (Allegheny
County and the City of Philadelphia are discussed
separately)
. Graphs to depict ozone trends for the composite mean
and range for the annual second daily maximum 1-hour
average for specific sites within each state
. Selected state use of graphs and three dimensional plots
to depict ozone violation day trends
. Graph to depict the seasonal trend in ozone exceedances in
Region III
27
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3.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
Ozone is a secondary pollutant that is not directly
emitted into the atmosphere but rather is formed by complex
chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight. Nitrogen
oxides (produced by combustion sources) react with volatile
organic compounds (VOC's, which include gasoline vapor,
chemical solvents, paint thinners, industrial chemicals,
etc.) in the sunlight to produce ozone. The most favorable
meteorological conditions for the formation of ozone occurs
when a high pressure system with elevated temperatures and
mild to calm wind speeds dominate an area. Since ozone
reactions are stimulated by sunlight and temperature, peak
ozone levels occur during the warmer times of the year.
In Region III the ozone season extends from April l through
October 31.
A variety of factors affect the production of ozone:
the quantity of reactive gases present, the volume of air
available for dilution, air temperature and the amount of
sunlight. Ozone will typically build up in large, stagnant air
masses and then become transported downwind. Thus, high ozone
levels in the northeast can originate hundreds of miles away.
The problem with controlling ozone is that it is caused
by emissions of air pollutants from a very wide range of sources;
large sources (refineries), small sources (gas stations, dry
cleaners, cars, trucks, paint and solvent uses). As such, no
single control technology can be applied.
State inspection and maintenance programs for
automobiles currently operating in most urban areas of the
Region help control emissions of pollutants which lead to
ozone formation. Adoption of regulations to control the
volatility of gasoline, for example, will reduce emissions from
automobiles, gas stations and oil refineries. The current
proposed Clean Air Legislation will address gasoline volatility,
a measure of how easily it evaporates, by requiring special
controls on gasoline pumps such as those currently being
installed throughout New Jersey.
28
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3.2 EFFECTS
Human exposure to ozone concentrations at or above
the NAAQS is a serious health concern. It can impair lung
functions in those with existing respiratory problems and
people with good health can be affected with chest pains and
shortness of breath. Permanent lung damage can occur from
chronic exposure. Ozone also affects lung tissue, mucous
membranes and it interferes with the autoimmune system.
Ozone reduces the ability to perform physical exercise and
effects those most who have asthma, chronic lung disease and
allergies. Chest pains, coughing, wheezing, pulmonary and
nasal congestion, sore throat, nausea, labored breathing are
all symptoms of high levels of ozone pollution. In general,
the longer the exposure, the longer it takes to get back to
normal.
in addition to health concerns, ozone also affects
trees, vegetation and crops. In general, ozone has a tendency to
accelerate the aging of materials (rubber cracks, dye fades and
paint erodes).
Ozone effects on agriculture as studied by EPA
through the National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) is
immense. The agricultural loss from ozone pollution is
estimated at 2-3 billion dollars annually. Even levels below
the NAAQS reduce several cash crops by up to 10% per year.
High ozone levels have reduced national plant yields in
tomatoes (33%), beans (26%) soybeans (20%) and snapbeans
(22%). Ozone is also linked to a decline in the growth of
many species of trees and the loss of some forests. Some
effects on trees include injury to foliage, premature leaf
drop, decreased radial growth and photosynthetic capacity.
Ozone is implicated in the white pine damage in the eastern
United States and Canada and reduced growth rates lor red
spruce in Appalachia.
29
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OZONE DESIGN VALUES, 1986-8E
CATEGORY
SEVERE
DV-0.19+
SERKHJS
DV-0.16-0.18
MODERATE
DV-0.14-0.16
MARGINAL
DV-0.13
0.340
NnrYorttCty 0.217
CNoago 0.103
Houston 0.190
SanObgo 0.190
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10 20 30 40
60
NUMBER OF AREAS
Figure 3-1 Ozone design value* 1906-1968 for severe,
a/id marojnal areas to Ite United States.
moderate.
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3.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
. Ozone is the most pervasive air pollution problem facing
the nation today
. Nationally, 101 areas fail to attain federal health
standards
. Regionally, 22 areas fail
. Over 100 million people live in 101 areas that exceed
the health standard and are exposed to hazardous health
conditions
. The highest concentrations are observed in Southern
California but high levels also persist in the Texas
Gulf Coast, the Northeast Corridor and most other
heavily populated areas.
. Nationally, although ambient levels of ozone,
measured at 274 trend sites, decreased 9 percent
between 1979 and 1987 (1978 data not used due to
instrument calibration change) 1988 levels were
approximately 9 percent higher than 1987.
In Region III the ozone problems of 1983 and 1988
were relatively severe because the summers were hot
and dry when compared to average temperature and rain
fall data for all summers on record. Ozone levels
recorded in 1988 were nearly 10 percent higher than in
1983 with 22 percent more exceedances of the ozone
standard recorded.
When attempting to describe the status of ozone condi-
tions, the ozone design value for an area is used. For an
ozone monitoring site with complete data for three years,
the fourth highest daily maximum hourly average value is the
design value. The highest design value for a given area
is designated to represent that entire area. Areas are then
classified as severe, serious, moderate or marginal depending on
the magnitude of the ozone design value. (See Figure 3-1.)
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AREAS EXCEEDING THE OZON
BASED ON 1986-88 DATA
Figure 3-2.
E NAAQS
T» sft,
' W
j*
. I 8
0.15
OFFICE OF AR QUALITY
PLANNNG
AR QUALITY PLANNNG AND STANDARDS
TEOWCAL SUPPORT DIVISION
Monitoring and Reports Branch
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Areas in the United States exceeding the ozone NAAQS based
on 1986 - 1988 air quality data are shown in Figure 3-2. Also, a
comparison of 1985-87 areas with 1986-88 areas exceeding the
ozone NAAQS is shown in Figure 3-3. In Region III, there are no
areas classified as severe at this time.
Five (5) of the twenty-six (26) serious areas nationwide are
located in Region III: Baltimore, MD, Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-
OH, Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH, Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton,
PA-NJ-DE-MD, and Washington, DC-MD-VA.
Six (6) of the thirty-eight (38) moderate areas nationwide
are located in Region III: Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ,
Charleston, WV, Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA, Pittsburgh-
Beaver Valley, PA, Reading, PA and Richmond-Petersburg, VA.
Nine (9) of the thirty-two (32) marginal areas nationwide
are located in Region III: in Pennsylvania-Altoona, Erie,
Johnstown, Lancaster, Scranton-Wilkes Barre, York, Sharon;
Greenbriar Co., WV and Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA.
The severity of the ozone non-attainment problem varies
widely among various states in Region III and is characterized by
the Regional Ozone Profile Map in Figure 3-4. The attainment
status of all counties in Region III can be seen at a glance.
33
-------
AREAS EXCEEDING THE OZONE NAAQS
COMPARISON OF 1985-87 VS. 1986-88
Figure 3-3.
OFFICE OF AR QUALITY PLANNNG AND STANDARDS
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DIVISION
Monitoring ond Reports Branch
-------
1986
1988 REGIONAL OZONE PROFILE
REGION I I I
Figure 3-4.
Oi»»e Ittift
I
US I* .It*
.!»• I. .Itt
.14* U .14*
.11* I* .1**
III U .lit
.IT* U .IT*
.11* U .lit
»r«»«
IC1LI 1:1.III.Ml
MUl «..—., 4.1. lf~
»»|MIIMI in i»«« it
I:I.
tt»ttt»4 »f CM
U
..i CM
III -
Ill -
lr*
Ifti.i
-------
3.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
Ozone levels decreased nearly 25% from 1983 to 1986
and then rose in 1987 and 1988 to levels exceeding the 1983
averages in the State of Delaware. New Castle County is
currently designated as non-attainment for ozone.
Average air quality trends for ozone in the State
of Delaware are characterized by five (5) sites for the
period 1983-1988.
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
O.OS
Concentration PPM
5 sites
NAAQS
1963 1964 1985 1966 1987
Figure 3-5 Trend In the composite mean and range for the annual
second daly maximum 1-hour ozone concentration,
State of Delaware. 1983-1988.
1988
36
-------
3.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Ozone levels (as determined by, the second highest
annual maximum) decreased approximately 20% from 1983 to
1986 and then rose again in 1987 and 1988 to the 1983 levels.
Exceedances of the standard dropped from twelve in 1983 to zero
in 1986. There were fifteen exceedances of the ozone standard
in 1988. The District of Columbia is currently in non-attainment
for this pollutant.
Average air quality trends for ozone in the District
are characterized by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
0 25
0.2
0 15
0.1
0 05
Concentration PPM
2 sites
NAAQS
1983 1964 1966 1966 1967
Figure 3-6 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
second daHy maximum 1-hour ozone concentration,
District of Columbia. 1983-1988.
1966
37
-------
3.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
The present Maryland ozone monitoring network consists of
15 sites statewide: Baltimore metro (9); Washington metro
(3); southern Maryland (1); Eastern Shore (1); and Western
Maryland (1). The ozone levels in the Baltimore metropolitan
area have shown a downward trend from 1984 to 1986, decreasing
from 17 exceedances in 1984 to 13 in 1986. The Washington area
showed a similar trend: decreasing from seven days in 1984 to
four days in 1986. The last two years, however, have shown
increases in both areas. The record setting temperatures in 1988
resulted in 36 exceedances of the ozone standard in Baltimore an<3
21 exceedances in the metro Washington area. See Figure 3-8 for
ozone exceedance day trends for six (6) locations in the state.
Average air quality trends for ozone in the State of
Maryland are characterized by fourteen (14) trend sites for the
period 1983-1988.
0 26
0.2
0 15
0.1
0 06
Concentration PPM
14 sites
NAAQS
1883 1984 1985 1986 1987
figure 3-7 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
second daiy maximum 1-hour ozone concentration.
State of Maryland. 1983-1988.
1988
38
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
OZONE
Exceedances
1984 1988
Figure 3-8.
1984
1988 1987
DAVIDSONVILLE
net
18
10
1984
1988
1O
1987
EDGEWOOD
FORT MEADE
M84 198S
6
4
1988
a
1987
n
1988
18
18
10
1988
GREENBELT
1988
1997
SUITLAND
IB
10
39
1888 1987
SOUTHERN MARYLAND
-------
3.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Figure 3-10 shows the ten year trend (1979-1988) of
the number of days in the 12 air basins in which there was a
daily value greater than 0.12 parts per million (ppm). The
summer of 1988 was one of the hottest in recent years and all air
basins in the Commonwealth exceeded the daily ozone standard.
Over the last 3 years most air basins have seen an increase in
the number of days that the ozone standard was exceeded. As can
be seen from the trend data, all sites with the exception of
Wilkes Barre, Carbondale, New Castle, Beaver Falls, and
Williamsport have not been able to attain the air quality
standard. Ozone exceedance days in 1988 for selected areas in
the Commonwealth are depicted in Figure 3-11.
Average air quality trends for ozone in the
Commonwealth (excluding Allegheny County and the City of
Philadelphia) are characterized by twenty-seven (27) sites
for the period 1983-1988.
0.26
0.2
0.16
0.1
0.06
Concentration PPM
27 sites
NAAQS
1983 1984 1986 1986 1987
Figure 3-9 Trend in the composite mean and range fa the annual
second daly maximum 1-hour ozone concentration.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1983-1988.
1988
40
-------
Number of days ozone value greater than 0.12
ppm
/. .V. U,
I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I
MON VALLEY
LWR BEAVER
UPR BEAVER
ERIE
Figure 3-10.Ozone trends in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
for twelve air basins,1979-1988.
-------
N>
OZONE NUMBER Of KXCEEDANCE DA YS1988
^
Figure 3-11. Number of ozone exceedanue days, Commonwealth
-------
ug/m3
400
350 —
300
250 —
200 —
150 —
100 —
50
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN COMPARISON
1988
1965
ro«»riEbe« Mhvte. UootyMMry liaraul K»nmha CKy NMro CtarieilM
Figure 7-25.
-------
7.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Total suspended particulate has declined somewhat during the
period 1983-1988 with all sites below the national standard.
As shown in Figure 7-27, there have been only small changes
in the annual levels of total suspended particulate in the State
of West Virginia. The variations in annual levels of TSP are
primarily the result of annual variations in rainfall. Industrial
emissions of particulate have decreased only slightly in West
Virginia during 1983-88.
A comparison of total suspended particulate matter annual
geometric means and maximum observed values for 1988 and 1965 (1957
in some cases) depict the particulate reduction throughout the
state (see Figures 7-25 and 7-26).
Average total suspended particulate trends for the period
1983-1988 are characterized by 28 sites.
Concentration ug/m3
uu
90
80
70
60
60
40
30
20
10
0
Figur<
—
—
*~
_ 4
MMIBHB
m— —
^^^M
^^
—
•—
—
28 sites
••w
L ,
^••••V
^•^
^ " J
IMMB^i^^
1983 1964 1985 1986 1987 1968
) 7-27 Trend In the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended particulate concentration,
State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
129
-------
PM-10 monitoring began in the Commonwealth in 1985. All
PM-10 monitoring sites in the Commonwealth are in compliance
with the NAAQS.
Average PM-10 trends are characterized by thirteen (13) sites
for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
13 sites
B^»
•IM
^W
^B
••
— T <
»
•M
•
—
___
• '
«•••
• ,
•IBMk
• • *
1965 1966 1967 1868
Figve 7-24 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
NAAQS
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
Commonwealth of Wgna. 1983-1988.
128
-------
7.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
The state ambient air quality standard for TSP was
exceeded at two sites, Ironto, Montgomery County, and
Kimballton, Giles County in 1988. Both sites are influenced
by fugitive dust.
Average air quality trends for TSP are characterized
by 62 sites for the period 1983-1988.
100
80
eo
70
60
60
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration ug/m3
62 sites
1963
1984
1986
1986
1987
1988
Figure 7-23 Trend In the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended partteUate concentration,
Commonwealth of VirgWa. 1983-1986.
127
-------
Monitoring for PM-10 began in 1985 with 4 sites located
throughout the city. The composite mean and range for the
highest 24 hour value (ug/m ) has shown a downward trend
since the start of monitoring with no violation of the NAAQS.
Average trends for PM-10 are characterized by four (4) sites
for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
260
225
200
175
160
125
100
76
60
26
0
4 sites
NAAQS
1986 IBM 1067
Figure 7-22 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
Ctty of Phladefctta, 1963-1988.
1B68
126
-------
7.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
Total suspended particulate levels show a long term downward
trend since 1965 when the annual geometric mean was nearly
125 ug/m . Since 1983 TSP levels have been in the 50-55
ug/m range. The long term reduction reflects both emission
regulations and the decrease use of coal as fuel.
Average air quality trends for TSP are characterized by
fourteen (14) sites for the period 1983-1988.
100
ao
80
70
60
60
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration ug/m3
14 sites
1983 1864 1865 1866 1867
Figure 7-21 Trend in the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended particulate concentration.
City of Phiadelphia, 1963-1988.
1966
125
-------
At the present time, Allegheny County has petitioned EPA to
have these four exceedances of the standard flagged in the data
base in accordance with the "Guidelines of the Identification and
Use of Air Quality Data Affected by Exceptional Events."
Four-year average trends are fairly flat except for the
high site, which has relatively large increases since 1986.
Daily maxima and exceedances also show sharp increases since
1986, when there were no exceedances (Figure 7-19). The steep rise
in daily maximum from 1987 to 1988 was due to the exceptionally
large exceedance of March 11 at Liberty.
