WET SCRUBBER SYSTEM STUDY         Volume II
     FINAL REPORT

  and BIBLIOGRAPHY
            Prepared For

 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

         Control Systems Division




             July 1972
              EP
             APT
A'RT-> Inc             Box 71 Riverside,Ca. 92502

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WET SCRUBBER SYSTEM STUDY                              VOLUME II
                        FINAL REPORT
              Seymour Calvert, Project Director
              Jhuda Goldshmid
              David Leith
              Dilip Mehta
                        Prepared for

                  CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVISION
  OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  CONTRACT NO. CPA-70-95
                        A.P.T., INC,
             (Ambient Purification Technology)
         P. 0.  Box 71, Riverside, California 92502

                        July,  1972

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                         FORWARD
     The Final Report and Bibliography  is Vol.  II  of  a  two-
volume report submitted to the Office of Air  Programs  -
Environmental Protection Agency, as part of the  Wet  Scrubber
System Study under Contract No. CPA-70-95.  The  first volume
is entitled Scrubber Handbook.  The two volumes  are  available
from NTIS.

     The principal objectives of this study were:  (1) To  eval-
uate the current engineering technology, (2)  To  evaluate  exist-
ing scrubber systems, (3) To investigate present usage  problems,
(4) To determine potential new applications,  and (5)  To develop
specific research recommendations.

     Mr. Dale Harmon of the Control System Division,  Office  of
Air Programs, served as the contract project  officer  through
most of the contract.  He was later replaced  by  Dr.  Leslie
Sparks of the same division.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                              II
       ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  AGENCY REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been  reviewed  by  EPA and approved for publi
cation.  Approval does not  signify  that  the contents
necessarily reflect the views  and policies of EPA, nor
does the mention of trade names or  commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
  Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                               Ill
                            ABSTRACT


     A Wet Scrubber System Study was undertaken to achieve the
following objectives: (1) Evaluate current engineering tech-
nology, (2) Evaluate existing scrubber system's, (3) Investigate
present usage problems,  (4) Determine potential new applications,
(5) Develop specific research recommendations.  The products
of this  study are: (1) Scrubber Handbook, (2) Final Report,
(3) Bibliography,  (4) R § D Plan.  The Scrubber Handbook brings
together previously scattered material and makes clear its
applicability to scrubber technology.  It discusses the various
aspects of scrubber use and present engineering design methods
based on a unifying concept.  Actual experience on hundreds
of scrubber installations is presented in a condensed form.
Many related topics such as auxiliaries, materials of construc-
tion, physical and chemical data, cost estimation and optimi-
zation techniques, and the disposal of liquid and solid wastes
are all covered thoroughly in the Scrubber Handbook.

     The Final Report and Bibliography describes the approach
and method used to achieve the objecties listed earlier.   It
presents two R 5 D plans; one at a $2 million, five-year level,
and the second at a $7 million five-year level.  The Bibliography
contains about 1,700 references discussing various aspects of
wet scrubbers.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                             IV


                       TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY	i

     OBJECTIVES	1
     APPROACH AND METHODS	1
     CONCLUSIONS	3
     RESULTS OF THE STUDY	4

PROGRAM AND OBJECTIVES 	  7

     INTRODUCTION	7
     SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY	7

          Scrubber Handbook	9
          Research Plan	9
          Bibliography 	  9
          Final Report	9

APPROACH AND METHODS  	  10

     GENERAL APPROACH	10
     ORGANIZATION OF PROGRAM 	  13
     PERSONNEL AND SUBCONTRACT 	  13

          Consultants on Optimization	14

     SURVEYS	16

          Literature Survey	16
          Scrubber Manufacturers 	  17
          Scrubber Users 	  18
          Scrubber Researchers 	  	  21
          Patents	22

     DESIGN METHOD DEVELOPMENT 	  	  22

          Basic Concepts	22
          Design Methods for Various  Scrubber  Groups  ....  24
          Evaluation of Available Methods	25
          Augmentation of Methods	26
          Example Problems 	  26

     OPTIMIZATION	28

     OTHER AREAS FOR APPLICATION	29

     RESEARCH NEEDS AND PLAN	30

RESULTS	32

     SCRUBBERS AVAILABLE 	  32

     HANDBOOK CONTENTS 	  33


     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                               V
 TABLE  OF  CONTENTS  (cont'd)

     ANALYSIS  OF SCRUBBER PRACTICE 	36

           Unit Processes  to  Which Scrubbers are Applied.  .  .  .36
           Calcining  Processes	36
           Combustion Processes  	'	 36
           Crushers and  Mills 	 37
           Driers	37
           Gases	37
           Liquid Mists	38
           Smelting 	 38
           Processes  to  Which Each Type  of  Scrubber is  Applied.38
           Sales  of Scrubbers Compared with Other Equipment  .  .39

     OTHER AREAS OF  APPLICATION	48

           Potential  Applications  	 48
           Negative Factors  	 49
           Survey of  Potential	50
           Calcining  Processes	53
           Chemical Processes	54
           Food and Feed Processes	54
           Metallurgical Processes	54
           Combustion  Processes	55
           Conclusions	55

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT  PLAN	56

           Basic Concepts	57
           Physico-Chemical Data	58
           New Equipment	59
           Engineering Design and Optimization of Scrubber
           Systems	61
           Dynamic Behavior and Control  Instrumentation
           Technique	62
          Criteria  for the Preparation  of  a Five-Year
           Research Plan	63

CONCLUSIONS	69

     EVALUATION OF  CURRENT TECHNOLOGY	69

          Mass Transfer	69
          Particulate Collection	70
          Combined  Collection	71

     EXISTING SCRUBBER SYSTEM EVALUATIONS	72

          Particulate Collection	73
          Combined  Mass Transfer and Particulate  Collection.  !?4
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                               VI
TABLE OF CONTENTS  (cont'd)

     SCRUBBER  USE  AND PROBLEMS	74

          New  Applications	76
          Recommendations for R § D  .  .  .  .	78

     APPENDICES	80
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                            VII
                   LIST OF  FIGURES  AND  TABLES


Figure 1   Schematic Diagram  of  Scrubber  Design 	  11

Table 1    Unit Mechanisms  for Particle Separation	23

Table 2    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Particulate  Emissions
           from Calcining Processes  	  40

Table 3    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Particulate  Emissions
           from Combustion  Processes	41

Table 4    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Particulate  Emissions
           from Crushers and  Mills	42

Table 5    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Particulate  Emissions
           from Driers	43

Table 6    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Gases	44

Table 7    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Liquid Mists	45

Table 8    Scrubbers Used to  Control  Particulate  Emissions
           from Smelting Operations  	  46

Table 9    Industrial  Gas Cleaning  Equipment -  Manufac-
           turer's Shipments  by  Industry,  1967	47

Table 10   Use of Particulate Collectors  by Industry	51

Table 11   Processes with Scrubber Application  Potential.  .  .  53

Table 12   Research Plan A  -  $2  Million/5  Years	65

Table 13   Research Plan B  -  $7  Million/5  Years	66

Table 14   Processes to Which Each  Type of Scrubber  is
           Applied	75
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                            SUMMARY


     A.P.T. conducted a Wet Scrubber System Study under Contract
CPA-70-95 with EPA/OAP.  The study started on June 30, 1970, and
was active for 18 months.  The objectives of the study were set
forth by EPA in the "scope of work" and aimed toward a thorough
investigation of the nature and uses of scrubbers.  To achieve the
specified objectives, A.P.T. conducted a literature search  and
surveys  of scrubber users, manufacturers and researchers.  What
was found was then augmented with much in-house modeling and
development.  The products of the contract are the Scrubber Hand-
book, the Scrubber Bibliography and the Final Report.

Obj ectives

     The objectives of the "Wet Scrubber System Study" were
set forth' by EPA (then NAPCA) as follows:

     1.  Evaluate current engineering technology.
     2.  Evaluate existing scrubber systems.
     3.  Investigate present usage problems.
     4.  Determine potential new applications.
     5.  Develop specific research recommendations.

Approach and Methods

     The general approach to the project was to rationalize
scrubber performance in terms of basic principles.  This is the
most powerful way to interpret experience and to extrapolate into
unexplored territory.  Field experience, laboratory research, and
theoretical concepts were all used to relate the understanding
of the fundamental mechanisms of particle separation and gas ab-
sorption to the scrubber performance.  Empirical relationships
were used when necessary to describe situations which have not
yet been rationalized.

     Whenever possible, the Scrubber Handbook presents an engineer-
ing design method based on fundamental principles, and provides
original developments where no  suitable methods were available
in the literature.

     Five surveys were carried out to get a firm grasp on the
current state-of-the-art in the theory, design, and application
of wet scrubbers.

     (1) Literature survey - aimed at collecting all of the theo-
         retical, experimental and practical work  on wet  scrubbers
         Over 2,000 articles were acquired and most of them are
         listed in the Bibliography.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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     (2)  Scrubber manufacturers survey - aimed at obtaining
          detailed information on the scrubbers currently manu-
          factured, their performance characteristics and cost.
          105 manufacturers responded with at least part of the
          information.

     (3)  Scrubber users survey - aimed at determining actual
          scrubber performance in various industries.  Descriptions
          were collected of 305 scrubbers.

     (4)  Scrubber researchers survey - aimed at obtaining an up-
          to-date picture of scrubbers research and explore
          future research needs.  24 positive replies were
          received.

     (5)  Scrubber patent survey - aimed at collecting all scrubber
          patents.  250 patents were acquired.

     In developing new design methods and modifying existing ones,
we used what we call the unit mechanism approach.  Unit mechanisms
represent the essence of the phenomena on the microscopic level
and permit the derivation of scrubber performance equations from
basic physical principles and collector geometry.  The unit mechan-
ism equations then serve as building blocks in deriving a design
equation for a specific commercial scrubber.  This approach is
especailly valuable for particle collection and permits the scrubber
engineer to derive a theoretical design equation for his specific
scrubber.  Due to the hypotheses and the simplifying assumptions
made in the derivations it is advisable to reinforce the theore-
tical equations with experimental data.

     A separate chapter is devoted to scrubber design optimization.
Due to the many parameters which are specific to a given industry,
location or design, the method has been demonstrated for only a
general case.

     Existing mass transfer theories have been evaluated and
assembled.  Many design parameters were plotted to facilitate
calculations and examples were worked out to illustrate ambiguous
points.  The unit mechanism path was taken to derive design
equations for specific scrubber designs, especially in the more
complicated case where the absorption is followed by a chemical
reaction.

     A research plan for filling in the identified deficiencies
in the state-of-the-art and meeting the need for better scrubber
performance was prepared.  Priorities were assigned to research
topics based on two primary criteria:  (1) Pressing air pollution
problems should have first priority, (2) Scrubbers should be
applied in their areas of strength.  The framework of time and
budget for the research effort had been established in the contract
scope of work.  Thus the development of a research plan became a
matter of fitting the most important research topics into the
constraints of time and money.

     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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Conclusions

     The Wet Scrubber System Study led to the following
conclusions:

     1.  Scrubbers are used for the removal of gases, particu-
lates  or both from a gas stream.  Adequate theories, design methods
and cost information are available for most of the mass transfer
operations.  No general approach to the design of scrubbers for
particle removal was available prior to this study.   The unit
mechanism approach which we introduced and developed for the
derivation of design methods for particle removal has proven to
be powerful and generally applicable.  There is still a pressing
need for further development and refinement of reliable engineer-
ing design methods backed by much experimental work.

     2.  The scrubber designs used for mass transfer operations
are those which permit long residence time and large contact area.
Removal efficiency of a mass transfer scrubber depends mainly on
the equilibrium relationships between the absorbed gas and the
absorbing liquor.  By increasing column height and by introducing
a reactive substance, any desired gas removal efficiency can be
achieved.

     3.  Particles are collected in present day scrubbers mainly
by three mechanisms:  inertial impaction,  interception and
diffusion.  Inertial impaction is the collection mechanism for
particles larger than *1 ym, diffusion for particles smaller than
=0.1 ym and interception for particles with diameters of the same
order of magnitude as the collector diameter.  Fine particles in
the size range of .1-1 ym are the most difficult to collect. The
choice of a scrubber for particle removal depends upon economic
considerations, scrubber performance, difficulty of liquor treat-
ment, presence of other contaminants, operating conditions,
materials of construction and tradition.  Low velocity and low
pressure drop scrubbers are adequate for relatively large particles,
high velocity scrubbers are required for the removal of the 1 ym
range particles.

     4.  Scrubbers are used to control emissions from many diver-
sified sources and are favored over other air pollution control
equipment under the following circumstances:

         a.  Where the removal of gaseous, or simultaneous gaseous
             and particulate contaminants is required.

         b.  Where the treatment or disposal of the liquid efflu-
             ent is simple and not expensive.

         c.  Where there is no water shortage.

         d.  Where available plant space is limited.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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          e.  Where there is an explosion hazard.

          f.  Where dust resistivity and/or gas temperature is
              high.

          g.  Where the dust particles are larger than ^5 ym.

          h.  Where the gas is at or above the dew point.

          i.  Above all, where the economics is favorable.

      5.  Wet scrubbers account for 22% of the air pollution
 control market in 1971 and are projected to account for 261 of
 the market  in 1976.   Changing technology and emission regulations
 may lead to the future application of scrubbers to pollution con-
 trol problems where  scrubbers are not widely applied now.  The
 most promising areas  are the  cleanup of submicron particles and
 inorganic gases.   Scrubber  application for the removal of fine
 particles will require the  development of suitable scrubbers.

      6.   Scrubber research  and development should be aimed at:

          a.   Improving scrubber performance  in the fine  particle
              range.

          b.   Developing a rational  basis  for  liquid entrainment
              (carry-over) separation design  and improving the
              level of  performance  capability.

          c.   Developing better and  more  reliable  engineering
              design methods backed  by  an  abundance  of  field
              data.

          d.    Reducing  scrubber capital and operating costs  and
              increasing  scrubber dependability  by decreasing
              scrubber  size, increasing efficiency without  in-
              creasing  the energy required, improving water
              treatment methods, designing  scrubbers  for  specific
              applications and  developing measurement and control
              instruments.

Results of the Study

     The  results of this study are presented in two  volumes:

             Volume I   -  "Scrubber Handbook"

             Volume II  -  "Final Report and Bibliography"

     The Scrubber Handbook brings together a lot  of  previously
scattered material and applies it in a unified way to scrubber
technology.   The literature bearing on particulate scrubbing was
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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more in need of this than that on mass transfer, due to the
historically greater importance of the latter.  The relation-
ship of the material ranging from basic research to field ex-
perience to scrubber technology is embodied in a general (unit
mechanism) approach to scrubber analysis and design.  The
essence and emphasis of the unit mechanisms approach is that
one should visualize and define scrubber operation in terms of
the basic microphenomena which transfer the particles or the
gas molecules from the gas to the liquid.

     Many entirely new and many significantly improved design
methods have been developed through the use of this approach
and are presented in the Handbook.  Thus they are useful to
the engineer who needs them for design computations and to
the one who can gain insight which will help him develop a new
method or model.

     Particle separation computations will be greatly simpli-
fied and probably made more accurate by the use of a general
approach developed in this program and used in the Handbook.
This approach defines the difficulty of separation as a "separa-
tion cut diameter", analogous to the number of transfer units
required for mass transfer.  Scrubber system optimization is
discussed in general and applied to the case of cyclone type
scrubbers.

     Actual experience on hundreds of scrubber installations
was obtained through the survey and is presented in condensed
form in the Handbook.  The information shown (when it was avail-
able) includes a brief description of the source process,scrubber
performance data, gas and liquid stream rates and properties,
costs, emission characteristics, and references.  Analysis of
the data to show patterns of usage, etc. are also given.

     Many related topics such as auxiliaries, materials of con-
struction, physical and chemical data, and the disposal of li-
quid and solid wastes are covered in thoroughly indexed chapters
of the Handbook.  This material will provide the reader with an
overall picture of what is involved and references to additional
material.  Sufficient useful data are provided so that an en-
gineer can make at least a preliminary design for a variety of
systems.

     The final report describes th;e R 5 D plan and the approach
and methods used to achieve the objectives set forth in the
scope of work.  It details the organization and personnel, the
various surveys, and the design method development.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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     The Bibliography contains about  1,700 references  and  is
organized in a manner parallel to that used  in  the  Handbook.
Each section in the Scrubber Handbook with .references  has  a
corresponding section in the Bibliography with  the  same  number
and title.

     In conclusion, we feel that the Scrubber Handbook is  a
turning point in wet scrubber engineering and technology,  es-
pecially regarding particulates.  For the first time a cohesive
theory encompassing all types of scrubber design has been  put
forward.  This theory permits every engineer, even  without
access to proprietary performance information,  to design a
scrubber with a large degree of confidence.  This confidence
will increase as more and more experimental  information  is
gathered and analyzed.  Attempts can now be made to extrapolate
scrubber  performance to areas where they have never been  used
before and to optimize scrubber economics and performance.
It seems most likely that with this basic theory now available,
with the scrubber research and development currently being
carried out, and with the inherently favorable characteristics
of wet scrubbers, their use will increase and they will play a
growing part in air pollution control.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                    PROGRAM AND OBJECTIVES


 INTRODUCTION

     This is the final report for a Wet Scrubber System Study
which was performed by A.P.T. (Ambient Purification Technology)
for EPA/OAP under Contract CPA-70-95 for an 18-month period of
performance beginning June 30, 1970.  Companion documents which
resulted from this study are a "Scrubber Handbook" and a "Selected
Bibliography on Wet Scrubbers".   The project director is Dr. Seymour
Calvert of A.P.T. and the project officer is Mr. Dale L. Harmon of
the Environmental Protection Agency.

     Wet scrubbers are defined here as devices which utilize a
scrubbing liquid in the separation of particulate or gaseous con-
taminants (or components) from a gas.  They are used extensively
for the control of air pollution emissions and also in chemical
process systems.  Since the term "scrubber" is rarely used to de-
scribe a dry system, we will generally refer to wet scrubbers as
simply "scrubbers".  So many different scrubber configurations
have been used that there is some confusion as to whether they
are all in the same category, and in some writings there is a
restriction of the definition according to whether they are open
or packed,  etc.   We intend no such limitation; any device fitting
the definition of the first sentence in this paragraph is a wet
scrubber.


SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

     The objectives of the Wet Scrubber System Study were set
forth by EPA (then NAPCA) in the program scope of work as follows:

     "U)  Evaluate Current Engineering Technology

          The selected contractor will evaluate the status
          of engineering technology applicable to wet scrubbers
          and currently available to the designers, manufac-
          turers,  and users of scrubbers...  The contractor
         will  determine the availability and adequacy of use-
          ful operational and design data,  models,  and equations
          and the  applicability  of these data for prediction of
         performance of the various types  of scrubbers.   Tech-
         nology relating to the performance of scrubbers as
         both  particulate collectors and mass transfer contac-
          tors  should be considered...  The  results  of this com-
         prehensive  engineering evaluation will serve as the
         basis  for the  proposed R 5 D program and  a comprehensive
         authoritative  handbook on scrubber technology.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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  (2)  Evaluate  Existing Scrubber Systems

      The  contractor  will  critically review and evaluate
      all  major types of scrubbing  devices  currently avail-
      able,  assess  the strengths and weaknesses of each type,
      and  identify  specific  operating and maintenance pro-
      blems.  The contractor will  identify  factors that tend
      to limit  the  effectiveness of available  scrubbing units
      for  each  application.   Utilizing  emerging technology  in
      other  fields, the  contractor  will identify modifications
      and  equipment additions  that  could improve the perfor-
      mance  and expand the application  of wet  scrubbers.  The
      contractor will  also identify specific deficiencies in
      existing  equipment that  if overcome by research and
      development, would improve performance and reliability
      and  would permit  expansion of the application  of wet
      scrubbers.

  (3)  Investigate Present Usage  Problems

      The  contractor will investigate current  practices  in
      the  application  of wet scrubbers and  compile a listing
      of specific processes  or emission problems to  which
      scrubbers  are being applied or  to which  application has
      been attempted... The  contractor will investigate  and
      identify  all problems  associated with present  applica-
      tions for  each area of application and identify  and
     quantify  the major factors that affect capital  and
     operating  costs.

 (4) Determine  Potential New Applications

     The contractor will investigate and identify major air
     pollution  sources that  are amenable to control by the
     use of wet scrubbers, including sources that are normally
     controlled by  other types of devices...  The contractor
     will  estimate  the magnitude of each collection problem
     and identify factors currently limiting the application
     of scrubbers in  these areas.

 (5) Develop Specific Research Recommendations

     Two 5-year research and development  programs, Plan A
     and Plan B, are  to be developed as a  product  of this
     study... Each  plan will recommend specific research and
     development required to provide technology where de-
     ficiencies exist and  generate  needed  data to  improve
     process performance and economics to  permit expansion
     of wet  scrubber  application to the control of additional
     air pollution  sources."
Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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     The major products of the study are the handbook,
research plan, bibliography and final report.  The objectives
for each of these may be briefly stated as follows:

     Scrubber Handbook - The handbook is to be an authori-
tative and comprehensive source on wet scrubber technology. It
includes in-depth engineering analyses and is intended for use
in design, research, and instruction.

     Research Plan - The research plan is aimed at overcoming
the identified deficiencies in the state-of-the-art.  The re-
search plan reflects the need for better separation of present
scrubbers, improved capabilities of future scrubbers, lower
costs, and optimum application to specific processes.  It pro-
vides guidelines to both the sponsors and the performers of
research.

     Bibliography - The bibliography is to serve as a guide to
the most useful items of published literature and government
reports which relate to wet scrubbing.

     Final Report - The final report is to document the method,
results, and conclusions of the scrubber study.  The research
plan is presented in the final report.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                 10


                     APPROACH AND METHODS
GENERAL APPROACH
     The general approach to the project was to rationalize
scrubber performance in terms of basic principles.  Field exper-
ience, laboratory research, and theoretical concepts were all  to
be used in relating a quantitative understanding of the funda-
mental situations, in which both particles and gases are trans-
ferred from the gas phase to the liquid, to the performance of
the scrubber.

     Given sufficient understanding, one can develop an engineer-
ing design method which enables the predication of performance
with reasonable confidence.  Wherever possible we would present
such a method based on fundamental principles, and would provide
original developments where there were not suitable methods avail-
able in the literature.  Empirical relationships are used when
necessary to describe a situation which has not yet been ration-
alized.

     As the first step in this approach, one needs an overall
concept of scrubber systems and the basic phenomena involved. Then
he can describe the overall problem in terms of a number of related
components.  Having defined the problem, one next needs to estab-
lish priorities for work on the various components.

     Since there is always a limit on what can be accomplished,
it was intended that this approach would ensure that the most
important things would be covered.   Figure 1 is a schematic dia-
gram of a scrubber system which has nearly everything imaginable
and reasonable.  It serves as a pictorial check list of what
ought to be considered.  Along the same vein, a detailed outline
of all conceivable methods of gas purification by scrubbing was
prepared and used as a guide for the study.  This outline is well
represented by the Tables of Contents for Chapters 4 and 5.

     The Handbook is composed of material which is the result of
activity in three main areas.

     1.  Review and development of engineering design methods
         related to scrubber performance.

     2.  Review and development of engineering information on
         system elements other than the scrubber itself.

     3.  Aquisition and analysis of actual experience data
         (surveys).

     In the development of design methods the general approach,
and an ideal not completely realized in all cases, was to:
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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 2T

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 3
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                                               Figure  1

                                  SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SCRUBBER SYSTEM
                                                                                    EFFLUENT
ENTRAINMENT
 SEPARATOR
  HEAT

EXCHANGE*
  LJL
                  DUCTWORK
                                                                             LIQUID
                                                                             TREATMENT
                             GASEOUS
                              WASTE
                   GAS  INLET
                    \ LABOR,  /



                      \  PLIE7





                   |— CHEMICALS


                      BY-PRODUCTS
                   -te.   OR
                      RECYCLE STREAMS
                                                                           SOLID  LIQUID
                                                                           WASTE  WASTE

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                                                                12


     1.  Analyze all currently known wet scrubbers of signifi-
         cance and define them in terms of the elemental physical
         and chemical mechanisms (unit mechanisms) which are the
         components which can be assembled to describe any kind
         of scrubber.

     2.  Develop a set of the best available design methods
         (i.e., mathematical models relating design variables
         to performance) for each of the unit mechanisms. Utilize
         the best available design information but do not be
         limited by it.  Where gaps or weak points exist, develop
         new or improved methods.

     3.  Synthesize the appropriate total design equations from
         the unit mechanisms equations and use them to predict
         performance of known types of scrubbers.

     4.  Utilize available published and unpublished design me-
         thods, performance data, manufacturers' literature, etc.
         to predict performance of the systems covered in point
         3, above.

     5.  Compare the predictions of the available methods (point
         3) and the available information (point 4). Reconcile
         differences to firm-up the final models and to elucidate
         areas for further research.   Where performance data are
         limited,  indicate the range of possible error associated
         with the recommended method.   Indicate any limitations
         on scale-up capability.

     6.  Develop charts and tables for the reader's convenience
         in making design computations.

     7.  Present example calculations  to illustrate the use of
         design methods.

     As Figure 1 indicates, there are  a number of elements other
than the scrubber which make up the total system.  Frequently
the technology or cost of one of these is more significant than
that of the scrubber itself.  There are other considerations which
may limit performance or feasibility.   The kind of factors studied
are as follows:

     1.  Equilibrium considerations and related problems such as
         physical solubility, chemical reaction equilibrium, rate
         of chemical use, solvent losses, and solvent selectivity.

     2.  Operating characteristics such as stability, reliability,
         flexibility, and controllability.
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                                                               13


     3.  Auxiliaries such as blowers, pumps, heat exchangers,
         lines, spray nozzles, controls, hooding, venting, li-
         quid clarification for recycle, liquid chemical treat-
         ment, crystallizers,  solvent stripper, extractors, and
         liquid or solid waste disposal.

     4.  Measurement of system performance by means of manual
         or machine sampling and analysis of gas and liquid
         streams.

     5.  Operating and maintenance labor, materials, and other
         costs.

     6.  Health and safety considerations such as toxic gases or
         liquids,  explosive materials, hot surfaces, and corro-
         sive or irritant materials.

     7.  Materials of construction problems such as corrosion,
         erosion,  strength, weight, ease of repair, suscepti-
         bility to stress and fatigue, and cost.

     8.  Economic factors and their analysis such as deter-
         mining costs for investment, power, chemicals, oper-
         ating labor, maintenance, and depreciation.


ORGANIZATION OF PROGRAM

     Implementation of the general approach described above re-
quired that the program activities be organized into functional
subdivisions which could be treated as individual work assign-
ments and responsibilities.  It was decided that the most ef-
ficient way to proceed would be to set up a tentative outline of
the final report-handbook combination and to assign responsibili-
ties and deadlines for various sections of the outline.

     By proceeding in this way the results would be written up
in final format as soon as possible.  This would provide the maxi
mum time for review, rewriting, and reorganization.  It will be
recognized  that the interdependences of one task on the result
of another, and the unexpected turns of events gives rise to an
incessant reordering of efforts as new needs become apparent.


PERSONNEL AND SUBCONTRACT

     The program technical personnel involved  the staffs of APT,
a sub-contractor, Garrett Research and Development  (GRD), and
consultants.  The individuals involved were as follows:
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                                                                 14

APT

   Seymour Calvert,  Ph.D.,  Project Director
   Jhuda  Goldshmid,  Ph.D.
   David  Leith, M.S.
   Dilip  S. Mehta, Ph.D.
   Amancio Sycip, M.S.

GRD

   John Ellis, B.S.
   George Preston, Ph.D.
   Edgar  Manker, Ph.D.
   Jerome Wilkenfeld, M.S.  (Hooker Chemical)

Consultants on Optimization

   Lucien Schmidt, M.S.
   Jack Alkalay, Ph.D.


     The  subcontract with GRD, a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum,
was for the period of 11 months and was mainly intended to provide
access to the various components of Occidental for data on their
scrubber  experience.  These included Hooker Chemical, Occidental
Chemical, Island Creek Coal, and others.  Some of the GRD person-
nel contributed to the preparation of technical material for the
handbook.  Dr. Preston was largely responsible for Chapter 10 and
several sections of Chapters 4 and 5.  Mr. Ellis was largely res-
ponsible for Chapters 6 and 11, several sections of Chapter 9,
and the compilation of a considerable amount of survey data for
Chapter 7.

     Many people and organizations contributed generously to the
scrubber system study, and their part in the preparation of this
book is gratefully acknowledged.  We wish especially to point out
the important parts played by Mr. Dale L. Harmon, project officer
for the study, and Messrs Robert Lorentz and Richard Harrington
of the Environmental Protection Agency.  Dr. Leslie Sparks, pro-
ject officer during the final period of the study, contributed
notably to editing the Handbook and this Report.

     Some of those whose contributions were most noteworthy are
the following:

     Allegheney County Health Department, Bureau of Air Pollution
       Control, for providing information on the performance of
       scrubbing systems.

     Professor P.  H.  Calderbank, papers on bubble dynamics.

     County of San Bernardino Air Pollution Control District, for
       providing information on the performance of scrubbing
       systems.


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                                                                15
   Bureau of Air Quality and Noise Control,  Department of
     Environmental  Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

   Department of Environmental Control,  City of Chicago,  for
     providing information on the performance of scrubbing
     systems.

   Department of Public Health and Welfare,  Division of Air
     Pollution Control, City of Cleveland, for providing in-
     formation on the performance of scrubbing systems.

   Department of Water and Power, City of Los Angeles, for
     providing information on the performance of scrubbing
     systems.

   Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste
     Management Program, incineration.

   Harvard School of Public Health, for providing information
     on the performance of scrubbing systems.

   Mr.  C. B. Horsley of Braxton Corporation, for his interesting
     information on ultrasonic devices.

   Mr.  Charles S. Maneri, Chief, Federal Facilities Branch,
     Environmental  Protection Agency, for information on many
     government scrubbers.

   Mr.  Charles G. Martin of Christchurch, New Zealand, for his
     valuable comments.

   Professor Thomas T. Mercer, for his help in jet impaction.

   New Jersey State Department of Environmental Protection, for
     providing information on the performance of scrubbing
     systems.

   Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for description of scrubbers
     used in their installation, and description of their work
     on scrubbing of materials released due to an accident.


   Tennessee Valley Authority, Division of Chemical Development.

   For her tireless and careful work in the typing and reproduc-
tion of this report, we express our appreciation to Mrs. Glenna
Paschal.
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                                                               16
SURVEYS

     Five surveys were carried out to get a firm grasp on the
current state-of-the-art in the theory, design, and application
of wet scrubbers.  The purpose of the surveys was to broaden the
base of the scrubber study by studying the first hand knowledge
and experience of as many people as possible who work with
scrubbers.

     Each survey was aimed at a specific goal.  Results of the
surveys were used wherever possible in the writing of the Wet
Scrubber Handbook.  The persons or material surveyed, and the
main use of the results obtained is given below:

     2.4.1    Literature       Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10,
                                        11, 12

     2.4.2    Scrubber
               Manufacturers   Chapters 3, 5

     2.4.3    Scrubber Users   Chapters 7, 8

     2.4.4    Researchers      Chapters 4, 5,  and  final  report

     2.4.5    Patents          Chapter 3

Documentation on the method of approach and analysis of data ob-
tained in these surveys will be given for each survey.


     Literature Survey

     An extensive and in-depth survey of the literature was per-
formed in order to find all theoretical, experimental, and
practical work on wet scrubbers which has been reported.

     Abstracting services were utilized.  Computer printouts of
relevant literature references were received from APTIC ,  NTIS,
AEC, NASA and Midwest Research Institute.  Chemical Abstracts
and British Chemical Engineering Abstracts were consulted.

     A direct manual search of forty-eight technical journals
carrying articles pertinent to scrubber systems was carried out.
Twenty-five journals were searched from 1950 to present;  the
balance from 1960 to present.  Facilities of UCLA, California
Institute of Technology and the University of California  at
Riverside were used.

     Of the thousands of literature articles reviewed, about
2,000 were judged directly pertinent to the Wet Scrubber  Study,
and were acquired, classified, and filed in the APT library. These
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were used throughout the writing of the handbook and are listed
in the Bibliography.

     Most of the evaluation of literature came at the time that
the literature was being screened for articles relevant to the
scrubber study.  If an article was judged as contributing to
the knowledge of scrubbers, it was noted and acquired.  If there
was doubt as to the contribution of an article to scrubber under-
standing, it was also noted and acquired.  It was deemed prudent
to select all articles which might be of use in the scrubber study,
rather than be overly selective at the outset,  and reject
these articles.

     Throughout the course of the work on the Wet Scrubber System
Study, articles extracted from the literature were consulted.
Evaluation of these articles continued throughout the work, and
comments on them are at appropriate places in the Wet Scrubber
Handbook.
      Scrubber Manufacturers

     To obtain detailed and up-to-date information on the scrub-
bers currently manufactured, their performance characteristics,
costs, and makers, a survey of scrubber manufacturers was made.
Similar surveys were made of manufacturers of mist elminators,
gas absorption equipment, and fan manufacturers.

     The names and addresses of manufacturers were taken from
three sources:  Chemical Engineering Magazine - "Environmental
Engineering Deskbook Issue", 77, 9, (April 27, 1969); Environ-
mental Science and Technology'1!' "1969-1970 Pollution Control
Directory", !5, 10 (Oct. 1969); and the "1970-71 APCA Directory",
published by the Air Pollution Control Association.

     A letter requesting information describing the scrubbing
equipment made, cost data, and case studies was sent to 250
manufacturers.  A copy of the letter sent to scrubber manufac-
turers and the enclosed sheet describing the scrubber study are
given  in Appendices A  and B.   Similar letters were sent to
manufacturers of mist,  eliminators and gas absorption equipment.
A  letter and data sheet for return to APT was sent to an addi-
tional ninety-six fabricators of scrubbers, to get information
on the availability and price of the scrubbers and auxiliaries
they make.  More detailed information was requested from nine
of the largest manufacturers.

     Of the 250 letters to manufacturers sent out  requesting  in-
formation, 105 manufacturers responded with at  least some of  the
information requested.  A total of 26 declined  to  send  infor-
mation, most because they were no longer in the  scrubber business
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Several large companies, members of the Industrial Gas Cleaning
Institute, (IGCI), referred us to the IGCI for information on
their scrubbers.  Most IGCI members responded directly to our
requests without referral to the IGCI.  The IGCI was contacted
by letter and telephone, but did not supply information on the
scrubbers of its member companies.   The balance of the companies
contacted were either duplicates, or else chose not to respond
to our requests.

     Most scrubber manufacturers either did not have, or else
did not wish to disclose detailed information on the performance
of their products.  It was decided that the fairest way to de-
scribe all manufacturers' products  would be to classify them
according to the types of scrubbers supplied, and then list the
names of the manufacturers of each  type of scrubber alphabetically.
This is done in Chapter Three of the Handbook.  Additional infor-
mation on the performance of certain manufacturers' products was
used in writing Chapter Five, "Design Methods".

     Surveying a group of manufacturers is treacherous on two
accounts:   (1)   Some manufacturers  may be listed who do not or
no longer manufacture the products  they are listed for, and
(2)  manufacturers who do manufacture applicable equipment may
not be included.   With regard to the first point, all the manu-
facturers listed in Chapter Three of the Handbook informed APT
that they were currently selling the equipment listed as of the
time of writing Chapter 3, Spring 1971. A sincere effort was made
to contact all scrubber manufacturers. Still, some manufacturers
are undoubtably not listed in Chapter Three.   This may be be-
cause they were not listed in our manufacturers sources, or be-
cause they did not respond to our inquiries.


     Scrubber Users

     To find out how well scrubbers perform in controlling the
emissions from industrial processes, a survey of industrial
scrubber users was carried out.   The objective was to determine
liquid rate, gas temperature, pressure drop,  collection efficiency,
capital and operating costs, maintenance problems, characteristics
of gas and scrubbing liquid, size distribution of dust, power
consumption, and characteristics of product collection for speci-
fic processes to which scrubbers are applied.  To develop this
information, three methods of approach were used:  direct solici-
tation of data through firms managed by the sub-contractor,
Occidental Petroleum Corporation; inspection  of appropriate files
of cooperative air pollution control agencies; and a mail survey
of scrubber users.  Each of these methods of  approach will be
briefly described.
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     Occidental Petroleum has a number of subsidiaries operating
in fields where scrubbers are frequently used for the control of
air pollution.  The appropriate facilities were identified and
contacted by the subcontractor.  Data were obtained on a four-
page questionnaire, specifically designed to extract all pertin-
ent information while retaining sufficient generality to apply to
any conceivable scrubber.  The form used is given here as Appendix
D.  In all, data on sixty scrubber systems were obtained by the
subcontractor.

     In conjunction with the mail survey (to be described later)
seventy-five municipal and state air pollution control agencies
were contacted.  A number of the agencies were willing to pro-
vide performance data on scrubbing systems operating in their
areas of jurisdiction.  All together, fairly extensive perfor-
mance data on one hundred thirty-one scrubbing systems were ob-
tained from control agencies.  In all cases it was necessary
to visit the agency and spend several days there, to obtain in-
formation of sufficient detail to be useful.

     A survey by mail was conducted to develop performance data
for additional scrubbers.  The main tasks in the mail survey
were to:  (1) identify by name and address known and potential
scrubber users, (2) find out if these users had information on
the performance of their scrubbers which might be used, (3) if
so, obtain this information.

     Names and addresses of scrubber users were requested in
seventy-five letters to state and local air pollution control
officials listed in "1970-71 Directory, Governmental Air Pol-
lution Agencies", published by the Air Pollution Control Asso-
ciation.  Of the seventy-five contacted, twenty-four provided
lists of scrubber users, seventeen either declined or were un-
able to provide lists, and thirty-four made no reply.

     American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) local chap-
ter presidents were contacted.  Of the thirty approached, two
gave lists of users, seven chose not to provide lists, and
twenty-one made no reply.

     Fifteen likely trade organizations were asked to provide
lists of their members using scrubbers.  Three did so, five
did not, and seven did not reply.

     In addition, likely scrubber users were identified in the
"California Manufacturers Index, 1970-71".

     In all, 1,518 names and addresses of companies using scrub-
bers throughout the United States on a wide variety of indus-
trial processes were identified.  Each of these was sent a
letter explaining the objectives of the scrubber study, and re-
questing their participation in the task of gathering performance
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                                                              20
 data by  filing  in and returning an enclosed post  card.  This
 letter is given  in Appendix  C.  Two hundred sixteen replies
 were received; one hundred thirty-two  said they chose not  to
 participate  in  the survey, while eighty-four said they would.

     The eighty-four users willing to  participate in the survey
 were next sent as many copies of the complete, four-page ques-
 tionnaire in Appendix D  as  they had scrubbers.   A covering
 letter was enclosed.    Meanwhile, the Federal Facilities
 Branch of EPA had identified seventy-five government scrubber
 installations.    Scrubber manufacturers also provided names
 and addresses of scrubber users.  Because manv of the users had
 more than one scrubber, about five hundred of the four-page
 questionnaires were sent out.

     If  after about two months no reply to the questionnaire had
 been received, a reminder was sent.  Enclosed was  a condensed
 version  of the four-page questionnaire, the thought being  that
 lack of  response might be due to the detail in the four-page ver-
 sion.  See condensed questionnaire, Appendix E.   About this time,
 the subcontractor provided the names and addresses of twenty-
 six large companies who were thought to be using  scrubbers. Most
 had already  been contacted, but had not responded.  They were
 sent another  letter, with copies of the condensed questionnaire
 enclosed. One hundred fourteen completed questionnaires were
 received as  the result of the mail survey.

     The total response to the scrubber users survey was,  then:
 sixty from the subcontractor, one hundred thirty-one from  visits
 to cooperative control agencies, and one hundred  fourteen  from
 the mail survey for a grand total of three hundred five scrubber
 systems described.   This material was used to write Chapter Seven,
 "Scrubber Performance on Industrial Emissions"and part of Section
 8.4.
     The information obtained in the scrubber users survey was
 almost always fragmented, and was reported in any  one of a number
 of systems of units.  To make the results useful,  it was nec-
 essary to convert the data reported into a consistent system
 of units, and then condense the data into a useful, working for-
mat.  To remain consistent with the Handbook, cgs  units were used
 in reporting the data obtained.  Chapter 7, where  the user's
 data is presented,  also has a brief table of conversion factors,
 to enable conversion from cgs to engineering units and vice versa.

     Only in a few cases was there information reported on the
properties of the gas and/or particles going into  the scrubbing
 system.   This is because most scrubber performance tests  from
which the users' data came had been performed on  the scrubber's
 outlet side   only, to see if the scrubber passed an emission
 code.  As inlet gas and particle properties are important, typical
 inlet characteristics for each process discussed  in Chapter seven
were found in the literature and reported.
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     Some of the survey results were so sketchy as to be of
questionable worth.  These results were discarded, and are not
reported.  On the other hand, some worthwhile scrubber perfor-
mance data were found in the literature.  These data were included
in the data analysis given in Chapter Seven.


     Scrubber Researchers

     Our literature survey accounted for past work and accom-
plishments in the field of wet scrubbers.  To get the present
day picture we conducted a scrubber researchers survey.  The pur-
pose of this survey was threefold: (1) Obtain an  up-to-date pic-
ture of wet scrubber research, so that present day work would not
be duplicated in our proposed research plan. (2) Explore future
research needs by asking the various investigators in the field.
(3) Complete the wet scrubber bibliography study by requesting
copies of pertinent articles.

     We requested the information through a letter mailed to the
various investigators involved in the study of wet scrubber systems
and/or technology, together with researchers found to be studying
the topic.  A list of addressees was obtained from the following
sources: (1) Chemical Engineering Department heads in most of the
U.S. Universities and many in Western Europe.  (2) Researchers
listed in the APCA directory. (3) Participants in APCA, A.I.H.A.,
A.I.Ch.E. and other scientific meetings held during 1970-71 where
topics related to wet scrubbers was discussed. (4) "Air Pollution
Titles", published annually by the "Center for Air Environment
Studies", Pennsylvania State University. (5) Authors of pertin-
ent literature articles. (6) Consulting engineering firms active
in the field of wet scrubbers.

     All together 194 letters were sent.  We got back 44 replies
out of which 24 were positive, discussing present and past re-
search in fields related to wet scrubbers.  Twenty replies were
negative and provided no information.  Most of the suggestions
for future work were found important and are included in the
five-year research plan presented later in this report.

     We did not request and did not get information on present
research and development work carried out by the various wet
scrubber manufacturers.  We met with several of the larger manu-
facturer's engineers and always found that this kind of informa-
tion was classified.

     To summarize, we think that between the literature study
and the researchers survey, despite the low response, we got a
good picture of present day knowledge and future research re-
quirements .
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     Patents

     A  survey of patents  related  to  scrubbers  as  listed  in  the
U.S. Patent Office was carried  out,  mainly  in  the  Patent Office
Search  Room in Washington, B.C.   About  two  hundred fifty patents
on  scrubbers were identified, noted,  and acquired.  The patents
were classified according to the  type of device patented, and
used in  the preparation of the  "Scrubber Patents"  section of
Chapter  Three.


DESIGN METHOD DEVELOPMENT

     In  developing new design methods and modifying existing ones,
we  used  the unit mechanisms approach.   Unit mechanisms are  de-
fined in Chapter Four of the Handbook as follows:   "Unit mechan-
isms for mass transfer and particle  collection are  the basic phy-
sical and chemical situations in  which  contaminants are taken out
of  the gas."  Each unit mechanism describes an interaction  be-
tween a  force or a gradient, a physical configuration of the col-
lector and a gaseous or particulate  contaminant.   Once unit mech-
anisms for various couples - of force and collector configuration  -
have been quantitatively described,  and their arrangement in the
collecting equipment defined, an  equation predicting the collec-
tion efficiency of this particular equipment can be derived. Fur-
thermore, after an equation describing  the behavior of a control
device is available, the effect of the  change in various para-
meters on it's performance can be analyzed.  This  approach  yielded
many of the design equations given in the Handbook  and with further
development and refinement promises  even better results.  In the
following pages the methods of how this approach was utilized will
be described in some detail.


     Basic Concepts

     As defined above, a unit mechanism is a function of the force
acting on the particles, or the gradient in the case of mass trans-
fer, and the collector geometry only. It is assumed that variation in
the properties of the gaseous contaminant, particulates and scrub-
bing liquid can be neglected.  Table 1  shows all the important
combinations of force and geometry.  Not all of the important
combinations are significant; for example, gravitation is expected
to be insignificant in liquid and gas jets due to  the very high
inertial effects.
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                                                              23
                           TABLE 1
           UNIT MECHANISMS FOR PARTICLE SEPARATION











1. Drops
2. Cylinders
3. Bubbles
4. Sheets
5. Liquid Jets
6. Impacting Gas Jets






.
>
rt
SH
U
S
N.S.
N.S.
S
N.S.
N.S.




rt
H
•P
IH

rt
4->
in
o
JH
•P
U

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                                                               24


     Sometimes several forces act simultaneously on the particles.
They either act all in one direction, or oppose each other.  In
these cases the combined effect was obtained by summing the in-
dividual fluxes, which is the same as summing the individual
forces.

     Unit mechanisms are affected by changes in the operating
conditions of the scrubber.  Variation in gas flow rate are ac-
counted for  in the unit mechanism equations.  Changes in liquid
flow rate usually affect the concentration of available collec-
ting bodies or the aerosol residence time and are accounted for
in the integrated design equations.  Changes in particle and
liquid properties, except for particle diameter and density, were
not considered in deriving the design equations, though they
should be, due to lack of adequate theories and experimental
data.  However, their importance was always emphasized.

     Effects of changes in operating pressure and temperature
on the different unit mechanism were analyzed and discussed in
Chapter 4.  Opposing views found in the literature regarding
the effect of particle concentration on collection efficiency and
on the unit mechanism equations were quoted.  However, it is our
opinion that so long as particle concentration is below the level
where particles hinder the movement of one another, their concen-
tration does not effect collection efficiency.

     Design Methods for Various Scrubber Groups

     The unit mechanisms equations can be used as building blocks
to obtain design equations for various scrubber designs.  The
first step is to analyze the scrubber in question; find out how
the gas  flows, what serves as particle or gas collector, and what
shape the collector takes.  Are there several different collec-
tion stages and are they arranged in series or parallel to one
another?  What is the total collecting surface area, what percen-
tage of the theoretically available collecting area is actually
used, and what percentage is wasted?  Is there an appreciable
change in particle properties when passing through the collector,
what forces are responsible for collection, and what is their
magnitude?  In most cases the force magnitude is a direct func-
tion of another quantity, such as relative velocity between par-
ticle and collector, temperature gradient, humidity, etc.

     When analyzing the various collecting devices available in
the market, we found out that they can all be grouped  in ten basic
groups.   The same unit mechanisms, namely the same force and
collector geometry, is responsible for all, or the major part
of the collection in all the devices which belong to one group.
The various devices within one group usually differ in flow
rates, percentage active collecting surface area, and  the changes
in particle and liquid properties which take place within the
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device.  A commercial scrubber may include more than one collec-
tion device in one unit.  For example, in the "mobile bed" scrub-
ber the gas passes first through a liquid spray, then through a
sieve plate,  a packed bed, a foam region, and finally exits
through a baffled entrainment separator.

     When only one unit mechanism applies, or when one mechanism
is responsible for most of the collection, integration over all
the collecting bodies yields the collection efficiency equation
for the device.  Collection equations so derived were then tested
against experimental results.  In some cases the agreement with
theory was good, in others, curve fitting yielded the experimental
coefficients required for closer description and prediction of
the efficiency.   In the "mobile bed" example given earlier, it
was felt that the packed bed section contributes the major part
of the collection.  Thus the packed bed unit mechanism equation
was compared with experimental results for mobile beds and the
experimental coefficients determined.

     The major difficulty encountered when using this procedure
for deriving the design equations in the Handbook, was the lack
of good and reliable collection efficiency data.


     Evaluation of Available Methods

     When conducting the literature survey various design methods
for different scrubbers were found.  Several of these methods
are empirical while others are based on a theoretical approach.
However, we did not find any attempt to unify the field of par-
ticle collection through one approach as we did through the unit
mechanism.  No existing design method claimed to be an overall
wet scrubber theory for particle collection.  The literature on
mass transfer in more extensive and several theories which cover
the field from different angles are available.

     A few of the particle collection equations found in the
literature were adequate for our unit mechanism approach and
were included in the Handbook.  These included: Langmuir and
Blodget approach and solution to the collection by spheres and
cylinders, Davies equations for impacting jets and deposition
on ducts and pipes, Calvert's equations for Venturi and packed
column, and several others.

     In other design methods found in the literature, an empirical
approach was taken and empirical equations or rules resulted.
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                                                               26
The major disadvantage of these empirical methods  is  that  they
could not be applied outside  the domain that  they  describe  and
they can not make predictions.  An example  is  the  power  law,
which is a good rule of thumb if applied within  its range  of
application.  However, as shown in the Handbook  through  the
venturi equations, this rule  gives only a partial  picture  and
can only correlate data already at hand.

     Whenever existing equations, that were not  derived  through
the unit mechanism approach, were available,  these equations were
compared together with our derived equations  to  available  experi-
mental results.  All the design methods are usually listed  in the
Handbook and the one that agreed best with  experimental  results
is recommended.

     Augmentation of Methods

     The major obejctive of the "Basic Concepts" and  "Design
Methods" chapters in the Handbook is to present  a unified  approach
to the field of particulate scrubbing.  Wherever design  methods
are not available for existing devices, or when  a designer has a
new wet scrubber in mind, the equations or  the approach  presented
in the Handbook should be used to obtain a  suitable design method.

     Many of the design equations are plotted  in the  Handbook
to help the design engineer see the trend resulting from changes
in the equipment geometry or the operating variables.  These plots
also reduce the calculation time required for  the prediction of
equipment performance.   Design examples are presented in Chapter
9 to clarify the calculation methods when employing these charts.

     Simple approximate estimation methods based mainly  on the
particle aerodynamic diameter as a measure of  the difficulty of
separation are also presented.  With the help  of this estimation
method one can obtain a fast approximation of  the type and size
of equipment that will  give the desired collection efficiency.

