EPA-R2-73-249
June 1973
Environmental Protection Technology Series
POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS
IN FOSSIL FUELS
*r!'
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EPA-R2-73-249
POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS
IN
FOSSIL FUELS
by
E.M. Magee, H.J. Hall, and G.M. Varga, Jr.
Esso Research and Engineering Co.
P.O. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
Contract No. 68-02-0629
Program Element No. 1A2013
EPA Project Officer: William J. Rhodes
Control Systems Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
June 1973
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This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
A. INTRODUCTION 1
B. COAL 4
1. Background 4
1.1 Coal Types and Quality 4
1.2 Source Regions 8
1.3 Potential Pollutants 13
1.4 Fate of Elements on Combustion 18
2. State of the Art 21
2.1 Evaluation of Data 21
2.2 Methods of Correlation 23
2.3 Literature Sources and Procedure 29
2.4 Types of Analysis Found 30
2.5 Newer Methods of Analysis 36
3. Distribution of Elements 40
3.1 Sulfur and Rank in U.S. Coals 40
3.2 Mercury: Averages and Extremes 49
3.3 Data on Trace Elements 53
4. Concluding Remarks 70
4.1 Correlations Indicated 70
4.2 New Data Required 73
C. PETROLEUM : . . 75
1. Background 75
2. Domestic Crude Oils 79
2.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Data 80
2.2 Other Trace Element Data 90
3. Imported Crude Oils 100
3.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Data 103
3.2 Other Trace Element Data Ill
3.3 Interpretation of Imported Crude
Data 117
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)
Page
4. Activation Analysis 121
5. Shale Oil 129
6. Concluding Remarks 133
6.1 Correlations Indicated 140
6.2 New Data Required 142
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY 144
E. TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS 151
APPENDIX I Spectrochemical Analyses of Coal
Ash for Trace Elements 1-1
APPENDIX II Rare Elements in Coal II-l
APPENDIX III Mercury in Coal III-l
APPENDIX IV Determinations of Arsenic in Coal IV-1
APPENDIX V Colorimetric Determination of Beryllium V-l
APPENDIX VI Chemical Analysis for Germanium
and Gallium in Head Samples of Fly Ash and Flue Dust VI-1
APPENDIX VII Spectrochemical Analysis of Coal Ash VII-1
APPENDIX VIII Method for Determination of
Fluorine in Coal VIII-1
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LIST OF TABLES
No. Page
1 ASTM CLASSIFICATION OF COALS BY RANK 5
2 VARIATIONS IN COAL ASH COMPOSITION
WITH RANK 7
3 DISTRIBUTION OF COALS IN THE U.S 9
4 MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL 17
5 VARIANCES AND EXTREMES IN AREAS 27
6 WEST VIRGIANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY T- 1955 32
7 USBM - 1961, METHOD OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 34
8 DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS ANALYSED BY
THE SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD 35
9 SULFUR CONTENT OF U.S. COALS BY REGION 46
10 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY 1971-72
RESULTS; PPM ON COAL 51
11 TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS, (ppm), BY
GEOGRAPHICAL REGION 54
12 COMPARISON OF COALS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS
OF THE U.S -59
13 SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE GIANT
U.S. OIL FIELDS 81
14 TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF U.S. CRUDE OILS 94
15 IMPORTS OF CRUDE OILS INTO THE U.S. BY
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN 1971 101
16 GENERAL CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS BY
REGION 102
17 SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S 104
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd)
No.
18 TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S 112
19 TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS AS
DETERMINED BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS 124
20 SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE
SHALE OIL 131
VI
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No.
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 MAP SHOWING NUMBER OF SAMPLES FROM
EACH STATE 10
2 AVERAGE TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT IN
ASH OF COAL FROtt THREE AREAS COMPARED
WITH CRUSTAL ABUNDANCE 15
3 TOTAL COAL PRODUCTION OF ALL RANKS, BY
STATE AND SULFUR CONTENT, IN THE U.S.,
IN 1964 48
4 TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS 66
5 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR CONTENT
IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS 89
6 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN CONTENT
IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS 91
Vll
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- 1 -
A. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this survey is to present the composition of
typical U.S. fossil fuels by source location, and the extent to which the
selection of coals and crude oils by geographic source can be expected to
affect their composition in trace elements. The first section deals with
coals produced and consumed in the United States. The second section on
petroleum and shale oil includes domestic crudes and crudes from nations
which export to this country. Knowing the composition of fuels provides
a background for the assessment of the probable fate of the trace elements
present as potential pollutants, as affected by primary conversion treat-
ments applied to the fossil fuel.
Almost half of the coal produced is consumed as mined, without
preliminary processing. The same is not true for petroleum, which is
burned in only limited quantities as total crude. In both cases any initial
processing, by cleaning or by fractionation, usually produces a waste or
bottoms fraction which is enriched in undesirable components, and this
waste may create pollution problems when present methods of handling or
disposal are used. These problems are known and fairly well defined for
sulfur, but there is no comparable body of data for the pollution potentials
of other elements.
The problems due to the ash from burning are completely different
for oil and coal. Most oils produce much less than .1% of ash, most of which
is emitted to the atmosphere. Coal produces some 3 to 20% of ash, commonly
about 10%, but this ash adsorbs many volatile materials reducing their
quantities in stack emissions. The major split is between fly ash and
bottom ash, which is determined by equipment and operating conditions.
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The number of elements for which statistical data on composition
and geographical location exist is entirely different for crude oil and
for coal. Good data and useful correlations with source locations are
available for petroleum, for sulfur, nitrogen and nickel/vanadium; but not
for other potential pollutants. A large body of data is available for
trace elements in coal, and is examined herein. For both coal and petroleum,
however, the level of trace elements present is relatively low so that
methods of sample selection and sample handling, prior to analysis, can
and do present major complications in the interpretation of results.
Nearly complete data are available for sulfur in coal; nitrogen
is always relatively high; and comprehensive field reviews have been
published on the other elements present. However, these data must be
examined with caution before they can be used to indicate the distribution
of trace elements in typical coals. Primarily this is because the samples
were obtained for quite a different purpose, i.e. considering coal as a
potential mineral resource. The selection of samples for this purpose
started with a strong emphasis on mineral specimens of unusual composition,
and shifted gradually over the years so that some areas of the country
were covered on one basis and others on another. In the first studies
of uranium in coal, for example, the typical coal containing less than
10 ppm of the element was dismissed as of no interest, and data were only
reported for the atypical exceptions. In some later studies, a screening
procedure was applied which selected for analysis those samples which gave
the highest percentage of germanium on ash as being most promising for a
desirably high content of other trace elements. An effort is made in
this study to reduce the bias toward unusual specimens, and draw
correlations based on adjusted data.
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Finally, it should be noted that while literature on newer
methods of analysis such as neutron activation is available, the "typical
samples" used to calibrate these studies to date are mostly unidentified as
to exact source. For both coal and oil, the contribution which these
methods will undoubtedly make to trace metal analyses is still to be con-
firmed by further experience.
The authors wish to express thanks to the various people who have
been kind enough to furnish information, advice and criticism during the
course of this work. These very helpful people include Messrs. Peter
Zubovic and Vernon E. Swanson of the U.S. Geological Survey, Hyman Schultz
of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, P. D. LaFleur of the U.S. National Bureau
of Standards, W. Fulkerson of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, H. B.
Charmbury of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsylvania
State University, J. M. Sugihara of the College of Chemistry and Physics
of North Dakota State University, T. K. Janes and W. J. Rhodes of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and M. H. Farmer, R. L. Mathiasen
and R. A. Hofstader of Esso Research and Engineering Company.
•
Special thanks are due to Dr. A. H. Popkin, consultant to Esso
Research and Engineering Company, who did much of the literature search
for this report.
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B. COAL
1. Background
1-1 Coal Types and Quality
The quality of coal and its effect on market value has been
measured traditionally in terms of its use by the general public for
domestic heating and small industries. For these uses anthracite coal,
which is clean-burning, dust free and of moderate ash, has a considerable
premium value. Coals are ranked systematically by volatile matter content
and Btu per pound, from anthracite to bituminous to lignite and peat. A
century or more of geological and mining research has shown that coal rank
can be correlated with geological structure and geographical location, and
used as a guide to locating and characterizing valuable new mines. These
correlations are shown in the ASTM classification scheme commonly used in
the United States, in Table 1.
Coal is primarily organic matter consisting essentially of C,
H, 0, N, and S. All of these are combustible except for oxygen, whose
increase in amount correlates with a decrease in rank of the coal. The
inorganic mineral matter present is associated partly with the coal but
primarily with the ash, which ranges between 3% to 20% in commercial coals,
averaging about 10% by weight. Ash content is to some extent an independent
variable in coal quality. It reflects both care in mining and cleaning
of the run-of-mine coal, and the intrinsic grade or quality of the coal
itself. Coal by definition may contain up to 50% inorganic matter.
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TABLE 1
2
8
14
f 22
j?
3 31
r
c
:=
1
•
Aiithr.ii
•it«
Bituminous
Niwweallicring
9.S !
I
Anthra-
cite
Is
13 'SU 78
1
Semi-
anthra-
cite
I,
Non-
nggtumerating
6»
1
I, = metuanthracite
Low-
volatile
bitumi-
nous
II,
Medium-
volatile
bitumi-
nous
II,
Fixed carbon,
dry basis
High-
volutile A
bituminous
IF,
High-
vulatile B
bituminous
II.
High-vola
Variety 1
Weathering
ilc C bituniint
Variety 2
Agglomerating
Non-
weathering
>ua IU
Variety 3
.Subbituminima
Lignitic
Weathering
Subbituminous A
IIIi
Subbituminuua D
III,
SubbituminousC
III,
Consoli-
dated
•
Lignite
IV,
Unconsoli-
dated
Brown
coal
IV,
Nonagglomerating
1
.9
3
>14,000 «
14,000
13,000
11,000
9.500
8,300
<8,300
ASTM classification of coals by rank. Courtesy American Society for Testing and Materials.
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The elements which make up most of the ash of coal are the
common rock forming constituents: silicon, aluminum, calcium, iron and
smaller amounts of magnesium, titanium, sodium and potassium. These are
almost always present in coal. Their relative amounts may vary widely,
depending in part upon the composition of the rocks adjacent to the coal.
Typical ranges for the amounts of these oxides in the ash of coals of
various ranks are given in Table II.
These elements which are major constituents of the soil and
common rocks are not normally considered as pollutants; therefore, they
are not discussed in detail in this report.
Questions of what coal types and elements are of special
interest for pollution control are directly affected by changing patterns
of use. The shift from domestic heating to electric power plant boilers
as the principal areas of use and public concern for the environment has
accelerated rapidly since World War II. The production of anthracite
coal which was most valuable for home use peaked at 100 million tons a
year in 1917. It has declined steadily from this level, except for a
short spurt after World War II, to less than 10 million tons per year
since 1970 . The loss of this premium market has erased much of the
older emphasis on differences due to coal rank, and values based on
geographical location and accessibility have become correspondingly
more important.
Bituminous coals are much more widely distributed than anthra-
cite, but they tend to be of higher sulfur content, as well as less clean
burning. It is well known that industrial and residential areas burning
high sulfur coals have had serious problems with air pollution. Public
(1) Superscript numbers refer to attached Bibliography.
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TABLE 2
VARIATIONS IN COAL ASH COMPOSITION WITH RANK
(1)
Rank
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbitiminous
Lignite
% Si02
48-6S
7-68
17^58
6-40
96 A1203
25-44
4-39
4-35
4-26
-o Fe203
2-10
2-44
3-19
]-34
?c Ti02
1-0-2
0.5- 4
0.6- 2
0.0-0,8
% CaO
0.2- 4
0.7-36
2.2-52
12.4-52
% MgO
0.2- 1
0.1- 4
0.5- 8
2.8-14
% Na20
-
0.2- 3
0.2-28
% K20
-
0.2- 4
0.1-1.3
% SO 3
0.1- 1
0.1-52
3.0-16
S.3-32
I
-vj
I
(1) From "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in U.S. Coals," OCR R and D Report
No. 61, Pennsylvania State University (1972), Table 13.
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attention was focussed on this problem during the 1950's by two serious air
pollution episodes in which a number of lives were lost due to the effects
of acid smog, first in the Donora Valley near Pittsburgh in 1948 and second
in a highly publicized one in 1952 in London. These were followed by a
series of lesser episodes in many other areas which resulted in a strong
emphasis on low-sulfur coals. This trend was reinforced in Pittsburgh,
London and elsewhere by data demonstrating the seriously harmful effect of
sulfurous and sulfuric acids on stone buildings. The combination of the
decline in anthracite use, accompanied by a very large increase in public
utility demand and growing concern with air pollution has led to a continuing
decrease in sulfur tolerance in consumed bituminous coal, as well as in
(2)
other fuels
The availability of low sulfur coals was thoroughly explored
during the 1960's. Definitive data are contained in a U.S. Bureau of Mines
study as of 1966, with particular attention to the relationship between
coal as a pollutant and the exact source of the coal^^
1.2 Source Regions
Geological and geographical relationships have proved to be
important guides to the location of specific regions and beds where the
coal produced has a low ash or sulfur content. This information is used
regularly in pollution control. One object of the present survey is to
examine the extent to which such relationships do or do not exist for
other trace elements.
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These correlations are commonly presented in terms of the major
coal-producing areas in the United States. They are grouped by state into
six geographical provinces, as used by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM)
and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and shown in Figure 1. The data collected
in this review are presented primarily in terms of four of these provinces, as
listed in Table III. These major areas are the Appalachian Province, the
Interior Province, the Western Region which contains the Rocky Mountain
Province plus Washington, and the Northern Great Plains Province. The other
two provinces, Pacific and Gulf, produce only trivial amounts of coal.
TABLE 3
DISTRIBUTION OF COALS IN THE U.S.
Region Abbreviation States Included
Appalachian A Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland,
Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, Tennessee,
Alabama (and Georgia)
Interior-Eastern IE Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky, Michigan
Interior-Western IW Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Texas
Western W Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico,
Arizona, and Washington
Southwestern SW Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico
Great Northern Plains N Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota
The numbers shown on each state in Figure 1 are the number of
samples selected for spectrochemical analysis in a 1969 survey by USBM^\
as typical of current U.S. production. The larger numbers shown in circles
are total production figures for each region during 1969, in thousand tons
per day ' '.
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LEGEND
Anthracite (anthracite
and semianthracite)
Low-volatile bituminous
Medium-volatile and
high-volatile bituminous
Subbituminous
tei:::i;il Lignite
1-247 Samples
Scale.miles
FIGURE 1. - Map Showing Number of Samples From Each State. (From Ref. 4)
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The Appalachian region contains most of the anthracite coal in
the United States, and the largest and most important continuous bituminous
deposit in the world. These coal beds and the Pennsylvania rock strata in
which they occur are intensely folded along their southeastern outcrops.
The rank of the coal tends to increase in this direction, with intensity of
folding, thickening of formations, and depth of burial.
The Eastern Interior region coincides generally with the outline
of the Illinois basin, where the coal-bearing Pennsylvania strata extend
across most of Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky. The
coals in this region are largely high-volatile bituminous. The Interior
Western region contains large deposits of medium-to-high volatile bituminous,
which have not been extensively mined because they are too far from the
eastern centers of population and industry. These extend across Iowa,
Missouri, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, into Oklahoma, with a related bed
in Texas. A smaller area of low volatile bituminous and anthracite extends
over into Arkansas.
The small lignite beds in Texas and Arkansas extend over into
Alabama, and are properly in the Gulf Province. They are of only fair
quality, and few analyses for them are available. These have been in-
cluded with the Interior Western region in the USBM studies, for convenience.
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Coals in the Northern Great Plains province comprise enormous
deposits of lignite and sub-bituminous, which have scarcely been touched.
Lignite is characterized by a high content of water and ash, and ,an ash
content of alkaline earths which is significantly higher than other coals.
The Western region is defined here, as in the USBM studies of
coals by regions, to include the Rocky Mountain states and a few
isolated samples from the Pacific northwest. A Southwest sub-region at
the 4-Corners area of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah and Colorado has been
studied extensively in a recent comprehensive review by the Southwest
Energy Study group. Data from this report are considered reliable to a
lower concentration level than earlier analysis in several cases, such as
cadmium and selenium, and they are identified separately (as SW) where used.
The Appalachian and Interior-Eastern regions have had a major
effect in the development of the U.S. economy. These regions are well
documented by many analyses. These and the Interior Western region comprise
80% of the U.S. reserves of both bituminous and anthracite deposits, most
of which must be worked by underground mining. Essentially all of the
lignite and sub-bituminous deposits are located in the Northern and Western
regions. Much of these is found in beds which can be strip or open-pit
mined at very low unit costs. This has led to the development of large new
power plant installations at some distance from the point of demand, as at
the 4-Coirners area which now supplies electricity to Southern California.
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In the eastern bituminous and anthracite areas, the coal minerals
are owned privately and their exploitation is largely controlled by
economic factors, chief of which are proximity to market and coal quality.
The majority of the lignite and sub-bituminous reserves of the western
states are associated with public lands, administered by federal and state
agencies. These coals are further from today's markets, and are generally
of lower quality.
1.3 Potential Pollutants
Public concern over minor or trace elements in coal as a potential
source of air pollution was limited almost entirely to sulfur until recent
years, after about 1967. The initial concern and the first official actions
were directed to smoke control, to limit the production of soot, fly ash,
and odorous organic materials. While these problems may reflect coal
quality in terms of rank, or content of volatile tars, they can be con-
trolled by careful adjustment of combustion conditions. The production of
fly ash or cinders is tied to total ash content and composition, but it is
scarcely affected by which trace elements are present in the ash.
The pollutant element other than soot which has been and still is
of most concern is sulfur, which is converted quantitatively on combustion
to acid sulfur oxides. The sulfur in coal is present both in the organic
and in inorganic portions. The organic portion is primarily ring sulfur
compounds, thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives, which are the princi-
pal S compounds in low sulfur coals. Most of the inorganic sulfur is in
the form of j.ron disulfide, pyrites or its polymorph marcasite. A much
smaller amount appears ordinarily as sulfate sulfur such as gypsum. This
appears (or is formed in the ashing process) as the major sulfur compound
in lignite ash.
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The nitrogen compounds in coal are again almost exclusively
organic. There are significant amounts of both pyrroles and pyridines,
5- and_^j=membered__rings_,__and_thej.r higher homplc^guej^. The porphyrin
systems of N-ring chelates play a role in the trace elements present.
They act directly to introduce organic iron and magnesium derived from
original plant chlorophyll, and indirectly through the substitution of
other elements for these during geologic metamorphoses. The presence of
inorganic nitrogen in lignites is again a special case, since as much as
1% by weight can be extracted from some lignites as water soluble sodium
and alkaline earth nitrates.
The interest in other elements in coal up to about 1967 was
almost entirely on its use as a possible mineral resource. This was ex-
plored during the 50fs and 60's in comprehensive reviews for a few elements
such as uranium, beryllium, germanium and gallium in the U.S., and for
mercury in the USSR. Concentrations of interest from this point of view
cut off at about 10 ppm on ash or 1 ppm on coal, and few of the older
(A)
analyses go below this level .
Trace elements are usually defined as those present in the earth's
crust to the extent of 0.1% (1000 ppm) or less. Nearly all trace elements
show an enrichment in coal ash relative to their crustal abundance. The
USGS data on coal ash are summarized on this basis in Figure 2. This en-
richment is attributed to concentration effects during growth of the coal-
forming plant (syngenetic processes) or by exchange reactions with the
surroundings during coalification (epigenetic processes). Boron which is
picked up by plants from the underlying soil is enriched even on the total
coal basis (syngenetic), arid germanium is equally enriched in some coals
(epigenetic).
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- 15 -
JlO
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r 06
a
b
h-
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B Be
FIGURE 2.