Average PM-10 trends for Allegheny County are characterized
by thirteen (13) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concwrtrttton ug/m3
260
826
ttO
176
160
1M
100
78
60
26
0
!_ 13 SltH ""
»
ft
»
•
*-
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
mimm
m^
M«
»
^^
— ..
~" (832ug/m3)
m^m
mm
•^^
»
»
1666 1*
Figure 7-20 Trend Ir
24-hou
N 1<
m-iU OOnCMNMQrV
nyOoufy. 1983-1988.
W7 1666
iQ9 for thtfMxbnum
NAAQS
124
-------
PM-10 monitoring began in 1985, with most of the monitors
initiated around mid-year. In 1988 all sites were in attainment
with the 50 ug/m annual standard. Attainment is based on the
average of the past three annual averages. Liberty Boro at 45
ug/m , had the highest 3-year average. Liberty's 1988 average,
however, was 53 ug/m , which was the second time since
monitoring began that an annual average exceeded 50 ug/m
(Braddock averaged 51 ug/m in 1985).
Liberty also had the greatest increase from 1987 (18%).
Six other sites had an increase, the largest of which was 15%
at Duquesne. Three sites showed a decrease. Avalon's 12%
was the largest. Liberty incurred 16 exceedances of the 150 ug/m3
daily standard in 1988. No other site had any. The largest value
at a site other than Liberty was 132 ug/m at Braddock and North
Braddock.
Libe
day of coke oven venting at the Clairton Coke Works.
Liberty's maximum exeedance of 632 ug/m occurred on the
In comparison, the second largest exceedance was 255 ug/m .
In 1987, Liberty had one exceedance. Four other sites
had one exceedance each, all on November 8th. This was during
nearby West Virginia forest fires, and these were the only
monitors operating on that day.
In early November 1987, a series of forest fires occurred in
West Virginia and in five other Southern states. The worst fires
were located in southern West Virginia along the Kentucky border
where nearly 150,000 acres were ravaged by the tires. Due to
southwesterly winds, smoke from these fires blanketed Southwestern
Pennsylvania including Allegheny County. On November 8, all four
Allegheny PM-10 monitors exceeded the 150 ug/m standard. PM-io
concentrations at the four sites ranged from 164 to 231 ug/m . On
November 9, a change of wind direction and light rain cleared
southwestern Pennsylvania of the smoke and haze. PM-10 levels
dropped to 54 ug/m at the Braddock station on November 9 (was 23i
ug/m on November 8). A1J. four stations recorded PM-io
concentrations from 10-11 ug/m on November 11.
123
-------
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
4-YEAR PM10 TRENDS
vg/m3
60
50
40
30
20
10
ANNUAL AVERAGES
•••••
•••••••,2
High Site
Network
Low Site
1985 1986
Network Consists of 10 Sites
1987
1988
700
600 h
500
400
300
200
100
DAILY MAXIMA
1985 1986 1987
Figure 7-19. Allegheny County 4-Year PM-10 Trends, 1985-1988.
1986
-------
7.3.5 ALLEGHENY COUNTY
Only one TSP site (Bradclock at 8'1 ug/m ) had a geometric
mean above the iormer NAAOS for TSP in 1988. The overall
network_average in 1988 for eighteen (18) .sites was approximately
jork average
60 ug/m'. Fourteen
14) of the sites showed increases while
four (4) remained unchanged. Sites in the Monongahela Valley,
which are impact.ed by USX steel plants, had much higher levels
than those in Pittsburgh and other Allegheny County sites.
The five year trend shows little change except for a
marked dip for the high rate (Braddock) in 1986. An eight
month st. r ike of USX began in August of that year.
The TSP daily maximum trend varies considerably from year to
year. The number of daily values above the former standard has
increased .since 1986 (see Figure 7-17).
Average TSP trends are character i /,ed
period of 198.*- 1 988 .
by 18 sites lor the
Concentration ug/m3
100
90
00
70
60
60
40
ao
20
10
0
—
IMMM
—
-
— (
^•M
, ,
•MMM
^•^H
^^^B
,
MM»
•HHH
1
—
—
—
18 sites
MH^MMI
^^•M
— *
HM^* ^BMMH
"I
^^•W
1043 1964 1966 1M6 1967 1968
Figure 7- 1 8 Trend In the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended partteulate concentration.
Allegheny County. 1983-1988.
121
-------
••/ma
100
80
60
40
20
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
5-YEAR TSP TRENDS
ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEANS
High .He
>.... Low SHe
1984
1985
1886
1987
1988
900
400
300
200
100
DAILY MAXIMA
3
1984 1985 1986 1987
§'s Indicate the number of values > 260 ug/m3.
1988
Figure 7-17 ALLEGHENY COUNTY 5-YEAR TSP TRENDS, 1984-1988.
-------
PM-10 ANNUAL MEANS 1988
UG/M3
Figure 7-16 . PM10 annual means for areas in the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, 1988.
-------
60
SB
48
38
28
o 18
Ol
» 2
r 68
o
en
1 48
t>r
£ 38
o
••H
e 28
10
0
60
NAAQS
J~ 3H
^^^ 40
""""" - 30
20
10
1 1 1 0
A-B-E
60
40
' — n.^- -* 30
20
10
ALTOONA
T 60
1 "™" — — — — — — — . _. _ ofl
40
^^^,. " 30
20
IB
SCR-WB
60
"^*— ^. 40
30
20
10
UPR BEAVER
T 60
5fl
40
"^^— *«^~^ 30
20
10-
HARRISBURG
60
•— — — — — — 5B
40
— — .. 30
20
10
ERIE
-
^H**Hv--rf^^****'"^
1 1 1 1
YORK
' ' 1 1 —*
1 1 1
SUFNANAA
Figure 7-15. Trend in tho nnnunl moan FM10 concentration, Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, 1985-1988.
-------
PM-10 monitoring began in 8 areas of the Commonwealth in
1985. PM-10 is represented by the annual means for the years
1985 to 1988. (See Figures 7-15 and 7-16). The first three years
of monitoring showed a decrease, but 1988 showed a minor increase
which can be explained, as in the case of TSP, by the lack of
rainfall causing increasing blowing dust. The apparent high value
in the Harrisburg area for 1985 was from a site that only operated
for a short time and is not representative of levels for the area.
All sites have shown no real improvement in levels since 1985.
There are no sites in the Commonwealth that are currently in
violation of any PM-10 air quality standard.
Average PM-10 trends are characterized by eleven (11) sites
for the period 1983-1988.
260
225
200
175
150
126
100
76
60
25
0
Concentration u0/m3
11 sites
NAAQS
1965 1986 1867
Figure 7-14 Trend in the compoelte mean and range for the maximum
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
ConvnonweaKh of Pemaylvania, 1983-1988.
1968
117
-------
TSP ANNUAL MEANS 1988
UG/M3
Figure 7-13. Total suspended particulate concentration, annual mean,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,1988.
-------
o
a.
100,
80
60
40
20
100i
80
60
40
20
Q
1001
80
60
40
20
1001
80
60
jt n
40
20
a
NAAQS
_ .
"N. — . , — - r . , -
S.E. PENH
— .
•—*•-»•— •_«__*
HARRISBURG
^y.
^^^- — -^ _j- _-^
JOHNSTOWN
^^^
^\^,_,»^
i • i i • i • i •
1001
80
60;
40
20
g
I~~"^*^'*Si .»
1 1 1 1 1 1 l l l
1001
80
60
40
20
a.
^— . ^ _^_^.
1B0T
80
60
40
20
n
A-B-E
H 1 1-
READING
SCR-WB
100i
80J
40
20
a.
""^•^ ^
1—4 1— 1 1 1 1 1— 1
100T
80
60
40
20
0
LANCASTER
YORK
H—i—i—i—I—i—^—^—i
ALTOONA
HILLIAMSPORT
4—H—I—I—I—I—I—HH
LUR BEAVER
100,
80H
60
40
20
0
r^-"v
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — I—I
UPR BEAVER
100T
80
60
40
20
O
H 1—I-
H 1 1 1 1
100T
80
60
40
20
0
MON VALLEY
ERIE
SHENANGO
Fi/;uro 7-12. Trend in the annual geometric mean total suspended particulate
concentration,Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,1979-1988.
-------
7.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Total suspended particulate matter (TSP) is represented
by annual means for the years 1979 to. 1988. This pollutant
has improved! considerably from levels in 1979-80 although
there was a minor increase in levels in 1988 as compared to 1987.
This was due in part to the drought conditions experienced by
the Commonwealth causing excessive dust from fields to be
blown into the atmosphere.
Air quality trends for TSP annual geometric means are
depicted in Figure 7-12 and 7-13 for selected areas in the
Commonwealth.
Average TSP trends for the Commonwealth are characterized
by 55 sites for the period 1983-1988.
100
90
80
70
60
60
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration ug/m3
55 Sites
1983
1984 1986 1986 1987
7- 11 Trend In the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended particulate concentration.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1963-1986
1988
114
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
PARTICIPATE MATTER, PM-10
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
1984 1988
Figure 7-10
60 -
48 •
48
44 -
42-
40-
38
/ \
\
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
45
4O
48
40
CANTON REC/KANE BAG
90
48
48)
I
44 t
42 f
I
401
i
381 '
: 191
^-. i
4 1985
I 48
•MSB
42
war
40
•\-
1MB
'— • — 21__J
WESTPORT
48-
48-
44-
42-
40-
38-
1984
48
1968
48
1988
47
1987
47
1988
43
FAIRFIELD
50 r
48 ••
i
48-
44-
**~
I
40 r
1984
1985 IM6
1987
51
43
FREDERICK
113
-------
Monitoring for PM-10 began in 1984 with two sites in
Baltimore (Canton Rec and Fairfield). In 1985, the Westport
site was added, and in 1987, the Frederick site was started.
In mid 1988, the Canton Rec site was replaced with a new site
at the Kane Bag Company, approximately 100 yards east of the
former Canton Rec site. The Baltimore area monitoring data
shows compliance with the annual and 24-hour standards.
Although TSP levels increased in 1988, PM-10 levels decreased
at all sites between 3-17% PM-10 trends for four (4) sites in the
State of Maryland are depicted in Figure 7-10.
Average PM-10 trends for the state are characterized by
four (4) sites for the period of 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
4ttt«8
NAAQS
1984 1966 1966 1967
Figure 7-9 Trend in the compoette mean and range for the maximum
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
State of Maryland 1963-1988.
1968
112
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE,TSP
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
1984 1988
Figure 7-8
80
70
80
SO-
40-
30-
20-
1984
S3
1885
1086
war
48
SI
SO
1888
49
CUMBERLAND
80
70 r
801
soj-
40 f-
30 •—
I
20 r—
1984
74
1985
1986
77
72
1987
89
FAIRFIELD
80
70
80
SO
40
30
20
1984
TO
1985
1986
1967
70
73
76
FREDERICK
80 (-
70 I
eo r
60 r
40'
30 |-
20 r
1964
1965
1966
1967
: ! 43
44
i *»
4*
MARYVALE
60
70
60
50
40
30
tOr-
1964
49
1966
1966
1867
1988
44
49
46
SALISBURY
eo H
70 r
60-
40 r
30 f—
SOLOMONS
111
-------
7.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
Due to the extremely hot and dry summer, TSP levels
increased in some areas by as much as 32%; however, most
areas showed elevated levels only during the hot summer
months. Total suspended particulate trends are depicted
in Figure 7-8 for six (6) specific areas in the State of
Maryland.
Average TSP trends for the state are characterized
by 28 sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
28 sites
1983 1984 1985 19B6 1987
Flpre 7-7 Trend h the composite average and rang* of the annual
geometric mean total suspended partfatete concentration.
State of Maryland. 1983-1988.
1988
110
-------
There is no particulate trend evident in PM-10 measurements
in the District with current levels approximately 60% of the
twenty-four hour standard and 80% of the annual standard.
Average PM-10 trends for the District are characterized by
two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
80
40
20
0
Concentration ug/m3
2 sites
NAAQS
1086
1987
1988
Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
District of Columbia. 1983-1986.
109
-------
7.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Average TSP levels have fluctuated from approximately
49 to 53 ug/m3 during 1983-1988, with the 1983 and 1988
levels approximately equivalent at 50 ug/m3 or 67% of the
old standard. These fluctuations can probably be attributed
to periods of increased construction activity over this
period and are reflected in the variability of the range
of the annual geometric averages presented in the trends
graph.
Average TSP trends for the District are characterized
by six (6) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
1966
1986
1963 1964
Figure 7-5 Trend in the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total suspended parttculate concentration.
District of Columbia, 1983-1968.
1987
1986
108
-------
Monitoring for PM-10 began in 1985 at three (3) sites. To
date levels have been well below the NAAQS for this pollutant.
Average trends for PM-10 are characterized by three (3) sites
for the period 1985 to 1988.
200
160
100
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
Concentration ug/m3
3 sites
NAAQS
1966 1986 1987
7-4 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
State of Delaware. 1983-1988.
1988
107
-------
7.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
Suspended particulate levels have remained relatively
constant over the past five years with levels well below
the former NAAQS for particulate matter.
Average air quality trends for the TSP are characterized
by nine (9) sites for the period of 1983-1988.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Concentration ug/m3
9 sites
1983 1984 1985 1986
Figure 7-3 Trend in the composite average and range of the annual
geometric mean total euapended particulate concentration.
State of Delaware. 1963-1986.
1987
1988
106
-------
Some specific observations relating to national and regional
particulate trends are as follows:
Nationally, annual average TSP levels, measured at
1726 trend sites, declined 21 percent between 1978
and 1987.
Between 1986 and 1987, ambient particulate levels
increased in all Regions except the Mid-Atlantic
States (Region III) and the Southern States (Region
IV) .
The two Regions which experienced declines in particulate
levels between 1986 and 1987 had higher than normal
precipitation.
The highest concentrations are generally found in the
west and industrial Midwest.
In arid areas of the country, the natural background
is very close and may exceed the NAAQS. Also, in areas
where wood is the principal fuel for space heating,
particulate emissions may cause exceedances of the
NAAQS.
In Region III, between 1983-1988, ambient particulate
levels remained relatively constant (less than a
1 percent change) measured at 220 sites.
A computer generated regional isopleth of suspended
particulate concentrations (geometric means) for 1988 is shown in
Figure 7-2. This display presents at a glance the variation in Tsp
concentration within Region III.
105
-------
SUSPENDED PART1CDLATE CONCENTRATIONS IN REGION III
1988 GEOMETRI C MEAN
Figure 7-2
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONC
UC/CU METER (25 C)
Less thin 25
25 to 30
30 to 35
35 to 40
40 to 45
45 to 50
50 to 55
55 to 60
60 to 65
65 to 70
Greater than 70
IN
Tj Suspended Pirliculite
Monitoring Locations
-------
7.2 EFFECTS
Inhaled particulates can aggravate or cause a variety of
chronic respiratory ailments and can also carry other pollu-
tants into the lungs. Other effects range from irritating
the eyes and throat to reducing resistance to infection.
Fine particulates about the size of cigarette smoke can
cause permanent damage when deeply inhaled. Some particles,
such as those from diesel engines are suspected of causing
cancer; windblown dust can carry a variety of toxics substances
such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, lead
and cadmium. Particulates also corrode building materials,
damage vegetation and reduce visibility.
7.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
The presentation of particulate matter data in this
report is complicated by the change in the particulate
standard. In 1971, EPA issued a National Ambient Air Quality
Standard for total suspended particulates covering all kinds
and sizes. In July 1987, EPA published new standards based
on particulate matter smaller than ten microns in size (PM-10).
