EPA-R2 73-191
April 1973 Environmental Protection Technology Series
Systems Study
of Conventional Combustion Sources
in the Primary Aluminum Industry
Office of Research and Monitoring
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington. D.C. 20460
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EPA-R2-73-191
Systems Study
of Conventional Combustion Sources
in the Primary Aluminum Industry
by
J. Goldish, G. Margolis,
J. Ehrenfeld, and R. Bernstein
Walden Research Corporation
359 Allston Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
Contract No. EHSD 71-21
Program Element No. 1A2014
EPA Project Officer: G. B. Martin
Control Systems Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
April 1973
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This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
I SUMMARY 1
A. Background, Definitions and Assumptions 1
B. Boiler Inventories 1
C. Fuel Consumption and Boiler Emission 3
D. Process Emissions 4
E. Comparison of Boiler and Process Emissions 4
F. Control Strategies 5
G. Recommendations 5
II INTRODUCTION 7
III INVENTORIES OF BOILER CAPACITIES, FUEL USE, AND
EMISSIONS 10
A. Definitions 10
1. Size 10
2. Regions 10
3. Fuels 12
4. Firing Type 13
B. Methodology 13
1. The Sampl e 13
2. The 1970 Boiler Inventory 16
3. Operating Factors 16
4. Projections 17
5. Fuel Use 20
6. Emissions 20
C. Results 23
1. Boiler Inventories 23
2. Fuel Consumption by Boilers 23
3. Boiler Emissions 24
4. Discussion of Results 26
IV. PROCESS EMISSIONS 31
V COMPARISON OF BOILER EMISSIONS TO PROCESS EMISSIONS .. 34
Hi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Section Title Page
VI STRATEGIES 36
VII RECOMMENDATIONS 37
APPENDIX A HEATING PLANTS - SINGMASTER & BREYER 38
APPENDIX B HEATING PLANTS - WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION 42
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I. SUMMARY
A. BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
This study determines the contribution to air pollution by the
conventional fossil fuel combustion equipment installed in the Primary
Aluminum Industry. It compares the boiler emissions to the process emis-
sions in this industry and considers the importance of controlling these
sources.
In order to obtain the current inventory of boilers in the Pri-
mary Aluminum Industry, an incomplete sample was obtained from question-
naires sent out by Singmaster & Breyer under EPA Contract No. CPA 70-21.
These data were supplemented by telephone interviews conducted by Walden
Research Corporation.
The total sample was summarized by state,and the employment
figure for each available plant was determined and also summarized [1-1].
These figures and the total state employment in the Primary Aluminum In-
dustry were used to proportion the final sample to provide a complete 1970
inventory, which was then summarized by six regions (see Figure 1-1).
These geographical regions are exactly the same as those used in the Inter-
mediate Size Boiler Study [1-3]. The rationale behind the choice of these
regions was two-fold. First, the states in each area are considered to
have similar air pollution conditions, and secondly, such a regional
grouping allowed comparison with air pollution resulting from boilers in
U.S. industries in general.
B. BOILER INVENTORIES
The total estimated capacity of boilers installed in the Primary
Aluminum Industry in 1970 was 8,267,800 pounds of steam an hour, repre-
senting approximately 50 units. This result is diminished to 767,800
pounds per hour if one plant, which generates its own power by means of
four large coal-burning boilers,is left out.
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I--;
-J.1JJ-.
. ,__^^ ;.__"_' L z_ t "
v^= FWS ---_-.
Figure 1-1. Regional Boundaries
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This anomolous plant was eliminated from the study, since it was
found to be the only plant in the Primary Aluminum Industry to produce its
own power. Thus, all further statistics in this report refer to the Pri-
mary Aluminum Industry excluding this plant. It is suggested that this
plant be included in a survey of emissions resulting from power require-
ments for the Primary Aluminum Industry.
Projections were made by applying the annual growth rates of 8.2%
for the period of 1970 to 1975, and 2% for the period of 1975 to 1980. The
estimated boiler capacities for 1975 and 1980 are 1,060,000 and 1,166,000
pounds per hour, respectively.
C. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND BOILER EMISSION
Natural gas is the most commonly used fuel for boilers in the Pri-
mary Aluminum Industry. In 1970, the fuel distribution for fuels burned
under boilers was as shown in Figure 1-2.
Figure 1-2. 1970 Fuel Used Under Boilers in the Primary Aluminum Industry
Emissions were calculated according to the following equations:
cn /. x fuel consumption (Btu) x emission factor Ob/ Btu) x % sulfur*
bU2 irons; 2000 (Ib/ton) ~~~~
= fuel consumption (Btu) x emission factor (Ib/Btu)
2000 (Ib/ton)
Only in the case of coal- or oil-fired boilers
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Participates (tons) = fue1 consumption x emission factor x % ash
The emission factors and sulfur and ash percentages used were those de-
veloped in the Systems Study of Intermediate-Size Boilers [1-3]. The
emissions are summarized in Table 1-1.
TABLE 1-1
1970 BOILER EMISSIONS IN THE PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY (tons)
Totals
so2
1,905
NOX
1,007
Parti culates
2,941
D. PROCESS EMISSIONS
The process emissions were provided by Singmaster & Breyer in
the form of pounds of pollutants per ton of aluminum produced [1-4].
In 1970, this would mean about 119,000 tons of S02 and 182,500 tons of
particulate emissions. Using Maiden's projected production figures, the
1975 figures would be 174,000 tons of S02 and 266,000 tons of particulate
emissions. In 1980 the emissions would be 191,000 tons of S02 and 294,000
tons of particulates. Process emissions of NO from the Primary Aluminum
A
Industry were considered trivial.
E. COMPARISON OF BOILER AND PROCESS EMISSIONS
Comparison of the boiler emissions to total industrial emissions
and to the process emissions in the Primary Aluminum Industry shows that
the boiler emissions are not only small in comparison to boiler emissions
in other industry, but also in comparison to process emissions in the
Primary Aluminum Industry (see Table 1-2).
Only in the case of coal-fired boilers.
