-------
Successes in Water
Striped Bass Population has Increased in
the Chesapeake Bay
Slllped H.»« Spawn Index
»0
Summer Oxygen Levels in the Delaware River
Now Support Aquatic Life
I Spawning Slock Bton»» (SSB)
M.tcui Hook
Improved Water Quality in the Susquehanna River
Fostered the Shad's Return
/Number of fish lifted
\across the Conowingo Dam
The Shad Have Returned to the Delaware River
Oxygen level
Number o) Shad (thousands)
y ^ .»*./ y s s /•
Oxygen L_J Shad
-------
Superfund Sites Construction Completions Increased
Superfund Sites
Number Superfund Sites
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
# & *s <£ ** <£
# cf> ^ «(\
o^ qA o?> of> ^
-------
DO Levels Still a Concern in the Bays & Other Estuaries
PA
20 -
Dissolved Oxygen Conditions
Chesapeake Bay
Delaware Bay
Good D Impacted • Severly Impacted
Coastal Bays
0 13 30
-------
Estuarine Living Resources Stressed
PA
Condition of Benthic Community
% Area
100 r
80
60
40
20
Chesapeake Bay
Delaware Bay
Good D Impacted H Severly Impacted
Coastal Bays
kfloaeteo
0 13 30
-------
Wetlands
Wetlands Loss in Region III
1950s -1970s
Wetlands Loss (Thousands of Acres)
60 (
DE • MD • WVA
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
PA
20,000 Acres of Wetlands Lost in the Chesapeake Watershed
1982-1989
Wetlands (Thousands of Acres)
10
IH VA
i
Coastal
i
i
Q
-5
-10
-15
-20
Inland Gain Inland Loss Pond Gain
i
DE
l
MD
PA
i i i
VA WVA CB Watershed
Increase in Wetlands = Increased Likelihood of Meeting WQS
Regional Wetlands Data is 20 years old
Need Updated Monitoring & Better Tracking
- Work w/ MAIA Program
- Update Region's Wetland Status/Trends Report
Regional Support for Restoration Efforts
-------
Despite Improvement in Meeting Water Quality Standards,
Biological Indicators are Stressed Throughout the Region
1/3 of Streams in MAIA Region
in Poor Condition
> 1/2 of Susquehanna Streams
in Fair - Poor Condition
Criterion: Fish
3/4 of Pennsylvania Streams
in Fair - Poor Condition
% Stream Miles
Criterion: Fish
1/2 of Maryland Streams
in Poor Condition
Criterion: Benthic Insects
Criteria: Fish & Benthic Insects
-------
Birds, Ecological Condition & Land Use are Linked
Mid-Atlantic Bird
Community Scores
As Ecological Conditions Change, Bird Population Changes
43% Watershed Area has Good/Excellent Ecological Community
21% Watershed Area has Poor Ecological Community
Diverse Bird Community Changes Occurs when:
- Agriculture > 60% of Watershed, or
- Urban > 30% of Watershed
• Action for Urban Livability & Sprawl Initiatives
• Forest - maintain current land cover and try to maintain green corridors between forested
areas;
• Mixed Forest/Rural areas - restore forest where possible, develop in the context of
surrounding landscape, maintain green ways between and around communities, and
guide development into areas of poorer ecological condition;
• Urban Areas - remove barriers to redevelopment, and encourage areas of small parks with
trees and shrubs;
• AH Areas -- Inspire the general public to observe the birds and learn about how their
activity impacts the bird populations. Enlist "birders" to do surveys to track
changes and share their results in schools and with the media.
-------
We've Come a Long Way, but There's Still More Work to Do:
Safe & Sustainable Environment for People & Ecosystems
are Still Being Stressed
Our traditional approach needs to emphasize cross-program
& cross-agency innovative approaches
They often fall outside traditional roles, regulations, &
practices needed to solve our new chalieges
eg., sprawl, cities/urban, estuaries,
air & water toxics, monitoring
-------
Three Major Causes of Habitat Loss/Degradation in Region III
West - Resource Extraction
East - Urban Sprawl
4,505 Stream Miles Affected
by Acid Mine Drainage
Total Stream Miles -155,767
Maryland -164
Pennsylvania - 3,158
Virginia-18
West Virginia-1,164
Forest Fragmentation Wide-Spread
Leads to Habitat Degradation
BROWN TROUT
DISAPPEAR
BJOTC IWTEG«TY
FAIR or POOR
ONLY HAROY REPTILES
A AMPrtPlANS
LOW
% IMPERVIOUS COVER
HIGH
-------
-------
Sprawl The Cause Of It All
-------
Why Should EPA Care About
Sprawl?