These smaller inhaled particulates present the most serious
health threat because they tend to become lodged in the lungs
and remain in the body for a long time. As the standards have
been revised, PM-10 monitoring networks are being deployed.
Because of the limited amount of PM-10 data available, both
PM-10 and TSP data are used to evaluate trends in this report.
In order to present the current regional status, a PM-10 group
Identification Map is presented in Figure 7-1. As a way of focusing
resources on those areas which exhibited major problems, EPA
developed three Groups. Preliminary groupings were established
based on TSP monitoring data. The preliminary groupings were
updated with more recent size-specific data and finally adjusted
to take into account local, unusual situations. These data were
then used with a statistical process to calculate an initial
probability that an area would violate the PM-10 standards.
103
-------
EPA REGI ON III
PM - 1 0 GROUP IDENTIFICATION
Figure 7-1
PM-10 GROUP IDENTIFICATION
• Group I ud II
D Croup II ii th Violations
D Group II
D Group I I I
{ri?till»:
rt»\tit:
in fail it
I..,.!,, I, ,m
IP* Ii|ii» IM •
iri i,,,., in - fii
lit Frtfruii in.,i
ISC! I).III.Ill |1(
-------
7.0 PARTICULATE MATTER
This section will describe and characterize the air
quality status and trends for particulate matter.
Following a discussion on characteristics and sources of
the pollutant, health effects and national air quality status,
regional trends for particulate will be discussed on a state
by state basis. Methods of presentation include:
. Graphs to depict particulate trends for the composite
mean and range for the annual geometric mean
. Graphs to depict PM10 trends for the composite mean
and range for the highest 24 hour value
. Graphs to depict TSP and PM10 trends by site (Maryland)
by air basin (Pennsylvania).
. Three dimensional chart to show TSP and PM10 annual
means for cities and areas in Pennsylvania
. Computer generated regional isopleth for a graphic
display of particulate concentrations in Region 3
7.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
Particulate matter is the general term for solid or non-
volatile liquid particles found in the atmosphere. Particuiates
vary in size, may remain suspended in the air for periods
ranging from seconds to months, and have both short and long-
term health and environmental effects. Major sources of
particulates include steel mills, power plants, factories,
cotton gins, cement plants, smelters, cars and diesel engines.
Other sources are fires, windblown dust, construction work,
demolition, wood-burning stoves and fireplaces. Limiting
emissions from industrial facilities through the installation
of pollution controls, such as electrically charged plates
and filters, improved paving, better street cleaning,
limits on agricultural and forest burning practices, and bans
on backyard burning in urban areas are some ways that
particulate concentrations are reduced.
101
-------
6.6 WORTH NOTING
Ambient SO2 is well in conformance with the current
ambient standards in most of U.S. urban areas. Current
concerns about ambient SO2 focus on major emitters which
tend to be located in more rural areas. This is the major
reason for the disparity between air quality and emission
trends for sulfur dioxide. The residential and commercial
areas, where most monitors are located, have shown sulfur
oxide emission decrease comparable to S02 air quality improve-
ment.
Within Region III, coal fired electrical power generation
is the major source of sulfur dioxide emissions followed by
emissions from the steel industry. The sites that have
measured exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
are primarily impacted by emissions from these two categories of
sources.
100
-------
EPA REGION III
SULFUR DIOXIDE PROFILE
Figure 6-13
STATUS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
• Current N o n - i t t » i nm r n t Counties
IS Potentitl SI P-Ct I I Counties
D line I i s s i M e d Connt i e s
n Attti nment Countiei
itl« IfllBII III! It.. 11(1 I.I. III. Ill IK
rr.i.tlii. IT« !•»• II
PUlIlf! fllll.I l< Illl
rr.i.,,< i, in I.,!.. Ill • rui...:,>,.
ft.l.,,4 |l>: ffliTlllU'lli'-'FliliStlili*1*'
-------
6.4 EMISSION TRENDS
. Nationally, total sulfur oxides (SOX) emissions are
estimated to have decreased 17 percent between 1978
and 1987.
. Two thirds of all national SC>2 emissions are generated
be electric utilities. Improvements are due to:
Installation of flue gas desulfurization
controls at coal-fired stations.
Reduction in the average sulfur content of fuels.
Decreased coal use by other consumers.
. Improvement in industrial processes are due to
Results of controls to reduce emissions from non-
ferrous smelters and sulfuric acid manufacturing
plants.
. In Region III, estimated S02 emissions decreased less
than 1 percent between 1983 and 1988.
6.5 COMMENTS
. Nationally, the vast majority of S02 monitoring sites
do not show any exceedance of the 24 hour NAAQS.
. Nationally and regionally, ambient S02 levels and SOx
emissions declined at different rates. The difference
between emissions and air quality can be attributed to
several factors:
502 monitors are mostly urban population-oriented
and do not reflect many major emitters which tend
to be located in more rural areas.
Residential and commercial areas, where most of the
monitors are located, have shown S02 emissions
improvements comparable to SO2 air quality
improvement.
Energy conservation measure.
Use of cleaner fuels.
. Sulfur dioxide attainment/non-attainment status is depicted
in the Region III Sulfur Dioxide Profile Map in Figure 6-
13.
. Allegheny County (Pittsburgh, PA) is the only major urban
area violating the 24 hour S02 standard in the country.
98
-------
6.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
During 1983 through 1988 the annual average sulfur dioxide
concentration in West Virginia was around 62% of the standard.
This average annual concentration is the highest for any state in
Region III. Six of the 12 stations are located in the Wheeling
Panhandle, northern part of the state, where there are a number of
coal fired electric utility stations, two large steel plants, and
other heavy industry. Sulfur dioxide levels observed at the other
6 stations that are spread across the state are typical of other
moderate to highly populated areas in Region III.
The exceedance of the annual standard shown for each
year in Figure 6-12 is for one station in the Wheeling
Panhandle at Weirton, WV. The sulfur dioxide emissions causing
these exceedances are from a nearby steel plant with substantial
impact also from coal fired power plants in the area.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by twelve (12) sites for the period 1983-1988.
uo/mS
106
100
go
60
70
60
60
40
so
20
10
0
Concentration
M^H
»
—
^•P—
MMM
•
MMMI
MMMB
12aft*a — ]
MM*
MMM
-.
MMM
^•^M
MMM
MMW
'
MMM
MMMH
• ,
— NAAQS
•MMB
MMMi
•
MMM
MHH»
—
1963 1964 1986 1966 1967 1908
Figure 6-12 Trend in the compost* mean and rang* for the annual
0.03
0 02
0.01
arithmetic average eutfur doxkto concentration.
State of West VrgHa, 1983-1988.
97
-------
6.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
The Commonwealth of Virginia is in compliance with the
NAAQS in all areas of the state for sulfur dioxide. The state
network is comprised of ten (10) sulfur dioxide monitors which for
the past seven (7) years has shown a trend well below the national
standard.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by ten (10) sites for the period of 1983-1988.
ug/m3
100
90
eo
70
60
60
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
NAAQS
10 sites
0.03
o 02
o.oi
1083 1964 1966 1968 1967
Figure 6-11 Trewl in tr» coinpoalte inear and range tar trie annual
arithmetic average eulfur doxlde concentration.
Commonwealth of vrgHa. 1983-1988.
1988
96
-------
6.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
Sulfur Dioxide has shown a marked decrease since 1968,
principally as a result of sulfur-in-fuel regulation and
more recently from reduced fuel burning for electric power
generation, fuel conversion, energy conservation and improve-
ments at petroleum refining facilities. Sulfur dioxide air
quality standards are currently being attained throughout
Philadelphia.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized seven (7) by sites for the period of 1983-1988.
ug/m3
100
90
BO
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
PPM
7 sites
NAAOS
0 03
0.02
0.01
1983 1964 1966 1968 1967
Figure 6-10 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average stifur doxkte concentration.
City of Priactetpfia. 1983-1988.
1966
95
-------
PPM
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
PPM
0.4
0.2
0.1
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
5-YEAR S02 TRENDS
ANNUAL AVERAGES
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
Ten sites in Network
DAILY MAXIMA
1988
1*64 1889 1966 1907 1968
Numbers indicate total exceedances for ten sites
High Site
Network
Low Site
Figure
6-8 ALLEGHENY COUNTY 5-YEAR S02 TRENDS
-------
6.3.5 ALLEGHENY COUNTY
In 1988, all ten sites were in attainment of the 0
03
ppm annual standard for the fourth straight year.
Glassport at 0.027 ppm had the highest annual average.
Glassport, along with Avalon, had the largest increase
from 1987 (J2'£). For the network, five sites had an increase,
two had a decrease and three were unchanged. The overall
1988 average was 0.019 compared to 0.018 for 1987. In 1988,
Glassport had six and Liberty had one exceedance of the daily
standard of 0.14 ppm.
The annual average trend line is nearly horizontal for the
period of 1983-1988. The five-year network daily maximum trend
indicates that 1988 was the only year to have more total
exceedances than the previous year. (See Figure 6-8.)
The highest concentration of S02 in a large urban area was
found at a site in Pittsburgh, PA in 1988. This area is
impacted by major S02 sources.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by ten (10) sites for the period of 1983-1988.
tg m3
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
— —
—
' —
••^^^H
^^^•^
— 10 sites
NAAQS
«MM
— — —
_ ~~^ — "— — ' —
^^^M
M
1983 1984 1986 198e W 1988
Figure 6-9 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
PPM
0.03
0.02
0.01
arithmetic average sulfur doxlde concentration.
Afegheny County. 1963-1986
93
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE ANNUAL MEANS 1988
PPM
vo
to
Figure 6-7
Sulfur dioxide annual means for areas in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 1988.
-------
e.94*
0no
• WO'
0.92
0Q1
• Wl
0.04i
004.
• WO1
F 0.02
a.
D.
0.01
0,
0.04-
eao
0.02
0.01
a.
0.04.
NAAQS n CM
— — — < — — — u.oo'
0.02.
•••'•• i 1 1 i A
S.E. PENN
8.84,
000,
0.02
-* J— - — -». B.Bl,
SCR-WB
r 8.84
OB3
^v 0.02
^^~ T -i
— ^-— 0.01
e.04i
- a era
- W. WO'
c 8.02
~"^M*~^ ^ t wx '
A-B-E
r 0.04,
0OQ.
0.02
^..— — ^^_ ^^.^ 8 . 81
LANCASTER
r 0.04
a oo.
^"V^ 8.82
0.01
r 0.04,
a no
— — ______ VP • VF«J-
0. 02
^v
001
. Wl
READING
8.04
000
. kid'
0.02
^"^^ X""^"-. 9'01
VORK
0.04
0no
. Wo
_ 0. 02
•*— ^- • o.oij
— i — t— i — i — i — i— i — i — i n
•»».
*™ ••^••— ^
HARRISBURG
^s^—
JOHNSTOWN
/— -^Vv^v. M^-
^
MON VALLEV
LWR BEAVER
UPR BEAVER
ERIE
Figure 6-6 . Trend in the annual arithmetic average sulfur dioxide
concentration,annual means (pptn), Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, 1979-1988.
-------
6.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Sulfur dioxide levels for the years 1979 to 1988 are
represented by annual means, have shown little variation over
the past 10 years and continue to be well below the air
quality standard. Figure 6-6 shows the ten year trend (1979 to
1988) of the 12 air basin averages. The dashed lines represent
the annual air quality standard of 0.030 parts per million
(ppm). Although all areas for the last 5 years have shown
little improvement of sulfur dioxide levels, all sites in the
Commonwealth met the annual and 3-hour air quality standards.
Two sites in the lower Beaver Valley air basin which are
along the Ohio border had one exceedance of the 24-hour standard.
Annual means for 1988 for selected areas in Pennsylvania
are shown in the three dimensional graph in Figure 6-7.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by twenty-five (25) sites for the period
1983-1988.
of
ug/m3
100
90
80
70
60
SO
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
25attea
7 NAAQS
•»
^»
MB
^•^^
••»
MMM
^»
— <
-
i^—
*^mm
MMB
— — - "- —
^•^ ^«™
MM
— '
MM^ ^^""
^^^^
-I
M^M «MHB
^^^m
• '
^^" MMM
•••
mmmm
, '
••i^^ ^^^H
^^^
^^^^^
•
1983 1964 1886 19BB 1987 1988
Figure 6-5 Trend h the oomp<
arithmetic average
Mite mean and range lor the annual
sufur doxkfe concern anon,
tf.OS
0.02
0.01
Commonwealh of Pennsylvania. 1983-1988.
90
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
SULFUR DIOXIDE
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
1984 1988
Figure 6-4
38 —
30-
36
30
26
20-
1884
1885
1888
1887
1888
38
23
33
30
32
CUMBERLAND
20
1884
u «_
188S
t8B7
! 33
30
DUNDALK
36-
30-
38 r
26-
26 f
20-
1884
ieas
1888
1887
30
30
28
28
1888
21
20 r
1884
38
SUN ST.
1885 1888 1887
28
31 < 30
34
GUILFORD
38 f
30 f
1984
188S
1887
32
25
25
27
RIVIERA BEACH
89
-------
6.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
The present Maryland S02 monitoring network consists of
four monitors in the Baltimore metropolitan area and one in
Cumberland (Western Maryland). Levels have remained at
30-40% of ambient standards since 1984 and are expected to
continue at these levels for the next several years. Site-specific
trends for the annual arithmetic average of sulfur dioxide
concentration for the period 1984-1988 are shown in Figure 6-4.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by six (6) sites for the period 1983-1988.
ug/m3
100
80
60
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
6 sites
NAAQS
0.03
0.02
0.01
1963 1964 1966 1968 1967
Figure6-3 Trend in the compoelte mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average sulfur doxicte concentration.
State of Maryland 1983-1988.
1966
88
-------
6.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The District of Columbia is in compliance with the
NAAQS for sulfur dioxide with measurements recorded which are
well below the national standard. Average sulfur dioxide
levels have been variable from 1983-1987. The net effect has
been a slight increase (approximately 3%) in ambient levels.
Current levels are about 40% of the annual standard.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characterized by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
ug/m3
100
Concentration
80
80
70
60
60
40
SO
20
10 h-
0
2 sites
NAAQS
0.03
0.02
0.01
1963 1964 1985 1966 1967
Figure 6-2 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average sulfur dtoxide concentration
District of Cofrnbia, 1983-1988.
1966
87
-------
6.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
The State of Delaware is in attainment with the NAAQS
for sulfur dioxide with recorded levels well below the
standard.
Average air quality trends for sulfur dioxide are
characte'-i zefl by eight (8) sites for the period 1983-
1988.
ug/m3
100
80
80
70
60
so
40
30
20
10
0
Concentration
8 Sites
NAAQS
0 03
0.02
0.01
1963 1984 1986 1986 1967
Figure 6-1 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average sulfur cfoxkto concentration.
State of Delaware. 1983-1988.
1986
86
-------
6.2 EFFECTS
Concentrated sulfur dioxide is a yellowish gas with a
rather distinctive odor, but at normal levels in the
atmosphere most people cannot detect its presence. Even at
low levels in the atmosphere, however, sulfur dioxide interferes
with the normal breathing functions, causes aggravation of
respiratory diseases including coughs^ and colds, asthma,
bronchitis and emphysema. High levels of sulfur dioxide can
obstruct breathing and studies have found increased death
rates among people with existing heart and lung disease.
Sulfur dioxide causes chlorosis in plant leaves and in
moist air forms acids that damage structural materials.
Effects are magnified by high particulate levels.