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TABLE 1-2
COMPARISON OF CURRENT AND PROJECTED BOILER
AND PROCESS EMISSIONS (tons)
1970
Boilers Process
so2
NOX
Participates
1,905
1,007
2,941
119,000
negl .
183,000
1975
Boilers Process
205
1,155
189
174,000
negl .
267 ,000
1980
Boilers Process
222
1,251
204
191,000
negl .
292,000
F. CONTROL STRATEGIES
The only control strategy considered was fuel switching to dis-
tillate oil by 1975 for the coal-burning boilers. The emissions from
boilers are already very low and are not significant enough to warrant
expensive control equipment. This fuel switching results in an annual
cost of about $700,000 expressed in 1967 fuel prices.
G. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that a brief study be done to determine the air
pollution indirectly caused by the Primary Aluminum Industry through the
purchase of power from power plants not located on the site of the pri-
mary aluminum plant and run by outside groups. The single plant in the
Great Lakes region which still produces its own power should be included
in this new study. Appropriate control should be required for these
power-producing boilers, but except for the above-mentioned plant, the
control strategy is to be carried out by the utility industry.
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REFERENCES TO SECTION I
1-1. Dun & Bradstreet, Metal working Directory, 1971, Dun & Bradstreet,
Inc., New York.
1-2. County Business Patterns, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1969.
1-3. Systematic Study of Air Pollution from Intermediate-Size Fossil-
Fuel Combustion Equipment, Wai den Research Corporation. Cambridge.
Mass., 197T.
1-4. Personal Communication with Mr. Reid Iverson, Contract Manager of
EPA Contract No. CPA 70-21, based on preliminary reports provided
by Singmaster & Breyer.
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II. INTRODUCTION
This report describes the results, methodology, and data base for a
study of air pollution from conventional combustion sources in the Primary
Aluminum Industry. This work has been carried out under Contract No.
EHS-D-71-21, sponsored by the Office of Research and Monitoring of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
The purpose of this system study was:
(1) to obtain a complete and current inventory of conventional sta-
tionary fossil fuel combustion equipment installed in the Primary Aluminum
Industry,
(2) to project into the future the boiler inventory installed in
this industry,
(3) to calculate SOV, NO and particulate emissions resulting from
/\ /\
these conventional fossil fuel combustion equipment for the present and
the future,
(4) to compare these emissions to total process emissions in the
Primary Aluminum Industry,
(5) to study the cost effectiveness and program required for con-
trol strategies applicable to the boilers in the Primary Aluminum Industry.
The work was divided into the following phases:
I. Identification of the 1970, 1975, and 1980 boiler inventories.
II. Calculation of the fuel consumed by these boilers and the air
pollution resulting therefrom.
III. Comparison of these boiler emissions to the process emissions
calculated under EPA Contract No. CPA 70-21.
IV. Techno-economic evaluation of air pollution control.
V. Recommendations
The boiler data for this study were obtained from a summary provided
by the contractor of Contract No. CPA 70-21, Singmaster & Breyer, and were
expanded by telephone interviews conducted by Wai den Research Corporation
with various primary aluminum plants.
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Fuel consumption and emission figures were derived from these boiler
capacity data, using operating characteristics, gathered by Singmaster &
Breyer [2-1] and the Maiden interviews, as well as data used in the Sys-
tems Study of Intermediate-Size Fossil-Fuel Combustion Equipment [2-2],
The process emissions were provided by Singmaster & Breyer in the
form of emissions in pounds per ton of aluminum produced in the Primary
Aluminum Industry.
Process emissions from the Primary Aluminum Industry are quite low
on a national level. Comparison between the boiler emissions and the
process emissions indicated that the boiler emissions are less than 2%
of the process emissions in the Primary Aluminum Industry. Most of the
boiler emissions are caused by a few small coal-burning boilers, and
fuel switching is suggested for these boilers.
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REFERENCES TO SECTION II
2-1. Summary provided to Maiden by Singmaster & Breyer, see Appendix A.
2-2. Systematic Study of Air Pollution from Intermediate-Size Fossil -
Fuel Combustion Equipment, Walden Research Corporation, Cambridge,
Mass., 1971.
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III. INVENTORIES OF BOILER CAPACITIES, FUEL USE. AND EMISSIONS
A. DEFINITIONS
This section defines the various categories used to identify
and classify fossil-fuel burning equipment and to note some of the coding
used in this report. Fossil fuel combustion equipment is broken down
according to:
(1) Size
(2) Region
(3) Fuel
(4) Firing type (for coal only)
1. Size
The watertube boilers in this study fall in the size category
of less than or equal to 100,000 Ib per hour (pph), indicated by WT,.
2. Regions
Six regions were used in this study (Figure 3-1). A sum-
mary description of these regions follows.
Atlantic Coastal Megalopolis (AT) - A very dense, nearly
continuous band of large, mature, urban areas. The urbanization is sup-
ported by an exceptionally broad economic base including a wide variety
of types and sizes of manufacturing enterprises as well as the nation's
educational, financial, and government centers. The region experiences
moderately cold winters and uses oil for most of its space heating.
The pollution problem is aggravated by shallow atmospheric mixing depths
but relieved by relatively high wind speeds and the frequency of low-level
stability.
Industrial Great Lakes (GL) - A second group of large, mature,
urban areas, different only in degree from the Atlantic coastal megalopolis,
having slightly less dense surroundings, somewhat wider spacing of urban
centers, and an economy more characterized by large, mass-production
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Ll FWS E^E="^r
Figure 3-1. Regional Boundaries
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industry. The two regions also differ in fuel use, with the Great Lakes
region dividing its consumption among coal, oil, and gas. Although the
region is characterized by relatively favorable atmospheric dilution, the
population and industrial load results in high pollution levels.
Far West and South (WS) - A group of large, new, fast-
growing, urban areas which are widely scattered over otherwise sparsely-
settled territory. Relatively little manufacturing and warm climate
tend to mitigate pollution from stationary combustion units. The large,
disperse urban areas, however, generate high volumes of automobile ex-
haust, which in several areas are concentrated by poor atmospheric con-
ditions.