Water Pollution/Water Quality
Air Pollution
Loss of Habitat, Forest, Wetlands &
Farmland
Environmental & Economic Cost of
Infrastructure
Source: EPA Center for Sustainability
-------
Increased Road Density and Auto
^is Impacting the Region III
fl Source Category
B
Dominates Amb.ent
wr concentrations
Region ii
• Major
• Area and Other
IHOnroad Mobile
Trichloi
Polycyclic Organic flatter
Perchloroethylene
Methylene Chloride
Formaldehyde - Primary
Benzene
A c ro le in • P rim a ry
Acetaldehyde - Primary
1,3-Dichloropropene
1,3-Butadiene
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Annual Average Ambient Concetration (ug/m3)
Source: 1996 NATA Modeled Ambient Air Data (minus background)
Road Density in Region III
Source: EPA/ORD: An Ecological Assessment of the
United States Mid-Atlantic Region, November 1997.
-------
Forest Fragmentation is High in the
Eastern Part of Region III
Fragmentation . . .
• has adverse impact on
habitat & aquatic life
• Increases stream bank
erosion & sedimentation
Increases storm water
flows
Source: MAIA
iVrin A Forest
Cragjnentation Index
]3
ZZ]4
-------
Sprawl will continue to increase in Region III
Population Expected to Grow by 14% in 25 Years The Number of Houses has Increased by 16% Since 1980
1950
1985
2025
Number of Vehicles Has Increased by 86% Since 1970
20.5 Million
Vehicles
11 Million
Vehicles
WVA
1980
1990
1996
Farmland Decreased by 33% Since 1964
1970
1980
1997
1964
1980
1997
-------
Region III Areas of Concern
Projected Areas of Sprawl as
Defined by
AFT, CBP, ESD ,ORD
1 of 4
2of4
]3of 4
I 4 of 4
Sources: American Farm Trust (AFT), CBP Land Growth & Stewardship Subcommittee (CBP), ESD
Recommendation for Sprawl Pilot Areas (ESD), ORD Modeled Areas (ORD)
-------
^^•teBr
Enhanced sea-level rise almost certainly
will occur, with the potential for substantial
damage to the coastal zone's structures,
wetlands and estuaries and to water
supplies because of salt water intrusion" -
Preparing For A Changing Climate, Mid-
Atlantic Overview, March 2000
-------
EXPLANATION
Northern Atlantic Coastal Plain
aquifer system
Line o f hyd rogeo log ic sectio n
-
w*T^t!?fr?^y*H ^:,
rnrtK - • •• -*- •
'.-"•.--;.:. .*',.. C-.
, ,
&€
-fHi jS^M^JKTfi ^i, , -- -«^*t-
' . Jtf .., ^ * ., . . ^J. . •* - 1 -• . t - • • ^^£:
1—• •*•" "A^4 ——i..
ixlj_ ^^ c
f ^3^» =*-^^J^J...; >- ; I
frw X#&*
&V
-------
Population Growth Impacting
Coastal Areas
Population increase 40%
from 1960 to 1994
Vulnerability to Weather
Damage
Destruction of Natural
Filtering Capacity
Wetlands
- \
* *•.., :>>
^ ^i _-^^
Source: Kyle Zieba & Definition of costal counties defined by NOAA.
-------
;* ,?
Land surface
Freshwater
-------
120
O 10O
=J<
SQ
~z. ^
~ D_
< -5
80
o: —i
Q<
20
1860
Withdrawal
1
Population
1900
192D
194O
YEAR
I960
1980
(Estimate)
2,500 POO
2.000 JOOO
1,300.000
O
Q.
1,000.000 O
soo.ooo
I
2OOO
-------
Estimated Pre-Pumping
Water-Level Elevations
in the Lower Potomac
Aquifer
•eastward flow
•discharge along coast
•localized discharge to
Potomac River
•above sea level
•low hydraulic
gradient (5-ft interval)
=>slow flow rates
•pre-pumping flow
directions uncertain
Washington C
Delavara
*<••.
Maryland *•
-v! - ."•
•-V-_*i'l ^^^ o
-^- '
30 KILOMETERS
-------
Measured Modern
(1990's) Water Levels
in the Lower Potomac
Aquifer
•actual measured water
levels
flow to pumping centers
•region-wide lowering
below sea level
=>increased pumping costs
•high hydraulic gradient
(50-ft interval)
=>rapid flow rates
=>threat of saltwater
intrusion
-^u
-J
if
i
I
Delaware
Maryland
-------
*
Q - •
State Hwy £06
r 1 -
.
SOUTHERN MARYLAND WOOD TREATING
PATUX EN TRIVER NAVAL Al R ST AT ION |
~-..
•.'
-------
-------
Using the Above Approach Give. Examples of Potential Sites in WY
Abandoned Mine Sites
HEF
IRW
PWAI
PWHC
-------
Professional Paper 1612
Chesapeake
Bay
Virginia
Beach
-------
The breccia remaining in
crater has ground water 1.5
times saltier than seawater
-------
Continuing water use will continue to stress
aquifers
Salt water intrusion and contaminant
migration are possibilities
Potentiometric contours may help predict
future water quality problems in large ground
water sources
Special case: Water supply development may
be further limited due to the buried crater in
the Chesapeake Bay
Expanded use of USGS products
-------
The Problems of
American Cites are Not New
"We will neglecnour cities at our peril,
\ for in neglecting them we neglect the
nation.'