7
I j
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Co
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J
If
Or
%
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,
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x
IlirLlIL
Cu Go Ge
r
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v.
i
-> ^
1 1
t.
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i: •
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:.;
KEY
1^& Eosrern Province ,-,
CE2I Interior Province
1 1 Western states
^B Crustal abundance
I
La Li Mn Mo
m
J
;$3
^*3
lip
ft
ril
ll
1
KM
lh_
i :": •
Lh-H.
J
^
Ni Pt) Sc Sn V YD
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i
I
ll i
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''/'•
5 ;
J '
^
^ !
^ J
1!
^ i
V '<
i i
^
i
^
Li
ii
•
i
•
Y Zn Zr
- Average Trace Element Content in Ash of Coal From Three Areas Compared
With Crustal Abundance
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- 16 -
Anthracite coals tend to have a low ash, but coal rank, in gen-
eral, is not a decisive factor in the relative amounts of different trace
elements present. The coals of lowest rank, lignite and peat, show high
ash with a very high content of calcium, sometimes of sodium, and of barium
and strontium which tend to go along with calcium. Boron is also high in
lignites, but the lignite ash, by reason of its high content of alkali and
alkaline earths, is proportionately low in its content of other trace
elements (simple dilution effect).
High concentrations of specific trace elements may be closely
associated with the presence of ore beds nearby. This is true for coals of
any rank. Ash samples showing significant concentrations of such metals
as mercury, lead, uranium, copper, zinc and tin are used to indicate the
possible location of workable mineral deposits. Samples which show unusual
concentrations of these elements are selected regularly for special inter-
est as mineral specimens. This bias toward specimens of mineral interest
must be discounted heavily in some cases, since they can receive much more
than their proper weight in correlations based on a limited number of
samples.*
A list of minor elements present and the trace elements on which
sufficient data are available for review in this report is given in
Table IV. The trace elements are considered in three categories and ar-
ranged within each in the order of increasing atomic weight.
*An example is the 1971 article by Joensuu on the high mercury content of
U.S. coals, in which 11 of the 36 specimens analyzed contained over 1 ppm
of Hg on coal, but 8 of the 11 were multiple samples from the same 3
counties .
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- 17 -
TABLE 4
Minor and Trace Elements in Coal
Minor Elements
(about 1% or more, on ash)
Pollutant
Sulfur
Nitrogen
Ash-forming
Sodium
Potassium
Iron
Calcium
Magnesium
Silica
Alumina
Titania
Trace Elements
(about 0.1% or less, on ash)_
Named as Hazardous
Beryllium Cadmium
Fluorine Mercury
Arsenic Lead
Selenium
Others Analyzed
Coal Basis
Boron
Vanadium
Chromium
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Tin
Yttrium
Lanthanum
Uranium
Ash Basis
Lithium
Scandium
Manganese
Strontium
Zirconium
Barium
Ytterbium
Bismuth
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- 18 -
The first category includes seven trace elements named by EPA
or commonly elsewhere in the literature as hazardous to human health. It
is undoubtedly no coincidence that ,tlijas£_toxic__elements_are a.ll_volatile or
inissions as jyp.latile stable compounds. The definition
of hazardous elements must be carefully considered, however, since many ele-
ments are essential to metabolism in trace amounts. Selenium, for example,
\ i
is as hazardous to health when it is completely absent as when it is pres-
ent in slight excess. Similar observations apply to Cu, Mo, Co, I and
other elements. Again, iJL_As^ no accident that the leveljif metabolic. J:oler-
ance_±n_mariy__ cases is close to average_crustal_abundance, the amount of the
element found in. ordinary^ dir_t.
The second category includes other elements which have been ana-
lyzed in extensive field reviews, and reported on a coal basis in the litera-
ture. These are the elements selected by USGS as most significant for its
studies of the chemistry and geology of coals, as determined by a standard
procedure for emission spectroscopy. Titanium, included in the USGS
studies, is an ash-forming element present regularly in amounts greater than
0.1%. It is not considered as a trace element for the purposes of the
present review. Yttrium is listed next to lanthanum for convenience in
intercomparisons .
The third category includes elements for which data are available
only on an ash basis, from USBM studies of commercial coals.
1.4 Fate of Elements on Combustion
The sulfur in coal (or otherfuels) goes quantitatively to'SCU on
combustion. A small but variable portion of this is oxidized further to
SO . This goes in turn to form acid mists on combination with moisture, or
-------
- 19 -
sulfate in ash on combination with alkali or alkaline earths. The amount
of sulfate formed depends primarily on the amount of lime or other alkaline 'J
earths present in the combustion zone. Lignite ash is intrinsically high
in lime, derived presumably from calcium humates in the coal, and the ash
is_high_in_r^tained_sulfate._ This reaction can be increased by the addi-
tion of free lime or limestone to the combustion zone as a means of pollu-
tion control, to decrease the stack emission of sulfur oxides. The lime
fixes gaseous S02 as well as SO , and the calcium sulfite formed can be re-
generated or oxidized further by air to the sulfate.
The fate of various trace elements also depends to some extent on
other constituents present in the ash. This is particularly true for j\rana-
dium which may react with alkali, under reducing conditions, to form a
vanadate slag. This can be seriously corrosive to boiler tubes or heat ex-
change equipment, such as a gas turbine, but this is a high temperature
situation, and it__is_noLt_considered_as a pollution .hazard. Acid corrosion
due to the presence of chlorides from coal ash in the combustion zone is
also a high temperature reaction, which is quenched at lower temperatures
and not considered as a pollution hazard. Fluorides are released to some
extent in fly ash, and emitted as such.
Other trace elements are converted primarily to the oxides, and
\f
split between fly ash and bottom ash depending on their chemical and physi-
cal properties. Germanium and,gallium are both enriched in fly ash enough
to represent a significant mineral resource. A few of the heavy metals are
so electropositive that they appear as the free element. This applies
chiefly to mercury, although occurrences of free silver or gold have both
been noted in the ash of coals from mines adjacent to rich ore beds.
-------
- 20 -
The fate of nitrogen in fuel depends to a major extent on the
conditions of combustion, and the presence of a high nitrogen content in
coal does not correlate directly with the amount of nitrogen oxides pro-
duced. The nitrogen compounds formed or released during partial vaporiza-
tion in the combustion zone prior to burning may either oxidize, depending
on conditions, or combine with nitrogen oxides in the combustion gases to
produce free nitrogen. The total production of NO is affected to a major
3C
extent by the maximum flame temperature and the presence of excess oxygen,
and it can be reduced even for high N-containing fuels by controlling these
variables. The amount of nitrogen in all coals is within the range of about
1-2% by weight, with distribution curves peaking between 1.1 and 1.5%.
These values are all high compared to other fossil fuels. They have a
large effect on NO production, but the difference between one coal and
A
another is too small to have much of an effect. The differential effect
between coals is trivial at best compared to the order of magnitude dif-
ference between SO emissions from coals of high and low S content. On
X
this basis, the distribution of N in coals is not considered as a primary
variable for air pollution controls.
The only fossil fuels regularly sold now for their low pollution
characteristics are low sulfur oil and coal, and oils of low nickel/vanadium
content for use in gas turbine and boilers. While coals of high V/Ni con-
tent can be found, e.g., in Kentucky, they are not common. The increasing
interest in specific hazardous elements, such as mercury, will undoubtedly
direct more attention to avoiding fuels in which their concentration is
unusually high.
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- 21 -
2. State of the Art
2.1 Evaluation of Data
Continuing field surveys of U.S. coals have been made by three
major government laboratories, using the best methods available to them.
These surveys are made for three different purposes, and they differ more
in the method of sampling than in the procedures for analysis. The rest of
the literature on trace elements in coal is concerned almost entirely with
new methods of analysis, tested or intercompared on a single sample or a
few known samples. Except for missing data on single elements, these have
*s
relatively little to contribute to an overall review. The three basic sets
of data and samples are:
Surveys of commercial coals - USBM (delivered samples)
Mineral source surveys - USGS (column samples)
Specific element studies - AEC (USGS, Oak Ridge; specimens)
The USGS d_a_ta_are-found to come closest to the purposes of the
present program: to .determine the composition of typical U.S. coals by re-
gions and the exten.t_t_o_whi.c.tL the selection of coals by geographic location
^an^ be_expecj:ed_to_af^ect__their_c.omp.o.sition in. trace elements.
The analyses made in these field surveys did not regularly include
data on mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, or fluorine. These are all on
the list of seven hazardous elements, and they constitute the entire list
except for beryllium and lead. They are volatile elements not readily de-
tected by emission spectroscopy, and better methods for their analysis were
required.
-------
- 22 -
Recent studies which have helped supply missing data have been
completed by the Jllinois Sta±e Geological_se^ryice. particularly for mercury
Improved results on fluorine have been obtained by USBM , and by USGS
(8)
as part of the Southwest Energy Study . The National Bureau of Standards is
also taking an active part in the preparation and analysis of standard sam-
ples for an industry-wide program of collaborative testing of new methods
/g\
of analysis including Pb, Cd and As, coordinated by the Bureau of Mines .
The reuse of older samples for ties to new data is suspect, however, and a
broad field review must start with new samples of coal. One of the prob-
lems in previous analyses has been the loss of the volatile elements on
ashing. In other cases they may also be picked up from the environment.
This is the apparent explanation for high mercury values in fteadlee and
Hunter's analyses of West Virginia coals exposed to laboratory air' '> Simi-
larly, the USBM laboratory in urban Pittsburgh has found that its background
level of lead and mercury on lab equipment is higher than that in coal samples
being analyzed, and the problem increases with time of exposure^10\
The effect of different analytical procedures in the laboratory
is often minor compared to the effects of sample selection and preparation
in the field. Major variables are involved. The samples selected may
represent coal as delivered, cleaned or uncleaned, or coal in the mine,
which can be either a complete column cut from the full height of the bed
or blocks within such a column selected for study because they appear to be
different. All of these methods are used, and all of them can be con-
sidered as "correct" as long as they are recognized for what they are. All
of them appear in the literature together, however, and frequently
-------
- 23 -
intermixed in the same article. No distinction is made in many studies
whose primary purpose is the development of a new method of analysis. The
result is that most of the miscellaneous analyses in the literature cannot
be combined properly into a single compendium.
The most important and most confusing..f.a.c.t.or__in .the interpretation
of the data in the literature is the basj.s_of -S.ele.c_tion _of th.e_original
^sample. Coals selected for their interest as mineral specimens are
exactly the ones to avoid for purposes of pollution control, if the specific
element concerned is found to constitute a potential hazard. These analyses
exist in the literature precisely because they are unusual and not
representative of the average run of mine. The same conclusion applies
whether the mineral resource sampling refers to selected blocks in a
partially analyzed column, or selected mines in a given region.
2.2 Methods of Correlation
Efforts to draw useful correlations between the location of coals
and their content of specific trace elements have been hampered by the ten-
dency to use averaged data, and the fact that the basis of sampling for
analysis has shifted during the course of major field surveys. The problem
is particularly serious when samples are intermixed in the same program
which are "of interest" for opposite reasons: because they are typical on
the one hand, or because they are unusual on the other. The analyst in this
case finds no basis to discard a high result which he finds analytically
correct, even though it greatly affects his average. This problem was
recognized by Zubovic, for example, in the analyses reported for zinc in
Illinois and elsewhere(1/). in such a case, the modal value for the average
-------
coal may be quite different from the average reported on all good data.
This can be significant for pollution controls, since the expected analysis
»
for delivered coals might be reduced to the mode by excluding a few samples
which are easy to identify.
The fact that such extremes do or do not exist and the producing
areas in which they are found may be of definite interest in considering
these trace elements as potential pollutants. The unusual data should
somehow be put into perspective, and not simply discarded.
The literature was reviewed with these problems in mind. Three
concepts are proposed as working tools to make the most out of the present
data, with a minimum of recalculations:
(1) A ^Variance" ratio is given for each element, which is the
ratio of the highest to lowest average of analyses for areas or basins
within the region. This variance is a measure of the extent to which
selection of coal source can be expected to make a difference in the con-
centration of a given element. It is applied here to groups of about 3
states but can be used for smaller areas, for simple geographical correla-
tions such as those which are now well known for sulfur. This variance is
low for most elements, of the order of 2 to 3. It is 8 for sulfur and 4 or
above only for Ge, B, Be, Ga, Zn, Sn and Mo, out of the 18 elements for
which sufficient data are available to report.
The averages for areas within the region are given as reported by
Zubovic. He divides the Appalachian region into 3 areas, considers the
Interior Eastern as 1, the Interior Western as 2, and the Northern Plains
as 1.
-------
- 25 -
(2) Ranges for the USGS analysis of the coal beds within each
region are selected which include 90+% of the values reported, for columnar
samples, up to a cut-off point above which higher values appear to be
exceptional. A columnar sample is defined as one for which at least 75%
of the total depth of the coal bed was included in the sample analyzed.
This makes a significant difference in some cases,particularly in
sections A and B of the four-part USGS survey. At that time, the highest
values reported were frequently not samples of the average coal but
blocks selected as mineral specimens or lithotypes within the column.
The 90+% range is taken from the data for beds within the region,
after casting out these non-representative values. The next step was
inspection to find an envelope within which most or all of the individual
analyses represent a continuous distribution of values. The highest
values reported were then considered individually, first to see that
they represent a columnar sample at least 75% analyzed, and then as to
the interval between this value and all lower values within the
envelope. This inspection characterized many instances where a few
columnar samples, up to about 5%, had extreme values 50 to 100% or
more above the rest of the envelope. The cut-off point for these
extremes was an interval of 25% or more above the highest bed value
within the envelope. The significance of the extremes can then be
examined separately, both in terms of their frequency and their magnitude
as compared to average values or the top of the 90+% range. Detailed data
on this are shown in Table XI, below.
-------
- 26 -
(3) Ranges of data on the ash basis can be conveniently
derived, for the same producing regions, from the averages by states
(4)
given by Abernethy in USBM reports x . These have been rounded off
to three significant figures, partly for convenience for comparison
with the data given by USGS and others on a coal basis. Thousandths
_p,f_ _a_ p.e.r.c.ent_on_a s_h . _c or r e s pond exactly to ppm on coal, if the _cj3aj._co_n -
j.s a reasonable average approximation and it
fills in many holes in _the__data, particularly for the Westerner eg ion,
witho_u.t_a__laborious recalculation which. would still not give directly
compa rab.Le— re s.u It s..
When the elements are listed in the order of variance and'
magnitude of extremes, several useful correlations appear. This is
shown in Table V, The elements with high variance and extremes which are
no more than twice the top of the 90+% range are sulfur, germanium,
boron, beryllium and gallium. Except for sulfur, which is both strongly
organic and inorganic, these are all at the top of Zubovic's list of
organic affinity. JThis_ mejms _ that_on_coal cleaning they tend to be
associated with the coal fraction, and not the waste. They are also
elements in which coal is greatly enriched, to the extent that it is
recognized for most of them as a major mineral source.
The other elements which show a variance above 4 are zinc,
molybdenum, and tin. For these the extremes reported are from 5 to
20 times the top of the 90+% range. Zinc and tin are at the bottom
of the organic affinity list, and for them the occurrence of coals
of high metal content is taken as a direct indication of ore beds
-------
- 27 -
TABLE 5
VARIANCES AND EXTREMES IN AREAS1
Element
Sulfur
Germanium
Boron
Beryllium
Gallium
Molybdenum
Tin
Zinc
Lead
Mercury
Vanad ium
Nickel
Chromium
Cobalt
Yttrium
Copper
Lanthanum
2
Variance
between Areas
8
>10
6
5
4
4
>(3)
>5
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
Organic
Affinity
1
3
2
3
6
8
10
3
4
4
5
5
7
9
4
Extreme
Ratio
2
2
2
2
5
5
20
>10
>10
3
2
2 (3)^
2 (5)
2 (10)
2 (3)
2 (10)
(1) From USGS Bulletin 1117, except for S, Pb and Hg.
(2) Approximate ratio between averages for highest and
lowest areas, as published (see Table XI).
(3) Numbers assigned to USGS order of affinity:
Ga>Be>(Ga, B, V)>(Ni, Cr)>(Co, Y)>Cu>Sn>La>Zn
(4) Approximate ratio between extreme bed and top of
range of 90+% envelope, for columnar beds analyzed.
(5) Discounted extremes in parentheses show exaggerated
effect of two weathered coals from Arkansas with
41.7% and 47.3% ash, not included in area averages.
-------
- 28 -
nearby. The variance of (3) reported for tin is placed in parenthesis
because it represents a recalculation of the USGS data for one area
in the Appalachian region. This is given a false low average of 0.1
in the original report by including a value of zero for 15 of the 17
samples analyzed for the region, in which the element was not detected.
The USBM data in this area indicate no such differences between the tin
content of coals in this area and other parts of the region, so this
value was ignored in calculating the variance.
Molybdenum is another case where variance might be misleading.
Here the average for the southern Appalachian area, Alabama, is raised
from 3.9 to 5.8 by a single extreme value of 42 for one bed out of the
20 included. Without this one extreme, the variance reported would
be under 3. The value appears valid but marginal (74% of the columnar
bed analyzed). The fact that the value is so high may correlate directly
with the AEG observation that Mo is the only element in coal for which
they could correlate its high occurrence with a high occurrence of uranium.
Mercury and lead, for which no data are reported in the USGS
field survey, have a variance of about 2 to 3 from other data. The
ratio of extremes to average values for these two elements can be given
any high value desired, up to 50-100, depending on how close one chooses
to come to an ore bed in selecting the coal.
None of the remaining elements which show a variance of 3 or
less has a ratio of extremes to the top of the 90+% range higher than
2, except vanadium at 3. This vanadium ratio directs attention to one
mine in Kentucky which has a high Ni and V content. Other variances
-------
- 29 -
would be higher if it were not for discounting from the extremes two
samples of Arkansas coals excluded in the USBM averages, which had ash
contents of 41.7 and 47.3 weight %. The ratios of extremes on including
these atypical samples are shown in parenthesis in Table V.
2.3 Literature Sources and Procedure
The collection and evaluation of information for this review
have been guided wherever possible by expert opinion on the location and
selection of useful source material. The first step was to collect and
combine pertinent references already assembled in previous searches.
Topics included were data and methods of analysis for specific trace
elements in fuels, the effect of sulfur content or other pollutant
elements on the availability of alternate fuels as a source of energy,
and the fate of potential pollutants on combustion. These references
provided an immediate preliminary overview of the field.
Additional searching first covered Analytical Abstracts from
1965 to July, 1972. This proved to be concerned primarily with more
rapid or convenient methods, tested on known samples of previously
analyzed coals, which added little to the data previously available.
Significant contributions appeared in this period for a few elements,
such as mercury, arsenic, and fluorine. A more useful source was
the U.S. Bureau of Mines index of publications, from 1960 to May, 1972,
including bibliographies of earlier reports. Key references from these
searches were selected by abstract or index entries, and ordered in
full for further study.
-------
- 30 -
The next step was a search of the Engineering Arts Index
from 1960 to July 1972, and a computer index search of the American
Petroleum Institute abstracts of air and water conservation literature
since 1967. At this point in the search, each additional index covered
was giving an increasing amount of duplication of references already
at hand.
The advice of EPA on preferred sources of information was
obtained in conferences with the Project Officer and his associates.
This was backed up by visits and telephone conversations with Peter
Zubovic at the U.S. Geological Survey, Hyman Schultz at the U.S. Bureau
of Mines (Pittsburgh) and Vernon Swanson at the USGS (Denver) to
look for significant additional references. As a final check, a list
of Chemical Abstracts entries for each element and general heading of
interest for trace elements in coal was assembled, and used as a check
list for topics where little or no data had turned up from other sources,
Approximately 1200 references were considered in all.