6.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
There are three NAAQS for SO^ an annual arithmetic
mean of 0.03 ppm, a 24-hour level of 0.14 ppm and a 3-hour
level of 0.50 ppm. The first two are primary (health related)
standard, while the 3-hour NAAQS is a secondary (welfare-
related) standard. The annual mean standard is not to be
exceeded, while the short-term standards are not to be exceeded
more than once per year per site.
. Nationally, annual average SO£ levels, measured at 347
trend sites, declined 35 percent from 1978 to 1987, while
SOX emissions decreased 17 percent.
. SC>2 NAAQS: annual arithmetic mean of 0.03 ppm
The higher concentrations are generally found in
the heavily populated Midwest and Northeast.
All of the metropolitan areas have ambient air
quality concentrations lower than the annual
standard of 0.03 parts per million.
Despite the major improvement in SC>2 air quality
nationally, nearly 1.6 million people live in areas
with measured violations of the standards.
. SO2 NAAQS: 24 hour average of 0.14 ppm not to be
exceeded more than once per year
- Pittsburgh is the only (major urban) area
violating the 24-hour SC>2 standard.
In Region 3 between 1983 and 1988, ambient SC>2 levels
remained relatively constant (less than a one percent
change).
-------
6.0 TRENDS IN SULFUR DIOXIDE
This section will describe and characterize the air quality
status and trends for the pollutant sulfur dioxide (S02).
Following a discussion on characteristics and sources of
the pollutant, health effects and national air quality status,
regional trends for SO2 will be discussed on a state by state
basis. Methods of presentation include:
. Graphs to depict S02 trends for the composite mean
and range for the annual arithmetic average for
specific sites within each state.
. Three dimensional graph depicting the 1988 annual mean
sulfur dioxide concentration for selected areas in
Pennsylvania.
. Regional SC>2 Profile Map
6.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
Several areas of the United States still exceed ambient
air quality standards for sulfur dioxide. Serious health and
environmental problems are associated with excessive levels of S02
in the ambient air. Sulfur dioxide, a poisonous gas which
irritates the eyes, nose and throat results from combustion
processes, refining of petroleum, nonferrous smelters and the
manufacture of sulfuric acid. Sulfur dioxide can be transported
long distances since it bonds to dust particles, smoke and
aerosols. Once in the atmosphere, some sulfur dioxide can be
oxidized to SQ$ (sulfur trioxide). With water vapor, 503 is
converted to sulfuric acid mist. These compounds ultimately will
fall back to earth as acid rain.
Up until the 1950's the major source of sulfur dioxide
pollution was through the burning of wood and fuel. Today,
two-thirds of all national sulfur dioxide emissions come from
electric power plants (coal-fired accounts for 95% of all power
plant emissions).
-------
5.4 EMISSION TRENDS
The principal sources of NOX emissions are fuel
combustion and transportation.
Nationally, total NOX emissions decreased 8%
between 1978 and 1987.
In Region III, NOX emissions are estimated to
have decreased about 1% between 1983 and 1988,
while nationally during this period a slight
increase was observed.
5.5 COMMENTS
Nitrogen dioxide does not present a significant air
quality problem for most areas of the country.
There are currently no areas in Region III violating
the N02 NAAQS.
5.6 WORTH NOTING
Los Angeles, CA is the only area in the country
currently exceeding the N02 NAAQS of 0.053 ppm.
83
-------
5.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Nitrogen dioxide levels have remained relatively
constant over the last five (5) years as measured at four
(4) sites in the state. Levels are well below the national
standard.
Average air quality trends for NC>2 are characterized
by four (4) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
o.oe
o.os
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
NAAOS
4 sites
1983
1964 1985 1986 1987
5-11 Trend In the composite mean and range lor the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen doxKto concentration,
State of West Virginia. 1983-1988 .
1988
82
-------
5.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
The Commonwealth of Virginia is in compliance with
the NAAQS in all areas of the state for nitrogen dioxide.
The state network is comprised of nine (9) NO£ monitors which
for the past (7) years has shown a trend well below the national
standards.
Average air quality trends for N02 are characterized
by nine (9) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
0.06
0.06
0 04
0.03
0.02
0 01
_ NAAQS
9 sites
1083 1964 1985 1M6 1987
Figure 5-10 Trend h the composite mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen cfoxkte concentration.
Commpnwealth of Virgmia. 1983-1988.
1088
81
-------
5.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
Nitrogen dioxide has exhibited somewhat erratic
behavior over the past several years. Currently, only
limited control requirements for nitrogen oxides exist and
are applied only to new or modified stationary sources. The
single, largest emission source category (motor vehicles)
has not yet been subjected to extensive nitrogen oxides
control. Nitrogen dioxide air quality standards are being
attained throughout Philadelphia.
Average air quality trends for NO2 are characterized
by three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
o oe
o os
0 04
0.03
0 02
0 01
NAAOS
3 sites
1883 1984 1985 1986 1987
Figure 6-9 Trend hi the cxxnposlt* mtan and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen otoxRto concentration,
CKy of PhJaoWu. 1983-1988.
1988
80
-------
5.3.5 ALLEGHENY COUNTY
During 1988 all three (3) county sites were well within
attainment of the annual N02 standard of 0.05 ppm. The two (2)
Pittsburgh sites have been attainment since monitoring began
in 1980. Consistently, Downtown levels have been slightly
higher than.Lawrencevilie's. Monroeville in 1988 was the
low site.
Average air quality trends for N02 are characterized
by three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentrattor PPM
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
. NAAQS
3 sites
1963 1964 1986 1966 1967
Figure 6-8 Trend h the comjx>ste mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen doxide concentration,
Atogheny County. 1983-1968.
1968
79
-------
oo
NITROGEN DIOXIDE ANNUAL MEANS 1988
PPM
Figure 5-7 . Nitrogen dioxide annual means for areas in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,1988.
-------
10. »«J-
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
• W . Vw
C.
~ 0.04
~ 0.03
^ 0.02
| 0.01
c
-r n
10 1
0. 03
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
n.
— —-»- — — — - - v« «»»»•
O.04
^ 0.03
0.02
0.01
S.E. PENH
B B5i
0.04
0.03
\_^-^.-P*^,. O.02
0.01
SCR-WB
One
. 103
0.04
0.03
0.01
i i i i i i i i i 0-
-— «j. Wj.
0.04
0.03
*^~'-^.~^'~ 0 . 02
0.01
A-B-E
005.
0.04
0.03
_.^^S,X\^ , 0.02
0.01
LANCASTER
0 05
0.04.
^ 0.03
*•*' ^Sw,^^-*." 0.02'
0.01
— i — i— i — i — i — i — i — I — i 0^
— — — ——— — —— ».«»«*•
0.04
y 0.03
0.02
0.01
READING
e.05i
0.03
S . ^" 0.02
0.01
YORK
005,
0.04.
/"*\ B-B3
^—^ "^ — " B.92-
0.01
i I I t i i I I I 0-
V
-^v_^- »
HARRISBURG
'^-JS..^-' — --
JOHNSTOWN
— t— 1 — I-H — 1 1 1 1 — 1
MON VALLEV
LWR BEAVER
UFR BEAVER
ERIE
Figure 5-6. Nitrogen dioxide trends in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
hv atr basins.\479-l98B.
-------
5.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Nitrogen dioxide levels have remained relatively
constant over the last 10 years in the Commonwealth and no
site exceeded the annual primary standard in 1988. Nitrogen
dioxide levels correlate significantly with ambient temper-
atures although not as high a statistical significance as do
ozone and sulfur dioxide.
Nitrogen dioxide trends, 1979-1988, specific to each air
basin and annual means for 1988 are presented in Figures 5-6 and
5-7, respectively.
Average air quality trends for N02 are characterized
by fifteen (15) sites for the period 1983-1988.
o.oe
0.05
0.04
0.03
0 02
0.01
Concentration PPM
NAAQS
15 sites
1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Figure 5-5 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen ofoxide concentration,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 1983-1988.
1968
76
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
1984 1988
Figure 5-4
62-
62
52-
52 <•
42*
42
32 r
1984
1885
1086
1067
1066
32 \-
1064
1066
1086
1087
43
60
SO
50
48
84
67
67
_L
65
•4
ESSEX
OLD TOWN
62-
63 t
1064
1065
1086
1087
1988
34
36
35
36
33
FORT MEADE
75
-------
5.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
The present Maryland NC>2 monitoring network
consists of three sites in the Baltimore metropolitan area.
During the summer months, an additional site is operated at
a non-methane organic compound monitoring site in order to
evaluate the relationship of NOX, non-methane organic
compounds, and the formation of ozone. From 1984 to 1985,
N02 levels increased 5 - 16%; since 1985, the N02 levels
have remained constant. Levels in downtown Baltimore are
presently 64% of the standard. Trend graphs for the three
Maryland NO£ sites are presented in Figure 5-4.
Average air quality trends for NC>2 are characterized
by three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
0.06
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
— NAAQS
3 sites
1963 1964 1966 1986 1967
Rgure 5-3 Trend in the composite mean and rang* for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen dtoxids concentration,
State of Maryland. 1983-1988.
1966
74
-------
5.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The District of Columbia is in compliance with the
NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide. Average nitrogen dioxide levels
have exhibited a slow rise since 1983, with the exception of
1987, to the point where 1988 levels are approximately 16%
greater than those in 1983. Levels in downtown Washington
are presently 66% of the annual standard.
Average air quality trends for NO£ are characterized
by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
0.06
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Concentration PPM
-NAAQS
2 sites
1963 1964 1965 1966 1967
Figure 5-2 Trend in the compoete mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen dtoxide concentration,
Wetrictot Cokintta. 1983-1988.
73
-------
5.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
The State of Delaware is currently in attainment
with the NAAQS for nitrogen dioxide with levels well below
the national standard.
Average air quality trends for NO2 are characterized
by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
0.06 C
'- NAAQS
0.06
004
0.03
0 02
O 01
2 sites
1963
RgueS-1
1964 1966 1966 1967
Trend In the compotlte mean and range for the annual
arithmetic average nitrogen doxide concentration,
State of Delaware. 1983-1938.
1966
72
-------
5.2 EFFECTS
Nitrogen oxides have been clearly established as
exerting detrimental effects on human health and welfare.
When inhaled, nitrogen dioxide can irritate the lungs, cause
bronchitis and pneumonia and lower resistance to respiratory
infections. Short-term exposures can cause chest discomfort,
coughing and eye irritation.
5.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
Nitrogen dioxide does not present a significant air
quality problem at this time for most areas of the country.
Nationally, the annual average N02 levels, measured
at 84 trend sites, declined 12% between 1978 and 1987
with no change recorded between 1986 and 1987.
In Region III, a 1% decrease in annual average NO2
levels were measured between 1983 and 1988 at 46 trend
sites.
The regional and national trend in N02 emissions
and air quality measurements has changed little
from 1983 to the present.
71
-------
5.0 TRENDS IN NITROGEN DIOXIDE
This section will describe and characterize the air
quality status and trends for the pollutant nitrogen dioxide
(N02).
Following a discussion on characteristics and sources
of the pollutant, health effects and national air quality
status, regional trends for N02 will be discussed on a
state-by-state basis. Methods of presentation include:
. Graphs to depict N02 trends for the composite mean
and range for the annual arithmetic average for
specific sites within each state.
. Three dimensional display of average annual mean N02
concentration for Pennsylvania in 1988.
. Annual trends for specific sites in the State of Maryland.
5.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
Nitrogen dioxide is a highly toxic, reddish-brown gas that
is a emitted primarily from the combustion of fuels by stationary
and mobile sources. Nitrogen dioxide levels correlate
significantly with ambient temperatures although not as high a
statistical significance as do ozone and sulfur dioxide.
Nitrogen dioxide is formed when combustion temperatures are
extremely high: Nitric oxide (NO) is formed through the direct
combustion of nitrogen and oxygen from the air in the intense
heat of any combustion process. Nitrogen dioxide in the
atmosphere is then able, in the presence of sunlight, to combine
with additional oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen
dioxide plays a major role in the formation of photochemical
oxidants.
70
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE ATTA I NMENT / NONATTA INMENT
STATUS IN REGION III
Figure 4-14.
CARBON MONOXIDE
ATTA1NMENT/NONATTA I NMENT AREAS
• CO Nona 111inment Areas
II CO Attainment Areas
<*?*»
-------
4.6 WORTH NOTING
The improvement in ambient CO levels and in estimated
CO emissions has occurred despite a 24% increase in
vehicle miles traveled during the past 10 years.
National estimates are that CO emission from highway
vehicles have decreased 38% because controls have offset
growth.
During the 1970's all the major metropolitan areas
in Region III had monitoring stations that frequently
detected levels above the 8-hour standard. Since that
time, improved automotive controls and inspection and
maintenance programs have resulted in a substantial
reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. This is
reflected in the measurements that show almost the
entire Region attaining the carbon monoxide standard.
68
-------
4.4 EMISSION TRENDS
Nationally, total CO emissions are estimated to
have declined 25 percent between 1978 and 1987.
The principle source of CO emissions is transpor-
tation related.
Between 1986 and 1987, CO emissions increased
slightly (less than 1 percent) due to forest fires.
In Region III, CO emissions are estimated to have
declined an average of 19 percent between 1983 and
1988. During this same period, national CO emissions
decreased 16 percent.
4.5 COMMENTS
Most CO monitors are typically located to identify
potential problems and are often placed in traffic
saturated areas that may not experience significant
increases in vehicle miles of travel (VMT).
As a result CO levels generally improved at a faster
rate than total CO emissions, reflecting greater
improvement in the congested center city than in the
suburbs.
Standard violations usually are detected during
October through January.
Carbon monoxide attainment/non-attainment status in
Region III is depicted in Figure 4-14.
Portions of Allegheny County are officially designated
in 40 C.F.R. Part 81 (Section 81.339) as a non-
attainment area for carbon monoxide (CO). However,
the most recent air quality data indicates that no
violations of the NAAQS for CO have been recorded since
March 1986. As of November 1, 1989, EPA is reviewing a
request from Allegheny County to formally redesignate
the entire county as an attainment area for CO.
67
-------
4.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Carbon monoxide levels have been decreasing since
1984 at three (3) sites in the state. The trend levels are
well below the national standard.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
15
12
3 sites
NAAQS
1963 1984 1965 1966 1987
Figure 4-13 Trend in the composite mean and range for the second highest
nonovertapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration.
State of West Virginia, 1983-1988.
1986
66
-------
4.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
For carbon monoxide (CO), the primary 1-hour ambient
air quality standards were not violated in 1988. All areas in
the Commonwealth are in compliance with the standards, except for
Arlington and the City of Alexandria. Northern Virginia is part
of an interstate air quality region which includes Washington,
D.C. and the metropolitan areas of Maryland. As of January 1,
1989, the commonwealth has implemented an enhanced inspection an<3
maintenance (I/M) program for automobiles in the Northern
Virginia area designed to further reduce CO ambient air
concentrat ions.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by twelve (12) sites for the period 1983-1988.
16
12
Concentration PPM
12 sites
NAAQS
1883 1884 1886 1886 1887
Figure 4-12 Trend In the composite mean and range for the second highest
nonoverlapplng 6-hour average carbon monoxide concentration,
Commonwealth of VlrgWa, 1983-1986.
65
-------
4.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
A general downward trend in carbon monoxide (CO)
has occurred in recent years and reflects the impact of
Federal new vehicle emission controls. In the past air
quality standards were exceeded in center city and other
high traffic areas.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by six (6) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
15
12
6 sites
NAAQS
1963 1964 1966 1966 1967
Figure 4-11 Trend hi the composite mean and range tor ttw second highest
nonoverlapplng 8-hour average cartoon monoxide concentration.
Ctty of PhtadefcHa. 1983-1986.