- President John F. Kennedy 1963
"There is a clear and compelling
requirement for better coordination of
federally funded programs, particularly
those designed to benefit the residents of
the inner city.'
Report of the National Advisory
Commission on Civil Disorders, 1976
Source: Rene A. Henry, Director, Office of
Communication & Government Relations
"In the last 10 years, 90% of the growth tool place in the
suburban areas beyond the city limits. In the next 20 years,
we expect the 80% of the total increase will take place in
the suburban areas rather than the central city."
L.N. Werner, before a U.S. Senate Subcommittee, 1967
"By 1960, inflated land cost were threatening to price
good housing clear out of the market. Main causes . . .
Include: speculation, over-zoning and excessive
improvement requirements and fragmentation of acreage
into holding too small for economic development."
House & Home 1962
-------
romoting the Idea of Cities &
Livability
Commitment and Incentives Needed
- Let the builders rebuild
- Tax abatement to attract redevelopment
- Stream line permitting process
- Waiver building codes (if no impact to health& safety)
- Eliminate water & sewer fees for high priority projects
- Down zoning, land subsidies, flexible zoning
- Use bonds for site acquisition
Source: Rene A. Henry, Director, Office of Communication & Government Relations
-------
Region III where we are now
higl
O
O
0>
J-H
O
U
03
00
low
HSCD
MAIA
APD,WCMD,WPD
CBPO
Traditional EPA Regulatory Program
Innovative EPA Program
-------
Region III, where we need to go .
Help rebuild our cities
Showcase grants
Showcase successful redevelopment plans
Promote "Better American Bonds"
Promote Sound Land Use
Implement "Pilot Projects on Sprawl" (i.e., innovative approaches
to regulatory programs)
Focus Regional Programs and Activities in Sprawl Areas
-------
-------
Air Quality
•Status of Region III Air Pollutants
'A/r Toxics Reaffirmed as Emerging Issue
>A/r Monitoring Update
-------
Air Quality
Status of Regional Air Pollutants
Regional Air Problems Continue to . . .
- come from up-wind sources
- contribute to downwind pollution
- be a long term problem
- be complex and pervasive
-------
Pollutants Causing Air Pollution Problems*
Problem/'
/'' Pollutant
/
S
Nitrogen
\^
Tfr
SulfuiVV
<( J)D>
^\
vnrvV^f
V VJ^^3(.:. -)t>
A^A
CO2 >V
<( )t>
^
Ozone
^
s/
Acid
Deposition
*
*
Eutrophi-
cation of
Ches. Bay.
^
Visibility
*
*
Particulate
Matter
^
Global
Warming
s/
^
As listed by Air Program
-------
Region III and Surrounding States Continue to
Have High Air Emission Densities
r^
Nitrogen
Oxi(
Dioxide
mission Density
(Tons/sq. mile)
D >5
>0
PM2.5 ft VOC
*
mission Density
(Tons/sq. mile)
mission Density
(Tons/sq. mile)
n>s
• >2
>0
mission Density
(Tons/sq. mile)
D
'
>0
Source: National Air Pollutant Emission Trends -Density Map of 1998 Emissions by County, 1900-1998,
EPA-454/R-00-002
-------
Ozone exceedances varies over time
and location
Impact ofNOx and VOCs
Number of Days Ozone Exceeds 8 hr.