     Example Problems

     Example problems are used where necessary in the book  to
illustrate a concept or an approach to solving a problem.  In those
sections dealing with the theory of scrubber design and performance,
primarily Chapters 4 and 5, example problems are intertwined with
the text, and serve to  point out how a particular point  or equa-
tion discussed can be used. Chapter 9 is entirely devoted to ex-
ample problems  and shows how the design methods discussed earlier
in the Handbook for calculating the design of various components
of a scrubber design can be used to engineer a complete  scrubbing
system.
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                                                                27
     The example problems, or design examples, illustrating a
particular point are as follows:

     4.2.6.4  Instantaneous Reaction Criteria

     4.2.7.5  Reactive Solids Slurry

     4.5.1    Unit Mechanisms for Mass Transfer: Drops
               (2 Examples)

     4.5.2    Unit Mechanisms for Mass Transfer: Bubbles
               (2 Examples)

     4.7      Effect of Pressure § Temperature on Collection of
               Particles in Wet Scrubbers

     5.2.2.2  Column Diameter (Plate Columns)

     5.2.2.3  Pressure Drop (Plate Columns)(2 Examples)

     5.2.2.4  Column Height (Plate Columns)

     5.2.3.2  Column Diameter (Packed Column)

     5.3.3.2  Particle Collection Efficiency  (Packed Column)

     5.3.4.7  Fiber Packing: Particle Collection Efficiency

     5.3.10   Mechanically Aided Scrubber: Particle Collection
               (2 Examples)

     The example problems listed in Chapter 9 are more extensive
and serve to bring together the approaches to designing a scrub-
ber system and its components described in earlier chapters of
the Handbook.  Chapter 9 is for the purpose of clarifying the
design methods, enabling the reader to check his calculation
method for computational errors, and for tying a few loose ends.
Most of the examples center on the scrubber performance itself
and a few are fairly extensive.  Mass transfer examples are pre-
sented in Chapter 5 in many instances, for more effective rela-
tionship to the text, but they are listed under 9.3.2 to ensure
that the reader can find them.

     Some discussion of "trouble shooting',' (i.e. the solution
of operating problems) is given in Section 9.4.  Recognition of
the sorts of possible difficulties one may encounter has an ob-
vious beneficial effect on the design of scrubbers.  Thus the
last part of this chapter serves as a reminder of the many fac-
tors besides scrubber efficiency to consider  in system design,
selection, operation, and maintenance.
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                                                              28
     The example calculations presented in Chapter 9 are listed
below:

     9.3.1  Particle Separation Calculations

            9.3.1.1  Plates
            9.3.1.2  Packed Beds
            9.3.1.3  Fiber Bed
            9.3.1.4  Preformed Sprays
            9.3.1.5  Gas Atomized Spray
            9.3.1.6  Centrifugal
            9.3.1.7  Secondary Flow
            9.3.1.8  Impingement and Entrainment

     9.3.2  Mass Transfer Calculations

     9.3.3  Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction Calculations

     9.3.4  Example Problem: Coal Dryer Exhaust

     9.3.5  Example Problem: Application of Diffusiophoresis
              and Particle Growth to a Rock Wool Cupola

     9.3.6  Example Problem:  Phosphoric Acid Plant Fluoride
              Scrubbing

9.4  Trouble Shooting


OPTIMIZATION

     Optimization is a procedure used in the design of a process,
such as a scrubbing system, which helps make the process design
"best" in some regard.   Two criteria frequently encountered in
the design of scrubbers are cost of the scrubber system (to be
minimized), and performance or efficiency of the system (to be
maximized).  Other measures might be ease of maintenance, low
space requirement, reliability, or any other factor which contri-
butes to the scrubbing systems relationship with the job it has
to do.

     Frequently, optimizations from more than one standpoint are
carried out simultaneously.   For example, it might be desired to
design a scrubber to achieve maximum efficiency at minimum an-
nualized cost.  The data inputs with which optimization is carried
out will vary depending upon the situation of the designer.  For
example, water and power costs can vary widely according to local
rates, and the quantity the user consumes.  An economic optimi-
zation based upon one set of economic data would show different
results from a similar optimization based upon different economic
inputs.  It is difficult if not impossible to give meaningful re-
sults from an optimization procedure for the design of wet scrub-
ber system from any standpoint, without making a number of crucial
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                                                               29


assumptions which may or may not reflect the situation a practi-
cal designer faces.  Optimization results based on incorrect
assumptions can be highly misleading.

     The methods and techniques used in an optimization procedure
and examples of how these techniques might be used in a realistic
optimization problem are presented in Section 8.5 of the Handbook.

     In Section 8.5, first the general approach to optimization is
discussed.  The application of these principles to scrubber design
is illustrated by the optimization of a venturi scrubber for maxi-
mum efficiency at a fixed pressure drop.  A more complex optimi-
zation procedure is illustrated for the performance of a cyclone
collector.

     Another possibility for optimization may lie in using several
collectors in series or in parallel.  An example of devices in
series might be a cyclone precleaner before a venturi or centri-
fugal scrubber controlling the emissions from an asphalt plant
drier, or several impingement plates in series in a single impinge-
ment plate scrubber.  Section 8.5 discusses the manner in which
the efficiency of collectors in series or in parallel can be cal-
culated, and the subsequent pressure drop.


OTHER AREAS FOR APPLICATION

     The search for potential new applications for scrubbers is
essentially a matter of reviewing the control technology for
specific air pollution sources and identifying those areas which
report no use or limited use of scrubbers.  There are usually some
reasons given for not using scrubbers and one must examine them
and then speculate first as to whether they are valid.  In some
cases, for instance, it is stated that scrubbers are not used be-
cause they are incapable of providing high enough collection ef-
ficiency, while in reality this judgment is based on outdated or
incorrect information.  We can readily determine or predict
whether a desired level of performance is attainable.

     In other cases the reason that scrubbers are not used is
that they are too expensive.  Dealing with this question is more
difficult than predicting performance.  So many factors enter
into the economics of a process that they must be dealt with
pretty much on an individual case basis.  Thus, we can generalize
that scrubbing would be worthy of consideration for a certain
type of application, but one would have to check it out in detail
to get realistic costs.

     Some applications would be rather far-fetched, although we
would hesitate to say impossible.  Space limitations, the unde-
sirability of a system which requires any attention, corrosion
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                                                               30
problems, liquid supply or disposal limitations, and other con-
straints may rule out scrubbers; at least as now available.

     The "check lists" of potential applications were obtained
from various publications and reports dealing with either source
control or device applications, from our survey of users and manu-
facturers, and from speculation and analysis by staff members.
Judgments of potentiality were made in the light of the scrubber
system  study.


RESEARCH NEEDS AND PLAN

     Paragraph (5) in the "Scope of Work" described the objec-
tives and scope of the research plan as follows:
    "(5) Develop Specific Research Recommendations
                                                       Plan A
         Two 5-year research and development programs, .--.. ..
and Plan B, are to be developed as a product of this study. Plan
A should be based on an assumed total expenditure of two million
dollars. Plan B should be based on an assumed total expenditure
of seven million dollars.  In each plan, priorities should be as-
signed to the various component projects to allow for program
flexibility. "

    "Each plan will recommend specific research and development
required to provide technology where deficiencies exist and gen-
erate needed data to improve process performance and economics
to permit expansion of wet scrubber application to the control of
additional air pollution sources.  Each recommendation for re-
search should include an indication of priority and a detailed
description of the research proposed, including the purpose,
goals, proposed work statements, recommended approach, and esti-
mated time and cost schedules."

     The approach taken was to analyze and review each research
subject, determine if it provides technology where deficiency
exists and if it improves process performance and economics of
wet scrubber application - in line with the requirements set for-
ward in the "Scope of Work".  Priorities were determined by eval-
uation of pressing industry needs in relation to wet scrubber areas
of strength (a more detailed discussion is given in the "Research
Plan" Chapter).

     To prepare the two research plans called for in the "Scope
of Work" we followed this 7 point  procedure:

     1.  All the members  of the Wet Scrubber Project staff were
requested to write down the research needs and ideas which occurred
to them during the work.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
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                                                               31
     2.  Research needs were also obtained through the researchers
survey.

     3.  The research ideas were collected once a month and cir-
culated to the project staff.

     4.  The ideas were reviewed and analyzed periodically to
determine their relevance, need and priority.

     5.  When preparing the final report all the ideas were again
screened and had their final priority rating determined.

     6.  The cost, time and manpower required to achieve  the es-
tablished goals of the various ideas were estimated.

     7.  Two final research plans were determined.  The various
projects were arranged according to their priority, logical time
order and reduced load in the first and last years to allow
phasing in and out.

     The two research plans are submitted in the chapter  on the
"Research Plan".  The research subjects were chosen and written
in accordance with the guide lines established  in the "Scope of
Work."  Priorities were assigned following the  reasoning  estab-
lished in the "Research Plan" Chapter.
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                                                               32


                            RESULTS
SCRUBBERS AVAILABLE
     Many different scrubbers are offered  for  sale by many
companies.  Still more scrubbers have been patented, but  are
not currently being manufactured.  Due to  the  diversity  in
scrubber design, performance, and cost, statements broad  enough
to apply to all scrubbers are so general that  they are seldom
useful.  However, it is possible to divide the various types of
scrubbers into ten groups based largely on their operating prin-
ciples.  The characteristics of each group can then be discus-
sed in more specific terms than would otherwise be the case.

     These groups provide the framework for discussing scrub-
ber design (Chapter 5)  and experience (Chapter 7) in the  Hand-
book.  The ten scrubber groups are defined by us as follows:
plate, massive packing, fibrous packing, preformed spray, gas-
atomized spray, centrifugal, baffle, impingement and entrain-
ment, mechanically aided, moving bed, and combination.  These
groups are described and illustrated in detail.

     The manufacturers  and the trade names of scrubbers in
each of the ten categories are tabulated in Chapter 3 of  the
Handbook.  Likewise, patents are tabulated according to the
same organization and identified by numer, date, assignee,
and a brief comment on  the nature of the concept.
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                                                               33

HANDBOOK CONTENTS

      The Wet Scrubber Handbook contains a wide variety of
material pertaining to wet scrubbers.  The material covers
all aspects of solving a wet scrubber problem, from determin-
ing what information is necessary to design a scrubber, through
the treatment of liquid and solid wastes coming from the scrubber

     To provide insight into the depth and scope of the material
covered in the Handbook, the chapter and major section titles  are
listed below.

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

     1.0  Introduction
     1.1  Scope
     1.2  Approach
     1.3  Handbook Format
     1.4  Acknowledgements
CHAPTER 2 - GUIDE TO THE HANDBOOK

     2.0  Introduction
     2.1  Define the Problem
     2.2  Explore Alternate Solutions
     2.3  Decide How to Control the Problem
     2.4  General Approach to Scrubbers
     2.5  Detailed Considerations
     2.6  Operate the System Properly
CHAPTER 3 - SCRUBBERS AVAILABLE

     3.1  Types of Scrubbers
     3.2  Commercially Available Scrubbers
     3.3  Scrubber Patents
CHAPTER 4 - BASIC CONCEPTS
     4
     4
     4
     4
     4
     4
     4
1  Introduction
2  General Concepts of Mass Transfer
3  General Concepts of Particle Collection
4  Gas-Liquid Contacting
5  Unit Mechanisms for Mass Transfer
6  Unit Mechanisms for Particle Separation
7  Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Collection
   of Particles in Wet Scrubbers
CHAPTER 5 - DESIGN METHODS

     5.1  Introduction
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                                 P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                              34
     5.2  Mass Transfer
     5.3  Particle Separation
     5.4  Scrubbed Liquid Entrainment Separators
CHAPTER 6 - AUXILIARIES

     6.1  Introduction
     6.2  Gas Moving
     6.3  Liquid Moving
     6.4  Entrainment Separators
     6.5  Solvent Recycle
     6.6  Sampling and Analysis
     6.7  Controls
     6.8  Health and Safety
CHAPTER 7 - SCRUBBER PERFORMANCE ON INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

     7.1  Introduction
     7.2  Process Utilizing Scrubbers
     7.3  Generalizations Regarding Scrubber Use
CHAPTER 8 - SYSTEM ANALYSIS, COSTS, AND OPTIMIZATION

     8.1  Introduction
     8.2  Design Analysis
     8.3  Scrubber Cost Estimation Methods
     8.4  Cost Analysis
     8.5  Optimization
CHAPTER 9 - DESIGN EXAMPLES

     9.1  Introduction
     9.2  General Approach
     9.3  Example Calculations
     9.4  Trouble Shooting
CHAPTER 10 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

     10.1 Introduction
     10.2 Estimation Methods
     10.3 Explanatory Notes
     10.4 Physical and Chemical Data
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                                                               35
CHAPTER 11 - MATERIALS DATA

     11.1  Introduction
     11.2  General Conditions
     11.3  Plastics
     11.4  Chemicals
     11.5  Miscellaneous Solutions and  Gases
CHAPTER 12 - LIQUID AND SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

     12.1  Introduction
     12.2  Industry Survey
     12.3  Sedimentation
     12.4  Coagulation and Flocculation
     12.5  Filtration
     12.6  Neutralization and Chemical Precipitation
     12.7  Ion Exchange
     12.8  Desalting
     12.9  Disposal of Liquid
     12.10 Disposal of Solids
     12.11 Economics
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                                                              36
ANALYSIS OF SCRUBBER PRACTICE
     As discussed previously, a survey of scrubber users was
carried out to define current practice in the application of wet
scrubbers to the control of industrial emissions.  The results of
this survey are presented industry by industry in Chapter Seven
of the Handbook.

     In the material presented here, generalizations and conclu-
sions based on the data in Chapter Seven are presented.  Trends
in scrubber application and performance will be pointed out.


     Unit Processes to Which Scrubbers are Applied

     A unit process is a processing step which is common to se-
veral industries.  Seven unit processes to which scrubbers are
frequently applied are:  calciners, fuel burners, crushers, driers,
gases, liquid mists and smelters.   For example, the scrubbers ap-
plied to the calciners used in the lime, cement, and wood pulp
industries, can be considered as a group.  Similarly, the liquid
mist scrubbers used in the sulfuric acid and electroplating in-
dustries can also be considered as a group.

     The sections below are devoted to the scrubbers applied to
the seven unit processes identified above.  In the tables, note
that the entries in parentheses refer to the number of scrubbers
which were available from the survey (Chapter 7) and were analyzed
to obtain a datum entry.

     Calcining Processes

     The industrial processes from which data were extracted and
developed for the calcining processes section include: limestone
calcining, lime sludge calcining,  kraft pulp process recovery
furnaces, and cement kilns.  All utilize a high temperature gas
to chemically alter the material being processed.  Only particu-
late emissions are considered here.  The scrubbers used to con-
trol calcining processes are described in Table 2,

     Venturi scrubbers are most commonly applied to calcining
operations, and comprise 70 percent of the scrubbers installed
according to the present survey.  Simple sprays are also used.
The average venturi installation processes less gas, but is more
efficient than the average spray.   However, venturi systems can
also be made to handle large gas flows.  Self-induced spray
scrubbers are also used.  As only three scrubbers of this type
were found in the survey, firm conclusions can not be hastily
drawn as to their performance.

     Combustion Processes

     Data for combustion processes were distilled from informa-
tion on steam boilers used for power generation, and on waste



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                                                              37
incinerators.  Both processes exhaust products of combustion.
Table 3  gives this data.

     No clear trends emerge.  Many different types of scrubbers
have been tried - no single type emerges as the definite favor-
ite.  An insufficient number of scrubbers have been examined to
make definite statements as to efficiency capabilities of various
types of scrubbers.  It may be noteworthy, however, that the
single spray scrubber for which data is available, performed
relatively poorly.

     Crushers and Mills

     Crushers are used to reduce the size of many kinds of ore,
stone, as well as finished mineral products.  Data on this unit
process is given in Table 4 .

     Information on the application of scrubbers to crushing pro-
cesses is spotty.  Centrifugal scrubbers were employed in the pre-
ponderence of applications surveyed.  However, efficiency data
are lacking.  Any judgments as to typical efficiencies based on
the data in Table  4 would be rash.

     Driers

     Data on fluidized bed, rotary and spray driers are included
in Table 5.  These devices are used to drive the moisture from
minerals, manufactured chemicals and foodstuffs.

     Several types of scrubbers have been applied.  The most pop-
ular is the centrifugal, followed by the venturi and the moving
bed.  Centrifugal scrubbers are apparently applied to smaller
installations than those to which venturi scrubbers are applied.
Average efficiency for centrifugal and venturi scrubbers is about
equal, as is the highest efficiency encountered.  Average and
highest efficiencies for the moving bed scrubber are slightly
less.

     Gases

     A wide range of polluting gases can be captured through the
application of a suitable scrubber.  The data presented in Table
6 reflects the application of scrubbers to the fifteen gases noted
on that table.

     Almost half of all gas scrubbers are packed towers.  Better
than a quarter are spray towers.  The remaining applications in-
volve every other type of scrubber listed, except  for baffle type
scrubbers.  Packed towers are shown to be capable  of high effi-
ciencies.  For very large gas flow rates, spray towers and ven-
turi scrubbers have been used.
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                                                               38
     Liquid Mists

     Data  on scrubbers  used  to  capture  liquid mists  come  from
the acid manufacturing  and electroplating  industries.   These
data are given  on Table  7.

     Packed towers are  most  frequently  used  to  control  liquid
mist emissions.  They are also  apparently  the most effective
at so doing.  Fiber beds and sprays are used for  larger instal-
lations, and perform with somewhat inferior  efficiency.

     Smelting

     Pyrometallurgical  processes supply the  data presented in
Table 8.

     The venturi scrubber is by far the most popular type  for
the control of  pyrometallurgical emissions.  It is applied to
both very  small and very large  installations.   Efficiency  is
variable,  but has reached high values.

     Spray scrubbers have been applied, but  are decidedly  infer-
ior to other types of scrubber  in efficiency in this application
Moving bed scrubbers have displayed good efficiency.

     Processes  to Which Each Type of Scrubber is Applied

     Ten types  of scrubbers are used.  They  differ in layout,
efficiency and performance.  Their distinguishing layouts  are
discussed  in Chapter 3 of the Handbook, while efficiency and
performance are described in Chapter 5 of  the Handbook.

     Scrubbers are frequently applied to the seven unit proces-
ses discussed in the preceeding sections.  This section points
out those processes to which each type of  scrubber is applied,
the relative number of scrubbers used in each process,  and the
overall popularity of each type of scrubber.

     The processes to which each type of scrubber is applied are
given in Table 14, The data were taken from  the survey  of  scrub-
ber users performed in conjunction with this study, and des-
cribed in Section 7.2 of the Handbook.

     Plate type scrubbers are most frequently applied to drying
processes, although they are also applied  to combustion and
smelting processes, and for pollutant gas  removal.

     Fiber bed scrubbers, like packed towers, are used  to  cap-
ture pollutant gases and liquid mists.

     Spray chambers are used to capture gases.  They are also
applied to smelting operations (wet caps)   and very occasionally
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                                                               39
to calcining, combustion, drying processes, and for the collec-
tion of liquid mists.

     Venturi scrubbers are used most frequently on smelting oper-
ations.  They are also used on calcining and drying processes, and
occasionally for pollutant gas collection and for control of com-
bustion processes.

     Most centrifugal scrubbers are applied to driers.  Some are
applied to crushing.  Centrifugal scrubbers are seldom used to
control processes other than these.

     Baffle scrubbers have rarely been used. The only application
uncovered in the users survey was to a drying process.

     Self-induced spray scrubbers are applied to calcining, com-
bustion and crushing processes, and for pollutant gas collection.

     Few applications of mechanically aided scrubbers were un-
covered in the users survey.   Those applications noted were to
drying and smelting processes, and for pollutant gas removal.

     Moving bed scrubbers are applied most frequently to drying
processes.  They are also used to control smelting and combustion
processes, and for the control of crushers and polluting gases.

     Sales of Scrubbers Compared With Other Equipment

     Other types of control equipment than scrubbers are often
used on the processes which have been discussed in the preceeding
sections.  Table 9 lists the sales in 1967 of all types of air
pollution control equipment.   This table is adapted from "Indust-
trial Gas Cleaning Equipment Shipments and End Use - 1967", pre-
pared by the U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, B.C. 20230
(10$) .  The figures given are for uninstalled equipment.
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                                               TABLE  2
                SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS  FROM  CALCINING PROCESSES*
(D
3
 C
 3.
 ^Ji

 a
 **•
 o

 -3
 (D
 n
 ET
 3
 O
 3
 O
% each
type used
Low
Through-
put , Avg .
(m3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg.
(%) High
Plate
(D
3

(D
1700


(1J
55
-
Packec
Tower
CD
3

(1)
1700
-

UJ
70
-
1 Fiber
Bed
CO)
0

_
-
_
-
-
Spray
(S)
15
270
C5)
103.600
220,000
85
(
in
o
                                                                                                       *>.
                                                                                                       o

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3
er

5'
8
*-•
o
3
                                              TABLE  3
                    SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION PROCESSES*
1 each
type used
Low
Through-
put, Avg.
Cm3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg.
m High
Plate
(3)
25
255
(3)
2390
5400
27.8
(3)
72.5
99
Packec
Tower
CO)
0
-
_
_
_

-
Fiber
Bed
CO)
0
_
_
_
.

-
Spray
(2)
17
_
CD
327, OOC
_
mm
CD
29
-
Venturi
(2)
17
3400
(2)
1,265,000
2,530,000
95
(2)
97.3
99.7
Centri-
fugal
CD
8
_
(D
51,300

.
(D
99
-
Baffle
CO)
0
_
_
_
—

-
Impg.§
Entr.
(2)
17
1800
(*")
2000
2200
.
CD
90
	
Mech .
Aided
CO)
0
_
_
_
.

-
Moving
Bed
C2)
17
1340
C^)
425,000
850,000
99
(2)
99.3
99.6
Total
(12)
101






0)
o

X
          Notes:  Numbers  in  parentheses  refer to number of scrubbers  analysed to obtain

                  data  entry.
Low and High values are lowest and highest values found  in the scrubber survey
   ^Includes:
     Power generation boilers

     Waste incinerators

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                                              TABLE  4



                 SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM CRUSHERS AND MILLS*
2:
5'
c . ,
5. % each
•£ type used
5'
3 Low
J^ Through -
g. put, Avg.
3 ,
£- CmVhr)High
3* Low
o Effic-
iency Avg .
CD High
Plate
CD

7
-
CD
30.000
-
-


-
Packed
Power
CO)

0
-

-
-
-


-
Fiber
Bed
CO)

0
-

-
-
-


-
Spray
CO)

0
-

-
-
-


-
Venturi
CO)

0
-

-
-
-


-
Centri-
fugal
(ID

79
8500
(ID
43,000
110,000
-
CD
99 9
-
Baffle
(0)

0
-

-
-
-


-
Entr.
CD

7
-
CD
16,100
-
-
CD
95
-
Mech .
Aided
CO)

0
-

-
-
-

~
-
Moving
Bed
CD

7
-
U)
4250
-
-
(1)
98.7
-
Total
(14)

100








 Tl

 b

 m
 o
 x

m
a
m

o
      Notes:  Numbers in parentheses refer to number of scrubbers analysed to obtain

              data entry.


              Low and High values are lowest and highest values found in the scrubber
              survey.


+Includes:


   Ore crushing

   Stone crushing

   Phosphate rock crushing
ID
f\J

s
N)

-------
                                             TABLE  5

                   SCRUBBERS  USED TO  CONTROL  PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM DRIERS+

n
Q
% each
type used
Low
Through-
put, Avg.
Cm3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg.
f%) High
Plate
(7)
9
71,500
(7)
02,000
540,000

_
-
'acked
Tower
(0)
0
_
_
_
m
_
-
Fiber
Bed
CO)
0
.
_
_
.
_
-
Spray
(4)
5
21,800
(4)
32,000
42,500
85
(3)
94
99
Venturi
(19)
25
37,400
(13)
150,000
344,000
91
(8)
97.8
99.7
Centri-
fugal
(30)
40
8500
129)
54,100
119,000
81
(17)
97.4
99.7
Baffle
CD
1
-
(1)
102, OOC
.
_
-
-
Impg.§
Entr.
(0)
0
-
-
_
_
-
-
Mech.
Aided
(1)
1
-
U)
17,000
-
_
(1)
99
-
Moving
Bed
(14)
19
4250
(14)
37,100
100,000
89.7
(1ZJ
96.5
98.8
Total
(75)
100






          Notes:  Numbers  in parentheses  refer  to number of scrubbers analysed to obtain
                  data entry.

                  Low and  High values  are  lowest and highest values found  in the scrubber survey

    +Includes:
        Fluidized Bed Driers
         Rotary Driers
         Spray Driers

-------
                                              TABLE  6

                                    SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL GASES+
3
2!
(D
o
Q
i—••
O
3

H
(D
O
3*
3
 o
 T)

 O

 ID
 O
 X
3)
m
o
m

o
% each
type used
Low
Through-
put, Avg.
(m3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg .
(%) High
Plate
(3)
4
2230
(3)
31.40C
48,000
71
(3)
87
96.7
Packed
Tower
(33)
46
17
(32)
8600
51,000
70
(26)
94.6
99.9
Fiber
Bed
(2)
3
4250
(2)
87.000
170.000
92
(2)
94.3
96.7
Spray
(18)
30
42
(17)
34.500
170,000
89
(12)
93.7
99.8
Venturi
(10)
14
142
C9)
36,600
170,000
70
(8)
90
99.7
Centri-
fugal
CD
1

(D
42 .500
_
_
CD
99.8
-
Baffle
CO)
0

.
.
_
.
-
Impg.§
Entr.
CD
1

CD
6800

.
CD
36
-
Mech .
Aided
(2)
3

CD
1450

57
(2)
73
90
Moving
Bed
CD
1

CD
1340


CD
82
-
Total
(71)
102






 Notes:  Numbers in parentheses refer to number of scrubbers  analysed  to obtain
         data entry.


         Low and High values are lowest and highest values  found  in  the  scrubber survey
+Includes;

   H^O
   Acrylic  monomers
   Formaldehyde
   HF
HC1
odors
H2S
NH4OH
NH7
SiF4
S0y
ClJ

-------
                                               TABLE   7
                                 SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL  LIQUID MISTS"

o
Q

5'


H
0>
n

3
O
3
O
TJ

b

OD
O
X

m
% each
type used
Low
Through-
put, Avg.
(m3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg.
CD High
Plate
CO)
0
.

_
-
.
_
Packed
Tower
(11)
65
2040
(10)
35,600
85,000
50
(8)
86.6
99.3
Fiber
Bed
(3)
18
3400
(3)
54,200
156,000
78
(3)
83.3
88
Spray
(3)
18
25,200
(3)
45,000
85,000
51
(2)
70
90
Venturi
(0)
0


.
-

—
Centri-
fugal
(0)
0


.
-

_
Baffle
(0)
0



_

<—
Impg . §
Entr.
(0)
0



_


Mech.
Aided
(0)
0



_


Moving
Bed
(0)
0



_


Total
(17)
101






Notes:  Numbers in parentheses refer  to number  of  scrubbers  analysed to obtain
        data entry.


        Low and High values are  lowest and highes-t  values  found in the scrubber survey
      •••Includes:
          Chromic acid
          Sulfuric acid
          Nitric  acid
          Hydrochloric acid
                                                                                                         -u
                                                                                                         tn

-------
                                              TABLE  8

                   SCRUBBERS USED TO CONTROL PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM SMELTING OPERATIONS*
3
CP
5'
3
3
i^-
o
3
H
0>
n
3-
3
O
 3
 O
 T]
 O

 OJ
 O
 X



% each
type used
Low
Through-
put, Avg.
(m3/hr)High
Low
Effic-
iency Avg .
CD High
Plate

(3)

4
52,400
(2)
98.00C
143,000
91
C2)
93
95
Packed
Tower
CD

1
-
CD
8150
-
-

-
-
Fiber
Bed
(0)

0
-

-
-
-

-
-
Spray

(8)

11
68
(3)
20,400
41,300
68
(2)
83
97.5
Venturi

(54)

76
500
(51)
73,700
400,000
72.5
(41)
95.5
99.7
Centri-
fugal
CO)

0
-

-
_
_

-
-
Baffle

CO)

0
-

-
»
_

-
-
tmpg.S
Entr .
CO)

0
-

-
_
^

-
-
Mech.
Aided
CD

1
-
(D
8500
_
_
CD
95
-
Moving
Bed
(4)

6
34,000
C4)
54,500
85,000
95
(3)
98.7
99
Total

(71)

99








   Notes:   Numbers in parentheses refer to number of scrubbers analysed  to  obtain
            data entry.

            Low and High values are lowest and highest values  found  in  the scrubber  survey
m
D
m
n
to
M
g
+Includes:
   Blast Furnaces
   Steel Furnaces
   Iron Foundries
   Ferroalloy Furnaces
   Copper Smelting
   Aluminum Smelting
   Nonferrous Reclaimation Smelting

-------
if
a
a
N-«
o
3
0>
n

3
o
3
n
TJ

0

CD
O
X

(/I
                                          TABLE 9


         INDUSTRIAL GAS CLEANING EQUIPMENT - MANUFACTURER'S SHIPMENTS BY INDUSTRY, 1967



                            (Purchase Price in Thousands of Dollars)
Industry
Iron § Steel
Utilities
Chemicals
Rock Products
Pulp § Paper
Mining § Metal-
lurgical
Refinery
All Clear(4;)
Exports
Totals
Total
Shipments
24,317
18,481
15,870
8,966
6,753
6,160
4,098
20,206
5,744
110,595
Adsorbers
§
Incinerators
(2)
CD
1,001
(1)
CD
CD
282
2,137
79
3,976
Electrost.
Precip .
5,783
15,506
1,207
2,760
CD
CD
CD
687
CD
36,509
Fabric
Filters
4,536
CD
5,344
3,602
122
1,855
CD
4,959
1,081
21,730
Mech .
CCyclone)
Collec.
2,300
2,476
3,130
1,038
802
389
CD
8,408
CD
22,381
Sen
Gases
4,275
CD
1,479
CD
193
394
CD
114
72
6,770
bbers
Particles
7,423
CD
3,704
1,142
989
825
CD
3,901
651
19,229
       Notes:
CD

(2)


(3)
Not published to avoid disclosure.
Gas incinerators and absorbers purchased by  iron  $  steel  companies  are  included

in "all others" category to avoid disclosure.

"Rock Products" includes cement § asbestos.
"ALL other" includes shipments to distributors where  end  use  cannot be

 identified.                                                                   .&.

-------
                                                                48

OTHER AREAS OF APPLICATION

     Scrubbers are used  in a wide variety of applications,  as
the preceeding section shows.  Yet there are many situations
in which they are not used or are little used, and the question
comes to mind; whether this is as it should be.

     The choice of any air pollution control device depends on
a number of factors.  Obviously, the performance must be adequate
to the needs and the system must fit within any other constraints
that exist.  Given that  the system can do the job, the big  ques-
tion is: "What will it cost, both for investment and operation?"

     Ideally, the questions of performance and cost are correctly
dealt with.  Actually, there are many instances in which the
correct decision was not made.  Sometimes the problem itself
is not properly defined  so that the particulate loading or  size,
or gas composition, or flow rate, or other factors are not
known with adequate accuracy.  Additionally, there are cases
where the control device performance and cost characteristics
were not known or where  a suitable alternative was not considered.

     In an effort to ensure that worth-while opportunities  for
the further exploitation of scrubbers are not overlooked, some
effort has been directed to the search for such prospects.

     Potential Applications

     As we search for potential applications there are some ge-
neral ideas about which situations would be positive and negative
in terms of possibilities.   First, to list the conditions under
which new or increased application is possible, we can identify
them as where:

     1.   Performance requirements change so that alternatives
         should be re-evaluated.   Often this occurs when  A.P.C.
         (air pollution control)  laws become more restrictive
         and require greater efficiency of control or the con-
         trol of gases as well as particulates.  Sometimes the
         source process or materials  change so as to change
         the nature of the effluent.

     2.   Scrubbers improve.   The  decision to use one type of
         A.P.C.  equipment may have been made a number of years
         ago and it has not been re-examined in the light of
         new developments.

     3.   Scrubber systems get cheaper.   Compared to capital and/
         or operating costs for other systems scrubber costs may
         be competitive in applications where this was not pre-
         viously the case.

     4.   Accessory problems can now be  solved satisfactorily. A
         number of auxiliary equipment  or process problems such


   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                              49
         as fan corrosion or cost,  liquid treatment, stack cor-
         rosion, entrainment separation, and waste disposal
         might now be economically  resolved.

     5.  Scrubbers never were that  bad.  People have a tendency
         to remember only a few simple "facts" and have,  in
         some cases, been misinformed about scrubbers.

     6.  They never thought of using one.  Decisions to install
         A.P.C. equipment are sometimes made by non-technical
         people, or even technical  people, who simply never con-
         sidered the possibility of using a scrubber and perhaps
         never heard of them.

     Negative Factors

     While we are reluctant to state that anything is impossible,
there are situations where it is quite unlikely that a scrubber
would be a good choice.  Some factors which would exert a nega-
tive influence on the choice of a scrubber are where:

     1.  Liquid is not economically available.  For mass trans-
         fer this means that a suitable solvent either is not
         known or is too expensive.  For particle collection it
         may simply mean that even  water is not available.

     2.  Liquid recycle or waste disposal are not economical
         or possible.  If cleanup of the scrubber effluent li-
         quid is not possible or worth doing, there comes a
         point where a liquid effluent must be discharged and
         this may not be possible.

     3.  Space not available.  Scrubbers do require a signifi-
         cant amount of space (although not as much as some
         other devices) and for some applications the total re-
         quirements on performance-space-power may make another
         device clearly superior.

     4.  High efficiency on about O.Sym diameter particles is
         required.  This is the "low spot" in scrubber perfor-
         mance within present technology, although possibilities
         exist for overcoming it in some cases.

     5.  Low or moderate efficiency will suffice.  If the par-
         ticle size is large, a mechanical collector may be the
         much simpler and cheaper way to get the necessary per-
         formance .

     6.  Corrosion is severe for wet scrubbers.  In some cases,
         the dry gas is much less corrosive than when water is
         present.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                               50
     7.  High temperature must be maintained.  Although molten
         salts and high-boiling organic liquids have been used
         for some applications, it may be that a suitable li-
         quid and liquid handling system are not known or econo-
         mical for others.

     8.  Collected dust or gas is re-used and is deteriorated
         by liquid contact.  In cases where the effluent can
         be returned to the process or sold as product, it
         might be prohibitively expensive to recover it from
         scrubber liquid as compared to a dry A.P.C. system.

     9.  Complexity can not be tolerated.  When the time or op-
         portunity for maintenance is severely limited or when
         the operating labor is not competent, a scrubber might
         require too much attention.

    10.  Operating cost is more important than investment.  De-
         pending on the capital position, management policy, and
         complexities such as taxes, it might be more desirable
         for a company to spend more on the initial investment
         and less on operating cost than a scrubber would require.

     Survey of Potential

     The major method of finding new applications for scrubbers
is to look for situations in which they have not been used and
where "the competition" has been selling equipment.  Surveys by
APT and others (MRI, "Particulate Systems Handbook", 1970; SRI,
"Electrostatic Precipitation Handbook", 1970; GCA, "Fabric Filter
Handbook", 1970; and NAPCA, "Control Techniques for Particulate
Air Pollutants", 1969) are good sources  of this kind of infor-
mation.

     The NAPCA (1969) document presents a tabulation of data on
the use of particulate collectors by industry, which is repro-
duced in Table 10.  We have added the column labeled "More W.S." to
indicate possible new applications for wet scrubbers.  They are
generally those for which scrubbers are not now used to any signi-
ficant extent.  While we have considered the question of whether
required performance could be obtained, we have not computed costs
to establish economic feasibility.  The economics are so complex as
to preclude any broad generalization and must be evaluated for each
specific case.

     The APT surveys of scrubber users and manufacturers have
yielded some generalizations on scrubber use as shown in the pre-
vious section of this report.  Some leads as to potential appli-
cations have been extracted from that material.

     The processes covered are calcining, chemical, food and feed,
metallurgical, and combustion.  Table 11 lists processes where
scrubber application potential exists, and the characteristics of
the emissions these scrubbers will have to control.


    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                                51
                       TABLE 10




       USE  OF  PARTICULATE  COLLECTORS  BY INDUSTRY
Industrial Classification
Utilities § industrial
power plants






Pulp and Paper





Rock Products





Steel












Mining and Metallurgical










Process

Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Lignite
Wood and Bark
Bagasse
Fluid Coke
Kraft
Soda
Lime Kiln
Chemical
Dissolver tank
vents
Cement
Phosphate
Gypsum
Alumina
Lime
Bauxite
Magnes . Oxide
Blast Furnace
Open hearth
Basic oxygen
furnace
Electric . Furnace
Sintering
Coke Ovens
Ore Roasters
Cupola
Pyrites roaster
Taconite
Hot scarfing
Zinc roaster
Zinc smelter
Copper roaster
Copper reverb
Copper converter
Lead furnace
Aluminum
Elemental Phos.
Ilmenite
Titanium dioxide
Molybdenum
EP

0
0

0
+

0
0
0




0
0
0
0
0
0
+
0
0

0
+
0
0
0
+
0
+
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

+
MC FF

0
0

0
0
0
+

_ -
- -
_ _
0

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 +
0
+
- -


- -
-- o
0
— —
0
+
0
0
- -
0
_ _
0
_ _
— —
-- 0
_ _
— —
0
-- 0

ws



—

+
—
—
0
0
0
0


+
0
0
+


—
0
+

0
0
	
	
+
0
0
—
+
	
—


—
0
0
—
_ _
—

Other More
w.s.

X
X
- - - -
X
	 	
X
+ X

— —
	 	
_ _ 	
+ X

X

	 	
X
X
X
X
+
+ X

	 	
	 	
	 	
+ ?
X
— —
— - -
X
X
?
X
X
X
— —
— —
+
— —
X
X
X
Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.
P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                                   52
                             TABLE 10  (cont'd)

            USE OF PARTICULATE  COLLECTORS  BY  INDUSTRY
Industrial Classification
    Process
. EP MC FF WS  Other
                   More
                   W.S.
Mining § Metallurgical
 (continued)
Miscellaneous
Sulfuric acid
Phosphoric acid
Nitric acid
Ore benef iciation
Refinery catalyst
Coal drying
Coal mill vents
Municipal incin.
Carbon black
Apartment incin.
Spray drying
Machining operation
Hot coating
Precious metal
Feed and Flour
 milling
Lumber mills
Wood working
         0
         0
         0
              0
              0
              0
 0  0
 -- 0
                   X
                   X
                   X
                                                    0   --  0
--00

0  -- 0

--00
-- 0  -•
--00
                                                                    X

                                                                    X

                                                                    X
Key
     0=Most Common
     +=Not normally used
    EP=Electrostatic Predipitator
    MC=Mechanical Collector
    FF=Fabric filter
    WS=Wet scrubber
                  Other=Packed  towers
                        Mist pads
                        Slag filter
                        Centrifugal  exhausters
                        Flame incineration
                        Settling chamber
                           X = likely
                           ? = possibly
       Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.
                  P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                               53
                           TABLE 11

         PROCESSES WITH SCRUBBER APPLICATION POTENTIAL
  Process
   Emission
Small     Inorganic
Particles   Gases
                                                       Odors
Calcining Processes

   Cement manufacturing     x
   Frit manufacturing       x
   Glass manufacturing      x
   Rock wool manufacturing  x

Chemical Processes

   Calcium carbide mfg.     x
   Starch manufacturing     x
   Soap $ detergent mfg.    x
   Resin manufacturing      x

Food § Feed Processes

   Coffee roasting
   Fish meal processing
   Meat § fish packing

Combustion Processes        x

Metallurgical Processes

   Copper smelting          x
   Lead smelting            x
   Zinc smelting            x
   Metal melting  in         x
     cupolas
                               X
                               X
                               X
              X
              X

              X
      Calcining Processes

      Calcining processes use  high  temperatures  to fuse or chemi-
cally alter  a mineral  feed  material  into  a finished product.
Usually calcining produces  significant  quantities of sub-micron
particles.   These particles are  usually collected in an electro-
static precipitator or fabric  filter system.   The relatively high
concentration and submicron size of  the dust  emission from calcining
processes make scrubber applications economically unattractive due
to  the high  energy requirements  necessary for efficient particle
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
                 P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

-------
                                                                 54
removal.  However, scrubbers would find significant application
if a way is found to reduce the energy requirements of  suitably
efficient scrubbers.

     Specific calcining processes which would have expanded use
for scrubbers include: cement, frit, glass, and rock wool manu-
facturing .

     Chemical Processes

     Chemical processes convert feed materials into product
through one or more chemical reactions.  Particles, (or mists),
polluting gases, or sometimes both, are emitted.

     Scrubbers can find additional use on chemical processes
where legislation forces the control of presently uncontrolled
gaseous emissions.  Mist and particle emissions may also be con-
trolled with scrubbers.

     Chemical processes which may provide additional applications
for scrubbers include: calcium carbide, starch, soap and deter-
gent, and resin manufacturing facilities.

     Food and Feed Processes

     The processing of edible materials often produces  odors and/
or dusts.  Odors arise whether the process material is  vegetable
or animal in nature.  Dusts come primarily from grain handling
facilities.

     To eliminate nuisance or to satisfy odor emission  laws,
scrubbers can be used.  Tightening laws and increased citizen
complaints will necessitate controlling odorous emissions from
food and feed processes which are presently uncontrolled.

     Processes to which additional scrubbers may be applied in
the food and feed industry include: coffee roasting, fish meal
processing,  and fish canning industries among others.

     Metallurgical Processes

     Scrubbers are already widely used for the control  of emissions
from metallurgical processes.  Additional scrubber applications
will be necessary to control the copious gaseous emissions evolved
in smelting  operations, particularly in the smelting of nonferrous
sulfide ores such as copper, lead and zinc sulfides.  The sulfides
are driven off as SC^, and are for the most part presently un-
controlled .

     In some plants, the concentration of SC^ in the smelter ex-
haust gases  may be sufficiently high to serve as a feed stream to
a contact sulfuric acid plant.  In many cases, however, it is more
economical to scrub the sulfur oxides from the emitted  gases, without
attempting further process stages to convert them to a salable product

    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

-------
                                                               55


     Combustion Processes

     Stationary combustion processes have used scrubbers to a
limited extent for the control of particulate matter.  More com-
mon control techniques have involved multi-cyclones, often fol-
lowed by electrostatic precipitators.

     Tightened control regulations on the emission of polluting
gases will widely extend the application of scrubbers to the con-
trol of these gases.  The only viable alternative to the use of
scrubbers for the removal of sulfur oxides is the use of a low
sulfur fuel.   In many cases, unavailability or high prices of low
sulfur fuels  will force scrubbers to be used, as they are then
the only available way to achieve the required levels of air
pollutant control.

     Conclusions

     Changing technology and emission regulations may lead to
the future application of scrubbers to pollution control pro-
blems where scrubbers are not widely applied now.  The most
promising areas are for the cleanup of submicron particles
and for inorganic gases.  Additional scrubber applications
for the removal of submicron particles will require the deve-
lopment of scrubbers capable of removing these particles with
good efficiency without developing the high operating costs (due
to high energy comsumption) presently needed.  Additional ap-
plications for inorganic gas scrubbing will require tightened
and enforced regulations on the emissions of these gases.

     Despite increased competition from rival means of pollution
control, trends in scrubber technology development and emission
standards indicate that the application of scrubbers will most
likely increase in the future.

     Three possible methods for increasing scrubber performance
on submicron particles, particle growth, hydrophilizing, and util-
izing flux (-phoresis) forces, show promise but need to be proven.
Proving one or more of these methods may increase scrubber appli-
cations in this area.  Regulations on the emission of inorganic
gases are tightening  and more scrubbers will be used to meet
these regulations.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                  56
                  RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PLAN


     Wet scrubbers are simple devices demanding relatively low
capital cost and able to remove particulate and gaseous contamin-
ants simultaneously.  This is the reason for their growing role
in air pollution control.  However, like most simple devices, wet
scrubbers require good understanding of the principles and pro-
cesses involved, for best performance.  In many cases we have found
that scrubbers do not perform to capacity because of lack of under-
standing of the basic operating mechanisms and that much improve-
ment in efficiency can be achieved through simple and relatively
inexpensive changes.

     A major disadvantage of scrubbers as presently used is their
poor performance in collecting small particles in the size range
of 0.1-2ym in diameter.  This weakness is due on one hand to the
decrease in the inertial collection mechanism, which is the major
collection mechanism for particles larger than =lym in diameter.
On the other hand, the diffusional mechanism, which is responsible
for the collection of smaller particles, is not significant for
particles larger than =0.1ym.  The 0.1-2ym range of particle sizes
is an important one, because these particles have the highest de-
gree of respiratory system penetration and retention, and thus
have the largest effect on human health.  Particles in this size
range also have a high light scattering coefficient.  Accordingly,
this class of particles is mainly responsible for the degradation
of visibility in the atmosphere.  Furthermore, heat absorption
by small particles is closely related to scattering, so that
fine particles will have an important effect on the earth's heat
balance and climate.

     When one studies the available literature relevant to wet
scrubbers, one always finds the need for more experimental work
to support much of the theoretical studies already carried out.
There is need for research to verify and further develop theories
and basic concepts, as well as equipment and better engineering
methods for equipment design.  The need exists for more basic data
on scrubbing systems and for trial of new systems.  One finds that
many empirical equations which are used successfully in equipment
design, cover only a short range of operating conditions and thus
undermine any effort to change traditional designs and optimize
equipment performance.  In general, there is a need for a large
and comprehensive research program in all phases of scrubber
science and technology, to better avail this simple and versatile
class of air pollution control equipment for general and efficient
use.

     In this chapter we have compiled and classified research needs
under the following sub-headings:

     1. Basic concepts.
     2. Physico chemical data.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                  57

     3. New equipment.
     4. Engineering design and optimization.
     5. Dynamic behavior, and control equipment and techniques.

     Two five-years research plans are suggested following the
discussion of the various needs.

     Basic Concepts

     Collection efficiency by many unit mechanisms, based on collec-
tion element crossectional area, can be increased above 100% (for
the individual collection element), if forces, in addition to iner-
tia and diffusion, are applied.  Such effects due to diffusiophore-
tic, thermophoretic, electrostatic and magnetic forces has been
known for years.  Theories and equations describing these forces
are found in the literature, but good reliable experimental data,
to verify these theories, are meager.  The thermophoretic and
diffusiophoretic forces have further advantage in that they are
independent of particle size in the important range of particle
diameters 0.1-2ym.  To break the 1001 efficiency limit, and to
increase collection of fine particles, further study of these
basic phenomena and their incorporation in air pollution control
devices is needed.

     As noted earlier, the combination of diffusion and inertia
mechanisms shows a minimum collection efficiency in the O.lym-2ym
diameter range.  By increaseing particle size, one can get away
from this range and increase collection.  More studies are needed
of the basic phenomena leading to fast particle growth due to
condensation and chemical reaction, and in the presence of various
force fields such as:  sonic, electrostatic, thermal and aero-
dynamic .

     A special case of aerodynamic force which received much
attention lately is turbulent agglomeration.  The rate of turbu-
lent agglomeration increases in proportion to the radius cubed of
the larger particles involved.  Calculations based on theoretical
equations failed to show the importance of this mechanism for
particles smaller than 4ym in diameter.  However, experimental evi-
dence to support the theoretical equations are missing.  A basic
study to determine the actual relationship, range of application
and magnitude of turbulent agglomeration is required.

     Another promising collection mechanism, is the inertial col-
lection of small particles (dp
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                                                                58


 other  flow  conditions  are  missing.   Studies  should  be  carried out
 to  determine  collection  efficiency  of  particles  by  different
 shape  collectors  at  various  Reynolds numbers.

     An  assumption usually made  in  theoretical calculations  is
 that every  particle  which  hits the  collecting body  sticks  to
 it.  There  is  enough experimental evidence to weaken this
 assumption, especially in  the case  of  particles  which  are  not
 wetted by the  collector's  liquid.   There  is  a need  to  study what
 happens  to a  particle after it  hits the  drop surface  and  what
 are the  conditions which most effect its  capture.   Such  studies
 may lead to increased  collection efficiencies by preconditioning
 the collecting liquid  and  the aerosol  particles.  Examples are
 the addition of surfactants  to change  liquid surface properties
 or  the dispersal  of  NaCl aerosol to make  the collected aerosol
 more hygroscopic.

     A corollary  study would be  the study of reentrainment. How
 are collected  particles reentrained?   What is the magnitude of
 particle reentrainment and how can  reentrainment be reduced?

     Mass transfer to slurries with chemical reaction, such as
 limestone slurry  for SC>2 scrubbing, requires more study. The
 inclusion of particulate matter  in  slurries permits more reacting
 material to be included in the scrubbing solution than is  attain-
 able when pure solution is used.  However, the rate of solution
 of the particulate matter may become controlling, eliminating
 some of  the advantage gained by  the larger reservoir of reactant.
 From the available literature it is clear that more basic  research
 is needed to understand the various aspects of mass transfer  to
 slurries.

     There is  a need for a thorough study of the effect of liquid
 phase  turbulence  on  the overall mass transfer coefficients, in a
 dispersed gas  in  a liquid system. Available work is relatively
 limited  in scope  and additional  experimental work of broader  scope,
 more fundamental  nature and with a unified approach is needed.

     For most  devices used in wet scrubbing operations, the design
 procedure is on much firmer grounds if the area  available  for
mass transfer  and particle collection  is known.   Additional basic
 research on interfacial areas in scrubbing devices would be bene-
 ficial to the  scrubber designer.   This study should be pri-
marily experimental.

     Physico-Chemical Data

     The use of solutions and slurries which react with the
 gaseous contaminant  is often preferable to the use of  pure water.
 In many cases  the kinetic data available are so meager that it
 is difficult to evaluate  or design the scrubber.   More kinetic
 and equilibrium data are  needed for reactions common to wet
 scrubbers.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                               59


     Reversible reactions which permit the recovery of the
contaminant and the absorbing liquid under different operating
conditions, should be studied.  A start can be seen in the vast
research studies carried out by various institutes for better
absorbing solutions for SC>2 removal.  Reactions which promise
better and faster removal of contaminants should be studied
with the ultimate being the recovery of the contaminant and
absorbing liquid.

     Reliable values of diffusivities in the gas and in the
liquid phase are essential if mass transfer performance is to
be predicted and correlated from fundamental relationships rather
than completely empirically.  However, experimental diffusivi-
ties are unavailable in the literature for a large proportion of
the gaseous components of interest in industrial wet scrubbing
applications.  The values given in Chapter 10 of the Handbook
for both gaseous and liquid diffusivities  are estimated in most
cases, and the best estimation techniques are only approxi-
mate for many of the most important compounds, particularly
polar and/or electrolytic molecules in water.  High priority
should be given to measuring diffusivities of industrial gaseous
pollutants in air and in water, at least over the temperature
range of 20°C-90°C for water, and up to at least 150°C for air.
The concentration range could be limited to relatively dilute
levels for scrubbing applications.

     Research should also be aimed at better understanding of
liquid phase mass transfer coefficient, especially with chemi-
cal reactions.  An experimental program sould be undertaken to
fill the gap in known "k^" data, for applicable unit mechanisms,
using the actual gaseous components of interest in industrial
air pollution problems.  This approach could also be employed
in particle collection by diffusion, and data from the previous
paragraph, regarding the transfer of caught particles into the
interior of the drop, could be used for determining some sort of
particulate "kL".