64
-------
4.3.5 ALLEGHENY COUNTY
There were no exceedances of the 8-hour (9 ppm) nor
1-hour (35 ppm) standards in 1988. Oakland had the highest
8-hour average (8.6 ppm), while Downtown had the largest
hourly value (28.8 ppm). In 1987 Oakland, Downtown, and the
Point had one 8-hour exceedance each (thus no violations).
No site has had an hourly exceedance since 1980.
Five-year trends show that although the highest
8-hour and hourly values occurred in 1987 the most 8-hour
exceedances (six) occurred in 1984; 1985 was the only year,
other than 1988, in which there were no exceedances. The
five-year trend of maximum hourly values follows the same
pattern as that of the 8-hour maxima.- (See Figure 4-9.)
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by four (4) sites for the period 1983-1988.
15
12
Concentration PPM
3 —
4 sites
NAAQS
1963 1984 1986 1086 1967
Figure 4-10 Trend in the composite mean and range for the second highest
nonovertapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration,
Allegheny County, 1983-1986.
1988
63
-------
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
5-YEAR CO TRENDS
PPU
14
12
10
8
6
MAXIMUM 8-HOUR AVERAGES
6
1984 1985 1986
* = # OF EXCEEDANCES AT SITE
1987
1988
30
25
20
15
10
MAXIMUM HOURLY VALUES
DOWNTOWN
• •••• OAKLAND
DOWNTOWN
OAKLAND
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
RGURE 4-9 ALLEGHENY COUNTY 5-YEAR CARBON MONOXIDE TRENDS, 1984-88.
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE 2MAX 8-HOUR 1988
PPM
Figure 4-8 . Carbon monoxide second maximum 8-hour concentration,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,1988.
-------
15
12
9
6
3
0
15
12
9
6
3
0
ppm
NAAQS
H 1—H-1—I 1—I—I 1
S.E. PENN
-I 1—I 1—h—I 1
SCR-WB
15
12
9
6
3
0._.
-?—i—i—i—i—i—i—i
MON VALLEY
15
12
61
3
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A-B-E
15
12
9
6
3J
•4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
LANCASTER
15
12
6
3
0
•
,
>— — • . — ^ — .._^_
—\ — i — i — i i i — i — i — i
LWR BEAVER
15
12
6
3
0
15
12
9
6
3
H—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I
READING
15
12
9
6
3\
0
H 1 1 1 1 1 1—I 1
15
12
9
6
3i
0
YORK
15
12
9
3
0
•4 1 h
H h
-f—I
15
12
9
3\
0
HARRISBURG
H 1 h
H 1 >—I 1
JOHNSTOWN
H 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
UPR BEAVER
ERIE
Figure 4-7. Carbon monoxide trends in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
second maximum H-hour runninp, mean , 1 979-1988 .
-------
4.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Since the major source of carbon monoxide
is vehicular emissions, this pollutant is only a problem in
high traffic density areas of Pennsylvania or in areas near
a stationary source of the pollutant. The ten year trend
from 1979 to 1988, of the second maximum 8-hour nonoverlapping
running averages is shown in Figure 4-7. Carbon monoxide
levels have remained fairly constant over the last 5 years,
since the addition of downtown high traffic density (CBD)
sites to the network. The dashed lines represent the 8-hour
air quality standard for carbon monoxide.
There were no exceedances of the l-hour air quality
standard in 1988. The downtown Allentown site had a single
exceedance of the 8-hour air quality standard in 1988. Carbon
monoxide second maximum 8-hour concentrations for selected areas
of the Commonwealth in 1988 are depicted in Figure 4-8.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by sixteen (16) sites for the period 1983-1988.
16
12
Concentration PPM
16 sites
NAAQS
1983 1984 1966 1986 1967
Figure 4-6 Trend in the composite mean and range for the second highest
nonoveriapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration.
CornmonweaRri of Pennsylvania, 1883-1988.
1966
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
CARBON MONOXIDE
Exceedances
1984 1988
Figure 4-5.
is —
10-
10
1884
1B8S
was
WB7
1988
CUMBERLAND
°r
1984
IMS
1986
1987
1988
CBD 1
15 k
10-
1984
19BS
1986
1987
1988
GUILFORD
15'
• • 1
i
i
I
i
i , . i
1984 • 198S 1988 ; 1987
0 ' O i 0 ' 0
1988 i
0 1
ROCKVILLE
IS-
10-
1984
1988
•87
1988
BLADENSBURG
16-
10h
IMS
1987
OLD TOWN
58
-------
4.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
The present Maryland CO monitoring network consists
of four (4) monitors in the Baltimore metropolitan area, two (2)
in the Washington metropolitan area and one (1) in Cumberland
(Western Maryland).
The carbon monoxide levels have steadily decreased
since 1984. The potential for CO violations is confined to
two areas of high traffic density and topographical features
which prevent adequate dispersion: downtown Baltimore and
Bladensburg (Washington metro). Downtown Baltimore has
decreased from 19 violations of the standard in 1984 to two
(2) in 1988; Bladensburg has decreased from nine (9) violations
in 1984 to one (1) in 1988. (See Figure 4-5.)
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by seven (7) sites for the period 1983-1988.
16
Concentration PPM
12 —
6 —
3 —
1963 10S4 1086 1086 1887
Figure 4-4 Trend h Ihe composite mean and rang* forth* second highest
nonoverlapplng 8-hotr average carbon monoxide concentration,
State of Maryland 1983-1988.
1988
57
-------
4.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The District of Columbia is currently in non-
attainment for carbon monoxide. From 1983 to 1985, carbon
monoxide levels decreased by 25% (as determined by the
average second highest maximums). However, a steady upward trend
has been observed since 1985 with levels in 1988 exceeding the
NAAQS. The number of violations of the eight (8) hour standard
decreased from 10 in 1983 to 2 in 1987. In 1988, the number of
violations increased to twenty-three (23). Nearly 15 of these
violations occurred during a four day period in November, 1988
when CO levels were elevated for the full event (24 hours per
day) at between 8-20 ppm. EPA and the District are currently
investigating the validity of this data.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
16
12 —
1983
Figure 4-3
1064 1966 1866 1867
Trend in the compoeite mean and range for the eecond highest
nonovertapphg 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration.
Diatrict of Cotatia. 1983-1988.
-------
4.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
The State of Delaware is currently in attainment
with the NAAQS for carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide levels
increased from 1983 to 1985 and then decreased in 1986 and
1987. A slight increase was observed in 1988.
Average air quality trends for carbon monoxide are
characterized by two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
15
12
2 sites
NAAOS
1983 1984 1986 1986 1987
Figure 4-2 Trend in the composite mean and range for the second highest
nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration.
State of Delaware. 1983-1988.
1988
55
-------
AHAS EXCEEDING THE CARBON MONOXIDE NAAQS
BASED ON 1987-88 DATA
Figure 4-1
OFFICE OF AR QUALrTY PLANNNG AND STANDARDS
r^Zj | TEOMCAL SUPPORT DIVISION
Monitoring and Reports Branch
DV ,-16.5
9.5-16.4
-------
4.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
The general trend has been for ambient CO concen-
trations to decrease even though the number of automobiles
arid miles travelled has increased.
The implementation of the Federal Motor Vehicle Control
Program (FMVCP) has successfully contributed to the reduction
of CO emissions since the early 1970's. Even though total
vehicle miles increased, total CO emissions from highway
vehicles decreased during the period 1970 through 1985.
Overall from 1970 to 1985 without the FMVCP, vehicle emissions
would have increased nearly 48%. In comparison, actual
emissions are estimated to have decreased 44%. Also, inspection
and maintenance (I/M) programs have been established in problem
areas to ensure automobile emissions are within National
limits and control equipment is functioning properly.
. Nationally, ambient CO levels measured at 198 trend
sites, decreased 32 percent between 1978 and 1987;
ambient CO levels decreased 6 percent between 1986
and 1987.
. In Region III, between 1983 and 1988, ambient CO
levels decreased approximately 18 percent while
nationally a 14 percent decrease was observed.
Areas exceeding the CO NAAQS in the United States
based on 1987-1988 air quality data are depicted in Figure 4-1.
One of the five (5) serious areas (design value > 16.5 ppm)
in the United States, is located in Region III: Steubenville-
Weirton, OH-WV. Two (2) of the thirty-nine (39) moderate areas
(design value 9.5 - 16.4 ppm) in the United States are located in
Region III: Baltimore, MD and Washington, DC-MD-VA.
53
-------
4.0 TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE
This section will describe and characterize the air quality
status and trends for the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO).
Following a discussion on characteristics and sources of
the pollutant, health effects and national air quality status,
regional trends for CO will be discussed on a state-by-state
basis. Methods of presentation include:
. Graphs to depict CO trends for the composite mean and
range for the second highest eight (8) hour average for
specific sites within each state.
. Selected use of state graphs to depict CO trends by site
(Maryland) and by air basins (Pennsylvania).
. Use of three dimensional graphs to show the highest CO
concentrations by city and/or area for 1988 in the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
. CO attainment/non-attainment status maps for
Region III.
4.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a tasteless, colorless, odor-
less and poisonous gas produced by incomplete fuel combustion.
The primary anthropogenic source of atmospheric carbon monoxide
is the automobile, especially when engines burn fuel
inefficiently when starting up in the morning, idling or moving
slowly in congested traffic. Over two thirds of CO emissions are
from motor vehicle exhaust. Other sources are incinerators, wood
stoves and some industrial processes.
4.2 EFFECTS
When inhaled, carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream
and reduces the amount of oxygen delivered to all tissues of
the body. Such oxygen depletion impairs the functioning
even of healthy individuals and can be life threatening to
those with heart disease. The amount of oxygen reduction
depends on the amount of air inhaled, carbon monoxide con-
centrations and length of exposure.
Even at relatively low concentrations, carbon monoxide
can effect mental functioning, breathing, alertness and
other physical and mental functions. Individuals who smoke,
those living in high altitudes and persons suffering from
anemia, emphysema and other lung diseases are the most
susceptible to the effects of carbon monoxide.
52
-------
TOTAL NUMBER OF EXCEEDANCES OF THE OZONE NAAQS(0.12 PPM)
N REGION I STATES 1983-1988
DELAWARE
WASHINGTON DC
MARYLAND
1983
1964
19M
I 1907
1983
1984
1989
1986
I 1987
1988
220
200
180
190
PENNSYLVAN1ACTOTAU
VIRGINIA
1989
1984
1986
1987
1988
WEST VIRGINIA
1989
1984
1989
1988
I 1987
1988
1983
1984
1988
| 1986
I 1987
PENNSYLVANIA PER*
1983
H
49
40
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
1985
1987
PHILADELPHIA
f - EXCLUDWO PHILADELPHIA AND ALLEGHENY COUNTIES
1983
1984
1989
1987
2 OF 3 MONITORS HAD < SOX DATA CAPTURE
-------
3.6 WORTH NOTING
Ozone trends in the 1980's show that the 1980, 1983
and 1988 values were higher than other years. The
magnitude of these increases and the alternate year
decreases are likely attributable to variations in
meteorological conditions conducive to ozone formation
50
-------
SEASONAL TRENDS IN OZONE EXCEEDANCES IN REGION III STATES
100
90 -
BO
in
GO
Ml
«0
N
tn
HI
II
DELAWARE
WASHINGTON DC
MARYLAND
100
90
11(1
/(I
SO
50
40
30
?o
to
(I
AP MA JU JY AC SP OC
MONTH
PENNSYLVANIA
100
40
HIP
/(I
n
VIRGINIA
100
no
60
10
?0
ID
I)
WEST VIRGINIA
-------
3.4 EMISSION TRENDS
The principal sources of VOC emissions are
transportation (automobiles) and industrial
processes.
Nationally, VOC emissions decreased approximately
17 percent between 1978 and 1987.
Greatest improvement occurred in the transportation
category.
In Region III, a 17 percent decrease in VOC
emissions is estimated to have occurred between
1983-1988.
3.5 COMMENTS
The severity of the ozone problem varies from year
to year and is dependent on the frequency and strength
of the stationary high pressure centers that occur
during the warmer months. The highest ozone
concentrations are likely to occur in June and July.
August is about half as likely to have unhealthy high
ozone days. Occasionally, unhealthy high ozone days
occur in May and September, but in these few instances
the problem is usually less severe than during the
summer months.
The seasonal trend in ozone exceedances is presented
in Figure 3-17. This chart depicts the percentage
of observed exceedances of the NAAQS by month, by state
for the period 1983-1988.
The total number of exceedances of the ozone
NAAQS in Region III states are depicted in Figures
3-18. The severity of the 1983 and 1988 ozone
season and variability by state is apparent.
48
-------
3.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Ozone levels as measured at four (4) sites in West
Virginia has shown a steady increase since 1984. Non-attainment
counties in the State are depicted in the Ozone Profile.
The measurements from the four (4) ozone sites in West
Virginia show that West Virginia experiences the same year to
year variation of the elevated ozone exposure as do other states
in Region III even though West Virginia is not in the highly
populated Northeast corridor. This similarity of ozone exposure
demonstrates the widespread nature of the ozone problem.
Average air quality trends for ozone in West Virginia
are characterized by four (4) sites for the period 1983-1988.
0.25
0.2
0 16
0.1
0 05
Concentration PPM
4 sites
NAAQS
1883 1884 1966 1966 1087
Figure 3-16 Trend to the compoaite men and rang* for the annual
second dejry maximum 1-hour ozone concentration,
State of Weat Vrgtta, 1883-1988.
1968
47
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3.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
As was the case in 1987, the hot and unusually dry
summer of 1988 contributed to the unprecedented number of
ozone exceedances throughout the Commonwealth. The Richmond
area remained a non-attainment area due to multiple exceed-
ances at all of the area monitoring sites in the summer of
1988. For Northern Virginia, ozone exceedances occurred at
all of the seven monitoring sites. All but one of the moni-
toring sites showed that area continued to be non-attainment.
In the Tidewater area, the Suffolk ozone monitoring site that was
established in 1987 showed two exceedances in 1987 and four in
1988.
There are two monitoring sites in the Shenandoah
National Park that measure sulfur dioxide and three sites that.
measure ozone. Each of the ozone monitors, for the first time,
measured exceedances of the ambient air quality standards in
1988.
Average air quality trends for ozone in Virginia are
characterized by eighteen (18) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration PPM
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
18 sites
NAAQS
1963 1984 1985 1986 1967
Figure 3-15 Trend h the composite mean and rang* for the annual
second daly maximum 1-hour ozone concentration.
Commonwealh of Vrgrta. 1983-1988.
1988
46
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3.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
Photochemical Oxidants are principally composed of
ozone and is a seasonal pollutant prevalent in the warm
weather months. Violations of the ozone NAAQS occur throughout
the Philadelphia area with the highest ozone levels detected
within the counties in Pennsylvania and New Jersey that are
adjacent to Philadelphia. Within Philadelphia, the three (3)
ozone monitoring stations are located in the areas where the
levels are the highest and show worst case exposure.
Average air quality trends for ozone in Philadelphia
are characterized by three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
0.25
o 2
o 15
0 1
0.05
Concentration PPM
3 sites
NAAQS
1983 1964 1985 1986 1967
RgureS-14 Trend in the composite mean and range for the amual
second daiy maximum 1-hour ozone concentration.
City of Philadelphia, 1983-1988.
1988
45
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ALLEGHENY COUNTY
6- YEAR 03 TRENDS
HOURLY MAXIMA
PPM CONCENTRATION
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04 -
0.02 -
Q
8
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Numbers are total exceedance days for four sites
Figure 3-12 Allegheny County 5-Year Ozone Trends, Hourly Maximum, 1984-1988.