Std. In Region III
50-
86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
• Phila-Wilm-Trent,
• Washington, CD Richmond-Peters bur
ED Baltimore n Pittsburgh,
o
2
a-
I
500 ppb
115 ppb
110 ppb
100 ppb
90 ppb
184 ppb
ppb
0 ppb
Source: APD - Number of Days w/daily max >the
8hr. Standard (85 ppb)
Source: DCM Team - 1999 - 8hr. Ozone
Design Value from 1997 1999 (84 ppb)
-------
Eutrophication of Chesapeake Bay
40 - 50% Nitrogen in Bay from the Mr
Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen
Sources of
nitrogen
Estimated 1997
wet deposition of
nitrogen
f.3.0 3.6 -1,2 1.8 5-1 6.Q 6.6 7.2 7.8> 8v1 >3/0
Source: National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Nitrogen in the Nation's Rain, 2000
-------
Air Quality: Status of Regional Air Pollutants
Management Recommendation
Regional Air Quality Improvement should
Continue to come from traditional program functions
(regulations); with an
Increase focus on voluntary reduction, education and
outreach
-------
-------
The National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA)
The 33 Air Toxics
The assessment will help to;
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,3-Butadiene
1,3-Dichloropropene
7-PAH
Acetaldehyde - Primary
Acrolein - Primary
Acrylonitrile
Arsenic Compounds
Benzene
Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Chromium Compounds
Coke Oven Emissions
Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Oxide
Formaldehyde - Primary
Hexachlorobenzene
Hydrazine
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Methylene Chloride
Nickel Compounds
Perchloroethylene
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propylene Dichloride
Quinoline
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
•Identify air toxics of greatest potential
concern
•Characterize the relative contributions to air
toxics concentrations
•Set priorities for the collection of additional
air toxics data
^<-v./,x;s
co
Source: 1996 NATA / OED
-------
Urban Areas have highest Air Toxic Emissions
1996 National Air Toxics Assessment
(33 of 188 Hazardous Air Pollutants)
Total Emissions by County
ToiilHAPEraiisiois(TPY)
OloSO
I 50 lo 100
| 100.0125
j 125 to 150
] 150lo 200
1 200 to 300
300 to 500
500 lo 600
600 to750
750 to 1250
1250lo 2000
2000lo 3500
Source: 1996 NATA /DCMTeam
-------
Urban Areas show highest Benzene Cancer Incidence
Benzene Cancer Incidence
Based on Lifetime (70 yrs) Ambient Exposure
Benzene Cancer Incidence
Increased Incidents per County Population
1 to 5
5 to 10
lOto 15
15 to 20
m 20 to 40
K 40to60
IB 60to80
8010 100
lOOtolSO
15Oto17Ep
17StoZ25
.
yVr-i'
J^x>--.
Source: 1996 NATA, DCM Tfeam
-------
Benzene and Formaldehyde Emissions Pervade
Legend:
height: Sum of Total Emissions
Region III States
Total Emissions
Sum
of
Total Emissions
Source: 1996 NATA / OED
-------
Air Toxics Emissions and Their Sources - Region III
Top 10 Major Toxic Emissions by
Source Category
Benzene
Formaldehyde -Primary
Acetaldehyde -Primary
Methylene Chloride
1,3-Butadiene
Perchloroethylene
1,3-Dichloropropene
Acrolein -Primary
Trichloroethylene
Polycylic Organic Matter
D Non Road
Typical Sources
>&
•^yFormaldehyde
O / Benzene
Acetaldehyde
automobile exhaust emissions
Formaldehyde
lethylene ChlorideN
Benzene
[ethylene Chloric
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
1996 Emissions ton/year
stationary internal combustion en
& turbines, manufacturing facilities,
incinerators
manufacture of drugs, Pharmaceuticals.
& film coatings; electronics
manufacturing; urethane loam blowing.
landfills & wastewater processing
oil and natural gas production,
petroleum refining, burning coal and
oil, gasoline service stations,'
electronics manufacturing
pulp and paper plants, petroleum
refineries, power plants, manufacturing
facilities
kpulp and paper production, wa§tewaier^
processing
Source: 1996 NAT A / OED
-------
Air Quality: Air Toxics Reaffirmed as Emerging
Issue
Management Recommendation
Air Toxics is often a local issue
Regionally they are seen as a big problem
for urban areas
This is an emerging priority
-------
Mobile Sources Dominate Region III
Toxics Emissions
65% of Emissions Come from Mobil Sources Mobile Sources Dominate in Urba Areas
Non Road
Mobile
25%
On road
Mobile
36%
Major
On road Mobile
Major
10%
Area
Non Road Mobile
30,000 -|
25,000 -
20,000
15,000
10,000 -
5,000
0
Urban • Rural
Major
Total 1996 HAP Emissions in
Region III = 81150 Tons
Area
On road
Mobile
Non Road
Mobile
Source: 1996 NAT A / OED
-------
-------
Air Quality
Region III Air Monitoring Update
EPA and States do not maintain monitoring network for
air toxics as they do for the criteria pollutants. However
some type of toxic monitoring has been ongoing.
Photochemical Air Monitoring Station (PAMS) measure air toxics
Specialized studies for local concerns
In 1997 EPA promulgated new NAAQS for PM2.5 -
Region III currently operates 94 PM2.5 monitoring stations
Data collected during 00/01/02 will be used for attainment of the standard
-------
Specialized Air Toxic Studies
focus on local air
toxics concerns
Urban Areas
Allepcn/Couht
WV,KY,OH
Tri Stat
Philadelphia
Chester, PA
Delaware City
Source: BSD
-------
First Year of PM2.5 Air Monitoring Shows
Some Hits in Region III
3 years needed for attainment status
Color:
H> 17ug/m3
Ql3-17ug/m3
• <13ug/m3
75% or more in ail 4 quarters {236]
11 or more samples in each quarter
(but not 75% in alt 4) [280]
AB other sites [408J
Source: BSD using AIRS as of 7/26/00 weighted annual mean, Jan. Dec. 1999
-------
Air Quality: Air Toxics Monitoring Update
Management Recommendation
Region III should continue to provide
technical assistance to HQ.