     New Equipment

     The results of the basic research projects, mentioned in
the last two sections, would lead to the design of improved,
more efficient, and more economic wet scrubbers incorporating
those ideas.  Compact scrubbers with high removal efficiencies
for fine particles and gaseous contaminants, incorporating
particle growth and additional force fields, are the next
scrubber generation.  Such scrubber systems will require a fresh
look since addition of flux forces, or particle growth, to exist-
ing devices will not yield optimum results.  As an example,
the new scrubber generation using thermophoresis should be
designed to preserve temperature gradient rather than to
increase heat transfer.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                               60


     The new generation of scrubber systems will distinguish
itself from the present generation by:

     1.  Utilizing additional forces.

     2.  Building up particles.

     3.  Compactness, i.e. the whole system will operate at much
         higher gas velocities.

     4.  Specificity, i.e. designed specifically for the purpose
         of particle collecting together with increased mass
         transfer.  Future scrubbers may have different designs
         for different industries.

     5.  Changing liquid and particulate properties to increase
         collection efficiency.

     Entrainment separators are an essential part of the wet
scrubber system.  In many cases, especially when coupled with
venturi scrubbers, entrainment separators are the main cause
of the large physical dimension of the system.  The design of
a compact and efficient entrainment separator is a prerequisite
for compact scrubber systems.  Work should be started by re-
viewing the field of entrainment separators and developing
new and compact units.

     Additional advantage could be achieved by matching scrub-
bers and sources.  This study will determine what kind of
scrubber is best suited for specific emission sources, such as
power plants, cupolas, chlorine manufacturing plants, inciner-
ators, odor control, etc.  Special attention should be paid to
the data obtained through reserach on topics mentioned in the
last paragraph.  For example, we should seek new systems
employing different liquids or slurries which will react
rapidly with the contaminant and remove it totally from the
gas, liquids that  have better equilibrium and collection
properties.

     There is frequently insufficient information on the appli-
cability and suitability of newer 'plastics and composite materials
for scrubber systems.  A material evaluation program to compare
the corrosion properties of various materials could lead to
significant saving in scrubber construction costs.

     When improving equipment performance, clogging difficulties
should also be examined.  There is a need to develop methods and
accessories to avoid plugging and clogging of spray nozzles,
packed columns, sieve plates, fibrous packing and secondary flow
scrubbers.
  Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                61

     The equations we have studied point out that better collection
efficiencies, especially for the critical particle size range
of O.lym - lym diameter, could be achieved by operating at a par-
tial vacuum.  The economics of vacuum scrubbers should be studied.

     Engineering Design and Optimization of Scrubber Systems

     A standard method of evaluating and reporting wet scrubbers
performance is needed.  The data in equipment manufacturer's bro-
chures are often not reliable, or do not tell the exact story.
Many manufacturers use hygroscopic particles , whch grow and
change shape in the equipment, to evaluate scrubber performance.
This kind of information, if used by a design engineer for non-
hygroscopic particles, will lead to equipment with poor actual per-
formance.  In other cases, manufacturers do not specify and under-
line that the gas has to be saturated with water vapor to obtain
the claimed efficiencies.  A standard method for testing and report-
ing scrubber performance data should be complimented with calcul-
ation methods showing how to predict actual collection efficiencies
for specific cases from the measured data.

     It would be very advantageous to establish and maintain an
independent scrubber testing facility to determine performance
under a large variety of contaminants and operating conditions
and confirm or refute claimed efficiencies.  Such a facility,
which resembles the underwriter's laboratory, would give an inde-
pendent and reliable scale for comparison of various scrubbers.
In time the facility can be enlarged to compare various methods
of air pollutants control on an even basis, thus performing a
valuable service and helping decisions in border cases.  Such a
testing facility will also help in separating scrubber engineering
from scrubber manufacturing.  It will permit independent engineers
to acquire operational data, which to a large extent is now held
as proprietary information by the scrubber manufacturers.

     Equations or correlations are needed for predicting collec-
tion efficiency when several mechanisms contribute simultaneously
to particle collection.  For example, this could be done for the
simultaneous action of inertia, thermophoresis and electrostatic
forces by numerically solving the equation of motion with all these
forces included.

     Collection of hygroscopic and hydrophilic particles is easier
than hydrophobic particles.  There is need for a calculation method
that will convert collection efficiency data from hygroscopic to
non-hygroscopic particles and vice versa.

     During our study we found that many empirical design equations
which are used extensively by air pollution engineers are correct
only within a narrow range of operating conditions.  The fact that
these equations were never questioned stems from designers attitude
not to question successful designs of already operating equipment.
If one wants to optimize collection equipment for better performance
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                62
and lower operating costs, more reliable collection efficiency
and pressure drop equations, covering a wider range of operating
conditions, are needed.

     Optimization of not only scrubbers, but scrubber systems
would be profitable.  This can be done by studying various com-
binations of different devices for particle collection, mass trans-
fer, particle growing, etc.  It seems that optimum systems could
be best designed for specific sources.  Thus studies should be
carried out to yield the optimum scrubber system design for a con-
taminant source.

     Equations for calculating and predicting equipment performance
should be backed up by a massive field study.  One should not ex-
pect it to be done by equipment users or equipment manufacturers.
This survey of actual operating conditions will include: pressure
drop, liquid and gas flow rates, collection efficiency, particle
size distribution, mass transfer, and operating conditions, and
should be carried out by an independent body, preferably the
laboratory mentioned previously, using approved measuring
techniques.

     The design methods given in the "Wet Scrubber Handbook"
utilize the unit mechanism approach.  We feel there must be a
thorough experimental verification of these equations.  The need
is especially acute where the equations derived from basic
principles are applied to equipment like centrifugal scrubbers,
co-current spray chambers, etc., where much of the actual oper-
ating data collected are not dependable and comprehensive.

     Dynamic Behavior and Control Instrumentation Technique

     There is much need for on-line instruments to measure con-
tinuously the performance of wet scrubbers, such as a simple and
cheap instrument to measure continuously particle mass concen-
tration.  This instrument will indicate continuously the scrubbing
efficiency and the mass of particulate discharged into the atmos-
phere.   Parallel instrument or instruments that measure concen-
tration of gaseous contaminants, like NOX, SOX, etc., is also
needed.

   The dynamic response of scrubber systems to upsets has not
been studied extensively.  The behavior of a system during start-
up and shut-down and more particularly, the response of a scrubber
system to overload surges, is important to its proper design and
operation.  Since many operating scrubbers experience upsets, a
program of theoretical models, derived from and subsequently veri-
fied by data from operating installations, could provide valuable
design data.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                63
     Criteria for the Preparation for a Five-Year Research Plan

     Wet scrubbers have definite areas of strength and weakness.
We feel that when assigning priorities, two criteria should be
used.  The more important one is, that pressing air pollution
problems have first priority, and the second criteria is that
scrubbers should be applied in their areas of strength.

     The pressing problems of highest priority are auto exhaust
and power plants emission.  We do not now see the application of
scrubbers to combat auto exhaust, however we think along this
line.  With power plants emission the story is different.  There
the need exists to control gaseous and particulate contaminants
simultaneously.  This is one of the strong areas of wet scrubbers
as air pollution control equipment.  For successful application
of scrubbers to power plant emission control, two basic studies
are needed.  One is to find the best and most economical scrubbing
process (to distinguish from equipment).  The second is to in-
crease scrubber range of operation so as to obtain simultaneous
absorption of gaseous contaminants, mainly SO^, and efficient col-
lection of a wide range of particle sizes, mainly fine particles.
The development of better processes and more sophisticated hard-
ware will eventually reduce overall capital and operational costs.

     Many studies are carried out now to define a process for
power plant flue gas purification, but the area of fine particles
control through scrubbers has been neglected.  That is why we con-
sider the study of condensation scrubbers to be of the highest
priority.

     Often scrubbing equipment for both mass transfer and particu-
late removal from gases appear to be of large physical dimensions
relative to the volume of gas treated.  A step in the right direc-
tion toward compactness was the introduction of high gas velocity
equipment such as the venturi scrubber.  However, the high gas
velocity equipment is usually coupled to a low velocity entrain-
ment separator.   Thus, the study and development of a high gas
velocity entrainment separator that will simultaneously solve
many of the other problems which plague entrainment separators,
will contribute to the compactness and efficiency  of scrubbing
systems.

     Much confusion exists in defining the problem and specifying
desired equipment performance. This confusion continues through
all the stages of contract writing and later in the evaluation of
the new equipment performance.  It is also reflected in brochures
of various scrubber manufacturers.  The need exists for a standard
method of specifying and evaluating equipment performance.

     There are very few good data on actual field performance of
various scrubbers, and its variation with time and industry.  If we
would like future equipment to perform to specifications, this pro
gram should be given a high priority.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                64
     In many cases control equipment of one type  is  not  the  optimal
answer, in other cases tradition often dictates the  type  of  equip-
ment used.  That is the reason for the high priority assigned  to
the study of matching: industry and control equipment.  We are
sure that many interesting results will come out  of  this  study.

     Based on the criteria mentioned earlier, two  five-year re-
search plans are presented in Tables 13 § 14.  Table 13 assumes
a total expenditure of two million dollars while  Table 14 assumes
an expenditure of 6.3 million dollars in five years.  It  is  recom-
mended that the additional 0.7 million dollars required to make
Plan B a seven million dollar plan be used for demonstration grants,
to demonstrate performance of the second generation  scrubbers  under
actual plant conditions.

     Both tables list the various research topics with the esti-
mated expenditure per year, measured in man-year units.   The
letter in brackets following the   subject designates  the  place on
the priority list.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                             TABLE 12

                                                    PLAN A - $2 MILLION/5 YEARS
First Year

 o'
I"
£
-<
TJ
p
CD
o
x
                           Man
                          Years
Second Year
                                       Man
                                      Years
                                                           Third Year
                                                                          Man
                                                                         Years
Fourth Year
                    Man
                   Years
                                                                                               Fifth Year
 Man
Years
             Increase col-
             lection effic-
             ience through
             application
             of additional
             forces (A)
Study various    3
means to  in-
crease particle
size (A]

Study collec-    3
tion efficiency
on back of
collectors  (A)
                     Increase  collec-
                     tion  efficiency
                     through appli-
                     cation of addi-
                     tional forces[A)
                                 Study various
                                 means to  increase
                                 particle  size (A)
                                 Study collection   3
                                 efficiency on back
                                 of collectors(A)
                                 Study entrainment  4
                                 separation to build
                                 an efficienct com-
                                 pact entrainment
                                 separator(A)
                                                        Increase collec-
                                                        tion efficiency
                                                        through appli-
                                                        cation of addi-
                                                        tional forces(A)
                                            Study entrainment   6
                                            separation  to
                                            build an  efficient
                                            compact entrainment
                                            separator (A)

                                            Pair scrubber  sys-  2
                                            terns and  pollu-
                                            tion sources  (A)
Design,build 5
study a second
generation scrub-
ber(compact, em-
ploying additional
forces and particle
growth).  (A)
                                                                               Pair scrubber sys-
                                                                               tems and pollution
                                                                               sources (A)
                                                                                           Design, build §
                                                                                           study a second
                                                                                           generation scrub-
                                                                                           ber (compact, em-
                                                                                           ploying additional
                                                                                           forces and particle
                                                                                           growth).  (A)
                         Pair scrubber sys-
                         tems and pollu-
                         tion sources (A)
m
3)
c/>
O
m
o
>
ID
ro
8
Compile and pre-  3
pare standard
methods for
evaluating and
reporting scrub-
ber performance
(A)
Total
                             12
                                                   IS
                                                              12
            1.  A  - high  level  priority

            2.  one man year  @  $35,000
                                              B  -  medium level  priority
                                                                                                         C - low level priority

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                                                            TABLE 13

                                                  PLAN B - $7 MILLION/5 YEARS
g
Ef
First Year
Man
Years
Second
Year
Man
Years
Third Year
Man
Years
Fourth
Year
Man
Years
Fifth Year
Man
Years
Increase col-
lection effi-
ciency through
application
of additional
forces (A)
Increase collec-
tion efficiency
through appli-
cation of addi-
tional forces(A)
Increase collec-
tion efficiency
through appli-
cation of addi-
tional forces(A)
Design,build §
study a second gen-
eration scrubber
(compact, employ-
ing additional
forces and particle
growth)(A).
Design,build ,
study a 2nd gen-
eration scrubber
(compact, employ-
ing additional
forces and particle
growth) . (A)
o
s-
D
O
s
o
Study various  3
means to in-
crease particle
size (A)

Study collec-  3
tion efficiency
on back of
collectors  (A)
Study various
means to increase
particle size (A)


Study collection
efficiency on
back of collec-
tors (A) .

Study entrainment
separation to
build an efficient
compact entrain-
ment separator (A)
tu
o
X
                                           Study  entrainment   6
                                           separation  to  build
                                           an  efficiency  compact
                                           entrainment
                                           separator  (A)

                                           Pair  scrubber  sys-  2
                                           terns  and pollu-
                                           tion  sources(A)
                                               Pair  scrubber sys-
                                               tems  and pollution
                                               sources  (A)
                                                 Pair scrubber sys- 2
                                                 terns and pollution
                                                 sources  (A)
D
m
8
Compile and
prepare stan-
dard methods
for evaluating
and reporting
scrubber per-
formance (A)
             Study dynamic
             response  of
             scrubbers (A)
                    Design  and build
                    wet  scrubber  test
                    facility(A)

                    Study dynamic
                    response  of
                    scrubbers  (A)
                       Design  and build
                       wet  scrubber  test
                       facility(A)
                        Design  and build     4
                        wet  scrubber test
                        facility(A)

                        Design,build,  and    4
                        study  scrubbers aimed
                        at eff.  simultaneous
                        removal  of contaminant
                        (gaseous and particu-
                        late)  (A)
                                                                        Design,  build,  §   5
                                                                        study scrubbers
                                                                        aimed at eff.  sim-
                                                                        ultaneous removal
                                                                        of contaminant(gas-
                                                                        eous  and particulate)(A)
                                                   en
                                                   en

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                                                         TABLE 13  (cont'd)

                                                     PLAN B  - $7 MILLION/S YEARS
          First Year    Man
                       Years
                         Second Year   Man
                                      Years
                            Third Year   Man
                                        Years
                           Fourth Year    Man
                                         Years
                                                                                                         Fifth Year
                  Man
                 Years
I
o
Mass transfer
to slurries
(B)
          Study major    3
          design equations
          derived in Hand-
          book and others,
          for agreement
          with available
          experimental data
          and determine
          limits of appli-
          cability (B)
          Design and de- 3
          velop non-
          clogging scrub-
          ber parts(B)
          Derive design
          equations for
          collection by
          several mech-
          anisms acting
          together (C)
Obtain kinetic and
equil. data for
promising absor-
bing solutions(B)
                    Design and build
                    simple instruments
                    for continuous
                    measurement and
                    control of contam-
                    inants (B)

                    Study effect of
                    liquid phase tur-
                    bulence on overall
                    mass transfer co-
                    efficient (B)
                    Design and deve-
                    lop non-clogging
                    scrubber parts
                    CB)
Obtain kinetic    3
and equil.data
for promising
absorbing sol-
utions fB)

Design and build  7
simple instruments
for continuous
measurement and
control of contam-
inants (B)

Study effect of   3
liquid phase turbu-
lence on overall
mass transfer co-
efficient (B)
                        Study new con-
                        struction mater-
                        ials (B)

                        Study economics
                        of vacuum scrub-
                        bers (C)
                                            Compile infor-    4
                                            mation and measure
                                            surface areas in
                                            various scrubbers
                                            (C)
                                                Design and build   7
                                                simple instruments
                                                for continuous
                                                measurement and
                                                control of contam-
                                                inants (B)

                                                Measure diffusivi- 3
                                                ties for important
                                                systems (B)
                        Study new con-     3
                        struction mater-
                        ials (B)

                        Derive and test    2
                        experimentally
                        equations predict-
                        ing inertial col-
                        lection by various
                        collectors for in-
                        termittent flow
                        condition between
                        viscous and poten-
                        tial (C)

                        Compile infor-     4
                        mation and measure
                        surface areas in
                        various scrubbers
                        (C)
Measure diffusivi-
ties for important
systems (B)
Derive and test      ;
experimentally
equations predict-
ing inertial col-
lection by various
collectors for in-
termittent flow con-
dition between vis-
cous and potential(C)
                                                                                                                                en

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t
3"

O

I"
                                                         TABLE 13  (cont'd)

                                                  PLAN B - $7 MILLION/5 YEARS
First Year
Man
Years
Second
Year
Man
Years
Third Year
Man
Years
Fourth
Year
Man
Years
Fifth Year
Man
Years
Derive theore-
tically a con-
version factor
between hygro-
scopic § non-
hygroscopic
particles, §
compare with
experimental
results (C)

Experimental
determination
of turbulent
agglomeration
(C)
       Study  adhesion   '<
       and  reentrain-
       ment of particles
       on various  col-
       lectors (C)
Study adhesion and
reentrainment of
particles on var-
ious collectors(C)
                             Study "kL"
                             values for impor-
                             tant absorbing
                             solutions (B)
Study adhesion and
reentrainment of
particles on var-
ious collectors(C)
                         Study "kL"values
                         for  important
                         absorbing  sol-
                         utions  (B)
o
m
D
O
m
          TOTAL
                32
                                                   39
                                                                40
                                                                                                   4"0
                                                                          27
CD
O
X
1. A - high level priority

2. one man year @ $35,000
B - Medium level priority
               C  -  Low level priority
(O
l\>

$
                                                                                                                      Ol
                                                                                                                      00

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                                                                69
                       CONCLUSIONS


     With the large number of specific objectives involved in
this program, it would be cumbersome to list detailed conclusions
regarding each one.  What we can do briefly is to give an overall
sense of what was accomplished under each major heading of the
scope of work. However, there is some changing of organization
because each task required the use of information gained in other
aspects of the program.  For example, determining the adequacy of
engineering design methods required the use of information also
gathered under evaluation of existing systems and the investi-
gation of usage problems.  Consequently, there is some overlap
among the five tasks in the scope of work and we have exercised
editorial judgment in deciding where to report some specific
items.

     The following material is organized in the same order as
the scope of work.


EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNOLOGY

     In this section of the program we are mainly concerned with
determining the adequacy of engineering design methods.  It is
convenient to evaluate separately wet scrubber technology as
applied to mass transfer, particulate collection and a combin-
ation of both.  Because these three scrubber applications differ
in historical backgrounds, degrees of sophistication in theoreti-
cal development, hardware complexity, and areas of usage, they
have reached different stages of development.


Mass Transfer

     Scrubbers, or absorption towers, have been used for many
years, mainly in the chemical industry.  Methods for their
analysis and design are quite complete and are usually straight-
forward if mass transfer coefficients are available and if no
chemical reaction is involved.  Three major theories have been
advanced for the analysis of mass transfer operations and they
have been found satisfactory for a wide variety of cases.  Very
good books are available and much reliable experimental data
can be found in the literature.

     When a reactive or absorptive slurry is used, or when a
chemical reaction takes place between the absorbed gas and the
scrubbing liquid, the analysis is more complicated.  Models and
design methods are available for these cases too.  However, when
the reaction is of a high order, or when the flows of the liquid
and the gas are complicated, it is advisable to determine the
transfer efficiency experimentally.  Improved design methods  for
the complex cases require a better understanding of the phenomena
occurring in the absorption column.

     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                70
      General data are abundantly available in the literature
 on mass transfer.  Additional information is needed for the
 more sophisticated systems which are being considered now for
 the removal of SOX and NOX from flue gases.   Basic knowledge
 of such reaction rates, kinetic models and equilibrium constants
 are also lacking for many reacting systems.   In other cases
 diffusivities,  solubilities and precipitation rates are missing.
 There is a need for better understanding of  the flow character-
 istics, turbulence and the combined effects  of hydro- and
 aerodynamics for specific designs.

      Cost information is  available from three sources;  chemical
 engineering cost data, scrubber cost data,  and detailed cost
 calculations based on component and labor costs.   Except for
 unusual designs and exotic materials which might  be difficult
 to estimate, cost can be  obtained for all scrubber designs
 with about the  same accuracy as for chemical process equipment.


 Particulate Collection

      Scrubbers  for particulate  removal have  a shorter history
 of widespread use than scrubbers  for mass transfer,  and mainly
 employ  inertia  rather than a diffusion mechanism  for the removal
 of the  particles from the gas stream.   These differences may be
 the reason that among engineers in practice  there is little
 general understanding of  the basic physical  phenomena involved
 in particle removal.

      Many equations  and charts  for the design or  selection  of
 scrubbers can be found in the literature,  but they all  apply to
 one device and  a specific range of operating conditions.  Most
 scrubber manufacturers  and designers  use  empirical graphs -
 usually of the  power  law  type - to design or select  equipment.
 We did  not  find a  unified approach to  all  scrubber designs
 similar to  the  unit mechanism approach or a  selection method such
 as  the  performance  and  separation  cut  size approach  that we pre-
 sented  in the Scrubber  Handbook.   Neither did we  discern evidence
 of any  superior or  reliable  proprietary method of design in the
 cases of scrubber  installations reported  to  our survey  of scrubber
 users.

     Optimum use  of the best available technology in the  form of
 scrubber equipment  requires  the ability to describe  quantita-
 tively  the  performance  potential of  that  equipment.   If one can
 predict  the  collection  efficiency  and  gas handling capacity of
 a  scrubber  more  accurately,  he  can  achieve lower  pollutant
 emissions with  the  least  amount of  overdesign,  and therefore,
 at  the  lowest cost.   This  engineering  capability  is  so  vital to
 the pollution control  effort that we can  not  be content to  merely
 report  the  existing fragments of empirical and theoretical
scrubber design, but must take the initiative  in  applying the
best available basic engineering knowledge to  the  specific  cases
of scrubber design.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                              71


     The general approach we have taken is to seek the soundest,
most generally applicable relationships which truly represent
the essential mechanisms of particle collection and gas absorp-
tion.  Where gaps existed we filled them as well as possible
with new or improved design methods.

     Because so many of the design equations presented in the
Scrubber Handbook are new and so few experimental studies were
available, it would be most profitable to collect more data to
test the equations and perhaps lead to revisions and extensions.

     Cost estimates for particulate scrubbers are somewhat less
predictable than for gas absorbers because of the arbitrary
pricing which is possible for some proprietary designs.  We have
cross-checked the available cost data from several sources
and from independent calculations based on material and fabri-
cation costs.  The net result is that particulate scrubber
system costs can be estimated with useful accuracy for pre-
liminary designs and will be more accurate when one obtains
actual quotations for detailed designs and specifications. This
is the normal state of affairs in the field of process plant
design.


Combined Collection

     One of the wet scrubber's strong points is its ability for
simultaneous removal of gaseous and particulate contaminants
from a gas stream.  However, there is a certain incompatibility
since for particles >1 ym in diameter the major collection mech-
anism is inertial, which increases with increased gas velocities
and smaller residence time, while mass transfer is favored at
low gas velocities and high residence time.  With the increasing
need for simultaneous control of particulate and gaseous contam-
inants, more and more enginers are viewing wet scrubbers as the
optimal means of control.

     We did not find in the literature, and did not include in
the Scrubber Handbook, any special design methods for a combined
collection scrubber as such.  However, there is generally no
difficulty in calculating separately removal efficiency for
particles and for gases, since there is practically no influence
of one on the other.  This method of approach  is adequate for  the
design of combined scrubbers except for situations in which trace
impurity buildup may influence mass transfer,  which must be studied
as special cases.

     In the last few years since the control of power  plant pol-
lution became important, more and more data  are being  published
on the simultaneous removal of SOX  and particulates.   Because  of
the large magnitude of the problem  and the  economic aspects  of
SOX removal, we expect that more data will  become  available  in
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                72
the near future.  It seems also probable that new designs and
new processes will be invented to solve the power plant and
other related problems.

     The present combined scrubbers are of the same design as
the particulate and gaseous removal scrubbers, and the same cost
information can serve both.  However, the combined scrubber
processes are getting to be increasingly complicated, and this
is where more cost information is required.


EXISTING SCRUBBER SYSTEM EVALUATIONS

     Many types of scrubbers are available in the market and
many more designs can be found in the patent office archives.
All scrubbers were classified in ten groups based on their
major gas cleaning mechanisms.  The results of the users sur-
vey are given in Chapter 7 of the Scrubber Handbook as tables
of scrubber group vs. process or industry where these scrubbers
are being used.

     The scrubbers used for mass transfer are those which permit
long residence time and large contact area.  Among these are:
plate scrubbers, packed columns, fiber beds, preformed sprays
and mobile bed scrubbers.

     Efficiency of a mass transfer scrubber depends mainly on
the equilibrium relationship between the absorbed gas and
the absorbing liquor, the absorbing area and the residence
time.  Design equations are presented in Chapter 5 of the
Handbook.  By increasing column height, any desired removal
efficiency can be achieved.  The choice of scrubber depends
upon economic factors, absorption products, presence of other
contaminant in the gas, tradition, operating conditions, and
materials of construction.  Efficiency can be increased by an
immediate removal of the absorbent from the absorbing liquid
through chemical reaction or adsorption in a slurry.

     Absorption and adsorption are the two ways for the removal
of one component from a gaseous mixture.  The choice of the sys-
tem depends mainly on economic considerations and on the specific
requirements of the process involved.  In many cases, the absorbed
product is returned to the process or is sold.  Scrubbers have
the advantage of requiring the movement of only fluid streams,
of being capable of continuous operation, and of requiring no
moving parts (for most designs).

     Inherent weaknesses of the mass transfer scrubber are the
requirement  for a suitable liquid and for treatment of the
liquid waste.  Liquid treatment is especially costly when large
quantities of gas are being cleaned.  Since most scrubbed gases
are either acidic or basic, and in many cases they are hot,
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                               73
corrosion is usually a problem and costly materials of con-
struction are required.  Plugging, the need for better liquid
distribution, and more intimate contact between the liquid and
the gas are problems one faces with scrubbers.  Carry-over of
entrained scrubbing liquid can also be a major problem if a
suitable entrainment separator is not available.


Particulate Collection

     Manufacturers of scrubbers showed no reluctance to provide
information describing the kind(s) of equipment they sell, and
it is clear from the results of our survey that a great variety
of scrubbers are available.  Learning what these scrubbers are
capable of is a more difficult task if one requires more proof
than a simple assertion.  It is reasonably certain that for
particle separation good efficiency can be attained on particle
diameters down to around 1.0 ym by the inertial mechanism.

     Of the ten scrubber groups, the following are used extensively
in particulate removal: plate column, preformed spray scrubbers,
gas atomized spray scrubbers, centrifugal scrubbers, impingement
and entrainment scrubbers, mechanically aided and moving bed
scrubbers.  The choice of the appropriate scrubber depends upon
particulate load, size distribution and physical properties.
While low velocity, low pressure drop scrubbers are adequate
for relatively large particles, high velocity scrubbers are re-
quired for the removal of the one micron range particles.  Par-
ticles smaller than 0.1 ym in diameter are collected in diffusion
controlled scrubbers.

     Particles are usually collected by one of three mechanisms:
diffusion, interception, or impaction.  Since diffisivity of
particles larger than =0.1 ym is minimal, and inertia  of par-
ticles smaller than =1 ym is small, one always finds that col-
lection efficiency decreases with the particle impaction parameter
to a minimum at about 0.2-0.5 ym, and then starts increasing as
diffusion takes over.  Chapters 4 and 5 of the Scrubber Handbook
present general and specific collection efficiency equations for
each type of scrubber.

     Except for research results, useful scrubber data are almost
unavailable.  There are several reasons for this:

     A.  Scrubber users and control agencies are interested in
outlet concentration almost exclusively, and do not measure in-
let concentration and scrubber efficiency.

     B.  Scrubber manufacturers usually keep the data as pro-
prietary information since in many cases this is the advantage
they have over their competitors.
     Ambient Purification Technoloav, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                              74
     C.  Determination of particle size distribution is difficult,
expensive and sometimes practically impossible.  Gathering of
meaningful data requires a high degree of competence.

     D.  Scrubber users are reluctant to release information be-
cause of possible repercussions from air pollution regulatory
agencies.

     Of the three groups of particle collecting equipment presently
employed, namely wet scrubbers, electrostatic precipitators and
fabric filters, scrubbers usually have the lowest capital costs.
They are simple, are not explosion prone, take less floor space,
and do not require conditioning of gases and particulates. They
also provide a continuous means for removal of collected material
from the device.  For relatively large particles, scrubbers and
settling chambers are the only economic collectors.

     Wet scrubbers' main weakness is high operating costs and low
collection efficiency for fine particles (0.1-2ym).  They are
prone to clogging, corrosion and erosion, and require treatment
of the collection liquor before disposal.  In some cases the gas
cooling and the increase in gas volume due to water evaporation
are objectionable.

     The gathering of reliable inlet and outlet particle size
distribution is  essential to the development and substantiation
of good scrubber design models and equations.


Combined Mass Transfer and Particulate Collection

     Since scrubbers for combined collection are undergoing
fast development now, it is difficult to list the groups which
are used.  The types being tried are: moving beds, gas atomized
sprays, and combinations of several groups, such as a venturi
followed by a packed bed.  Performance is the same as for
particles with regard to the particulate matter and the same as
for the mass transfer for the gaseous part.  The incompatibility
of inertia and diffusion mechanism is the main weakness of com-
bined scrubbers.  One requires long residence time, and the other
short.


SCRUBBER USE AND PROBLEMS

     Scrubbers are used to control emissions from many diversi-
fied sources.  Table 14 shows the distribution of scrubber groups
as employed by various industries.  The table representing 294
scrubbers was compiled from the information collected through
the users survey.
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                          TABLE 14
                        PROCESSES  TO WHICH EACH TYPE  OF SCRUBBER IS  APPLIED*


Calcining

Combustion

Crushing

Drying

Gases

Liquid Mists

Smelting
Plate
CD
6
(3)
17
CD
6
(7)
39
(3)
17
(0)
0
(3)
17
Packed
Bed
CD
2
(0)
-
(0)
-
(0)
-
(33)
72
(11)
24
(1)
2
Fiber
Bed
(0)
_
(0)
-
(0)
-
(0)
-
(2)
40
(3)
60
(0)
-
Spray
(5)
13
(2)
5
(0)
-
(4)
10
(IS)
45
(3)
7
(8)
20
Venturi
(23)
21
(2)
2
(0)
-
(19)
18
CIO)
9
(0)
-
(54)
50
Centri-
Fugal
(0)
-
(1)
2
(11)
26
(30)
70
(1)
2
(0)
-
(0)
-
Baffle
(0)
-
(0)
-
(0)
-
(1)
100
(0)
-
(0)
-
(0)
-
Impg.S
Entr.
(3)
43
(2)
29
(1)
14
(0)
-
(1)
14
(0)
-
(0)
-
Mech.
Aided
(0)
-
(0)
-
(0)
-
(1)
25
(2)
50
(0)
-
(1)
25
Moving
Bed
(0)
-
(2)
9
(1)
5
(14)
64
(1)
5
(0)
-
(4)
18
3
O
                 + Read vertically.   Example:  39% of all plate type  scrubbers  are applied
                   to controlling drying processes.

                   Numbers in parentheses refer to number of scrubbers reporting the in-
                   formation to the  scrubber study.
                                                                                                   en

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                                                              76
      The  use  of  available  knowledge  in  the  design and specifi-
 cation  of scrubbers  is  not as  effective as  one  would hope.  Many
 installations  are  built on the basis  of some  vague notions
 about what  is  being  emitted and how well  the  scrubber will  be
 able  to cope  with  it.   There is a  tendency  to have the most
 confidence  in  what has  been used supposedly successfully  before.
 The not very  practical  result  of this variety of  "practical
 approach" has  been that many systems  have not operated up to
 expectations  and had to be modified or  even replaced.

      Particle  size distributions were unavailable for the major-
 ity of  the  scrubbers we surveyed.  In some  cases  even concen-
 trations  were  not  known.   This is  due in  part to  the usual  pre-
 occupation  with  outlet  loading only,  in part  to the  belief  that
 it is unnecessary  to have  specific data,  and  in part to the in-
 ability to  make  the  measurements.  There  is also  a tendency
 to forget about  the  scrubber once  it has  passed inspection.
 Consequently  it  is very rare that  the continuing  performance
 of a  scrubber  is measured.

      Auxiliaries are usually not much of  a  problem but there
 are cases where  blowers  have been  a source  of great  difficulty.
 Unbalancing of blower wheels due to either  dust accumulation or
 corrosion  is one of  the  common problems.  These same causes,
 dust  buildup,  errosion  and  corrosion, can also be responsible
 for failures of  other components such as  entrainment separators,
 flow  straighteners,  support  plates, etc.  Better  knowledge  of
 suitable materials has  a great  potential  for  cost savings.

     Liquid treatment and/or waste disposal can present diffi-
 culties in some  cases.   Engineering knowledge and skill are
 important to the economical  resolution  of these.   There is  an
 area of uncertainty  in  the  prediction of  how  much cleanup of
 the recycle liquid is necessary  to prevent  plugging  and erosion
 problems.

     All-in-all, scrubbers have been used successfully in thou-
 sands of  installations  and will be used increasingly  in the
 future.   They possess unique capabilities as well  as  limitations.
 Given that they are  properly applied, they can be  designed with
 as much confidence and  success  as any other type  of  air pollution
 control  equipment.


New Applications

     Scrubbers account  for about 22%  of the air pollution control
equipment  sales in 1971, scrubber sale projections indicate that
scrubbers  will about  equal electrostatic precipitators  in 1976,
and will account for  about 261 of overall sales.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                               77
     Despite this large market, there are many situations in
which scrubbers are not used or are little used, and the ques-
tion comes to mind; whether this is as it should be.  The choice
of any air pollution control devices requires that the perfor-
mance be adequate, the system fit within any other constraints,
and that investment and operation costs be suitable.  There are
many instances in which the correct decision was not made.
Sometimes the problem itself is not properly defined, the control
device performance and cost characteristics were not known, or
a suitable alternative was not considered.

     Conditions under which new or increased application is
possible are as follows:

     1.  Performance requirements change so that alternatives
should be re-evaluated.

     2.  Scrubbers have improved since the decision to use
another type of control equipment has been made.

     3.  Scrubber systems become relatively cheaper.

     4.  Accessory problems can now be solved satisfactorily.

     5.  Scrubbers never were as bad as people may have been told.

     6.  The person selecting a system simply never thought of
using a scrubber.

     Changing technology and emission regulations may lead to
the future application of scrubbers to pollution control problems
where scrubbers are not widely applied now.  The most promising
areas are for the cleanup of aubmicron particles and for in-
organic gases.  Additional scrubber applications for the removal
of submicron particles will require the development of scrubbers
capable of removing these particles with good efficiency without
developing the high operating costs (due to high energy consump-
tion) presently needed. Tightened and enforced regulations on
the emissions of  inorganic gases will require increased use of
scrubbers for gas scrubbing.

     Some specific industrial applications where increased scrub-
ber use seems indicated are:

     1.  Power plants burning coal, oil, or wood.

     2.  Rock products plants such as cement, alumina, lime,
         bauxite, and magnesium oxide.

     3.  Steel plants for open hearth, ore roasters, taconite
         and hot scarfing.
     Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                              78
     4.  Mining and metallurgical plants, including:  zinc
         roaster, copper roaster, copper reverberatory,  ilmen-
         ite, titania and molybdenum.

     5.  Refinery catalyst.

     6.  Coal cleaning and drying.

     7.  Feed and flour mills.


Recommendations for R § D

     A recommended Research and Development Plan has  been
prepared aimed at increasing scrubber use by overcoming  the
scrubber limitations and shortcomings discussed earlier.  Two
criteria have been used in assigning priorities to various
research topics.  The first one is that pressing air  pollution
problems have first priority, and the second is that  scrubbers
should be applied primarily in their areas of strength.

     Several approaches can lead to increasing the collection
efficiency of scrubbers in the fine particle range.   One is
to apply additional collection mechanisms, preferably those
which are independent of particle size.  Such mechanisms
involve the use of flux forces, such as diffusiophoresis and
thermophoresis.  Another mechanism is the increased collection
of small particles by the back of spheres at high Reynolds
numbers.    A different approach to the same problem would be
to grow the particles to sizes which can be collected readily.
This can be achieved through agglomeration, condensation or
chemical reaction.

     In the mass transfer area, better and more economical
processes are needed.  This requires the study of more complex
systems such as mass transfer to slurries, a search for  react-
ing or absorbing chemicals that can be regenerated and returned
to the system and a study of the effect of liquid phase  turbu-
lence on the mass transfer coefficients.

     A wide range of work is still needed to establish reliable
design methods.  The research plan lists a number of  projects
that should be undertaken to make the available equations more
accurate, to develop new equations where none are now available,
and to gather extensive experimental coefficients and data to
support any design.

     Much of the research plan is aimed at developing the second
generation scrubber.   This scrubber should be designed from the
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                              79


start to be a pollution control device,  possibly  for  a  definite
application, rather than an adaptation  from  the existing
chemical engineering state of the art.   Flux  forces,  agglomer-
ation and condensation, either in combination or  separate,  can
overcome the fine particle problem.  A  new efficient  and  com-
pact entrainment separator would help in reducing  the scrubber
size, cost  and emission rate.  An effort will be  made  to re-
duce waste liquid treatment costs, whether through recycle,
regeneration or more sophisticated treatment  methods.   After
all this is accomplished, the new scrubber generation will
capture a larger portion of the air pollution market.

     The last part of the research plan  looks at  the  scrubber
from the air pollution control authority point of  view.   To
meet emission criteria constantly and not only during the  ini-
tial test, pollutant monitoring equipment and knowledge of  the
dynamic behavior of the scrubber are required.

     Based on the criteria mentioned earlier, the  list  of  re-
search topics has been arranged in two  five-year research  plans.
One is a two million dollar research plan, and the  second  is
a 7 million dollar plan.  Both plans list the various research
topics with the estimated expenditure per year, measured  in
man-year units and their place on the priority list.
   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.o. BOX 71, R.VERS.DE, CA. 92502

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Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
       APPENDICES

Letter to Scrubber Manufacturers
Brief Description  of "Wet Scrubber System Study"
Letter to Scrubber Users
Scrubber Questionnaire  -  Long Form
Scrubber Questionnaire  -  Short Form
    Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
                          P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                             APPENDIX A
                                                                 81
Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
     November 17, 1970
     Dear Sir:

          We are engaged  in  a  study  of  Wet  Scrubber Systems
     for gas absorption and  particle removal  under a con-
     tract from the National Air  Pollution  Control Admin-
     istration, as the enclosed sheet describes.

          An important part  of the study is the survey of
     wet scrubbers currently available.   To insure the
     completeness of  our  survey,  would  you  please send us
     information describing  the scrubbers you make.  We
     would especially appreciate  data on scrubber costs,
     and any specific case  studies you  could  provide.
          Thank you very  much.
                                  Yours truly,
                                  DAVID LETTH
                                  Engineer
                P.O. BOX 71
                RIVERSIDE
                C A . 92502
                (714) 682-6211
     DL:lm

     encl.
        Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
       Air & Water Purification

P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                             82





                       APPENDIX B





                     Brief  Description  of



                 "WET SCRUBBER  SYSTEM   STUDY"





     Ambient Purification  Technology,  Inc.  has  contracted



with the Air Pollution  Control  Office  of  the  Environmental



Protection Agency  (formerly  the National  Air  Pollution  Con-



trol Administration)  to perform a  "Wet Scrubber  System



Study", Contract No.  CPA 70-95.



     The general scope  of  work  is  to:   (1)  review  and assess



the status of wet scrubber technology;   (2) prepare  a critical



review and evaluation of existing  scrubber  systems and  define



current practices in  the application of scrubbers  for air



pollution control;   (3) define  usage problems and  the research



and development needed  to  improve  the  performance  of scrubbers



as now applied;  (4)  identify potential new applications  of wet



scrubbers to additional air  pollution  control problems, and



(5) develop specific research recommendations.



     The final results of  this  contract will  include a  research



program plan and a handbook  on  wet scrubbers.  The handbook



will be completed in the fall of 1971  and should be  available  to



the public shortly after.
 Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                83

                             APPENDIX C
                                                       ..     P .O. BOX 7 I

Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.           A5T    * AV ^Vs o I
                                                             (714) 682-621 I
         We  have  contracted with the National Air Pollution
    Control  Administration to perform a study of wet
    scrubber systems  for  gas absorption and particle col-
    lection.  A sheet describing the study is enclosed.

         As  part  of  the study, we are gathering information
    on  the performance of various types of scrubbers on the
    job.  We hope to  determine the types of scrubbers most
    applicable to each industrial process, and point out
    scrubber strengths and weaknesses so that better, less
    expensive systems can be developed.  Results will be
    published in  a handbook which will be available to you.

         We  would appreciate your indicating a willingness
    to  participate in the study by filling out and mailing
    the enclosed  postcard.  Your company name will not be
    mentioned if  this is  your preference.

                                   Sincerely yours,
                                   David Leith
                                   Engineer

    DL:lm

    encls:  postcard
           description
                                                    Air & Water Purification

        Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                  84
                      APPENDIX D                B.O.B. #OMB 85-S 70033
                      	                Expires 12/51/71
     "WET SCRUBBER SYSTEMS SURVEY OF USE AND PERFORMANCE"


 Section I.   COMPANY  IDENTIFICATION     Date:	

 1.   Name §  location  of  company:

     a.   Name :	^	

     b.   No.,  Street:	
     c.   City:	State:	Zip Code:

 2.   Location of  plant  if  different from  above:

     a.   Plant/Division:__	

     b.   No., Street:
     c.   City:	State:	Zip  Code:
 3.   Person  to  contact  regarding  information  contained  in  this
     report:
    a.  Name:
     b.  Department/Division:
    c.  Telephone:(Area code)
4.  Principal products manufactured at  this plant:
    Standard Industrial Classification,  if  known:
Note:

     This survey of wet scrubber systems is being performed  for
the National Air Pollution Control Administration.   It will  point
out the strengths and weaknesses of scrubbers so that better,
less expensive systems can be developed.  A "Scrubber Handbook"
will be written and will be available to you.

     Your participation will be helpful even if you  can  only
provide a small part of the information requested, or if you
must estimate quantities.    Please fill  out a separate  copy
of pages 2,  3 and 4 for each scrubber application.   Hither make
additional copies or write us for more, whichever is most conven-
ient for you.

     If you  have any questions, please call us collect at:
(714) 682-6211.

                                                      Page 1


   Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                   APPENDIX D (CONT'D)                        8S

   "WET SCRUBBER SYSTEMS SURVEY OF USE AND PERFORMANCE"
Scrubber name and type:
(Please indicate units when numerical replies are provided, for
example:  pounds per hour; tons per day.)

1.  a.  Process operation

    b.  Pollutant recovered

    c.  Process Type (circle one)  Continuous/Batch/Batch(timing	)

2.  a.  Process capacity	

    	(     /hour)  Scrubber feed temperature	
    b.  Pollutant concentration	,weight per hour

        particle size or distribution
3.  Approximate costs:  Scrubber	; Fans § duct

    Auxiliaries          ;   Total            Date installed
4.  Collection efficiency	How determined^

5.  Please indicate:

    a.   Any major difficulties with your system:
        % on stream time:	No. of failures/year:	

    b.   What aspects of performance or operation could be improved,
        based on your field experience:	
    c.   Suggestions for improvements in design or manufacture:
    d.   Research suggestions:
    e.   Please estimate accuracy of data
                                                          Page 2
  Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.o. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                    APPENDIX D CCONT'D)
 WET SCRUBBER SYSTEMS  STUDY
 Company	.	Scrubber —
 Address	Respondent
          Date.
                    86









/










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ITEM DESCRIPTION-Such as;
Name, Model, Size, Capacity, Flow
Rate, Temperature, Cost .
T) GAS OUT | ^SCFM)
Temp. (°F)Comp.
Contaminant .
i /A ^^ • 1 1 / h r
v A / \ *
[2)DUCT + STACK |
Cost. Purch. | Inst. $
r3"iFAN (Push or Pull) | HP
Mfg.
Model
Capacity (XCFM) "W.G.
Purch. £ Inst. fl
"4)ENTRAINMENT SEPARATOR |

Purch. $ Inst. $
5)SCRUBBER|Mtg,
Model
Size (ft)Cap. (ACFM)
Description

Purch. $ Inst. %

Purch. $ Inst. $
[7)HOOD4 DUCT|
Purch. $ Inst. $
ffljGAS IN | ffCFM)

Temp. (°F)Comp.
Contaminant
flr/|cF («b/hr)
COMMENTS Such as ;
Performance, Material of Con-
st ruction, Reliability, Corrosion.
Particle Dia. (Micron)



Mtl.Constr.

Mtl.




Mtl.


Mtl.
Corrosion Rate
Any Changes Req'd.?
Temp. In
Temp. Out



Mtl.


source



Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
           Page 3.
P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA.

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                       APPENDIX D (CONT'D)
WET  SCRUBBER  SYSTEMS  STUDY
Company______	Scrubber.
                                                               87
                                                  Date.
                                     COMMENTS
 ITEM  DESCRIPTION
   SUPPORTS + FOUNDATION
  Purch. 8
   CHEMICALS
Cost (8/moQ	
.nLlQUlD  PIPING I Contaminant
                                       Cap. (GPM)
              	
          TREATMENT I rnp
        Changes Rea'd?
          Contaminant
              (GPM) Make Up
QvLlQUlD WASTE  I contaminant
  "^^^^^^^^^^^^
                                  ppm. Disposal Method
 Cost (8/mo.)
   SOLID  WASTE
                                       Disposal Method
  Cost (8/mo.)
                                       WATER  lEauip. cost (I)
            Equip. Cost (8)
                                     Op. Cost  (8/mo.)
  Op. Cost (8/mo.)
        LABOR
                                                    (Man-Hr./mo.)
                  (Man-Hr./mo.)
  OTHER NOTES (please number)
   Draw flowsheet on back, detailing equipment, capacity and manufacturer.       Page 4
  Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.            P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA 92502

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APPENDIX E SCRUBBER OPERATION
NUMBER
CATEGORY
process name
SCRUBBER: name
type
packing, if appl .
size
mat'ls of const.
CARRIER GAS: name
composition
temp., °C
humidity. Tsat . . °C
flow rate, m3/hr 	
particle
CONTAMINANTS: name
particle density, g/cm
" size, microns
loading
g/m3
gas , name
" ppm
SCRUBBING SOLUTION: name
total flow rate,m3/hr
composition
PH
makeup, m-Vhr
EFFICIENCY: particles
eas
COSTS: A P, cm of H20
installed cost, $
operating cost. $/mo
COMMENTS:
including maintenance
problems, health and
safety problems,
waste disposal, sug-
gestions for future,
etc.
£xo.M-i»f*-
Qfai [ riv\t#*
W*\d to/* d*Wr

• 	
. 	
% VVnJtUtS, C*£k u/tJl*
A 2. pf1. WIA. -U*rcta-f
3/fc 5^.
•
	 0
°C in/ ^ out
- _
ioo. oao eft**.
CooJ tlufi-
DATA









°C in/ °C out



~
bin 16% ,i)
under « /under '
*£££$ 0'^To7t
• —
ppm in /ppm out
50% ,16%
under /under
in/ out

nnm in /nnm out

«700 tfllOM ^
— -
pH in /pH out bH in /nH out
2.0 <\ynt\
<\°( 7
—
40 * UA6 .
9
160,000









88









°C in/ °r oill




504 16%
under /under
in/ out

ppm in /opm 9,,^



pH in /pH nut







Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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WET SCRUBBER SYSTEM STUDY                              VOLUME  II
                       BIBLIOGRAPHY
              Seymour Calvert,  Project Director
              Jhuda Goldshmid
              David Leith
              Dilip Mehta
                        Prepared for

                  CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVISION
  OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS - ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                  CONTRACT NO. CPA-70-95
                        A.P.L, INC,

              (Ambient Purification Technology)
        P. 0. Box 71, Riverside, California  92502
                        July, 1972

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                                          I

                                    INTRODUCTION
     A search of the literature was made as part of the Wet Scrubber Systems Study
for information on the design and application of wet scrubbers.   The purpose was
to find all theoretical,  experimental,  and practical work on wet scrubbers which
has been reported.

     Abstracting services were utilized.  Computer printouts of  relevant liter-
ature references were received from APTIC, NTIS, AEG, NASA, and  Midwest Research
Institute.  Chemical Abstracts, Air Pollution Abstracts, and British Chemical
Engineering Abstracts were consulted.

     A direct manual search of forty-eight technical journals carrying articles
pertinent to scrubber systems was carried out.  Twenty-five journals were searched
from 1950 to present.  Library facilities at UCLA, California Institute of Tech-
nology, and University of California at Riverside were used.

     Most of the evaluation of literature came at the time the literature was ini-
tially screened.  If an article was judged as contributing to the knowledge of
scrubbers, it was noted and acquired.   If there was doubt as to  the contribution
of an article to scrubber understanding, it was also noted and acquired.  It was
deemed prudent to select all articles  which might be of use, rather than to be
overly selective at the outset and reject these articles.  Of the thousands of
literature articles reviewed, about 2,000 were judged pertinent, were acquired,
classified, and filed in the APT library.

     Many of the references found are  cited as references in the Wet Scrubber Hand-
book.  However, other references which are not cited, may be of use.  The Wet Scrubber
Bibliography contains all references cited in the Wet Scrubber Handbook, plus the ad-
ditional references found in the literature search, but not cited in the Handbook.
The Handbook cites about 750 references; the Bibliography about 1,700.

     The Wet Scrubber Bibliography is  organized in a manner parallel to that used in
the Wet Scrubber Handbook.  Each section in the Wet Scrubber Handbook with refer-
ences has a corresponding section in the Bibliography with the same number and title.
For example, Section 4.6 in the Handbook, "Unit Mechanisms for Particle Separation",
has a corresponding Section 4.6 in the Bibliography with the same title.  All re-
ferences cited in the Bibliography are pertinent to the subject matter in the cor-
responding Handbook section.   If a reference is pertinent to more than one Handbook
section, its Bibliography listing is duplicated.  Within each section of the Biblio-
graphy the organization of references  is alphabetical by author.