Central Urban (CU) - Medium-size, widely-separated, rela-
tively new, metropolitan areas supported by manufacturing and the sur-
rounding rural and town populations. Because of the relative concentra-
tions of population in urban areas, these states rank surprisingly high
in the Census definition of "urban" population. Gas is the principal
fuel for space heating in this cold-winter region. Atmospheric con-
ditions are relatively good except in Colorado and Utah.
South East (SE) - A region with cities whose size and dis-
tribution are similar to those in the central urban region. But the
cities are more mature, are surrounded by denser statewide population,
and have slightly more manufacturing. The warmer climate reduces the
emissions from space heating but frequent atmospheric stagnation con-
centrates the pollutants which are emitted.
Rural North (RN) - An area of low density, with only a few
small metropolitan areas and with little manufacturing. Although it in-
cludes some of the nation's coldest territory, pollution is relatively
low because of the low density. The New England states included in this
region have somewhat higher densities and some manufacturing.
3. Fuels
The fuels used by boilers in the Primary Aluminum Industry
are: coal (CL), distillate oil (DO), and natural gas (GS).
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4. Firing Type (for coal only)
The small boilers using coal were of the overfed stoker
type (OF). Firing types reflect differences in emission and were identi-
fied in the questionnaire used.
B. METHODOLOGY
This section describes the methodology used to arrive at the
boiler inventories, the fuel consumed by these boilers, and the resulting
emissions.
1. The Sample
Singmaster & Breyer provided Walden with a summary of
boiler data for 15 primary aluminum plants in the U.S. (see Appendix A).
The capacities and number of boiler units from this sample are summarized
in Table 3-1.
TABLE 3-1
SAMPLE OF BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
by Singmaster & Breyer
Region # of Units Capacity (103 Ib/hr)
Atlantic (AT) 1 20.6
Great Lakes (GL)
West and South (WS) 12
Central Urban (CU) 2
South East (SE) 10
Rural North (RN) J_
26
Walden also received a list of the companies which did not
report data to Singmaster & Breyer. These companies are shown in Table 3-2
with production capacity [3-1, 3-2] and employment estimates [3-3] for
each plant.
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98.0 (+ 4 for which
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TABLE 3-2
COMPANIES FOR WHICH NO DATA WERE AVAILABLE
End of 1968
Production
Capacities (1)
Company (thousand tons) Employment (2)
Alcoa
Evansville, Indiana 175 700
Massena, New York 125 3,000
Point Comfort, Texas 175 2,100
Conalco
New Johnsonville, Tennessee 140 600
Intalco
Ferndale, Washington 270 1,300
Kaiser
Chalmette, Louisiana 260 2,620
Mead, Washington 206 1,450
Tacoma, Washington 61 385
Ormet
Hannibal, Ohio 240 2,500
Eastalco
Frederick, Maryland 85 500
Noranda
New Madrid, Missouri 75 n.a.
Revere
Scottsboro, Alabama 72 n.a.
Gulf Coast Aluminum
Lake Charles, Louisiana 35 n.a.
Sources: (1) Minerals Yearbook 1968. and Metals Week (July 15, 1968).
(2) Dun & Bradstreet, Metal working Directory.
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These plants add up to about 49% of the total production
capacity in the Primary Aluminum Industry 1n 1970, and 51% of the total
employment in the Primary Aluminum Industry in 1969 [3-4]. A sample
representing about half of the Primary Aluminum Industry is satisfactory
on a national scale. On a regional basis, however, it was considered
necessary to contact a few more plants by means of telephone interviews.
The results of these interviews are shown in Appendix B.
Steam is being used in the Primary Aluminum Industry for
process and space heating purposes only, with the exception of one plant.
The boilers at this plant were clearly power boilers and not considered
representative of the fossil-fuel combustion equipment presently in-
stalled in primary aluminum plants. All other plants buy their power
and have no need for very large boilers. This power-generating primary
aluminum plant was excluded from this study. Table 3-3 summarizes the -
total sample used.
TABLE 3-3
COMBINED WALDEN AND SIN6MASTER & BREYER SAMPLE OF BOILERS
IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
Region
AT
GL
US
CU
SE
RN
*
Based on
working
# of Units
5
2
12
4
13
1
Capacity
(103 Ib/hr)
142.1
56.0
155.6
19.4
261.6
10.0
employment figures from Dun &
Directory and County Business
Est. % of Total*
100
100
60
100
93
100
Bradstreet's Metal -
Patterns.
15
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2. The 1970 Bo Her Inventory
Regional employment figures of the Primary Aluminum Indus-
try (SIC 3334) were obtained from County Business Patterns [3-4].
Individual plant employment figures were available from the Dun & Brad-
street Metal working Directory 1*3-3]. For the plants available in the
final sample, employment was summarized by region, and the boiler cap-
acities and number of units were multiplied by the inverse of the ratio
between this figure and the total number of employees in the Primary
Aluminum Industry in that region. The 1970 boiler inventory thus obtained
is summarized in Table 3-4.
TABLE 3-4
ESTIMATES OF INSTALLED BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY - 1970
Region
AT
GL
WS
CU
SE
RN
TOTAL
# of Units
5
2
20
4
14
J_
46
Capacity (103
142.1
56.0
259.0
19.4
281.3
10.1
767.8
Ib/hr)
The boilers are used for process heating and space heating
purposes only, requiring small units and a load which varies according
to the season. The average boiler capacity is about 16.600 Ib/hr.
3. Operating Factors
The load factors for the boilers were available in the
questionnaire returns and from telephone interviews. Where necessary,
they were weighted by region according to capacity. The efficiency
factor used was .73 £3-5]. The complete 1970 boiler inventory showing
the operating factors is summarized in Table 3-5.