Region III should work w/ states to
improve/expand monitoring networks.
Mangers need to maintain awareness of air
toxics data as an emerging issue.
-------
e
-------
Region HI Water Quality Presentation Overview
View Results of 3 Water Quality Assessment Cycles.
@ Evaluate consistency between Assessments and TMDL listings
Look at how sources and stressors rank in terms of severity of
impact.
Monitoring trends/future directions.
TMDL Challenges and the Path to Stream Restoration
A Closer Look at 2 Top Sources.
-------
Stream Use Impairments Show an In ere as. j
Imp aired Miles
(th ou sand s)
% of Assessed M il es Im paired
*
-\
it
— — -.
4
USE
' Outstan ding Peso urce
' Shellfish
' Fisheries
Swm ming
Aqu atic Life
- Rsh Consum ption
Drinking Wate r S upply
% Impaired
100%
100%
59%
30%
24%
1 8%
3%
More sensitive ecological/human
health uses.
2000
1998
1996
Source: 19%, 1998,2000 305b Reports. 37% of Region III Stream Miles were Assessed for the FY'2000 Report.
Total Region III Stream Miles = 179,676.
-------
Environmental Severity to^jed by Resource Extraction
SM
^V&^* *~-&? V""~ v^
^v**^**3?
Data: '98 305b Report
-------
.
Sot,»ds, Metals, Pathogens,and Tox^s Lead in Severely-Impacted M**es
ofe
Toxics and oil/grease impacts
are almost always severe.
Data: '98 305b Report
-------
1998 305b Sources of w_ .ream Impairment by State
'Slate
height: Maximum of Stream Miles
-------
Water Quality Assessment Summary
Designated Use Impairments Have Increased.
More Sensitive Uses Show Highest Degree of Impairment.
Agriculture, Stormwater and Resource Extraction are the
Leading Sources in Terms of Magnitude of Impacts.
Resource Extraction is the Leading Sources in Terms
of Severely Impacted Stream Miles.
Habitat Loss is Increasing in Impact and Significance.
Toxics Impacts have Increased and are Typically Severe.
Contaminated Sediments Harbor Significant Toxics But are
Rarely Identified as Sources of Stream Impairment.
-------
-------
Water Quality Monitoring
-------
,-ish Tissue Monitoring Ljverely Lags Other Type
(Critical for Identifying Toxics Contamination)
thousands of samples
Fixed
Fish Tissue
Biological Special/Basin
WV
VA
PA
MD
DC
DE
-------
Overall State Water Quality Monitoring Trends
o
S
co
OJ
X
• 1— I
(X,
O
oa
GO
03
89
13
• i***
o
Provides long-term
trends of conventional
pollutants
Provides data for
303d/TMDL and
watershed plans
Provides data for
303d/TMDL and
watershed plans
Provides data for
issuing fish consumption
advisories
* Based on Personal Interviews.
-------
TShe nesiilts of better monitomng are not always good news:
Maryland's Recent Biological/Probabilistic Stream Results* Show:
® Trout never found when upstream impervious land cover exceeds 2%. (Sprawl, Habitat)
® At 15% impervious cover, stream quality is never good. (Sprawl, Habitat)
52% of all MD stream miles have poor quality physical habitat -- loss of riparian
buffer from development activities. (Sprawl, Habitat)
Acid rain impacts nearly 20% of MD streams. (Acidification)
Based on the more sensitive fish and benthic data:
12% of all stream miles are in good condition.
Jo_ are fair or poor.
REMAP Project with MD DNR, EPA Region III, MAIA and ORD.
-------
Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment - Key Messages:
31 % of stream miles in poor condition for fish populations. < Sprawl, Habitat)
Habitat destruction is the main stressor throughout the Highlands. (Sprawl, Habitat)
Habitat loss is occurring in and along the streams removing the ecologically
critical riparian (streamside) habitat. (Sprawl, Habitat)
In PA and WV the main stressors identified are:
Habitat Loss
- Sedimentation
- Acid Mine Drainage
A 'j n ^ (Sprawl, Habitat, acidification, toxics)
Acid Deposition f
Fish Tissue Contamination
Non-Indigenous Species
-------
Habitat Destruction is a Major Stressor of Streams
Superfund Sites
•»
* j
8 i
.;: >€
, * -. L /r
Instream Habitat (physical habitat)
Riparian Habitat {vegetation along bank)
Mine Drainage
Acid Deposition
Tissue Contaminat on
Phosphorous
Nitrogen
i
Causes'
Point Sources
Nonpoint Sources
Atmospheric Deposition
Hazardous Waste
1 1 1 1
14% Streams Require TMDLs
Total Stream Miles -155,767
303(d) Listed Stream Mies:
DC-39
Virginia • 1,882
Delaware -2,542
Maryland - 5,627
West Virginia • 6,003
Pennsylvania - 6393 /
10 15 20 25
Stream in Poor Condition
30
Atmospheric Deposition
SCM Deposition (KgUa x 100)
^ <2000
1 2000-2250
B 2250-2500
^ 2500-2800
• >2800
4,505 Stream Mites Affected
by Acid Mine Drainage
Total Stream Miles - 155,767
Maryland - 164
Pennsylvania - 3,158
Virginia - 18
West Virginia- 1,164
-------
What are Invasive Species?