     By organizing the Bibliography in a manner parallel to that used in the Handbook,
it is hoped that the references listed here will be of most use in supplementing
Handbook material.  Note that not all sections  in the Handbook have corresponding
sections in the Bibliography.  This is because  some Handbook sections are introductory,
organizational, or descriptive in nature, and do not have pertinent references.
For this reason, the Bibliography starts with Section 4.2, "Basic Principles: Mass
Transfer", rather than with Section 1.0, "Introduction".
           Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                    II
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.2      Basic Principles:  Mass Transfer 	 1
4.3      Basic Principles:  Particle Collection 	 4
4.4      Gas Liquid Contacting	8
4.5      Unit Mechanisms:  Mass Transfer	12
4.6      Unit Mechanisms:  Particle Collection	16
4.7      Effects of Temperature and Pressure	21
5.2.1    Mass Transfer Design Methods:  General	21
5.2.2    Mass Transfer: Plate Scrubbers	23
5.2.3    Mass Transfer: Packed Scrubbers	28
5.2.4    Mass Transfer: Fiber Packed Scrubbers. .	36
5.2.5    Mass Transfer: Preformed Spray Scrubbers	37
5.2.6    Mass Transfer:  Gas Atomized Spray Scrubbers	38
5.2.7    Mass Transfer: Centrifugal Scrubbers	39
5.2.8    Mass Transfer: Moving Bed Scrubbers	39
5.3.1    Particle Collection: General	40
5.3.2    Particle Collection: Plate Scrubbers	43
5.3.3    Particle Collection: Packed Scrubbers	44
5.3.4    Particle Collection: Fiber Packed Scrubbers	45
5.3.5    Particle Collection: Preformed Spray Scrubbers	47
5.3.6    Particle Collection: Gas Atomized Spray Scrubbers	48
5.3.7    Particle Collection: Centrifugal Scrubbers	50
5.3.8    Baffle and Secondary Flow Scrubbers	52
5.3.9    Impingement and Entrainment Scrubbers	52
5.3.10   Particle Collection: Mechanically Aided Scrubbers	52
5.3.11   Particle Collection: Moving Bed Scrubbers	53
5.4      Entrainment Separators	53
6        Auxiliaries	54
7  •      Industrial Processes Utilizing Scrubbers	56
7.1      Calcining Processes	57
7.2      Combustion Processes	59
7.3      Crushing and  Grinding  Processes   	65
7.4      Drying Processes  	            65
7.5      Gas Producing Processes	66

         Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE,

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                                         Ill
                               TABLE OF  CONTENTS  (CONT'D)
7.6      Liquid Mist  Producing Processes	68
7.7      Metallurgical  Processes	69
8        Systems Analysis:  Costs and Optimization  	 73
9        Design Examples	5
10       Physical and Chemical Data	75
11       Materials Data	78
li       Liquid and Solid Wastes Disposal 	 78
         Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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4,2  BASIC PRINCIPLES: MASS TRANSFER

Astarita, Giovanni (1966)
   "Regimes of Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction", ind.Eng.chem., 58,  (8),  18-26,  (Aug.).

Astarita, Giovanni (1967)
   Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction, Elsevier Pub. Co., New York.

AVCO Corporation
   "A Survey of Metal Oxides as Sorbents for Oxides of Sulfur", NTIS No.  PB  185  190.

\vdonin, Yu. A. (1967)
   "Investigation of Mass Transfer in Tubes with Irrigated Walls with Counterfow  of
   Gas", Intern.Chem.Eng. , 7_, (2), 258-263, (April).

Battelle Memorial Inrtitute (1966)
   "Fundamental Study of Sulfur Fixation by Lime and Magnesia, NTIS No.  PB  176 843,  (June).

Calvert, S. and G. Kapo (1963)
   "Penetration Theory Enables Estimation of Transfer Coefficients", Chem.Eng.,  (Feb. 4,
   Mar. 4).

Calvert, S., D. M. Mehta, and R. R. Russell (1969)
   "Gas Scrubbing with Suspensions of Adsorptive or Chemically Reactive  Particles", Am.ind.
   Hyg.Assoc.J.,  30, 57.

Coutant, R.  W., et al.  (1969)
   "Investigation of  the Reactivity of  Limestone and  Dolomite for Capturing S02  from
   Flue Gas",  NTIS No.  PB  184 945  (June).

Danckwerts,  P. V.  (1970)
   Gas  Liquid  Reactions, McGraw-Hill, New  York.

Danckwerts,  P. V.  (1951)
   "Significance  of  Liquid-Film Coefficients  in  Gas Absorption",  ind.Bng.chem> ,  43,  (6),
   1460-1467 (June).

Danckwerts,  P. V.
   "Temperature Effects  Accompanying  the Absorption of Gases  in Liquids", Appl.Sci.Res.,
   3_,  385-391.

Danckwerts,  P. V., et  al.  (1959)
   "Symposium  on  Mass  Transfer",  Trans.inst.chem.Engr.,  57,  47-154.

Danckwerts,  P. V.  and A.  M.  Kennedy  (1954)
   "Kinetics of Liquid-Film Processes in Gas  Absorption. Part II, Measurements of Transient
   Absorption",  Trans .Inst .Chem.Engr . f  3_2_, S49 .

Denbigh, K.  G.  (1955)
   "The Principals of Chemical  Equilibrium",  Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
   England.

Dedrick, R.  L.  and R.  B.  Beckmann (1966)
   "Kinetics of Adsorption by Activated Carbon from Dilute Solution",  Presented  at 59th
     Annual Meeting,  Am.inst.chem.Engrs., (December).

Dent,  J. C.  (1970)
   "Interpretation of the  Surface Renewal  Model  Through the Prandtl Mixing  Length Theory",
   Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs. J. ,  1^6, (3), 499  (May).

Emmert, R.  E.,  R.  L.  Pigford (1962)
    "Gas Absorption Accompanied by Chemical Reaction" , Am .Inst. chem. Engrs .J. , 8_,  171.

Estrin, J.,  et al.  (1968)
    "Penetration  Theory Applied to Unsteady Gas Absorption with Irreversible First-Order
    Reaction",  Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  14, (4), 678-681 (July).

 Ford,  F.  E., et  al.  (1963)
    "Mass Transfer Effects  in Surface  Catalysts", Am.Inst.chem.Engrs .J.,  9,  (3),  371-373
    (May) .



              Ambient Purification  Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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4,2  BASIC  PRINCIPLES:  MASS  TRANSFER  (CONT'D)

Gessner, Adolf W.  (1968)
   "Mass Transfer  Effects on Liquid-Phase  Chemical  Reaction Rates",  American chemical
   Society  Publication,  35-53.

Gill, William N.  (1962)
   "Transport Phenomena  in Mass  Transfer",  chem.Eng.,  167-170,  (April).

Goodgame, T.H. (1954)
   "The Additivity of Resistances  in  Mass  Transfer  Between  Phases",  Chem.Eng.Sci.,  3_,
   (2), 37-42, (April) .

Gose, Earl  E. (1967)
   "Model for Dropwise  Condensation on  Randomly  Distributed Sites",  intern.j.of Heat and
   Mass Trans.,  10, 15-22.

Hanratty, Thomas J. (1956)
   "Turbulent Exchange  of Mass and Momentum With a  Boundary", Am.inst.chem.Engrs.j., 2,
   (3), 359-362  (Sept.).

Hanya, Takahisa  (1964)
   "Factors  Influencing  Gas  Exchange  Between Fresh  Water  and Air", J.water Poll.Control
   Federation,   36, 284  (March).

Harriot, P.  (1962)
   "Random  Eddy  Modification of  the Penetration  Theory",  chem.Eng.Sci.,  17,  149.

Hassett, N.  J. (1963)
   "Mass Transfer: The  Resistance Concept  in Counter Current Flow",  Brit.Chem.Eng.,
   8_, (2),  86-93,  (February).

Hatta, S. (1928-9)
   "Absorption Velocity  of Gases by Liquids".Technol.Reports, Tohoku Imp.  Univ.  10,  119.

Hatta, S. (1932)
   Technol.  Reports, Tohoku  Imp. Univ.  10,  119.

Higbie, R.  (1935)
   "The Rate of Adsorption of a  Pure  Gas Into A  Still  Liquid During  Short  Periods of Expo-
   sure",   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.,   31 ,  365.
Hikita, H.  and S.  Asai  (1964)
   In tern.Chem.Eng. , 4,  5.

Himmelblau,  U. M.  11963)
   "New Developments in  Mass Transfer", ind.Eng.chem.,  55,  (10),  50-57  (Oct.).

Hobler, T.  (1966)
    Mass Transfer  and Absorbers,  Pergamon  Press, Oxford.

Hsu,  N.  T.  (1954)
   "Material Transfer in Turbulent Gas  Streams",  ind.Eng.chem., 46,  (5), 870-876.

Hughes, R. R., et  al.  (1953)
   "Flash Vaporization  - Analysis of  Fluid  Mechanical  and Mass-Transfer  Problems",
   Chem.Eng.Progr., 78-87, (Feb.).

Kholpanov, L. P.  (1965)
   "The Theory of  Two-Phase  Film Mass Transfer in the  Absence of  Body  Forces",  int.chem
   Eng. , 5_,   (4) ,  720-723, (Oct.) .

Kuo,  C., et  al.   (1970)
   "Liquid Phase  Mass Transfer with Complex  Chemical Reaction", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs ,j
   1^,  (3) ,   493-496, (May) .

Maminov, 0.  V. (1969)
   "Mass Transfer Behavior in Foam Layers",  intern .Chem.Eng., 9_,  (4),  642-644,  (Oct.).

Manning, W.   P. (1960)
         and Mass Transfer to Decelerating  Finely Atomized  Sprays",  Am. Inst .Chem.Engrs . j

             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 93502

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4,2  BASIC PRINCIPLES: MASS TRANSFER (CONT'D)

Marangozis, J. and A. I. Johnson (1962)
   Can.J.Chem.Eng., 231, (Dec.).

Marsh, B. D., et al.  (1965)
   "Marangoni Instability with Time-Dependent Undisturbed State", Presented  at  Am.inst.
   Chem.Engrs. Meeting, 1-31, (Dec.).

Marshall, R. W. and R. L. Pigford (1947)
   "Applications of Differential Equations to Chemical Engineering", Univ. of  Delaware.


Meh"GasDSorption by  Suspicion!6 o}f Activated Carbon  in Water",  Environ .Sci . s Tech.,1,325.


Mehta, D. M.  and S. Calvert  (1969)
   "Calculating Actual  Plates in Continuous  Sorptions",  Brit.cheat.Eng.,  14,  1563.


Mehta, D. M.  and S. Calvert  (1970)            •„,,..      IA  7Ri
   "Performance of  a  Porous  Plate Column", Bnt.chem.Eng.,  16,  781.



   "Simultaneous  Heat and  Mass  Transfer",  (Part  1),  Cheat. Process .Eng. ,  20-27 (Jan.).


Molyneux,  F.  (1961)
   "Simultaneous  Heat and  Mass  Transfer",  (Part  2),  chem.Process.Eng.,  66-70,
    (Feb.).


   ''Rectifying Column Calculations", ind.Eng.Ghent. ,  17 ,  747.



  ^"Absorption,  Distillation and  Cooling Towers", University Press, Aberdeen,  England.


01a"Simultaneous  Mass Transfer  and  Equilibrium Chemical  Reaction",  Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.j.,
   6, 233.

 Pearson, R. S. (1966)
    "Free Convective Effects on Stokes Flow Mass Transfer", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 14,
    (6) ,  903-908,  (Nov.).

 Pechkovskii, V.  V. (1964)                                                 .
    "The  Interaction Between Calcium Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide Under Reducing Conditions  ,
    2h. Prikl.Khim.,  37, (2), 240-246, (Feb.).

 Perlmutter, D. D. (1961)
    "Surface-Renewal Models  in Mass  Transfer", chem.Eng.Sci., ID, ^s/-^yo,


 Per"£as  Adsorption and Solvent Extraction",  Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th  ed., Chapter
    14, McGraw-Hill, New York.

 Plit, I. G.  (1969)
    "Theory of Mass Transfer in Nonsteady-State  Flows of Gas  and  Dispersed Liquids",
    Zh.Analit.Khim.,  4,  (12), 2595-2600, (Dec.).

 Ponter,  A. B. and P. G. Thornley (1964)
    "Effect of Absorption on Minimum Wetting Rate", Chem.Process.Eng., 402-405, (Aug).


 Porter, K. E. (1963)
    "Gas Absorption with Pseudo First  Order  Chemical  Reaction", Trans.inst.Chem.Engr. ,
    41,  320-325.

 Porter, K. E.  (1966)
    "The Effect of  Contact-Time Distribution on  Gas  Absorption  with Chemical Reaction",
    Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  44,  T25-T36.

 Rose, J. W.  (1967)
    "The Mechanism  of Dropwise  Condensation",  Intern.J.of Heat  and Mass Trans., 10,
    755-762.



              Ambient Purification  Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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 4,2  BASIC PRINCIPLES:  MASS TRANSFER (CONT'D)

 Ross,  S.(1969)
    "Bubbles and Foam -  New General Law", ind.Eng.Chem., 6_1, (10), 48-57  (Oct.).

 Rozen,  A.  M.,  et al.  (1966)
    "Problems  of Mass-Transfer Theory", intern.chem.Eng., 6_, (3), 429-437,  (July).

 Rukenshtein,  E.  (1965)
    "The Influence of the Marangoni Effect on Mass Transfer in Flowing Films", intern.
    Chem.Eng.,  5_, (1),  88-90, (Jan.).

 Sastry, Dalanadh, V.S.  and Douglas W.  Fuerstenau (1970
    "Size Distribution  of Agglomerates  in Coalescing Dispersed Phase Systems", ind.Eng.
    Chem.Fundamentals,  9_, (1), 145-149  (Feb.).

 Schechter,  R.S., and R.  W.  Farley (1963)
    "Mass Transfer and  Interfacial Phenomena", Brit.chem.Eng.,  8^ (1), 37-42, (Jan.).

 Secor,  R.  M.,  et al.  (1967)
    "Penetration Theory  for Diffusion Accompanied by a Reversible Chemical  Reaction with
    General  Kinetics",  Am.inst .chem.Engrs. j. , 1_3_ (2), 365-373,  (Mar.).

 Sherwood,  Thomas K.  (1950)
    "Heat Transfer, Mass  Transfer, and  Fluid  Friction, ind.Eng.Chem., 42, (10), 2077-2084.

 Sherwood,  T.  K., and R.  L.  Pigford (1952)
     Absorption  and Extraction,  McGraw-Hill,  New York.

 Shirtsuka,  T.  (1969)
    "Dependence  of the Mass-Transfer Coefficient on Surface Reaction Plates", Jntern.chem
    Eng., 9_,  (1), 155-163,  (Jan.).

 Sidorova,  L.  S.  et al.  (1969)
    "Influence of Solubility of  the Gas on  the Coefficient of Mass Transfer Under Foam
    Conditions",  zh .Prikl .Khim. ,  4_2_,  (9), 1925-1929,  (Sept.).

 Solomakha,  G. P.  (1963)
    "The Relationship Between Mass Transfer in the Gas Phase and Bubble Hydraulic
    Parameters",  in tern .Chem.Eng. , 3_,  (2),  264-268,  (April).

 Toor, H. L., and J. M. Marchello  (1958)
     Film-Penetration Model  for Mass  and  Heat Transfer",  Am.inst.Chem.Eng.J., £,  97.

 Treybal, R. E. ,(1955)
     Mass Transfer Operations,  McGraw-Hill,  New York.

 Van  Krevelen, D.  W.  and  P.  J. Hoftijzer  (1948)
     Rec.Trav.Chim.,  67,  563.

 Whitman. W. G.  (1923)
     'Preliminary  Experimental Confirmation of the  Two-Film  Theory of Gas Absorption"
    Chem. and Met. Eng., 29,  147.                                                    '

 4,3  BASIC  PRINCIPLES: PARTICLE  COLLECTION

 Anonymous  (1967)
    "Tables  of Aerosol Physics Functions: Mobility and Falling  Speed of Spheres", Atmos.
   Environ., 1_,  327-340.
Bak-innv, S. p. and Deryagin, B. V.  (I960)
   "The Motion of a Small Particle  in  a  Non-Uniform  Gas Mixture",  ciscuss  fsradau 
-------
4,3  BASIC PRINCIPLES: PARTICLE COLLECTION (CONT'D)

Boothroyd, R. G. (1967)
   "Turbulence Characteristics of the Gaseous Phase in Duct Flow of a Suspension of  Fine
   Particles", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 45, T297-T310.

Brandt, 0. and E. Hiedemann (1936)
   "The aggregation of Suspended Particles in Gases by Sonic and Supersonic Waves, Trans.
   Faraday soc. , 3_2, 1101.

Brenner, H. (1963)
   "The Stokes Resistance of an Arbitrary Particle", chem.Eng.Sci., 18, 1-25.

Brock, J. R. (1962)
   "The Theory of Thermal Forces Acting on Aerosol Particles",  J.Colloid Interface Sci.,


Brock, J. R. (1967)
   "Highly Nonequilibrium Evaporation of Moving Particles in the Transition Region of
  Knudsen Number",  j.colloid.interface Sci . , 24, 344-351.

Brown, D. J. (1960)
   "Particle Trajectories, Collision and Attachment in Froth Flotation", intern.J. of
   Air and Water Poll., 3_, (1/3), 35-43.

Buzzard, J, L. and R.  M. Nedderman (1967)
   "The Drag Coefficients of Liquid Droplets Accelerating Through  Air", chem.Eng.sd . ,
   2_2, 1577-1586.

Christiansen, E. B. and D. H.  Barker (1965)
   "The Effect of Shape and Density on the Free Settling of Particles at High  Reynolds
   Number", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 11, (1), 145-151, (Jan.).

Davies, C. N. (1966)
   Aerosol Science, Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Deryagin,  B. V. and S. P. Bakanov (1962)
   Doke.Akad.Nauk.  SSSR(Phys.Chem.), 147, 139.

Devir, Shlomo E. (1966)
   "On the Coagulation of Aerosols. II. Size Distribution", J.Colloid Interface Sci.,
   21_, 9-23.

Epstein, P. S. (1929)
   "Zur Theorie des Radiometers", z. phys., 54, 537.

Fahnoe, F.. A. L. Lindroos, and R. J. Abelson (1951)
   "Aerosol Build-up Techniques", ind.Bng. chem., 43, 1336.

Fletcher, N. H.  (1958)
    "Size Effect in Heterogeneous Nucleation", j.chain.Phys. , 29, 572.

Friedlander, S.  K.  (1957)
   "Behavior of Suspended Particles in a Turbulent Fluid", Am.inst.Chem Engrs.j..  3,  (3)
   381-385, (Sept.).

Fuchs, N. A. (1959)
   Evaporation, and Droplet Growth in Gaseous Media, Pergamon Press, New York.

Fuchs, N. A. (1964)
   The Mechanics of Aerosols,  Pergamon Press, New York.

Fuchs, N. A. (1965)
   "The Effect of Condensation of a Vapour on the Grains and of  Evaporation  From  Their
   Surface on the Deposit of Aeronols in Granular Beds", chem.Eng.Sci   20,  181-185.

Fuchs, N. A., (1968)
   Advances in the  Mechanics of Aerosols, NTIS No. AD 682 062.

Fuchs, N. A. and A. G. Sutugin (1965)
   "Coagulation Rate of Highly Dispersed Aerosols", J.colloid.Interface Sci.,  20,  492-500
              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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 4,3  BASIC PRINCIPLES:  PARTICLE COLLECTION (CONT'D)

 Gillespie,  G.  R.  and  H.  F.  Johnstone  (1955)
    "Particle-Size Distribution  in  Some  Hygroscopic Aerosols",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  51, (2),
    74F-80F,  (Feb.).

 Goldshmid,  Yhuda  (1963)
    "Small  Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops",  Am.  inst.Chem.Engrs.j., 352-358,
    (May).

 Goldsmith,  P.  and F.  G.  May (1966)
     Aerosol  Science,  C.  N.  Davies,  Editor, Academic  Press,  New York.

 Green,  H.  L.  and  W. R.  Lane (1964)
    Particles  Clouds:  Dusts,Smokes,  and  Mists,  Second Ed.,  D. Van Nostrand Co.,  Princeton,
    New  Jersey.

 Hatch,  T.  F.  (1933)
    "Determination of'Average  Particle Size'from Screen Analysis of Non-Uniform  Particulate
    Substances", J. Franklin  inst.,  215,  27.
 Hatch,  T.  F.  and  S. P.  Choate  (1929)
    "Statistical Description of  the  Size Properties of Non-Uniform Particulate  Substances"
    J. Franklin  Inst.,  207,  371.                                                             •
 Hazen,  A.  (1914)
    Trans.Am.Soc.Civ.Eng.,  77, 1539.

 Hidy, G. M.  and J. R. Brock (1970)
     The Dynamics  of Aerocolloidal Systems, Pergamon  Press,  Oxford,  England.

 Howell,  J.  (1949) .
    "The Growth  of Cloud  Drops in Uniformly Lifted Air",  j.Meteorol.,  6_,  134.

 Huang,  Chao-Ming,  M.  Kerker and  E. Matijevic (1970)
    "The Effect of Brownian  Coagulation,  Gradient  Coagulation,  Turbulent  Coagulation,
    and  Wall  Losses",  APTIC No.  22651.

 Iribarne, J. V. and M. Klemes (1970)
    "Electrification Associated with Breakup of  Drops  at  Terminal Velocity in Air",
    APTIC No. 23806.

 Isaacs, Jack L. (1967)
    "The Free-Settling of Solid Cylindrical Particles  in  the Turbulent  Regime",  Can.J.
    Chem.Eng., 4_5_,  150-155 (June).

 Kudo, Akira and Kanji Takahashi  (1969)
     Numerical Calculation  for Electrical  Charge  on  Aerosol Particles",  APTIC No.  22548.

 Levich  V.  (1962)
    Physiochemical  Hydrodynamics, Prentice  Hall, Englewood Cliffs,  New  Jersey.

Neumann, Ernest P.
    "Application of Sonic Energy  to Commercial Aerosol  Collection Problems", Chem.Eng.
    Progr., 47, 4-10.

Oakes, B. (1960)
    "Laboratory Experiments  Relating to  the Wash-Out  of Particles by Rain", intern.j.  Of
   Air and Water  Poll., 3_,  (1/3), 179-193.

Oglesby, S. Jr.,  and G. B. Nichols  (1970)
    "A Manual of Electrostatic Precipitator Technology",  Part 1.  Contract  CPA 22-69-73   EPA

Pemberton, C. S.  (1960)
   "Scavenging Action of Rain on Non-Wettable Particulate Matter Suspended in the
   Atmosphere", Intern. J. of Air and  Hater Poll., 3_,  (1/3), 168-178.

Pich, J. (1970)
    "The Self-Preserving Particle Size Distribution for Coagulation by  Brownian  Motion
    III,  APTIC No.   22164.                                                              '



            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71.  RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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4,3  BASIC PRINCIPLES: PARTICLE COLLECTION (CONT'D)

Peskin, Richard L. (1970)
   "Basic Studies in Gas Solid Suspension", NTIS No. NYO 2930-15.

Putnam, A. A., R. I. Mitchell, and R. E. Thomas (1964)
   "Transport of Aerosols Through  Ducts", APTIC No. 23243.

Ranz, W. E. (1960)
   "Mechanics of Particle Bounce", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 6_ (1), 124-127, (March).

Richardson, J. F. and E. R. Wooding (1957)
   "Concentration Changes in an Aerosol", Chem.Eng.Sci ., 7_, 51-59.

Saffman, P. and J. Turner (1956)
   "On  the Collision of Drops in Turbulent Clouds", J.Fluid Mech., £, 16.

Schaefer, K. E. and J. H. Dougherty (1961)
   "Interaction of Aerosols and Air Ions", Presented American Inst. of Medical Climatology,
   Philadelphia, Pa., APTIC No. 23694.

Schumann, T.  (1940)                                          .    ..
   "Theoretical Aspects  of the  Size Distribution of Fog Particles, Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.,
   6£,  195.
Soo, S. L. (1964)
   "Effect of Electrification on the Dynamics of A Particulate System", APTIC No.  23636.

Soo, S. L., et.al. (1964)
   "Concentration and Mass Flow Distributions in a Gas-Solid Suspension", ind.Eng.chem.
   Fundamentals, _3,  (2), 98-106, (May).

Soo, S. L. (1967)
    Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase Systems,  Blaisdell Publishing Co., Waltham, Mass.

Sparks, Leslie E. and M. J. Pilat  (1969)
   "Diffusion Forces and Particulate Scrubber Efficiencies", Paper No. 69-82 Presented
   at APCA Meeting, New York.

Sparks, Leslie E. and M. J. Pilat  (1970)
   "Effect of Duffusiophoresis  on  Particle Collection by Wet Scrubbers", Atmos.Environ.,
   4, 1-10.

St. Clair, H. W.  (1968)
   U. S. Bureau of Mines, R.  1, 4218.

Volmer, M.  (1939)
    Kinetic der Phasenbildung,  Steinkopff, Leipzig.

Von Smoluchowski, M.  (1916)
   "Drei Vortrage uber  Diffusion.  Brownsche Molekularbewegung,  und  Koagulation  von
   Kolloidteilchen",  z.Physics, 17,  557,  585.

Von  SmoluchoA^ski,  M.  (1917)
    "Versuch  einer Mathematischen  Theorie  der  Koagulation  skinetik  Kolloidaler  Lasungen,"
    Z.Phys.Chem.,   92,  129.

Waldmann,  L.  (1959)
    "Uber  die  Krafteines Inhomogenen  Gases auf Kleine  Suspendierte  Kugeln",  z.Naturforsch,
    14A, 589.

Waldmann,  L.  and K.  Schmitt  (1960)
    "Untersuchunger an Schwebstoffteilchen in  Diffundierenden Gasen",  z.Naturforsch,ISA,843.

Whitby, K.  T. and B. Y.  H.  Liu (1966)
    Aerosol Science,  C.  N.  Davies,  Editor, Academic Press,  New York.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
P.O. BOX 71  RH/FRQinc I-A

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                                                                                      8

4,4  GAS LIQUID CONTACTING

Anderson, G. H. (1960)
   "Two-Phase (Gas/Liquid)Flow Phenomena - II", Chem.Eng.Sci ., 12,  Z33-24Z.

Anonymous (1961)
   "Sound Waves Form Uniform Drops in Spray Nozzle", Chem.Eng., 84-88,  (Sept.).

Azbel, D. S. (1963)
   "The Hydrodynamics of Bubbler Processes", intern .Chem.Eng. , 3_,  (3),  319-323.

Baird, M. H. (1962)
   "Annular Jets - I, Fluid Dynamics", Chem.Eng.Sci ,, 17, 467-472.

Balakirev, A. A. (1969)
   "Apparatus for Studying Breakdown of Films  in Foam",  zh.Prikl.Khim.,  42  (1),  193-195,
   (Jan.) .

Bennet, C. D. and J. E. Myers (1962)
   Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Benton, D. P. (1958)
   "Coalescence of Droplets in Aqueous-Disperse Aerosols", intern.J.  of Air and  Hater
   Poll., 1_, 44-50.

Bitron, Moshe D. (1955)
   "Atomization of Liquids by Supersonic Air Jets",  ind.Eng.Chem.,  47,  24-28,  (Jan.).

Boll, R. H.  (1971)
   "Particle Collection and Pressure Drop in Venturi Scrubbers",  Presented  69th  National
   Am. Ins t .Cheat. Engrs . Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, (May).

Calderbank, P. H. (1956)                                      -.   7Q qn
   "Gas  Liquid  Contacting  on  Plates", Trans . inst .chem.Engr. , 3_4_,  79-9U.


 Cal"Theaphysicai  Properties of  Foams  and  Froths  Formed  on Sieve-Plates", Trans.inst.
   Chem.Engr.,  40,  3-12.

 Calderbank,  P.H.  (1967)                                             n»-ri ti chi  rp ?na rv
   "Review  Series  No.  3,  Gas  Absorption  from Bubbles",  chem.Engr., (British), ct ZU9-CE
   233,  (Oct).

 Cal"Sourc|'con?r?}  by Liquid  Scrubbing",  Air Pollution, Ch. 46,  3, A.C. Stern, Ed.,
   Academic Press.
Consiglio, J. A. (1957)
   "Effect of Liquid Physical Properties and Flow Rates  on  the Surface  Area of Sprays
   from a Pressure Atomizer", Am. inst.Chem. Engrs .J., 3_,  (2),  413-427, (Sept.).

   "Mass  Transfer  in  Drops Under Conditions  That  Promote Oscillation and Internal Circul-
   ation",  Ph.D. Thesis,  Case Institute of Technology,  Cleveland, Ohio.

Constan,  G.L.  and  S.  Calvert  (1963)
   "Mass  Transfer  in  Drops Under Conditions  That  Promote Oscillation and Internal Circul-
     ation",  Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs .J. ,  9_(1) ,  109-115.

Crowe, C. T. (1961)
   Ph.D.  Thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,  Michigan.

de Nie, L. H. (1968)
   "Practical Application of Drops", Chem. & Process Eng.,  133-142 (April).

Dombrowski, N.  (1960)
   "Some Aspects of Liquid Flow Through Fan  Spray Nozzles",  Chem.Eng.sd. ,  12, 35-50.

Dombrowski, N.  (1962)
   "Effect of Ambient Density on Drop Formation  in  Sprays",  Chem.Eng .Sci. ,  1_7_, 291-304.

DuBois, P.E. (1967)
   "Wet Scrubber with Atomization of the Cleaning Liquid",  staui, 2_7_, (3),  18-20, (March)



             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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H,H GAS LIQUID CONTACTING (CONT'D)

Duda, J. L. (1969)
   "Mathematical Analysis of Bubble Dissolution", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs .J ., 15, (3),
   351-356, (May).

Efremov, G. I. (1969)
   "Investigation of the Hydrodynamics of a Bubbled Bed", in tern .chem.Eng. , 9_,  (4),  (Oct.).

Finlay, B. A.  (1957)
   "Liquid Drops in an Air Stream", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, England,

Eraser, R. P.  (1956)
   "Liquid Atomization and the Drop Size of Sprays", Trans.inst.Ghent .Engr., 34,  294-319.

Eraser, R. P.  (1957)
   "Liquid Atomization in Chemical Engineering", Part 1, Brit. chem.Eng., 414-417,  (Aug.).

Fraser, R. P.  (1957)
   "Liquid Atomization in Chemical Engineering", Part 2, Brit.Chem.Eng., 496-501,  (Sept.).

Fraser, R. P.  (1957)
   "Liquid Atomization in Chemical Engineering", Part 3, Brit.Chem.Eng. , 536-543,  (Oct.)1.

Fraser, R. P.  (1957)
   "Liquid Atomization in Chemical Engineering", Part 4, Brit.Chem.Eng., 610-613,  (Sept.).

Fraser, R. P.  (1963)
   "The Atomization of a Liquid Sheet by an Impinging Air Stream", chem.Eng.sd.,  18,
   339-353.                                                                        ~

Garner, F. K.  and J. J. Lane (1959)
   "Mass Transfer to Drops of Liquid Suspended  in a Gas Stream", Trans.inst.Chem.Engr.,
   (London) , 37_, 162.

Gieseke, J. A. (1964)
   Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Gieseke, J. A. (1965)
   "Size Measurement of Collected Drops", j. of chem. & Engr.  Data, 10,  (4), 350-351,(Oct.)

Goldshmid, J.  and S. Calvert (1963).
   "Small Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops", Am.inst.chem.Engrs. J., 9_,  352.

Hadamard, J.  (1913)
   "Mouvement Permanent lent d'une sphere Liquide et Visqueuse dans une Liquid Visqueuse  ,
   Compt.Rend., 152, 1735 (1911); 154, 107 (1913).

Harmathy, T. Z. (1960)
   "Velocity of Large Drop and Bubbles in  Media of Infinite  or Restricted Extent",  Am.inst.
   Chem .Engrs . J . , 6_, 281.
Hartland, S.  (1967)
   "The Coalescence of a Liquid Drop at  a Liquid-Liquid Interface. Part I:  Drop  Shape",
   Chem.Eng.Progr., 45, T-97-T-114.

Hartland, S.  (1968)
   "The Coalescence of a Liquid Drop at  a Liquid-Liquid  Interface. Part IV: The  Effect
   of Surface Active Agent", Trans.inst.chem.Engr., 46, T275-T282.

Hasson, D. and J. Mizrahi (1961)
   "The Drop Size of Fan Spray Nozzles:  Measurements by  the  Solidifying Wax Method
   Compared with Those Obtained by Other Sizing Techniques",  Trans.inst.chem.Engrs ,
   39^,  415-422.

Hesketh, Howard E.  (1968)
   "Cloud-Type Atomization of a Liquid Stream by  a  Gas  Stream in  a  Venturi  Scrubber"
   Ph.D. Thesis, Penn.State University.                                              '

Hesketh, H. E., A. J. Engel, and S. Calvert (1970)
   "Atomization -"A New Type for Better  Gas Scrubbing", Atmos.Environ., 4,  639.




            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE  CA. 92502

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                                                                                     10

HA  GAS LIQUID  CONTACTING  (CONT'D)

Hoffman, T. W.  (1961)
   "An Analysis  of  Spray  Evaporation  in  a  High-Temperature Environment.  Part 1. Radiant
   Heat Transfer",  can.j.chem.Eng., 179-188,  (Oct).

Hoffman, T. W.  (1962)
   "An Analysis  of  Spray  Evaporation  in  a  High-Temperature Environment.  Part 11.,"
   Can.J.chem.Eng.,  110-112,  (June).

Hoffman, T. W.  (1965)
   "An Analysis  of  Spray  Evaporation  in  a  High-Temperature Environment.  Part 111.  Calcul-
   ation of Heat  Flux",   Can .J.chem.Eng.,  325-333,  (Dec.).

Howkins, J. E.  (1958)
   "Countercurrent  Gas-Liquid Flow",  Chem.Eng.sd.,  1_,  235-240.

Hughes, R. R.  (1952)
   "The Mechanics of Drops",  Chem.Eng.Progr. ,  £8,  (10),  497-504,  (Oct.).

Hughes, W. F.  (1967)
   Theory and  Problems  of Fluid Dynamics,  Schaum's Outline Series,  McGraw-Hill, New York.

Hughmark, Gordon A.  (1962)
   "Holdup in  Gas-Liquid  Flow", Chem.Eng.Progr.,  58,  (4),  62-65,  (April).

 ng"Drag Coefficients  for Droplets and Solid  Spheres  in Clouds Accelerating in Airstreams",
   NASA Technical Note  3762,  (Sept.).

Jackson, R. (1964)
   "Industrial Research Fellow Report No.  1.   The  Formation and  Coalescence of Drops
   and Bubbles", Chem.Eng., (178), CE-107,  (May).

Karam, H. J. (1968)
   "Deformation and Breakup of Liquid Droplets  in  a  Simple Shear  Field",  ind.Eng.chem.
   Fundamentals,  7_,  (4),  576-581,  (Nov.).

Kim, K. Y. and W. R. Marshall (1971)
   "Drop-Size  Distributions from  Pneumatic Atomizers",  Am. inst.chem.Engrs. J. ,  1_7_,  (3),
   575-584.
Kirillov, V.  A.  (1966)
  "Calculation of the Direction of the Axis of  the Resultant Flow in  Mixing of Turbulent
   Jets", Intern .Chem.Eng. , 6_, (3), 509-510,  (July).

Kumar, R. and N. R. Kuloor (1970)
    Advances in Chemical Engineering, £, Academic  Press, New York.

Kuznetskii, R.  S. (1969)
   "Two Cases  of Evaporation  of a Drop in  a Stream of Hot  Gas",  zh.Prikl.Khim., 42,  (2)
   411-413 (Feb.).                                                               —

Lamb, H. L. (1932)
   Hydrodynamics, 6th Edition, Cambridge University Press,  London,  England.

Lane, W. R. (1951)
   "Shatter of Drops  in Streams  of Ail",  Ind.Eng.chem., 43, 1511.

Leibson, Irving, et al. (1956)
   "Rate of Flow and Mechanics of Bubble Formation from  Single Submerged  Orifices",
   Am. Inst. Chem.Engrs . J. ,  2_,  296-306 , (Sept.).
                                                               >
Leonard, Ralph  A. (1965)
   "A Study of Interstitial Liquid Flow in Foam, Part 1",  Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.j., 2  (1)
   18-29 (Jan.) .                                                                  -<-.«.

Levich, V.  G.   (1962)
   "Movement of Drops and Bubbles in Liquid Media", intern. chem. Eng. , 2_,  (1),  78-89,
   (Jan.).                                                              ~

Levich, V.  G.   (1962)
   "Physiochemical Hydrodynamics", Prentice-Hall,  Inc.

               Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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H.H  GAS LIQUID CONTACTING (CONT'D)                                                  n

Mancri, C. C. (1968)
   "The Rise Velocity of Bubbles in Tubes in Rectangular Channels as Predicted by Wave
   Theory", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  14,  (2), 295-300, (Mar.).

Meldelson, H. D. (1967)
   "The Prediction of Bubble Terminal Velocities From Wave Theory", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,
   ]_3, (2) , 250-253, (Mar.) .

Moo-Young, Murray (1971)
   "Bubble Motion Studies in a Countercurrent Flow Apparatus", ind.Eng.chem.Fundamentals,
   1£, (1), 157-160.

Nelson, Paul A. (1961)
   "Size Distribution of Droplets from Centrifugal Spray", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 7_,
   (1), 80-86,  (March).

Nevers, N. D. (1968)
   "Bubble Driven Field Circulations",  Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 14,  (2), 222-226  (March).

Nukiyama,  S. and Y. Tanasawa (1938-1940)
   "Experiments on the Atomization of Liquids in an Air Stream", Trans.soc.Mech.Engrs.,
   4, I, 6.
Ranz, W. E. (1957)
   "Determining Drop Size Distribution of a Nozzle Spray",  ind.Fng.chem.,  49,  (2),
   288-293.

Ranz, W. E. (1958)
   "Some Experiments on Orifice Sprays", Can.j.chem.Eng., 175-181,  (Aug.).

Resnick, W. and B. Gal-Or  (1968)
    Advances in Chemical Engineering, Vol.  7, Academic Press, New  York.

Schaftlein, R.  W. and T. W. F. Russell  (1968)
    "Two-Phase  Reactor Design. Tank-Type Reactor", ind.Eng.Chem.,  60,  (12).

Schlichting, K. (1960)
   Boundary Layer Theory, McGraw-Hill, New  York.

Schroeder, R. R.  (1965)
   "Oscillations of Drops Falling  in a Liquid Field", Am.inst.chem.Engrs .J.,  11,  (1),
   5-8,  (Jan.).

Shih, Fang-Shung  (1967)
   "A Study of  Interstitial Liquid Flow  in  Foam.  Ill", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  15,  (4),
   751-754,  (July).

Shulman, H. L.  (1967)
   "Performance of  Packed  Columns: Part  VIII:. Liquid  Flow Patterns and Velocities  in
   Packed  Beds", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  13,  (6),  1137-1140,  (Nov.).

Sjenitzer,  F.  (1962)
   "The  Evaporation of  a Liquid  Spray  Injected  into  a Stream of  Gas",  chem.Eng.sd .,
   17_,  309-322.

Sweeney,  D. E.  (1967)
   "A Correlation  for  Pressure  Drop  in  Two-Phase  Cocurrent  Flow  in Packed Beds", Am.inst.
   Chem.Engrs . J.,  13,  (4),  663-669,  (July).

Torobin,  L.  B.  and  W.  H. Gauvin  (1960)
   "Fundamental Aspects  of  Solids  -  Gas  Flow.  IV.  The Effects of Particle Rotation, Rough-
   ness",  Can.J.Chem.Eng.,  58,  142.

Volynskii, M.  S.  (1948)
   "On  the Break-up of  Droplets  in an  Air-Stream",  Doklady  Akad. Nauk (SSSR), 62, 301.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    12


H.5  UNIT MECHANISMS - MASS TRANSFER

Angelo, Jacob B. et al.  (1966)
   "Generalization of the Penetration Theory for Surface Stretch:  Application  to  Form-
   ing a Oscillating Drops", Am.inst.chem.Engrs.j., 12,  (4),  751-760,  (July).

Astarita, Giovanni (1967)
   Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction, Elsevier  Pub. Co., New York.

Baird, M. H. and J. F. Davidson (1962)
   "Annular Jets - II, Gas Absorption", chem.Eng.sd. , 1_7, 473-480.

Bonilla, C. F., J. R. Mottes and M. Wold (1951)
   "Air Humidification Coefficients in Spray Towers,  Gas-Film Transfer Coefficients  at
   Low Air Velocities",  ind.Eng.chem., 43,  (1), 41-46,'(Jan.) .

Braulick, W. J., J. R. Fair, and B. J. Lerner  (1965)       ,
   "Mass Transfer  in Sparged Contactor. I.  Physical Mechanisms and Controlling  Parameters",
   Am.Inst.Chem.Enqrs.J., 11, 73.

Bromley, L. A. (1960)
   "Falling Liquid Sheets - A New Mass Transfer Device", ind .Eng.Chem.,  j_2,  (4),  311-312,
   (Apr.).

Brunner, C. A. (1965)
   "Foam Fractionation", Ind.Eng.chem., 57, (5), 40-48,  (MayJ.

Byers, C. H. et al. (1967)
   "Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer with a Tangentially Moving  Interface. Part  1: Theory",
   Am. Inst. Chem.Engrs. J. , ]_3_ (4), 628-636,  (July).

   "PSysical Rate  Processes in Industrial  Fermentation", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  37,  173.


Calderbank, P. II.  (1967)
   Chem.Engr.(London), 212, 209.

Calderbank, P. H.  (1967
   "Review Series No. 3, Gas Absorption from Bubbles", chem.Engr.(London), CE209-CE233,
   (Oct.).

Calderbank, P. H., M. B. Moo-Young, and R.  Biddy  (1964)
   Chetn.Eng.Sci . , 91, Supplement.

Calvert, Seymour and Walter Workman (1960)
   "Estimation of Efficiency for Bubbler-Type  Gas  Absorbers", Talanta, 4_,  89-100.

Calvert, Seymour,  and G.  Kapo  (1963)
   "Penetration Theory Enables Estimation  of Transfer Coefficients",  chem.Eng.,(Feb. 4
   and Mar.  4).

Chen, D. H.  (1969)
   "Correlation of Interphase Mass Transfer Coefficients for  Transport of  Gases  Through
   Insoluble Monolayers", Am.Inst.chem.Engrs.J., 15,  (4),  617-619,  (July).

Constan, G.  (1961)
   "Mass Transfer  in Drops Under Conditions that Promote Oscillation  and Internal  Cir-
   culation", Ph.D.Thesis, Case Institute  of Technology.

Constan, G. and S. Calvert (1963)
   "Mass Transfer  in Drops Under Conditions that Promote Oscillation  and Internal  Cir-
   culation", Am. Inst.Chem.Engrs . J.,  9_, (1), 109-115,  (Jan.).

Crank, J.  (1956)
    Mathematics of Diffusion, Oxford  Univ.  Press,  London.

Danckwerts, P. V.  (1951)
   "Absorption by  Simultaneous Diffusion and Chemical  Reaction  into  Particles of Various
   Shapes", Trans.Faraday Soc., 1014-1023,  (Jan.).
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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/1,5  UNIT MECHANISMS - MASS TRANSFER (CONT'D)                                      13

Davies, J. T. (1948)
   "Mass Transfer into Turbulent Jets", chem.Eng.sd., 11, 1539-1548.

Dawson, D. A. (1966)
   "Mass Transfer in a Turbulent Radial Wall Jet", can.j.chem.Eng., 121-129,  (June).

Deindoerfer, F. H.  (1961)
   "Mass Transfer from Individual Gas Bubbles", ind.Eng.chem., 53^  (9), 755-759,  (Sept.).

Galloway, T. R. (1964)
   "Thermal and Material Transfer in Turbulent Gas Stream - A Method of Prediction for
   Spheres", Int.J.Heat and Mass Trans., 7_, 283-291.

Galor, B. (1969)
   "Bubble and Drop Phenomena", ind.Eng.chem., 61, (2), 21-34, (Feb.).

Garner, F. H. and P. Kendrick  (1959)
   "Mass Transfer to Drops of  Liquid Suspended in a Gas Stream. Part I.",  Trans.inst.chem.
   Engr., £7, 155-161.

Garner, F. H. and J. J. Lane (1959)
   "Mass Transfer to Drops of  Liquid Suspended in a Gas Stream. Part II,"  Trans.Inst.Chem.
   Engr., l]_, 162-172.

Goodridge, F. (1965)
   "Mass Transfer into Near-Horizontal  Liquid Films,   Part  I: Hydrodynamic Studies",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 43,  T62-T67.

Goodridge, F. (1965)
   "Mass Transfer into Near-Horizontal  Liquid Films,   Part  II: The  Measurement  of Rates
   of  Gas Absorption", Trans.inst.chem.Engr., 43, T74-T77.

Goren, S. L., and R. V. S. Mani  (1968)
   "Mass Transfer Through Horizontal Liquid  Films in Wavy Motion",  Am.Inst.chem.Engrs.J.,
   1£, 57-61 (Jan.).

Groothuis, H. and H. Kramers (1955)
   "Gas Absorption  by Single Drops  During  Formation",  chem.Eng.sd ., 4_,  17-25.

Handles,  A.  E.  and  T.  Baron  (1957)
   "Mass  and Heat  Transfer  From Drops  in Liquid-Liquid Extraction", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,
   3_,  127.
Harmathy,  T. Z.  (1960)
   "Velocity of Large  Drops and Bubbles in Media of  Infinite or  Restricted Extent",  Am.
   Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  6^  281.
Harriott,  Peter (1962)
   "Mass Transfer  to  Particles: Part 1. Suspended in Agitated Tanks",  Am.inst.chem.Engrs.
   J., 8_,  (D,  93-102  (March).

Hobler,  T.  (1966)
   Mass  Transfer and  Absorbers, Pergamon Press,  New York.

Hobler,  T.  (1967)
    "Analysis of the Equations  of Mass  Transfer in the Liquid Phase in the  Flow of Liquid
   Down  a Wall",   int .chem.Eng., 1_, (4), 654-666, (Oct.).

Howard,  D.  W.  (1968)
    "Mass Transfer to  Falling  Films: Part I.Application of the Surface Stretch Model of
   Uniform Wave",  Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 14, (3), 458-467, (May).

Howkins, J.  E.  (1958)
    "Countercurrent Gas-Liquid  Flow", Chem.Eng.sd. , 7_, 235-240.

Huang, W.  S. et al. (1969)
    "Effects of Surfactants  on  Mass Transfer Inside Drops", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J  , 15
    (S),  735-744,  (Sept.).                                                         —
             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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 4,5   UNIT MECHANISMS - MASS TRANSFER (CONT'D)

 Hughes,  R.  R.  and E. R.  Gilliland
     "Mass Transfer Inside  Drops in a Gas", Chem.Eng.Progr. Symposium Series, 51, (16),
     101-117.

 Hughmark, G. A.  (1967)
     "Mass and  Heat Transfer from Rigid Spheres",  Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.j., 13, (6), 1219-
     1221, (Nov.).

 Hughmark, G. A.  (1967)
   "Liquid-Liquid  Spray  Column  Drop Size,  Holdup,  and Continuous Phase Mass Transfer"  ind
   Eng.Chem.Fundamentals ,  6_,  408;   Ind. Eng . Chem. Proces s  Design Develop.,  6, 218.     '

 Jackson,  M. L.  (1950)
   "Distillation,  Vaporization, and Gas Absorption in Wetted-Wall Column", ind.Eng.chem
   4_2_,  (6), 1188-1198.

 Jarrett,  E. L.  et  al.  (1967)
     "Mass Transfer in  Rectangular Cavities", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.j., 13, (4), 797-800,
     (July).                                                          —

 Jepsen, J. C., 0.  K. Grosser, and  R.  H.  Perry  (1966)
   "The Effect of  Wave Induced  Turbulence  on the Rate of Absorption of Gases in Falling
   Liquid Films",Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J. ,  12, 186.

 Johnson,  A. I.  (1960)
   "Mass  Transfer  Inside Drops",  Am . inst. Chem.Engrs .J .,  6_, 145-149, (March).

 Johnson,  A. I. et  al.  (1967)
     "Mass Transfer with  Chemical  Reaction  From Single Gas  Bubbles", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs j
     1_3,  (2) , 379-383,  (March) .                                                           "

 Johnstone, H.  F.  (1958)
     "Absorption  of Sulfur  Dioxide  from Air. Oxidation in Drops Containing Dissolved
     Catalysts",  ind .Eng.chem.,  5£,  (8),  1169-1172,  (Aug.).

 Jury. S.  H. (1967)
    'An Improved  Version  of the  Rate  Equation for Molecular Diffusion  in a Dispersed
   Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  15, 1124.                                                         »

 Keey, R.  B. (1965)
     "Heat and Mass  Transfer  from  a  Single  Sphere  in an Extensive Flowing  Fluid", Trans.
     Inst.Chem.Engr. , 4_3, T221-T223.

 Kishinevskii, M. K.  (1964)
     "Investigation  of Mass Exchange  in the Motion  of  Drops by  a Dynamic Method", zurn
     Prikl.Khim., 3_7,(4), 844-851,  (April).

 Kramers,  H. et al.  (1961)
     "Absorption  of  Nitrogen Tetroxide  by Water Jets", chem.Eng.Sci.,  (14), 115-123.

 Kronig, R. et al.
     "On the Theory  of Extraction  from  Falling  Droplets", Appl.Sci.Res., A2, 142, Part 1
     and 2 .

 Lament, John C.  (1970)
     "An Eddy Cell Model of Mass Transfer into  the  Surface  of  a Turbulent  Liquid",  Am.
     Inst.Chem.Engrs,J.,  16,  (4),  513 -519,(July).

Li, P. S., F.  B. West, W.  H. Vance, and R.  W.  Moulton (1965)
   "Unsteady State Mass Transfer from  Gas-Bubbles  - Liquid Phase  Resistance", Am.inst Ch
   Engrs.J., 11 , 581.                                                            '     '  ne">.

Marsh, Duane B.  (1965)
   "Mass  Transfer  from Free Drops", ind .Eng .chem.Fundamentals,  4_,  (2),  129-133, (May).

Mehta, D. S.,  and S. Calvert  (1970)
   "Performance of a Porous Plate Column",  Brit.chem.Eng.,  15,  781.

Metzner, A. B.  (1956)
   "Mass  Transfer  in Foams", ind.Eng.chem., £8,(11),  2040-2045.



            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE CA. 92502

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                                                                                   15

4,5  UNIT MECHANISMS - MASS TRANSFER (CONT'D)

Morgan, R. P. (1967)
   "Heat and Mass Transfer Between an Evaporative Interface  in a Porous Medium  and  an
   External Gas System", Am.inst.chem.Engrs .J., 13,  (1), 132-140,  (Jan.).

Nate, T., et al. (1967)
   "Mass Transfer from Large Single Bubbles at High  Reynolds Numbers", Am.inst.chem.
    Engrs.J., 13, (4), 697-702,  (July).

Norman, W. S. (1961)
   Absorption, Distillation, and Cooling Towers, University  Press,  Aberdeen,  England.

Panno, A., S. Calvert  (1965)
   "Mass Transfer in Drops with  Forced  Internal Circulation", Developments in Mechanics,
   2_, 776.