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TABLE 3-5
1970 BOILER INVENTORY FOR THE PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
Region
AT
AT
GL
GL
GL
CU
SE
SE
RN
Size
WT,
WT,
WT,
"Tl
WT,
WT,
WT,
WT,
WT1
Fuel
GS
CL
GS
DO
GS
GS
GS
CL
GS
Firing Capacity
22.1
OF 120.0
55.0
1.0
259.0
19.4
279.3
OF 2.0
10.0
767.8
Load
.87
1.00
.75
.75
.94
.74
.99
1.00
.98
4. Projections
The Aluminum Statistical Review 1969. published by the
Aluminum Association, provided data on installed capacity in the Pri-
mary Aluminum Industry (see Figure 3-2), and commented:
"There were nine domestic primary producers as of
December 31, 1969. They are Aluminum Company
of America, Anaconda Aluminum Company, Con-
solidated Aluminum Corporation, Harvey Alumi-
num (Incorporated), Intalco Aluminum Corpora-
ation (owned jointly by Amax Aluminum Company,
Howmet Corporation and Pechiney Enterprises,
Inc.), Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation,
National Southwire Aluminum Company, Ormet
Corporation (jointly owned by 01 in Mathieson
Chemical Corporation and Revere Copper and
Brass Incorporated) and Reynolds Metals
Company.
As of December 31, 1948 there were three
producers of primary aluminum in the United
States with a combined annual capacity of
641,500 tons. Capacity increases were fre-
quent through 1959, when total annual capacity
stood at 2,402,750 tons at year end and three
new producers had entered the field.
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7000
6000
5000 -
4000
00
3000 .
Source: Aluminum Statistical
Review, 1969
2000
o
TO
m
1000 -
8
TO
s
JO
O
1950
1955 I960 1965 1970 1975
Figure 3-2. Production of Primary Aluminum with Projections to 1980
1980
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During the next five years through 1964, total
annual capacity increased only 8.2 percent and
only one new producer appeared. During the last
five years since 1964 capacity increased 49.6
percent, an average annual rate of 8.4 percent.
During 1969 capacity increased 202,300 short
tons to 3,888,300 short tons, a gain of 5.5
percent over 1968. This compared with an ex-
pansion of 365,000 short tons or 11.0 percent
in the preceding year. Among existing pro-
ducers contributions to the increase in
capacity during 1969 were as follows: Alcoa
125,000 tons; Reynolds 40,000 tons, Kaiser
20,000 and Intalco 10,000 tons. National
Southwire Aluminum Company came on stream in
1969 as the ninth primary producer, with in-
stallation of a portion of a plant with planned
capacity of 180,000 tons.
The percentage distribution of U.S. primary
capacity by company at the end of 1969 was
as follows: Alcoa 34.1; Reynolds 24.0;
Kaiser 18.3; Intalco 6.8; Ormet 6.2; Anaconda
4.5; Consolidated 3.6; Harvey 2.3 and National
Southwire 0.2.
Alcoa, Harvey, Kaiser and Reynolds have an-
nounced plans for additional capacity or modern-
ization in future years. Four new firms are
planning to begin primary production within
the next two years."
Based on the above it was assumed that production capacity
will continue to grow at the annual rate shown between 1964 and 1969,
about 8.2% up to 1975. This would set the expected 1975 capacity at
about 5,800 short tons. Considering the decrease in investment in plant
and equipment due to the economic depression of the early 1970's, it seems
reasonable to expect another slowdown in growth after 1975 as was experi-
enced after 1959. Walden assumed a 2% annual increase in capacity between
1975 and 1980, setting the 1980 total capacity at 6,380 short tons.
Using the 1970 boiler capacity-production rates, Walden ar-
rived at the projected boiler capacities of 1,060,000 pph in 1975 and
1,166,000 pph in 1980, with all boilers using gas or distillate oil. This
fuel use assumption is based on conversations with Alcoa [3-6]. Walden
was told that in most plants, conversions from coal to distillate oil burners
19 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
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are taking place or have already taken place at this time. Though it has
usually meant an increase in boiler operation costs, the expense has been
justified as a public relations effort.
The projected inventories are shown 1n Table 3-6. The as-
sumption has been made that coal-burning boilers in the Atlantic region
and South East will switch to distillate oil by 1975, and furthermore,
that no new coal-burning boilers will be installed in the Primary Aluminum
Industry. The added capacity in each region was expected to follow the
1970 fuel use pattern for that region as far as the distillate oil-gas
ratio is concerned, and the West and South and the South East were as-
sumed to be expanding slightly faster than the other four regions. The
latter assumption was based on:
(1) The general economic growth of these regions (see
Intermediate Boiler Study [3-5]).
(2) The past expansion trend in the Primary Aluminum
Industry [3-7].
(3) The much lower cost of power in these regions; in the
West and South due to hydroelectric power around Washington and Oregon
where several plants are located, and in the South East due to the TVA
plants [3-7].
5. Fuel Use
Fuel use was calculated for the 1970, 1975, and 1980 boiler
inventories by using the formula:
_ capacity (Ib/hr) x 975 (Btu/lb) x 8760 (hours) x load (fraction)
boiler efficiency (fraction)
6. Emissions
Emissions were calculated for the 1970, 1975, and 1980 boiler
inventories according to the following equations:
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TABLE 3-6
PROJECTED BOILER CAPACITIES IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
(103 pph)
Region
AT
AT
GL
GL
WS
CU
SE
SE
RN
TOTAL
Fuel
GS
DO
GS
DO
GS
GS
GS
DO
GS
1975
Capacity
30
162
69
2
363
26
392
3
13
1,060
1980
Capaci ty
32
175
75
2
402
28
434
4
14
1,166
/,x en /* \ - fuel consumption (Btu) x emission factor Qb/Btu) x % sulfur
(1) S02 I tons) 2000 (Ib/ton)
/o\ MO /* \ fuel consumption (Btu) x emission factor (Ib/Btu)
(2) NOX (tons) - * N2006 (lb/ton)
,« n ... . . fuel consumption (Btu) x emission factor Qb/Btu) x % ash
(3) Paniculate = 2000 (lb/ton)
(tons)
The emission factors and sulfur and ash contents used are listed in Tables
3-7 and 3-8 and are the same as those developed in the Study of Intermediate
Boilers [3-5].