2.4 Types of Analysis Found
The original wet chemical analyses of coal made each measure-
ment of trace elements a research project, and relatively few determina-
tions were made. A comprehensive survey of the data available as of
1935 was made by Goldschmidt (see Appendix I, Table 1)^13\ The first
standard method developed for analysis by emission spectroscopy was
convenient for the simultaneous determination of a number of minor
elements, but it cut off for most of them at about 10 to 50 ppm (that
is, .001 to .005% on ash). This was proposed by Hunter and
-------
- 31 -
and applied by them in 1955 to the analysis of 28 elements in the ash
of West Virginia coals. Their list of elements and sensitivities
reported is given in Table VI.
The U.S. Bureau of Mines has regularly collected and analyzed
samples of coal from most producing areas in individual countries "and
mines throughout the United States, for 60 years. The samples are either
cleaned or uncleaned coal from the mine tipple, analyzed as a basis of
quality guarantees by the producer for purchase by government agencies.
The USBM basic routine reports only ultimate analysis for % C, H, 0, N, S,
ash, volatiles, and physical properties, but the same samples have
frequently been used as a source of representative coals, from different
areas
The U.S. Geological Survey has been more interested in the coal
in place than in coal as delivered after sorting and cleaning. Spectro-
graphic procedures developed at USGS in 1953 by Zubovic, Stadnichenko
and others for the analysis of germanium in coal^ ' were extended
to the analysis of other trace elements, including sample dilution with
a standard synthetic base material for more reproducible results.
This method was used in 1961-67 for a definitive 4-part study of "Minor
Elements in Coals" for each of the four major producing regions in
the United States. This is the basis for the study of variance and
extremes presented in Table V, above. Zubovic reports his results
and averages on a coal basis, as well as his original data on ash.
The limits of detection for most of elements considered are between
-------
- 32 -
TABLE 6
WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - 1955
Table 54—Wave Lengths of Element Lines Employed for
Analysis at the Concentrations Encountered
Element
o
A
Concrn.
Corcen.
Li
Na
K
Rb
Ca
Sr
Ba
Mff
Al
Si
Fe
Ti
Ag
As
B
Be
Bi
Cb
Co
Cr
Cu
Ga
Ge
Kg
La
Mn
Mo
Ni
P
Pb
Sb
Sn
V
W
Zn
Zr
6707.
5S95.
7698.
7800.
3153.
4607.
4934.
2783.
3050.
2563.
3040.
3072.
3230.
2780.
2496.
3131.
3067.
3163.
3044.
2677.
3274.
2943.
2651.1
2535.
3245.
2801.
3170.
3050.
2554.
2833.
2593.
2339.
3102.
2946.
3345.
3279.
<.OOS-1.00
.3-1.3
.4-4.0
-------
- 33 -
.0001 and .001 on ash, as shown in Table VII. There are 3 elements
which show higher limits: the relatively high limit of .005 on Ti is
of no concern, since this is always present in more than trace amounts.
The same .005 level for Cd is critical, however, since the amount pre-
sent is almost always below this level. This means there are almost no
data available on the geographical distribution of Cd in coal, but
whatever there is is well into the trace level of concentration. The
high limit of .02 for Zn introduces a definite uncertainty into these
analyses.
A comprehensive review of the literature on "Rare Elements
in Coal" was assembled by Abernethy and Gibson at USBM in 1963^13^
including the initial results reported by Zubovic. Data and conclusions
are assembled from U.S. and foreign sources for each of 34 elements,
regarding their occurrence in coal. Excerpts from this report,
including the comments on specific elements, are attached hereto as
Appendix I.
Abernethy, Peterson and Gibson at USGS in 1969^ reported
on the spectrochemical analysis of the ash from 827 U.S. commercial
coals for 22 trace elements, plus 7 other elements detected in many
samples. Their procedure involved a lithium borate fusion of the ash
(16)
for more rapid analysis, as described by Peterson and Zink in 1964
This report presents data on the analysis of trace elements in the
ash of coals from most producing states, countries and beds, and
averages by state on the basis of ash. The full report is attached
hereto as Appendix II. Current modifications of this procedure in a
6-step spectroscopic analysis as used by USGS have given further improvements
in the limits of detection, as shown in Table VIII.
-------
- 34 -
TABLE 7
USBM - 1961
METHOD OF SPECTRO GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
EQUIPMENT AND LIMITS OF DETECTION
The analyses of the ash samples were made by a quantitative
spectrogruphic method. The apparatus and operating conditions
for the analyses are as follows:
Spectrograph: A grating spcctrograph, Wadsworth mounting, with a
dispersion of 5 A per mm in the first order.
Electrodes: A high purity carbon rod of C mm diameter, having a
machined cup at one end, is used as the sample
electrode (anode). The cup has a 4 mm inner diam-
eter with n wall 0.5 mm thick and a crater 6 mm
deep. The counter electrode (cathode) is a graphite
rod 3 mm in diameter.
Excitation:
Exposure:
Emulsion:
Wavelength region:
Microphotometer:
Emulsion calibration:
A 250-volt ballasted d-c arc, operated at 16 amperes,
the analytical gap being maintained at 3 mm through-
out excitation.
Samples and standards arced to completion.
Eastman III-O, developed in DK-50 at 20°C for 5
minutes with continuous agitation.
2300 A—4700 A, recorded on two 10-inch plates simul-
taneously.
Projection comparator microphotometer, using a scan-
ning slit nt the plate.
Method of Dieke and Crosswhite (1943), using a two-
step filter at the slit.
Analysis lines with limits of detection are tabulated as follows:
Table of analysis lines and detection limits for minor elements
Element
B
Be
Cd
Co
Cr
da
On
Wavelength
(angstrom
units)
2497. 733
2348 filO
3131.072
32G 1.057
3453 505
3440. 170
3449.411
4254 316
3021.558
3024. 350
3°73 Ofi°
2S24. 3C9
2^43 G37
2651. 178
3039. OG4
Limit of
detection
(weight per-
cent of nsh)
0 001
0001
.001
005
0005
.001
.002
0001
.'ooi
.005
.05
.001
:oo2
1
Element
La
Mo ...
Nt
Sn
Tl
V
Y
Zn
Wavelength
(angstrom
units)
4333 734
3337. 4SS
3170 3 ',6
3114 765
3050. 810
3175.019
3°G1 C05
3185 396
31S3.400
4374 93 S
3327. 875
3345.020
. Limit of
detection
(weight per-
cent of ash)
0 003
.01
0005
.001
002
005
001
.001
.002
.02
-------
- 35 -
TABLE 8
TiblC. • t> --Approximate visuol lower limits ol dclcriTiirmtion (or the element! analysed by the 6-itep
Specti ofliapliic Mnlliod ol the Denver Laboratory. U-S &<:->\o*9 ;i | .005
Co 2_j
11 IZj
*7vTTj^-'.n]
AH
/.>
Au
^D
"pc""'
Be
6i
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
lo
Mo
Mb
Hi
PS
Pd j
Pi
b'j
Sc
5n
Sr
To
U
V
V '
J_
"?~'~
.00-3
.CC05
2
?.
?coo
50 -
^o
• •\
^J
2
20
50
7
2
2
70
7
20
10
20
5
70
500
10
20
10
. 5000
1
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.0002
1
0.5
1000
20
20
2
1.5
10
50
L '' J
i
i
50
3
10
5
10
2
f f\ —
50
200
5 —
10
5
-------
- 36 -
Field reviews are available on the occurrence of a few specific
elements in coal, as a potential pollutant or as a possible mineral resource,
The earliest studies of this type were joint surveys of coal as a source
of uranium, conducted by AEC and the USGS. The published rasults of these
surveys are entirely negative for present purposes, since the average coal
in all regions was found to contain less than the detectable limit of
10 ppm by the methods of analysis used. Selected reports with good data
have been excerpted and attached hereto for mercury (Appendix III),
arsenic (Appendix IV), beryllium (Appendix V), germanium and gallium
(Appendix VI), and fluorine (Appendix VIII).
2.5 Newer Methods of Analysis
The standard methods of analysis, is noted above, have a
high limit of detection for most of the seven trace elements listed
as hazardous. This is linked to their voltaility as the element, or
as compounds formed furing analysis. Many of the newer procedures
are methods which do not require preliminary ashing or destruction
of the sample, which is time-consuming, expensive, and a serious
potential source of error. The organic matter present in the coal is
the principal source of interference in many trace element determinations,
and a common prelude to the measurement is a procedure to eliminate
or reduce this interference. The extent to which this destruction of
the sample must be pursued, before interference in the final determina-
tion is minimized or eliminated, varies widely. In some instance no
such treatment is required to complete the measurements, without any
kind of chemical attack upon the sample.
-------
- 37 -
One method of non-destructive analysis is X-ray fluorescence,
which utilizes the emission of radiation from a sample as a result
of bombardment. In this instance the bombarding radiation is X- or
gamma-rays from a suitable, source, while the emitted radiation is the
characteristic X-rays which arise from the components of the sample.
This technique has found considerable application in the oil industry
and in coal research, and more recently in the analysis of particulates
from air sampling programs. The method is extremely rapid, but in
complex materials is likely to suffer from interference. It is best
used when one or a few elements are to be determined in an essentially
constant matrix and where there are many similar samples to measure
so that the necessary, and generally lengthy, calibrations and cor-
rections are worth carrying out. Examples are the routine determination of
tetraethyl lead in gasoline, or nickel and vanadium in various petroleum
fractions.
Neutron activation analysis can also be virtually non-destructive.
Many elements, when bombarded with slow neutrons, give rise to radioactive
species, and these often emit gamma-radiation. When the other components
of the sample do not interfere, it is possible to identify and determine
the radioactive species by means of the gamma photons that they emit, and
from this, to measure the amount of the element present in the sample. An
easy example of the application of this technique can be found in the
determination of sodium in fuel oil where the very energetic gamma of 2.75
MeV is readily measured. Interference effects are important in the presence
of large amounts of inorganic ash, as in coal, and the analysis of an unknown
-------
- 38 -
sample may require a new calibration to take them into account. Instances
are known where neutron activation gives a completely false reading due to
the synthesis of elements during neutron bombardment (e.g., NBS studies on
strontium in granite).
Activation analysis requires the use of a nuclear reactor,
expensive equipment and facilities, and experts in the field. In addition,
the time required from sampling to results is relatively long and may be
expensive. If none of these considerations are objectionable, it has the
advantage of being able to identify and quantify a large number of elements
in a single small sample. Collaborative tests are still required to confirm
its applicability to many of these elements in coal. A major dif-
ficulty is the necessity of calibrating interference effects with
predetermined samples having a composition essentially the same as the
unknown.. In trace metal analysis, changes in interactions with other
background elements present in even the smallest amounts can cause
large deviations in the values reported. This uncertainty can be
gradually eliminated with experience in the analysis of coals. For
specific elements, such as mercury, enough data are now at hand to
confirm the reliability of the method.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy is a combination of emission and
absorption phenomena. Its sensitivity can be a thousand times that for
X-ray fluorescence, which cuts off above trace levels for some elements.
In atomic absorption the sample in solution is atomized into a flame or
alternate energy source, producing atomic vapor of the element in question.
Monochromatic light of the same wavelength as that of the desired element
is passed through the sample vapor, and the atoms present in the unexcited
-------
- 39 -
or ground state absorb radiation from the light source in proportion to
their amount. Atomic absorption is easier to operate than are spark
spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence and somewhat cheaper to purchase,
although it measures only one element at a time. Improved methods are
now being developed, including larger samples and special vaporization
procedures, which make it possible to apply this method to mercury,
cadmium, selenium and arsenic. These methods are just now being
developed sufficiently to produce results in field surveys.
-------
3. Distribution of Elements
3.1 Sulfur and Rank in U.S. Coals
Sulfur is the only element for which ample data are available
for a complete picture-of geographical distribution by states and
regions. It is always present in coal, and it contributes to net
heating value. It is regarded as an unwanted constitutent, both
because of air pollution and because it contributes to boiler deposits
which may reduce efficiency and lead to boiler corrosion. The analysis
of coals for sulfur content is a routine procedure and thousands of
results are available, covering all U.S. coals for the past 60 years.
A comprehensive review of these data and their geographical implications
was prepared by the USBM in 1966 (see Appendix IX). Coal cleaning is
regularly employed to reduce this sulfur content of commercial coals,
and the USBM data are mostly on cleaned coals, as marketed .
Experts at the USBM, USGS and elsewhere have indicated to
us that the 1966 conclusions are based on representative data, and
will not be affected by any more recent information. The one thing
which has changed is the public demand for low sulfur fuels, as reflected
in the Clean Air Act of 1967 and subsequent regulations. The status as
of 1966 was stated clearly as follows (3): "Except for special-purpose
coals such as those used for the production of coke and ceramics where
impurities in the fuel contaminate the end product, the amount of
sulfur in coal has been only a minor consideration in the selection
of a particular coal for fuel. Major considerations, particularly
-------
- 41 -
for the coals used to generate electric power, have been availability
and cost. An increased national concern for control of air pollution,
however, particularly that resulting from the emission of sulfur oxides
in stack gases to the atmosphere, has led to more rigid specifications
on coal quality, and the sulfur content of coals will become increasingly
more important in the future.
"The sulfur content of United States coals varies widely, ranging
from a low of 0.2 percent to as much as 7.0 percent as mined, by weight, on
a dry basis. Perhaps as important as the amount of sulfur, however, is
the manner in which sulfur occurs. Generally, sulfur is present in coal
in three forms: as organic combinations, as pyrite or marcasite, and as
sulfates. The forms of sulfur are important because they generally
indicate whether any appreciable reduction in sulfur can be achieved through
conventional cleaning processes. Sulfur held in organic combinations generally
predominates in low-sulfur coals, and cannot be separated from the
coal substance by conventional cleaning. Sulfate sulfur is generally
quite low and usually is of not great concern. The pyritic sulfur,
however, can vary from a low of 40 percent to as high as 80 percent of
the total sulfur. With increasing total sulfur, both the pyrite and
organic forms tend to increase, although there is no direct relation-
ship between the two. Some reduction of pyritic sulfur can be achieved
by crushing and various cleaning processes, depending upon the manner
in which it is dispersed in the coal.
-------
- 42 -
"Pyrites are distributed in coal in many ways. The two
minerals pyrite and marcasite have the same chemical composition,
FeS2, but differ in physical structure. They often are difficult to
distinguish from each other, and unless there is definitie evidence to
the contrary, it is convenient to group them as iron pyrites. They
may occur in lenses and bands, joints or cleats, balls or nodules, and as
finely disseminated particles. The size and distribution will greatly
affect the amount that can be removed by conventional coal preparation
methods. Coarse crushing may release much of the pyrite in the lenses,
bands, and larger particles, for subsequent removal by mechanical
cleaning. If the pyrite is finely disseminated it cannot be removed
unless the coal is very finely crushed, and the pyrite separated from
the coal substance by special treatment".
Zinc, mercury, arsenic, nickel, cobalt and copper all tend
to be associated with the pyrites fraction, as the metal sulfides.
Similarly, selenium when present tends to be in the form of
selenopyrites, replacing a part of the pyritic sulfur. These associa-
tions with a much larger amount of FeS2 and its degree of dispersion have
an important bearing on the capability to recover or to remove these
trace elements by coal cleaning.
The connotation of high-, medium-, or low-sulfur coal varies
somewhat in practice, depending on the end use involved. For example,
coking coals are considered high in sulfur content if they exceed 1 percent,
whereas 1 percent sulfur content coal in boiler fuel would be considered low.
-------
- 43 -
For the USBM discussion, coals are arbitrarily labelled according to sulfur
content as low sulfur—1.0 percent or less; medium sulfur—1.1 through 3.0
percent; and high sulfur—3.1 percent or more :
Total U.S. reserves of coal of all ranks are estimated at 1,567,000
million tons, based on USGS data as of January 1, 1965. Approximately
two-thirds of the estimated reserve may be considered low-sulfur coals^largely
because more than one-half of the total is composed of low-rank coals
(subbituminous and lignite) which generally contain 1 percent or less sulfur.
Most of these reserves are in areas in the Western United States which are
not highly industrialized, and original reserves of these coals, unlike
those in the East, remain virtually intact.
All of the lignitic coal reserves, with the exception of small
deposits in Alabama, are situated west of the Mississippi River; about
98 percent of the total is located in North Dakota and Montana. Approximately
four-fifths of the North Dakota reserve has a sulfur content of 0.7 percent
or less and about nine-tenths has no more than 1.0 percent sulfur. The
Montana deposits, which are located in the eastern part of the State, run
slightly higher in sulfur content than those of North Dakota, although about
69 percent contain 0.7 percent or less sulfur.
Reserves of subbituminous coal also are concentrated in the
Western States, with about 60 percent of the total occurring in Montana and
Wyoming. Most of the remainder is in Alaska, New Mexico, and Colorado. The
subbituminous coals generally are low in sulfur, although there are some
instances in Montana where sulfur is as high as 2 percent.
-------
Of higher rank or bituminous deposits, about two-thirds are
located in the States east of the Mississippi River. The coalfields or
deposits in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky contain 29 percent of
the estimated remaining bituminous-coal reserve, but Illinois alone has the
largest bituminous reserve of all States. Coals in these States are generally
higher in sulfur, with almost 80 percent of the reserves containing more
than 3 percent sulfur. There are, however, several small deposits of
low-sulfur coals in southern Illinois and Indiana where sulfur content
averages 1.5 percent or less.
The Appalachian Region, which stretches northeastward from Alabama
through Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, is the
largest depository of high-rank bitumunous coal, with approximately 31 percent
of the total remaining reserve. One of the characteristics of the Appalachian
Region coals which enhances their value is their ability to coke or
agglomerate when heated in the absence of, or with a limited supply of,
air. All of the coals are not used for cokemaking, however, because some
contain more sulfur than is desired for metallurgical-grade coke. We have
more information on the quality of these coals than for any other region in
the country. This is due to the many analyses of the coals made by Federal
and State agencies in connection with the use of these coals, not only for
cokemaking, but for light, power, and heat in the industrial, commercial,
and residential sectors of the economy.
West Virginia ranks second in total bituminous-coal reserves, but
first in reserves of bituminous coal among the states in the Appalachian
Region. Approximately 46 percent of West Virginia's reserves are low-sulfur
coals and 45 percent are medium-sulfur, making a total of 91 percent of the
reserve having a sulfur content of 3 percent or less.
-------
- 45 -
Pennsylvania ranks third in the Appalachian Region in reserves
of bituminous coal. The bituminous beds of this State vary in sulfur
content, but 85 percent of the reserve contains 3 percent or less sulfur,
and 35 percent has a sulfur content of no more than 2 percent. The central
Pennsylvania beds, including both medium- and low-volatile coals, generally
contain less sulfur than those in the western part of the State.
Deposits of anthracite and semianthracite occur in seven States,
but more than 80 percent of the reserve of this rank is found in northeastern
Pennsylvania. The sulfur content of Pennsylvania anthracite is generally
under 1 percent, with a large proportion of the reserve averaging between
0.6 and 0.7 percent. The small semianthracite coal reserves of Virginia
are also low in sulfur, but the Arkansas deposits of semianthracite are
relatively higher, ranging from about 1.4 to 3 percent.
Correlations between sulfur content and the location of coals
within each producing region have been worked out in considerable detail,
on a state or county basis (see Appendix IX). The overall picture for
remaining reserves in the major U.S. producing regions is shown in
Table IX. This table was obtained by consolidating the values for all
coals in each state (counting "0.7 percent and under" as 0.5% for the
average, 0.8 and 1.0 as 0.9, 1.1 to 1.5 as 1.3 3.6 to 4.0 as
3.8, and 4.1 or more as 4.5).