Perry, R. H., Editor f!963)
   "Gas Absorbtion  and Solvent Extraction", Chemical Engineer's  Handbook,  4th Edition,
   Chapter 14, McGraw-Hill, New  York.
Plit, I. G.  (1964)
   "Theory of Mass  Transfer in Concentrated Currents of  Large  Drops",  2h.Piikl.Khim.,
   3J7_, (6) ,  1301-1309, (June) .

Plit, I. G.  (1965)
   "Theory of Chemisorption in Direct-Flow  Gas Currents  with "Large-Diameter" Drops",
   2h.Prikl.Khim.,  38_,  (7), 1495-1501,  (July).

Plit, I. G.  (1965)
   "Theory of Mass  Transfer in Drops of Small  Diameter  in  Contact  with a  Gas  of Constant
   Concentration",  zh.Prikl.Khim ., 58,  125-132,  (January).

Plit, I. G.  (1967)
   "Theory of Mass  Transfer in Concentrated  Streams  of  Small Drops",  Zh .Prikl.Khim.,
   40_, (6),  1282-1286, (June).

Plit, I. G.  (1967)
   "Theory of Mass  Transfer in Nonsteady Streams of  Large  Drops.", zh .Prikl.Khim.,  40,
   (7),  1440-1446,  (July).

Plit, I.  G.  (1967)
   "Chemical Absorption  of  Gases by  Small  Drops",  zh .Prikl ,Khim.,  4_0_,  (6), 1287-1290,
   (June).

Popovich,  A. T.  (1964)
   "Mass  Transfer During Single  Drop Formation", chcm .En
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                                                                                      16

4,5  UNIT MECHANISMS - MASS TRANSFER  (CONT'D)

Ruckenstein, E. (1967)
   "Physical Models for Mass or Heat  Transfer  Processes",  intern .chem.Eng. ,  7_,  (3),
   490, (July).

Rutland, L., et al. (1967)
   "Mass Transfer  from a Single Sphere  in  Stokes  Flow  with a  Homogeneous  Chemical
   Reaction", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  13,  (1),  182-186,  (Jan.).

Schaftlein, R. W., and T. W. F. Russell  (1968)
   "Two Phase Reactor Design. Tank-Type  Reactor",  ind .Eng.chem. ,  6_0,  (5),  12.

Sherwood, T. K., and R. L. Pigford  (1952)
   Absorption and  Extraction, McGraw-Hill, New York.

Sideman, S., 0. Hortascu, and J. W. Fulton  (1966)
   "Mass Transfer  in Gas-Liquid Contacting Systems", Ind.Eng.chew.,  58,  (7),  32-47,
   (July).

Sin, Ping Iluei (1967)
   "Mass Transfer  to the Rear of a  Sphere  in Stokes  Flow",  Atmos.Environ.,  10,  1749-
   1756.

Smith, J. L. (1967)
   "Film-Penetration Models for Mass  Transfer  with Chemical Reaction",  /an.inst.chem.
   Engrs.J., 1_3, (6), 1207-1211, (Nov.).

Sy, F. and E. N. Lightfoot (1968)
   "The Effect of Distortion on Mass  Transfer  to Spheroidal Drops", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.j.,
   J. Q | O -J J •
Wellek, R. M. and A. II. P. Skelland (1965)
   "Extraction with Single Turbulent  Droplets", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  11,  557.

Workman, W. and S. Calvert (1966)
   "Mass Transfer in Supported Froths", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J.,  12, 867.
Yoshida, F. and Y.  Miura (1963)
   "Gas Absorption in Agitated Gas-Liquid Contactors", ind.Eng.chem.Proc.Des.Development,
   2_, (4) , 263.

Zieminsky, S.  A.,  M. M.  Caron and R.  B. Blackmore  (1967)
   "Behavior of Air Bubbles in Dilute Aqueous  Solutions",  ind.Eng.Chem.Fundamentals,
   6, (2), 233.

4,6  UNIT MECHANISMS - PARTICLE COLLECTION

Aiba, Shuichi and Takeo Yasuda  (1962)
   "A Correlation Between Single Fiber  Efficiencies  of Fibrous  Filters  and  Operating
   Variables",   Am .Inst .Chem.Engrs .J .,  8_,  (5),  704-708,  (Nov.).

Axelrud, G. A.  (1953)
   zh.Fiz.Khim., 27, 1445.

Albrecht, F. (1931)
   "Theoretische Untersuchungen uber  die Ablagerung  von Staub aus  Stromender  Luft und
   ihre Anwendung auf die Theorie der Staubfilter',' z.Physik,  32,  48.

Anonymous (1960)
   "Discussion -Third Session. Collection  of Small Particles  by Drop",  intern.j.Air and
   water Poll., 3, (1/3) , 194-197.

Best, A. (1950)
   "The Size Distribution of Raindrops", Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.,  76 ,  16.

Bosanquet, C. II.,  (1950)
   Trans.inst.chem.Engr., (LONDON), 28,  130.   Appendix to  paper by C.  J.  Stairmand.

Bycrs, R. Lee (1967)
   "Particle Deposition from Turbulent  Streams by  Means of Thermal Force",  Ph.D. Thesis,
   Penn. State University.


            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    17



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                                                                                       18

 4,6  UNIT MECHANISMS - PARTICLE COLLECTION (CONT'D)

 Gaunter,  J.  W.,  et  al.  (1970)
    "Survey of Literature on Flow Characteristics of a Single Turbulent Jet Impinging on
    a Flat Plate," CFSTI  No. N70-18963.

 Glanert,  M.
    Aeronautical  Research Comm.  Report No.  2025 (London), H.M.S.-O.

 Goldshmid, Y. and S.  Calvert (1963)
    "Small Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops", Am.inst .chem.Engra. J. , 9_, 352.

 Goldsmith, P. and F.  G.  May (1966)
    "Diffusiophoresis  and Thermophoresis  in Water Vapour Systems", Aerosol Sci., lt>3-194,

 Golovin,  M.  N.   and A. A.  Putnam (1962)
    "Inertial  Impaction on  Single Elements",  ind.Eng.chem.Fundamentals, 1_, 264-273.

 Gottschlish,  Chad F.  (1961)
    "Removal  of Particulate Matter from Gaseous Wastes,  Gravity,  Inertial, Sonic and
    Thermal Collection",  APTIC No.  22746.

 Gunn,  R.  and G.  D.  Kinzer  (1949)
    "The  Terminal Velocity  of Fall for Water Droplets in Stagnant Air", J.Meteorol.,6, 243.

 Hampl, V.
    "Scavenging of Aerosol  Particles by a Falling Water  Droplet",  Department of Chem. 5
    Inst.  of  Colloid $ Surface Science, Clarkson  College of  Technology, Potsdam, New York.

 Herne, H.  (1960)
    "The Classical Computation of the  Aerodynamic Capture of Particle by Spheres",  intern.
    J.Air  and  Water  Poll.,  3_,  (1/3), 26-34.

 Higbie,  R. W. (1935)
    "The  Rate of  Absorbtion of a Pure  Gas into  a  Still  Liquid During Short Periods of Exposure"
    Trans.Am.Inat.Chem.Engrs.J.,  31, 365.                                                        *

 Hocking,  L. M. (1959)
    "The Collision Efficiency of Small Drops",  Quart.J.Roy.Meteorol.Soc.,  8J[,  44.

 Hocking,  L.M.  (I960)
    "The Theoretical Collision Efficiency of Small Drops", intern.J.Air and  Water Poll..
    3,  (1/3),  154-159.

 Johnstone, H. F.  and M. H.  Roberts (1949)
    "Deposition of Aerosol  Particles from Moving  Gas Streams",  ind.Chem.Eng.,  41, 2417.

 Kraemer,  H.  F. and  H. F. Johnstone (1955)
    "Collection of Aerosol  Particles in Presence  of  Electrostatic  Fields", ind.Chem.Enq..
    47, 2426.

 Landt, E.  (1956)
    Gasundheits ing., 77,  139.

 Langmuir,  I.  (1942)
    O.S.R.P. Report No. 865.

 Langmuir,  I.  (1948)
    "The Production  of Rain  by a  Chain Reaction in Cumulus Clouds  at Temperatures Above
    Freezing", J.Meteorol.,  5_, 175.

Langmuir,   I. and  K.  Blodgett (1946)
    "A Mathematical  Investigation  of Water  Droplet Trajectories",  Amer.A.F.Tech.Report 54ia

 Laufer, J. (1954)
    "The Structure of Turbulence  in Fully Developed  Pipe  Flow", National Advisory Committee
    for Aeronautics Research, Report 1174, National  Bureau of Standards.

Levich, V. (1952)
   Physico-Chem.  Hydrodyn.  Acad. Sci., USSR, Moscow.

Liljenzin, Jan-Olov (1970)
   "Theoretical Model  for Behavior of  Drops in a Centrifuge", ind.Eng.chem. Fundamentals
   9, (2), 248-250.


             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      19
4,6  UNIT MECHANISMS - PARTICLE COLLECTION  (CONT'D)

Litvinov, A. T. (1967)
   "Influence of Condensation on the Effectiveness of Capture of Fine Particles During
   Cleaning of Gases by the Wet Method", zh.Prikl.Khim., 4_0, (2), 335-342,  (Feb.).

Lundgren, D. A.(1962)
   Masters Thesis, University of Minnesota, Minn., (March).

Melandri, C., V. Prodi, 0. Rimondi, and G. Tarroni (1968)
   "A Submicron Particle Precipitator Based on Water Vapour Condensation",  APTIC No.  23855.

Mercer, T. T. and H. Y. Chow (1968)
   "Impaction from Rectangular Jets", J.Colloid  interface Sci .,  27,  75-83.

Mercer, T. T. and R. G. Stafford (1969)
   "Impaction from Round Jets", Ann.Occup.  Hyg., 12, 41-48.

Miller, Carl (1967)
   "The Impaction of Airborne Particles on  Plate Collectors",  NTIS  NO. 663 800.

Natanson, G. L.  (1957)
   "Diffusion Precipitation of Aerosols on  a Streamlined Cylinder  for Small Capture  Coef-
   ficients", Dok.Akad.Nauk., USSR  Phys.Chem.Sec., 112,  100; English Ed.,  112,  (21).

Nutt, C. W.  (1960)
   "Froth Flotation: The Adhesion   of Solid Particles to Flat  Interfaces  and Bubbles",
   Chem.Eng.Sci .,  12, 133-141.

Oglesby, S., Jr.  (1970)
   A Manual  of Electrostatic Precipitator Technology, Part  1.  Southern Research  Insti-
   tute, p.  75.

Owen, P. R.  (I960)
   "Dust Deposition  from a Turbulent Airstream", intern, j. Air  Pollution,  3_, (8),  8-25.

Owen, P. R.  (I960)
   "Discussion-First  Session. Deposition  From  a  Turbulent Boundary  Layer",  intern.j.Air
   and  water Poll.,  3_,  (1/3), 50-59.

Pearcy.  T.  and  G.  W.  Hill  (19571
   "A  Theoretical  Estimate of the  Collection Efficiencies  of Small  Droplets", Quart.J.Roy.
   Meteorol.Soc. ,  83 ,  77.

Pemberton,  C.S.  (1960)
   "Scavenging  Action of  Rain on Non-Wettable  Particulate Matter Suspended in the  Atmos-
   phere",  Intern. J.Air Poll.,  3_,  168.
p rrv   R  H.. Editor  (1963)
"Tluid  and  Particle Mechanics",  Chapter  5,  Chemical  Engineer's  Handbook, 4th Ed.,  McGra*
   Hill,  New York.
Picknett, R. G.  (1960)
   "Collection  Efficiencies  for Water  Drops in Air", intern.J. Air  Poll.,  3_, 160-167.

Pritchard,  C.  L.  (1967)
   "Mass  Transfer  from Drops  in Forced  Convection",  Brit.chem.Eng., 12,  (6), 879-885,
   (June) .

Ranz, W.  E.  (1953)
   Technical Report  No. 8, University  of  Illinois, Eng.  Exptl.  Sta. (January).

Ranz, W.  E.  (1959)
   "Determining  Impaction  Efficiencies  of Mist Collection  Equipment",  J .Air Poll.cont.
   ASSOC.,  8,  (4),  328,  (Feb.).

Ranz,  W.  E.  and  J.  B.  Wong  (1952)
   "Impaction  of Dust and  Smoke Particles on  Surface and Body  Collectors",  ind.Eng.chem..
   44,  (6),  1371-1380, (June).

Ratcliff,  G. A.  (1961)
   "Gas Absorption with First-Order Chemical  Reaction  in a Spherical Liquid Film"  chem
   Eng.Sci., 15.,  100-110.

Remy,  H.  and II.  Finnern (1926)
    "Fogs Resulting from Chemical  Reactions. IV.  Adsorption of a Chemical  Foe bv  a  Liauid
    and Solid Materials" ,z. inorganic Chem.,  159,  241.             iicmiucii  rog oy  a  Liquid


              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      20

4,6  UNIT MECHANISMS - PARTICLE COLLECTION  (CONT'D)

Rober, R. (1957)
   Staub, 48, 41.

Rozen, A. M.  and  V. M. Kostin  (1967)
   "Collection of Finely Dispersed Aerosols  in  Plate  Columns by  Condensation  Enlargement",
   Int.Chem.Eng. , 7_, (3), 464-467, (July).

Schlinger, W. G.  and B. H. Sage (1953)
   "Material  Transfer  in Turbulent Gas  Streams",  ind.Eng.Chem.,  45,  657.

Sehmel, G. A. and L. C. Schwendiman  (1963)
   HW-SA-3183, Hanford Atomic Products  Operations, Richland, Washington,  (Sept.  18).

Sell,  W.  (1931)
   "The Precipitation  of Dust on  Simple Bodies  and  in Air Filters",  Ver.Deut.ing.Forschung-
   sheft, 347.
Singh, Bhuminder  (1970)
   "Particle Deposition Due to Thermal  Force  in the Transition and Near Continuum  Regime",
   Paper submitted to  Ind.Eng.Chem.Fundamentals,  30 pp.,  (July).

Smith, T. N.  (1966)
   "The Sedimentation  of Particles Having a  Dispersion  of  Sizes", Trans .Inst.chem.Eng.,
   £4_, T153-157.

Soo, S. L. (1967)
   "Fluid Dynamics of Multiphase  Systems", Blaisdell  Publishing  Company.

Sparks, L. E. and M. J. Pilat  (1970)
   "Effect of Diffusiophoresis on Particle Collection by  Wet Scrubbers",  Atmos.Environ.
   4_,  1-10.
Sparrow, E.  M., C. W. Hixion, and G. Shavit  (1967)
   Basic Bng., 89, 116.

Stairmand, C. J.  (1950)
   "Dust Collection by Impingement and  Diffusion", Trans .inst.chem.Eng. ,  28,  14-26.

Stairmand, C. J.  (1956)
   "The Design and Performance of Modern Gas-Cleaning Equipment", J.inst.Fuel,  29,  58.

Taheri, M. (1967)
   "Separation of Small Particles from  Air in a Sieve Plate Column",  Ph.D.  Thesis,  Penn-
   sylvania State University.
Taheri, M. and S. Calvert (1968)
   "Removal  of Small Particles From Air by Foam in a  Sieve-Plate Column",J.Air Poll.cont
   ASSOC. , 18, 240 .
Tietjens, 0. G. (1957)
   Applied Hydro- and Aeromechanics, p.  22,  Dover Publications,  New  York.

Torgeson, W. L.
   "The Theoretical Collection Efficiency of Fibrous  Filters due to  the Combined Effects  n-F
   Inertia. Diffusion, and Interception", Paper J-1057, Appl.Sci.Div.,  Litton Systems. Inn
   St. Paul, Minnesota.                                                               >•»«..
Walton, H. W. and A. Woolcock (1960)
   "The Suppression of Airborne Dust by Water Spray", intern.J.Air  Poll,  ^, 129.

Whitby, K. T. (1965)
   "Calculation of the Clean Fractional Efficiency of Low  Media  Density Filters", ASHRAE
   (Sept.).                                                                                °-»

Whitby, K. T. and D. A. Lundgren  (1964)
   "Mechanics of Air Cleaning", Presented 1964 Annual Meeting Amer.  Soc.  of Agricultural
   Engrs., Ft. Collins, Colo., (June 21-24).

Wong, J.  B.  and H. F.  Johnstone (1953)
   "Collection of Aerosols by Fiber Mats", Illinois Tech.  Report No.  11,  Eng. Exptl.  Sta.
   University of Illinois.                                                                ''
             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                       21

4,7  EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AMD PRESSURE

Strauss, W. (1960)
   "Studies in High-Temperature Gas Cleaning", J.lron Steel Inst,, 62-65, (Sept.).

Strauss, W. (1967)
   "Prediction of Effectiveness of Gas Cleaning Methods at High Temperatures and Pres-
   sures", Atmos .Environ., 2_, 135-144, (Oct.).



5,2,1 MASS TRANSFER DESIGN METHODS - GENERAL

Anderson, Fred J.
   "Permanganate Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds; Application to Air Scrubbing", Carus
   Chemical Company, LaSalle, Illinois.

Andrew, S. P. (1961)
   "The Dynamics of Nitrous Gas Absorption", chem.Eng.sd., 14, 105-113.

Anonymous (1963)
   "Gas Cleaning by the  Foam Method", flri t .Chem. Engrg. , 8_,  (5), 319-321,  (May).

Astarita, Giovanni  (1967)
    Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction,  Elsevier Pub. Co., New  York.

AVCO Space Systems  Division  (1967)
   "Removal of S02  From  Flue Gas",  NTIS No. PB 177  492.


83 ""rAstill'ation  and  Absorption  in Packed  Columns",  ind.Eng .chem.,  27,  977.

Bartok, William et  al.,  (1969)
   "Systems Study of Nitrogen Oxide Control Methods  for Stationary Sources", NTIS  No.
   PB 184 479, Vol. I.

Bartok, William et  al. (1959)
   "Systems Study of Nitrogen Oxide Control Methods  for Stationary Sources," NTIS  No. PB
   192  789.

Battelle Memorial Institute  (1969)
   "Applicability of Organic Liquids  to  the Development of New Processes  for Removing
   Sulfur Dioxide from Flue  Gas",  NTIS No.  PB  183  513,  (March).

Bennett, C. 0. and  J. E. Myers  (1962)
    Momentum, Heat, and  Mass Transfer, McGraw  Hill,  New York.

Gergen, J. V.  (1958)
   "Industrial Odor Control",  j.Air Poll.Contol ASSOC., £, (2),  101-111,  (Aug.).

Beskin, L. Z.  (1959)
   "Investigation of  Mass  Transfer in an Absorber  with Hydrodynamic  Mixing",  intern.chem.
   Eng.,  9,  (1),  88-91,  (Jan.).

Beutner, Heinz.  P., et al.  (1968)
   "Feasibility  of  a  Regenerative  High  Temperature Amine  Absorption  Process for the Control
   of  Sulfur,  etc.",  NTIS  No.  PB  180  233.

Bienstock, D.  (1960)
   "Bench-Scale  Investigation  on  Removing  Sulfur  Dioxide  from Flue Gases",  j.Air Poll.
   Cont.ASSOC.,  10., (2), 121-125,  (Apr.).

Bienstock, D.  (1967)
   "Process  Development  in Removing  Sulfur Dioxide from Hot Flue Gases. Part 3", NTIS
   No.  PB  192  544,  (July) .

Bloomfield,  B.  D.  (1967)
    "Costs, Efficiencies, and Unsolved Problems of Air Pollution  Control Equipment", J.Air
    Poll.  Cont.ASSOC.f  17,  (1),  28-32, (Jan).


              Ambient  Purification Technology, Inc.      P.0. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      22

5,2,1  MASS TRANSFER DESIGN METHODS - GENERAL  (CONT'D)

Bonn, D. E. (1963)
   "Wet-type Dust Collectors", chem.Eng.Progr., 59_, (10), 69-74,  (Oct.).

Bostrom, Carl-Elis  (1966)
   "The Absorption  of Low Concentrations (pphm) of Hydrogen Sulfide in a Cd(OH)  2-Suspen-
   sion as Studied  by Isotope Tracer", 10, 435-441.

Bourke, P. J. (1963)
   "Gas Absorption  Performance of a Bubble Column", Trans.inst.chem.Eng., 41, 40-50.

Calvert, Seymour (1968)
    Source Control  by Liquid Scrubbing, Air Pollution III, edited A. C. Stern, Academic
    Press, New York,  457-493.

Calvert, Seymour and Walter Workman (1961)
   "The Efficiency  of Small Gas Absorbers", Am.ind.Hyg.ASSOC.J.,  22, (4), 318-324,  (Aug.).

Carey, W. F. and G. J. Williamson (1963)
   Proc.Inst.Mech.Eng.,  41.

Chernyshcv, V. N.  (1966)
   "The Dynamics of Mass Transfer in Countercurrent Extraction Equipment",  in tern.chem.Enq
   6,  (4), 608,  (Oct.).

Chilton, T. H. and A. P. Colburn (1935)
   "Distillation and Absorption in  Packed Columns", ind.Eng. Chem., 27, 255.

Chistii, Vozduh  (1968)
   "Control Methods", N.T.O. U.S.S.R, 1_0,  (12), 17-18.

Danielson, John A.  (1967)
    Air Pollution Engineering Manual, U.S.P.H.S. publication,  999-AP-40, Cincinnati,  Ohio.

Ermenc, E. D. (1970)
   "Controlling Nitric Oxide Emission", chem.Eng., 193-195, (June).

Fair, James R. (1969)
   "Sorption Processes", chem.Eng., 90-109,  (July).

Gainer, F. H., S. Ellis, D. Freshwater (1957)
   "The Comparison of Vapour-Liquid Contacting Apparatus",  rrans.inst.chem.Eng.,  35,  (l)t

Gaw, R. G. (1960)
   "Gas Cleaning",  iron steel Engr., 81-85,  (Oct).

Hall, G. D. (1960)
   "Ethanolamine Gas Scrubbing Systems", Chem.Eng.Progr., S^,  (10), 52-58,  (Oct).

Hobler, T. (1966)
    Mass Transfer and Absorbers, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Hubbard, D. W. (1968)
   "Correlation of Mass Transfer. Data: Comments on an Article by Son and Nanvatty",
   Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 1_4_, (2),  354-355,  (March).

Kishinevskii, M. Kh.  (1963)
   "Investigation of the Mechanism of Mass Transfer Between a  Gas and a Liquid  in  a
   Vessel with Mechanical Stirring", zh.Prikl.Khim., 56, (2)   308-315, (Feb.).

Kolbel, Dr. H. (1959)
   "Properties of Bubble-Column Reaction Vessels; The Sojourn-Time  Spectrum of  the  Gas-
   eous Phase", Chem.Eng.Technician, 224-243.

Lawler, Clayton (1957)
   "Air Pollution Control by a Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing System",  j .Air Poll, control ASSO
    I,  (D.



             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                     23

5,2,1  MASS TRANSFER DESIGN METHODS - GENERAL  (CONT'D)

Lebels, E. H. (1961)
   "Rate of a Transfer Unit - - A New Correlating Factor for Heat and Mass Transfer",
   ind.Eng.Chem., 53_, (5), 349-356, (May).

Miller, D. N. (1964)
   "Liquid Film Controlled Mass Transfer in Agitated Vessels", ind.Eng.Chem., 56, (10),
   18-27, (Oct.).

Morgan, William D.  (1970)
   "The Sorption of Sulfur Dioxide in a Cycled Column: A Comparison Study", APTIC No.
   19855.

NAPCA (1969)
   "Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants", USPHS Publication AP-51, Washing-
   ton D. C.

Norman, W. S. (1961)
   Absorption, Distillation, and Cooling Towers, University Press, Abderdeen, England.

Owens, W. R. (1968)
   "Short-Cut Absorber Calculations", ind.Eng.Chem., 60, (12), 18-28, (Dec.).

Perry, Edmond S., Editor  (1968)
    Progress in Separation and Purification, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Pigford, Robert L.  (1951)
   "Absorption and  Uumidification", ind.Eng.Chem., 45, (1), 41-46.

Sheppard, Stanton V.  (1967)
   "Control of Noxious Gaseous Emissions", Proc.MECAR symposium, 21-28,  (Oct).

Sherwood, T. K. and R. L. Pigford  (1952)
   Absorption and Extraction, McGraw Hill, New York.

Shulman, H. L. and  M. C.  Molstad  (1950)
   "Gas-Bubble Columns for Gas-Liquid Contacting", Ind.Eng.Chem., 42, (6),  1058-1070,
   (June).

Skelland, A. H. P.
   "Mass Transfer", in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,  2nd Ed., Wiley,
   New York.

Smiley, S. H. and C.  R.  S. Schmitt (1954)
   "Continuous Disposal  of Fluorine Reaction with Superheated Steam", ind.Eng.Chem.,
   4£,  (2), 244-247,  (Feb).

Souders, M.  (1964)
   "The Countercurrent Separation  Process", chem.Eng.Prog., 60,  (2),  76-82,  (Feb.).

Sproull, Wayne E.  (1970)
   Air Pollution and  Its  Control,  Exposition Press,  New York.

Sweeney, Thomas and S. Calvert  (1965)
   "Gas Absorption  in a  Fin-Wall  Conduit", Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.j.,  11,  (5),  785-789,
   (Sept).


5,2,2  MASS  TRANSFER - PLATE  SCRUBBERS

Acrivos, Andrew, et al.  (1953)
   "Solution of Transient Stagewise Operations  on  an Analog Computer",  ind Enq.chem
   467-471,  (Feb).

Aerov, M. E.  (1967)
   "Investigation  of  the Hydraulics of  Sieve Trays  at High Liquid Loadings", Intern.Chem,
   Eng. , 1_,  (2), 235-238,  (April).



             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, c A. 93502

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 5,2,2   MASS  TRANSFER -  PLATE SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)

 American  Institute of Chemical Engineering  (1955)
   3rd  Annual Progress  Report  -  "Tray  Efficiencies  in  Distillation  Columns",

 American  Institute of Chemical Engineering  (1956)
   4th  Annual Report  -  "Tray  Efficiencies  in  Distillation  Columns".

 Arkenbout, G. J.  (1967)
   "A Mathematical Description of  the  Concepts of Theoretical  Plate  and Transfer Unit",
   Separation Science,  2_,  (5), 575-596,  (Nov) .

 Bennet, C. 0. and J.  E. Myers  (1962)
   Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw Hill, New  York.

 Bergman,  Donald J. (1963)
   "Bubble Caps Revisited",  chem.Eng,,  91-92,  (March).

 Berly,  Edward M.  (1954)
   "Recovery of Soluble Gas  and  Aerosols from Air Streams",  ind.  Eng.  Cnem.,
   4£,  1769-1777.

 Bernard,  J. D. T. (1966)
   "The Hydrodynamic  Performance of a  Sieve-Plate Distillation Column",
   Trans . Inst .Chetn. Engr .,  (44) 314-327.

 Calderbank, P.H.  (1956)
   "Gas-Liquid Contacting on Plates",  Trans.Inst.chem.Engr., 34 ,  79-90.

 Calderbank, P. H. (1962)
   "The Physical Properties of Foams and Froths  Formed on  Sieve-Plates",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  40, 1-12.

 Calvert,  Seymour and G. A. Coulman  (1963)
   'Experimental and Analytical  Study  of Plate-Type Gas Absorber  Dynamics'1',
   Chem.Eng.Prog.Symposium,  59,  (46) 9-20.

 Chaiyavech, Pramote, et.al.  (1961)
   "Effect of System Properties  on Small Distillation  Column Efficiency",
   Ind. Eng. Chem.,  53_, (3) 187-190 (March).

 Chase, J. David (1967)
   "Sieve-Tray Design - Part I", Chem.Eng., 105-116, (July).

 Chase, J, David (1967)
   "Sieve-Tray Design - Part II, chem.Eng., 139-146 (August).

 Chen, Ning Hsing, (1964)
   "Calculating Theoretical Plates in  Absorbers  or  Strippers", Chem.Eng.,
   159-160 (May).

 Chu,  J. C., et.al. ,  (1951)
   "Plate Efficiency Correlation in Distilling Columns and Gas Absorbers,  J.Appl.chem.,1

 Coggan, G. C. (1969)
   "The Design of Gas Absorbers with Heat Effects.  Part I: A General Program  for
   Adiabatic Plate Absorbtion",  Trans.inst.chem.Engr., 47, T96-T106,

Coggan, G. C. (1969)
   "The Design of Gas Absorbers with Heat Effects.  Part II: Methods  for  Improving
   Separation", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  47, T160-T165.

Coughlin,  R. W. (1969)
   "Effect of Liquid-Packing Surface Interaction on Gas Absorption  and Flooding in a
   Packed Column", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 15, (5),  654-659 (Sept).

Danilychev, I.  A.  (1966)
   "Investigation of Mass Transfer in  the Liquid Phase on Sieve Trays  with
   Consideration of the Degree of Long", intern .Chem. Eng., (>_,  (2) 272-275  (April).

            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE,  CA. 92502

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                                                                                   25


5,2,2 MASS TRANSFER - PLATE SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Dhanak,  A. M. (1958)
   "Momentum and Mass Transfer by Eddy Diffusion in a Wetted-wall Channel",
   Am. Inst.Chem.Engrs.J. ,  190-196 (June).

Dytnerskii, Yu, I. (1964)
   "Determination of the Driving Force of Mass Transfer on Contact Plates",
   zh.Prikl.Khim. , 3_7, (10) 2228-2233  (Oct) .

Dytnerskii, Yu, I. (1965)
   "Calculating the Hydraulics and Mass Transfer on Valve Plates", intern .Chem.Eng.,
   5, (1) 95-101 (January).

Dytnerskii, Yu, I. (1966)
   "The Theory and Calculation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Tray Towers",
   Intern.Chem.Eng. , 6^, (2) 204-217  (April).

Eckert,  J. S. (1961)
   "Design Techniques  for  Sizing  Packed Towers", Chem.Eng.Progr.,  57,  (9), 54.

Foss, Alan S. and  J. A. Gerster  (1956)
   "Liquid-Film  Efficiencies  on  Sieve  Trays",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  52,  (1),  28-34 (Jan).

Franklin, N. L.  (1953)
   "The  Interpretation of Minimum Reflux  Conditions  in Multi-Component  Distillation' ,
   Trans.Jnst.Chem.Engr.,  31, 363-388.

Fryback, M. G. (I960)
   "Distillation Equipment Design",  Ind.Eng.Chem.,  52,  (8)  654-661  (August).

Galor, B., et.al.  (1967)
   "A Theoretical  Analysis of Some Interrelationships and  Mechanisms  of  Heat  and Mass
   Transfer  in Dispersions", Am.inst.chem.Engrs.J.,  13,  (4) 6SO-657  (July).

Garner,  F. H.  (1955)
   "Pressure Drop, Hold-up, and  Efficiency of  a Large Bubble  Cap  Plate' ,
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  55, 280-288.

Gautreaux, M. F.,  et.al. (1955)
   "Effect of Length of Liquid Path  on Plate  Efficiency",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,
   51_, 232-237  (May).

Gerster,  J. A.,  et.al.  (1949)
   "Plate  Efficiences  Related to  Separate Vapor and Liquid Resistances",
   Chem.Eng.Progr.,  45, 716-724  (Dec).

Gerster,  J.  A.  (1960)
   "Distillation  Theory and Fundamentals", ind.Eng.Chem.,  52,  (8)  645-653 (Aug).

Gerster,  J.  A.  (1970)
   "Performance  of Tray Columns  Operated  in  the Cycling Mode",  Am.inst.chem.Engrs . j.,
   1^,  (1)  108-111 (Jan).

Grohse,  F.  W.  (1963)
   "Grid-type  Plates  -  Mass Transfer Characteristics",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,
   j^,  (11)  72-78  (Nov).

Haines,  H.  W.  (1960)
   "Distillation  The  Practical  Aspects", ind.Eng.Chem., 52,  (8)  662-670  (Aug.).

Harada,  M.  (1964)
   "Studies  of  Fluid  Mixing on  Sieve Plates",  intern.Chem.Eng., 165-173  (Jan).

Hausch,  D.  C.  (1964)
   ''How  Flooding Can  Affect Tower Operation",  Chem.Eng .Progr. e 60, QO)  55-58  (Oct).

Huang,  C. J.  and J.  R.  Hodson,  (1958)
   Petrol.Rev.,  37,  103.


             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                      26


 5,2,2  MASS TRANSFER - PLATE SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)

 Hughmark,  G.  A.  and  H.  E.  O'Connell (1957)
    "Design of Perforated Plate Fractioning Towers", Chem.Eng.Progr., 53,  (3),  127M.

 Hunt, C.  A.,   D.  N.  Hanson,  and C.  R. Wilke (1955)
    "Capacity Factors in the  Performance of Perforated-Plate Columns", Am.inst.chem.Engrs.
    j.,   I, 441.

 Hutchinson,  M. H.  (1956)
    "Ripple Trays-  A  New Tool  for Vapor-Liquid Contacting'1, Chem.Eng.Progr.,
    52,  (12)  503-508  (Dec).

 Jeffreys,  G.  V.  (1968)
    "Extraction Column  Design",  chem.Process.Eng.,  111-122 (Nov).

 Jones,  P.  D.  (1957)
    "Effect of Plate  Thickness  and System  Properties",  ind.Eng.chem. ,
    £9,  (2)  232-238  (Feb).

 Kafarov,  V.  V.  (1964)
    "Hydrodynamics  of Grid  Plates",  zh. Prikl . Khim. , 37_,  (12)  2678-2686 (Dec).

 Kafarov,  V.  V.  (1969)
    "Structure of  the Liquid  Flow on Sieve Bubble  Plates", zh.Prikl.Khim.,
    £2,  (2)  334-339  (Feb).

 Kagan,  S.  Z.  (1965)
    "Some  Hydrodynamic  and  Mass-Transfer Problems  in Pulsed Sieve-plate Extractors",
    Intern. Chem. Eng., j>,  (4)  656-661 (Oct).

 Kan,  S. V.  (1966)
    "Investigation  of Mass  Transfer  and  Liquid Distribution in a Column with Flat-
    Parallel  Packing",  in tern .Chem. Eng. , 6_,  (2)  260-264  (April).

 Karpacheva,  S. M.  (1965)
    "Investigation  of the Operation  of a Pulsating  Sieve-plate Extraction Column'  ,
    Intern.Chem.Eng. , 5_,  (3)  508-511 (July).

 Kastanek,  F.  (1967)
    "Studies on Distillation. XX.  Efficiency of  Selected Types  of  Large Distillation
    Trays at Total Reflux", separation Science,  2_,  (4)  439-486.

 Kim,  S. K.  (1966)
    "Theoretical Study  of Vapor-Liquid Hold-up on  a Perforated Plate",
    Intern.Chem.Eng., 6_,  (4)  634-638 (Oct).

 Kohara, S.  (1969)
    "Performance of Pipe Trays",  intern.chem.Eng.,  9_,  (1)  172-176  (Jan).

 Kopita, Robert (1955)
    "The Use of an  Impingement Baffle  Scrubber  in  Gas Cleaning  and Absorption",
   Air Repair, £,  (4)  219-222 and 232 (Feb).

 Lapidus, Leon, et.al.  (1950)
    "Stagewise Absorption and Extraction Equipment  Transient  and Unsteady State
   Operation", Ind.Eng .chem. , 2_,  (6)  1071-1078  (June).

 Leva, Max  (1962)
   "Some Performance Data of a New  Plate  Column",  Trans.inst.chem.Engr.,
   £0, 105-113.

 Lowry, R.  P., et.al. (1969)
   "Foaming and Frothing Related  to System  Physical  Properties  in a Small
   Perforated Plate  Distillation",  Am.inst.chem.Engrs.J., 15,  (5)  665-670  (Sept).

McAllister, R. A., et.al.  (1958)
   "Perforated-plate Performance",  Chem.Eng.  sd., £,  25-35.



           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                   27

5,2,2  MASS TRANSFER - PLATE SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Manning, E. (1964)
   "High Capacity Distillation Trays", Ind.Eng.Chem., 56,  (4) 14-19  (April).

Mapstone, G. E. (1963)
   "Effect of Entrainment on Tray Efficiency", Chem.Process.Eng. , 535  (Sept).

Martin, J. J. (1952)
   "Wetted-Wall Tube-Plate Column, A Gas-Liquid Contactor", ind.Eng.Chem. ,
   44_, (4) , 920-924 (April) .

Molokanov, Yu. K. (1963)
   "Hydraulic Resistance of Grid and Perforated Trays of the Downfall  Type",
   Intern .Chem. Eng. , 3_,  (2) 157-160.

Mullin, J. W. (1959)
   "Liquid Distribution  in Grid Packings. Part II", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   5_7, 97-107.

Narsimhan, G. (1962)
   "Determination of Economic Gas Velocity for Plate Absorbers",  Chem.Process.Eng.,
   620-621  (December).

Norman, W. S. (1961)
   Absorption, Distillation, and Cooling Towers, University Press,  Aberdeen,  England.

Norman  W. S. (1961)
   "Factors Affecting the Performance of Valve Plates",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   59, 20-, and 312.

Piterskich, D. G.  (1968)
   "Liquid Mixing on Sieve Plates",  zh.Prikl.Khim., 41,  (5) 980-984  (May).

Planovskii, A. N.  (1963)
   "Analytical Calculation of the Number of  Effective Plates of Columnar  Mass
   Transfer Equipment",  intern. Chem. Eng., 3_,  (1) 138-143.

Pollard, B.  (1957)
   "The Kittle Plate", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 55,  (1) 69-75.

Popov, V.  V.  (1967)
   "The Design of Tray-Type Mass-Transfer Equipment", Intern.Chem.Eng.,
   I,  (2),  197-199  (April).

Porter, K.  E.  (1966)
   "Interfacial Areas and  Liquid-Film Mass-Transfer Coefficients for a 3  ft.  Diameter
   Bubble-Cap Plate",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 44,  T274-283.

Ragimov, P.M., et.al.  (1965)
   "On the Use of  Foam Equipment  for Sulfur  Dioxide Removal",  APTIC No.  22096.

Rodionov,  A.  I.  (1964)
   "Calculating Grid  Plates  in the  Presence  of  Surface-Active  Substances",
   zh.Prikl.Khim.,  37,  (6),  1580-1585  (June).

Rodionov,  A.  I.  (1964)
   "The Effect of  a Liquid on the Mass-Transfer  Coefficients  at a Screen Grid Plate",
   Zh.Prikl.Khim.,  37,  (8),  1757-1761  (August).

Rodionov,  A.  I.  (1965)
   "Determination  of  Phase Contact  Area on  Sieve  Plates",  zh.Prikl.Khim   38  (1)
   133-136 (January).                                                      —      '

Rodionov,  A.  I.  (1966)
   "Determination  of  the Gas Content of the  Foam Layer  on a Grid Plate-Soviet Union"
   Intern.Chem.Eng.,  £,  (4), 639-642 (October).                                       '

Rodionov,  A.  I.  (1968)
   "Influence of  the  Height  of the  Foam Layer on Sieve  Plates on Mass Transfer
   in the  Gas  Phase",  zh.Prikl.Khim.,  41,  (1),  74-77  (January).

              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA: 92502

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                                                                                      28

5,2,2  MASS TRANSFER - PLATE SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Rodionov, A.  I.,  et.al.  (1970)
   "The Effect of Liquid  Phase  Viscosity  on the  Hydrodynamic Operating Behavior of
   Grid Trays",   intern .chew. Eng. ,  1_0,  (2)  166-168 (April).

Rylek, M. (1964)
   "The Hydraulics of Sieve Trays",  intern.chem.Eng.,  4_,  (4) 711-747 (October).

Selix, M. (1962)
   "Pressure  Drops on Turbogrid Trays", intern.chem.Eng.,  Z_, (3),  395-399.

Shakhov, Yu.  A.  (1964)
   "The Upper Limit of Foaming  on Sieve Plates",  zh.Prikl.Khim.,  37, (9), 2055-2058 (Mar)

Sharma, M. M. (1967)
   "Mass Transfer  Characteristics of  Plate  Columns Without  Downcomer1',
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 45, T169-T175.

Teller, A. J. (1963)
   Liquid-Gas Systems, in Chemical  Engineer's  Handbook,  4th  ed.,  McGraw-Hill,
   San Francisco.

Treybal, R.  E. (1955)
   Mass Transfer  Operations, McGraw-Hill, New  York.

5,2,3  MASS  TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS
Adams, F. W. (1933)
   "Absorption of S
                   ulfer Dioxide in Water", ind.Eng.chem. ,  25,  424.

Advanced Chemical Process Section  (1969)
   "Evaluation of Granular Bed Devices",  NTIS   No.  PB  185 561,  (June).

Bennett, C. 0. and J. E. Myers (1962)
   Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer, McGraw Hill,  New York.

Benson, H. E., J. H. Field, and R. M. Jimeson  (1954)
   "Gas Absorption", Chem.Eng.Progr., 50,  (7),  356.

Benson, H. E., J. H. Field, and W. P. Haynes (1956)
   "CC>2 Absorption", Chem.Eng.Progr., 5_2,  (10), 433.

Berkau, E. E., et.al. (1966)
   "The Influence of Axial Disperson on  the Fixed  Bed  Adsorption of  the Hydrogen
   Chloride-Chromium Oxinate",  Paper presented at  the Am. Inst .Chem. Engrs .Meeting (Dec),'

Billet, R. (1967)
   "Recent Investigations of Metal Pall  Rings", Chem.Eng.Progr.,  63,  (9)  53-65 (Sept).

Blum, H. A., L. F. Stutzman, and W. S. Dodds (1952)
   "Gas Absorption", Ind.Eng.Chem., 44,  2969.

Bond, J. (1957)
   "The Effect of Absorption on the Wetted Area of Absorption Towers",
   Chem. Eng. Sci ., 6^, (6), 237-244.

Bragg, L.  B. (1957)
   "Goodloe Column Packing - A New Knit Packing Material  for Vapor-Liquid  Contracting
   Operations", ind.Eng.chem.,  49, (7)  1062-1066  (July).

Brestznajder, S.  (1964)
   "Absorption in a  Pulse Column", intern .chem. Eng., 4_,  (1) 61-66 (Jan).

Briggs, S. W. (1961)
   "Rigorous Application of Absorption Transfer Unit",  ind.Eng.Chem. ,
   53, (12) 988-990  (Dec).
           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    29


5,2,3   MASS  TRANSFER  -  PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Britton, M.  I. (1965)
   "The Influence of Axial Dispersion on CO? Absorption-Tower Performance", Paper
   presented at the Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs. Meeting, 1-30 (December).

Cabibbo, S. V. (1969)
   "The Cross-Flow Scrubber a Digital Model for Absorption", Paper presented at  the
   Air Poll. Control Assoc. Annual Meeting, New York, Paper 69-186,  (June).

Cantelo, R.  C., et.al.  (1927)
   Ind.Eng.Chem. , 19,  989.

Carley-Macauly, K. W.  (1967)
   "Continuous Dissolution in a Packed Bed", chem.Process.Eng.,  83-90  (Sept).

Chen, N. H.  (1961)
   "Equations for Flooding Rate in Packed Towers", ind.Eng.chem.,  S3,  (1)  6  (Jan).

Chen, Ning Hsing  (1962)
   "New Equation  Gives Tower Diameter", chem.Eng., 109-112  (Feb).

Cogan, J.  D. and  J. P. Cogan (1932)
   Thesis  in Chemical Engineering, MIT.

Comstock,  C. S.,  and  B. F. Dodge  (1937)
    "Rate  of  Carbon  Dioxide Absorption by Carbonate  Solutions  in a Packed Tower1,'  Ind.Eng.
    chera. ,  29_,  520.
Cooper,  C. M.,  et al. (1941)
    "Packed Tower  Performance  at High Liquor Rates.  Effect of Gas and Liquor Rates Upon Per-
    formance  in  a  Tower  Packed with 2-Inch Rings",  Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs., 37, 979.
Cornell, D.  (1960)
   "Mass Transfer Efficiency-Packed  Columns  -  Part  1", chem.Eng.Progr.,
   56,  (7) 68-74  (July).

Cryder,  D. S.  and J.  0.  Maloney (1941)
    "The Rate of Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Diethanolamine Solutions", Trans.Am.Inst.
    Chem.Engrs.,  37,  827.

Danckwerts,  P.  V. (1955)
    "Gas Absorption  Accompanied  by Chemical Reaction", Am.Inst.Chem. Engrs. J.,
    l_t  456.

Danckwerts,  P.  V.  (1962)
   "Mass Transfer from  a  Grid Packing to an Air Stream",  Trans.Am,Inst.chem.Engrs.,
   4_0,  203-213.

Danckwerts,  P.V.  (1966)
    "The  Design  of Gas Absorbers I-Methods for  Predicting  Rates  of Absorption with
   Chemical  Reaction  in Packed  Columns",  Trans.Am.Inst.chem.Engrs., 44,  T42-T54.

Davidson,  J. F.  (1959)
    "The Hold-up and Liquid Film Coefficient of Packed Towers. Part IV
    Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.,  37, 122,130.

Davidson,  J. F.  (1959)
    "The Hold-up and Liquid Film Coefficient of Packed Towers. Part II",
    Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.,  37, 131-136.

Davis,  D.  S. (1960)
    "Pressure Drops  Across Wet  Drained Columns", Chem.Process.Eng., 113  (March).

 Deed,  D.  W., et al.  (1947)
    "Comparison of Rectification and Desorption in Packed Columns",  Ind.Eng.Chem., 39,  766.

 Dil'Man,  V.  V.  (1968)
    "Investigation of  Longitudinal Liquid Mixing in Packed  Scrubbers",
    41,  (11)  2347-2351 (Nov).

 Dwyer,  0.  E. and B.  F.  Dodge (1941)
    "Rate of Absorption of Ammonia by Water in a Packed Tower",  ind.Fng.chem. , 33 ,  485.


             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                      30

5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Eckert, J. S., et.al. (1958)
   "Pall Rings - New Type of Tower", chem.Eng.Progr.,  54,  (1)  70-75.

   "A New'Look at Distillation  - 4 Tower Packings..Comparative Performance",  Chem.Eng.Progr. ,
   59, (5), 76.

Eckert, J. S.  (1965)
   "Problems of a Packed Column", chem.Eng.Progr.,  61_,  (9)  89-90  (Sept).

Eckert, J. S.  (1966)
   "What Affects Packing Performance", chew. Eng. Progr.,  62_,  (1)  59-67  (Jan).

Eckert, J. S.  (1967)
   "Absorption Process Utilizing Packed Towers",  ind. F.ng .r.heir.. ,  59,  (2)  41-47 (Feb).

Ellis, J. E.  (1960)
   "The Correlation of Absorption Rates of Carbon  Dioxide  by  Alkaline,  and  Amine
   Solutions in Packed Columns", Trans.Am.inst.chem.Engrs.,  38 ,  216-224.

Ellis, S. R. M. (1960)
   "Performance Characteristics of Spraypak",  Trans .Am. inst .chem. Engrs.,  5_8_,  19 and 272.

Ellis, S. R. M. (1963)
   "A High Efficiency, Low Pressure-Drop Distillation  Packing'1,  Trans.Am.inst.Chem.Engrs .,
   41_, 212-216.

Emmert, R. E. and R. L.  Pigford (1963)
   "Gas Absorption", in Chemical Engineer's  Handbook,  4th  ed. , McGraw-Hill,
   San Francisco

Fair, James R. (1960)
   "Mass Transfer Efficiency-Packed Columns  -  Part  2",  chem.Eng.Progr.,
   .56, (8) 48-53 (Aug) .

Fellinger, L.  (1941)
   Sc.D. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, MIT,
Fujita, S. and T.  Hayakawa (1956)
   "Liquid-Film Mass-transfer Coefficients in  Packed Towers  and  Rod-Like  Irrigation Towers",
   Chem.Eng. (Japan), 20 , 113.

Furnas, C  C., and  G.Bellinger (1938)
   'Operating Characteristics of Packed Columns, Trans.Am.Inst.chem.Engrs., 54, 251.

Ganz, S. N. et.al. (1968)
   "Removal of Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide,  Mist,  and  Sulfuric  Acid  Spray from
   Exhaust Gas by Peat-Alkali Sorbents under  Production Conditions' ,Zh.Prikl.Khim.,
   4_1, (4) 700-704 (April).

Gil'Denblat, I. A. et.al.  (1967)
   "The Effect of Wetting Distribution and Packed  Column  Height on  the  Absorption
   Efficiency  in Columns with Various  Ring Packings",  intern.chem.Eng.,
   1_, (1) 149-153  (Jan).

Greenewalt, C. H.   (1926)
   "Absorption of Water Vapor by Sulfuric Acid Solutions,  ind.Eng.Chem.,  18,  1291.

Greenwood. K. and M. Pearce (1953)
   "The Removal of Carbon Dioxide from Atmospheric Air  by  Scrubbing With  Caustic Soda in
   Packed Towers", Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.,  31,  201.

Gregory, L. B. and W. G. Scharmann  (1937)
   "Carbon Dioxide Scrubbing by Amine Solutions",  ind.Eng.Chem.,^9,  514.

Grimley, S. S. (1945)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.,23, 228.

Gunn, D. J.  (1969)
   "Theory of Axial and Radial  Dispersion  in Packed  Beds', Trans.AIT.inst.chem.Engrs.,
   47_, T351-T359.

               Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      31
5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Gupta, Ashis Sen (1962)
   "Effective Transfer Areas of Commercial Packings", chem.Eng.Progr.,
   5_8, (10) 62 (Oct).

Gupta, Ashis Sen (1962)
   "Mass and Heat Transfer Through Fixed and Fluidized Beds", Chem.Eng.Progr.,
   5£, (7) 58-62 (July).

Hartland, S. (1966)
   "Calculation of Numbers of Stages and Transfer Units", Trans. Inst,chem.Engr.,
   £4, T116-T121.

Haslam, R. T., et al.  (1923)
   "Some Factors Influencing the Design  of Absorption Apparatus", Trans.Am.inst.chem.
   Engrs., 15, 177;  Ind.Eng.Chem., 15, 1105.

Haslam, R. T. et al. (1924)
   "Effect of Gas Velocity and Temperature on Rate of Absorption",  ind.Eng.chem.,  y>,  1224.
Hatta, S. and J. Katori  (1934)
   "The Absorption of  Carbon Dioxide by  Water Flowing In  a Thin  Layer",  J.SOG.chem.ind.
   Japan, 37_, 280B.

Hensel, S. L. and R. E.  Treybal  (1952)
   "Air-Water Contact",  chem.Eng. Progr., 48, (7) 362.

Hibgie, R.  (1935)
   "The Rate of Absorption of a  Pure Gas Into a Still Liquid  During Short  Periods  of Ex-
   posure",  Trans.  Am.  Inst. Chem. Engrs., 51, 365.

Hobler, T.  (1962)
   "Correlation of Equations for Liquid-Phase Mass Transfer  Coefficients with Wetted
   Packing", Intern .Chem.Eng. , 2_,  (1)  132*134 (Jan).