**
**
Only in the case of coal- or oil-fired boilers
Only in the case of coal-fired boilers
21
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TABLE 3-7
EMISSION FACTORS USED IN CALCULATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
FROM BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
Pollutant
so2
so2
so2
NOV
x
NOX
NOV
x
Particulates
Particulates
Particulates
Emission factors:
Size Fuel
all GS
all DO
all CL
WT1 GS
WT] DO
all CL
WT] GS
WT, DO
I
wij CL
GS - pounds of
DO - pounds of
CL - pounds of
Firing Type
OF
OF
pollutant per million
pollutant per thousand
pollutant per thousand
Factor*
0
.5838 x 104
P
.3800 x 10s
j
.1676 x 10J
.2071 x 104
c
.1500 x 10°
.1800 x 102
.6300 x 103
.1300 x 105
cubic feet
barrels
tons
TABLE 3-8
Region
AT
GL
WS
CU
SE
RN
SULFUR AND
Fuel
DO
CL
DO
CL
DO
CL
DO
CL
DO
CL
DO
CL
ASH CONTENTS
% Sulfur
0.220
1.830
0.247
2.380
0.263
2.060
0.274
2.480
0.182
1.670
0.300
1.210
% Ash
0.0
8.07
0.0
8.57
0.0
7.89
0.0
8.86
0.0
7.72
0.0
9.14
22
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
C. RESULTS
This section describes the results of the current and projected
boiler inventories, fuel consumption and boiler emissions in the Primary
Aluminum Industry.
1. Boiler Inventories
The summary of the 1970, 1975, and 1980 boiler capacities
are shown in Table 3-9.
TABLE 3-9
BOILER CAPACITY INVENTORIES FOR THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
1970-1980 (103 lb/hr)
Region
AT
GL
US
CU
SE
RN
TOTALS
1970
142.1
56.0
259.0
19.4
281.3
10.1
767.9
1975
192
71
363
26
395
13
1,060
1980
207
77
402
28
438
14
1,166
2. Fuel Consumption by Boilers
The fuel use estimates are shown in Table 3-10. Fuel
switching has been considered part of the present trend and it has been
assumed that the coal boilers still in use in 1970 for process and
space heating will all have converted to distillate oil by 1975.
The fuel use pattern of these boilers is shown in
Figure 3-3.
This continuation of present trends will mean an increase
in the annual fuel cost of approximately $700,000 expressed in 1967
prices for the plants with small coal-burning boilers [3-5].
23 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
TABLE 3-10
FUEL CONSUMPTION BY BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
1970-1980 (109 Btu)
Region
AT
GL
MS
CU
SE
RN
100
8Q
«> 6Q
03
C
i.
2Q
l
1
8
1970 1975 19
1,629 2,200 2,
492 623
2,849 3,992 4,
168 225
3,258 4,576 5,
115 149
TOTALS 7,511 11,765 12,
i
i
i
i
i
i
GS
CL ' -^___ | DO
970 1975 19
S% CL 17% DO 17
1% GS 83% GS 83
80
374
676
221
242
074
161
748
80
% DO
% GS
Figure 3-3. Fuel Use Pattern of Boilers in Primary Aluminum Industry
3. Boiler Emissions
The emissions for 1970 are shown in Table 3-11.
24
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
TABLE 3-11
1970 EMISSION INVENTORY FOR BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY (tons)
Region
AT
AT
GL
GL
WS
CU
SE
SE
RN
Size
wr.
WTi
WTi
WTi
WTi
WTi
WTi
WTi
WTi
Fuel Firing
GS
CL
GS
DO
GS
GS
GS
CL
GS
TOTALS
The
projected
so2
0
OF 1 ,878
0
1
0
0
NOX
19
405
40
2
239
14
Parti culates
2
0 '271
OF
28
0
7
10
1 ,905 1 ,007
emissions
TABLE
PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM
are shown
3-12
2
2
,833
4
0
26
2
29
44
1
,941
in Table 3-12.
BOILERS IN THE
PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY (tons)
Region
AT
AT
GL
GL
WS
CU
SE
SE
RN
Fuel
Type
GS
DO
GS
DO
GS
GS
GS
DO
GS
TOTALS
S02
0
200
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
205
1975
NOX
26
322
51
3
335
19
381
6
12
1,155
Part.
3
98
5
1
36
2
41
2
1
189
S02
0
216
0
2
0
0
0
4
0
222
1980
NOX
27
349
55
3
354
20
421
8
14
1,251
Part.
3
106
6
1
38
2
45
2
1
204
25
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
The national air pollution from boilers in the Primary
Aluminum Industry 1s shown in Figure 3-4.
4. Discussion of Results
This study has revealed that the Primary Aluminum Industry
uses boilers primarily for process heating and space heating. Except
for one plant, all power requirements are met by the utilities in the
neighborhood of the aluminum plant. The Primary Aluminum Industry uses
about 15,000 kwh per ton of aluminum produced [3-8], and it is obvious
that indirectly a lot of air pollution could be caused by this industry's
power requirements. The boilers necessary to generate this power are not,
however, located at the site of the plant, nor are they owned by the
Primary Aluminum Industry, except for the plant mentioned above.
A 1964 survey of the industry conducted by the American
Gas Association (AGA) shows furthermore that as far back as 1964, gas
and hydroelectric power were most common in this industry Involving rela-
tively little air pollution [3-9]. Table 3-13, taken from the AGA
study, shows five companies using coal for power generation. All these
plants are included in the combined Singmaster & Breyer-Walden sample,
and only one reported large coal-burning boilers used to generate power.
It is understood that if. the Primary Aluminum Industry
had been generating power on the plant location, emissions from boilers
would have been enormous, depending on the fuel used and the controls
applied to the combustion process. The findings of this study are, how-
ever, that the boiler emissions are not significant enough to warrant
sophisticated control strategies:
(1) because of the small size of these boilers
(average capacity is about 16,600 pph)
(2) because of the fuel trend to switch to gas
and distillate oil
(3) because of the tendency of the industry to
buy its power instead of generating it.
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
M
1,905
1,007
1,155
1,251
2,941
O
m
m
m
5
o
3
yj
o
205
222
1970 1975 1980
so2
Figure 3-4.
1970
1975
NO..