Thousands of foreign plant and
animal species have become
established beyond original
range
Crops
Game animals
Many are beneficial
Nonindigenous Species
Species outside their historic
range
Intentional & unintentional
Invasive Species
Population levels unchecked
Threaten natives and ecosystems
Vertebrates
Sea lamprey
Walking catfish
Alewife
Common carp
Lake trout
Invertebrates
Formosan termite
Fire ant
Africanized honeybee
Honeybee mites
European green crab
Zebra mussel
Asian clam
-------
-------
Acid Deposition Continues to Affect the Region
of Nitrogen and Sulfur
Estimated nitrate
deposition, 1999
Estimated sulfate
ion deposition, 1999
National Atmospheric Deposition Program/Mational Trends Network
http://nadp.sws.uiuc.ectu
-------
Acid Deposition ana Acid Mine Drainage
Remain Significant Problems in Region in
A/ Acid-Impacted Streams
(Mine Drainage and Acid Deposition)
Acid Deposition
High
. . 'Vfi
iLow
r
-------
OSM Estimates $3.8 billion »o Remedy Known AMD Sites
504 Sites
Unfunded Remediation
costs: $3.8 billion
c
Abandoned Mines (AMD) V
/\/ AMD Streams /
t^
County Boundaries J
r^ ^___
*
_^^
p*(^^
^?-3w*?#F
VA k. • / ff* /
t^j, S& *y.r T /a.
^£$L> J T %
f^^fSS^% ?
,,^v x/ 1,^
s <*' \ v x/ -
^< — r-.' >/3 -,
V
> >'J ^
/ >^
y^ i -^
2Sk^ ? /*>
Ipfe
*
7
>^>
x
ft.
r
»K
•V
r ^^j¥>
'\
^
Source: U.S. Office of Surface Mining Abandoned Mine Lands Inventory System (AMLIS)
-------
Proposal: Targeting Air Inspection, to Reduce Acid Impacts
Acidification RAP - 2001 Proposed Focus Areas
Top 50 NOx Emitters
•• HO*
A.,/ Ada Dep Scre-jrx j
, Ho
ft
SQUICO: AIRS
rj$^a^|gr
fwr *
A > Add
fxU
A..-
. -
RCRA T-S DB
v, . S^ry7
, -tt
. " -v>
--.*,
r-r
Top 50 SO2 Emitters
v^-
• SO2 TC(>
/••../ Ac Id Dcp Scr*j(«s
Acid Wlr»«-t«pjcw
-------
1
-------
Region III watersheds contain
contaminated sediment
Some are recommended for
Superfund clean up
-------
Sediment Contamination Widespread in the Estuaries
PA
20 -
Sediment Contamination
Chesapeake Bay
Coastal Bays
Delaware Bay
Good D Impacted H Severly Impacted
0 13 30
-------
Pesticides and Metals Pervade the Sediments
Tissue Residue Chemical Summary
Dieldrin
Hexachloro benzene
Lower Delaware LJ Upper Ohio
Copper
20,000
40,000 60,000 80,000
Mean value (ppb)
100,000
120,000
.*
-------
Eight R3 Watersheds are Area of Probable Concern
CHAUTAUQUA-CONNEAUT
TV
Four Candidates for Super fund Investigation /s ANGO I
Very Good
MIDDLE DELAW ARE-MUSCONE TCONG
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•••^^^^^^^^^^^^•Ml
Good
Not strong
CONOCOCHEAGUE-OPEQUON
GUNPOWDER-PATAPSCOj
=^j SCHUYLKILLJ
OW ER DELAW AREJ
]
A
•.;vL&iJ.i.i3.-
Chautauqua-
'Gooneaut '-.-
.'Gunpowder-
FPatapsco
Lower Delaware
Conococheague-
\ Opequon
Middle Delaware-
Musconetcong
Schuylkill
Shenango
[Upper Ohio
I -jj.
•Marginal human healLh"ts;sues
•Some potential ecoiogieal-eonce«is4«/ PAHi.&jjietals
•No human health issues
•Significant ecological concerns w/ PAHs & metals
•Few human health issues
•Some ecological concerns w/ PAHs & PCBs
•No human health issues
^Possible ecological concerns
•Little humao health, issues
•Some ecological cuncerns w/ pe-slicides & mercury
•No human health issues
•Some ecological concerns w/ metals
•Marginal human health & ecological issues
•Marginal human health & ecological issues
*iiS.s*iul
•Marginal hujnan health effects
•Potential ecological effect at higher trophic levels
1
•Significant pesticides issues for human health
& ecological receptors
•Some human health concern w/ metal, pesticides & PCBs
•Some ecological issues w/pesticides & mercury
•Significant human health & ecological issues with pesticides
•Some marginal concern w/pesucides and PCBs
•Marginal human health and ecological concerns
•Marginal human health and ecological issues.