Hobler, T.  (1965)
   "Analysis of the  Application  of Recirculating  Liquid  for  Mass-Transfer  Processes
   in Packed Towers",  intern .chem.Eng.,  5^,  (1)  45-54  (Jan).

Hoftyzer, P. J.  (1964)
   "Liquid Distribution  in  a Column With Dumped Packing", Trans.Jnst.chem.Engr.
   £2, T109-T117.

Hollings, H. and L.  Silver  (1934
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  12, 49.

Houston, R. W. and C.  A.  Walker  (1950)
   "Absorption  in  Packed Towers",  ind.Eng.chem.,  £2,  1105.

Houston, R. W.  (I960)
   "Absorption in  Packed Towers",  ind.Eng.chem.,  52,  105-113.
Hutchings.  L.  E.  et.al.  (1949)
    "Gas  Absorption",  Chem.Engr.Progr.,  45,  253.
 loshpa,  I.E.  (1967)
    "Determination  of  the  Correction  Factor  in Conversion from Laboratory to
    Industrial  Packing  Elements  for Absorption',  zh .Prikl .Khim.,  4_0, (1) 169-170 (Jan).

 Jameson,  G. J.  (1966)
    " A Model  for Liquid Distribution in  Packed  Columns and Trickle-Bed Reactors",
    Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  44, T198-T205.

 Jenness,  L. C.  and J.  G.  L.  Caulfield (1939)
    Paper  Trade  J., 109 (26),  37.

 Jhaveri,  A. S.  (1968)
    "Effective  Interfacial  Area  in a  Packed  Column", Chem.Eng.Sci ., 2JS, 669-676.

 Johnstone,  H.  F. and  A. D.  Singh  (1937)
    "Recovery  of Sulfur Dioxide  from  Waste Gases",  Ind.Eng.chem.,  2£,  286.


            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.0. BOX 7,. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                      32

 5,2,3   MASS  TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)

Jones,  P. D. and M.  V,  Winkle  U957)
   "Variables  in Perforated  Plate  Column  Efficiency and Pressure Drop",
   Ind.Eng.Chem., £9,  C2)  232*238  (Feb).

Kafarov, V.  V.  C1964)
   "Influence  of Longitudinal  Mixing  of the  Liquid on Mass Transfer in a Packed
   Column",  Zh.Prikl.Khim. ,  37_,  CH)  2461-2468  (Nov) .

Kan, S. V. (1966)
   "Investigation of Mass  Transfer and  Liquid Distribution in a Column With Flat-
   Parallel  Packing",  Intern.Chem.Eng., £,  (2)  260-264 CApril).

Karpacheva,  S. M.  C1963)
   "The Influence of Pulsation on  the Operation of Packed Columns",
   Intern.Chem,Eng,, 3_,  (4)  455-458.

Kaufman, Donald J.  (1951)
   "Mass Transfer Properties  of  Commercial Packing",  Ind.Eng.Chem., 43, 2532-2586.

King, R. W.  (1960)
   "A Graphical Design  Method  for  Nitric  Acid Absorption Towers",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  38,  71-83.

Knoedler, E. L. and C.  F.  Bonilla  (1954)
   "Vacuum Degasif ication  in a Packed Column" ,Chem. Eng. Progr.,  5_0 (3), 125.

Koch, H. A., et.al.  (1949)
   "Gas Absorption", Chem.Eng.Progr. , 45^  (11), 677.

Kohl, A. L.  (1956)
   "Plate Efficiency with  Chemical Reaction-Absorption of Carbon Dioxide in Monoethanola-
   mine Solutions",  Am. Inst .Chem.Engrs . J. , 2_, 264.

Kohn, A. L.  and F,  C. Riesenfeld  (1960)
   "Gas Purification",  McGraw-Hill, New York.

Kowalke, 0.  L., et.al.  (1925)
   University  Wisconsin  Eng.  Expt.  Sta. Bulletin 68 (June).

Kowalke, 0.  L., et.al.  (1925)
   Chem.Met.Eng. 32, 443,  506.

Krebs,  R. W.  (1938)
   Thesis, University of Illinois.

Ksenzenko, V.  I. (1966)
   "Kinetic  Study of Chlorine  Absorption  by  Solutions of Sodium Bromide from a Bromine-
   Air Mixture in a  Packing  Element", intern.chew.Eng., 6, (3)  530-533 (July).

Lapin, Abraham  (1962)
   "Pressure Drop for Gases  Flowing Across Beds (Packed)", Chem.Eng.Progr.,
   5_8,  (7) 47-51 (July).

Lawler, Clayton (1955)
   "Air Pollution Control  by a Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing System", Paper 55-19
   presented at the  1955 Annual Meeting of the  APCA,  (April).

Leibush, A.  G. and  A. L. Shneerson (1950)
   J.Appl.Chem.(USSR) 23,  1253.

Lerner, B. J.  and C. S.  Grove  (1951)
   "Critical Conditions  of Two-Phase  Flow in Packed Columns", Ind.Eng.Chem.,
   £3,  (1) 216-225  (Jan).

Leva, M. (1954)
   "Flow Through Irrigated Dumped  Packings:  Pressure  Drop,  Loading, Flooding", Chem Eno
   Progr.,   Symposium Series No.  10,  50,  51.                                           y-

Leva, M. (1955)
   "Gas Absorption in Beds of Rings and Saddles", Am.inst.Chem.Engrs. J. ,  !_, 224.

           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      33

5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Levsh, I. P. (1969)
   "Hydrodynamics of Bubbling Through Liquids with Packing", zh.Prikl.Khim.,
   42., (3) 584-590.

Litvinenko, M. S. (1952)
   j.Appl.Chem.(USSR) 25, 775.

Lobo, W.  E., et.al. C1945)
   Trans .Ant. Ins t .Chem. Engrs ., 41, 693.

McAdams,  W. H.,  et al.  (1949)
   "Transfer of  Heat and Mass Between Air and Water  in  a  Packed  Tower",Chem.Engr.Progr.,
   «, 241.

McWilliams, J. A. (1956)
   "Spraypak: A  New Industrial Distillation and Absorption  Tower Packing",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 34 , 17-43.

Miller,  E. G. (1948)
   S.B.  Thesis in Chemical  Engineering,  Univ, Delaware.

Molstad,  M. C. et.al. (1942)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs., 38, 410,

Molstad,  M. C. et.al. (1943)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs., 59, 605.

Molstad,  M. C. and L. F. Parsly  Jr.  (1950)
   "Performance  of Drip-Point Grid  Tower Packings. V.,  chem.Eng.Progr.,  46, 20.

Morrell,  C. E. et.al. (1946)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs., 4 2, 473,

Morton,  Frank  (1964)
   "Operating Characteristics of Packed  Columns,  Part  I", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   4_2, T35-T43.

Morton,  F.  (1964)
   "Operating Characteristics of Packed  Columns,  Part  II",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   4_2, T45-T49.

Morton,  Frank  (1964)
   "Operating Characteristics of Packed  Columns,  Part  III", Trans.Jnst.chem.Engr.,
   42_, T49-T53.

Morton,  Frank  (1951)
   "The  Operation of  Commercial  and Semi-Commercial  Stedman Packed  Fractionating
   Columns", Trans.Jnst.Chem.Engr., 29,  240-251.

Morton,  F.  et.al.  (1964)
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,   42, 35,  45,  49.

Mullin,  J. W.  (1959)
   "Liquid  Distribution  in  Grid  Packings, Part  I",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   •$]_, 89-97.

Mullin,  J. W,  (1964)
   "Hydrodynamics of  Liquid Films on Grid Packing Surfaces", Trans.Inst.chem.Engr.,
   £2, T101-T108.

Newall,  H.  E.  (1955)
   "The  Ammonia  Process  for the  Removal  of  Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gas",
   Paper 55-3 presented  at  the 1955 Annual  Meeting of the A.P.C.A.  (April).

Nikolaev, N. A.  (1965)
   "An  Investigation  of  Hydrodynamics  and Mass  Transfer  in Equipment  With  Uniflow
   Contacting  Devices",  intern, chem. Eng.,  S_,  (2)  347-350 (April).


            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX  71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)
Norman, W. S. et.al.  (1954)
   Trans . Inst .Chem.Engr .,  52 , S.14.
Norman, W. S.
   "The Performance of Grid-Packed Towers",  Trans . Ins t .Chem. Engr . ,
   2j), 226-239.

Norman, W. S. and B. K. Solomon  (1959)
   "The Effect of Ammonia Absorption on the  Wetted Area of  a  Packed  Tower1',
   Trans . Ins t .Chem. Engr ., 57 ,  (6) 329-334.

Norman, W.S. (1963)
   "Gas Absorption in a Packed Column, Part  I; The Effect of  Liquid  Viscosity  on
   the Mass Transfer Coefficient", Trans . inst .Chem. Engr ., 41 ,  109-116.

Norman, W. S. (1963)
   "Gas Absorption in a Packed Column Part II:  Effect of Mixing  Between  Packing
   Elements on the Liquid Film", Trans .Inst .Chem . Engr ., 41 ,  117-119.

Norman, W. S. (1963)
   "Gas Absorption in a Packed Column Part III:  Absorption  of Ammonia  and Acetone
   Vapour  by Water", Trans .inst .Chem.Engr .,  41 , 120-125.
Oldershaw, C. F., et al. (1947)
   "Absorption and Purification of Hydrogen  Chloride from Chlorination  of Hydrocarbons"
   Chem.Eng.Progr . , 43 , 371.                                                            '

Othmer, D. F. and E. G. Scheibel (1941)
   Trans .Am. Inst . Chem . Engr ., 37, 211.
Parsly, L. F. Jr., et.al. (1950)
   "Performance of Drin-Point Gri
                   Drip-Point Grid Tower  Packings.  IV.,  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  4^,  17.

Pearson, D. A. et.al.  (1951)
   "Absorption on a Semi-Works Scale", Chem.Eng.Progr.,  47,  257.

Perry, R. H.  (1963)
   "Gas Absorption and Solvent Extraction"(Ch.  14),  Chemical  Engineer's  Handbook,  4th ed
   McGraw-Hill, New York.                                                                 »

Pettit, A. B.  (1951)
   "Fluoride  Scrubbers", chem.Eng.,  250-252  (August).

Platt, W. A.  (1965)
   "Individual and Overall Mass-Transfer  Coefficients  for  Overflow Packing",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 43, T92'T-97.

Ponter, A.B., and P. G. Thornley  (1964)
   Chem.Process.Eng., 402 (August).

Plumley, A. L. (1968)
   "Removal of S02 and Dust from  Stack Gases",  Combustion,  16-23  (July).

Porter, K. E.  (1968)
   "Liquid Flow in Packed Columns Part I: The Rivulet  Model",  Trans.inst.Chem.Engr
   46, T-69-T73.

Prahl, Walter H. (1969)
   "Pressure Drop in Packed Columns", Chem.Eng., 89-96  (August).

Pratt, H.  R. C. (1951)
   "The Performance of Packed Absorption  and Distillation  Columns  with Particular
   Reference to Wetting", Trans.inst.Chem.Engr., 29, 195-214.

Riggle, J. W. and J.  B. Tepe (1950)
   "Absorption of Chlorine in Ferrous Sulfate Solutions",  ind.Eng.Chem. ,  42,  1036.

Rixon, F. F.  (1948)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engr., 26 ,  119.


           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    35

5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Rozen, A. M. (1967)
   "Collection of Finely Dispersed Aerosols in Plate Columns by Condensation
   Enlargement", Intern .Chem. Eng . ,]_, (3) 464-»467  (July).

Rubac, R. E. (1969)
   "Packed Distillation Columns and Absorbers at  Steady  State Operation",
   Am.Inst .Chem.Engrs . J, , 15 , (4) 568-<575  (July).

Sauter, William A.
   "Use of Time Delays in Packed Gas Absorption Column Simulation",  Am.inst .chem.Engrs. J. ,
   1_3, (6) 1211-1213.

Scheibel, E. G. and D. 1- . Othmer (1944)
   Trans .Am. Inst . Chem . Engr ., 40 , 611.

Scofield, R. C. (1950)
   "Industrial Fractionating Tower Packing",  chem. Eng .Progr . , 46,  (8)  405-414  (Aug) .

Seebold, J.E.  and E. R. Gilliland  (1941)
   "The Absorption of Olefins from Ethylene-Nitrogen  and Propylene-Nitrogen  Mixtures",
   Ind. Eng .Chem. , 33 , 1143.

Seller,  Ed  (1969)
   "Disparities in Gas Scrubbers - Part  3", Building  Systems  Design, 1517  (April).

Sherwood, T. K. et.al.  (1938)
   "Flooding Velocities in  Packed  Columns", ind.Eng.chem. ,  30 ,  765.

Sherwood, T. K. and F.A.L.  Holloway  (1940)
   Trans .Am. Inst .Chem. Engr ., 36 , 21.

Sherwood, T. K. and R. L. Pigford  (1952)
   "Absorption and Extraction",  McGraw-Hill,  New  York.

Shestopalov, V. V.  (1964)
   "Longitudinal  Mixing  in  Packed  Columns",  intern. chem. Eng. ,  4,  (1) 17-21 (Jan).

Shulman,  H. L.  (1967)
   "Performance of Packed  Columns:  Part VIIIs Liquid  Flow Patterns and Velocities
   in Packed Beds",  Am.inst .Chem.Engrs .J. , 13,  (6) 1137-1140 (Nov) .

Shulman,  H. L.  (1952)
   "Mass Transfer Coefficients  and Interfacial  Areas  for 1-inch Raschig Rings' ,
   Ind.Eng.chem.,  4_4,  (3)  1915-1922  (Aug).
 Sitaraman,  R.
    "Mass  Transfer in Packed Beds", chem. Process Sng . , 115-118 (October).

 Spector,  N. A.  and B. F. Dodge (1946)
    Trans .Am.inst .Chem. Engr ., 42 ,  827.

 Stedman,  D. F.  (1937)
    "Fractionating Columns of High Efficiency", Trans .Am. Soc ,Mech .Engrs ., 153-161,

 Strek,  F. (1969)
    "Study of the Effect of Free Cross Section on the Flooding Point of  Packing
    on a Grid",  Intern. Chem. Eng . ,  £,  (3) 464-470 (July).

 Svonava,  M. (1969)
    "Comparison of the Efficiency of  the Removal of CO?  from  a Gas by Water  Under
    Pressure in Packed Tower", intern. chem. Eng. f £,  (3)  480-485  (July).

 Surosky,  Alan E.
    "Effect of Diffusivity on Gas-Film Absorption Coefficients in Packed Towers",
    Ind. Eng. Chem., 42_, (6) 112-119.

 Surowiec, A, J. (1961)
    "Relating Theoretical Plates and  Transfer Units", ind.Eng.chem. ,  5_3, (4) 289-292 (Apr)
              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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5,2,3  MASS TRANSFER - PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)                                    36


Sweeney, D. E. (1967)
   "A Correlation for Pressure Drop in Two-Phase Cocurrent Flow in Packed Beds",
   Am.Inst.Chem.Engrs.J., 15, (4) 663-669  (July).

Sweny, John W. (1970)
   "Physical Solvent Stars in Gas Treatment/Purification", chem.Eng., 54-55  (Sept).
Teller, A. J. and H. E.  Ford  (1958)
   "Packed Column Performance   of Carbon  Dioxide  - Monoethanolamine System", ind.Ena
   5£, 1201.                                                                        *

Tepe, J. B. and B. F. Dodge (1943)
   Trans. Am.Inst.Chem,Engr,, 39, 255.

Treybal, R. E. (1955)
    Mass Transfer Operations  , McGraw-Hill, New York.

Van Krevelen, D. W. and  C. M. E. Baans  (1950)
   "Elimination of Carbon Monoxide from  Synthesis  Gases by Absorption in Cuprous Salt
   Solutions", J.Phys.Coll.Chem., 54 , 370.
Vivian, J. E. (1945)
   Sc.D. Thesis in Chemical Engineering, MIT.
                                      Chem.Eng.Progr., 43, 691.
Vivian, J. E. and  R. P. Whitney  (1947).
    "Absorption  of  Chlorine in Water",  c

Vyazovov, V. V.  (1940)
   J.Tech.Phys.(USSR)  10,  1519.

White, R. E. and D. F. Othmer  (1942)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  38,  1067.

Whitney, R. P.  et.al.  (1953)
   TAPPI, 36, 172.

Whitney, R. P.  and J.  E. Vivian  (1949)
    "Absorption  of  Sulfur Dioxide in Water",  chem.Eng.Progr.,  45 323.

Yoshida, F. (1955)
   Chem.Eng.Progr., Symposium  Series No.  16,  51,  59.
Yoshida, F. and T. Koyanagi (1958)
    "Liquid Phase Mass  Transfer Rates and Effective Interfacial  Area in Packed Absorption
    Columns", Ind.Eng.Chem., 50,  365.

Yoshida, F. and T. Tanaka  (1951)
    Air-Water Contact  Operations in a  Packed Column",  Ind.Eng.Chem.,  43,  1467.

Zabban, W.  and  F. F. Dodge  (1954)
    "Effect of Total Pressure  on  the Gas-Film Absorption Coefficient in a  Packed Tower",
    chem.Eng. Progr., Symposium Series  No. 10, SO,  61.
5,2,4  MASS TRANSFER - FIBER  PACKED SCRUBBERS

Hobler, T.  (1966)
   "Mass Transfer and Absorbers", Pergamon,  New York.

Johnstone,  H. F. and G. C.  Williams  (1939)
    "Absorption  of  Gases  by Liquid Droplets", Ind.Eng.Chem.,  31, 993.

Nichols, Jack H. (1964)
   "Use of Fiber Mist Eliminators in Chlorine Plants",  Arch.Environ.Health,
   2  (7-8)  233-239 (July-Aug).

Nonhebel (1964)
   "Gas Purification Processes",  George  Newnes Ltd., London

Norman, W.  S.  (1961)
   "Absorption,  Distillation,  and Cooling Towers", Wiley,  New York.

Mehta, K.C. and M.  M.  Sharma  (1970)
   Brit.Chem.Eng.,  15, 1440,  1556.


                Ambimt Purification Technology,  Inc.      P.O. BOX 71,  RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    37
5,2,5  MASS TRANSFER - PREFORMED SPRAY SCRUBBERS


Bayerlein, K. (1954)
   Gas,tfasser ,Warme, 8^ (2) 25.

Bennet, C. 0. and J. E. Myers (1962)
   "Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer", McGraw Hill, New York.

Bettelheim, J. (1964)
   "Fundamental Correlations for the Calculation of Spray Absorbers",
   Intern.Chem.Eng. ,4_  C4) 565-567.


B°n"Air'Humidification Coefficients  in Spray Towers",  ind.Eng.Chem.,  42,  2521.


Braulick, W. J., et.al.  (1965)
   "Mass Transfer in Sparged Contactor: Part 1, Physical Mechanisms and
   Controlling Parameters", Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J,,  11,  (1) 73  (Jan).

Fair, James R. (1967)
   "Designing Gas-Sparged Reactors  - Part  I and II",   chem.Eng.,67*74 -  207-214  (July).

Harris. L, S.  (1966)
   "Fume  Scrubbing with  the  Ejector Venturi System",  Chem.Eng.Progr. , 62,  (4),  55.

Harris  L. S. and G. R.  Haun  (1964)
   "The Ejector Venturi  Scrubber",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  6£,  (5),  100.


Haslam, R. T. et.al. (1923)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  15,  177.

Haslam, R. T. et.al. (1923)
   "Some  Factor Influencing  the  Design  of  Absorption Apparatus", ind.Eng.Chem.,  15, 1105.


Johnstone, H. F.  (1958)
   "Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide  from Air. Oxidation Drops  Containing Dissolved
   Catalysts'.'  Ind.Eng.Chem., 50,  (8) 1169-1172,  (Aug) .

Kotulski,  B.  (1962)
   "Studies on the  Efficiency of  Spray-Cleaning of Effluence",  intern.chem.Eng.,
   2,  (4)  543-545.

Kowalke,  0.  L. et.al.  (1925)
   University Wisconsin  Eng.  Expt.  Station Bulletin 68 (June).

Kowalke,  0.  L.  (1925)
   Chem.Met.Eng.,  32,  443,  506.

Johnstone, H.  F.  and G.  C.  Williams (1939)
    "Absorption of Gases  by Liquid Droplets ,  Ind.Eng.Chem., 51, 993.


Liimatainen,  R. C.  (1956)
   "Removal  of Halogens, Carbon  Dioxide,  and Aerosols from  Air in a Spray Tower',
   J.Air  Poll.Control  Assoc. , 6_,  (1) 17-20-49.


    "Performance of Equipment for Control of Fluoride  Emissions", ind.Eng.Chem.,5£, 293.


Lunde,  K.  E.  (1958)
    "6as Absorption  in  Spray Contactors",  Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

Mada,  J.  (1964)
    "Experimental  Studies of Gas  Absorption in  a Spray Tower with Liquid Jets' ,
    Intern.Chem.Eng., £,  (1)  179-185.

Mehta,  K.  C.  and  M.  M. Sharma (1970)
    Brit .Chem.Eng. ,1_5,  1440.

 Norman,  W. S.  (1961)
    "Absorption,  Distillation, and Cooling Towers", Wiley,  New  York.

             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                       38

 5,2,5   MASS  TRANSFER - PREFORMED SPRAY SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)

 Perry,  J.H.  (1963)
    "Gas  Absorption  and Solvent  Extraction",  (Ch. 14), Chemical Engineer's Handbook,4th ed.,
    McGraw-Hill,  New York.
 Pettit,  A. B.  (1951)
    "Fluoride Scrubbers",  chem.Eng.,  58, (8),  250.

 Pigford, Robert  L.
    "Performance  Characteristics  of Spray-Type  Absorption Equipment", ind.Eng.Chem. ,
    43_,  (1) 1649-1662.

 Radner,  Samuel  (1953)
    "The  Use  of Sprays  to  Reduce  Stack  Emission", Air  Repair,  3_ (2)  67-69 (Nov) .

 Ross, T. K.  (1966)
    "Gas  Absroption  in  a Multiple Liquid-Jet Contactor",Trans.Inst.Cheat.Engrs .,
    4±, T160-T165.

 Rumford, F.  and  G.  Edwards  (1954)
    Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  3 2 ,  181.

 Sherwin, K.  A.  (1954)
    Trans .Am.Inst.Chem.Engr .,  3_2_(Suppl.)  129.

 Sherwood, T.  K.  and  R. L.  Pigford  (1952)
    "Absorption and  Extraction",  McGraw-Hill, New York.

 Treybal, R.  E.  (1955)
    "Mass Transfer Operations", McGraw-Hill, New  York.

 5,2,6  MASS  TRANSFER - GAS  ATOMIZED  SPRAY  SCRUBBERS

 Barker,  P. E.  (1962)
    "Performance  of  a Venturi  Atomiser  at Low Gas Velocities",Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.
    4J3, 221-226.

 Boyadzhiev,  KII.  (1964)
    "On the Optimal  Flow Rate  of  Liquids  During Chemisorption  in a Venturi Tube",
    intern. Chem .Eng., 4_, (1) 22-26, (Jan).

 Byrd, J. F.  (1957)
    "Venturi  Scrubber in Odor  Control",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  53,  (9) 447-451  (Sept).

 Calvert, S.  (1970)
    "Venturi  and  Other  Atomizing  Scrubbers  Efficiency  and Pressure Drop", Am.Inst.Chem.
    Engrs.J. ,  16_,  (3) ,  392-6.

 Clay, C. W.,  et.al.  (1970)
    "Wet  Scrubbing of Sulfur Dioxide  from Power Plant  Flue Gases1', Presented at the
    63rd Annual Meeting of  the Air Pollution Control Association,  St.Louis,  14-18 (June).

 Elenkov, D.  (1967)
    "Hydrodynamics and  Mass  Transfer  in  a Nozzleless Venturi Absorber",
    Intern.Chem.Eng. , 1_ (2)  191-192 (April).

Johnstone, H. F. (1954)
    "Gas Absorption  and Aerosol Collection  in a Venturi  Atomizer", ind.Eng.Chem.  ,
    4^ 1601-1608.

Johnstone, H. F. and M. H.  Roberts (1949)
    "Deposition of Aerosol  Particles  from Moving  Gas Streams",  ind.Eng.Chem., 41, 2417.

 Kuznetsov, M. D. (1962)
    "Rate of  Chemisorption  in  a Venturi-type Apparatus",  intern.chew.Eng.,
    2 (2) 185-188.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industry,  Ltd.  (1966)
    "Gas Absorption Capacity of Venturi  Scrubber", APTIC  No.  22291



             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 93502

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                                                                                     39


5,2,6  MASS TRANSFER - GAS ATOMIZED SPRAY SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)


Walker, A. B. (1970)
   "Mass Transfer Characteristics of Variable Annular Throat Venturi Scrubbers",
   Presented at NAPCA Symposium on Wet Limestone Scrubbing, Pensacola Florida, (March) .

5,2,7  MASS TRANSFER - CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS

Bogatykh, S. A.  (1964)
   "Investigation of the Processes of Absorption of Water Vapor From Gases  in  a
   Cyclone-Foam Apparatus", intern. Chem. Eng . , 4_ (3) 487-491.

Ganz,  S. N.  (1963)
   "Absorption Rate of Nitrogen Oxides in Hollow Towers With Centrifugal  Space
   Atomizers", zh.Prikl .Khim. , 3j6,  (8) 1686-1692  (Aug) .

Johnstone, H. F. and H.  E.  Silox  (1947)
   "Gas  Absorption  and  Humidification  in  Cyclone  Spray Towers", Ind. Eng. Cham. ,39^  808.

Johnstone, H. F. and Kleinschmidt  (1938)
   Trans .Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. ,  54 ,  181.

Lawrence, E. A.  (1952)
   "Pressure Loss  in Centrifugal  Entrainment Separators Under  Vacuum",
                .,  48_  (5)  241-246  (May).
Liljenzin,  Jan-Olov  (1970)
    "Theoretical  Model  for Behavior of Drops in a Centrifuge",  md. Eng. Chem. Fundamentals ,
    9  (2)  240-250.

Perry,  J. H.  (1956)
    "Gas Absorption and Solvent Extraction", (Ch. 14), Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th
    ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Rumford,  F. (1956)
    "Performance  Characteristics of a Centrifugal Gas Absorber", Trans .Inst .chem.Engr . ,
    3£,  195-203.

Sherwood, T.  K.  and  R. L. Pigford (1952).
    "Absorption and Extraction", McGraw-Hill, New York.

 5,2,8  MASS TRANSFER  - MOVING BED SCRUBBERS


BeC"The Limestone Test Facility at TVA's Paducah Power Plant", Presented at NAPCA
    Symposium on Wet Limestone Scrubbing, Pensacola, Florida (March).

 Bertrand, R. R.  , et.al.  (1968)
    "Fluid Bed Studies of the Limestone Based Flue Gas Desulfurization Process",
    NTIS No. PB  186  234.


   6"Axial Mixing of Liquid in a Turbulent-Bed Contactor", can .J .Chem. Eng. ,
    47.,  113-118.


  °"The'Turbulent Contact Absorber", chem.Eng .Progr . , j>£ (12)  85-88  (Dec).

 Douglas, W. J.  M. (1964)
    "Heat and Mass Transfer in  a Turbulent  Bed Contactor", chem.Eng. Progr . ,
    6£, (7) 66-71  (July).

 Eselev,  I. M. (1964)
    "Some Problems of  the Conditions  of Operation of  a Combined Contact-Tower System",
    zh.Prikl. Khim.,  37^ (6) 1204-1210  (June).

 Gupta, A.  S.  (1962)
    "Mass and Heat Transfer Through  Fixed and  Fluidized Beds", Chem.Eng .Progr .,
    5£,  (7)  56-62  (July).

              Ambient  Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                     40

5,2,8  MASS TRANSFER - MOVING BED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Levesh, I. P. (1968)
   "Mass Transfer in Absorbers with Fluidized Packed Beds", intern.chem.Eng.,
   8_ (3) 379-380  (July).

Po.llock, W. A., et.al. (1967)
   "Sulfur Dioxide and Fly Ash Removal From  Coal Burning Power Plant",Air Eng.,  (Sept).

5,3,1  PARTICLE COLLECTION - GENERAL

Air Pollution Control Association (1956)
   "Secondary Collectors", J.Mr Poll.Control ASSOC., 6_, (4) 217.

Anderson, Fred J. (1967)
   "Permanganate Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds; Application to Air Scrubbing",
   Paper No. 67-114 presented at the Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting
   1-13 (June)

Anonymous (1957)
   "Wet Scrubber Fits Into Duct", Chem.Eng., 64, 192-210 (Aug).

Anonymous (1956)
   "Dust Collection Efficiency and Costs, Performance of Various Types of Equipment
   Compared", Chem.Process Eng., 21-22 (Jan.).

Bainbridge, C. A. (1959)
   "Gas Cleaning. New Approach to Wet Washing of Industrial Gases",
   Chem. Process Eng., 8-10 (Jan).

Bloomfield, B. D. (1967)
   "Costs, Efficiences, and Unsolved Problems of Air Pollution Control Equipment",
   J.Air Poll.Control Assoc., 17 (1) 28-32 (Jan).

Bonn, D. E. (1963)
   "Wet-Type Dust Collectors", Chem.Eng.Progr., 5£ (10) 69-74  (Oct).

Bralove, Allan L. (1951)
   "Radioactive Dust Separation Equipment-I", Nucleonics, 8^, (4) 37-51 (April).

Bralove, Allan L. (1951)
   "Radioactive Dust Separation Equipment-II", Nucleonics, 8_ (5) 60-67.

British Steel Castings Research Association  (1958)
   "Data Sheets on Dust Collectors", 39.

Calacato, Ralph R. (1970)
   "Advances in Fly Ash Removal with Gas Scrubbing Devices", APTIC No. 24089.

Calvert, S. and K. Legatski (1970)
   "A comprehensive State-of-the-Art Evaluation For All Types of Dust Collection
   Equipment Applicable in Underground Coal  Mines',1 Contract No. S0100231, US Bureau
   of Mines, Open File Report 4-71 (Dec).

Chemical Engineering (1962)
   "Waste Steam Moves and Cleans Dust-Laden  Air", Chem.Eng., 88-92  (Aug).

Christii Vozduh (1968)
   "Control Methods", NTO S.S.S.R., 1£ (12)  17-18.

Danielson, John A. (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, US Public Health Service publication No.  999-AP-40,
   Cincinnati.

Engels, Lothar-Hans (1969)
   "Developmental Trends for Dust Removal From Hot Gases , GiuecKauf,
   105 (8) 353-359 (April).


 ""Scrubbing Devices for Air Pollution Control", Paint-Oil Chem.Review,  13-16  (July).



              Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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5,3.1 PARTICLE COLLECTION - GENERAL

Friedlander, Sheldon K.,  et.al. (1952)
   Handbook on Air Cleaning, US Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, B.C.

Gaw, R. G.  (1960)
   "Gas Cleaning", iron steel Eng. , 81-85 (October).

Hall, H. J. (1966)
   "The Technology of Gas Cleaning: State of the Art", Transactions of  the New  York
   Academy  of Sciences, 147-164.

Hanf, Edward B.  (1970)
   "A Guide to Scrubber Selection", Environ.sd .Technol., 4_  (2)  110-115 (Feb) .

Hardison, L. C.  (1968)
   "Air Pollution Control Equipment", Petro/Chem.Engr.,  30-38  (March).

linoya, Koichi (1969)
   "Selection of Various Types of Dust Collector",  Clean Air  (Japan)  6_  (6)  1-7.

Imperato, N. F.  (1968)
   "Gas Scrubbers", chem.Eng., 152-155 (Oct).

Kalika, Peter W.  (1969)
   "How Water and Recirculation and Steam Plumes  Influence Scrubber  Design",
   Chem.Eng., 133-137  (July).

Lapple, C.  E.  (1951)
   Processes Use Many  Collector Types",  chem.Eng. ,144-151  (May)

Lapple, C.  E.  (1954)
   "Elements of  Dust and Mist  Collection",  Chem.Eng.Progr. ,  50 (6)283-287.

Lapple, C.  E.  (1955)
   "Performance  of Wet Dust  Scrubbers",  chem.Eng.Progr., 110-121 (March).

Lunde,  K.  E.  (1957)
   "Dust  and Mist Collection", Chem.Eng.Progr., 53, (8)  385-391  (Aug).

McCabe, L.  C.  (1952)
   "Atmospheric  Pollution  -  The  DEP  Curtain-Type  Dust Collector, Recently Introduced
    in  the U.S.",  ind.Eng.chem. , 4_4,  (11)  123A, 124A (Nov) .

Malozzi,  F. (1970)
    "Wet Collectors",  APTIC No.  24102.

Mergenthaler,  H.  (1966)
    "Developments in  Wet  Scrubbers",  staufc  (English  Translation)  26,   (6)  1-4 (June).

Morash, N.  (1967)
    "Removing  Solid  and Mist Particles",  chem.Eng.Progr., 65,  (3) 70-4  (March).

Mori,  H.  (1966)
    "Hanshin Wet  Type Dust  Collectors",  Clean Air Heat Management0, 15 (5) 5-11  (May).

NAPCA  (1969)
    "Control Techniques for Particulate  Air Pollutants", US Public Health Service
    publication AP-51,  Washington,  D.  C.

National  Science Foundation (1967)
    "Hygiene Effects  and  Control of Dusts,  Fogs, Gases,  Vapour,  Radioactive Particles",
     NTISNo.  TT67 51408/3.

 Oak Ridge National  Laboratory (1963)
    8th AEC Air Cleaning  Conference,   NTIS  No . TID  7677.

 Neumann,  E. P.
    "Application of Sonic Energy to Commercial Aerosol  Collection Problems",
    Chem.Eng.Progr.,  47 4-10.

            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX i\, RIVERSIDE,  CA. 92502

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                                                                                   42

5,3,1 PARTICLE COLLECTION - GENERAL  (CONT'D)

Perry, Edmond S.  (1968)
   "Progress in Separation and Purification, John Wiley and  Sons,  New York.

Powers, E. D. (1944)
   "Control and Collection of Industrial Dust. Part  7 and  Part  8",  Rock  Prod.,
   50-51 and 92-94  (July).

Quitter, Volker (1966)
   "Deriving a Function to Predict Separation Efficiency of  Dynamic Wet  Scrubbers",
   Staub  (English Translation) 2b_ (11) 17-23 (Nov).

Schauer, P. J. (1951)
   "Removal of Sub-Micron Aerosol Particles From Moving Gas  Stream",  ind.Eng.Chem. ,
   4_3,  (7) 1532-1538.

Semrau, K. T. (1963)
   "Dust Scrubber Design - A Critique on the State of the  Art", J.Air Poll.Control
   Assoc.,1^ (12) 587-94 (June).

Semrau, Konrad T. (1963)
   "Dust Scrubber Design-A Critique on the State of  the Art", Paper 63-13  presented
   at the 1963 Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association.

Semrau, K. T. (1958)
   "Influence of Power Input on Efficiency of Dust Scrubbers",  ind.Eng.chem.,
   50_ (11) 1615-1620  (Nov) .

Semrau, K.T. (1960)
   "Correlation of Dust Scrubber Efficiency", j.Air  Poll.Control Assoc.,
   1£ (3) 200-207 (June) .

Shah, I. S. (1968)
   "The Two-Stage Evaporator-Scrubber and Secondary  Scrubbing Systems for  Efficient
   Heat and Chemical Recovery", Paper Trade J. 1-12  (March).

Silverman, L. (1957)
   "Cleaning Hot Gases", ind. Eng .Chem., 4_9, (7) 67A-68A (July).

Smith, J. L. (1968)
   "Selecting Dust Collectors", Chem.Eng.Progr., 64,  (1) 60-65  (Jan).

Sproull, Wayne E. (1970)
   "Air Pollution and Its Control", Exposition Press, New  York.

Stairmand, C. J.  (1965)
   "Removal of Grit, Dust and Fume from Exhaust Gases from Chemical Engineering
   Processes", Chem.Eng.,  CE310-CE326 (Dec).

Stairmand, C. J.  (1968)
   "Some Industrial  Problems of Aerosol Pollution",  Proc.Roy.Soc.(London),ser.A.
   20D-214.

Stairmand, C. J.  (1956)
   "The Design and Performance of Modern Gas-Cleaning", Eng.Boiler  House Rev.,
   12-17 (Jan).

Strauss, W. (1967)
   "Prediction of Effectiveness of Gas Cleaning Methods at High Temperatures  and
   Pressures", A tmos .Environ ., 2_, 135-144 (Oct) .

Strauss, J. J. (1966)
   "Operation and Maintenance of Wet Scrubbers", staub  (English Translation),
   26 (4) 18-20 (Apr).
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    43

5,3,2 PARTICLE COLLECTION - PLATE SCRUBBERS

Aho, William 0. (1969)
   "The Jenssen Exhaust Scrubber-An Effective Air Protection System", TAPPI,
   S2_ (4) 620-623 (April) .

Anonymous (1957)
   "Impingement Baffle-Plate Scrubbers", Chem.Eng.Progr. , 53, 78,86,88  (Sept).

American Industrial Hygiene Association  (1968)
   "Air Pollution Manual" Part 2.

Berley, E. M.  (1954)
   "Recovery of Soluble Gas and Aerosols from Air Streams",  Jnd.Eng.Chem. ,
   £6, 1769-1777.

Bried, R. S. and A. Oiestad (1964)
   "Impingement Baffle Plate Scrubbers for Flue Gas", j.Air  Poll,  control  Assoc.,
   14_ (9) 372-377 (Sept).

Chase, J. D. (1967)
   "Sieve Tray Design. Parts I and  II. Chem.Eng., 74,  (16),  105-116  and (18)  139-146.


Chemical Engineering  (1957)
   "Wet Scrubber Fits Into Duct",   Chem.Eng., 192-210  (Aug).

Fuchs, N. A. (1964)
   "The Mechanics of Aerosols", Pergamon Press, New York.

Fullerton, R. W. (1970)
   "Impingement Baffles Reduce Emissions from Coke Quenching",  J.Air Poll.Control  ASSOC.,
   17_, (12) 807-809  (Dec).

Gauntner, J. W., et.al.  (1970)
   "Survey of Literature on Flow Characteristics  of a  Single Turbulent  Jet
   Impinging on a Flat Plate",  NTIS No. N70-18963

Goldshmid, Y. and S.  Calvert (1963)
   "Small Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops", Am.inst.Chem.Engr. J.,  9_, 352.

Kopita, R.  (1968)
   "Wet Scrubbers of  Boiler Flue Gas", chem.Eng.Progr.,  64  (1)  74-78 (Jan).

Mercer, T. T.  (1968)
   "Impaction from Rectangular Jets", J.Colloid interface Sci.,  27 (1)  75-83  (May).

Mercer, T. T.  (1969)
   "Impaction from Round Jets", Ann.Occupational  Hyg.,  12,41-48.

Mercer, T. T.  (1970)
   " A Multi-Stage,  Low  Flow Rate Cascade  Impactor", Aerosol Sci., !_, 1-7.

Smoke-X,  Inc.  (1966)
   "Scrubber Twists  Gas  Flow for Higher  Scrubber  Efficiency",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,
    88 (Nov).

Solbach, Werner  (1965)
   "Some Results of  Theoretical and Practical Tests With Wet Precipitators",
   Staub  (English Translation) 2_5_  (11)  49-52 (Nov).

Stairmand,  C. J. (1956)
   "The Design and Performance of Modern Gas-Cleaning  Equipment",  J.inst.Fuel. , 29   58.

Taheri, M.  and S. Calvert  (1968)
   "Removal of Small  Particles From Air  by Foam in a  Sieve-Plate Column"  j.Air Poll
   Cont.Assoc., 18,  240-245.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.0.BOX 7,, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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5,3.3  PARTICLE  COLLECTION -  PACKED SCRUBBERS

Avco Applied  Technology Division (1969)
    "Evaluation  of  Granular Bed Devices",  NTIS  $0_  pg 185 561.

Baskervill, W.  H.  (1940)
    "The  Packed-Tower  Collection of Phosphoric Acid", Am.inst.chem.Engr.J,78-95.

Calvert  S.  (1968)
    "Air  Pollution", A.C.  Stern ed. ,  3_,  Academic Press, New York.

Chen,  N.  H.  (1961)
    "Equations for  Flooding Rate in Packed Towers",  ind.Eng.Chem., 5_3_  (1) 6  (Jan).

Davis, D.  S.  (1960)
    "Pressure  Drop  Across  Wet  Drained Columns",  Chem.Process  Eng., 113  (March).

Eckert,  J.  S. (1966)
    "Use  of  Packed  Beds  for Separation of  Entrained  Particles and Fumes from an
    Air Stream", J.Air Poll.Control Assoc.,  L6 (2) 95-8.

Fuchs, N.  (1965)
    "The  Effect  of  Condensation of  a  Vapour  on the Grains and of Evaporation from
    Their  Surface on the Deposition of Aerosols  in Granular Beds", Chem.Eng.sd . ,
    2_0, 181-185.

Engelbrecht,  H. L.  (1965)
    "The  Gravel  Bed Filter-A New Approach  to Gas Cleaning", J.Air Poll.Control Assoc.,
    15.  (2)  43-45 (Feb) .

Jackson,  S.  (1964)
    "Entrained Particle  Collection  in Packed Beds",  M.S.  Thesis, Pennsylvania State
    University.

Jackson,  Stephen and  S.  Calvert (1966)
    "Entrained Particle  Collection  in Packed Beds",  Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J. ,
    12.  (6)  1075-1078 (Nov) .

Kimura, N. and  K.  linoya  (1964)
    Chem. Eng. (Tokyo) 28,  39, abridged ed.  in English 2_, 136.

Lapin, Abraham  (1962)
    "Pressure Drop  for Gases Flowing  Across  Beds(Packed)" Chem.Eng.  Progr.,
    .58  (7) 47-51 (July) .

Prahl, W. H.  (1969)
    "Pressure Drop  In  Packed Columns",  Chem.Eng.,  89-96 (Aug).

Perry, R. H.  ed. (1963)
    "Fluid  and Particle  Mechanisms",(Ch.  5), Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th ed. ,
    McGraw-Hill, New York.
Shulman, H. L.  (1967)
    "Performance of Packed  Columns: Part VIII  Liquid Flow Patterns and Velocities
    in Packed Beds", Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J.,  13  (6)  1137-1140 (Nov).
Str?'USStSuaiWes ainndHNlghWteTmhprernalure9^s  Cleaning",  j.
Iron Steel Ind., 196, 62.
Sweeney, D. E.  (1967)
   "A Correlation for Pressure Drops  in  Two  Phase  CoCurrent Flow in Packed Beds",
   Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.J., L3  (4)  663-669  (July)

Treybal, R. E.  (1955)
   "Mass Transfer Operations", McGraw-Hill,  New York.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    45

5,3,4  PARTICLE COLLECTION - FIBER PACKED SCRUBBERS

Aiba, S. and T. Yasuda (1962)
   "A Correlation Between Single Fiber Efficiencies of Fibrous Filters and
   Operating Variables",  Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J., 8_ (5) 704-708  (Nov).

Albrecht, F. (1931)
   "Theoretische Untersuchungen uber die Ablagerung von Staub  aus Stromender Luft und  ihre
   Anwendung auf die Theorie der Staubfilter", Physik.z., 52,  48.

Bosanquet, C. H. (1950)
   Appendix to paper by C. J. Stairmand, Trans.Am.inst.chem.Engr.,  (London)
   28., 130.

Brink, J. A. (1966)
   "Mist Removal from Compressed Gases", Chem.Eng.Progr. , 62,  (4) 60-65  (April).

Brink, J. A. (1968)
   "Mist Eliminators for Sulfuric Acid Plants", chem.Eng.Progr.,  64,  (11) 82-86  (Nov).

Brink, J. A. Jr. (1964)
   "Chapter 15-Part B, Removal of Phosphoric Acid Mists", in Gas  Purification
   Processes, George Newnes, Ltd., London.

Brink, J. A. Jr. (1964)
   "Fiber Mist Eliminators for Higher Velocities", Chem.Eng.Progr.,60^ (11)  68-73  (Nov).

Brink, J. A. Jr. (1970)
   "Mist Elimination for the Future'.'Paper Presented at the  3rd Annual National
   Pollution Control Conference and Exposition  (April).

Brink, J. A. Jr. (1963)
   "Air Pollution Control With Fibre Mist Eliminators",  can.J.chem .Eng., 134-138  (June).

Chen, C. Y.  (1955)
   "Filtration of Aerosols by Fibrous Media", Eng.Expt.sta./University of  Illinois,(March).

Chen, C.Y.  (1955)
   "Filtration of Aerosols by Fibrous Media", chem.Rev.,  55,  595-623.

Das, P. K.  (1950)
   "The Growth of Cloud Droplets by Coalescence", Indian  J.  Met.  Geophys.,  1,  137.

Dorman, R. G.  (1966)
   "Aerosol Science", C. N.  Davies, editor, Academic Press,  New  York.


Davies, C. N.  (1952)
   "The Separation of Air-Borne Dusts and Particles", Proc.inst.Mech.Eng. ,  18 ,  185.

Davis, R. J. (1970)
   "Removal of Radioactive Aerosols on High Efficiency Fibrous Filter Media",
   NTTS  No. ORNL-4524  (June)

Dorman, R. G.  (1960)
   "The Role of Diffusion,  Interception  and  Inertia  in the  Filtration of
   Airborne Particles", intern.J. Air  water Poll.,  3_ (1/3)  112-122.

Fairs, G. Lowrie (1958)
   "High Efficiency Fibre Filters for  the Treatment  of Fine Mists",
   Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr., 36, 476-485.

First, M. W. (1956)
   "Field Evaluation of Wet  Fiber Filters for  Treatment  of  Air Contaminants",
   J.Air Poll.Control Assoc., 6^  (1) 32-34  (May).

First, Melvin  W. (1951)
   "Performance of Wet Cell  Washers for  Aerosols",  Ind.Eng.Chem.,  43  (6) 1363-1370.

Friedlander, S.K.  (1958)
   "Theory  of  Aerosol Filtration",  ind.Eng.chem. , 5,0 (8) 1161-1164.

            Ambient Purification Technoloav. Inc.       P.o. BOX 71, R,VERS,DE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    46

5,3,4  PARTICLE COLLECTION - FIBER PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Friedlander, S. K.  (1957)
   "The Theory of Aerosol Filtration", Am.inst.chem.Engr.J.,  3_,  43.

Friedlander, S. K.  and R. E. Pasceri  (1962)
   "Aerosol Filtration by Fibrous Filters", Report Dept.  Chem.  Eng.  Johns  Hopkins
   University, Baltimore, Md.  (April).

Friedlander. S. K.  and R. E. Pasceri  (1960)
   "The Efficiency  of Fibrous  Aerosol  Filters.  Deposition by  Diffusion of  Particles of
   Finite Diameters", Can.J.Chem.Eng., 38 ,  212.

Glanert, M.
   Aeronautical Research Comm. Report  No. 2025  (London) H.M.S.O.

Hocking, L. M. (1959)
   "The Collision Efficiency of  Small  Drops1,1  Quart .J.Roy .Met. Soc.,  85, 44.

Jarman, R. T.  (1959)
   "The Deposition  of Airborne Droplets on Wire Gauzes",  Chem .Eng. sd .,
   1£, 268-273.

Johnstone, H. F.  and M.  H. Roberts (1949)
   "Deposition of Aerosol Particles  from Moving Gas  Streams','   ind.Eng.Chem. ,4_^, 2417.

Kimura, N. and K.  Tinoya (1965)
   Chem.Eng.(Tokyo)  29,  538.

Kraemer. H. F. and  H. F. Johnstone  (1955)
   "Collection of Aerosol Particles  in Presence of Electrostatic Fields",  ind.Eng.Chem.,
   4_7,  2426.
Landt, E.  (1956)
   Gesundh. Ingr.,  77, 139.

Langmuir,  I. (1942)
   O.S.R.P. Report  No. 865.

Langmuir,  I. and K.  Blodgett (1946)
   "A Mathematical  Investigation of  Water Droplet  Trajectories", Amer.A.F. Tech. Report
   5418.
Lundgren,  D. A. (1962)
   M.S. Thesis, University of Minnesota,  Minneapolis  (March).

Natanson, G. L. (1957)
   "Diffusion  Precipitation of Aerosols  on  a  Streamlined  Cylinder for Small  Capture
   Coefficients", Dok.Adad.Nank. SSR,  Phys.Chem.Section,  112,  100,  Eng.Ed. 112, 21.

Pearcy, T. and G.  W. Hill (1957)
   "A Theoretical Estimate  of  the Collection  Efficiencies of  Small  Droplets".Quart.J.
   Royal Met.  Soc., 83, 77.
Pemberton, C.S. (1960)
   "Scavenging Action of Rain  on Non-Wettable Particulate Matter Suspended in the Atmos-
   phere",  Int.J.Air Pollution,  3_,  168.
Picknett,  R. G. (I960)
   "Collection Efficiencies for  Water  Drops  in Air",  int.J.Air Pollution ,3_,  160.

Puzyrev, S. A., et.al. (1969)
   "Contemporary  Filtering Materials for Purification of  Fuels,  Oils,  Air  and
   Hydraulic Fluids",  APTIC No.  22797.

Ranz, W. E. (1953)
   Techn.Report No.  8, Univ. Illinois  Engrg.Exptl.Sta. , (Jan).
Ranz, W. E. and J.  B. Wong'(1952)
   "Impaction  of Dust and Smoke  Particles on  Surface and  Body Collectors", ind.Eng.chem.
   4_4,  1371.


Scheiman,  A. D. (1964)
   "Horizontal Vapor-Liquid  Separators",  Anal.chem. ,  43,  (5)  155-159 (May).



           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    H7

5,3,4 PARTICLE COLLECTION - FIBER PACKED SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Sell, W. (1931)
   "The Precipitation of Dust on Simple Bodies and in Air  Filters",Deut.Ing.Forschungsheft,
   347.
Spielman, Lloyd and Simon L. Goren (1968)
   "Model For Predicting Pressure Drop and Filtration Efficiency in Fibrous Media",
   Environmental Science Technology 2 (4) : 279-287 , (April).

Strauss, W. (1966)
   "Industrial Gas Cleaning", Pergamon Press, New York.

Striplin, M. M. (1948)
   "Tennessee Valley Authority Chem.Eng.Rept. No. 2, 1st ed., US Government
   Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

Torgeson, W. L.
   "The Theoretical Collection Efficiency of Fibrous Filters Due to the  Combined
   Effects of  Inertia, Diffusion and Interception", Paper  No. J-1057.  Applied
   Science Division, Litton Systems, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.

Vincent, E. J.  (1967)
   "Air Pollution  Engineering Manual",  Ch. 4, "Air Pollution Control Equipment for Particu-
   late Matter", pp.  99-106, U.S.  Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare,  Public  Health
   Service No.  999-AP-40,  Cincinnati.