The distribution of sulfur in coals on the basis of production
instead of reserves is much the same, but with more emphasis on bituminous
•
(including subbituminous) coal. Total U.S. production shifted even more
away from anthracite coal during the years 1964 to 1970 (USBM, Minerals
Yearbook):
-------
TABLE 9
SULFUR CONTENT OF U.S. COALS BY REGION
(1)
(2)
Production
Region (M Tons) ^Million Tons)
and States 1969
Appalachian
Alabama 17,456
Georgia NA
E. Kentucky 61,584
Maryland 1,368
Ohio 51,242
Pennsylvania 89,104
Tennessee 8,082
Virginia 35,555
W. Virginia 141,011
Interior Eastern
Illinois 64,772
Indiana • 20,086
W. Kentucky 47,466
Michigan NA
Interior Western
Arkansas 228
Iowa 903
Kansas 1,313
Missouri 3,301
Oklahoma 1,838
Texas NA
Western
Arizona
Colorado
N. Mexico 4,471
Utah 4,657
Washington 58
Wyoming 4,602
Northern Plains
Montana 1 , 020
N. Dakota 4,704
S. Dakota NA
1970
20,560
NA
72,502
1,615
55,351
90,220
8,237
35,016
144,072
65,119
22,263
52,803
NA
268
987
1,627
4,447
2,427
NA
132
6,025
7,361
4,733
37
7,222
3,447
5,639
NA
1965
13,597
76
29,414
1,180
42,024
70,162
1,859
10,155
102,666
135,889
34,841
36,895
205
2,396
6,522
20,738
78,760
3,302
14,880
80,754
61,427
27,808
5,885
120,722
221,702
350,698
2,031
Bituminous
1.5
.9
1.0
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.0
0.9
1.4
3.5
2.9
3.5
3.8
1.5
4.5
3.6
4.2
2.0
2.3
.7
.7
1.4
.7
.7
2.6.
Estimated Remaining Reserves
Average
Sub-Bitum Lignite Anthracite for State for Region
1.8
0.5 1.3 0.5 1.5
.9
1.0
3.1
3.4
0.5 2.0
2.0
0.5 0.9
1.4
3.4
3.5
2.9
3.3
3.8
3.7(4>
0.6 2.1 1.5
4.5
3.6
4.2
2.0
1.3 1.8
.8
•6 0.9 .7
•6 0.9 .6
I'3 1.4
.6 0.9 0.5 .6
•9 .8
.6
•6 .7 .7
.6 .6
.9 .9
(1) Based on USBM I.C.8312, Sulfur Content of U.S. Coals (1966). See Appendix VIII.
(2) USBM Minerals Yearbook-1969 and Preprint-1970.
(3) Recalculated from Table A-l using arbitrary mid-range values of 0.5 for 0.7% S or less,
0.9 for 0.8-1.0, 1.3 for 1.1-1.5 3.8 for 3.6-4.0, and 4.5 for over 4.0.
(4) Value of 4.5 is probably low for high ---ilfur reserves in Interior Western Region, and
high in Interior Eastern.
I
.e-
-------
- 47 -
MM Short Tons % of All Coals
1964 1970 1964 1970
Anthracite 17 10 3.4 1.6
Bituminous 484 597 96.0 97.4
Lignite 3 6 0.6 1.0
The geographical distribution for producing states and major
coal regions is shown graphically in Figure 3, for low-, medium-, and
high-sulfur coals. In general, the Appalachian region produces low
to medium sulfur coals. The Interior Eastern region which has been
extensively mined and the Interior Western region which is the next
most available in terms of distance from markets are both high in sul-
fur. The Western and Northern coals are much lower in sulfur but less
accessible, and of lower rank. This means that they are suitable for
local use, in remote areas, but not for long distance transportation.
-------
Figure 3
West Virginia..
Pennsylvania
Kentucky
Illinois
Ohio
Virginia
Indiana
Alabama
Tennessee
Other States.
^f&V&X-R&sdg'SSZft * / ,
• '/'
^ssis^^^i / , /
(Eastern 12%)
(Western 88%)
Hm High -sulfur coals (over 3.0 pet)
Medium-sulfur coals (1.0 to 3.0 pet)
Low-sulfur coals (1.0 pet or less)
i
JL
20
40
JL
120
140
60 80 100
PRODUCTION, mil lion tons
Total Cool Production of All Ranks, by State and Sulfur Content, in the United States, in 1964.
oo
i
160
-------
- 49 -
3.2 Mercury: Averages and Extremes
Mercury has received major attention in the past two years
as a hazardous air pollutant, and concerted efforts have been made to
supply missing data on its analysis in fossil fuels. Part of this con-
cern is based on the widely quoted but misleading statement that the
amount of mercury released to the environment by the burning of coal is
comparable to that emitted as waste from all industrial processes. This
statement is taken from a 1971 article by Joensuu .
Joensuu states that "The analyses were performed on a
relatively small number of samples that are not representative", but
this qualification has been completely lost in subsequent references.
The difficulty starts in the original article, however. The author
finds that his method of analysis is confirmed by agreement between
his average of .19 ppm for coals from Illinois (5 samples) and the
average value of .18 ppm reported by the Illinois State Geological
Survey (53 samples) . He then recognizes that his sampling of 36 U.S.
coals gives an average which is too high (3.3 ppm), but apparently
gives his extreme values equal weight with the samples determined
elsewhere and chooses a "conservative estimate" of 1 ppm as typical
of all coal produced. On this basis, he calculates 3000 tons of mercury
per year as released by coal combustion, worldwide, and finds this quantity
comparable to the 10,000 tons per year consumed industrially, most of
which is eventually discarded to waste. This is the origin of the
statement so widely quoted. The more representative basis of .18 ppm
as typical for coals would give 540 tons of mercury from combustion stacks
as against 10,000, which is less than "comparable" by an order of magnitude.
-------
- 50 -
Comprehensive studies of U.S. coals during 197L and 1972 have
failed to find a single commercial supply which runs as high as 1 ppnr
The newer methods of analysis have a limit of detection of about .01 -ppm.
This is approximately the same by neutron activation and by flameless
atomic absorption, using a double gold amalgamation procedure to remove
interferences without loss of mercury (9). Data which permit a good
survey of geographical distribution by producing region are presented
in Table X. These have been assembled by compiling results published
by Illinois , the Bureau of Standards^ , and USGS analyses for the South
/ Q\
west Energy Study . The range and average values reported by the State
of Illinois are close to the average for the U.S. as a whole, possibly
a little high. A proper U.S. average might be close to .15 ppm. This
is almost identical to results now being obtained in studies at the
Oak Ridge National Laboratories in a field survey of coals currently
consumed in various power plants by TVA
The reason for this confusion lies not in Joensuu's method of
analysis, which is reliable, but in the selection of samples which
are essentially museum specimens, and allowing them to be included
in a result reported as "average". Joensuu's analytical procedure
is confirmed in a 1972 report on "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements
in U.S. Coals" prepared for the Office of Coal Research by Penn State
(18 ^
University, which supplied him his samples . This report in turn
analyzes 57 samples of coal but identifies 41 of the 57 as lithotypes,
selected for their interest as mineral specimens. Its conclusions as
to mineralogy are instructive and well documented. Unfortunately it
-------
- 51 -
TABLE 10
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY
1971-72 RESULTS; PPM ON COAL
Analysis by
Neutron Activation N.A. + AA Flameless-AA
Region State
A Pennsylvania
Ohio
West Virginia
E. Kentucky
IE Illinois
Indiana
IW Missouri
N Montana
W Utah
Colorado
Wyoming
Arizona
Nevada
New Mexico
(Illinois) (D (N.B.S.)(2> (USGS-SW) <3) Average
.16, .28 .15 .20 (2.0*)
.10, .13, .15 .14, .28, .49 .21
.07, .18 .12 (6.6*)
(.25*)
.04-. 49 , .60, 1.15 .18 (.19*)
.08 .08 (.31*)
.19 .19
,06 .07, .09 .07 (33.*)
.04 .03-. 08 .05
.02, .02 .05 .03-. 06 .04 (.22*)
.03-. 06 .05 (18.6*)
.02 .06 .04-. 08 .05
.04-. 05 .05
.05-. 29, .15
.69, 1.20
Total
No. of
Samples
3
6
2
53
15
3
6
6
7
37
1. Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin EGN-43 (1971).
2. National Bureau of Standards (1972).
3. Southwest Energy Study, Appendix J, (Draft Jan. 1972).
* Values from Joensuu (1971) shown for comparison, including lithotypes.
-------
- 52 -
also constructs average data by coal rank and area, and draws conclusions
based on a comparison between whole coal in one area and lithotypes in
another. Any conclusions drawn on such a basis must be confirmed by
representative data from other sources, before they can be accepted.
The Southwest Energy Study has made a detailed survey of the
mercury content of coals accessible to the large new power plants near
the 4-Corners area. This covered ten mining locations and 75 samples.
Analyses were made by the USGS laboratory at Denver using an improved
method whose precision is ± .01 ppm (see data in Appendix III). Coals
from nine locations ranged between .03 and .15 ppm of Hg in all samples
with an average of .06 ppm, and .05 as the most frequent value. One
location in New Mexico showed an average of .23 ppm, based on 16 samples,
including two high values at .69 and 1.20 and 14 which ranged between
.04 and .29 ppm. The five highest values from this mine (.24, .69, 1.20,
.20 and .29) were all from a set of 14 core drill samples which showed
anomalously high levels for other metals (zinc and lead), and sample con-
tamination is suspected. While additional data are required, the average
for this mine from two other samples was .05 ppm.
This study fully confirms on a smaller scale the general
observation that the mercury content in most coals is quite low, less
than .2 ppm, and that occasional extremes as high as 1 ppm are limited
to a few specific locations. Even where these extremes occur the average
Hg content for the mine is far below the extreme, .23 in this case vs 1.20,
and not necessarily much different from the average for other coals.
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- 53 -
3.3 Data on Trace Elements
The method of interpretation and presentation used for trace
elements in coal in this report proceeds element by element, for major
geographical regions, using the correlation concepts of variance and
extremes discussed above (Section 2.2). Separate columns of data are
provided first for the USGS studies on the coal basis by Zubovic, et al,
giving his averages by area, the 904% range as defined for columnar bed
samples, and extremes beyond this range. Analyses of the ash of
delivered coals are presented in a separate column, for comparison,
based primarily on the extensive data obtained by Abernethy, et al
on USBM samples. Analyses both on a coal basis and on ash have been
augmented by data obtained from the Southwest Energy Study, and from
specific references as given for other elements.
The data selected are summarized in Table XI. Marked copies
of the USGS data (Bulletin 1117) are given in Table XII. This shows
the specific data points selected as high and low values (underlined)
or as extremes (+) , or excluded as coal blocks representing less than
75% of a columnar sample (ticked).
-------
TABLE II
TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS, (ppm), BY GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
(1)
Range of Analysis, ppm on Coal
ELEMENT
(variance)
(3)
Hazardous
Be
5
F
3
A3
Averages (2)
by Region (1)
and Area
2.0-3.1
2.5
.64-2.3
1.5
50-120
50-100
65-120
65-160
65
90
for
+ °l. Range
Beds (4)
within Region
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
I
SW
.6-4.1
.6-7.6
.1-5.5
<.1-3.1
.12-3.9
10-190
50-167
50-120
60-220
60-70
3-59
8-45
73
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)
11 (1:44)
114 (1:15)
WC . 7. on Ash
Se
Cd
Hg
Pb
SW .50-3.9
SW .0-.06
.12-. 21
.13
.19
.07
A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
.07-
.04-
.19
.01-
.07-
4-14
8-14
4
5-10
7
.41
.49
.25
.09
.60-1.15
.47- .90
34
37
120-170
(2:55)
(2:74)
Averages
for States,
by Region (6)
A .001-. 007
IE .001-.004
IW .000-.001
SW .0002-.001
N .000-.001
A 0 (33%)-.016
I 0 (397.)--012
W 0 (887.)-.007
c.005
Comments
Wide variability from block to block within a bed.
Regional effects observed, concentration higher near the
edge of a bed or basin, less in center.
Be higher in organic fraction of coal, low in associated
mineral fraction.
Mostly narrow range; high in some western areas.
Not distinctive, marked local high concentrations (arsenopyrites) .
wide range in each area.
Very little data; associated with mineral fraction (selenopyrites) ,
probably higher in eastern coals.
Very little data: regularly less than detection limit of .0057.
on ash by spectrographic analysis.
Widely distributed at low levels, except beds near Hg ore bodies
can reach very high concencration; selected mineral specimens
(lithotypes) of 1-33 ppm reported from Pa., W. Va., Wyo., Mont.
A .001-.008 .014-.332 (3:39) Narrow range except for beds near Pb ore bodies.
IE .007-.028
IW .003-.020
W .001-.004
N .002-.004
-------
TABLE II (Cont'd)
Range of Analysis, ppm on Coal
ELEMENT
(variance)
(3)
Others
(Coal Basis)
B
6
V
2
Cr
2
Co 3.5
2
Ni
Cu
1.5
Averages (2)
by Region (1)
and Area
22-55
96
18-73
116
19-25
35
17-22
16
11-15
20
12-17
7
4.1-6.7
3.8
4.4-5.4
2.7
9.7-20
15
11-24
7
14-17
11
11-13
15
90 + "/. Range
for Beds (4)
within Region
A 4-56
IE 13-198
IW 2.5-180
N 78-201
A 2.4-44
IE 8.7-67
IW 4.7-44
N 5.3-29
A 4.1-25
IE 5-54
IW 4.4-38
N 2.6-19
A .5-12
IE 1.2-10
IW .4-16
N .7-7
A 2.4-37
IE 5-37
IW 1.1-47
N 1.5-15
A 3.4-37
IE 3.1-25
IW 2.9-37
SW 1-15
N 2.8-16
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)
72 (1:44)
4 (1:47)
356 (1:12)
96,182 (2:44)
69,71 (2:52)
32 (1:44)
61 (1:52)
16,19 (2:73)
44 (1:52)
46 (1:44)
46 (1:34)
47 (1:12)
Wt. % on Ash
Averages
for States,
by Region (6)
A .014-.056
IE .069-.080
IW .018-.083
SW .020-.070 .15-.20 (8:71)
N .034-.048
A .023-.042
IE .030-.034
IW .015-.038
SW .005-.015
N .009-.010
A .014-.026
IE .018-.025
IW .015-.030
SW .002-.010
N .002-.003
A .014-.021
IE .013-.023
IW .023-.055
SW .001-007
N .006
A .013-.028
IE .017-.031
IW .033-.077
W .005-.Oil
N .001-.003
A .008-.016
IE .007-.010
IW .006-.015
W .005-.012
N .001-.003
Comments
Wide variations esp. in bottom layer, from B picked up
from soil by coal-forming plants during growth.
Concentration high in low rank coals.
Not distinctive (i.e., no marked geographical correlations)
Not distinctive.
Not distinctive
Co/Ni may be associated with pyrites, as the sulfides
Not distinctive; picked up more easily than Co by coal-foaming
plants. May be increased markedly, with other trace elements,
in weathered coals (X in Figure 4).
Not distinctive; occasional high values found in selected
mineral specimens (lithotypes) .
-------
TABLE 11 (Cont'd)
on Coal
Wt. 7. on Ash
ELEMENT Averages (2)
(variance) by Region ( 1)
(3) and Area
Zn
Ga
Ge
Mo
Sn
Y
La
4.4-12
44*
5 22-53*
59*
4.1-6.8
4.1
4 1.4-3.7
5.5
3.3-9.6
13
>10 1-22
1.6
1.5-5.8
4.3
4 2.6-4.3
1.7
(.l)-.9
1.5
(3) .6-1.6
9.6-22
7.7
3 7.2-7.9
13
8.3-11
5. 1
3 2.9-7.2
9.5
90 + 7, Range
for Beds (4)
within Region
A 0-36
IE 0-53
IW 0-35
SW 1-17
N 0-23
A 1.3-12
IE 1.5-8
IW .5-7.3
N 1.0-13
A 0-18
IE .4-27
IW 0-30
N 0-7
A -4-8.7
IE .6-8.5
IW 0-7.3
N .1-3.4
A 0-2.1
IE .1-5
IW 0-5
N .2-4.3
A 6.6-28
IE 1-13
IW 1.7-27
N 1.0-27
A 0-25
IE .2-24
IW 0-37
N 0-22
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)
72-600 (5:34)
230,290 (2:52)
331 (1:12)
11,18 (2:34)
19 (1:52)
38 (1:34)
45,48 (2:52)
15 (1:12)
18,42 (2:44)
12-18 (3:34)
12,16 (2:52)
22 (1:47)
41,42 (2:44)
33 (1:34)
35,48 (2:52)
36 (1:34)
84 (1:52)
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
Averages
for States,
bv Region (6)
.020- .029
.051- .120
.019-. 133
.010-. 043
.025- .034
.002- .010
.003-. 004
.002 -.007
.001- .005
.002- .004
.001-. 006
.008- .014
.001- .013
.001- .003
.001-. 003
.002- .012
.005-. 008
.005- .013
.001- .003
.003- .004
.001- .006
.001-. 005
.001-. 002
.001-. 002
.001
.005-. 022
.009-. 014
.010- .013
.005-. 010
.006
.010-. 018
.011-. 017
.010-. 013
.005-. 015
.010
Comments
*0lder high values are suspect, because of frequency and ease of
contamination of samples in the field. More accurate data show
some correlations with high concentrations near Zn ore bodies.
No geographical areas of concentration; low in the Arkansas/
Oklahoma area, far from source rocks.
Accumulates in fly ash, where normal ^60 ppm may be useful as a
mineral source.
High variability between top/bottom layers of coal and center of
the bed; can give higher average for thin or lenticular beds.
Coal fly ash (X>50 ppm) may be a useful mineral source.
Only element whose enrichment correlated with U in spot locations,
in USGS/AEC studies; variance would change to 3 by excluding one
extreme value (in Alabama) from average for A.
Uniform, small amounts; high values in occasional lithotypes.
Y/La ratio is more significant than absolute values; ratio
decreases linearly ( 3:1 to 1:1) with distance of coal bed
from source rocks during formation.'
Quite uniform as a percent on ash.
-------
TABLE 11 (Cont'd)
ELEMENT
( var iancc)
(3)
U
Others
(Ash Basis)
Li
Sc
Mn
Sr
Averages (2)
by Region (I)
and Area
Range of Analysis, ppm on Coal
Wt. 7. on Ash
90 + 7. Range
for Beds (4)
within Region
A 10
IE 10
W 10-160
N 50-240
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)
60, 70
80
620
Averages
for States,
by Region (6)
Yb
Bi
A .014-.106
IE .017-.039
IW .005-.030
W .010-.028
N .010-.022
A .006-.014
IE .007-.008
IW .004-.005
W .001-.009
N .003-.005
A .003-.054
IE .020- .062
IW .015-.043
SW .005-.020 .070, .20 (2:71)
N .030-.046
A .051-.154
IE .058-.070
IW .060-.075
W .040-. 092
N .061-.066
A .045-.127
IE .029-.047
IW .015-.100
SW .030-.500
N .265-. 300
.0003-.0011
.0001-.0002
Comments
Mostly none, or in bottom few inches only
Same
Uraniferous coals average 30 ppm, thin top layers higher.
Large tonnages of lignite at 80 ppm, occasional beds as
high as 2-5% uranium or ash.
Variable, probably depending on water contact.
Wider range in western coals.
Coal ash is a possible source, in view of scarcity of ores.
Uniformly present in small amounts; wide range in lithotypes.
Narrow range, usually correlates with Ci
Uniformly present; high values in lignites presumably
related to regional Ba concentrations.
Present widely in low amounts.
Uniformly present in very low amounts.
-------
- 58 -
Footnotes:
(1) A = Appalachian (Pa, Md, Va, W. Va, Ohio, Eastern Ky, Tenn, Ala)
IE = Interior-Eastern (Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky)
IW = Interior-Western (Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas)
W = Western (Rocky Mountain and Pacific)
SW = 4 Corners Area (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah)
N = Northern Plains (Montana, North and South Dakota)
(2) Averages by regions or areas, coal basis, from USGS Bulletin 1117.