1980
189
204
1970 1975 1980
Particulates
Air Pollution from Boilers in the Primary Aluminum Industry (tons)
-------
TABLE 3-13
PRIMARY ALUMINUM PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN THE U.S. BY COMPANIES
(short tons per year)
Aluminum Co. of America:
Alcoa, Tenn.
Badin, N.C.
Evansville, Ind.
Massena, N.Y.
Point Comfort, Texas
Rockdale, Texas
Vancouver, Wash.
Wenatchee, Wash.
Total
Reynolds Metals Co. :
Arkadelphia, Ark.
Jones Mills, Ark.
Listerhill, Ala.
Longview, Wash.
Massena, N.Y.
San Patrico, Texas
Troutdale, Ore.
Total
Kaiser Aluminum and
Chemical Corp:
Chalmette, La.
Mead, Wash.
Ravenswood, W. Va.
Tacoma, Wash.
Total
Power3
2
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
Actual , end
of 1964
157,100
52 ,000
35,000
118,000
140,000
150,000
97,500
108,500
858,100
55,000
109,000
194,500
65,000
115,000
95,000
91 ,500
725,000
247,500
176,000
145,000
41 ,000
609,500
Capacity
Being built Total actual
in 1964 and planned
157,100
52,000
140,000 175,000
32,000 150,000
140,000
150,000
97,500
108,500
172,000 1,030,100
55,000
109,000
194,500
65,000
115,000
95,000
91 ,500
725,000
247,500
176,000
145,000
41,000
609,500
28
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
TABLE 3-13 (Cont.)
Power3
Anaconda Aluminum Co.:
Columbia Falls, Mont. 2
Consolidated Aluminum
Corp. :
New Johnsonville, Tenn. 2
Harvey Aluminum, Inc.:
The Dalles, Ore. 2
Ormet Corp.:
Hannibal, Ohio 3
Intalco Aluminum Corp.:
Bel ling ham, Wash. 2
GRAND TOTAL
Actual
of 1
67,
32,
87,
, end
964
500
000
000
Capacity
Being built
in 1964
32,500
30,000
-
180,000
=
mmma
2,559,100
76,000
310,500
Total actual
and planned
100,000
62,000
87,000
180,000
76.000
2,869,600
aThe number after the plant location indicates the means of power genera-
tion: 1 - natural gas; 2 - hydro-electric; 3 - coal.
29
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
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REFERENCES TO SECTION III
3-1. Minerals Yearbook 1968. Volumes I-II, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1968.
3-2. Metals Week. July 15, 1968.
3-3. Dun & Bradstreet Metalworking Directory, 1971, Dun & Bradstreet,
Inc., New York.
3-4. County Business Patterns, U.S. Bureau of Labor, 1969.
3-5. Systematic Study of Air Pollution from Intermediate-Size Fossil-Fuel
Combustion Equipment. Walden Research Corporation, Cambridge, Mass.,
WT
3-6. Personal communication with Mr. Taylor of Alcoa.
3-7. Aluminum Statistical Review.1969.
3-8. McGraw, M.J., and Duprey, R.L., Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Preliminary Document, EPA Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
April 1971.
3-9. "Process Energy Requirements in the Non-Ferrous Metals Industry",
American Gas Association, Inc., 1964.
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
IV. PROCESS EMISSIONS
The process emissions were provided by Singmaster & Breyer in the
form shown in Table 4-1 [4-1].
TABLE 4-1
PROCESS EMISSION FACTORS IN THE PRIMARY
ALUMINUM INDUSTRY*
Emission Factor
Ib/ton Aluminum
S02 60
Particulates 92
NOV negligible
*
Source: Singmaster & Breyer's Systems Study of Air Pollution in
the Primary Aluminum Industry (preliminary)
The process emission factor shown 1n Table 4-1 for particulate emis-
sions falls within the range reported in the compilation of air pollutant
emission factors published by the Environmental Protection Agency [4-2].
SO emissions from the primary aluminum production process are not indl-
A
cated in these publications.
The calculated process emissions based on the production of aluminum
are shown below in Table 4-2. Vlalden does not agree with the projections
made for aluminum production by Singmaster & Breyer. The U.S. Industrial
Outlook for 1970 [4-3] projects a 40% Increase of aluminum shipments be-
tween 1970 and 1975. Singmaster & Breyer show almost a 6525 increase for
that period. The U.S. Industrial Outlook for 1972 [4-4] indicates a de-
cline in primary aluminum exports, a weakening demand, and excess supply
for the period between 1975 and 1980. Therefore, the process emissions
used 1n this study for comparison purposes are slightly lower for the
projected years than might be found in the Singmaster & Breyer study.
31 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
TABLE 4-2
PROCESS EMISSIONS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
(103 tons)
Singmaster & Breyer Wai den Research Corp.
1970 1975 1980 1970 1975 1980
Aluminum 3,971 5,900 8,000 3,971 5,800 6,380
S02 119 177 240 119 174 191
Particulates 183 271 368 183 267 292
32 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
REFERENCES TO SECTION IV
4-1. Personal Communication with Mr. Reid Iverson, Contract Manager of
EPA Contract No. CPA 70-21, based on preliminary reports provided
by Singmaster & Breyer.
4-2. McGraw, M.J., and Duprey, R.L., Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Preliminary Document, EPA Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
April 1971.
4-3. U.S. Industrial Outlook 1970, U.S. Department of Commerce.
4-4. U.S. Industrial Outlook 1972, U.S. Department of Commerce.
33
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
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V. COMPARISON OF BOILER EMISSIONS TO PROCESS EMISSIONS
It was noted before that the boiler emissions 1n the Primary Aluminum
Industry are quite small. Table 5-1 shows the 1970 emissions 1n comparison
to U.S. emissions from industrial boilers [5-1].
TABLE 5-1
COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS FROM BOILERS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM
INDUSTRY TO INDUSTRIAL BOILERS
Primary Aluminum
All Industrial
(tons)
1970
1970
1970
so2
NOX
Part.
1,905
1,007
2,941
1967
1967
1967
so2
NOX
Part.