-------
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
The 1988 ozone season (April-October) produced 16
days on which the 0.12 ppm hourly standard was exceeded at
one or more sites. By site the actual exceedance day totals
lor 1987 and 1988 were:
1987 1988
Braekenridge
Lawrencevi1le
South Fayette
Pcnn Hills
Total
2
1
13
6
4
1
24
On only one clay in 1988 (July 6th) the standard was
exceeded at all four sites. Also on this day all lour had
their maximum hourly value of the season. The largest of
these was 0.170 ppm at Lawrencevilie.
Ozone trends show that, since 1984 and 1985, when
there were none total exceedance clays climbed from 2 to 8
to 2.4 in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. The network
hourly maximum curve reflects this rise (Figure 3 12).
Average air quality trends for ozone in Allegheny
county are characterized by four (4) sites for the period
19 8 3 1988.
C 25
0 2
0.15
0.1
0.05
Concentration PPM
4 sites
NAAQS
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
Figure 3-13 Trend in the composite mean and range for the annual
second daily maximum 1 -hour ozone concentration.
Allegheny County, 1983-1988
1988
-------
ug/m3
1100
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER
MAXIMUM VALUE COMPARISON
1988
1967
Figure 7-26.
-------
The four (4) PM10 monitoring sites were placed in
operation in 1984 at the TSP stations that detected the highest
participate levels within the State. Three (3) of the sites
in the Wheeling Panhandle where heavy industry is located.
are
Figure 7-28, which shows the PM10 levels at the four
monitoring sites, represents worst case exposure to particulate
primarily in areas near large industrial sources in the Wheeling
Panhandle. The highest levels were detected at the monitorinq
station in Weirton, WV.
by
Average PMIO trends for the period 1983-1988 are characterized
four (4) sites.
Concentration ug/m3
250
225
200
175
160
126
100
75
60
25
0
Figure?
— __^
—
~—
-
—
^•wnJ
^••M
"
L^^^B
^^^•i
4 sites
' • ,
•^^B
—
—
1965 1986 1987 1986
-28 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
NAAQS
24-hour PM-10 concentration.
State of West Virginia. 1983-1988.
132
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7.4 EMISSION TRENDS
. Nationwide TSP emission trends show a 23 percent
decrease from 1978 to 1987 which matches the TSP
air quality improvement for this period. Emission
decreases occurred primarily because of reductions
in industrial sources, installation of control equip-
ment and reduced activity in some industries, i.e.
iron and steel.
7.5 COMMENTS
Recent trends throughout the country have been very
flat, with slight changes such as the 1984-85 decrease and
the 1986-87 increase likely due to changes in meteorological
conditions such as precipitation. The increase in particulate
emissions from 1986 to 1987 results from increased forest
fire activity in 1987.
7.6 WORTH NOTING
On July l, 1987, EPA promulgated new standards for
particulate matter using a new indicator, PM-10, rather
than TSP. PM-10 focuses on those particles with aerodynamic
diameters smaller than 10 micrometers, which are likely to
be responsible for adverse health effects because of their
ability to reach the thoracic or lower regions of the
respiratory tract. PM-10 networks are now being deployed
but do not as yet have sufficient historical data for long
term trends analysis.
133
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8.0 TRENDS IN LEAD
This section will describe and characterize the air quality
status and trends for lead.
Following a discussion on characteristic and sources of
the pollutant, health effects and national air quality status,
regional trends for lead will be discussed on a state by state
basis. Methods of presentation include:
. Graphs to depict lead trends for the composite mean
and range for the highest average quarterly arithmetic
mean
Graphs that show trends for lead by site (Maryland) and by
air basin (Pennsylvania)
8.1 CHARACTERISTICS AND SOURCES OF THE POLLUTANT
The primary sources of lead in the air are from stationary
sources and vehicles burning leaded fuel. Stationary sources
which emit lead into the air include primary and secondary
lead smelters, primary copper smelters, lead gasoline additive
plants, lead-acid storage battery manufacturing plants and lead-
acid battery reclamation plants.
In response to growing evidence that lead in the ambient
air caused anemia and other blood disorders, EPA set an ambient
standard for lead. The phase down of lead in gasoline, the
introduction of unleaded gasoline in 1975 for use in automobiles
equipped with catalytic control devices, automobile emission
control programs and reductions in emissions from stationary
sources are all responsible for the reduction in airborne lead
levels.
8.2 EFFECTS
Lead is a highly toxic metal when ingested or inhaled and
accumulates in the body in blood, bone and soft tissues. Since
it is not readily excreted, lead also affects the kidneys,
nervous system and blood-forming organs. Exposure to excessive
amounts may cause neurological impairments such as seizures and
mental retardation. Infants and children are particularly
susceptible to the effects of high lead levels.
134
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8.3 AIR QUALITY TRENDS
Two air pollution control programs implemented by EPA
before promulgation of the lead standard in October 1978 have
resulted in lower ambient lead levels, first, regulations
issued in the early 1970's required gradual reduction of the
lead content of all gasoline over a period of many years.
Second, unleaded gasoline was introduced in 1975 for
automobiles equipped with catalytic control devices. These
devices reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organics
and nitrogen oxides. In 1987 unleaded gasoline sales accounted
for 76 percent of the total gasoline market. Additionally,
lead emissions from stationary sources have been substantially
reduced by control programs oriented toward attainment of the
particulate and lead ambient standards. The overall effect of
these three control programs has been a major reduction in the
amount of lead in the ambient air.
Nationally, ambient lead levels, measured at 97 trend
sites, declined 88 percent between 1978 and 1987, which
is a direct reflection of the estimated 94 percent
reduction in lead emissions.
135
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8.3.1 STATE OF DELAWARE
The State of Delaware is in attainment with the NAAQS for
lead with levels well below the national standard.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Concentration ug/m3
2 sites
NAAQS
1983 1984 1966 1986 1967
Figure 6-1 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean lead concentration.
State of Delaware. 1983-1988.
1988
136
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8.3.2 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
The District of Columbia is in compliance with the NAAQS
for lead with levels well below the national standard.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
two (2) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
i.e
1.8
1.4
12
1
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
2 sites
NAAQS
1963
Figure 8-2
1964 1966 1966 1967
Trend in the composite mean and range tar the maximum
quarterly artmmette mean lead concentration
District of Cokmbia. 1983-1988.
1986
137
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8.3.3 STATE OF MARYLAND
The present Maryland monitoring network consists of five
sites in the Baltimore metropolitan area and one in the Washington
area. Lead levels in Maryland have been steadily decreasing,
paralleling the reduced usage of leaded gasoline. Present levels
are 2 - 6% of the ambient standard.
Specific lead trends for six (6) sites are shown in
Figure 8-4.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
six (6) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
06
06
0.4
0.2
0
6 sites
NAAQS
1983
Figure 8-3
1864 1966 1986 1987
Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean lead concentration.
State of Maryland 1983-1988.
1968
138
-------
STATE OF MARYLAND
LEAD
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
1984 1988
Fieure 8-4
04
0.3
02"
0.1 '
1984
1968
1M8
war
1988
039
0.18
0.08
0.08
DOS
1-95
04-
0.3-
n » 1
0.2 1
t
i \,
~| i*84 | was ! IMS M
; j 0.3 ; 015 | 0.07 0.
87 1*88
07 O.OS
ALLEGANY PEPSI
04-
04t-
03*
0.3-
0.2-
01-
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
0.32
Oil
006
006
O.OS
GUILFORD AVE
02' —
0.1-
1984
1985
1968
1967
043
0.29
014
0.1
1966
0.09
SOUTH EAST POLICE STATION
04'
0.3-
0.2-
01'
1966
1967
1966
0.23
0.06
O.OS
OO4
SOUTH WEST POLICE STATION
0.3-
0.1!-
0.33
1966
1967
1968
016
0.07 ( O.OS
0.03
CHEVERLY
139
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8.3.4 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Lead trends are shown in Figure 8-6 for the years 1979
to 1988. The dashed lines represent the quarterly mean standard
of 1.5. ug/m on these graphs. Lead levels have shown little
improvement over the last 2 years after the initial dramatic
improvements due to the use of lead-free gasoline. The
particulate lead standard was not exceeded at any monitoring
site in 1988. The Laureldale site in Berks County continues to
show a dramatic improvement since 1984, with levels dropping 63
percent as a result of increased industrial controls. The
Palmerton site in Carbon County is experiencing a significant
increase in lead levels since 1985 due to an industrial source
in the area.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
four (4) sites for the period of 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
3.6
3
2.8
2
1.5
1
0.6
0
4 sites
NAAQS
1983 1964 IMS 1966 1967
Rguv 8-6 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximun
qjarteriy arithmetic mean lead concentration.
Commonwealh of Pennsylvania. 1983-1966
1966
140
-------
11
E
o
-C
o
V-
C~-
tr.
E
rs
*j
"C
^
^J
e
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0.
3
2.5
2
IK
. U
1
0.5
T 3
2.5
2
NAAQS
- 1 5
V 1
V^^^^ 0.5
S.E. PENN
r 3
2.5
2
s. *
^.^v^^ 0.5
SCR-WB
3
2.5
2
1 5
-~ — x • •*
1
'v^. a K,
— ^ — *-^_^_
MON VALLEY
3
2.5
2
1
A-B-E
r 3
2.5
2
1 5
, 1;
V^^A^^^^ 0.5
LANCASTER
3
2.5
2
IK
LUR BEAVER
3
2.5
V 2
A •• Kt
-V- 1.5
^^ *"V^_. 0.5
READING
3
2.5
2
•f ts
JL . u
1
^— -.^\ B'5
YORK
^**^-w»
ERIE
•
HARRISBURG
JOHNSTONN
Figure 8-6 Trend in the maximum quarterly mean lead concentration,
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,1979-1988 .
-------
8.3.5 ALLEGHENY COUNTY
All quarterly lead averages for the past five years are
below the 1.5 micro gram per cubic meter (ug/m ) standard.
The highest quarterly average in 1988 was 0.2D ug/m at Braddock,
3
The highest daily value in 1988 was 0.85 ug/mj also at Braddock.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
three (3) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
3 sites
3.5
3
2.6
2
1.6
1
0.6
0
NAAQS
1963 1864 1985 1066 1987
Figure 8-7 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean lead concentration.
Allegheny County. 1983-1988.
1988
142
-------
8.3.6 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA
Lead shows a continuous downward trend at most sites to
well below the ambient standard. This is mainly due to the
reduction of lead in gasoline. The AFS monitoring site has
shown recent ambient levels above the standard. This site is
located near a major stationary source of lead which is currently
under a compliance agreement to reduce lead emissions from its
operations. The NET site also showed an exceedance of the
standard in 1986.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by five
(5) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
1963 1964 1966 1966 1967
Figu-e 8-8 Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean lead concentration,
CRy of Ptiadelpria, 1963-1988.
1968
143
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8.3.7 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
The Commonwealth of Virginia is in compliance with the
NAAQS for lead in all areas of the state. The State network
of lead stations has shown a trend well below national standards
for the past seven years.
Average air quality trends for lead are characterized by
five (5) sites for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
18
1.«
14
1.2
1
08
0.6
04
0.2
0
5 sites
NAAQS
1963 1984 1986 1986 1987
Figure 6-9 Trend In the compoelte mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean toad concentration.
Commonwealth of WgWa. 1983-1986.
1986
144
-------
8.3.8 STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Lead levels have been steadily decreasing in West Virginia
since 1983. Lead trends are well below the national standard
as monitored at eleven sites in the state.
Average lead trends are characterized by eleven (11) sites
for the period 1983-1988.
Concentration ug/m3
1.6
o.e
11 sites
NAAQS
1963
Figure 8-10
1964 1966 1966 1987
Trend in the composite mean and range for the maximum
quarterly arithmetic mean toad concentration.
State of West Wgrta. 1983-1988.
145
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8.4 EMISSION TRENDS
. Nationally, lead emissions declined 94 percent between
1978 and 1987.
. Reductions are due primarily to:
- Regulations issued in the early 1970's which resulted
in reducing the Pb content of gasoline.
- Unleaded gasoline introduced in 1975 for use in
automobiles equipped with catalytic control devices
- Most recently, the Pb content of the leaded gasoline
pool was reduced from an average of 1.0 grams/gallon
to 0.5 grams/gallon on July 1, 1985 and still further
to 0.1 grams/gallon on January 1, 1986.
8.5 COMMENTS
As reflected in the data, Pennsylvania had at least one
site that detected levels above the lead standard which was
an auto battery salvage plant. Philadelphia had problems with
emissions from a lead chemical plant which is now controlled
and continues to have problems with lead emissions from a
secondary (scrap) copper smelter where controls are to be in
place during 1990.
8.6 WORTH NOTING
Ambient lead concentrations in urban areas throughout the
country continue to decline because of both the increased usage
of unleaded gasoline and the reduction of the lead content in
leaded gasoline.
Prior to 1978 when leaded gasoline was used by most
automobiles, the ambient lead levels in high traffic areas in
major metropolitan areas customarily ranged from 20 percent
below to 20 percent above the lead standard. In 1988, ambient
lead levels near roadways are generally less than 10 percent of
the standard.
146
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9.0 OTHER MAJOR AIR QUALITY ISSUES
Historically, EPA has been concerned primarily with air
pollutants such as ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides,
carbon monoxide, lead and particulate matter. Following
World War II technological advances have introduced thousands
of new chemicals to the market which have the potential for
release to the atmosphere during processing. Many of these
chemicals are toxic to humans, causing cancer or other short
and long-term effects.
In addition to air toxics, other major areas of concern
are acid deposition, indoor air pollution, and global air
quality problems. A brief discussion, of these issues is
presented in the following section of this report.
9.1 TOXICS AIR POLLUTANTS
In late 1984, the tragic chemical poisoning of thousands
of people in Bhopal, India aroused public concern and stimulated
congressional scrutiny over the potentially adverse health
effects posed by exposure to toxic air pollutants. A large pool
of sources emit toxic chemicals into our environment: a
variety of industrial and manufacturing processes, chemical
plants, refineries, sewage treatment plants, incinerators,
motor vehicles, hazardous waste handling and disposal facilities,
smelters, metal refineries, and combustion sources. Emissions
from these sources can include such substances as lead, arsenic,
chromium, cadmium, mercury, beryllium, and many toxic volatile
organic compounds (VOC) such as vinyl chloride, benzene, and
dioxins.
Most of the information on direct human health effects
of airborne toxics come from studies of industrial workers
where exposure is generally much higher than in the ambient
air. Relatively little is known about the health effects of
chronic exposure to most airborne toxics at low levels found in
ambient air. Toxic air pollutants include large numbers of
carcinogens and noncarcinogens for which no national or state
ambient air quality standards have been established. The air
toxics problem overlaps with particulate (PM) and VOC problems.
The vast majority of toxic substances belong to the general
categories of PM and VOC's. In general, the major contributors to
annual cancer incidence tend to be small point and area sources and
road vehicles (especially in urban areas).
The Clean Air Act requires the promulgation of National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
to control their emission levels which at very low amounts are
dangerous. EPA has issued NESHAPs for seven hazardous air
pollutants: asbestos, beryllium, mercury, vinyl chloride,
147
-------
benzene, inorganic arsenic, and radionuclides. EPA is working on
controls for other carcinogenic pollutants from several source
categories. Because of the toxic, hazardous, or carcinogenic
nature of these air contaminants, EPA has given NESHAPs
implementation and enforcement one of the highest air program
priorities. In addition to assessing, risk and control options of
these and many additional chemicals, the Agency is working with
state and local governments to solve air toxic problems. Currently
the Region has 97 active air pollution sources regulated under
NESHAPs.