(3) Ratio of highest to lowest averages, for regions or areas.
(A) Range for 90% or more of beds (of which 75% or more of coal in a
columnar sample was analyzed), omitting extreme values which appear
to be exceptional.
(5) Occurrence given as a ratio of number of extreme values reported to
total number of beds (of which 75% or more was analyzed).
(6) Ash values mostly from USBM RI 7281 and Southwest Energy Study, rounded
to three significant figures.
-------
- 59 -
TABLE 12
COMPARISON OF COALS FJIOM VARIOUS REGIONS OF
THE UNITED STATES
Average minor-clement contents, in parts per million, of coals from
various regions of the United States
Element
Be
li
Ti
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Northern
Great
I'lnins
province
1 5
11C
590
1C
7
2. 7
7. 2
15
59
Eastern
Interior
region
2 5
96
450
:t5
20
3. 8
15
11
44
Appa-
lachian
region
2 5
25
340
21
13
f>. 1
14
15
7 6
Element
G;i
Go
Mo
8n
Y
La
Northern
(ire:it
Plains
province
5 5
1 0
1 7
9
13
9 5
13 42
Eastern
Interior
region
4 1
13
4 3
1 5
7 7
5 1
fi 16
Anna-
indium
region
4 q
5 8
3 5
4
14
9 4
fi 1 1
Average minor-element content*, in parts per million, of coal from S
areas of the Appalachian region
Area
Northern (Ohio,
Md., Pu.)
Central (Ky.,
Northern Tonn.)..-
Soulhcrn (Aln.)
13e
2.4
3.1
2.0
D
65
22
24
Ti
407
340
350
V
21
19
25
Cr
15
11
14
Co
4.7
4.1
0 7
Nl
20
9.7
15
Cu
15
14
17
7:0
12
4.4
8 0
Oa
C.8
4.5
Clo
9.6
3.3
Mo
3.8
1.5
So
0.1
.9
Y
22
9.6
La
8.3
11
Comparison of the average minor-element content of coal from the Western
and Eastern regions of the Interior coal province
[In parts per million]
Element
Be .
B
TI .
V
Cr
Co
Nl
Cu
Zn,. . .
Oa
Oe
Mo
Sn
Y
La
Ash
Oklahoma-
Arkansas
basin
(32 samples)
0 64
18
250
17
12
4 4
n
11
2°
1 4
1 0
2 6
1 0
7 2
7 2
• 5 11
Western region
Iowa, Missouri,
North
Oklahoma
(12 samples)
2 3
73
260
22
17
5 4
24
13
i 52
3 7
2°
4 3
Q
7 9
2 9
i 7 45
Total Western
re&lon
(44 samples)
33
13
4 6
2 0
ft. 8
1 3
6 5
8 5 75
Eastern region
(47 samples)
' High zinc samples Mo-T-M (loc. 5, Bg. 2) and Mo-P-T (loc. 4. fig. 2) not included in average.
' Asli content, in weight percent.
-------
- 60 -
lil.EMEKTS IN AMliUICAN COALS APPALACHIAN REGION
—Average minor-clr.nicnl content of the columnar samples of coal
|O, hc!u\\- limit of dried ii:n; leaders imileutc nodoia for clement; •. nut urcd In computing icgloiial overages. Location of samples shown in table 1)
Sample
O-L-MK. .
O-Mnl-.MK
O-SK-.MK
O-SCn-MK
O-SII-MK
OAV-MK
O-M-LK
0-Mus-LK
O-Mal-LK
O-Me-LK
O-P-LK
O-SCu-LK.
O-SCii-LK
O-SCn-I.K
O-SH-LK
0-T-LK
I'n-l'i-LK
M'
2. M
3.13
10. 22
8. ei
7.68
6.56
3. 12
2. S3
1.47
3.43
7.93
3.8Q
4.9.S
3. :tO
4.47
\i. OL
3.58
3.63
7.54
5.78
13.77
4.85
4.87
3.02
1.71
4.05
3.15
4. 89
4.42
4.61
5.62
5.88
2.86
5.69
Averages (purls per million in coal)
lie
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.5
2.G
4.0
2.4
2.0
-4:i
1.3
2 4
3.2
•f -J
1.8
3.7
2.4
1.2
1.3
.8
1.1
4.4
3.0
.9
1.1)
— 10.1
.9
.8
2.1
l.f.
4.0
2.0
2.3
1.8
.7
2.3
+ 11
.6
.1
l.f.
2.3
— 11
2.3
.3
2.2
-I"
-. 8
— 4.6
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.3
1 2
1.6
1.4
1.8
3.2
1.3
3.8
.0
2.0
2.4
1. 1
1. 1
.8
1.2
1.4
4. 1
2.0
3.0
li
26
29
33
- 132"
_£6
41
17
2S
l.S
13
15
8.5
Id
4.7
20
'-•S
l(i
17
25
33
IS
IS
49
15
5. f>
50
27
16
19
4.6
C.6
6.2
*f
5.8
5.1
0.3
10
4.2
7.7
3.9
n.o
31
11
40
34
•*• 72
33
55
19
7.4
- 63
9.4
25
53
39
1.2
1.7
12
TI
510
830
590
130
3W
110
320
331)
G.M)
GOO
USD
aoo
4W
170
2GO
370
420
240
17(1
2.11)
350
330
410
no
170
110
370
200
92
170
540
S70
;<;>;i
270
140
168
120
440
310
2SO
610
130
230
2SO
120
330
240
370
600
940
ISO
130
110
530
120
270
320
590
350
180
80
400
V
23
14
fr-
31
41
12
24
17
11
12
17
24
42
11
IS
21)
33
L'l
19
25
13
- 52
30
9.7
16
10
10
14
1). 7
.0.4
12
16
12
20
M
11
11
15
17
39
32
23
15
10
7.5
13
3li
34
12
-to
IS
11
9')
20
15
33
37
41
2.1
24
20
19
10
11
38
33
35
18
5.7
15
Cr
21
S.S
4*
19
- 45
12
17
12
14
13
S. 4
15
17
4.7
II
+ •'•:
u
1.1
14
y. G
17
17
U. 5
8.2
11.4
10
11
5, .1
4.U
11
9.1
0.9
7.0
8.4
5.7
7. G
fi.6
5.0
7.S
— 25
19
15
1(1
5.0
6.7
0.4
17
- 2.S
ft 4
22
7.0
14
8.6
11
12
9.5
16
24
11
0.4
6.8
12
6.6
12
16
Ifl
14
23
11
8.9
Co
9.2
l.S
2!5
2.9
7.4
1.9
4.8
4.U
4.1
8.1
2.0
2.4
8.0
5.5
3.2
3 2
12
S. 5
4.5
4.1
3.8
1.5
(i.O
4^5
9.3
1.3
J.O
>f
2.9
5. 1
4.1
1.8
4.1
8.1
2.0
4.5
3.7
8.4
1.6
3.0
2.7
1.3
8.2
4.7
f-19
23
3.5
7.0
2.5
7.9
3.8
3.6
2.7
4.5
4.2
4.7
3.9
3.5
3.2
•M6
3.3
3.9
2.C
8.2
4.7
11
5.3
2.9
4.7
Nl
H5
t*
9.9
31
23"'
22
f 46
15
23
19
32
«a°
7. y
2S
15
1-J
8.7
ti. I
14
la.
S.9
y.s
7.0
4.0
2.8
7.2
121
15
6.7
8.1
7.9
fi.8
8.4
IG
5.C
5.3
11
7.3
6.1
C.3
C.6
9.0
9.0
20
- 38
6.4
25
8.8
10
8.5
si. 5
19
15
21
12
11
0.3
15
8.5
S.O
9.4
14
1.1
11
12
6.7
11
Cu
21
11
&-
12
20
20
11
16
20
14
17
16
19
6.0
12
17
15
10
21
10
8.0
13
12
11
14
11
14
10
0.9
6.3
21
11
20
26
10
8.1
1(5
12
6.7
29
17
5.3
4.7
31
14
9.1
-»
12
31
14
21
7.6
18
6.3
9.9
27
11
11
7.2
18
10
35
14
13
8.8
10
14
4.1
2.3
8.9
Zn
17
30
A-
0
27
6.2
5.6
2.1
15
5.7
0
2.1
14
0
0.7
-^
15
0
0
0
0
2.7
1.0
2.7
0
0
4.0
0
16
32
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
2.3
6.1
23
15
0
0
0
1.8
6.3
22
- 51
6.6
8.5
0
- 39
0 >
"6
0
0
6.3
0
0
0
0
2.0
1.4
0
10
0
3.8
0
0
11
0
Ga
7.5
6.1
«•
6.5
- 15
5.1
11
7.7
7.4
0.2
6.5
5.7
-^.2
3.4
4.3
G. 2
5. •>
5. 1
4.7
2. G
7.0
6.9
3.8
5.2
- 12
2.6
4.0
2.6
2.0
11
4.3
S.G
3.5
2.5
2.7
si
2.0
2.7
S.3
3.5
3.8
4.5
2.2
1.7
1.8
5.7
5.3
2.6
6.6
2.4
6.7
2.5
7.3
3.6
1.8
3.0
6.9
6.5
3.0
1.4
3.4
4. 1
1.2
1.5
6.1
4.0
2.8
2.9
1.4
2.8
Gc
6.3
6.3
Jl.O
3.8
4.0
- 49
5.3
15
13
5.7
14
5.0
0.5
14
5.7
7.0
3.7
0.4
0.8
.6
4.b
.7
5.6
1.2
4.2
5.5
3.0
.7
2.7
1.7
2.2
11
1.1
2.5
1.5
.1
r.i
-q
0
1.0
14
5.6
3.0
0
1.2
.4
.5
.4
15
.1
2.0
.2
3.7
4.5
4. 1
2.4
*r
7.9
1.2
-60.0
.8
16
1.5
.4
.7
7.5
.3
0
12
1.1
1.7
Mo
5.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6
+ is"
8.0
3.5
1.2
5.3
5.' 7
l.S
4.0
.9
1.2
l.S
1.0
1.0
1.8
2.1
.8
.8
.9
.3
.7
1.3
1. 1
1.2
1.3
1.0
.6
1.3
2.0
.7
24
3.0
3.2
5.0
1.3
0
.8
4.4
1.4
5.2
-*s
5.6
5.8
1.9
5.5
2.4
2.5
2.2
1.8
8.2
1.7
1.4
3.1
2.9
*>42
5.5
2.1
5.6
2.4
3.9
6.9
1.2
1.4
1.4
Sn
-8-
0
0
0
0
c
.7
0
0
0
0
1.0
0
0
0
I)
0
1.0
i.a
.&
.4
1.6
.7
0
.7
1.6
O I
— ¥o
1.0
.4
0
.4
.6
1.0
.4
.4
,:S
2.0
.1
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
.2
2
o"
1.1
1.6
0
.7
.5
0
.9
0
0
0
0
0.1
.7
.4
.3
.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
Y
23
19
£41
•a
00
20
14
23
1C
°5
24
21
Oi>
IS
18
+ 42
C. 7
11
8.4
S. 1
14
11
8.8
8.8
21
10
9.3
S. 2
5.5
11
6.7
11
12
8. C
0.0
8.6
4.9
2. r.
7.0
14
18
15
6.4
13
*fr
HS
n.C
16
11
18
11
13
10
12
23
13
13
11
11
8.7
12
5.5
13
7.9
8.2
13
23
5.7
11
I.a
17
4.0
6.0
Hf
•1.0
•i.o
lu-
12
0
1.8
2.1
4 7
0
12
'H
i;. 7
I-.'
14
S.O
5 7
9.7
0.0
7.2
- L'3
11
S.4
3.4
4.9
11
9.0
in
13
8.5
3.6
7.1
10
6.1
6.9
*>o
- 37
15
13
3.1
5.3
9.6
1.1
9.6
13
5.2
11
7.3
2.9
11
14
14
8.9
6.8
4.9
5.0
7.5
8.9
6.0
6.3
11
10
14
12
5.7
12
MINOR ELEMENTS IN AMERICAN COALS
NOIlTIIEnN GUF.AT PLAINS COAL PROVINCE
-Areal distribution of the elements, in parts per million, of groups of bed samples
[0, below limit o/detection]
Locality
(ns. 2)
1
'2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11-12
14
15
Hcds nvcraKud '"r lut locality
Mm:l-Al Mont-CMT
Munt-B, Mon'-Su
Mom-S..
Mom-kll-F, Moilt-O-F, Mollt-P-
1 to Mum-H-.!
Mom-K,-Ho. X— Ko Mont-N-Ro,
Moill-Cl-llM, Voiu-Kc-CC
Mont-KC-3
MoiU-G.S-10.Xll to MuliI-'JS-lOilO..
N,l>-p.\--N. NU-LiX-fii/.V, KD-
N~L>-Cu-GC
ND-^KK-IJu, NU-r ^iisT4 to K'D-
Wyo-Mo-M0
Wyo-Ch-Ile-i 10 Wyu-Ch-ile-43
Be
3J
— rfi
1.5
1.1
2.6
.11
irr~
.50
1.4
1.1
.12
.34
D
08.4
82.3
(-356
97.2
91.2
139
78.3
201—
Ti
776
1,140
357
620
251
269
206
95. 1
V
16 6
29.3
—TST2
27.4
11.6
13.5
14.6
8.3
5 3
13 4
8 0
20 5
Cr
6 5
8.7
4.1
10.9
5.9
5.0
19.2
3.7
3 0
8 4
2 6
CT
Co
6 8
— T2
1.7
1.5
2.2
.63
snr
2.2
1 8
3 0
88
3.4
Nl
11 2
4 4
4 0
9 1
3.2
3.0
3.7
2.7
2 9
10 8
1 5
iTT
Cu
9 7
15.8
V 0
•f 47.5
10.6
10.8
9.2
7.9
2 8
9 9
7 i
rrr
Zn
23 2
— T)
TJ —
0
0
0
0
0
0
f331
14 8
0
Qa
13 2
— BTO
3.4
11.2
4.5
1.3
8.41
3.0
86
3 0
1 3
3 7
Qe
14 9
l-Te
1.3
.8
2.1
0
2.0
3 i
46
0
0
Mo
0 58
1.3
2 1
2 6
.9
1.3
2.0
2.4
] 4
50
10
3T
Gn
3 9
3 4
4 3
4
.23
1.0
0
inr
o
o
Y
2Q. 7
"Tffi
8 7
9.3
2 8
15 8
8 8
4 4
13 3
1 0
La
~T§3
10.6
-------
- 61 -
Average content of 15 minor elements in coal of individual coal-bed columns from the Eastern Interior coal region
[0, below limit of detection; • overage of column not used in compiling averages, table 7]
Locality
(fle. 0
1
2
3
4
8A
5B
6
7A
7B
g
9
10
u
12A
12B
13
14
15
16 ...
17A
17B
18
19
20
21
22 ...
23
24
25
26
27 ...
28A
28B . .
29
30
Coal column
1U-D-7
lll-Ha-7
lll-A-6
IH-C-6
Ill-H-5
III-M-6-
lll-Mn-8'
lll-Mn-5'
Ill-OB-6
III-Ha-6
Ill-1'w-li
Ill-S-6*
lll-TrB-6
Ill-TrU-5'
III-TrP-6-
Hl-V-6'
Ill-BH-5*
Ill-BiW-5'..-
III-E-5
II1-F.-2. .'
1I1-F-5
111-0-5
Ill-H-5
Ul-S-5
Ill-Tr-5
lll-W-S
III-B-2
III-A-1
Ill-P-1
Ill-T-1
IIl-S-DcK
III-S-Da
III-P-Mu
11I-P1I-LW...
Per-
centapc
ottrtd
analyzed
61.2
100
100
100
90.6
100
12.6
— 11.2
100
30
83.1
12.1
too
26
4.5
— 20.6
— 32^6
100
100
100
94,7
100
— 25.3
— 57.1
100
ICO
95.3
100
94.6
— 62.3
96.5
100
100
Average
asb
(percent)
3.62
4.40
7.27
6.83
4.35
9.16
9.05
16.51
6.10
3.47
0.57
4.73
8.65
5.06
10.27
19.92
7.6
11.87
13. GO
6.08
5.30
6.03
4.17
3.22
8.39
7.57
7.23
5.57
6.99
5.96
6.88
7.67
4.35
4.07
3.90
Be
3.2
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.2
5
1.2
1.0
1.8
1.4
2.C
1.7
2.1
4.0
1.3
2.2
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.1
.8
1.9
1.6
4.3
1.3
3.1
1.9
2.2
5.7
i.e
2.7
B
1S3
133
165
35
228
IG7
20
113
-200
131
S3
93
37
100
$2
37
46
100
ISO
128
35
126
138
168
73
76
149
43
23
44
17
Average (parts per million)
Tl
354
382
333
447
398
289
297
134
348
418
278
613
476
642
209
309
420
351
306
149
523
409
469
743
329
352
163
236
270
354
377
313
330
336
V
11.9
22.5
20.1
23.0
20.2
24.3
28.6
110
1,281
25.5
34.7
2.1.0
32.8
M2
15.6
43.3
484
407
17.0
10.2
20.5
S3.-7
16.2
45.8
13.3
19.1
19.6
15.5
28.8
23.7
29.7
20.9
17.9
22.2
Cr
10.1
19.3
21.7
23.7
23.2
21.0
20. 6
63.4
CIO
17.0
24.5
IE. G
27.4
26.4
18.3
16.6
179
109
61.8
17.6
8.8
17.5
11.9
14.2
22.0
16.8
14.7
8.0
12.2
17.9
27.3
22.1
11.8
8.7
14.2
Co
1.9
1.8
3.2
2.5
3.4
1.5
8.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
3.5
1.8
22.4
2.2
7.1
S.O
15.1
9.0
2.7
2.0
10.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
3.6
1.7
-H-
1.9
4.8
10.3
2.4
3.9
1.5
4.2
Nl
6.0
S.2
14
18.8
23.7
5.7
31.1
27.0
101
13.7
10.9
10.0
35.5
10.1
17.2
41.8
12.2
79.4
20.2
10.6
•He.o
8.0
6.0
10.2
25.4
5.6
5!4
18.1
24.4
7.2
17.0
6.7
21.8
Cu
ll!?
16.6
10.6
9.8
23.2
15.1
1.8
6.4
— 41.4
6.9
22.0
8.8
15.8
12.9
11.1
41.7
10.4
15.9
22.6
«.7
7.6
6.4
20.0
9.8
12.7
10.7
11.2
7.6
4.7
6.6
7.7
Za
.2-
-JH
+ 90.7
74.9
42.7
12.2
2.7
-268
1.6
388
33.6
27.8
5,570
233
323
f-415
35.3
16.2
11.1
18.0
0
10.9
2.1
2.9
7.9
H30
3.7
. 14.3
+ 72
2.2
10.2
On
2.4
13.0
3.8
4.5
3.2
2.7
3.4
2.7
1.2
2.3
7.1
2.9
3.6
1.7
4.2
.1
5.7
5.0
2.6
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.9
3.6
2.6
4.4
3.2
3.4
2.3
1.9
4.1
Oc
4.5
14.1
12
10.7
23.6
20.2
20.5
19.2
30.0
3.9
-34.2
9.4
16.2
6.0
24.4
40.7
18.0
33.8
17.4
14.5
4! 9
8.8
6.5
13.4
10.7
23.8
4.7
18.7
16.6
9.0
5.7
ri-
Mo
0.8
1.5
8.2
8.1
4.9
3.2
3.4
18.7
73.2
1.1
3.5
6.8
9.6
4.1
2.2
1.0
9.3
3.2
16.7
.6
1.4
2.6
2.8
.6
1.2
2.2
3.0
.6
5.2
6.3
2.3
3.6
1.5
1.8
1 1
En
0.6
.3
2.3
1.4
.8
0
0
1.1
0
1.9
.8
;*
:
.3
1.2
0
1.8
.7
1.4
.3
.6
.1
0
.8
.1
0
Y
6.1
4.6
3.8
4.2
4.3
5.7
9.2
1C. 1
4.9
3.6
- 17.7
5.8
10.2
8.0
8.6
4.0
5.0
16.2
4.8
1.0
6.9
4.1
3.3
3.3
fi.O
4.5
S.O
9.0
7.1
6.9
9.8
- 11.5
12.7
6.8
K n
La
0.9
2.3
.32
1.2
3.6
.5
12.5
5.2
0
7.4
2.0
4.2
29.2
IB! 3
9.9
2.0
8.8
7.1
0
0
ft
3.1
7.8
0
.4
l.i
It. 4
6.4
7 7
31
32
33
34
35 -
36
37
38
39
40
41
42A
42B
43A
43B
44A
440
45
46
47X
47B
4S
43
60
61
Ind-L-Vrt....