Whitby, K. T.  (1965)
   "Calculation of the Clean Fractional Efficiency of Low  Media Density  Filters",
   ASHRAE  (Am.Soc.Heating,Re frig.Air Cond.Engr.)J. (Sept).

Whitby, K. T.  and  D. A. Lundgren (1964)
   "The Mechanics  of Air Cleaning", Presented at  1964 Annual Meeting  of  American
   Society of  Agricultural  Engineers, Ft. Collins, Colo  (June).

Wong, J' B. ancl J- F- Johnstone  (1953)
   "Collection  of  Aerosols  by Fiber Mats", Eng.Exp.Sta., University of  Illinois
   Tech. Report No. 11,  (Oct).

5,3,5 PARTICLE  COLLECTION  - PREFORMED SPRAY  SCRUBBERS

Alder,  C. R.  and W. R. Marshall  Jr.  (1951)
   "Performance of Spinning Disk Atomizers",  Chem.Eng.Progr.,  47,  515.

Bonilla, Charles F.  (1950)
   "Air Ilumidification Coefficients  in  Spray  Towers",  ind.Eng.Chem.,
   42.,  (19) 2521-2525.

Eyraud, C.  (1966)
   "New Dust  Collector Using Electrostatically  Sprayed  Water",  intern.Clean Air
   Congress,  129-30.

Fraser, R.  P.  and  P.  Eisenklam,  N.  Dombrowski  (1957)
   "Liquid Atomisation  in  Chemical Engineering:  Centrifugal Disk  Atomization", Brit.Chem.
   Eng.,  2,  417.
Friedman,  S.  J.,  F.  A.  Gluckert, and W. R.  Marshall,  Jr.  (1952)
   "Centrifugal Disk  Atomization", ch.em.Eng.Progr.,  48, 181.

Goldshmid,  Y.  and  S.  Calvert  (1963)
   "Small  Particle Collection  by Supported  Liquid Drops",  Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J., 9, 352.

Harris,  L.  S.  and  R.  Hartenbaum  (1961)
   "Performance Test  Techniques  for Ejector  Venturi  Scrubber", Paper 61-15,
   54th Annual Meeting APCA*.

Harris,  L.  S.  (1962)
   "Performance Test  Techniques  for Ejector  Venturi  Scrubbers", j.Air Poll control
   Assoc.,  12, (5) 227-231 (May).

Harris,  L.  S.  (1963)
   "Energy and Efficiency  Characteristics of the Ejector Venturi  Scrubber",
   .7. Air  Poll.Control Assoc.,  IS,  (7)  302-305 (July).

            Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.       P.0. BOX 71. R.VERS.DE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                     48
 5,3,5  PARTICLE COLLECTION - PREFORMED SPRAY SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)

 Harris,  L.  S.  (1963)
    "Scrubbing  Characteristics  of the Ejector Venturi Scrubber',' Paper 63-56,
    56th  Annual Meeting  of APCA.

 Harris,  L.  S.  (1964)
    "The  Ejector Venturi Scrubber",  chem .Eng . Progr . ,6Q_,  (5)  100-102.

 Harris,  L.  A.  (1964)
    "Energy  and Efficiency Characteristics of the Ejector Venturi Scrubber",
    Paper 64-35,  57th  Annual Meeting of APCA.

 Harris,  L.  S.  (1966)
    "Fume Scrubbing  With the Ejector Venturi System", ch$m.Eng.Progr.,
    .62  (4)  55-59  (April) .

 Ingebo,  R.  (1956)
    "Drag Coefficients for Droplets  and Solid  Spheres in Clouds Accelerating in Airstream<:"
    NASA  Tech.  Note  3762.                                                                     '

 Kraemer. H.  F.  and  H. F.  Johnstone  (1955)
    "Collection of Aerosol Particles in Presence of  Electrostatic Fields", ind.Eng.chem
    47, 2426.

 Langmuir,  I. and K. Blodgett (1946)
    'A  Mathematical  Investigation of Water Droplet Trajectories",Amer.A.F.Tech.Rpt.  5418.
 Marshall, W. R., Jr.  (1954)
    "Atomization  and Spray Drying",  chem.Eng.Progr.,  Monogr.Ser.No.  2.

 Marshall, W. R.  Jr.,  and  E.  Seltzer (1950)
    "Principles  of Spray  Drying",  chem.Eng.Progr., 46,  501.

 Nukiyama, S. and Y. Tanasawa (1938)
    "Experiments  on  the  Atomization  of Liquids  in an  Air  Stream",  Trans.ASME (Soc.Mech.
    Engrs) (Japan) , 4_,  86.

 Orr, C., Jr. (1966)
    "Particulate  Technology", MacMillan Company,  New  York.
 Pemberton,  C.  S. (1960)
    "Scavenging Action of  Rain  on Non-Wettable  Particulate Matter Suspended in the Atmos-
    phere",  int.J. Air Pollution,  3_,  168.

 Rosin, P. and J. Rammler  (1933)
    "The  Laws Governing  the  Fineness of Powdered Coal", J.inst.Fuel,  7_,  29.

 Silverman,  L.  (1952)
    "Proceedings  of  the US Technical  Conference  on Air Pollution", ed.  L.  McCabe,
   McGraw-Hill,  New York.

Takashima, Y.,  et.al.  (1961)
    "Waste Processing  Off-Gas Scrubber  Studies",  557-579, Proceedings of  7th
   AEC Air Cleaning Conference,  Brookhaven  Nat.  Lab.

Walton,  H. W. and A.  Woolcock  (1960)
    "The  Suppression of Airborne  Dust  by Water  Spray", int.J.  Air  Pollution, 3,129.

5,3.6 PARTICLE COLLECTION -  GAS  ATOMIZED  SPRAY  SCRUBBERS

Anthony,  A. W.  (1948)
   "Two Methods  of Wet Scrubbing of  Gases for  Reduction of Atmospheric  Pollution",
   Smoke Prevention Association  of  America, 41.

Bakke,  Even (1970)
   "An Economic Optimization of a Venturi Scrubber With a Cyclonic  Water  Separator",
   Paper presented at  Meeting of the Air  Pollution Control Association,  St.Louis  (June).

Basse,  Barnard  (1957)
   "Venturi Scrubbers  for Cleaning Cupola Gases", J.Air Poll.Control ASSOC.,
   6, (4) 218-220.



            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                  49

5,3,6 PARTICLE COLLECTION - GAS ATOMIZED SPRAY SCRUBBERS  
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                                                                                  50

5,3,6  PARTICLE COLLECTION - GAS ATOMIZED SPRAY  SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Hesketh, Howard E.  (1969)
   "Atomization and Acceleration of  Liquid  in  a  Venturi  Scrubber",  Paper 69-83
   Presented at Annual Meeting of Air Pollution  Control  Assoc.,  New York (June).
Ingebo, R.  (1956)
   "Drag Coefficients for Droplets and Solid Spheres  in  Clouds Accelerating  in Air
   Streams", NASA Tech. Note 3762.
Johnstone,  H. F., R. B. Field, and M. C. Tassler (1954)
   "Gas Absorbtion  and Aerosol Collection in a Venturi Atomizer",  ind.Eng.Chem.,46^, 1601.
Jones, William P.
   "Development of  the Venturi Scrubber", ind.Eng.Chem., 41,  (11)  2424-2427.

Jordan, Von W. (1966)
   "Venturi and Radial Flow Scrubbers for Cooling  and Cleaning of  Utility and Waste
   Gases",  Steel and Iron  (Germany)  86,  (8), 399-406  (April).

Kraemer, H. F. and  H. F. Johnstone (1955)
   "Collection of Aerosol Particles  in Presence  of Electrostatic Fields", ind.Eng.Chem
   47_, 2426.

Kristal, Edward (1957)
   "A Study of a Multiple Venturi Wet Collector",  j.Air  Poll.control ASSOC.,  6,  (4),
   204-213  (Feb).

McCabe, Louis C.  (1951)
   "Venturi Scrubbers Are Giving Satisfactory  Service in a Variety  of Fume Removal and
   Recovery Operations",  45, 105A-108A.
Mellor, D.  (1955)
   "Use of  the Venturi Scrubber on Alkalai  Fume",  A.P.I.T.A.  Proceedings, 222-249.
Northcott,  Elliot (1967)
   "Dust Abatement  at Bird Coal", 53^, (11)  29-34  (Nov.).

Nukiyama, S. and Y. Tanasawa (1938)
   "Experiments on  the Atomization of Liquids  in an Air  Stream", Trans.Soc.Mech.Engr.(Japan)
   4_, 86.
Pallinger, J. (1962)
   "A New Wet Method for Separation of Very Fine Dusts',1  staub  (English  translation),  22
   (7) 270-5.                                                                         —
Seiler, Ed  (1968)
   "Venturi-Type  Wet Scrubbers", Air Cond.  Heating  &  VentiHating,  (July).

Storch, Otaker (1966)
   "New Venturi Scrubber to Separate Dust Particles", staub  (English translation), 26
   (11) (Nov).                                                                      —
Stuart, H. H. and R. E. Bailey (1965)
   "Performance Study of a Lime Kiln and Scrubber  Installation", TAPPI,  48^,  (5)  104A.

5,3,7  PARTICLE COLLECTION - CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS

Alexander, R. McK.   (1949)
   "Fundamentals  of Cyclone Design and Operation", Austrailian inst.  Mining  & Met. Proc
   [N.S.]  152-3,  202.
Earth, Walter (1956)
   "Design and Layout of the Cyclone  Separator on  the Basis of New  Investigations", Brenn-
   stof f-Warme-Kraft. ,  8_,  1 (Jan).
Briggs, Leo W. (1946)
   Trans.Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.,  42, 511  (March).

Caplan, K.  J. (1968)
   "Source Control  by Centrifugal Force and Gravity", Air Pollution,  3_,  A. C. Stern,  Ed.
   Academic Press,  3590366.                                                             "'

Davies, C.  N. (1952)
   "The Separation  of Air-Borne Dusts and Particles", Proc.inst.Mech.Engr.,  18 ,  185.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    51

5,3,7 PARTICLE COLLECTION - CENTRIFUGAL SCRUBBERS   (CONT'D)

De Bow, C. R. (1954)
   "Fumes and Complaints - Knocked Out by Know-How", Chem.Eng., 124-125  (Sept).

Deissler, R. G.  (1960)
   "Analysis of the Flow and Energy Separation in a Turbulent Vortex",
   Intern. J. Heat S Mass Transfer, 1^, 173-191.

Ganz, S. N.  (1965)
   "The Design of Open Equal-Flow Towers With Centrifugal Sprayers", intern.chem.Eng.,
   5 (4) 653-656  (Oct).

Gardiner, J. E.
   Tech. Report N.l-CT/19, The Shell Petroleum Co., Ltd. Shell Court,  London.

Johnson, Glenn A., et.al.  (1955)
   "Performance Characteristics of Centrifugal Scrubbers", Chem.Eng.Progr. ,
   51  (4) 176-188 (April).
Lapple, C. E. and C. B. Shepherd  (1940).
   "r-il r-nl at i cm of Particle Traiectnries"
    Calculation of Particle Trajectories", ind.Eng.Chem., 32,  (5),  605.

Leith, David and William Licht (1971)
   "The Collection Efficiency of Cyclone Type Particle Collectors  - A  New  Theoretical
   Approach".  Paper 13a presented at San Francisco Meeting of Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.  (Dec).

Rosin, P., E. Rammler, and W. Intelmann  (1932)
   "Principle and Limits of Cyclone Dust Removal", ziet.Ver.Deut.Ing.,  76,  433.

Schell, T. W. (1968)
   "Cyclone Scrubber System Quickly Eliminates Dust Problem",  Rock Prod.,
   66-68 July).

Shepherd, C. B. and C. E. Lapple  (1939)
   "Flow.Pattern and Pressure Drop in Cyclone Dust Collectors",  ind.Eng.Chem.,  31,  972.
   (Aug.) .                                                                      —
Shepherd, C. B. and C. E. Lapple  (1940)
   "Flow Pattern and Pressure Drop in Cyclone Dust Collectors",  ind.Eng.Chem.,  32,  1246,
   (Sept.)
Sproull, W. T.  (1966)
   "Effect of Dust Concentration Upon the Gas-Flow Capacity of a  Cyclonic  Collector",
   j.Air Poll.Control Assoc., 1^6  (8) 439-441  (Aug) .


Stairmand, C. J.  (1951)
   "The  Design  and Performance of  Cyclone Separators",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engr.,
   2£, 356.383.

Stairmand, C. J.  (1952)
   "Design and  Performance of Cyclone Separators",  intern.chem.Eng.,  89-91 (Feb).

Stern, A. C., et.al.  (1955)
   "Cyclone  Dust  Collectors", am.Petrol.Inst.,New York.

Storch,  H. L.  (1966)
   "Product  Losses Cut With  a Centrifugal Gas Scrubber", Chem.Eng.Progr. ,
   62_ (4)  51-55 (April)

Strauss,  W.  (1966)
   "Industrial  Gas Cleaning", Pergamon  Press, New York.

VanEbbenhorst  Tengbergen (1965)
   "Comparative Studies  With Cyclones",  staub, 2_5_, (11) 44-49.
             Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 9250Z

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                                                                                52


5,3,8  BAFFLE & SECONDARY FLOW SCRUBBERS

American  Industrial Hygiene Association  (1968)
   "Air Pollution Manual", Part  2.

Boelter,  L.M.K., et al.  [1951)
   National Advisory Committee Aeronaut.  Tech. Note  2517.

Calvert,  S., and R. Hodous (1962)
   "Collection of  Small Particles  in Baffled Conduits",  J.Air  Pollution  Cont.  Assoc.,
   12_, 326.

Calvert,  S. and M. Taheri (1966)
   "Design of Baffled Conduit Particle Collectors",  British  Chem.Eng.,  11,  254.

Detrick,  M. H. Company  (1971)
   Bulletin D-67.

Hansen, K. (19S6)
   "Effectiveness and Suitability of Dust Collecting Plants  for Grate-Fired Boilers  from
   an Operating Viewpoint", Fifth world Power Conf., Vienna,  Paper  101  M/4.

Hodous, Ralph (1961)
   "Particle Collection  in Secondary Flow Systems",  M.S.  Thesis,  Case  Instit.  of Technology,

Koch Engineering Company
   Pollution Control Division, Bulletin KPC-1.

Premerlani, Richard C.  (1968)
   "Collection of Small  Particles in Close-Packed Tube Banks",  M.S.  Thesis, Penn.  State U.

Sweeney,  T. L. and S. Calvert (1965)
   "Gas Absorption in a  Fin-Wall Conduit", Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J.,  11, 785.

Sweeney,  T. L. (1962)
   "Gas Absorbtion in a  Fin-Wall Conduit", Ph.D. Thesis,  Case  Institute of  Technology,
   Cleveland, Ohio.

5,3,9  IMPINGEMENT AND ENTRAPMENT SEPARATORS

American Air Filter Company (1969-B)
   Dust Control Bulletin No.  304,3

American Air Filter Company (1969)
   Dust Control Bulletin No.  320, 3

Calvert, S.,  (1968)
   "Source Control by Liquid Scrubbing", "Air Pollution", Stern A.C., editor,  3_,  Academic
   Press , New York.

Doyle, Harold and Alan F. Brooks (1957)
   "The Doyle Scrubber", ind.Eng.chem. , 40,  (12) 57A-62A  (Dec.).

Fuchs, N. A.  (1964)
   "The Mechanics of Aerosols",  Pergamon Press, New York.

Goldshmid, Y. and S.  Calvert  (1963)
   "Small Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops", Am,inst.Chem.Engr.J.,  9_,  352.

Hesketh,  H. E.,  A.  J.  Engel,  and S. Calvert  (1970)
   "Atomization - A New Type  for Better Gas  Scrubbing", Atmos .Environ., 4_,  639.

Ingebo, R. (1956)
  "Drag Coefficients  for Droplets and Solid  Spheres  in Clouds Accelerating  in  Air Streams"
  NASA Tech.  Note 3762.

5,3.10  PARTICLE COLLECTION  - MECHANICALLY AIDED SCRUBBERS

Budinsky, K.  (1970)
   "Rotating Centrifugal Separator with Continuous Dust Removal", staub,  3J) (9) 7 (English
   translation).

             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.     P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                   53

5,3,10 PARTICLE COLLECTION - MECHANICALLY AIDED SCRUBBERS (CONT'D)
Pyne, H. W., R. B. Wilson, B. W. Soole  (1967)
   "Air Filtration by Moving Filaments", Brit.j.Appl.Phys., 18, 1177-1191.

   "Tne Design of Rotary Filamentary Filters  for the Continuous Removal of Particles
   From Fast Flowing Gas", staub,  28,  (7)  14  (English Translation).

 °°"Tne Design of Rotary  Impaction Filters for  a Given  Flow-Rate  of  Gas", staub,  30,  (3)
   18  (English translation).

   "The Design ana  Performance  of  Modern  Gas-Cleaning Equipment", J.inst.Fuel,  29,  58.

Tri-Mer   (1968)
   Fan/Separator

Wilson, A.  (1956)
   "British  Dust Collection Equipment,  Paper  to  Combustion Engineering  Association.


WrDynamic Dust  and Fume  Precipitators",  Iron 5 Steel  Inst. ,  Spec. Rcpt.  No. 61, 103.

5,3,11 PARTICLE COLLECTION  - MOVING BED'SCRUBBERS

Bechtel Corporation (1970)
   Report to  NAPCA  Contract  No. PH 22-68-67.

Bechtel Corporation (1971)
   Report ot  O.P.A. -  EPA Contract No. PH 22-68-67.

Calvert,  S. (1968)                                                                      .
    "Source Control  by Liquid Scrubbing",  Air Pollution, Stern, A. C., editor, 3_, Academic
    Press, New York.
Chen,  B.  H. (1969)
    "Axial Mixing  of Liquid in a Turbulent-Bed Contactor", Can.J.Cheat.Eng.,
    47., 113-118.

Douglas,  H. R.,  et.al. (1963)
    Chem.Eng.Progr., 59, 85-89.


  16"The Development of Floating-Type  Scrubbers", chem.Eng.Progr., S7_  (35) 51-54.

 Lowry, R.  P.  and M. Van Winkle  (1969)
    Am.Inst.Chem.Engr.J., 15, 665.


 LUd"Applied Process Design for  Chemical and  Petrochemical  Plants",  Vol. .2,98
    Gulf Publishing Company, Houston,  Texas.

 National  Dust Collector Corporation (1968)
    General Catalog.

 Per"Fluid  andCparticle Mechanics",  (Ch. S),  Chemical Engineering Handbook,  4th  ed.,  393,
    McGraw-Hill, New York.
 Pollock,  W. A., et.al. (1966)
    ASME Publication 66-WA/CD-4

 U.O.P. Air Correction Division (1967)
    Bulletin No. 608

 5,4 ENTRAPMENT SEPARATORS


 ACS"Mistermesh Entrainment  Separator  Design Manual".
               Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA.

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                                                                                    54

5,4 ENTRAPMENT SEPARATORS  (CONT'D)

Calvert, S. and D. Lundgren (1970)
   "Particle Collection in Close Packed Arrays", Presented at the A.I.H.A. Meeting (May).

Carpenter, C. L. and C. F. Othmer (1955)
   "Entrainment Removal by a Wire-Mesh Separator", Am.inst.chem.Engr.J., !_, 549-557.

Coykendall, J. W., et.al. (1968)
   "New High-Efficiency Mist Collector", J.Air Poll.control Assoc.,lS^  (5), 315-318 (May).

Cronan, C. S., Editor  (1956)
   "Remove Liquid Entrainment Better", chvm.Eng., 230-232 (Feb).

Fairs, G. F.  (1958)
   "High Efficiency Fibre Filters for the Treatment of Fine Mists", Trans.inst.chem.
   Engr. , 3J>, 476-485.

Goldshmid, Y. and S. Calvert (1963)
   "Small Particle Collection by Supported Liquid Drops", Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J., £, 352.

Hanf, Edward B. (1971)
   "Design Considerations for Venturi Entraiment Separators",
   Am.inst.Chem.Engr.J., Meeting Proceedings, Cincinnati (May).

Kirk, Michael M.  (1966)
   "Cost of Mist Eliminators" Chem.Eng.Progr., 240 (Oct).

Lawrence, E. A. (1952)
   "Pressure Loss in Centrifugal Entrainment  Separators  Under Vacuum",
   Chem.Eng .Progr., £8_ (5) 241-246  (May).

Matthews, W. D. and 0. York (1963)
   Presented at Gas Conditioning Conference,  University  of Oklahoma  (April).

Montross, Charles F. (1953)
   "Entrainment Separation", Chem.Eng., 213-236 (October).

Premerlani, Richard C.  (1968)
  "Collection of Small Particles in Close Packed Tube Banks", M.S. Thesis,
   Penn. State University.

Reynolds, Sanford C. (1954)
   "The Problem of Liquid Entrainment" Chem.Eng.Progr.,5Q_  (10)  503-510.

Scheiman, Adolph D. (1964)
   "Horizontal Vapor-Liquid Separators", Anal.Chem., 43^  (5)155-159 (May).

Souders, M. and G. G.  Brown (1934)
   "Design of Fractioning Columns", ind .Eng.chem., 26, 98.

6  AUXILIARIES

American Petroleum Institute (1965)
   "Centrifugal Pumps  for Refinery  Service",  Spec. No. 610, 4th ed., API,
   1271 Ave. of the Americas, New York, 10020.

American Voluntary Standards (AVS)
   "Pump Specifications", The Hydraulic Institute, 122 E.  42  St., New  York, N.Y.  10017.

Beaumont, M., (1971)
   j.Inst.Fuel, 4_4_, 92.

Brink, Joseph A. Jr. (1970)
   "Mist Elimination for the Future", Paper  Presented at the  3rd Annual
   Nat.Poll.Control Conference and  Exposition (April).


Bri"Fiber Mist Eliminators for Higher Velocities", Chem.Eng.Progr. ,  6£ (11),  68-73 (Nov).
             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 93502

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                                                                                    55


6  AUXILLIARIES  (CONT'D)

Byrne, E. J. (1969)
   "Measuring and Controlling", chem.Eng., Deskbook Issue, 189.

Cadle, R. D. (1965)
   Particle Size, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York.

Chemical Engineering  (1969)
   Deskbook Issue, McGraw-Hill,  (April 14).

Danielson, J. A., Editor  (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Los Angeles Air Pollution Control District  and
   Department of HEW, Cincinnati.

Godfrey, R. S.  (1970)
   Building Construction  Cost  Data, 1970, Robert Snow Means Company,  Inc.,  Duxbury,  Mass.

Hemeon,  W. C. L.  (1963)
   Plant and Process  Ventilation,  2nd Ed., The  Industrial Press, New  York.

Kalika,  Peter W.  (1969)
   "How  Water and Recirculation  and Steam Plumes Influence Scrubber Design",  chem.Eng.,
   133-137, (July).

Kirk-Othmer (1965)
   Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,  2nd  Ed., 7_, John  Wiley § Sons, New  York.

Mead, W. J., Editor  (1964)
   The Encyclopedia  of  Chemical  Process  Equipment, Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York.

NEMA Standards  Publication
   Motors and Generators, National Electrical Manufacturers Association,  New  York.

Perry, R. H., Editor
   Chemical Engineers Handbook,  4th Ed.,  Chapter 5, McGraw Hill Book  Co., New York.

Rase, H.  F., and  M.  H.  Barrow  (1957)
   Project  Engineering  of Process  Plant,  Chapter 18,  John Wiley §  Sons,  Inc., New York.

Recommended Safe  Practices  and Procedures -  Training  of  Process Operators  (Safety Guide
   SG 15),  Published by the Manufacturing Chemists Assoc.,  1825 Connecticut Avenue,N.W.,
   Washington,  D.C.  20009.

Ruch, W.  E., Editor  (1967)
   Chemical Detection of Gaseous Pollutants, Ann Arbor Science Publishers,  Ann Arbor,
   Michigan.

 Standards  for  Electric  Motors  and Generators for Use  in  Hazardous  Locations,  Underwriters
   Laboratories,  Inc.,  Chicago,  111.

 Stern,  A.  E.  (1968)
   Air  Pollution,  2nd Edition, Vol.  2,  Chapter  28,  Academic  Press, New York.

 Strauss, W.  (1966)
    Industrial  Gas Cleaning,  Pergamon  Press,  Oxford.

"Symposium on  Stack Design",  (1966)
    j.Inst.Fuel, 3_9_,  21-29.

 T.L.V.  Tables  (1957)
    American Conference of Govern. Industrial Hygiene (A.C.G.I.H.)  .

 USA Standard Institute (1955)
    Code for Pressure Piping,  B.31.1,  Published by A.S.M.E., United Engineering  Center,
    New York.
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    56

7,0  INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES UTILIZING SCRUBBERS

Air Pollution Control Association  (1963)
   Technical Manual No. 1.

Anderson, Catherine E. (1970)
   "Odor Control with Potassium Permanganate", Paper presented at 9th Annual Purdue Air
   Pollution Control Conference,(October).

Anderson, Catherine E. (1971)
   "Odor Control in the Rendering and Food Processing Industries", Paper 71-22, Presented
   at Air Pollution Control Association Meeting, Atlantic City, New Jersey  (June).

Bainbridge, C. A. (1961)
   "Scale-up of Dust-Removal Plant", Chem.Process.Eng., 115-116,  (March).

Bralove, Allan L. (1951)
   "Radioactive Dust Separation Equipment - 1", Nucleonics, 8_, (4), 37-51,  (April).

Bralove, Allan L. (1951)
   "Radioactive Dust Separation Equipment - II", Nucleonics, 8^, (5), 60-67.

British Steel Castings Research Association (1958)
   Data Sheets on Dust Collectors.

Broman, Carl (1966)
   "Scrubbing for Cleaner Air", Paper 66-99 Presented at Annual Meeting of  the Air
   Pollution Control Association.

Byrd, J. F., et al. (1964)
   "Solving a Major Odor Problem in a Chemical Process", J.Air Poll.control Assoc.,
   1_4,  (12), 509-516.

Crocker, Burton B. (1968)
   "Water Vapor in Effluent Gases: What to do about Opacity Problems", chem.Eng., 109-
  114,  (July).

Danser, Harold W., Jr. (1950)
   "Eliminate Stack Dusts and Mists", Chem.Eng., 57, 158-160,  (May).

David, R. J. (1970)
   "Removal of Radioactive Aerosols on High Efficiency Fibrous Filter Media", NTIS  No
   ORNL 4524, (June).

Editor  (1970)
   "Plant Licks Solvent Emission Problem", Environ .Sci .Technol.,  4_, (2), 107-108, (Feb.).

Kellum, James (1970)
   "Sewer Odor Control", Water Wastes Eng., 7_, (7), 43, (July).

Mellor, D.  (1955)
   "Use of  the Venturi Scrubber on Alkali Fume", APPITA Proceedings, 222-245.

Midwest Research Institute (1970)
   Handbook of Emissions, Effluents, and Control Practices for Stationary Particulate
   Pollution Sources", (Nov.).

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1969)
   Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants, Publication AP-51, Public Health
   Service, Washington, D.C.

O'Hara, R. 0. (1958)
   "Engineering Design Factors in Dust and Fume Recovery Systems", j.Air Poll.control
   Assoc., 8_, (1), 39-45, (May).

Smalley, George E., et al. (1955)
   "Refinery Sulfur Recovery Aids Air Pollution Control", Paper 55-12, Presented  at
   Annual Meeting of APCA, (Apr.).



            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    57

7,0  INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES UTILIZING SCRUBBERS  (CONT'D)

Soderholm, Nels (1957)
   "Air Pollution Control of Smoke House Emissions in the Packing Industry", j.Air Poll,
   Control Assoc., 7_, (1), 36-38, (May).

Sutton, P. (1968)
   "Air Pollution in Petroleum Refining", chem.Proc.Eng., 96-100, (Feb.)-


7,1  CALCINING PROCESSES

Adams, Donald F.  (1968)
   "Pulp  and Paper Industry", in Air Pollution III, 2nd Ed., Edited by A. C. Stern,
   Academic Press, New York.

Aho, William 0. (1969)
   "The Jenssen Exhaust Scrubber - An Effective Air Protection System",  TAPPI,  52,  (4).

Blackmore, S. S.  (1964)
   "Dust  Emission Control Program", Union Carbide Corporation, Metals Division, Presented
   at  57th Annual Meeting  ofAPCA, Houston,  (June).

Blosser,  Russell  0. (1968)
   "Secondary Scrubbing of Kraft Recovery Stack Gases, APCA Paper 68-129.

Blosser,  Russell  O.(1968)
   "Trends in Atmospheric Particulate Matter Reduction in the Kraft Industry",  TAPPI,
   51..  (5),  73A-77A,  (May) .

Blosser,  Russell  0.  (1968)
   "Identification of  Potential  Air Pollution Problems in the Pulp and Paper Industry",
   TAPPI t 5_1_,  (8), 73A-75A,  (Aug.).

Bozsin, M. (1968)
   "Air Pollution Abatement  in  the Ceramic  Industry", j.Air Poll. Control ASSOC.,  16,
   (6), 332-333,  (June) .

Buxton, Winslow H. (1965)
   "Chemial  Recovery  and  Odor Abatement on  a Kraft  Recovery Furnace", TAPPI, 48,  (5),
   112A-113A,  (May).

Collins,  T.  T.,  Jr.  (1957)
   "The Scrubbing of  Sulphate Recovery  Furnace Stack  Gases", Paper Industry s  Paper
   World, (Aug.).

Collins,  T.  T.,Jr. (1957)
   "The Scrubbing of  Sulphate Recovery  Furnace Stack  Gases- Part II", Paper industry
   S  Paper World.

Collins,  T.  T.,  Jr.  (1957)
   "The Scrubbing of  Sulphate Recovery  Furnace Stack  Gases  - Part III",  Paper  industry
   S  Paper World, (Oct.).

Collins,  T.  T.  (1959)
   "The Venturi-Scrubber  on  Lime Kiln  Stack Gases", TAPPI,  42,  (1),  9-13,  (Jan.).

Collins,  T.  T.,  Jr.,  C.  R.  Seaborne,  and A. W. Anthony,  Jr.  (1957)
    Removal of  Salt Cake  Fume from  Sulphate  Recovery Furnace  Stack Gases  by Scrubbing.

Danielson, John  A.  (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual,  U. S.  Dept.  of HEW, Public Health Service Pub  No '
    999-AP-40.

 Duprey,  R.L. (1968)
    Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors", U. S. Department of H.E.W.  Pub  No
    999-AP-42.                                                                       '   '
             Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.
                                                   P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                     58
7,1  CALCINING PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Environmental Engineering, Inc. (1970)
    Control of Atmospheric Emissions in the Wood Pulping Industry, Final Report on Contract
   No. CPA 22-69-18, Volume 1, (March).

Environmental Engineering, Inc. (1970)
   Control of Atmospheric Emissions in the Wood Pulping Industry, Final Report on Contract
   No. CPA 22-69-18, Volume II, (March).

Environmental Engineering, Inc. (1970)
   Control of Atmospheric Emissions in the Wood Pulping Industry, Final Report on Contract
   No. CPA 22-69-18, Volume III,  (March).

Faith, W. L. (1968)
   "Food and Feed Industries", in Air Pollution III, 2nd Ed., Editor A. C.  Stern, Academic
   Press , New York.

Galeano, S. F. and C. I. Harding  (1966)
   "S02 Removal and Recovery from Pulp Mill Power Plants", Presented at Annual Meeting
   of APCA, Paper No. 66-97.

Hansen, G. A. (1962)
   "Odor and Fallout Control in a Kraft Pulp Mill", J.Air Poll. Control Assoc., 12, (9),
   409-413, (Sept.).

Hayes, S. C.
   "Visual Clarity in Kiln Discharge Gases", J.Air Poll. Control ASSOC., S_, (1), 171-187.

Hendrickson, E. R., C.  G. Walker,  and V. D. Chapnerkar (1963)
   "Identification of Non-Sulfur  Organic Compounds in Stack Gases from Pulp Mills",
   Am.Ind.Hyg.Assoc.J.,  24, 121-126.

Kempe, Werner (1969)
   "Investigation of Purification of Waste Gases of Vertical Lime Kilns", Weue Huette,
   1£, (2), 86-89, (Feb.).

Kirk-Othmer (1967)
   Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd Ed., Interscience Publishers.

Kreichelt, Thomas E., et al. (1967)
   "Atmospheric Emissions from the Manufacture of Portland Cement", NTIS No. PB 190 236.

Landry, J. E. (1965)
   "Advances in Air Pollution Control in the Pulp and Paper Industry", TAPPI, 48, (6),
   66A-70A.

Lewis, C. J. and B. B.  Crocker (1964)
   "The Lime Industry's  Problem of Airborne Dust", J.Air Poll.control ASSOC., 19, 31.

Lewis, C. J. (1966)
   "The Lime Industry'sProblem of Airborne Dust", Presented at 64th Annual Convention
   of the National Lime  Association, Phoenix, (April).

Loquenz, Heinz (1967)
   "Experience and Results with an Instrument for Determination of Electrical Dust Resis-
   tance", Staub, 27, (5), 41.
Midwest Research Institute (1970)
   Handbook of Emissions, Effluents and Control Practices for Stationary Particulate
   Pollution Sources",  NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-104, (Nov.).

Minnick, J. L. (1970)
   "Control of Particulate Emissions from Lime Plants", Presented at 63rd Annual Meeting,
   APCA, St. Louis.

Murray, J. S. (1960)
   "Scrubbing Kraft Recovery Furnace Gases", TAPPI, 43, (11), 899-903,  (Nov.).

Shah, I.S. (1968)
   "New Evaporator-Scrubber Systems Improve Kraft Recovery Process", Paper  Trade J. ,
   152,  (12), 58-64, (March).


             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                   59
7,1  CALCINING PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Shah, I.S. (1968)
   "The Two-Stage Evaporator-Scrubber and Secondary Scrubbing Systems for Efficient Heat
   and Chemical Recovery from Kraft Recovery Furnace Flue Gases", Paper Trade J., (March
   11 and March 18).

Shreve, R. N. (1956)
   The Chemical Process Industries, 2nd Ed., McGraw Hill, New York.

Stuart, H. H. (1965)
   "Performance Study of a Lime Kiln § Scrubber Installation", TAPPI , 48, (5), 104A-108A,
   (May).

Taylor, C. Edward
   "Abatement Procedures Preently in Use or Feasible-Lime Kilns and Their Operation".


7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES

Achinger, William C. (1970)
   Study Report on a Pilot Plant Conical Incinerator, U. S. Dept. of HEW, Bureau of Solid
   Waste Management, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45213.

Ad Hoc Panel  (1970)
   "Abatement of Sulfur Oxide Emissions from Stationary Combustion Sources", Committee on
   Air Quality Management, Division of Engineering, National Research Council.   NTIS No.
   PB 198 887.

Aentgraf, K. M.  (1969)
   "The Present State of Flue Gas Desulphurization", Der vereinigung Dei Grosskessel.,
   4£,  (1),  9-15,  (Feb.).

Atomics International  (1968)
   "Development of a Molten  Carbonate Process  for Removal of Sulfur Dioxide  from Power
   Plant Stack Gas", NTIS No. PB 179 908.

Attig,  R. C.  (1968)
   "Pilot Plant  Investigation of the Potential of Direct Limestone-Dolomite  Additive
   Injection", NTIS No. PB 184  049.

AVCO Space Systems Division  (1967)
   "Removal  of S02 from Flue Gas", NTIS No.  PB 177  492.

Bartok, William  (1969)
   "Systems  Study  of Nitrogen Oxide  Control  Methods  for  Stationary Sources,  Vol. II",
   Esso Research and Engineering Co., NTIS  No. PB  192 789,(Nov.).

Battelle  Memorial  Institute  (1969)
   "Limestone-Based Processes  for  Control  of Sulfur  Oxide  Investigation  of  the Reactivity
   of  Limestone  §  Dolomite for  Capturing S02 From  the Gas",  NAPCA  Contract  PH-86-67-115,
   (June) .

Battelle  Memorial  Institute  (1969)
   "Limestone-Based Processes  for  Control  of Sulfur  Oxides-Investigation of the  Limestone-
   S02  Wet Scrubbing  Method",  NAPCA  Contract PH-86-68-84,  (Nov.).

Battelle,Memorial  Institute  (1969)
   "Applicability  of  Organic Liquids to  the Development  of New Processes for Removing  Sul-
   fur Dioxde from Flue Gases", NTIS   No.  PB  183  513,  (March).

Bechtel Corporation  (1969)
    "Alkali  Scrubbing  Test  Facility", NTIS  No.  PB 185 000.  (Phase I).

Bechtel Corporation  (1969)
    "Alkali  Scrubbing  Test  FAcility,  Phase  IB:  Preliminary Engineering Installation
    at TVA Shawnee  Power Station",  Report to NAPCA on Contract No. PH 22-68-67,  (June).

 Beutner,  Heinz P.  (1968)
    "Feasibility  of a  Regenerative  High Temperature Amine Absorption Process for Control of
    Sulfur Dioxide  Emissions  from Stack Gases", NTIS No. PB 180 233.


              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                   60

7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Bienstock, D., J. H. Field and J. G. Myers (1961)
   "Process Development in Removing Sulfur Dioxide from Hot Flue Gases", U. S. Bureau of
   Mines Report of Investigation Number 5735.

Bienstock, D., et al.  (1963)
   "Removal of Sulfur Oxides  from Flue Gas With Alkalized Alumina at Elevated Temperatures"
   Paper No. 63-PWR-14, (Oct.).

Boll, R. H. (1970)
  "A Mathematical Model of S02 Absorption by Limestone Slurry", Presented at the Int.
   Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida (March 16-20).

Brocke, Werner (1968)
   "Prospects for the Practical Application of Flue Gas Desulfurization", APTIC No. 11057.

Bromley, L. A. and S.  M. Read (1970)
   "Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Stack Gases by  Sea Water", Research Project S-15, Univ.
   of Calif, at Berkeley (Sept. 1).

Cadwallader, L. W. (1952)
   "Cost, Application § Performance of Series Dust Collector Installations on Large Pul-
   verized Coal Boilers",  Presented at 45th Annual Convention of the Air Pollution and
   Smoke Prevention Association of America. Cleveland, Ohio, (June 9-21).

Calhoun, F. P. (1968)
   "Avoiding Pollution From Refuse Disposal", Mining Congr.J.,  78-80, (June).

Calhoun, F. P. (1968)
   "Gas Scrubbing for Municipal Incinerators", Paper No. 68-163, Presented at 61st Annual
   Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association.

Clay, C. W., G. G. Poe, and J. M. Craig (1970)
   "Wet Scrubbing of Sulfur Dioxide from Power Plant Flue Gases", Presented at the 63rd
   Annual Meeting of the Air  Pollution Control Association, St. Louis, (June 14-18).

Coutant, R. W., B. Campbell,  R. E. Barrett, and E. H. Lougher (1969)
   "Investigation of the Reactivity of Limestone and Dolomite for Capturing S02 from
   Flue Gas", report to NAPCA from Contract No. PH 86-67-115 (June).

Craig,  John M. (1970)
   "Pilot Scale Lime/Limestone Scrubbing with a Doyle-Type Scrubber", Presented at the
   Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting",  Pensacola, Florida,
   (March 16-20) .

Daniels, Leland E. (1970)
   "A Report on the Hartsfield Incinerator Study", U.S. Dept. of HEW, Bureau of Solid
   Waste Management, 5555  Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213.

Danielson, John A. (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering  Manual, U. S. Dept. HEW, Public Health Service Publication
   No.  999-AP-40.

DeLange, J. E. (1968)
   "Evaluating Dust Arresting Equipment on Large Coal-Fired Steam Generators", J.Air Poll
   Control ASSOC., 1_8, (2), 95-97, (Feb.).

DeMarco, Jack, Daniel  J. Keller, Jerold Leckman, and James L. Newton (1969)
   Incinerator Guidelines  - 1969, U. S. Dept. HEW, Public Health Service Publication iSio.
   2012.

Downs,  W. (1970)
   "Magnesia Base Wet Scrubbing of Pulverized Coal Generated Flue Gas-Pilot Demonstration"
   NAPCA Contract No.  CPA-22-69-162, (Sept.).                                              '

Duprey, R. I,. M968)
   Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,  U.S. Dept. of HEW, Public Health Service
   Publication No. 999-AP-42.


             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                   61

7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES (CONT'D)

Eckman, Frank (1970)
   "Removal of S02 with Lime(stone)  Slurries", Presented at the Int.  Symp. on Limestone
   Scrubbing for S02  Removal Meeting, Pensacola,  Florida, (March 16-20).

Elder, H. W. (1970)
   "Economics of Limestone-Wet Scrubbing", Presented at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrub-
   bing for SC>2 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida (March 16-20) .

Eugdahl, Richard B. (1968)
   "Stationary Combustion Sources",  in Air Pollution III, 2nd ed.,  Editor A. C. Stern,
   Academic Press, New York.

Falkenberry, H. L. and A. V. Slack (1968)
   "Removal of S02 from Power Plant  Stack Gases by Limestone Injection", Presented at
   the Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering", Part II, 61st Annual Meeting,
   American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los  Angeles, (Dec.).

Field, J. H., L. M. Brunn, W. P. Haynes and H. E. Benson (1957)
   "Cost Estimates of Liquid Scrubbing Processes  for Removing Sulfur Dioxide from Flue
   Gases", J.of Air Poll. Control Assoc., }_, (2), 109-114.

Galeano, S. F. and C. I. Harding (1967)
   "Sulfur Dioxide Removal and Recovery from Pulp Mill Power Plants", j.Alr Poll. Control
   ASSOC., 1£, (8), 536-539, (Aug.).

Goldschmidt, K. (1970)
   "Deposit-tests with Lime-Flyash-Slurry of the Wet Scrubbing Pilot Plant System
   'Bischoff1," Presented at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing  for S02 Removal
   Meeting, Pensacola, Florida, (March 16-20).

Gustavsson, K. A.  (1970)
   "Commercial Installation at Soudersjukhuset, a Swedish Hospital in Stockholm",
   Presented at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S(>2 Removal Meeting, Pensacola,
   Florida, (March 16-20).

Gustavsson, K. A.  (1970)
   "Pilot Plant Connected to Bahco's Central Heating Plant", Presented at the  Int. Symp.
   on  Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida (March 16-20).

Hahn,  Jeffrey L.  (1970)
   "Study of the Delaware Co. No. 3  Incinerator in Broomall, Pennsylvania", U. S. Dept.
   of  HEW, Bureau  of Solid Waste Management, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45213.

Hausberg, Gerhard  (1970)
   "The Removal of SCb and Dust From Flue Gas  - The Bischoff Process", Presented at the
   Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for  S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola,  Florida, (March).

Hein,  G. M. (1961)
   "Scrubbing of  Fume  from Combustion Gases at Efficiencies up  to 99.98 percent", J.Air
   Poll. Control Assoc.,  11,  (5), 205-219,  (May).

Katell, S.  (1966)
   "Removing Sulfur Dioxide  from Flue Gases",  Cham.Eng.Progr.,  62, (10),  67-73,  (Oct.).

Kennaway, T.  (1958)
   "The Fulham-Simon-Carves  Process  for  the Recovery of  Sulphur  from  Flue Gas",  j.Air
   Poll. Control Assoc., ]_,  (4), 266-274).

Kittleman, Thomas  A.  (1970)
   "NAPCA  In-House Studies of the Dissolution  of  CaO and Ca(OH)2," Presented at  the
   Int. Symp. on  Limestone Scrubbing for  S02  Removal Meeting,  Pensacola,  Florida,  (March).

Kiyoura, R.  (1966)
   "Studies on  the Removal  of Sulfur Dioxide  from the  Hot Flue Gases  to Prevent  Air
   Pollution",  J.Air  Poll.Control Assoc., 16,  (9),  488-489,  (Sept.).

Kleinschmidt, R.  V.  (1938)
   "Flue Gases  Laundered to  Prevent  Air  Pollution",  APTIC No.  23231.
              Ambi.nl Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 7^. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                       CO
7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Kohl, Arthur L. and Fred C. Riesenfeld  (1960)
   Gas Purification, McGraw Hill, New York.

Kopita, R. (1968)
   "Wet Scrubbing of Boiler Flue Gas",  chem.Eng.Progr., 64,  (1), 74-78,  (Jan.).

Lawler, Clayton (1955)
   "Air Pollution Control by a Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing System", Paper No. 55-19 presented
   at Annual Meeting of the APCA, (April).

Lowell, Phillip S. (1970)
   "A Theoretical Description of the Limestone  Injection-Wet Scrubbing Process", Presented
   at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola. Florida
   (March 16-20).

Lowell, Phillip S., et al. (1970)
   "A Theoretical Description of the Limestone  Injection-Wet Scrubbing Process", Report to
   NAPCA from Contract No. CPA-22-69-138, (June 9).

McKenna, J. P. (1970)
   "Evaluation of a Two-Stage Particulate Scrubber and Gas Absorber Applied to Power Plant
   Flue Gas", Presented at the International Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for SC>2 Removal
   Meeting, Pensacola, Florida,  (March  16-20).

McLaughlin, J. F. (1969)
   "Ope-ratinp Fxnoripnce with Wet-Dolomite Scrubbing", Paper presented at the APCA meeting
   New York, (June).

Martin, J. R. and A. L. Plumley  (1970)
   "The CE Air Pollution Control System", Presented at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrub-
   bing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida,  (March 16-20).

Midwest Research Institute (1970)
   Handbook of Emissions, Effluents, and Control Practices for Stationary Particulate
   Pollution Source, Report to NAPCA from Contract No. CPA-22-69-104, (Nov. 1).

Miller, Daric M. (1969)
   "Experience with Wet Scrubber for S02 Removal at the Lawrence Station of the Kansas
   Power and Light Company", Paper, (Sept.).

Mitchel, J. N. and S. G. Gillette (1955)
   "Control of Emissions from the Processing of Noncombustible Municipal Refuse", Air
   Repair, S_, (1) .

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1960)
   "Control Techniques for Particulate  Air Pollutants",2nd Edition, NAPCA Publication
   No. 999-AP-51.

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1968)
   "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors", NAPCA Publication No. 999-AP-42.

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1969)
   "Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutants", 2nd Ed., NAPCA  Publication No.
   999-AP-52.

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1970)
   "Control Techniques for Carbon Monoxide Emissions  from Stationary Sources", NTIS No.
   190 263.

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1970)
   "Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon  and Organic Solvent Emissions from Stationary
   Sources",  NTIS No. 190 266, (March).

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1970)
   "Control Techniques for Nitrogen Oxide Emissions", NAPCA Publication  No. 999-AP-67.

National Research Council (1970)
   "Abatement of Sulfur Oxide Emissions  from Stationary Combustion Sources", NTIS No.
   PB 192 887.


                Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                     63
7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Newall, H. E. (1955)
   "The Ammonia Process for the Removal of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gas", Paper 53-3,
   Presented at 1955 Annual Meeting of the APCA, (Apr.).

Niessen, Walter R.  (1970)
   ."Systems Study of Air Pollution from Municipal Incineration, Vol. I", NTIS No. PB 192 378.

Niessen, Walter R.  (1970)
   "Systems Study of Air Pollution from Municipal Incineration, Vol.II", NTIS No.PB 192 379.

Niessen, Walter R.  (1970)
   "Systems Study of Air Pollution from Municipal Incineration, Vol.Ill", NTIS No. PB 192380.

O'Connor, John R. (1969)
   "An Air Pollution Control Cost Study of the Steam-electric Power-generating Industry,"
   Presented at the Annual Meeting of APCA, New York.

Ongerth, Jerry E. (1970)
   "Report on a Study of the Weber County Incinerator in Ogden, Utah", U. S. Dept. of HEW,
   Bureau of Solid  Waste Management, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213.

Parsons, Terry, et  al.  (1969)
   "Applicability of Metal Oxides  to the Development of New Processes for Removing SO?
   from  Flue Gas",  NTIS No. PB 185 562.

Peters,  Max S.  (1955)
   "Stop Pollution  by Nitrogen Oxides", chem,Eng., 197-200, (May).

Phippis, J. L.  (1970)
   "Limestone-Wet Scrubbing Program National Air Pollution Control  Administration", Pre-
   sented at the  Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for  S02 Removal  Meeting, Pensacola,
   Florida,  (March  16-20) .  .

Plumley, A. L.  (1968)
   "Removal of  S02  and  Dust from  Stack  Gases",  Combustion, 16-23,  (July).

Pollock, W. A., James Tomany,  and Gary  Frieling (1966)
   "Removal of  Sulfur Dioxide  and Fly Ash  from  Coal  Burning Power  Plant  Flue Gases,"
   Presented at ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New York,  (Nov. 27  to  Dec.  1) .

Pollock, W. A., J.  P. Tomany  and  Gary  Frieling   (1967)
   "Flue Gas Scrubber," Mech.Eng., 8£,  (8),  21-25.

Pollock, W. A.  (1967)
   "Sulfur  Dioxide  and  Fly Ash Removal  from  Coal Burning  Power  Plant",  Air  Engineering,
   24-28.

Potter,  Allen  E.  (1970)
   "Preliminary Bench-Scale  Scrubbing  Studies  at NAPCA",  Presented at  the  Int.  Symp. on
   Limestone Scrubbing  for S02 Removal  Meeting, Pensacola, Florida, (March  16-20).

Rabin  E.,  S.  A.  Almanula, F.  V.  Karlson  and J. Roberts (1970)
    "Process Model Development for the  Shawnee  Test  Facility",  Presented at  the Int.  Symp.
   on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal  Meeting,  Pensacola,  Florida,  (March 16-20).

Rayson,  P.  R.,  and J.  Harkins (1967)
    "Studies on a New Method of Simultaneously Removing Sulfur Dioxide and Oxides of
   Nitrogen from Combustion  Gases," J.Air Poll. Control  ASSOC.,  17, (12),  796-799, (Dec.).


  66"The'Removal of Sulphur Dioxide from Power-Plant Stack Gases", Paper 55-2 Presented
    at Annual Meeting of the APCA, (April).

 Rodeer, W.  A.  and D. C. Hampson  (1956)
    "Operating Characteristics and Economics of a 100 Ft.  /Day  In  Incinerator for Radio-
    active Wastes," J.Air Poll. Control Assoc., 6_, (1).

 Rosenbaum,  J.  B.  (1971)
    "The Citrate Process for Removing S02 and Recovering Sulfur from Waste  Gases", Paper
    presented at AIME Environmetnal Qual. Conf., Washington, D.C.  (June).


          Ambient  Purification Technology. Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    64
7,2  COMBUSTION PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Schiermeier, F. A. (1971)
   "Study of Effluents from Large Power Plants", Paper Presented at AIHA Conference, Toronto
   Canada, (May 24-28).

Shah, I. S. (1967)
   "New Flue-Gas Scrubbing System Reduces Air Pollution", cheat.Eng. , 74, (7), 84-86.