•Potentially significant human health and ecological concerns with
PCBs.
)Aii»S.?lUiUiailiii'.
\:Npt strong
Very Good
Good
Good
Not strong
Not strong
Not strong •"?
Good
-------
I
-------
Agriculture-Related Polliuants/Stressors in Region III
PESTICIDES
691
LOW DO
2182
INORGANICS
548
METALS
6786
HABITAT
4313
NUTRIENTS
5078
SILTATION/SOLIDS
6160
PATHOGENS
5352
Miles Impacted
Other Ag-Reiated Pollutants Not Assessed:
* hormones
* antibiotics
* specific pathogens
Note: Metals primarily from mining, stormwater and point sources.
Highest reported miles by pollutant/stressor.
Based on '96, '98, '00 305b Reports and '98 303d List.
-------
Nutrient Impaired Watersheds
Watershed Boundry
TMDL Stream Miles (Nutrients):
0-1
1 -26
26-147
148-302
303 - 462
463-715
-------
Potential AFO Target Areas
#
1
la
1b
2
2a
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
County
Augusta
Staunton
Waynesboro
Rockingham
Harrisonburg
Page
Franklin
Lancaster
Caroline
Dorchester
Somerset
Kent
Sussex
Wicomico
Worcester
State
VA
VA
VA
VA
VA
VA
PA
PA
MD
MD
MD
DE
DE
MD
MD
Poultry Processing Facilities
# of AFOs
120 -410
60 - 120
20 -60
0-20
Phosphorous Loads
f 0
• 0 - 0.24
0.24-5.13
5.13- 601.49
.
-------
-------
TMDLs: Implementation Issues and
Stream Restoration
-------
jurces of Stream Impairment
TTVIDL Sources
Resource Extraction
Unknown
Natural Sources
Point Source
Oihet
Superfund Site
W&. J-
r r l / i^'
/ ^^^^
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
miles
2604 Stream Listings
19,721 Stream Miles Listed
*
-------
Fop 3 Sources: Agriculture, Sto.mwater and Resource Extraction
TMDL List doesn't reflect the assessments for Stormwater
Contaminated sediments not
identified as significant by
states
Data: 1996. 1998, 2000 305b Reports and TMDL List
-------
Top 3 Stressors: Metals, ^olids and Pathogens.
TMDL List doesn 't fully reflect the assessments.
gaoo
9920
4960
^*W%«s.
%,^ ^
Data: 1996, 1998,2000 305b Reports and TMDL List
-------
Gauging
>rosress
»Fish Recovery
Benthic Recovery
Biological
Improved stream chemistry/habitat
• Chemical loading reductions
Physical/chemical
• TMDL Design/Implementation
319/104b3 Project Design/Implementation
Acti\it\
TMDL Development and Approval
Activit\
Impaired Streams: Hierarchy of Progress Measures
-------
Superfund and Water: i>iulti-Program Approach
AMD Streams
Sensitive Populations
Targeting Criteria
Abandoned Mines
-
^•. •:-:.*
V"
ST;
• -
.^ < ^ ^--,--<. ,--f% a*4
••-'4 •.?<:- • In
Drinking Water Intakes
1 •
• • •»{-._»i*^--***
•~*-u
%r f
- f
'
,... «"T^;^. ^ •»
'4 - jir* -^ *' '* 'i"** •""'Si i
.T_ ; • -:• »~':ir-*i.> >• • - -"^ .
Public Lands
Other Criteria:
monitoring data
"No Fish" streams
TMDL Priority
/ • m>
. \
-: •
;: •
Opportunity
rownfieldj
Environmentally
Sensitive Areas
'
ft- e;'~
?;•••* •-.•"/• •"
,^;
Currently 2 sites in PA are being assessed for CERCLA Removal
and Preliminary NPL e valuation
-------
Toxics,Problems < 1 mile from NPL Sites - Use Stipeiifiind $
•Toxks/M^tals Highlighted
•Source = Unknown
NPL Points <
from stream
Delaware R.
hristina R.
-------
TMDL Implementation Challenges
• Multi-jurisdicational waters require coordinated multi-state,
multi-region efforts.
• Non-point source loads are difficult to quantify and control;
Many are not regulated - abandoned mines and many AFOs.
There are huge unfunded costs associated with acid mine
drainage treatment, installation of nonpoint BMPs, and stream
bank restoration.
Sources of air toxics deposition often very difficult to identify.
o
Contaminated sediments very expensive to remediate.