Ind-S-VI
iiici-n-vi
Ind-p-V ....
Ind-S-V
Ind-C-IIl'....
Iud-II-III
lud-M-M
Ind-Hl-LU .
Ind-Qc
Ky-Co-14
Ky-E-14
Ky-H-tl'
Ky-Ho-12'....
Ky-no-11*....
Ky-U-Il
Ky-U-9
Ky-BO-9
Ky-F-9
Ky-Qt-0
Ky-Gr-9
Ky-OH-9
Ky-PR-9 ....
Ky-Sch-9'....
Ky-SH-9
Ky-Wl-0
Ky-D-6
100
SO.l
— 58.1
— 20.9
92.7
— 20.6
100
100
— 50
100
100
— 42.4
— 32.7
— 21.7
— 14.7
91.9
— 44.1
.... ------
— 68.5
— 30.9
•M
100
34.0
100
100
100
8.12
7.40
4.52
10.52
4.37
13.83
4.71
7.15
8. S3
9.21
3.90
10.91
15.10
13.05
8.44
3.87
6.47
6.70
11.72
8.95
6.49
2.26
4.55
10.78
7.51
8.9G
3.43
6.1
4.0
1.4
3.6
1.4
6.6
6.8
3.7
4.7
7.6
2.4
3.1
1.0
.6
1.6
1.7
1.3
2.0
2.0
3.6
2.3
2.5
1.9
4.4
2.5
2.2
1.6
46
112
65
46
106
84
91)
85
85
20
167
31
31
40
93
142
91
134
46
42
174
4.0
28.6
43
24
125
42
805
814
228
SVO
493
780
436
442
1,240
1,080
379
617
1,790
733
416
320
4S4
134
490
1,400
47S
63
400
670
830
652
101
43
23.2
12.7
30.7
30.9
05
20.7
12.8
33.2
f 67.4
26.8
62.4
81.5
35
32.5
2S.2
23.1
2.0
-222
41.9
21.6
4.5
39
27
[*182
•+ 90. 4
8.7
28.5
21.1
10.4
22.5
14.1
32
14.4
11.0
26.5
40.4
25.9
31.6
73
39
19.1
16.9
1C. 4
4.0
46.2
46.4
19.5
7.7
16.6
30
23
«J_
7.1
4.8
1.4
3.2
1.6
20.8
'fl-1
!.?
- 18.8
1.6
4.7
— 11.4
8.2
16
4.4
2.5
1.9
.6
2.3
6.0
2.9
.9
1.3
6.4
4.6
3.1
6.9
31.1
28.3
6.7
10.2
10.0
26.6
374
8.4
20.8
25.2
23.6
53. 1
23.9
15.8
H
13.8
2.7
32
IS. 6
27.3
6.6
5.8
21.4
10
13.1
10.2
14
10.9
10.8
16.8
14.0
16.1
10. 1
10.0
19.7
14.6
13.3
12.4
20.4
13.6
12.1
11.1
3.4
12.7
6.6
13.6
5.3
4.4
6.6
11.4
7.9
31.5
5.6
1.8
81.7
,4
52.7
20.2
5
33. 4
0
5.7
29.7
110
3.9
1.4
0
13. 4
0
18. 3
11
9.0
18.6
62,8
18.3
4.7
8.1
H:,
1.9
4.7
2.7
9.4
6.9
6
6.3
+ 17.6
3.8
8.7
8.3
6.0
4.5
3.4
.7
3.9
5.2
4.2
- 11.3
3.2
6.2
4.1
4.3
1.6
23.6
15. 6
. 03
7
6. 6
6.8
13.8
13. 9
ff-37. 5
3.0
15.9
4.4
18.7
5.0
13.5
0
17.4
13. 3
39
11.8
5.2
9.6
16.3
6.5
5.3
.9
3.9
1. 1
1.2
.9
+ 13.0
3.0
- 9.2
6.6
15.9
t 18
- 11.9
6.7
6.3
3.2
2.7
8.5
f 11.7
6.2
1.6
2.2
1.2
0
0
+21.0
1.5
0
0
.6
2.0
0
1.4
4.5
0
_£°
.8
1.4
7.7
10.9
SB
27.7
4 a
^3
MQ
11.3
9.8
6.8
6.0
2ft
6.7
60
6.1
- 13.6
9.2
in A
6.8
6.3
8.1
3.1
5.4
8 A
n n
3 IE
0
7Q
3Q
5.0
4.2
1 7
9.1
2.9
2.1
.9
2.6
C7
- 10.8
I.S
U~
e.e
9.3
.4
-------
- 62 -
(All averages In pares per m!
WESTERN INTERIOR AND SOUTHWESTERN REGION
illllon Avernccs circulated by using tero for clement cooionis below limit ol detection; averoees In parentheses wort CB!
tlioOcScllon limit or onch element not dewctoil. Location and description ol sample! given In table 1|
Iculatod by mint one-half of
Ixiciility
(fig. 2)
^^^
3
4
e
8
Q
JO
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 .
20
21
22
23
25
20
27
28
30
31
32
33
31
33 ..
36
37
38
3D"
Coal column
o-P-M
o-L-K
Mo-nx'-n..
MO-HS-B
Mo-B-Mu
Mo-r-T
Mo-T-.M
OK-Pfl-Fo
OK-Po-DA.
OK-RC-DA
OK-MN-DA
OK-DII-I!
OK I.C-So
OK-Lr-JC
OK-I'C-Cu
OK-SS-St
OK-SS-StR
OK-Oar-St
OK-Ca-St
Ok'-Sa-Mc
OK-Du-Mc
OK-LS-Mc
OK-MA-.Mc
OK-K-UII
OK-K-I-II
OK-I.S-UII
OK-LS-I.lt
OK-ECrLfl
i)K-i-:Ci-uii.,.-
OK-ECi-UH
OK-Da-UlI
\rt \'S-1'
Art-IIan-Ch
Ark-nan-Cb
Ark-I[3u-CIi
Ark-Sk-Ch
Ark-QF.-UH
Ark UB LH
Ark-IIu-I-IT
Ark-IIa,i-Ln
Art-OZ-LH.*...
Ark-AC.M-LH....
Art-AC.M-LHR..
Alk-PV-LU
Art-EJ-LU
Arfc-Hu-LH. *:..
Art-Dn-At t
Art-Dr,-At...f»...
Art-M-L'E
Ark-JI-LE
Tci-Mc-UE
Tei-Mc-LE
Ash
(per-
cent)
12.32
10.10
8.01
3.41
7.09
10.72
13.50
4
3.70
2.70
3.29
2. CO
4.W
3.1i
3.75
1.40
11.73
4.00
3.00
3.3S
3. CO
2.32
2.62
4.10
8 45
2.70
2.54
3.50
1. 0-1
1.87
2. OS
0
ll.S'l
3.74
3.67
4.67
ti. til
7.65
6.07
3.4!
12.23
3.95
5.70
10.51
1^ 19
41.70
2J 5
4£3
12.99
15 27
8. SO
8. SO
II 0
1.0
4.3
3.1
2.8
3.4
.£3
1.4
3.4
1.2
2.2
2
1.0
1.4
.47
.21
)
0
(26)
Ga
2.9
4.3
3.9
4.2
2.0
4.3
0
5.4
3
2.0
2.6
2.1
1
.82
.25
.84
3.6
1.2
.«•-•
0.07
1
.02
.92
.62
3.2
.59
1.2
3.6
*fr
.64
1.3
3.1
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.2
2 4
2.2
.!>0
1.1
1.2
.SO
2.3
1.2
» 16
5.4
* 1«
7.3
f- 19
3.3
2.7
Oo
22
-43
8.2
24
11
13
?3
25
30
20
23
17
.88
.65
.21
.30
0
0
0
M
(1.3)
.71)
(1.1)
.62
11
.11
.60
(.00)
.17
.2J
(. 35!
1. 1
:«
0
0
(. '5)
4.5
0
(.57)
0
(67)
0
0
(1)
0
(1.2)
0
(• '5
0
(.52)
0
(.61)
TT37
0
(.74)
0
(.65)
0
(.61)
0
(11)
0
(1.2)
0
(2.4)
til''
0
(1.5)
0
<1.3)
Mo
0.61
(.7.)
2.2
3.8
+ 18
4- 12
2.5
0.2
0
.24
2.4
1. 1
6
3.8
4
1.9
4.2
7.3
4.3
4.3
3
3.6
1.9
.5S
.70
(.72)
.SO
3.1
.97
.07
1.4
3.6
3.1
1.5
2.7
2.5
o
1.8
1.8
4. a
.49
1.1
1.4
1.7
73
5.1
2
6.2
1
1.4
.97
.79
Sn
0
0
.73
0
(.37)
0
0
1
.11
.24
.!&
(.78)
.US
1.7
1
2.1
.90
0
(1:Si
( 75)
ft 6)
2.0
_^
1
2
1.1
1.4
(-)
.46
(.64)
.51
(.M)
2.7
1.4
2. J
0
(.37)
0
<.4S)
•N
1
(1.5)
.10
0
0
(.31)
0
0.2)
0
(.39)
1.7
(l.W
0
(I.D
0
(4.J)
0
(2.4,
(4.7)
.91
(l.T)
(2.1)
0
(.95)
0
(.87)
Y
10
12
15
7.7
12
10
10
4.9
3.7
2.7
3.3
3.4
8.1
6.2
4
8.9
IS
6.1
3.1
2.2
3.E
1.7
3.1
2.6
7.1
2.8
(2.9)
4
-f 3S
2.1
4.4
4.6
15
0.4
3.4
13
2.6
7.5
7.2
2.4
20
4.9
3.9
16
* 37
* 93
IF 290
*• 45
20
6.2
0
La
l.T
(2 6)
11
(12)
2.3
0
(o'
n i)
0
(2 ft)
5.7
(6 2)
V
.32
( ^S)
1.4
(1 5)
1.4
(l.C)
1.2
(1 4)
7.5
(7 7)
36
(3 7)
2.6
1.6
31
3.4
(3.7)
1.0
(!)
2.1
(-'. -J>
2.5
1.6
'-'. C
.41
i;
(i! i)
tti)
6.1
>. s
:. 6
4.7
10
20
5.4
(6.7)
li
4.6
(5.1)
9
3.5
?J
7.3
9
(1.6)
2-.'
*79
t 53
(210
i- 84
34
0
P.-')
9 6
(3.3)
1 South of area shown In figure 2.
Weathered samples, not included in averages.
-------
- 63 -
Summary Table XI appears in three sections on successive pages,
following the three groups of elements listed above in Table IV. The
elements listed in each section are in the order of increasing atomic
weight. The first page of the table includes elements named by EPA or
commonly elsewhere in the literature as hazardous air pollutants. The
second two pages include additional elements for which data are available
on a coal basis, from the USGS surveys. The last page includes a third
list of elements for which the USBM survey data are available on an ash
basis only.
Data for each element are presented separately for the 5
major producing regions: Appalachian (A), Interior-Eastern (IE),
Interior-Western (IW), Western (W), and Northern Plains (N) . The
states included in each of these regions are given above in Table HI.
Averages and ranges reported for each region are kept on the same line
across the table. In some cases where the Southwest Energy Study
appears to give a broader data base than the W ranges, based on more
samples, SW data have been reported instead of W in the table.
The "variance" ratio is given for each element with its symbol
in the first column. This is the ratio of the highest to lowest
average of analyses for areas within the region. The averages for
area within the region are given in the second column as reported by
Zubovic, or calculated for the same areas by states from other data
for fluorine and mercury.
-------
- 64 -
The next column gives ranges for the analysis of the coal beds
within each region which include 90+% of the values reported, for columnar
samples as discussed above. Coal blocks which were either included or
excluded in the averages reported in the first half of the USGS survey
are excluded here when they represent less than 75% of a columnar sample.
These samples are ticked off in the "Percentage of bed analyzed" column
of the original data, as copied in Table XII.
Thecextreme values not included in the 904-% range are listed
separately, or as a range. Their occurrence is given in parentheses
as a ratio to the number of bed samples considered here, including
the extremes, after casting out values where only selected blocks
were analyzed. This is correspondingly less than the total number of
beds in the original report, which are the basis for the USGS averages
given here by areas within the regions. These averages by area would
be affected somewhat by recalculation to omit the extremes, but
usually to only a minor extent. Where no extremes are listed the
90+7o range is actually 100%: the value which 90+% represents is 100%
less the occurrence of the extremes.
The ranges given for ash values for coals from the same 5
regions are taken basically from the USBM data which Abernethy reports
(4)
as averages by states
-------
- 65 -
The comments given for each element are directed primarily to
geographical correlations between composition and location of the coal.
These comments based on the present summary are taken in part from
Zubovic and Abernethy , with additions from the recent literature,
after checking directly with Zubovic and Swanson of the USGS and
Schultz of USBM. The comments refer to all regions, except for uranium
where separate comments are given by region. References are given herein
for each element where data or comments were taken from special sources.
The data summarized in Table XI are presented in Figure 4 as
bar graphs for each element, by regions. The USBM data for ppm on ash are
shown at the top, and the USGS data on a coal basis at the bottom. The
bar graphs for coal are the 90+% ranges, the dotted lines ( ) are the
extremes listed, and the regional average (•) is for the total region as
given by USGS. This average is usually near the middle of the bar but it
moves toward the top of the bar or may exceed it when there are many
extremes, as for vanadium or zinc. Ranges which start below the limit of
detection are shown by a £ in Table XI and a broken bar line below 1 ppm
in Figure A. Shorter dotted lines (—) represent values outside the 90+%
range which were included in the USGS average but excluded here because they
were for beds less than.75% analyzed. The high specimen sample values for
mercury reported by Joenssuu are indicated by a 0, and A shows the high
values for weathered samples, not included in the averages.
The bar graphs for most elements, thus adjusted, lie within the
range of 1 to 50 ppm, and mostly close to 5-10 ppm on coal. The only
elements significantly higher than this are boron and fluorine, in the
range from 10 to 200 ppm. Beryllium is lower in all regions by an order
of magnitude, at about.1 to 5 ppm, and Hg by two orders of magnitude, at
about .01 to .5 ppm on coal.
-------
- 66 -
Be
TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS
Pb
1 .U
0.1
X
in
<
z
o
1—
o 0.01
1 1 1
|_
IT
UJ
0.001
n nnm
,-
ir1
IF
..*
it/
<
JW
iM
M
-^-
•AM
ir
IL,
i
w
N
Figure 4, 1
Be
As
Se
Hg
Pb
1UU
IP
1
0
O
Z
o
o
-| 1.0
— 1
^>
1 1 1
Q_
i__
oc.
CL
0.1
n ni
...
..
•
A
•
it
— 1
A
&
a
— i
m
m
•
w-
•
_
-A-
ip
Wi
n»
SJV
i
rM
r *"
A
i— I
-t-
<
iW
/
o
0
^
n
o
o
-JT
U
8
__
•
IE
o
„
o
1— 1
T
—
A
—
Fh
IW
w
N
Figure 4.2
sw
-------
1.0
- 67 -
TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS
Cr
n.i
-------
Zn
Ga
- 68 -
TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS
Ge Mo Y La
l.U
0.1
i
to
<
•z.
o
\—
a o.oi
ce
Q.
f—
•x.
UJ
5
Or\(\ i
. UUl
n nnrn
A
IF
1
W
W
^Wl
A
•
E
W
in
N
A
—
rr
— 1
AJLj
W
• 1
W
B
1— 1
A
f
—
W
w
1
N
A
re
w
•
w
N
A 'C-llAi
A "-IW/
P^M
\A/
Figure 4.5
1000
100
o
o
z
o
z
o
Qi
UJ
Q.
I/)
1.0
0.1
-------
- 69 -
TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS
Li Sc Mn Sv Zr Sn
LJ
LU
Q.
C3
LJ
0.01
Ba Yb Bi
0.0001
0.001
-------
- 70 -
4. Concluding Remarks
4.1 Correlations Indicated
1. Sulfur in coals appears in moderate amounts in the
Appalachian region, higher in the Interior region
(East and West), and less in all the Western coals.
2. Trace element concentration as a whole correlates only
moderately with geographical location, and not at all
with coal rank. Boron, which is high in lignites and
lower in high rank coals, is an exception.
3. The amount of some trace elements is commonly highest
in the top and bottom few inches of a bed, and at the
edges of a coal basin (Ge, Be, Ga, and B at bottom only).
These variations are frequently greater than the dif-
ferences between the averages for different beds.
Other elements (Cu, Ni, Co) show no such correlation.
4. Different elements tend to be concentrated at dif-
ferent parts of the bed or basin, depending on the geo-
chemical processes involved in the formation of the coal.
5. Those elements which tend to be concentrated in coals
(S, Ge, Be, B, Ga) are associated primarily witn the
organic portion of the coal. They also show the
largest variance in average concentrations between
different major producing areas: e.g., for germanium,
which is high in Illinois.
6. The usual amount of some 20 trace elements present is
about 5-10 ppm, in the range 1-50 ppm. B and F are higher,
about 10-200 ppra, and Hg is lower, about .04-.4 ppm.
-------
- 71 -
7. Most trace elements are present in concentrations which
fall within a narrow range, varying by a factor of 3
or less in the averages for different basins or areas.
This range is close to their average crustal abundance,
which usually lies between the concentration of the
element in coal and its concentration in ash. Boron and
germanium in coal are high, compared to crystal abundance
and only a few elements such as manganese are low.
8. The selection of a completely "non-polluting" coal
is not possible, in the general case. For a given
amount of ash, coals which are low in any one group
of elements must be correspondingly high in others.
The definition of non-polluting depends directly on
the decision as to which elements are of concern,
and which are not.
9. Trace element variations between coals in different
areas often reflect differences in the source rocks
which contributed the elements to the coal-forming
swamps, and the distance of the source rocks from
the swamp. In certain areas, e.g., the Illinois
basin, this shows an instructive geographical pattern.
10. Surface outcrops or samples weathered otherwise by
C
exposure may not be indicative of trace element con-
centrations in the coal at depth. Surface oxidation
creates active sites on the coal, with which minor
elements in flowing water can selectively react.
-------
- 72 -
11. The elements present in largest amount, as minor com-
ponents of the coal rather than as traces only, are the
common constitutents of surface waters and rocks: silicon,
aluminum, iron, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, potassium,
calcium, and magnesium. These are present throughout
the coal but they are often enriched in the top layer,
where they have apparently been leached out of enclosing
sediments.
12. Anomalous amounts of specific elements may be found
in beds contiguous to mineral ore bodies of the same
element. This is regularly the case for coals having
a mercury, lead, zinc or uranium content higher than
the usual range, and may be equally true for other
elements including copper, tin and arsenic.