Shah, I. S. and J. E. Radway (1970)
   "Removal of Oxides of Sulfur from Power Plant Stack Gases by Reaction with Compounds
   of Calcium", Presented at the Limestone Scrubbing for SO? Removal Meeting,  Pensacola
   Florida, (March 16 20).

Sherwin, R. M. and J. A. Raben (1970)
   "The Limestone Test Facility at TVA's Paducah Power Plant", Presented at the Int. Symp.
   on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida,  (March 16-20).

Slack, A. V., (1970)
   "Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide in Limestone Slurry-Small Scale Tests  at TVA", Presented
   at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for SO? Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida,
   (March 16-20).

Slack, A. V. (1967)
   "The Control of S02 From Power Stacks, Part III - Process for Recovering SO?", Cham.
   Engr., 74_, 188-196, (Dec.).

Stone, Arthur F. (1968)
   "Gas Scrubbers for Municipal Incinerators", Paper presented at  1968  Annual Meeting of
   APCA, Paper No. 68-163, (June).

Stone and Webster Engineering Corp. (1970)
   "Final Report on Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbers, Stone and Webster, Ionics Process", Report
   submitted to Division of Process Control Engineering, National  Air Pollution Control
   Administration, U. S. Department of HEW, 5710 Wooster Pike, Cincinnati  (January, 1970).

Tailor, John P. (1965)
   "A Study of the CVX Wet Gas Scrubber and its Application", John P. Tailor and Company,
   Davenport, Iowa.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1962)
   "Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant-Flue Gas", Report to NAPCA from Contract No.
   TV-29233A.

Tennessee Valley Authority (1969)
   "Sulfur Oxide Removal from Power Plant Stack Gas", Report to NAPCA on Project 2438,  (May)

Uno, T., S. Fukui, M. Atsukawa, H. Higashi, H. Yamada and K. Kameri  (1970)
   "Scale-up of a S02 Control Process", chem.Eng.Progr., 66^, (1), 61-65.

Uno, T., Seigo Aramaki, and Majahiro Kishi (1970)
   "Full Scale Studies of the MHI Lime/Limestone Scrubbing Process", Presented at the
   Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida (March).

Verin Deutscher Ingenieure (1967)
   "Restriction of Emission - Waste Incineration in Plants with Throughput of up to  1500
   kg per hour", Translated from German and Published with Permission for NAPCA.

Walker, A. B. (1970)
   "Mass Transfer Characteristics of Variable Annular Throat Venturi Scrubbers", Presented
   at the Int. Symp. on Limestone Scrubbing for S02 Removal Meeting, Pensacola, Florida,
   (March 16-20).

Walker, A. B. and R. M. Hall (1968)
   "Operating Experience with a Flooded Disk Scrubber - A New Variable  Throat Orifice
   Contactor", J.Air Poll. Control ASSOC., 1_8_, (5), 319-323.
              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                     65
7,3  CRUSHING AND GRINDING PROCESSES

Danielson, John A. (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, U. S. Dept. of HEW, Public Health Service Publi-
   cation No. 999-AP-40.

Duprey, R. L. (1968)
   Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, U. S. Dept. of HEW, Public Health
   Service Publication No. 999-AP-42.

Engleberg, F. (1967)
   "Dust Generation and Removal in Shot-Blasting Chambers", Giesserei, 54, (6), 144-148.

Hanklin, M., Jr.  (1967)
   "Is Dust  the Stone Industry's Next Major Problem?", Rock Prod., 70, (4), 80-84,  (April)

Midwest Research  Institute (1970)
   Handbook  of Emissions, Effluents, and Control Practices for Stationary  Particulate
   Pollution Sources, NAPCA Contract No. CPA 22-69-104,(Nov.).

Rabson, S. R. (1968)
   "The Development of  a Wet Scrubber  for Use at Crushing Plants and  the Like", j.Mine
   Ventillation Soc.  (S. Africa), 21,  (1), 1-10, (Jan.).

Singhal, R.  K.  (1968)
   "Dust Collection and  Gas Cleaning in Mineral  Industries", Australian Mining, 60,  (6),
   (June) .

Sussman, Victor H. (1968)
   "Nonmetallic Mineral  Products  Industries", in Air  Pollution  III,  2nd edition,  edited
   A.  C. Stern, Acadenic  Press, New York.
7,4  DRYING  PROCESSES

Aase,  Glenn  D.  (1961)
   Dust  Control  of  Hot  Mix  Asphalt  Plants,  Information  Bulletin,  Bay  Area  Air  Pollution
   Control District, San  Francisco  County,  Calif.

Danielson, John  A.  (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering  Manual,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  HEW,  Publication  No. 999-AP-40.

Ekman, Frank (1969)
    "Scrubbing Coal  Dryer  Exhaust Gases", Presented at  1969  Annual Meeting  of the APCA,
   New York, Paper  No.  69-85.

 Friedrich, H. E. (1969)
    "Air Pollution Control Practices in Hot-Mix Asphalt  Paving Batch Plants", J.Air Poll.
    Control Assoc.,  1£,  (12),  924-928, (Dec.).

 Gleason, T.
    "Wet Scrubbing of Coal Dust from Thermal Dryers", Combustion Equipment  Associates,
    Inc ., New York.
 Haynes, S. C., N.  M. McGrave and D.  B. Pertis (1955)
    "Visual Clarity in Kiln Discharge Gases", J.Air Poll.
Control Assoc., 5, (3), 171.
 Ingels, Ray M.,  Norman R. Shaffer and John A. Danielson (1960)
    "Control of Asphaltic Concrete Plants in Los Angeles County", j. Air Pollution Control
    ASSOC., lp_, (1), 29.

 Jackson, Daniel, Jr. (1966)
    "Dust Control and Sound Abatement", Coal Age, (November).

 Jones, Donald W. (1969)
    "Dust Collection at Moss No. 3," wining Congr.J.,(July) .

 King, D. T. (1967)
    "Dust Collection in Coal Preparation Plants", wining Bngr.,  19^,  (8),  164-169,  (Aug.).


             Ambient Purification Technology. Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      66
7,4  DRYING  PROCESSES   (CONT'D)

Lundberg,  G.  R.  (1965)
   "Summary  of Dust Collection  Systems  in  Asphalt  Plants",  Paper presented at the 10th
   Annual  Convention of  the National  Bituminous  Concrete  Association,  (Feb.  3).

McElrath,  A., Jr.  (1970)
   "High-efficiency Dust  Collecting  for Lightweight  Aggregate  Production",  APTIC  No.
   21001.

Midwest Research  Institute  (1970)
   Handbook  of Emissions, Effluents  and Control  Practices  for  Stationary  Pollution
   Sources",  NAPCA Contract No. CPA-22-69-104,  (November

National Asphalt  Pavement Association
   "Guide  for Air Pollution Control  of  Hot Mix Asphalt'  Plants",  Paper.

National Asphalt  Pavement Association
   "Environmental Pollution Control  at  Hot Mix Asphalt  Plants",  Information  Series 27.

Northcott, Elliot  (1967)
   "Dust Abatement at Bird Coal", Mining Conyr.j., 53,  (November).

Sussman, Victor H. (1968)
   "Nonmetallic Mineral  Products  Industries", in Air  Pollution  III,  2nd Edition,  editor
   A. C. Stern, Academic  Press, New York.

Verein Deutsche  Ingeniene
   "Restriction of Emission Pretreatment and Mixing  Plants  for  Road-Surfacing Aggregates
   with Bituminous Binder", VDI Richtlinie 2283, NTIS TT  68-50469/16.

Walling, J.  C. (1969)
   "Air Pollution Control System  for Thermal Dryers", coal  Age,(September).


7,5  GAS PRODUCING PROCESSES

American Petroleum Institute (1957)
   Manual  on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Vol. II, 5th  ed., New  York.

Billings,  C. E. (1958)
   "Simultaneous Removal of Acid  Gases  Mists and Fumes", j.Air Poll  Control  Assoc
   8, (3) , 185-202, (Nov.).

Blohm, C.  L. and W. F.  Chapin (1948)
   Oil and Gas J., £7,(29), 75.

Bryson,  H. W. (1963)
   Oregon  State College Eng. Expt. Sta. Circ., 29_, 147-149.

Buonanno,  Eugene F. (1964)
   "Fume Scrubber Catches Escaping Acid Fumes", Chen.Eng.,  146  (Oct.).

Carvlin, G. M. (1938)
   Refiner Natural Gasoline Af.fr., 17, 225.

Cralley, Lewis J. (1969)
   "Atmospheric Pollution Control in Petroleum Refineries", Paper presented  at 1969
   Annual Meeting of the  Air Poll. Control Assoc., New York, (June).

Danielseon, John A.  (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Public Health Service  Publication No. 999-AP-40
   Cincinnati.

Duprey,  R.  L. (1968)
   Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Public Health  Service Publication No
   999-AP-42, Raleigh,  N. C.

Editor (1955)
   "S02  Absorber:  Two Scrubs Better Than One", Chem.Eng., (Feb.).

           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    67

7,5 GAS PRODUCING PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Editor (1957)
    "New Grease  Process  Ousts Batch  Kettles", Chem.Eng., 6£,  (6), 150.

Editor (1958)
   Chem. Age, 80, 635-644.

Egalon, R.  (1955)
   "Purification of Gases for Ammonia Manufacture", ind.Eng.Chem., 47, 887-899.

Elkin, Harold F. (1968)
   "Petroleum Refinery Emissions",  in Air Pollution, Vol. Ill, 2nd Ed., editor, A. C.
   Stern, Academic Press, New York.

Gallmar, H. A.  (1934)
    "Chemistry of the  Thylox Gas-Purification Process", ind.Eng.chem.,  26, 130.

Heller, Austin  H., Stanley T. Cuffe, and Don R. Goodwin (1968)
   "Inorganic Chemical  Industry", in Air Pollution III, 2nd ed. editor A. C. Stern,
   Academic Press, New York.

Hanway, John E. et al.  (1967)
   "Magnesium-Base Cooking Liquor Preparation by Absorption of Dilute Sulfur Dioxide in
   Flooded-Bed  Towers", APTIC No. 18262.

Harris, Robert  L. (1970)
   "Control Techniques  for Hydrocarbon § Organic Solvent Emissions from Stationary
   Sources", NAPCA Publication No.  AP-68.

Lawler, G.  (19  7)
   "Air Pollution Control by a Sulfur Dioxide Scrubbing System", j.Air Poll.Control Assoc.,
   7,  («.

Jewell, John P.  (1965)
   "Control of  Fluoride Emissions",  Paper presented at Sanitary and Water Resources
   Eng. Convention.

Lunde, K. E.  (1958)
    "Performance of Equipment for Control of Fluoride Emissions", ind.Bng.chem., 40, (3),
   293-298, (Mar.).                                                             —

Midwest Research Institute  (1970)
   Handbook of  Emissions, Effluents and Control Practices for Stationary Particulate
   Pollution Sources, NAPCA Contract No. CPA 22-69-104,  (Nov.).

NAPCA  (1970)
    "Atmospheric Emissions from Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Manufacture", APTIC No. 22913.

NAPCA  (1968)
    "Atmospheric Emissions from Thermal Process Phosphoric Acid Manufacture", National
   Air Poll. Control  Admin. Publication No. AP-48.

Pettit, A.  B.  (1951)
    "Fluoride Scrubbers", Chem.Eng., 250-252, (Aug.).

Reed,  Robert M. (1950)
    "Removal of  Hydrogen Sulfide  from Industrial Gases",  Ind.Eng.Chem., 42,  (11) 2269-
    2277.

Rosebaugh,  T. W.  (1938)
    Refiner  Wat. Gas  Mfr., 17,  245.

Sachsel,  G. F., J. E.  Yocum and  F.  A.  Retzke  (1957)
    "Fume  Control  in  a Fertilizer Plant", J.Air Poll,  control  ASSOC.,  £,  (4).

Sands, A.  E.  (1950)
    "Recovery  of Sulfur from Synthesis  Gas",  ind.Eng.  Chem.,  42,  (11), 2277-2287.
                 Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                     68
7,5  GAS PRODUCING PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Specht, R. C, (1966)
   "Gaseous Fluoride Air Pollutants from Stationary Sources", Paper presented at Am. Ind.
   Chem. Engrs.  annual meeting, (Dec.).

Sterling, M. (1961)
   "Air Pollution Control and the Gas Industry", j.Air Poll.Cont.ASSOC., 11, (8) 354-361
   '(Aug.).                                                               ~~

Sutter, R. C. (1957)
   "Recovery of Chlorine from Air-Chlorine Mixtures", j.Air Poll.Control ASSOC., 7, (1)
   (May).

Sweny, John W. (1970)
   "Physical Solvent Stars in Gas Treatment/Purification", chem.Eng., 54-55, (Sept.).

Verein Deutsche Ingenieure (1960)
   "The Restriction of Chlorine Gas Emissions," VDI 2103, 5,  Federation of the Chemical
   Industry, Frankfurt.

Verein Deutsche Ingenieure (1967)
   "Restriction of Emission Mineral-Oil Refineries", NTIS  No. TT-68-50469/15, (May).

Wood, W. R. and B. D. Storrs (1938)
   Refiner Natural Gas. Mfr., 17,  234.


7,6  LIQUID MIST PRODUCING PROCESSES

Brink, J. A. (1964)
   "Removal of Phosphoric Acid Mists", in Gas Purification Processes, Ch. 15-Part B,
   by G. Nonhebel, George Newnes, Ltd., London.

Brink, J. A. (1966)
   "Mist Removal from Compressed Gases", chem .Eng .Progr. , 6_2_, (4), 60-65, (Apr.).

Brink, J. A. (1968)
   "Mist Eliminators for Sulfuric Acid Plants", chem.Eng.Progr., 64, (11), 82-86, (Nov.).

Burleigh, John R.  (1971)
   "Cost of Emission Control in the Sulfuric Acid Industry",  paper presented at Am. Inst.
   Chem. Engrs.  meeting, Houston, Texas, (March).

Chemical Construction Corporation (1970)
   "Engineering Analysis of Emissions Control Technology for Sulfuric Acid Manufacturing
   Processes,  NTIS No. PB 190 393.

Danielson, John A. (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, U. S. Dept. HEW, Publication No. 999-AP-40.

Dittmer, J. C. (1947)
   "Fume Scrubber, Effective on Linseed Oil Kettles", Chem.Eng., 110-113, (March).

Grant, II. 0. (1964)
   "Pollution Control in a Phosphoric Acid Plant", chem.Eng.Progr., 60, (1), 53-55,  (Jan.)

Heller, Austin N., Stanley T. Cuffe and Don R. Goodwin  (1966)
   "Inorganic Chemical Industry", in Air Pollution III,  2nd ed, editor A. C. Stern,
   Academic Press, New York.

Kempner, Stanley K. (1969)
   "Comparison of Commercially Available Plating Fume Scrubbers", Paper #69-81 presented
   at Air Poll.  Control Assoc. meeting, (June).

Midwest Research Institute (1970)                                  .
   Handbook of Emissions, Effluents and Control Practices for Stationary Pollution
   Sources, NAPCA Contract No. CPA 22-69-104.

NAPCA (1970)
   Atmospheric Emissions from Wet-Process Phosphoric Acid Manufacture," Nat. Air  Poll.
   Control Admin. Pub. No. AP-57.


                Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                     69
7,6  LIQUID MIST PRODUCING PROCESSES (CONT'D)

NAPCA (1968)
   "Atmospheric Emissions from Thermal Process Phosphoric Acid Manufacture", Nat. Air
   Poll. Control Admin. Publication No. AP-48).

Nichols, Jack H. (1964)
   "Use of Fiber Mist Elminators in Chlorine Plants", Arch .Environ .Health, 2_,  (7-8),
   233-239, (July-Aug) .

York, Dr. H., and E. W. Poppele (1963)
   "Wire Mesh Mist Eliminators", chem.Eng.Progr., 59, (6).


7,7  METALLURGICAL PROCESSES

Air Pollution Control Association  (1963)
   Technical Manual No. 1, APCA, 4400  Sth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.

American Coal and Chemical Company
   Clean Air and the  Foundry  Industry,  711  14th Street, N.W., Washington,  D.C.  20005.

American Foundrymen's  Society
   "Control of  Emissions  from Metal Melting  Operations, American  Foundrymen's  Society,
    Golf and Wolf Roads,  Des  Plaines,  111.

Barnes, Thomas  M. et  al.  (1969)
   "A Cost Analysis of  Air Pollution Controls  in  the Integrated  Iron  and Steel Industry",
   NTIS No.  PB 184 576.

Basse, Bernard  (1956)
   "Gases Cleaned by  the  Use  of Scrubbers",  Blast Furnace Steel  Plant,  1307-1312,  (Nov.).

Basse, Bernard  (1957)
   "Venturi  Scrubbers  for Cleaning  Cupola  Gases", J. Air  Poll. Control  Assoc., 6_,  (4),
   218-220,  (Feb.).

Baum, Dr.  Ing.  (1965)
   "New Developments  in the Wet Scrubbing  of Effluent Gases  from Oxygen Steel  Works",
   Staub,  2_5,  (10), 11-20 (Oct.).

Bishop, C.  A.  (1961)
   "Successful  Cleaning of Open-Hearth Exhaust  Gas", J.Air  Poll.control Asoc., 11,  (2),
   83-87,  (Feb.).

Blessing,  K.  E. (1963)
   "Electric Furnace  Fume Control", chem.Eng.Progr., 59,  (3),  60-64,  (March).

Boorstein,  Arnold  (1969)
   "Developments in Gas Cleaning  For the Nonferrous Foundry Industry",  Paper No. 69-218
   presented at annual meeting of Air Poll. Control Admin.,  (June).

Borenstein, Murray  (1967)
    "Air Pollution  Control in  Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Industry", industrial Heating,
    1866-1870.

 Brechtelsbauer, 0.  J. (1955)
    "Cupola Gas Scrubbers",  American fbundryman,   (Feb.).

 Broman,  Carl U. and R. R. Iseli (1968)
    "The Control of Open Hearth Stack Emissions with Venturi Type Scrubber", Blast  Furnace
    Steel  Plant, 56, (2), 143-148, (Feb.).

 Celenza,  G. J. (1970
    "Air Pollution Problems Faced by the Iron and Steel Industry",  Plant Engineering,
    24.,  (9), (April).

 Chapman,  H. M. (1963)
    "Experience with Selected Air Pollution  Control  Installations in  the Bethlehem  Steel
    Co.",  J. Air Poll. Control Assoc.,  1_3,  (12),  604-606, (Dec.).

              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                       70

7,7  METALLURGICAL PROCESSES   (CONT'D)

Chi, Mark M.S. and Frank Ekman (1970)
   "Influence of Melting Method and Charge Composition on Cupola Effluent", paper for
   presentation at the 1970 AFS Casting Congress § Exposition.

Colclough, T. P. (1955)
   "The Role of Sulphur in Iron and Steel Making", Paper No. 55-APC-6, presented at
   1955 Air Poll. Control Assoc. meeting.

Cooper, R. L., et al.   (1966)
   "Alleviation of Air Pollution in the Coking Industry", intern, clean Air Congr., 1_,
   117-119.

Danielson, John A. (1967)
   Air Pollution Engineering Manual, U. S. Department H.E.W. Publication No. 999-AP-40.

Donoso, Julius J. (1947)
   "Nuisance During the Chlorination of Aluminum Alloys", APTIC No. 22566.

Editor, (1963)
   "Electric Furnace Fume Control", chem.Eng.Progr., 57, (3).

Editor (1963)
   "Scrubbing System Removes Dust from Steel Furnace Gas for Pollution Control", chem.
   Eng.News, 48, (Aug.).

Editor (1966)
   "Gas Scrubber Installation Successfully Controls Foundry Cupola Emissions", Air Engrg
   8, (3)  , 9-11, (March).

Elliott, A. C. and A.  J. Lodreniere (1964)
   "The Collection of Metallurgical Fumes from an Oxygen Lanced Open Hearth Furnace",
   J .Air Poll. Control Assoc., 14, (10), 401-406, (Oct.).

Ferrari, Renzo (1968)
   "Experiences in Developing an Effective Polutiion Control System for Submerged Arc",
   J.Metals, 20, (4),  95-104, (April).

Fullerton, R. W. (1967)
   "Impingement Baffles Reduce Emissions from Coke Quenching", J.Air Poll. Control Assoc
   17_, (12), 807-809,   (Dec.).

Gledhill,  P. K., P. J. Carnall, and K. H. Sargent (1957)
   "Oxygen Lancing of Pig Iron and Subsequent Fume Treatment with a Pease-Anthony Venturi
   Scrubber", J.lron and Steel inst., 188, (June).

Hammond, William F. (1967)
   "Secondary Brass and Bronze Melting Process", Air Poll. Engrg. Manual, 270-284.

Hammond, William F. (1967)
   "Steel  Manufacturing Process", Air Poll. Engrg., 141-257.

Hardison,  L.C. (1971)
   "Cost and Effectiveness of Gas Cleaning Equipment in the Lime and Secondary Non-
   Ferrous Metallurgical Industries", paper presented at Am. Inst. Chem. Engrs. meeting,
   Houston, Texas, (Feb.-Mar.).

Hargrave,  J.H.D. and A. F. Snowball (1959)
  "Recovery of Fume and Dust From Metallurgical Gases at Trail, B.C.", Canad.Mining s
   Metallurgical Bulletin, 336-371, (June).

Harris, E. R. (1965)
   "Cleaning Sinter Plant Gas with Venturi Scrubber", J.Air Poll, control ASSOC.,15,
   (2), 46-49, (Feb.).

Harris, R. G. (1960)
   "An Experiment in the Suppression of Grit Emission from a Coke Quenching Tower",
   Air Engrg., 38, 3-9.


            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                     71

7,7  METALLURGICAL PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Hausberg, G., et al.  (1966)
   "Installations for Purification of Waste Gases Generated During Chlorine Treatment  of
   Light Metal", Giesserei, 5_3, (5), 137-41, (March)

Henschen, H. C. (1968)
    "Wet Vs. Dry Gas  Cleaning in the Steel Industry", j. Air Poll, control ASSOC   18
   (5), 338.                                                                       —*

Jennings,  R.  F.  (1950)
    "Blast  Furnace  Gas Cleaning", j.Jron  steel  Inst.,  (March).

Johnson, J.  E.  (1967)
    "Wet Washing of  Open Hearth  Gases", Jron steel Engr.,  44^  (2),  96-98,  (Feb.).

Kearney, A.  T.  (1971)
    "Systems  Analysis  of Emissions  and Emissions  Control  in  the  Iron  Foundry  Industry
   Vol.  I",  NTIS No.  PB 198  348,  (Feb.).

Kempner, Stanley K.,  E. N.  Seiler,  and Donald  H. Bowman  (1969)
    "Comparison  of  Commercially  Available  Plating Fume  Scrubbers",  Paper  #69-81,  presented
    at  62nd Annual  Meeting of  Air Poll. Control Assoc.

Lindau, Lars  (1969)
    "Costs  of  Dust  Arresters  on  Cupolas in Sweden",  Air.  Eng.,  20-22,  (Jan.).

Mcllvaine, R. W.  (1967)
    "Air Pollution  Equipment  for Foundry  Cupolas", j.Air  Poll.  Control  ASSOC.,  17,  (8),
    540-544,  (Aug.).                                                            —

McKee, Arthur G. and  Company  (1969)
    "Systems  Study  for Control of Emissions Primary  Non-Ferrous  Smelting  Industry,  Vol. I",
   NTIS No.  PB  184  884.

McKee, Arthur G. and  Company   (1969)
    "Systems  Study  for Control of Emissions Primary  Non-Ferrous  Smelting  Industry,  Vol. II",
   NTIS No.  PB  184  885.

McKee, Arthur G. and  Company  (1969)
    "Systems  Study  for Control of Emissions Primary  Non-Ferrous  Smelting  Industry,
   Vol.  Ill", NTIS  No.  PB 184 886.

Medley,  Gene  W.  (1966)
    "Controlling  Foundry Dust",  Foundry,  203,  (June).

Midwest Research  Institute (1970)
   Handbook  of  Emissions, Effluents,  and Control Practices,  for Stationary Particulate
    Pollution Sources",  NAPCA Contract No. CPA  22-69-104,  (Nov.).

Mitchell,  R.  T.  (1964)
    "Fume Cleaning  at  EBBW Vale  and Spencer Steel Plants", steel rimes,  212-215,  (Feb.).

National Air Pollution Control  Administration  (1969)
    Control Techniques for Sulfur Oxide Air Pollutions,  NAPCA Pub.  No.  AP-52.

Nelson,  Kenneth W.  (1968)
    "Nonferrous Metallurgical  Operations", in Air Pollution,  Vol.  Ill,  2nd ed., editor
    Arthur  C.  Stern, Academic  Press,  New  York.

Nicolas  and  Martin (1963)
    "Atmospheric  Pollution by  Waste Gas From Cupola  Furnaces, Gas Cleaning"  APTIC
    No.  10838.                                                            B '

Ochs,  Hans-Joachim (1968)
    "Problems  of  Dust  Collection in Blast Furnaces  in Steel  Plants",  wasSer tuft Betrieb,
    12_,  (9),  535,  (Sept.).

 Orban,  A.  R.  (1961)
                          f^Emission from Bessemer  Converters", j.Air Poll.control ASSOC.,


             Ambient Purification Technolocrv. Inc.      P.o. BOX 7,, R1VERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                     72
7,7  METALLURGICAL PROCESSES  (CONT'D)

Orlban, A. R. , et al.  (1960)
   "Research on Control of Emissions  from  Bessemer  Converters",  Paper  No.  60-52,  Presented
   at Meeting of Air  Poll. Control Assoc.,  (May).

Ott, R. R.  (1963)
   "Control  of Fluoride Emissions at  Harvey Aluminum,  Inc.",  J.Air  Poll. Control  Assoc.,
   1_3, (9) ,  437-443,  (Sept.) .

Parson, R. A. (1969)
   "Control  of Emissions  from Ferroalloy Furnace Processing",  Union Carbide  Corporation,
   Niagara Falls, New York.

Peterson, John (1953)
   "Steam Jets Efficiently Remove Dust  from Open Hearth  Furnace  Flues", J.fetals,  794-795,
   (June) .

Pilpel, N.  (I960)
   "Industrial Gas Cloaning", Brit.chem.Eng.,  542-550,  (Aug.).

Pilpel, N. (1961)
   "Gas Cleaning in the Iron and  Steel  Industry", chem.Process Eng. ,  (June).

Schwartz, H. E. (1955)
   "Controlling Atmospheric Contaminants in the Smelting and  Refining  of Copper-Base
   Alloys",  J.Air Poll.  Control  Assoc., £, (1), 5-9 and 36,  (May).

Sebesta, William (1968)
   "Ferrous  Metallurgical Processes", in Air Pollution, Vol.  Ill, 2nd  ed., Editor  Stern,
   A. C., Academic Press, New York.

Singhal, R.  K. (1969)
   "Fume Cleaning Systems Used in the Steel Industries", steel Times,  (Aug.).

Singhal, R.  K. (1969)
   "Fume Cleaning Systems Used in the Steel Industries", Part  2, steel  Times,  197,  (9)
   605-613,  (Sept.).                                                           	

Storch, 0. (J.969)
   "Experience with the Application of Wet Collectors  in the  Iron and  Steel  Industry"
   APTIC No. 23628, (Oct.).

Storch, 0. (1969)
   "The Existing Experiences with Dry and Wet  Separators in Metallurgical Works",
   Ochrana Ovzdusi, 4_, 60-63.

Strauss, W.   (1960)
   "Cleaning Waste Gases  from Open-Hearth Steel Processes", chem.Proc.Eng.,  339-351,
   (Aug.) .

Thomas, F. A. (1965)
   "Venturi Gas Scrubbers", j.vetals, (March).

Thring, M. W. and R. J. Sarjant (1957)
   "Dust Problems in  the  Iron and Steel Industry",  iron and Coal Trades Rev.,  (March).

Tomany, James P.  (1968)
   "The Control of Aluminum Chloride  Fumes", Paper  68-130 presented at  61st  Annual
   Meeting of Air Poll. Control Assoc., (June  23-27).

Underwood, G. (1962)
   "Removal  of Sub-Micron Particles from Industrial Gases, Particularly in the Steel and
   Electricity Industries", int. J. Air and water Poll., 6_, 229.

Verein Deutscher  Ingenieure (1966)
   "Restriction of Emission:  Copper-Ore Mills", NTIS No. TT 68-50469/7.

Verein Deutscher  Ingenieure (1966)
   "Restriction of Emission:  Copper-Scrap Smelting  Plants and  Copper Refineries",
   NTIS No.  TT 68-50469/9, (Oct.).


            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                   73

7,7  METALLURGICAL PROCESSES (CONT'D)

Weber, Herbert J. (1957)
   "Methods of Combatting Air Pollution in Ferrous and Nonferrous Foundries, J.Air Poll.
   Control Assoc., ]_,  (3), 178.

Wheeler, D. H. (1968)
   "Fume Control  in L-D Plants", J.Air Poll.Control Assoc.f 18, (2), 98.

Williamson, Donald (1968)
   "Venturi Scrubber Beats Pollution Code Deadline", Foundry, 170,  (March).



8  SYSTEMS ANALYSIS -  COSTS AND OPTIMIZATION

Bakke, Even (1970)
   "An Economic Optimization of a Venturi Scrubber with a Cyclonic  Water Separator",
   Paper presented at  Meeting of Air Poll. Control Assoc., St. Louis, Mo.,  (June).

Barnes, Thomas M., et  al.  (1969)
   " A Cost Analysis of Air Pollution Controls  in  the  Integrated  Iron and  Steel  Industry",
    NTIS No.  PB 184  576.

Bloomfield, B. D.  (1967)
   "Costs, Efficiencies and Unsolved Problems of Air Pollution Control  Equipment", J.  Air
   Poll. Control  Assoc.f  17,  (1), 28-32,  (Jan).

Burleigh, John R.  (1971)
   "Cost of Emission Control  in  the  Sulfuric Acid  Industry",  Paper  presented  at  Meeting
   of Am.Inst. Chem. Engrs. , Houston, Texas,  (March).

Cadwallader,  L. W.   (1952)
   "Cost, Application  and Performance of  Series Dust Collector  Installations  on  Large
   Pulverized Coal Boilers", APTIC No.  23220.

Calvert, S. and K. L.  Legatski  (1970)
   "A Comprehensive State-of-the-Art  Evaluation  for All Types  of  Dust  Collection  Equipment
   that May be Applicable in  Underground  Coal Mines",  Contract No.  Sol00231,  U.S.  Bureau
   of Mines Open  File  Report  4-71,  (Dec.).

Cockrell, Charles F.  (1969)
   "Study of  the  Potential for Profitable Utilization  of  Pulverized Coal  Flyash  Modified
   by  the Addition  of  Limestone-Dolomite  Sulfur Dioxide Removal  Additives", NTIS No.PB
   185  802,  (April).

Dallavalle, J.  M. (1960)
   "How  to  Estimate  Dust  Collector  Costs",  in Cost Engineering  in the Process Industries,
   C. H.  Childen, Editor, McGraw Hill,  New York,

Ekman,  F.  0.  and  H.  F. Johns tone (1951) .
   "Collection of Aerosols  in  a  Venturi Scrubber",  ind.Eng.chem., 43, 1358.

Engels,  G.  (1966)
    "Operation and Maintenance of Wet Scrubbers", staui, 26,  (4), 20-22, (April).

 Engels,  Lothar-Hans  (1970)
    "Expenditure and Performance of Various Processes for  Dust Control  - A Cost Evaluation"
    Staub,  3£, (3), 23-28, (March).

 Ernst and Ernst (1968)
    "A Rapid Cost Estimating Method for Air Pollution Control Equipment",  APTIC No.  11115.

 Field,  J.  H.  (1957)
    "Cost Estimates for Liquid-Scrubbing Processes for  Removing  of  Sulfur  Dioxide  from Flue
    Gases",  J.Air Poll .Control Assoc., T_, (2),  109, (Aug.).

 First, W.  W.  (1963)
    "Plant Safety Features - Cost and Effectiveness of  Air Cleaning Systems", ffud.Safety,
    4, (1),  61-66, (Sept.).
             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
                                                   P.O. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    74
8  SYSTEMS ANALYSIS - COSTS AND OPTIMIZATION (CONT'D)

Fitzgerald, J. J. (1959)
   "Economic Survey of Air and Gas Cleaning Operations Within the AEC", Paper presented
   at 6th AEC Air Cleaning Conference, Idaho Falls, (July 7-9).

Hardison, L. C. (1971)
   "Cost and Effectiveness of Gas Cleaning Equipment in the Lime and Secondary Non-
   Ferrous Metallurgical Industry", presented at American Indust. Chem. Engrs. meeting,
   Houston, Texas, (Feb.).

Harris, L. S. (1964)
   "Energy and Efficiency Characteristics of the Ejector Venturi Scrubber", Paper 64-35,
   Presented at 57th Annual Meeting of the Air Poll Control Assoc., Houston, Texas (June).

How, Harlan (I960)
   "Short-Cut Estimation of Welded Process Vessels", in Cost Engineering in the Process
   Industries, C. H.  Chilton, Editor, McGraw Hill, New York.

Katell, Sidney and K. D. Plants (1967)
   "Here's What S02 Removal Costs", Hydrocarbon Processes, 46,  161-164, (July).

Lindau, Lars (1969)
   "Costs for Dust Arrestors on Cupolas in Sweden", Air Eng., 20-22, (Jan.).

Midwest Research Institute (1970)
   Handbook of Emissions, Effluents and Control Practices for Stationary Particulate
   Pollution Sources", NAPCA Contract CPA 22-69-104, (Nov.).

Narsimhan, G. (1962)
   "Determination of Economic Gas Velocity for Plate Absorbers", chem.Proc.Eng., 620-621,
   (Dec.).

National Air Pollution Control Administration (1969)
   "Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants", NAPCA Publication No. AP-51,
   Washington, B.C.

O'Connor, J. R. (1969)
   "An Air Pollution Control Cost Study of the Steam-Electric Power Generating Industry",
   Paper presented at Annual Meeting of Air Poll. Control Assoc., New York, (June).

Perry, Robert H., Editor (1963)
   Chemical Engineers Handbook,  4th Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.

Peters, Max S. (1968)
    Plant Design and Economcis for Chemical Engineers, 2nd Edition, McGraw Hill, New York.

Sargent, Gordon D. (1969)
   "Dust Collection Equipment", Chem.Eng., 130-150, (Jan.).

Sargent, Gordon D., (1970)
   Modern Cost Engineering Techniques, Herbert Popper, Editor,  McGraw-Hill, New York.

Shaver, Robert G. (1970)
   "Study of Cost of Sulphur Oxide and Particulate Control Using Solvent Refined Coal",
   NTIS No. PB 193 420.

Shih, T. S.
   "Optimization of an Absorber-Distillation Column by Geometric Programming", Tennessee
   Tech. University,  Cookeville, Tenn, 38501.

Stairmand, C. J. (1965)
   "Removal of Grit,  Dust and Fume from Exhaust Gases from Chemical Engineering Processes",
    Chem.Eng.,310-326, (Dec.).

Stoop, M. L. (1959)
   "Costs of Bubble Plate Towers in Europe", ind.Eng.Chem., 51,  (9), 71A,  (Sept.).
            Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA.

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                                                                                     75
9  DESIGN EXAMPLES

Biales, G. A. (1964)
   "How Not to Pack a Packed Column", Chem.Eng.Progr . ,  60, (10) ,  71.

Danielson, John A., Editor (1967)
    Air Pollution Engineering Manual, Public Health Service Publication #999-AP-40.

Eckert, J. S., (1965)
   "Problems of a Packed Column, Chem.Eng.Progr., 61 ,  (9), 89.

Fair, James R. (1965)
   "Selecting Fractioning-Column Internals", Chem.Eng.,  107,  (14).

Kohl, Arthur L. and Fred C. Riesenfeid (I960)
   Gas Purification Processes, McGraw Hill, New York.

McLaren, D. B. and J. C. Upchurch (1970)
            ., 77_,  (13) 139.
Midwest Research Institute (1971)
   Handbook of Emission Properties, APCO Contract CPA 22-69-104,  (May).

Perry, John H., Editor  (1963)
   Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 4th edition, McGraw Hill, New York.


10  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA

Anderson, Fred J.  (1967)
   "Permanganate Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds: Application to Air Scrubbing", Paper
   presented at APCA Annual Meeting, (June).

Arkhipova, G. P.,  K. P. Mishchenko and  I. Ye. Flis  (1968)
   "Solubility Equilibrium of Gaseous S02 in Water  at 10-35 C.",  ATPIC No.  22954.

Astarita, G. (1967)
    Mass Transfer  with  Chemical  Reaction, Elsevier  Pub. Co., New  York.

Atwood K. (1957)
   "Equilibria for the  System, Ethanolamines - Hydrogen Sulf ide-Water",  ind.eng .chem. ,
   49, (9) , 1439-1444,  (Sept.) .

AVCO Corporation (1969)
   "A Survey of Metal Oxides as  Sorbents for Sulfur Oxide", NTIS  No.  PB  185  190.

Babinsky, A. D.  (1965)
   "Carbon Dioxide Concentration System INTERIM,  Report No. 1", NTIS  No. N66-13114.

Battelle Memorial  Institute  (1966)
   "Fundamental Study of  Sulfur  Fixation by Lime  and Magnesia", NTIS  No. PB  176  843.

Betts, R. H., R. H. Voss  (1970)
   Canad.J.Chem. ,  48, 2035.

Blair, L. M.  (1968)
   "Solutions of Slightly Soluble  Gases, Measurement of Small  Density Differences",
   Rev.Sci .Instr., 39,  (1), 74-75,  (Sept.).

Blum, Harold A.  (1952)
   "Absorption of  Carbon  Dioxide from Air by Sodium and Potassium Hydroxides",  ind.Eng.
   Chem., 44,  (12), 2969-2974.

Caldin,  E.  F.  (1964)
   "Fast Reactions in Solution,  Wiley,  New York.

Carr, N. L., J.  D. Parent,  and R.  E.  Peck  (1955)
   Chem.Eng.Progr .Symp.Ser. , No. 16,  51 , 91.

Carter,  Neal C.  (1967)
   "Effects  of pH  and Oxidizing  Agents  on  the  Rate of Absorption of Hydrogen Sulfide into
   Aqueous Media", 329-334.


              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.o. BOX 71, RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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                                                                                    76

10  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA      (CONT'D)

Chen, E. C. (1970)
   "Vapor-Liquid Equilibria of the Hydrochloric Acid-Water System", Am.inst.chem.Engrs.j.,
   686-690, (July).

Chertkov, B. A. (1964)
   "Coefficients of Mass Transfer in Absorption of SC>2 from Gases by Ammonium Sulfite-
   Bisulfite Solutions", zh .Prikl .Khim. , 3_7, (11), 2404-2410.

Chertkov, B. A. (1962)
   "Mass-Transfer Coefficients for S02 Absorption from Gases Using Lime Suspensions",
   APT 1C No. 20374.

Chertkov, B. A. and D. L. Puklina (1970)
   "Effect of Temperature on the Rate of Absorption of S02 From Gases", APTIC No. 19728.

Coutant, R. W., et al. (1968)
   "Investigation of the Reactivity of Limestone and Dolomite for Capturing S02 from Flue
   Gas to Process", NTIS No.  PB 179 907.

Coutant, R. W., et al. (1969)
   "Investigation of the Reactivity of Limestone and Dolomite for Capturing S02 from Flue
   Gas", NTIS No. PB 184 945.

Danckwerts, P.  V. (1970)
   Gas-Liquid Reactions, McGraw Hill, San Francisco.

Ellis, J. E. (1960)
   "The Correlation of Absorption Rates of Carbon Dioxide by Alkaline and Amine Solutions
   in Packed Columns", Trans.Inst.Chem.Engrs . , 58 , 216-224.

Ellis, S. R. M. (1969)
   "Vapour-Liquid Equilibria, Review Series No. 6",  chem.Eng., 289-304.

Ermenc, E. D. (1970)
   "Controlled  Nitric Oxide Emission", chem.Eng., 193-195, (June).

Degance, A. E.  (1970)
   "Phase Equilibria, Flow Regimes, Energy Loss", chem.Eng., 151-157, (April).

Fishenden, M. and 0. A. Saunders (1950)
   An Introduction to Heat Transfer, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Ganz, S, N. (1956)
   J.Appl .Chem. , USSR, 29 , 1107.

Ganz, S. N. (1965)
   "Absorption of Oxides of Nitrogen by a Peat-Ammonia Sorbent", zh.Prikl.Khim., 38, (9)
   1893-1897, (Sept.).                                                           —

Haselden, G. G. (1959)
   "Heat and Mass Transfer Accompanying the Absorption of Ammonia in Water", Trans.inst.
   Chem.Eng., 37, 137-146.

Hodgman, C. D., Editor (1959)
   Handbook of Chemistry and Physics", Chemical Rubber Publishing Company, Cleveland.

International Critical Tables
   Vol. Ill (1928), Vol. V (1929), McGraw Hill, New York.

loshpa, I. W. (1966)
   "Kinetics of Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide by Sulfuric-Nitric Acid Mixtures", zh .
   Prikl.Khim., 4£, (2), 246-251, (Feb.).

Johnstone, H. F.  (1935)                   „    „     . „   _.      77
   "Recovery of Sulfur Dioxide from Waste Gases", md. Eng .chem. , £/_,

Kang, T. L. (1961)
   "Thermodynamic Properties of Sulfur Dioxide", Am.inst.Chem.Engrg.J., _7,  (3),  418-422.

              Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.      P.O. BOX 71. RIVERSIDE, CA. 92502

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10  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA  (COMT'D)                                               77

Kepinski, J. (1965)
   "The Kinetics of the Absorption of Chlorine Dioxide in Water", intern.chant Ena   5   f31
   524-532, (July).                                                          '      -'

Kittleman, Thomas A.  (1970)
   "NAPCA In-House Studies of the Dissolution of CaO and Ca(OH)2", Report.

Kohl, A. L. and Riesenfeld, F. C. (1960)
   Gas Purification, McGraw Hill, New York.

Ksenzenko, V.  I . (1966)
  "Kinetic Study of Chlorine Absorption by Solutions of Sodium Bromide From a Bromine-
   Air Mixture  in a Packing Element", Intern.Chem.Eng., 6_,  (3),  530-533,  (July).

Lowell, P. S.,  et al.  (1970)
   "Theroretical Description of Limestone Injection Wet Scrubbing Process"  Contract CPA
   22-69-138   Final Report, Nat. Air Poll. Control Admin, (June).

MSA Research Corporation (1969)
   "Inorganic  Liquids  for Removing SO2 From  Flue Gases - Phase I", NTIS No. PB  183  974.

Nesterenko, V.  B. (1966)
   "Kinetic Equations  for the Chemical Reactions N204-2NO?-2NO+07 in a Flow System"
   Intern. Chen,. Eng. , 6_, (4), 598, (Oct.).

Norman, W. S.  (1963)
   "Gas Absorption in  a Packed Column, Part  III, Absorption of Ammonia and Acetone  Vapour
   by Water",  Trans.Inst.Chem.Engrs., 41, 120-125.

Pechkouskii, V. V. (1964)
   "The Interaction Between Calcium Oxide and Sulfur Dioxide Under Reducing Conditions",
   Zh.Prikl .Khim. , 3_7,  (2), 240-246, (Feb.).

Perry, R. H.,  C. H. Chilton, and S. D. Kirkpatrick (1963)
     Chemical  Engineers' Handbook, McGraw Hill, San Francisco.

Plummer, A. W.  (1950)
   "Thermodynamic Data  For System SC^-lbO Bibliography and  Critical Analysis",  chem.Eng.
   Progr., 4_6,  367-374, (July).

Pourbaix, M. J. N. (1966)
   Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions", Pergamon Press, New York

Rafal'skii, R.  P. (1969)
   "Solubility  of S02  in Water at Elevated Temperatures and Pressure", Zh.Prikl.Khim.,
   4_2y(8), 1652-1655,  (Aug.).

Raines, G. E.,  et al.  (1966)
   "The Use of  the Axial Dispersion Model to Predict Conversions of First and Second
   Order Reactions", Paper presented at Am.  Inst. Chem.Engrs. Meeting, (December).

Ratcliff, G. A. (1963)
   "Diffusivities of Gases in Aqueous Electrolyte Solution", Trans.inst.chem.Engr.,
   £1, 315-319.


Rebert, C. J.  (1967)
   "The Gas and Liquid  Solubility Relations  in Hydrocarbon-Water Systems", Am.inst  chem
   Engrs.J., L3, (1),  118-121,  (Jan.).

Reid, R. C. and T. K.  Sherwood  (1966)
   The Properties of Gases and Liquids, McGraw Hill, San Francisco.

Riggle, J. W.  (1950)
   "Absorption  of Chlorine in Ferrous Sulfate Solution", ind.Eng.Chen.,  1036-1041.

Roberts, D. et  al. (1962)
   "Kinetics of C02 Absorption  in Alkaline Solutions.  I  - Transient  Absorption  Rates  and
   Catalysis by Arsenic", chem.Eng .sd .,  ll_, 961-969.
             Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.
                                                  P.O.BOX 71, RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                      78

10  PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA  (CONT'D)

Roper, G. H. (1953)
   "The Absorption of Chlorine from Air by Solutions of Olefins and Iodine in Carbon
   Tetrachloride",  chem .Eng .sd . , 2_, 247-253.

Safiullin, N. Sh.   (1963)
   "Absorption of Nitrogen Oxides by Sulfuric Acid", Zh.Prikl.Khim., 36,  (3), 490-495,
   (March) .

Scott, W. D. and J. L. McCarthy (1967)                                           ,  ,  .
   "The System Sulfur Dioxide-Ammonia-Water at  25°C",  ind.Eng.chem.Fundamentals,6, (1) ,40 .


11  MATERIALS DATA

Arndt, F. W. (1957)
   "Some Kconomic Materials of Construction for Corrosive Fume Handling", ind.Eng.chem.,
   49_, (4) , 61A-62A, (Apr.) .

Binder, G. and N.  Sutton (1970)
   Brit.Chem.Eng., 15, 1332.

Climax Molybdenum Company
   "A Guide to Corrosion Resistance, 1600 Huron Parkway, Ann Arbor, Michiga, 48105.

Cotton, J. B. (1970)
   "Using Titanium  in the Chemical Plant", chem.Eng.Progr. ,  66,  (10), 57-62.

Editor (1968)
   British Chemical Engineering Equipment Suplement, 13,  119.

Engineering Materials (1970)
   Chemical Engineering Deskbook Issue, 77, (22).

Fontana, M. G. and N. D. Greene (1967)
   Corrosion Engineering, 249 § 268, McGraw-Hill Book Corporation, New York.

Nelson, G. A., Editor (1967)
   Corrosion Data Survey, National Association  of Corrosion Engineers, Houston,  Texas.

Niederberger, R. B., R.  J.  Ferrara,  and F. A.  Plummer  (1970)
   Materials Protection  and Performance, 9_, (8), 18-22.

Materials in Design Engineering (1966)
   Materials Selector Issue, 64, (5), Reinhold  Publishing Corporation, New York.

Reinhart, Frank W. (1966)
   "Engineering Properties  of Plastics Applied  to Water Piping", J.Am.Water Works Assoc
   447-456, (Oct.).

Shellmoller, C.  M. and F. L. Laque (1961)
   Factors in the  Choice of Corrosion-Resisting Materials of Construction, Interscience
   Publishers, Inc., New York.

Slack, V. A., Editor (1968)
   Phosphoric  Acid, Part II, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

Uhlig, II. N. (1966)
   The Corrosion Handbook,  p. 401, John Wiley 5 Sons,  Inc., New York.


12  LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES DISPOSAL

Amphlett, C.  B.  (1961)
   Treatment and Disposal of Radioactive Wastes, Pergamon Press, New York.

Besselievre,  E.  B. (1952)
   Industrial Waste Treatment, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York.

Clark, J. W.  and W. Viessman, Jr.  (1965)
   Water Supply and Pollution Control, International Textbook Co., Scranton,  Pennsylvania,

           Ambient Purification Technology, Inc.       P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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                                                                                    79
12  LIQUID AND SOLID WASTES DISPOSAL  (CONT'D)

Coulson, J. M, and J. F. Richardson (1955)
   Chemical Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,  New York.

Degremont      (1965)
   Water Treatment Handbook, 3rd Ed., H.  K.  Elliott,  London.

Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr. (1966)
   Industrial Water Pollution Control, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,  New York.

Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr. (1970)
   Water Quality Engineering, Barnes and Noble, Inc., New York.

Fair, G. M., J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okun (1968)
   Water and Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Faust, A. S., L. A. Wenzel, C.  W. dumb, L.  Maus, and L.  B. Anderson  (1960)
   Principles of Unit Operations, Wiley, New York.

Gurnham, C. F., Editor  (1965)
   Industrial Wastewater Control, Vol. 2, Academic Press, New York.

Hazen, A.  (1904)
   Trans.Am.Soc. Civil Eng., 53, (63).

Herzig, J.  P., D. M. Leclerc, and P. LeGoff (1970)
   "Flow of Suspensions Through Porous Media-Application to Deep Filtration", ind.Eng.
   Chem.,  62, (5), 8-35.
McKee, J. E. and H. W. Wolf  (1963)
   "Water Quality Criteria", State Water Quality Control Board, Resources Agency of
   California, Sacramento, California.

Maystre, Y. and J. C. Geyer  (1970)
   J.Water  Poll. Control  Federation , 42_,  1277-1291.

Morrill, A. B. (1932)
   J.A.W.W.A., 24, 1442.

Nemerow, N. L. (1963)
   Theories and Practices of Industrial  Waste Treatment, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Mass.

Perry, R. 11., Editor (1963)
   Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.

Rich, L. G. (1961)
    Unit Operations  of  Sanitary Engineering, Wiley, New York.

Rich, L. G. (1961)
    Unit Processes of Sanitary  Engineering, Wiley, New York.

Ross, R. D. (1968)
   Industrial Waste  Disposal,   Reinhold  Environmental Engineering Series.

Salle, A.  J.  (1961)
   Fundamental Principals of Bacteriology,  McGraw-Hill Book Co., New  York.

Sawyer,  C.  N.  (1960)
   Chemistry  for  Sanitary Engineers, McGraw-Hill  Book Co., New York.

Standard Methods  for the  Examination  of  Water  and Wastewater  (1970)
   13th  Ed.,  American  Public Health Association.

The Economics of  Clean  Water (1970)
   Vol.  1,  F.W.P.C.A.,  !_, U. S.  Department  of  the  Interior.

Water Quality and Treatment  (1971)
   American Water Works Association,  3rd Ed.,  McGraw-Hill  Book Co.,  New York.
             Ambient Purification Technoloqy, Inc.      P.O.BOX 71. RIVERSIDE. CA. 92502

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