EPA Region III has worked with the regional states and
local agencies to address the serious and expanding air toxics
issue. Studies were conducted in Philadelphia, PA, Baltimore,
MD and the Kanawha Valley, WV on the causes, impacts, and
alternative solutions to toxic problems present in all media.
Philadelphia was among the first cities in the country to adopt
regulations for toxic air pollutants. Maryland and Virginia are
currently implementing adopted regulations covering a wider range
of pollutants. Maryland's regulations provide for a
state-of-the-art health risk assessment for each pollutant.
In addition, Delaware and West Virginia have proposed regulations
which are presently undergoing public reviews. Allegheny County
has also developed a regulation undergoing internal review.
EPA Region III is currently providing support to regional
air agencies on identification of potentially high risk
sources of air toxics through monitoring, analysis, and
management of data, particularly from urban areas.
Air toxics control is one of EPA's highest priorities
and the agency plans to move aggressively to assist state and
local governments in their quest to develop their own program by
such activity as:
. continue promulgation and enforcement of NESHAPs
and mobile source regulations
. increase compliance with existing emission standards
. establish federal programs to identify and regulate
air toxics from stationary and mobile sources
. enhancement of state and local programs by providing
financial and technical support
. expand and improve air toxics monitoring programs:
consistent sampling, measurement techniques, data
reliability, etc.
. integrated approach to controlling cross-media toxic
problems
148
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KANAWHA VALLEY STUDY
In late 1984 the tragic chemical poisoning of thousands
of people in Bhopal, India propelled the Kanawha Valley of
West Virginia into the national limelight because of the
heavy concentration of chemical manufacturing facilities
located there. Public concern and congressional scrutiny
intensified over the potentially adverse health effects
posed by both high short-term, and low continuous exposure
to a variety of toxic pollutants known to be present.
Part of Region Ill's response to this concern was to
undertake a screening study of the health risks (primarily cancer)
associated with long-term exposure of local residents to
several unregulated chemicals present in Kanawha Valley. In
cooperation with West Virginia, EPA examined exposures through
air, drinking water, fish consumption, and ground water
pathways with air receiving the most attention. The study
was the first in the Valley to look not only at the levels of
pollutants present, but to link these levels with possible
community health risks using improved methods of risk assessment.
The results showed that in several cases the potential
risks were sufficiently high to suggest action to be taken to
reduce their levels. Study results have been used by area
industries and the West Virginia Air Pollution Control
Commission to target reduction in the amount of chemicals emitted
into the air.
This study has served as a model for addressing other
environmental issues requiring an integrated approach to
problem solving and has provided Region III with an opportunity
to communicate with the public about risk assessment concepts
and results.
149
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Figure 9-1. Wind patterns relevant to Acid Precipitation
-------
9.2 ACID DEPOSITION
Acid deposition, a problem as complex as any that EPA
has had to resolve, has no easy solution. Its fundamental
nature is both scientific and political. Acid deposition
refers to a chain of complex processes that begins with
emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides primarily from coal
burning power plants, motor vehicles, petroleum refining and
other industrial processes. These compounds react with
sunlight, water vapor and each other in the atmosphere to
form acidic pollutants that fall to earth as acid rain.
These compounds can also fall as dry deposition when they
join airborne particles and may come to earth hundreds of
miles from the source of contamination. Some efforts to
improve local air quality by increasing stack heights have
only aggravated the problem by pouring the noxious fumes high
into the prevailing winds.
Acid precipitation thus evolves through four consecutive
stages: sulfur and nitrogen emissions, long-range atmospheric
transport, the chemical transformation of oxides into acid and
finally, fallout of acidic pollutants to earth through rain,
snow and dry deposition. Wind patterns relevant to acid
precipitation in Region III are depicted in Figure 9-1.
Sulfur dioxide emissions are primarily concentrated along
the Ohio River Valley in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Illinois
and West Virginia. These five states along with Missouri and
Tennessee produce nearly 45% of all S02 in the United States.
NOx emissions are more evenly distributed but again states along
the Ohio River are especially high producers. Four out of five of
the highest S02 producers (Ohio, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and
Illinois) are also among the top ten NOX producers. Thus, the Ohio
River Valley and the states immediately adjacent to it lead the
U.S. in emissions of both major components of acid rain.
Data collected by several different monitoring networks show
that areas of the U.S. receiving the most acid rainfall are
downwind and northeast of those states with the highest S02 and NOX
emissions. The location of acid rain monitoring stations in Region
III are shown in Figure 9-2. A visual display of SOX and NOX
emission locations are shown in Figure 9-4.
Acid deposition may harm fish and other wildlife, lakes,
forests, crops and manmade materials and objects such as
buildings and statues. Effects are generally classified into four
(4) areas: aquatic, terrestrial, materials and human health. Acid
rain can cause certain effects in each category, however, the
extent of these effects and the risks these effects may pose to
public health and welfare are unclear.
151
-------
ACID RAIN STATIONS IN REGION
NADP STATIONS
STATE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES
Figure 9-2.
-------
AQUATIC: Adverse effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in
aquatic ecosystems. Effects include damage to reproductive cycles
of animals and fish, alterations of metabolism, release of toxic
metals. Figure 9-5 depicts areas in North America containing lakes
sensitive to acid precipitation.
TERRESTRIAL: Less is known about acid rain's effects on forest
and crops than about effects on aquatic systems. The most
extreme damage is the unexplained death of whole sections of
once thriving forests; acid rain can leach nutrients from soil
and foliage; it inhibits photosynthesis and can kill essential
microorganisms.
MATERIALS EFFECTS: Damage to man-made materials can include
degradation of building materials (limestone, marble, carbonate-
based paints, galvanized steel) it can weaken and erode materials.
HUMAN HEALTH: So far no conclusive scientific evidence exists
to show any human health problems resulting from dJrect contact
with acid rain. Inhaling acidic particles may pose some risk,
for exaJiiple, but is not confirmed.
While certain aspects of the acid rain process are generally
accepted by the scientific community, others are uncertain.
Unanswered questions include the geographic range of damage
from acid rain, the origin of the pollutants involved in its
formation, and the rate at which acidification takes place.
New information indicates that significant adverse effects to
forests and materials now occur when acid rain and other pollut-
ants such as ozone exist together in high concentration.
Figure 9-3 displays at a glance the pH of wet deposition recorded
in 1987. The isolines identify the annual average acidity of
precipitation throughout the United States.
In Region III, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania a has long
history of concern with acidic streams. Pennsylvania is frequently
cited as the state receiving the most acidic precipitation of any
state. Several statewide surveys conducted by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Pennsylvania State University, the Pennsylvania
Fish Commission and the U.S. EPA indicate:
153
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Figure9-3 pH of Wet Deposition in 1987. (Precpftation-weighted Annual Average) Based on
NADP/NTN Data. Isolhes omitted in West due to sparceness of data points.
4.5
44
-------
:.
0
N0x\\\\
so/O
Figure 9-4 Locations of major emissions of NOx and SOx ,
-------
Approximately 6,000 miles of streams in Pennsylvania are
vulnerable to acidification.
Since 1969, 12 streams and one lake have been removed from
the Pennsylvania Fish Commission's stocking list.
10 of 61 watersheds in the southwestern part of the state
are fishless.
Projected annual economic and resource Losses in coLdwater
fisheries alone in Pennsylvania would reach r>0 million and
125 million dollars.
In addition to Pennsylvania, the nearby states of West
Virginia, Virginia and Maryland have also reported instances of
lost stream fish populations.
This past July, the President announced a proposal to deal
with acid rain problems. As part of the Administration's Clean
Air Act Amendments, the proposal contains provisions to achieve
significant reductions in sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides by
the year 2000. The bill would also establish a system of
marketable permits to allow acid rain reductions to be achieved
in the least costly manner. Currently, the President's bill is
under debate by Congress, with the expectation of final
Congressional action by the end of 1990.
156
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Figure 9-5 Areas in North America containing lakes sensitive to acid precipitation
-------
9.3 INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
Exposure to environmental pollutants all pose varying
degrees of risk. In the last few years, scientific evidence
has indicated that the air within our homes and other buildings
can be more polluted than the outdoor air, especially where
buildings are tightly constructed to conserve energy. Those most
susceptible to the risk of indoor air pollution (the young, the
elderly, and chronically ill) spend nearly 90% of their time
indoors.
9.3.1 SOURCES
Oil, gas, kerosene, coal combustion sources
Building materials and furnishing: asbestos
containing insulation, carpeting, furniture
Products for cleaning and maintenance
Central heating and cooling systems
Tobacco smoke, space heaters, wood preservation
9.3.2 HEALTH EFFECTS
Immediate effects which show up after a simple
exposure: irritation of eye, nose, throat,
headaches, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, irritability]
lethargy
Long term effects may show up years after exposure •
emphysema, respiratory diseases, heart disease, and
cancer
9.3.3 POLLUTANTS
. Asbestos
. Airborne pathogens - viruses, bacteria, fungi
. Radioactive gases - radon
. Inorganic compounds: mercury, lead
. Organic compounds: formaldehyde, chloroform,
perchloroethylene
158
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RADON
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas which poses a
health threat in a significant number of homes across the
country. The Office of the U.S. Surgeon General recently issued
a health advisory stating that indoor radon is second only to
cigarette smoking as a leading cause of cancer. Due to the
geology of Region III, radon is found here more often and in
higher levels than in most of the United States. For this
reason, Region III has aggressively pursued risk communication
efforts to inform the public about testing and mitigation
measures. Region III efforts have led to the development of
comprehensive profiles detailing the extent of the radon problem
in each of the Region III states (see Figure 9-6). Analysis has
included compilation of measured house data, evaluations of uranium
deposits, water data, and geology. The results from these analyses
are then used to help develop and direct state programs. Region
III states have been active in developing effective radon programs
with limited resources.
The study of radon in schools began in Fairfax, Virginia
in 1988; Maryland, Virginia and Pennsylvania are active members
in the House Evaluation Program. By the end of 1990, Pennsylvania
will have finished participation in a second national survey in
which testing is made available to homeowners on a voluntary basis.
West Virginia is currently negotiating conditions for participation
in the survey.
The Region III map (Figure 9-6) shows the voluntary radon test
results by county. Since radon test results can vary greatly from
house to house, the only way to know what the radon level is in
your home is to have it tested. An informed homeowner will not
only have a screening test conducted, but understands that if an
elevated level of radon is found in the dwelling, corrective action
should not be taken until a more detailed evaluation is completed.
The follow-up testing will not only determine whether the radon
poses an unacceptable health risk, but will also aid in determining
which corrective actions are necessary. Radon can usually be fixed
at a cost of $200 to $1,500.
159
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - REGION III
PERCENTAGE OF RADON READINGS OVER 4 PCI/L
SOURCE : AIRCHEK KEY TECHNOLOGY, THE RADON PROJECT
TOTAL NUMBER OF READINGS = 88,496
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% ovar 60%
Figure 9-4.
-------
ASBESTOS
Because health studies of asbestos workers showed they had
a high risk of contracting asbestosis (scarring of the lung
tissues) from inhaling asbestos fibers, EPA listed asbestos as a
hazardous air pollutant under Section 112 of the Clean Air
Act. Asbestos exposure can lead to asbestosis, lung cancer,
and mesothelioma (rare chest and abdominal cancer). EPA
subsequently promulgated regulations to control asbestos
emissions to the air during renovations and demolitions of
buildings. For the past few years, EPA has considered the
implementation and enforcement of the asbestos regulations as
one of the Agency's highest priorities.
The asbestos removal industry, and hence EPA's program,
has grown exponentially. With this program growth, EPA and the
states have continued to inspect more and more asbestos removal
operations and enforce against noncomplying contractors.
Due to the hazards associated with asbestos, safety during
removal and inspection activities are inherent in EPA's
enforcement philosophy. Unsafe removal of asbestos material
can create a much higher risk to the public than leaving the
asbestos in place. EPA inspectors must also take special safety
precautions when obtaining asbestos samples during inspections.
Since 1984, Region III has issued 252 Notices of Deficiencies,
issued 26 Administrative Orders and filed 16 civil and 3 criminal
lawsuits against asbestos abatement contractors. Through these
inspections, enforcement efforts, and initiatives to identify non-
notifiers, EPA Region III has been a national leader in ensuring
compliance with the asbestos NESHAP Standard.
161
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9.4 GLOBAL AIR QUALITY PROBLEMS
Finally, there are growing concerns about two global phenomena
that could seriously affect the health and welfare of future
generations. These are the depletion of the stratospheric ozone
layer, and global climate change brought about by the
ever-increasing concentrations of air pollutants in the earth's
atmosphere.
9.4.1 DEPLETION OF STRATOSPHERIC OZONE LAYER
Ozone is considered a harmful pollutant when manmade
emissions cause high concentrations of the compound to occur
near the surface of the earth. Ozone, however, also occurs
naturally in the stratosphere, about 30 miles above the earth's
surface. This ozone layer screens out harmful ultra-violet
(UV) radiation from the sun. A class of chemical compounds,
called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), that were developed in the
1930s and widely used in industry, rise up to the stratosphere
and deplete the ozone layer, allowing increased UV to reach the
earth's surface. CFCs are very stable and can last for up to 150
years. These gases rise slowly to about 25 miles where chlorine
is freed from the CFC. One atom of chlorine then destroys about
100,000 molecules of ozone. Such depletion, with subsequent
increases in ultraviolet radiation would most likely lead to severe
and widespread health problems, ranging from increased cases of
skin cancer and eye cataracts to suppression of immune system
functioning. Ozone depletion may also accelerate the formation of
ground-level pollutants and damage agriculture, plants, and fragile
aquatic ecosystems.
Unfortunately, manmade ozone at the earth's surface cannot
rise up and replace the depleted stratospheric ozone, due to
the short lifetime of ozone molecules. EPA has therefore acted
to protect the ozone layer by reducing CFC emissions, even as
we struggle to reduce ground-level ozone.
In 1978, EPA banned the use in this country of CFCs in
nonessential aerosol propellants, at that time the largest
source of CFC emissions. Emissions of CFCs from other sources,
however, such as refrigerants, air conditioners, and various
solvents, have continued to increase. Worldwide CFC emissions
have increased, in part because many countries still use CFCs in
aerosol sprays and spray products. In 1988, EPA acted to
require a 50% reduction in domestic production of CFCs, in
compliance with the 1987 Montreal Protocol. The Protocol has
been signed and verified by 38 countries worldwide.
162
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9.4.2 GLOBAL WARMING
Increased industrial activity has produced ever greater
concentrations of carbon dioxide, CFCs, methane, nitrous oxides,
and other trace gases in the Earth's atmosphere. In a phenomenon
known as the "greenhouse effect," these gases trap heat in the
atmosphere, causing world temperatures to rise. Most scientist
believe that by the time visible manifestations of these
problems appear, it may well be too late to reverse them.
Measures to avoid them may include international controls,
massive reforestation programs, and greatly increased use
non-fossil fuel energy sources.
EPA's report. The Potential Effects of Global Climate
Change on the United States, attempts to predict the environmental
and health effects of global warming in the United States. EPA
expects carbon dioxide levels to double by the year 2030 and that
global temperatures will soon equal or exceed the temperature of
more than 100,000 years ago.
The report states, "The mean growth rate of CO2 for the period
1850-1958, was about 4 ppm/decade. The growth in recent decades
is about 15 ppm/decade. The near quadrupling...is mainly
attributed to combustion of fossil fuel and deforestation."