-------
- 73 -
4.2 New Data Required
1. Little or no data were obtained in the comprehensive
USGS and USEM field reviews on the content of the
hazardous elements F, As, Se, Cd and Hg, in typical
U.S. coals. This lack has been partially filled for
mercury by recent studies, and it is being found in
quantities much lower than those commonly quoted in
the literature. Results for the other toxic elements
noted are spotty at best, and methods for As, Se and
Cd are still in the research stage.
2. Reliable data are needed and not yet available on coals
representing large future reserves which are not yet in pro-
duction, such as those in Wyoming. These data should be on a
basis which is directly comparable with the data for other re-
gions. This means that they should either be obtained using
the previous standard methods of analysis, or if newer methods
are used after sufficient evaluation, they must be applied to
a complete set of both old and new samples.
3. Changes have been noted in some stored samples on re-
analysis by the original standard procedures, so it is
not enough to re-examine old samples by a new method.
The situation to be particularly avoided is analyzing
the newer samples only by a new method of analysis,
which is not tied in any way into the present bank of
basic data .
-------
- 74 -
4. There is a similar need for basic data on the effects of
coal conversions on the fate of trace elements, including
the effect of operating conditions on the distribution
of elements between fly ash (overhead) and bottom ash
in combustion, in gasification, and in all other forms
of processing. For these studies it is not as important
to tie newer methods of analysis to older results.
The method must be calibrated well enough within the range
of concentrations and interferences concerned to be sure
that it gives differential results which are reliable.
5. Major differences exist in the physical and chemical
properties of the forms in which potentially pollutant
elements are emitted on combustion. This includes such
questions as the ionic state of fluorine, the oxidation
state of beryllium, the formation of spinels from oxides,
and the physical/chemical effects of the surfaces of
sub-micron particles. In each of these cases one form
may be metabolically active, and another in equal amounts
inactive. These effects will require special attention
if the list of toxic, hazards is extended,to include
elements whose presence in minute traces is recognized
as essential to health.
-------
- 75 -
C. PETROLEUM
1. Background
The nonhydrocarbon elements present in crude oils in trace quanti-
ties can be introduced into the environment as a consequence of the consump-
tion of crude oil. These elements which have been entrapped beneath the
earth's surface for eons may produce ecological damage when the crude oil
is processed and/or as the crude oil products are consumed.
In general, the source of petroleum is believed to be the remains
of marine animal and vegetable life deposited with sediment in coastal
waters(2_l, 22). Bacterial action evolves sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen as volatile
compounds. These, however, are never completely eliminated despite the
ever increasing pressure of sediment. The result of this process is a mix-
ture of hydrocarbons containing varying quantities of sulfur, nitrogen and
traces of metals and other elements. The properties of this mixture depend
on the nature of the source material and the subsequent influential forces
which include time, temperature, geological factors and catalysts. Because
these parameters vary from one geological location to another, a wide
variety of crude oil compositions result.
Unlike coal, virtually all oil is subjected to extensive pro-
cessing during which the oil is converted into usable products. The
categories of processing include fractionation (distillation of crude into
different cuts), converting (chemically transforming cuts into products)
and treating (removal of unwanted components). Much of the pollution
associated with refining can be attributed directly to the presence of
trace elements in crude oil. These trace elements can be released during
-------
- 76 -
all processing categories, especially the latter two. Those trace elements
which are not removed from oil during processing end up in the usable
products. Because most products are fuels, the trace elements can be re-
leased into the environment as pollutants when the fuels are combusted.
Of the trace elements present in crude oil, sulfur and nitrogen
are generally present at the highest levels. Sulfur in commercial crude
oils can be found in concentrations up to 6% while nitrogen can occur up
to 1%. Because these two elements are present at such high levels relative
to the other trace elements in crude oil, sulfur and nitrogen may be con-
sidered to be minor constituents of the crude. More than 40 other elements
can be present in crude oils at trace levels (21) but only a limited number of
these elements have been regarded as potential environmental pollutants or
health hazards. This work presents a collection of published data for the
minor constituents and those trace elements in crude oil regarded as poten-
tial environmental and/or health hazards. The elements considered here are
listed below.
minor constituents: sulfur, nitrogen
trace elements: vanadium, nickel, iron, arsenic, beryllium,
cadmium, mercury, selenium,antimony, barium,
chromium, lead, manganese, molybdenum
tellurium, tin.
Data presenting the levels of minor constituents and trace
elements present in crude oils vary widely in both quantity and quality.
Data for sulfur and nitrogen are widely available and are usually of
high quality if ordinary laboratory care has been taken in performing
the analyses. Considerable sulfur and nitrogen data from U.S. crudes
-------
- 77 -
and some foreign oils are available from the U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Sulfur and nitrogen determinations are now a part of the BuMines routine
procedure for the analysis of crude oils. The sulfur determination has
been part of this analysis for many years but measurements for nitrogen
began during the early 1960s. Because of this, nitrogen data are some-
what less abundant than sulfur data.
Much less work has been done in determining the levels of
other trace elements in crude oils. One reason for this is that the
trace element concentration of commercial crude oils is low. In the
past, these low levels have been regarded as inconsequential except to
the extent that a few of these elements have adversely affected refinery
processing. Additionally, techniques and instrumentation generally
have not been available to determine the very low levels of trace
elements present in petroleum. When trace element analyses of petroleum
have been attempted, results have sometimes been inconsistent. There
are many possible reasons for this,ranging from improper sampling and
accidental sample contamination to poor sample pretreatment and analytical
technique.
Both vanadium and nickel poison petroleum cracking and other
catalysts. When present in high concentrations in residual fuels,
vanadium can cause damage to equipment in turbines and other high
temperature equipment. Consequently, there has been considerable
impetus on the part of each petroleum company to know the vanadium and
nickel levels of crudes which it processes. Most of this information
-------
- 78 -
is retained by these companies as private although a limited amount has
been published. Other trace elements have been determined much less
frequently.
The validity of some of the data which are currently available
has been questioned by authorities. In certain cases, this may be due
to the intrinsic limitations of the technique utilized in the measurement
of certain elements or certain concentrations, or, these inconsistencies
may be attributed to the sampling and technique errors noted previously.
Several programs are under way to establish referee methods which can
aid in overcoming these objections. The American Petroleum Institute
is sponsoring Project SS-7 to determine if the neutron activation
analysis technique used at Intelcom Rad Tech is sufficiently accurate
to serve as a standard method for determining trace elements in petroleum
and petroleum products. In addition, an inter-company program within the
petroleum industry is underway to develop referee methods for analyzing
petroleum associated trace elements down to the parts per billion
level. Consequently, while the quantity of reliable trace element
data on crude oils is strictly limited at present, it can be expected
that either or both of these programs will establish analytical techn-
iques from which reliable petroleum trace element data will be more
readily obtainable in the future.
The following sections present crude oil trace element data for
U.S. oil fields and for crudes from nations which export oil to the U.S.
Data obtained using activation analysis are presented in a separate section.
Data for shale oil which has potential as an energy source in the 1980's
are included in a subsequent section. This is followed by a summary of the
findings of this study and recommendations for future work.
-------
- 79 -
2. Domestic Crude Oils
Of the total amount of crude oil processed in the United States,
approximately 85% is produced domestically with the balance being
imported(23). Approximately two-thirds of domestic crude oil production is
obtained from a relatively small number of large oil fields, sometimes
termed "giant" fields.* Generally, U.S. giant fields are defined as
those possessing reserves in excess of 100,000,000 bbl. (Some
of the older fields which have been in continual production may now
possess reserves less than this level. Additionally, certain large new
fields may presently be shut in or in a state of development thereby
accounting for their relatively low production). These large oil
fields are responsible for a majority of U.S. oil production and they
are also representative of the nation's total oil production. This
occurs because many smaller oil fields in close proximity to the giant
fields possess very similar characteristics including similar trace
element concentrations. In practice, the production of these smaller
fields is generally combined with that from the large fields in the
* "Giant fields" is a relative term. Of the current producers, the two
largest are the Wilmington (California) and East Texas fields. Each
produces approximately 70-75 thousand barrels per day. This may be
contrasted with the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia, the world's largest,
which has a production level more than ten fold greater than Wilmington.
Reserves of the Ghawar field are estimated to approach 70 billion
barrels.
-------
- 80 -
pipe line networks that grid oil producing regions. Thus, the oil
arriving at refineries is a mixture, dominated by production of the
giant fields. Consequently, for practical purposes, the characteristics
of the larger fields characterize the great bulk of all domestic pet-
roleum production.
2.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Data
Because of the prominence of the giant fields, their crudes
have been the subject of much of the trace element data that are avail-
able. Sulfur and nitrogen data for crude oils from these fields are
the most complete and consequently will be considered separately. Of
a total of 259 giant U.S. oil fields, sulfur data were obtained for
251 fields (96.9%) and nitrogen data were acquired for 229 fields
(88.4%). On a production basis, sulfur data covered 94.6% of giant
field's production, and the nitrogen data 88.5%. Most of the sulfur
and nitrogen data were obtained from Bureau of Mines sources through
either publications or open files of crude oil analyses.
In assembling this compilation, data from published, widely
available sources were utilized in preference to data from less available
sources. Consequently, published Bureau of Mines data took precedence
over Bureau of Mines open file analysis data. An average was obtained
when duplicate BuMines data were available for a given field. Data
officially published by the Bureau were used in preference to those
appearing elsewhere, even if the authors of these other works were
Bureau personnel. The giant field sulfur and nitrogen data follow in
Table 13.
-------
- 81 -
TABLE 13
State/Region and Field
ALABAMA
Citronelle
ALASKA
Granite Point
McArthur River
Middle Ground Shoal
Prudhoe Bay (North Slope)
Swanson River
APPALACHIAN
Allegany
Bradford
ARKANSAS
Magnolia
Schuler and East
Smackover
CALIFORNIA
SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
Belridge South
Buena Vista
Coalinga
Coalinga Nose
Coles Levee North
Cuyaraa South
Cymric
Edison
Elk Hills
Fruitvale
Greeley
Kern Front
Kern River
Kettleman North Dome
Lost Hills
McKittrick - Main Area
Midway Sunset
Mount Poso
Rio Bravo
COASTAL AREA
Carpenteria Offshore
Cat Canyon West
Dos Cuadras
Elwood
* Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972 pp.
** All references are to Reference 24 unless
SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT
OF THE GIANT U.S. OIL FIELDS
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
0.38
0.02
0.16
0.05
1.07
0.16
0.12
0.11
0.90
1.55
2.10
0.23
0.59
0.43
0.25
0.39
0.42
1.16
0.20
0.68
0.93
0.31
0.85
1.19
0.40
0.33
0.96
0.94
0.68
0.35
—
5.07
—
—
Nitrogen,
Weight
Percent
0.02
0.039
0.160
0.119
0.23
0.203
0.028
0.010
0.02
0.112
0.08
0.773
—
0.303
0.194
0.309
0.337
0.63
0.446
0.472
0.527
0.266
0.676
0.604
0.212
0.094
0.67
0.42
0.475
0.158
—
0.54
—
—
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
6,390
5,552
40,683
11,277
1,076
11,709
388
2,470
850
800
2,800
9,211
5,429
7,866
4,752
1,006
2,034
3,345
1,417
951
1,109
761
3,440
25,542
840
2,328
5,348
33,583
1,378
425
5,295
2,705
27,739
108
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
25
26
25
26
25
25
25
26
25
26
26
95-100.
otherwise
noted.
-------
- 82 -
State/Region and Field
Orcutt
Rincon
San Ardo
Santa Ynez***
Santa Maria Valley
South Mountain
Ventura
LOS ANGELES.BASIN
Beverly Hills
Brea Olinda
Coyote East
Coyote West
Dominguez
Huntington Beach
Inglewood
Long Beach
Montebello
Richfield
Santa Fe Springs
Seal Beach
Torrance
Wilmington
COLORADO
Rangely
FLORIDA
Jay
ILLINOIS
Clay City
Dale
Loudon
New Harmony
Salem
KANSAS
Bemis-Shutts
Chase-Silica
Eldorado
Hall-Gurney
Kraft-Prusa
Trapp
LOUISIANA
NORTH
Black Lake
Caddo-Pine Island
Delhi
Haynesville (Ark.-La.)
Homer
Lake St. John
Rodessa (La.-Tex.)
TABLE 13 (Cont!d)- .
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight
Percent Percent
2.48
0.40
2.25
4.99
2.79
0.94
2.45
0.75
0.95
0.82
0.40
1.57
2.50
1.29
0.68
1.86
0.33
0.55
1.84
1.44
0.56
0.32
0.37
0.82
0.66
0.83
0.17
0.46
0.525
0.48
0.913
0.56
0.413
0.612
0.525
0.336
0.347
0.360
0.648
0.640
0.55
0.316
0.575
0.271
0.394
0.555
0.65
0.073
0.002
0.19
0.15
0.27
0.23
0.17
0.57
0.44
0.18
0.34
0.27
0.41
0 .082
0.080
0.097
0.158
0.102
0.162
0.13
0.085
0.108
0.171
0.076
0.026
0.053
0.022
0.081
0.032
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
2,173
4,580
9,939
1,966
1,962
10,188
8,400
4,228
864
2,436
1,717
16,249
3,992
3,183
740
1,910
953
1,468
1,338
72,859
10,040
.370
4,650
690
4,420
2,740
3,360
2,590
1,600
1,500
2,480
3,200
1,930
3,500
5,870
2,730
330
1,170
900
References* *
Sulfur Nitrogen
25
26
25
26
26
26
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
*
**
***
Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
lindeveloped field, Santa Barbara Channel. Uncorroborated
estimate of reserves of 1 to 3 billion bbl.
-------
- 83 -
State/Region and Field
OFFSHORE
Bay Marchand Block 2
(Incl. onshore)
Eugene Island Block 126
Grand Isle Block 16
Grand Isle Block 43
Grand Isle Block 47
Main Pass Block 35
Main Pass Block 41
Main Pass Block 69
Ship Shoal Block 208
South Pass Block 24
(Incl. onshore)
South Pass Block 27
Timbalier S. Block 135
Timbalier Bay
(Incl. onshore)
West Delta Block 30
West Delta Block 73
SOUTH, ONSHORE
Avery Island
Bay De Chene
Bay St. Elaine
Bayou Sale
Black Bay West
Caillou Island
(Incl. offshore)
Cote Blanche Bay West
Cote Blanche Island
Delta Farms
Garden Island Bay
Golden Meadow
Grand Bay
Hackberry East
Hackberry West
Iowa
Jennings
Lafitte
Lake Barre
Lake Pelto
Lake Salvador
Lake Washington
(Incl. offshore)
Leeville
Paradis
Quarantine Bay
Romere Pass
Venice
Vinton
Weeks Island
West Bay
TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight
Percent Percent
0.46
0.15
0.18
0.23
0.19
0.16
0.25
0.38
0.26
0.18
0.66
0.33
0.33
0.12
0.27
0.39
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.16
0.10
0.26
0.22
0.18
0.31
0 .30
0.29
0.20
0 .26
0 .30
0 .14
0 .21
0 .14
0.37
0.20
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.24
0.34
0.19
0.27
0.11
0.030
0.04
0.04
0.071
0.025
0.098
0.02
0.068
0.049
0.088
0.081
0.09
0.060
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.033
0.01
0.055
0.06
0 .054
0 .039
0 .02
0 .035
0 .02
0 .146
0 .019
0 .061
0 .044
0 .071
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
30,806
5,621
21,681
22,776
4,271
3,504
18,469
12,775
10,038
20,330
21,425
13,578
30,988
26,390
15,987
3,400
6,643
7,775
5,293
9,892
31,828
15,658
8,797
1,278
16,096
2,738
6,680
2,226
3,760
876
292
10,877
7,592
4,891
4,380
10,913
4,343
1,898
7,117
3,759
5,475
2,299
10,183
9,563
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
26
25 25
26 26
25
25
27
25
25
* Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
** All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
-------
- 84 -
State/Region and Field
MISSISSIPPI
Baxterville
Heidelberg
Tinsley
MONTANA
Bell Creek
Cut Bank
NEW MEXICO
Caprock and East
Denton
Empire Abo
Eunice
Hobbs
Maij amar
Monument
Vacuum
NORTH DAKOTA
Beaver Lodge
Tioga
OKLAHOMA
Allen
Avant
Bowlegs
Burbank
Cement
Gushing
Earlsboro
Edmond West
Eola-Robberson
Fitts
Glenn Pool
Golden Trend
Healdton
Hewitt
Little River
Oklahoma City
Seminole, Greater
Sho-Vel-Tum
Sooner Trend
St. Louis
Tonkawa
TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight
Percent Percent
2.71
3.75
1.02
0.24
0.80
0.17
0.19.
0.27
1.
1.
14
41
0.55
1.14
0.95
0.24
0.31
0.70
0.18
0.24
0.24
0.47
0.22
0.47
0.21
0.35
0.27
0.31
0.15
0.92
0.65
0.28
0.16
0.30
1.18
0.11
0.16
0.111
0.112
0.08
0.13
0.055
0.034
0.014
0.014
0.071
0.08
0.062
0.071
0.075
0.019
0.016
0.21
0.140
0.051
0.152
0.08
0.045
0.115
0.096
0.15
0.15
0.148
0.065
0.079
0.016
0.27
0.04
0.033
1971
Product
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
9,300
3,450
2,450
5,950
5,180
905
2,350
9,520
1,330
5,700
6,040
3,720
17,030
3,140
1,790
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
26
26
25
25
2,920
365
2,260
5,240
2,370
4,300
765
730
4,850
1,420
2,480
12,330
4,600
5,660
440
1,750
1,640
36,500
15,240
1,350
290
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
* Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
** All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
-------
- 85 -
State/Region and Field
TEXAS
DISTRICT 1
Big Wells
Darst Creek
Luling-Branyon
DISTRICT 2
Greta
Refugio
Tom O'Connor
West Ranch
DISTRICT 3
Anahuac
Barbers Hill
Conroe
Dickison-Gillock
Goose Creek and East
Hastings E&W
High Island
Hull-Merchant
Humble
Liberty South
Magnet Withers
Old Ocean
Raccoon Bend
Sour Lake
Spindletop
Thompson
Webster
West Columbia
DISTRICT 4
Agua Duke-Stratton
Alazan North
Borregas
Government Wells N.
Kelsey
La Gloria and South
Plymouth
Seeligson
Tij erina-Canales-Blucher
White Point East
DISTRICT 5
Mexia
Powell
Van and Van Shallow
TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight
Percent Percent
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
0.78
0.86
0.17
0.11
0.17
0.14
0-23
0.27
0.15
0.82
0.13
0.20
0.26
0.35
0.46
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.15
0.25
0.21
0.21
<.l
0.04
<.l
0.22
0.13
<.l
0.15
<.l
<.l
0.13
0.20
0.31
0.8
0.075
0.110
0.038
0.027
0.038
0.029
0.041
0.06
0.022
0.014
0.028
0.03
0.048
0.081
0.097
0.044
0.033
0.029
0.048
0.016
0.03
0.029
0.046
0.055
0-015
0.014
0.029
0.043
0.008
0.008
0.049
0.015
0.010
0.02
0.048
0.054
0.039
5,840
1,971
1,679
3,577
657
23,360
17,009
9,052
766
12,994
2,920 25
1,095
17,191
2,081
1,643 28
1,241 28
949
3,869
1,132
2,409
1,058
328
12,885
16,206
1,351
2,518
3,723
4,818
511
6,059
936 28
986
6,424 28
5,986 28
1,606
109 25
109 25
12,337
25
25
28
28
25
25
25
25
28
25
25
25
**
Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
-------
- 86 -
TABLE.13 (Cont'd.)