4,270,000
1 ,040,000
2,390,000
Considering air pollution from the Primary Aluminum Industry as a whole,
it is found that S02 and particulate emissions from boilers represent less
than 2% of the total emissions (see Table 5-2).
TABLE 5-2
COMPARISON OF CURRENT AND PROJECTED BOILER AND PROCESS
EMISSIONS IN THE PRIMARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
(EXCLUDING POWER PRODUCING PLANT) (tons)
1970
Boilers Process
so2
N0x
Parti culates
1,905
1,007
2,941
119,000
negl.
183,000
1975
Boilers Process
205
1,155
189
174,000
negl.
267,000
1980
Boilers Process
222
1,251
204
191,000
negl.
292,000
34 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
REFERENCES TO SECTION V
5-1. Systematic Study of Air Pollution from Intermediate-Size Fossil-
fuel Combustion Equipment. Maiden Research Corporation. Cambridge.
Mass., 1971.
35
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
VI. STRATEGIES
The only strategy recommended for the boilers 1n use in the Primary
Aluminum Industry is the banning of coal stokers by 1975 and a suggested
{
fuel switching policy for the boilers which were burning coal in 1970.
This trend to replace coal-burning boilers by oil burners is already ap-
parent and should not require much further research.
36 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
VII. RECOMMENDATIONS
It is necessary to look into possible strategies for the plants pro-
ducing power for the Primary Aluminum Industry. This research is not in-
cluded in the scope of this report.
It is therefore recommended that a study be done to determine the
air pollution indirectly caused by the Primary Aluminum Industry, through
the purchase of power from power plants, not located at or owned by the
primary aluminum plant. It 1s suggested that the single primary aluminum
plant, which still produces its own power, be included In this new study.
Appropriate control should be required for the air pollution resulting
from these large power-producing boilers, but except for the above-
mentioned plant, the control strategy will have to be carried out by the
utility industry.
37 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
APPENDIX A
HEATING PLANTS - SINGMASTER & BREYER
38 WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
- WEW1HR VINKTS
CO
10
n
m
v>
i
o
8
TO
3
TO
Boiler Designation
Location Region
Age or Year Installed
Manufacturer
Rated Capacity
(Ib steam/hr)
Use: Power, Process,
Heating
Est. Load Factor - %
Fuel*
Coal
Firing Method
16 Oil
Natural Gas MCFD
Blast Furnace Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Other
Flue Gas Control Equip.
Type (if any)
Est. % Efficiency
Ht. of Stack Top Above
Grade
Indicate approximate
(a "yes" or "no", at
**NR - Not Reported
A
SE
1953
Todd Eng.
16,000
Heating
Process
95
No
No
174.9
No
No
No
50'
% of total annual Btu
\
least).
B
CU
1953
Webster
Eng.
4,600
Heating
Process
95
No
No
50
No
No
No
30'
's fired,
C
RN
1954
D
US
1968
Comb. Eng. Cleaver
Brooks
10,000
Heating
Process
98
No
No
260
No
No
No
30'
or total
2-Units
23,000
Heating
Process
100
No
No
525
No
No
No
30'
quantity of
E
WS
1941,1954
Ray (1941)
B&W (1954)
2-Units
27,000
Heating
Process
100
No
No
740
No
No
No
(1)135'
(1)50'
\ ' / **v
each fuel fired
F
WS
1957
Gabriel &
Union Iron
Works
2-Units
NR**
Heating
Process
70
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
in year
-------
MEKUHfc PLMTCS
I
m
TO
m
m
8
TO
3
TO
Boiler Designation
Location (Region)
Age or Year Installed
Manufacturer
Rated Capacity
(Ib steam/ hr)
Use: Power, Process
Heati ng
Est. Load Factor - %
Fuel*
Coal
Firing Method
#6 Oil
Natural Gas MCFD
Blast Furnace Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Other
Flue Gas Control Equip.
Type (if any)
Est. % Efficiency
Ht. of Stack Top Above
Grade
Indicate approximate
(a "yes" or "no", at
**NR - Not Reported
G
SE
1958
Superior
30,000
Heating
Process
100
No
No
770
No
No
50'
% of total annual
least).
H
WS
1952
Foster-
NR**
Heating
Process
100
No
No
513
No
No
50'
Btu's fired,
I
CU
1942
J
WS
1942
E. Keeler E. Keeler
12,810
Heating
Process
75
No
No
395
No
No
135'
or total
10,000
Heati ng
Process
100
No
No
165
No
No
135'
quantity of each
K
WS
1952,1960
B&W
2-Units
33,000
Heating
Process
100
No
No
325
No
No
41'
fuel in year
-------
HEATING PLANTS ICont.)
o
m
t/i
o
o
x
o
Boiler Designation
Location (Region
Age or Year Installed
Manufacturer
Rated Capacity
(Ib steam/ hr)
Use: Power, Process
Heating
Est. Load Factor - 1$
Fuel*
Coal - Tons/Day
Firing Method
#6 Oil
Natural Gas MCFD
Blast Furnace Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Other
Flue Gas Control Equip,
Type (if any)
Est. % Efficiency
Ht. of Stack Top Above
Grade
*
Indicate approximate
(a "yes" or "no", at
**
NR - Not Reported
L
SE
1916,1950,
1952
4-Units
2/
78,000
Heating
Process
100
3.3
Over Feed
Stoker
No
790
No
No
No
1916-142'
1950-60'
1952-60'
% of total annual Btu's
least).
M
SE
1970
Coppus
2-Units
47,600
Heating
Process
100
No
No
767
No
No
No
175'
fired, or
N
AT
1958
Todd
. Ship.