In addition to pollutants from industrial activity and mobile
sources, tropical deforestation is a major contributor. The
burning of one acre of primary forest, a part of slash-and-burn
agriculture systems of many nations (i.e., Brazil), results in
about 400,000 pounds of carbon dioxide emissions.
The growth of trace gases is also up, and it is known
that these gases influence the chemistry of the stratosphere
and troposphere in many ways. Methane levels are increasing at
1% per year; ozone, at 0.5%-to-l% per year; nitrous oxide, at
0.2%-to-0.3% per year; carbon monoxide, at l%-to-2% per year;
and chloroflourocarbons, depending on the compound, at 1%-to-
7% per year.
The EPA report, which predicts that a global temperature
rise of 1.5°C to 4.5°C, has the following implications for
the United States:
- Forest declines may begin in 30 to 80 years;
- Most coastal wetlands will be lost as sea
levels rise;
163
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- Continental and shore-nesting birds will
suffer as nesting places are lost;
- Algal blooms will harm fish inhabiting
shallow waters;
- Water quality in drier parts of the U.S. will
decline if there is less rainfall and runoff
to dilute pollutants;
- Crop acreage in Appalachia, the Southeast and
the southern Great Plains may decrease by 5't, to 25%;
- Natural emissions of hydrocarbons will increase;
- Increases in the persistence and level of air
pollution episodes associated with climate change
will have adverse health effects.
164
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REFERENCES
l. State of Delaware, Department of Natural Resources,
Air Quality Data Reports, 1983 through 1988.
2. State of Maryland, Air Management Administration,
Air Quality Data Reports,. 1983 through 1988.
3. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental
Resources, Air Quality Data Reportsf 1983 through 1988.
4. Allegheny County, Bureau of Air Pollution Control,
Air Quality Data Reports, 1983 through 1988.
5. Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Air Pollution
Control, Air Quality Data Reports. 1983 through 1988.
6. State of West Virginia, Air Pollution Control Commission,
Air Quality Data Report, 1988
7- EPA Journal. U.S. EPA. Office of Public Affairs (A-107)..
Washington, D.C. 20460, Volume 12, Number 5, June/July 1986
8. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1987, EPA-
450/4-89-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Monitoring and
Reports Branch, RTP, N.C. 27711
9. Air Pollution Engineering Manual. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Monitoring and Reports Branch, RTP, N.C. 27711
10. Ambient Air Quality Surveillance. 44 FR 27558, May 10, 1979
11. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1987,
EPA-450/4-88-022, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, RTP, N.C.,
January, 1989.
12. Environmental Progress and Challenges; An EPA Perspective.
U.S. EPA, Office of Management Systems, Washington, D.C.
20460, June 1984.
13. Environmental Progress and Challenges; EPA's Update,
EPA-230-07-88-033, U.S. EPA, Office of Policy Planning, and
Evaluation, Washington, D.C. 20480, August 1988.
165
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14. National Accomplishments in Pollution Control: 1970-1980 ,
U.S. EPA, Office of Planning and Management, Program
Evaluation Division, December 1980.
15. Air Quality in the National Parks. Natural Resources
Program, Natural Resources Report 88-1, National Park
Service, July 1988.
16. 1988 Annual Report. National Acid Precipitation Assessmprn-
Program. NAPAP, Office of Director, 722 Jackson Place, N.w. ,
Washington, D.C. 20503, January 13, 1989.
17. The Greenhouse Debate. Curtis A. Moore, International Wildlife
Magazine, National Wildlife Federation, 1400 Sixteenth St.
N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036-2266. '
18. Acid Deposition Impacts on Pennsylvania Streams, Dean E.
Arnold, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research
Unit, University Park, PA 16802.
166
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APPENDIX A
FURTHER INFORMATION
If you would like further air quality information and reports,
a list of EPA and state agency names, addresses and telephone
numbers is provided for your information:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Edwin B. Erickson
Regional Administrator
Stanley L. Laskowski
Deputy Regional Administrator
Greene A. Jones, Director
Environmental Services Division
215-597-4532
Thomas J. Maslany, Director
Air Management Division
215-597-9390
STATE QF PE.LAWARE
Department of Natural Resources
Mr. Phillip Retallic, Director
Air and Waste Management Division
Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19901
301-736-4791
Mr. Joseph Kliment, Director
Technical Services Section
Delaware Department of Natural Resources
and Environmental Control
715 Grantham Lane
New Castle, DE 19720
302-323-4565
167
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DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Department of Consumer anri Regulatory Affairs
Mr. A. Padmanabha, Chief
Environmental Control Division
B.C. Department of consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
614 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20001
202-767-7370
Dr. Joseph K. Nwude, Chief
Air Quality Control Division
D.C. Department of Consumer and
Regulatory Affairs
614 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
202-767-7370
ftTATE OF MARYLAND
Management Administration
Mr. George P. Ferreri, Director
Air Management Administration
Office of Environmental Programs
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
301-631-3255
Mr. Robert O'Melia, Chief
Division of Air Monitoring
Maryland Department of the Environment
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
301-631-3285
168
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COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
Department of Environmental Resources
Mr. James Hambright
Director, Bureau of Air Quality Control
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Third and Locust Streets
Harrisburg, PA 17120
717-787-9702
Mr. Ben Brodovicz, Chief
Technical Services Division
Pennsylvania Department
of Environmental Resources
P.O. Box 2063
Third & Locust Streets
Harrisburg, PA 17120
717-787-6547
CITY OF
Air Management Services
Mr. William Reilly
Assistant Health Commissioner
Department of Public Health
Air Management Services
500 South Broad Street
Philadelphia, PA 19146
215-875-5623
Mr. Clem Lazenka, Chief
Technical Services Group
Philadelphia Air Management Services
1501 East Lycoming Street
Philadelphia, PA 19124
215-228-5177
169
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ALLEGHENY COUNTY
Bureau of Air Pollution Control
Mr. Ronald Chleboski
Deputy Director
Allegheny County Health Department
Bureau of Air Pollution Control
301 39th Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
412-578-8101
Mr. Harilal Patel, Chief
Air Quality Monitoring Division
Allegheny County health Department
301 39th Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15201
412-578-8113
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Department of Air Pollution Control
Mr. Wallace Davis
Executive Director
VA Department of Air Pollution Control
P.O. Box 10089
Richmond, VA 23240
804-786-6035
Mr. William Parks, Director
Air Monitoring Division
VA Department of Air Pollution Control
5324 Distributor Drive
Richmond, VA 23225
804-786-1019
170
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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Air Pollution Control Commission
Mr. G. Dale Farley, Director
WV Air Pollution Control Commission
1558 Washington Street, East
Charleston, WV 25311
304-348-4022/3286
Mr. Ron Engle, Chief
Air Monitoring and Quality Assurance
WV Air Pollution Control Commission
1558 Washington, Street, East
Charleston, WV 25311
304-348-4022
171
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APPENDIX B
MAJOR AIR POLLUTANT SOURCES AND CONCERNS
Pollutants
Carbon
Monox i de
(CO)
Sources
Motor-vehicle exhaust some
industrial processes; produced
by incomplete combustion of
carbon.
S u 1 f u
Dioxide
(S02)
Suspended
Part i cu-
l a t e
Matter
(PM10)
Heat and Power generation
facilities, combustion
processes that use oil or coal
containing sulfur; sulfuric
acid plants; petroleum
refining, smelting of sulfur
containing ore.
Mot or-vehicle exhaust,
industrial processes,
incinerators, heat and power
generation, steel mills,
smelters, demolition, wood-
burning stoves, fugitive dust,
pollen.
Concerns
Reacts in bloodstream t
deprive heart and brai
of oxygen; impair
ability of blood to carr
oxygen; cardiovascular
nervous and pulmonar
system affected; cat
cause angina; hig?
concentrations an
lethal; moderate
concentrat ior
significantly redua
brain functions.
Respiratory- tract
problems, eye irritation;
permanent harm to lung
tissue; combines with
water to form acid
aerosols and sulfuric
acid mist which falls to
earth as acid rain;
causes plant and
structural damage.
Eye and
irritation;
throat
bronchitis;
lung damage;
visibility;
materials and
corrosion; acts
carrier of
impairs
soils
causes
as a
toxics
adsorbed
it.
or absorbed
172
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pollutants
Sources
Concerns
Ni trogen
Oxides
(NO, NO2)
Motor-vehicle exhaust, heat and
power generation, nitric acid,
explosives, fertilizer plants,
combustion of fuels.
Lead (Pb)
Motor-vehicle exhaust;
smelters; battery plants.
lead
Ozone (03)
Formed in atmosphere by the
reaction of nitrogen oxides,
hydrocarbons and sunlight.
Respiratory illness, lung
damage, impairment of
dark adaption, increased
airway resistance and may
enhance susceptibility to
respiratory infection;
can cause edema (in
concentrations of 10 ppm
for 8 hours);
concentrations of 20-30
ppm for 8 hours can
produce fatal lung
damage; reacts with
hydrocarbons and sunlight
to form photochemical
oxidants.
Retardation and brain
damage, especially in
children; liver disease;
interferes with blood-
forming system, nervous
system and renal system;
can affect the normal
functions of the
reproduction and
cardiovascular system;
most
TSP.
lead is contained in
Respiratory tract
problems such as
difficult breathing and
reduced lung function;
asthma, eye irritation,
nasal congestion, reduced
resistance to infection
and possible premature
aging of lung tissue;
Ozone injures vegetation,
has adverse effects on
materials; Ozone exhibits
a strong diurnal (daily)
and seasonal (April to
October) character.
173
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Sources
Concerns
Nonmethane
Hydro-
carbons
(includes
ethane ,
ethylene,
propane ,
butanes ,
pentances,
acetylene)
Carbon
Dioxide
(C02)
Asbestos
Motor-vehicle emissions,
solvent evaporation, industrial
processes, solid waste
disposal, fuel combustion.
All combustion sources, burning
of fossil fuels.
A naturally occurring mineral
substance used in a multitude
of products (brake linings,
floor tile, sealants, cement
pipe, paper and textiles,
insulation); of concern is
exposure to airborne asbestos
from breakage, crushing,
sanding, etc. of asbestos
materials. Asbestos mining,
manufacturing, demolition,
renovation are of concern.
Respiratory tract
problems, reduced lung
function, eye irritation;
reacts with nitrogen
oxides and sunlight to
form photochemical
oxidants.
Possibly injurious to
health at concentrations
greater than 5,000 ppm
over 2-8 hours;
atmospheric levels have
been increasing since
early 1950's; this trends
may contribute to warming
of earth; C02 in
atmosphere remained
stable for centuries (at
about 260 ppm); present
level is 336 ppm.
A variety of lung
diseases, including lung
cancer, asbestosis,
mesothelioma, other
cancers (esophagus,
larynx, stomach, colon,
kidney). Asbestos is a
known human carcinogen
for which no level of
exposure is known to be
without risk. Asbestos
induced lung cancer has a
20 year latency period.
174
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Pollutants
Sources
Concerns
Beryllium
Mercury
Vinyl
cnioride
Extraction plants, ceramic
plants, foundries,
incinerators, propellant
plants, machine shop
(facilities that cut, grind,
mill, etch, etc.)
Ore processors, incinerators,
sources which recover mercury,
wastewater treatment plant
sludge, incineration and drying
plants.
Vinyl chloride is a colorless
gas used in the manufacture of
polyvinyl chloride which is an
ingredient in plastics.
Sources which produce vinyl
chloride, ethylene dichloride,
polyvinyl chloride.
Primarily a lung disease,
although also affects
liver, spleen, kidneys
and lymph glands. A
designated hazardous air
pollutant for which a
National Emission
Standard for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
has been established
which limit emissions
from sources to the
atmosphere.
Several areas of the
brain as well as kidneys
and bowels are affected.
A designated hazardous
air pollutant for which a
NESHAP has been
established.
Vinyl chloride has been
shown to cause liver
cancer. and there is
evidence linking it to
lung cancer, nervous
disorders, and other
illnesses. A designated
hazardous air pollutant
for which NESHAP has been
established.
Tvrsenic
Radio
nuclide
Glass manufacturing plants,
primary cooper smelters,
arsenic production plants.
Uranium mines, DOE facilities,
phosphorous plants.
Accumulates in the lung
and can cause cancer. A
designated hazardous air
pollutant for which a
NESHAP has been
established.
Causes cancer. A
designated hazardous air
pollutant for which a
NESHAP has been
established.
175
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Pollutants Sources Concerns
Benzene Fugitive emissions from Causes leukemia. A
equipment leaks at chemical designated hazardous air
plants. pollutant for which a
NESHAP has been
established.
Coke Oven Production of Coke Causes of respiratory
Emissions cancer.
176
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APPENDIX C
References to the Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) are made in
this report. The PSI is derived from a linear function that
transforms ambient concentrations of five health related pollutants
(03, CO, N02, S02, PM-10) onto a scale of 0 through 500. Reference
is in the Federal Register, 40 C.F.R. Part 58, Appendix E.
PSI
0-50
51 - 100
101 - 200
201 - 300
> 300
Air Quality
Good
Moderate
Unhealthy
Very unhealthy
Hazardous
Areas in Region III were the PSI is routinely reported are:
STATE
Delaware
District of
Columbia
Maryland
Pennsylvania
Virginia
West Virginia
AREA
Wilmington
Metro DC area
Baltimore
Metro DC area
Allegheny County
A-B-E Air Basin
Erie Air Basin
Harrisburg Air Basin
Johnstown Air Basin
Lancaster Air Basin
Lower Beaver Valley Air Basin
Monongahela Valley Air Basin
Reading Air Basin
Scranton - W-B Air Basin
SE PA Air Basin
Upper Beaver Valley Air Basin
York Air Basin
Richmond
Norfolk - Hampton
Roanoke
Metro DC area
Charleston
Wheeling
177
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
{Heat rtwi Ins we riant on the revtne be fort completing)
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EPA REGION III
AIR QUALITY TRENDS REPORT
1983-1988
I. REPORT DATE
December/
1989
•. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOK
7. AUTHOR(S)
Victor Guide, Chief, Philadelphia Operations
Section,ESD, EPA Region III
1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Environmental Services Division
Philadelphia,PA 19107
1O. PROGRAM CLEMBN
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Environmental Services Division
Philadelphia.PA 19107
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Technical (1983-198Q)
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
js.suppLEM€NTARYNOTes Contributors to the Report: U.S .EPA Region III ESD, AMD;
DE DNREC, D.C. DCRA, MD AMA, PA DER, Allegheny County Health Department,
Philadelphia AMS, VA APCC, W.VA. APCC.
1*. ABSTRACT
This report presents regional trends in air quality from 1983 through 190" for
ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen HjoviHo. sulfur Hioxide, particulates and lead.
National pollution trends are briefly.highlighted and compared to regional trends for
each of these pollutants. In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also
discussed for annual nationwide emissions which are estimated using best available
information. The ambient levels presented are direct measurements. The report conclude!
with a brief discussion of some other major areas of concern : air toxics, acid
deposition, indoor air pollution, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer and
global warming.
The purpose of this report is to provide interested members of the air pollution
control community, the private sector and the general public with useful air pollution
information.
KEY WORD* AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIER»/OPEN ENDED TER»
COSATlFWd/GrMp
Air Pollution
Trends
Ozone
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates
ISTRIBUTION STA1
Release Unlimited
IP* I
Lead
Air Quality Standards
National Air Monitoring
Stations(NAMS)
State and Local Air Moni
Stations(SLAMS)
Hea
or ing
Un.cla8s,-lfled
20. SECURITY CLAM fflBl
Unclassified
M. PRICE
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