Significant and costly follow-up monitoring is required to
track and verify stream improvements.
-------
Region HI Water Quality
Management Recommendations:
Increase the level biological/fish tissue monitoring.
Improve consistency between water quality assessments and
TMDL listings for sources and pollutants/stressors.
Retain the acidification priority.
Increase resources directed toward agriculture especially
AFOs and CAFOs.
Increase multi-program efforts toward TMDL implementation,
-------
E
-------
Urban Communities - Reducing the Risk
-------
Region Ill's Kids
Total Population in Region III
27,005,490
Children
6,477,980
24%
Urban Children
4,210
Source: US Census, 1998 estimate
-------
50
40
30
20
10
The Percent of Children Living in Poverty
is Increasing in Region III
W VA
Between the periods of 1979 -1983 & 1992 -1996,
the poverty rate of children in Region III increased
from 22% to 26%
US Rate = 25%
VA MD PA
• 1979-1983 Q1992- 1996
DE Regional Avg
Source: National Center for Children in Poverty
-------
Majority of PBT Generated in Urban Areas
Total PBT generated (tons)
0.1 - 50
51-500
501-50000
50001-500000
>500000
- 8.7 million tons generated in Region
PBTs
- Aldrin/Dieldrin
- Benzo(a)pyrene
- Chlordane
-DDT
- Hexachlorobenzene
- Alkyl-lead
- Mercury
- Mirex
- Octachlorostyrene
-PCBs
- Dioxins/Furans
• Toxaphene
«••.
rt
/
;
P--_ S .-}--/r: ..•
f&^-t
^. -~-~ _*-,- ^-^
-------
PBT Facilities Near Children in Region Ml
A PBT Facilities
Number of Children @ County
<10000
10000 - 20000
20000 - 50000
50000 - 90000
90000 - 150000
>150000
Prioritize PBT Facilities near Children
- Inspections, enforcement, voluntary actions
-------
Children & PBT Facilities Do Not Necessarily Go Together
Number of Children in Poverty
H<40
40-100
100-200
• 200 - 400
.• >400
PBT Facilities
-------
Childrens1 Blood Lead Levels in
Philadelphia is Decreasing
% Children > 9ug/dl
Blood Lead Level
0- 10%
10%-20%
20% - 35%
35% - 50%>
> 50%
Presentations in 1999
-------
-------
Environmental Enforcement - Some Ideas
-------
A Look Back.,. 10 Years of Enforcement
1990-Present (August 2000)
Adrn. Orders
Adm. Complaints
SDWA
Adm. CAFOs
Civil Settlements
Civil Referred
.-
-------
Region 3 Enforcement Actions By Year And Act
1990 - Present (August 2000)
Administrative Orders
Administrative Complaints
1997
1998
1999
2000
RCRA
,999 CAA
Administrative CAFOs Having Penalty Final Amounts
Civil Judicial Referred Cases
1990
1991
1992
RCRA
TSCA
2000
EPCRA5
DWA
TSCA
RCRA
CAA
CWA
CERCLA
2000
-------
- 1990- Present (August 2000)
C^FOs w/Peth It" F^.ai Amounts
*CLA -j^ $290.350
$0
$5
CERCLA-U$1>096i2e5
RFRA4L»e
Million
Civi1 Judici- ! jeitlem-oiits
s /P
ei»*'. ••
RCRA-
CAA-
CWA-
SDWA-
TSCA-
$30
$40
Million
$45.396,884
$43.280.084
$50
-------
enforcement Targeting Opportunity: Linking Fish Advisorie
for Toxics with PBT Facilities
/\/ Fish Advisories
Total PBT generated (tons)
0.1 - 50
51 - 500
501 - 50,000
50,001 -500,000
> 500,000
,
^
I
•'
• .
•• '
.
-------
Lower Potomac aquifer, RCR
TSDs and major ground water
users
UNION CAMP CORP
SIERRA RECYCLING INC
HERCULES INC FRANKLIN PLTJ \ X
FRANKLIN CITY OF\
-------
1
-------
Cross Program Linkages
AFO/CFO
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
NON IND SPECIES
X
X
X
X
X
X
WETLANDS
X
X
X
X
X
X
AMBIENT MONITOR
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WATER QUALITY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SPRAWL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TOXIC WARM SPT
X
X
X
X
SED. SOURCES
X
X
X
PBT
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
MtBE
X
X
X
LEAD
X
X
AIR TOXICS
X
X
X
GROUND WATER
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
1
-------
We've Come a Long Way, but There's Still More Work to Do:
Safe & Sustainable Environment for People & Ecosystems
are Still Being Stressed
Our traditional approach needs to emphasize cross-program
& cross-agency innovative approaches
They often fall outside traditional roles, regulations, &
practices needed to solve our new chaileges
\
eg., sprawl, cities/urban, estuaries,
air & water toxics, monitoring
-------