20,600
(1958)
Heating
Process
90
No
No
406
No
No
No
1958-85', 1959-
90' & 165', 1959-
63 90'
total quantity of
0
WS
1952
Webster
5,000
Heating
Process
100
No
No
141
No
No
No
30'
each fuel in year
-------
APPENDIX B
HEATING PLANTS - WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
42
WALDEN RESEARCH CORPORATION
-------
N>?EHDW ft - HEAT1H&
CO
m
in
o
o
o
TO
3
1
o
Boiler Designation
Location (State)
Age or Year Installed
Manufacturer
Rated Capacity
(Ib steam/hr)
Use: Power, Process,
Heating
Est. Load Factor - %
Fuel*
Coal
Firing Method
#6 Oil
Natural Gas
AT
1968
Cleaver
Brooks
45 hp
Process
Heating
50%
Gas
GL
1957
(2 units)
56,000 #/hr
Process and
Space Heating
100% for 1
50% for 2nd
Gas (12 oil
stdby about
7 days)
CU
1970
(2 units)
MO6 Btu/hr
each
Space
Heating
19%
Gas
SE
n.a.
(3 units)
30,000 #/hr
each
Process and
Space Heating
1 00% for 2
50% for 3rd
Gas (#2 oil
on stby)
AT
1942
(2 units)
30,000 #/hr
^90%
Coal
Underfed
Stoker
AT
1956
(1 unit)
40,000 #/hr
^0%
Coal
Chain Grate
Stoker
Blast Furnace Gas
Coke Oven Gas
Other
Flue Gas Control Equip.
Type (if any)
Est. % Efficiency
Ht. of Stack Top Above Grade
Indicate approximate % of total Btu's fired, or total quantity of each fuel fired in year
/_ it II _ If U.A H * 4- 1 na e +" 1
(a "yes" or "no" at least)
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA-R2-73-191
4. I'ttle and Subtitle
Systems Study of Convent! onal Combustion Sources in
the Primary Aluminum Industry
3. Recipient's Accession No.
5. Report Date
April 1973
6.
r. Auchor(s)
Margnlia .T F.hrPnfeld R Bernstein
8- Performing Organization Kept.
No.
9. performing Organization Name and Address
Walden Research Corporation
359 Alston Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
10. Project/Taslc/Work Unit No.
II. Contract/Grant No.
EHSD 71-21
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
EPA, Office of Research and Monitoring
NERC/RTP, Control Systems Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. Type ol Report & Period
Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16.
Abstracts
The report provides an estimated inventory of boiler capacity and
related pollutant emissions in the primary aluminum industry. Boiler capacity and
pollutant emissions are projected to 1980. The report supplements a separate
systems study of all process-related emissions from the aluminum industry.
Significant findings include: the limited boiler capacity is used for process steam;
and the vast majority of the boilers are natural-gas-fired. The large amount of
electric power used in aluminum processing is supplied from outside sources, rather
than being generated on site. It is concluded that the boiler emissions are
insignificant, compared to process emissions.
Key Words and Document Analysis. 17o. Descriptors
Pollution
* Aluminum Industry
jjoilers
Capacity
j5miss ion
Inventories
forecasting
|/b* Identifiers /Open-Ended Terms
Stationary Sources
COSATI Fie Id/Group
^Availability Statement
Unlimited
19. Security Class (This
Report)
UNCL
4V. Security Class (his
UNCLASSIFIED
21. No. of Pages
22. Price
USCOMM-DC 14»82-P72
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING FORM NTIi-35 (10-70) (Bibliographic Data Sheet based on COSATI
Guidelines to Format Standards for Scientific and Technical Reports Prepared by or for the Federal Government,
PB-180 600).
1. Report Dumber. Each individually bound report shall carry a unique alphanumeric designation selected by the performing
organization or provided by the sponsoring organization. Use uppercase letters and Arabic numerals only. Examples
FASEB-NS-S7 and FAA-RD-68-09.
2. Leave blank.
3. Recipient's Accession Number. Reserved for use by each report recipient.
4. Title ond Subtitle. Title should indicate clearly and briefly the subject coverage of the report, and be displayed promi-
nently. Set subtitle, if used, in smaller type or otherwise subordinate it to main title. When a report is prepared in more
than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume number and include subtitle for the specific volume.
S> Report Dote. I .ich report shall carry a date indicating at least month and year. Indicate the basis on which it was selected
(e.g., date of issue, date of approval, date of preparation.
6. Performing Organisation Code. Leave blank.
7. Authors). Give name(s) in conventional order (e.g., John R. Doe, or J.Robert Doe). List author's affiliation if it differs
from the performing organization.
8. Performing Orgonizotion Report Number. Insert if performing organization wishes to assign this number.
9. Performing Organisation Name and Address, dive name, street, city, state, and zip code. List no more than two levels of
an organizational hierarchy. Display the name of the organization exactly as it should appear in Government indexes such
as USGRDR-I.
10. Projaet/Toak/Work Unit Number. Use the protect, task and work unit numbers under which the report was prepared.
11. Controct/Gront Number. Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared.
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address. Include zip code.
13. Type of Report and Period Covered. Indicate interim, final, etc., and, if applicable, dates covered.
14. Sponsoring Agency Code. Leave blank.
15. Supplementary Notes. Enter information not included elsewhere but useful, such as: Prepared in cooperation with . . .
Translation of ... Presented at conference of ... To be published in ... Supersedes . . . Supplements . . .
' Abstract. Include a brief (200 words or less) factual summary of the most significant information contained in the report.
If the report contains a significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis, (a). Descriptors. Select from the Thesaurus of (Engineering and Scientific Terms the
proper authorized terms that identify the major concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used
as index entries for cataloging.
(b). Identifiers ond Open-Ended Terms. Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use
open-ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c). COSATI Field/Croup. Field and Group assignments are to be taken from the 196) COSATI Subject Category List.
Since the majority of documents are multidisciplinary in nature, the primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be the specific
discipline, area of human endeavor, or type of physical object. The applications) will be cross-referenced with secondary
Field/Group assignments that will follow the primary posting(s).
18. Distribution Statement. Denote releasability to the public or limitation for reasons other than security for example "Re-
lease unlimited". Cite any availability to the public, with address and price.
19 & 20. Security Classification. Do not submit classified reports to the National Technical
21. Number of Pages. Insert the total number of pages, including this one and unnumbered pages, but excluding distribution
list, if any.
22. Pries. Insert the price set by the National Technical Information Service ot the Government Printing Office, if known.
OHM NTIf-M "»«v- S'72> USCOMM-DC I4M1-P72
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