State/Region and Field
DISTRICT 6
East Texas
Fairway
Hawkins
Neches
New Hope
Qui tman
Talco
DISTRICT 7-C
Big Lake
Jameson
McCamey
Pegasus
DISTRICT 8
Andector
Block 31
Cowden North
Cowden South, Foster,
Johnson
Dollarhide
Dora Roberts
Dune
Emma and Triple N
Fun rman-Ma s cho
Fullerton
Goldsmith
Headlee and North
Hendrick
Howard Glasscock
latan East
Jordan
Kermit
Keystone
McElroy
Means
Midland Farms
Penwell
Sand Hills
Shafter Lake
TXL
Waddell
Ward South
Ward Estes North
Yates
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
0.32
0.24
2.19
0.13
0.46
0.92
2.98
0.26
<.l
2.26
0.73
0.22
0.11
1.89
1.77
0.39
<.l
3.11
<.l
2.06
0.37
1.12
<.l
1.73
1.92
1.47
1.48
0.94
0.57
2.37
1.75
0.13
1.75
2.06
0.25
0.36
1.69
1.12
1.17
1.54
Nitrogen,
Weight
Percent
0.066
—
0.076
0.083
0.007
0.036
—
0-071
0.034
0.139
0.200
0.033
0.032
0.095
0.127
0.074
0.023
0.111
0.025
0.085
0.041
0.079
0.083
0.094
0.096
0.120
0.10
0.092
0 .042
0 .080
0 .205
0 .080
0 .205
0 .085
0 .041
0 .067
0 .098
0 .08
0 .107
0 .150
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
71,139
14,271
29,054
3,942
292
3,103
4,380
474
1,387
985
4,052
5,694
6,242
9,782
14,198
7,592
3,066
11,425
3,030
1,935
6,607
20,951
1,460
766
6,606
3,687
3,212
2,007
8,322
9,015
7,921
6,059
2,044
6,606
2,956
4,854
4,453
803
10,184
13,359
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
26
25 25
25
25 25
29 29
25
25
25
* Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
** All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
-------
- 87 -
TAELE 13 (Cont'd.)
State/Region and Field
DISTRICT 8-A
Cogdell Area
Diamond M
Kelly-Snyder
Levelland
Prentice
Robertson
Russell
Salt Creek
Seminole
Slaughter
Spraberry Trend
Wasson
DISTRICT 9
KMA
Walnut Bend
DISTRICT 10
Panhandle
UTAH
Greater Aneth
Greater Redwash
WYOMING
Elk Basin (Mont.-Wyo.)
Garland
Grass Creek
Hamilton Dome
Hilight
Lance Creek
Lost Soldier
Oregon Basin
Salt Creek
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
Nitrogen,
Weight
Percent
0.38
0.20
0.29
2.12
2.64
1.37
0.77
0.57
1.98
2.09
0.18
1.14
0.31
0.17
0 .063
0 . 131
0 .066
0 .136
0 .117
0 .100
0 .078
0 .094
0 .106
—
0 .173
0 .065
0.068
0.05
0.55
0.20
0.11
1.78
2.99
2.63
3.04
0.10
1.21
3.44
0.23
0.067
0.059
0.255
0.185
0.290
0.311
0.343
0.055
0.076
0.356
0.109
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
14,235
7,373
52,487
9,746
5,913
2,774
4,234
9,271
9,125
35,515
18,688
51,210
2,920
3,942
14,235
7,660
5,800
14,380
3,500
3,760
4,500
11,300
325
4,820
12,260
11,750
References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
25
25
30
30
* Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
** All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
-------
- 88 -
The data presented in Table 13 were evaluated on both a production
and a geometric average basis. These evaluations are discussed below by
element.
Sulfur - The sulfur data were plotted as a histogram. The re-
sulting frequency distribution is shown as Figure 5. In this figure, each
sulfur percentage increment covers a range centering on the value
shown. For example, the sulfur value of 0.3 covers a range of 0.25
to 0.3499% sulfur. The sulfur data are log normally distributed about
the 0.2% level, although the distribution possesses a long tail. A
distribution of this type is the classic one found for the distribution
of many trace elements in the earth's crust.
The geometric mean of the sulfur data as calculated from
Table 13 was 0.42%. A production average calculated from this same
data was 0.77% S, indicating that certain large production fields
possessed a greater than average sulfur content. Crudes possessing
a sulfur level of <0.1 were treated as if this level were 0.1 for cal-
culation purposes.
The sulfur data ranged from less than 0.1% for a number of
fields in southern Texas near the Gulf Coast (Texas Railroad Commission
Corpus Christi District 4) to 5.07% and 4.99% for the Cat Canyon West
and Santa Maria Valley fields of the coastal area of California.
-------
Figure 5
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR CONTENT
IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS
60 -
50
40
30
20
00
vD
10
nn
i i
.5
I I I I I I I I I I I
1.0 1.5
WEIGHT PERCENT SULFUR
I ' I « ' I ' ' I
2.0 2.5 >2.7
-------
- 90 -
Nitrogen - A histogram of the nitrogen data is shown in Figure 6,
As with the sulfur graph, each nitrogen percentage increment is centered
on the value shown so that the value of 0.25 covers a range of 0.24 to
0.2599% N. Once again the data appear to be log normally distributed
with a long tail. The modal value occurs at 0.03% N.
The geometric mean of the nitrogen data of Table 13 was
0.028%. This is in contrast to a production average of 0.159%. As
with sulfur content, substantial production from high nitrogen content
fields has made the production average greater than the geometric mean.
The lowest nitrogen level, 0.002%,was observed for crude
from the recently discovered Jay field in Florida. The highest,
0.913%, was found for crude from the San Ardo field in the coastal
region of California. It is well known that many California crudes
possess very high nitrogen as well as sulfur levels. Consequently,
it was not unexpected that all crudes possessing nitrogen l&vels above
0.5% were from California.
2.2 Other Trace Element Data
With the exception of sulfur and nitrogen, the Bureau of Mines
has not performed trace element analysis as part of their routine analyses
of crude oils. This factor, coupled with the lack of widespread pub-
lished data in this area from other sources^means that a large gap
exists in reliable information on trace elements. Consequently, no
complete trace element distribution is possible even for the giant
fields.
-------
60
Figure 6
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN CONTENT
IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS
50
40
CO
LU
to
u_
o
o;
LJ
CO
30
20
10
i
lO
I I I I I
.05
n
a
i " i ' ' i ' ' I* • i ' ' | "
•15 -25
a
i • • i • * i * * i • • i • * i
.35 .45 >.50
WEIGHT PERCENT NITROGEN
-------
- 92 -
A number of more or less classical instrumental techniques
has been used to obtain mucn of tne trace element data that are avail-
able. These techniques include flame photometry, atomic absorption,
emission spectroscopy, spectrochemical (colorimetric) analysis and
x-ray fluorescence. Although most available trace element data
especially on vanadium and nickel have been obtained using these
techniques, considerable data are now being accumulated on many elements
using activation analysis, a nuclear technique. As some of these data
are at variance with those obtained using the more classical methods,
activation analysis data are presented in a separate section.
Some trace element data on petroleum were published a number
of years ago. It is possible that as a greater understanding of pre-
parative and analytical techniques has developed, the ability to obtain
reliable data has increased. It is likely, therefore, that the more
recent data are more accurate although this is not necessarily so.
Virtually all of the available trace element data for U.S.
oil fields were used to compile Table 14. Included are the state, field,
analytical method used if available, year of publication and the source
of the data. Data are presented from all fields even those that are
not significant producers. Conflicting data are also present for cer-
tain fields. Data from numerous published sources were utilized
irrespective of analytical method or year of publication. No data were
averaged. The search was limited to the following elements: V, Ni, Fe,
As, Be, Cd, Hg, Se, Sb, Ba, Cr, Pb, Mn, Mo, Te, Sn. However, for the
most part, data were found only for 10 of these elements. Data are
-------
- 93 -
presented in the order V, Ni, Fe, Ba. Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn plus the available
data for other elements. The authors of reference 31 were contacted
to ascertain the analytical technique which they utilized. The data
of reference 32 were converted from percent ash to ppm of each trace
element on an oil basis. The accuracy suggested by the number of
significant figures in reporting the analytical results is that of
each author except for the data of reference 32 which, on conversion
to ppm, were rounded to be conservatively representative of the analysis
technique employed.
-------
- 94 -
TABLE 14
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF U.S. CRUDE OILS
Trace EJ.pri.Pit. t,pm
State and Field
ALABAMA
Toxey
Toxey
ALASKA
Kuparuk, Prudhoe Bay
Kuparuk, Prudhoe Bay
McArthur River, Cook Inlet
Prudhoe Bay
Put River, Prudhoe Bay
Redoubt Shoal, Cook Inlet
Trading Bay, Cook Inlet
ARKANSAS
Krister, Columbia
El Dorado, East
Schuler
Smackover
Stephens-Smart
Tubal, Union
West Atlanta
CALIFORNIA
Ant Hill
Arwin
Bradley Sands
Cat Canyon
Cat Canyon
Coallnger
Coal Oil Canyon
Coles Levee
Coles Levee
Cuyama
Cymric
Cymric
Cymric
Cymric
Cymric
Cymric
Edison
Elk Hills
Elwood South
Gibson
Cots Ridge
Helm
Helm
Huntington Beach
Inglewood
Kettleman
Kettleman Hills
Las Floras
Lompoc
Lompoc
Lost Hills
Midway
Nicolai
North Belridge
North Belridge
North Belridge
North Belridge
Orcut t
Oxnard
Purlsma
Raisin City
V
9
10
32
28
nd
31
16
nd
nd
nd
12
15.2
nd
18.5
nd
14.3
9.0
134.5
128
209
5. 1
6.0
11.0
2.2
in. n
30.0
0.8
0.6
1.0
6.0
8.3
nd
37
188
14.0
2.5
29
125.7
34.0
11.0
106.5
37.6
39.0
82.6
246.5
—
23
162.5
403.5
218.5
8.0
Ni Fe Ba Cr Mn Mo Sn HR
14
16
13
12
nd
11
6
4
nd
nd
11
10.3 1.2 <1 <1 <1 nd nd
4
22.7 6.3 <1 <1 <1 nd rineti it-
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluoresc. (ext. std )
(1)
/I \
\ I J
(1)
Emission spectres copy
Year
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1961
1971
1961
1971
1961
1961
1956
1958
1971
1971
1961
1956
1956
1961
195&
1956
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1956
1961
1971
1969
1971
1956
1961
1971
1961
1952
1958
1958
1958
1971
1956
1961
1958
std)1959
1959
19SQ
* ? jy
1960
1958
1958
1958
1956
Ref
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
31
32
31
32
32
33
37
31
31
32
33
33
32
33
33
34
34
34
34
33
32
31
35
31
"IT
J J
32
31
32
36
37
37
37
31
33
32
37
38
38
38
39
37
37
37
33
(I; Not specified.
nd Sought but not detected.
-------
- 95 -
TABLE 14 (Cont'd)
State and Field
Rio Bravo
Rio Bravo
Rio Bravo
Russell Ranch
San Joaquin
Santa Maria
Santa Mari-i
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Signal Hill
Signal Hill
Tejon Hills
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura Avenue
Wheeler Ridge
Wi Imington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wl Imington
COLORADO
Badger C'reck
Cramps
i.rjinip
Hiawatha
Moffat Dome
Rangely
Rangely
Rangely
Seep
White River Area
FLORIDA
Jay
ILLINOIS
Loudon
Loudon
KANSAS
Brews ter
Brews ter
Brock
Cof feyville
Cunningham
Cunningham
lola
lola
"Kansas-J"
"Kansas-2"
McLouth
Otis Albert
Otis Albert
Pawnee Rock
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Solomon
V
—
—
—
12.0
44.8
223
202
180
280
207
240
280
174
28
25
64
42
49
25.2
7
43
41
53
—
—
46
36.0
S
>21
6.3 <1 <1 <1 ^1
6.0 <1 <1 <1 <1
9.1 9.1 1
±7O 1
1961
1961
1961
1961
1966
1966
1961
1961
1961
1961
std.) 1960
1960
std.) I960
std.) 1960
1960
std.) 1959
1961
Ref
40
41
41
33
37
36
37
33
39
41
41
32
37
33
33
33
36
37
33
33
36
31
38
38
39
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
42
32
31
43
37
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
44
44
32
32
32
32
41
41
39
41
41
38
32
(1) Not specified
nd Sought but not detected
-------
State and Field
LOUISIANA
Bay Narchard
Colquitt, Clairborne
Colqultt, Clairborne
Colquitt, Calirborne
(Smackover B)
Delta (West) Offshore,
Block 117
Delta (West) Block 27
Delta (West) Block 41
Eugene Island, Offshore,
Block 276
Eugene Island, Offshore,
Block 238
Lake Washington
Main Pass, Block 6
Main Pass, Block 41
Olla
Ship Shoal, Offshore,
Block 176
Ship Shoal, Offshore,
Block 176
Ship Shoal, Block 208
Shongaloo, N. Red Rock
South Pass, Offshore,
Block 62
Timbalier, S., Offshore,
Block 54
MICHIGAN
Trent
V
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
—
- 96 -
TABLE 14 (Cont'd)
Traca plemenc. ppa
Nl Fe | Ba Cr Mn Mo Sn • As
2
nd
nd
nd
2
2
2
nd
nd
4
3
1
5.56 0.07
nd
nd
2
nd
4
nd
0.23
Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Emission gpectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Eli
p py
Emission spectroscopy
Emission soectrosconv
Ya ar
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1952
1971
1971
1971
1971
10^1
iy /i
1971
1956
Daf
Ket «
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
43
31
31
31
31
31
42
MISSISSIPPI
Baxterville, Laraar and
Marion
Heidelberg
Mississippi
Tallhalla Creek, Smith
Tallhalla Creek, Smith
Tallhalla Creek, Smith
(Smackover)
Tingley, Yazoo
Bell Creek
Big Wall
Soap Creek
NEW MEXICO
Ratelesnake
Rattlesnake
Table Mesa
OKLAHOMA
Allurve (Nowata)
Allurve (Nowata)
Allurve (Nowata)
Bethel
Burbank
Gary
Chelsea (Novata)
Chelsea (Novata)
Chelsea (Nowata)
Cheyarha
Cheyarha
Cheyarha
Cheyarha
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Cromwell
Dill
Dover, Southeast
Dustin
E. Lindsay
E. Seminole
E. Yeager
Fish
Glen Pool
(1) Not specified
40
15
-•
nd
nd
nd
7
nd
24
132
•a
<1
"ii-. not
-------
- 97 -
TABLE 14 (Cont'd)
State and Field
Grief Creek
Hawkins
Hauklns
Horns Corner
Katie
Katie
Katie
Katie
Kendrick
Konawa
Laf f oon
Little River
Middle Cilliland
Naval Reserve
New England
N. Dill
N. E. Castle Ext.
N. E. Elmore
N. E. Elmore
N. Okemah
N. W. Horns Corner
Olympia
Osage City
S. W. Maysville
S. W. Maysville
Tat urns
Ta turns
Ta turns
Weleetka
W. Holdenvllle
W. Wewoka
Wewoka
Wewoka Lake
Ueuoka Lake
Wewoka Lake
Wtldhorsc
Wynona
Wynona
TEXAS
Anahuac
Brantley-Jackson, Hopkins
Brantley-Jackson, Smackover
Con roe
East Texas
East Texas
East Texas
East Texas
Edgewood, Van Zandt
Ftnley
Jackson
Lake Trammel, Nolan
Mirando
Panhandle, Carson
Panhandle, Hutchinson
Panhandle, West Texas
Refugio
Refugio, Light
Salt Flat
Scurry County
Sweden
Talco
Talco
Wasaon
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas (Imogene)
Yates-Pecos
Trace Element, pom
V 31 Fe Ba Cr Mn
0.10 0.42
2.10 8.50
0.72 3.50
0.70
0.17 0.52
0.48 1.60
0.29 1.00
0.24 1.00
<1 *1 <1 <1 <1 <1
0.10 0.65
44.0 20.2 1.5 <1 <1 <1
0.17 1.10
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
, <1 <1 <1 nd <1 <1
0.13 1.45
0.29 1.50
0.15 0.60
0,17 0.70
0.11 0.70
0,10
0.88 2.40
2.9 1.6 6.9 nd <1 <1
1.36 2.10
0.25 1.10
57
56
148 71
0.10
0.13 0.46
0.14 0.42
0.15
0.33 0.95
0.15 0.30
0.18 0.27
2-6 1 <1 nd nd <1
<1 <1 1.8 <1 <1
-------
Trace Element, ppm
State and Field
UTAH
Duchesne
Duchesne
Duchesne County
Red Wash
Red Wash
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Virgin
Virgin
West Pleasant Valley
Wildcat
WYOMING
Beaver Creek
Big Horn Mix
Bison Basin
Circle Ridge
Corral Creek
Crooks Gap
Dallas
Dallas
De rby
Elk Basin
Elk Basin
Ga rland
Grass Creek
Half Moon
Half Moon
Hamilton Dome
Hamilton Dome
Hamilton Dome
Little Mo
Lost Soldier
Lost Soldier
Lost Soldier
Mitchell Creek
North Oregon Basin
North Oregon Basin
North Oregon Basin
Oil Mountain
Pilot Butte
Pilot Butte
Pine Ridge
Prescott No. 3
Recluse
Roelis
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Skull Creek
South Casper Creek
South Fork
South Spring Creek
South Spring Creek
Steamboat Butte
Washakie
Wlnkleman Dome
V
-------
- 99 -
The trace element data presented in Table 14 indicate that,
in general, the lowest metal content domestic crudes are from the coastal
and offshore fields of Louisiana and Texas. The highest metal con-
tent crudes are found in California. This parallels the observations
made for sulfur and nitrogen. It is not surprising that the levels of
nitrogen, vanadium and nickel should vary together because some nitrogen
and some of these (and other)/metals are frequently bound into
a porphyrin ring(j^8). This type of chelate coordination complex is known
for its high stability. All of the volatile metal compounds present in
crude oil are metalloporphyrins. The nature of the nonvolatile metal
compounds is not completely understood although they too may be com-
plexes with more than one porphyrin ring or simple porphyrins with size-
able asphaltic side chains.
Data obtained from the Cymric field of California's San Joaquin
Valley are worthy of comment. The high mercury levels reported for this
field are in no way representative of domestic production in general or
of California production in particular. Cymric's high mercury content
can be attributed to its location on the southeast prolongation of the
main mercury belt east of the San Andreas fault. It is, therefore, not
surprising that the mercury ore cinnabar found in this region is sat-
urated with hydrocarbons and that crude oil hydrocarbons appear to be
saturated with mercury(49).
J
-------
- 100 -
3. Imported Crude Oils
As noted previously, approximately 15% of the nation's total
crude oil supply in 1971 was obtained from imported sources. This
percentage is increasing as U.S. demand grows and domestic production
declines. Import data for 1971 are shown in Table 15.
Crude oils are found in a number of locations throughout
the world. It is not surprising, therefore, that there is a wide
difference in the quality of foreign crude oils. Some possess negligible
trace element concentrations while others have trace element levels
considerably higher than the bulk of domestic production. However,
as noted in Table 15, the crudes imported into the U.S. come from only
a few regions thus permitting a generalized breakdown of their pertinent
characteristics. This summary is presented in Table 16. The presentation
of generalizations does not imply that there are no significant variations
among the crude oils of a given region, or even a given nation. As the
U.S. data illustrate this is not to be expected. Rather, these
generalized characteristics are those possessed by the crudes of the
largest fields in a given region. As in the U.S., it is these large
fields that dominate production, are representative of the region and
are most likely to be imported into the U.S. It is also these fields
about which published data are generally more readily available.
-------
- 101 -
TABLE 15
IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL INTO THE U.S.
BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN 1971(23)
Region
NORTH AMERICA
Exporting
Country
Canada
Import Level,
Thousands of
Barrels/Day
756
% of Imported
Crude
45.42
SOUTH AMERICA
Venezuela
Colombia
Bolivia
Chile
Total South America
323
6
3
1
333
19.40
0.36
0.18
0.06
20.00
MIDDLE EAST
Saudi Arabia and
Neutral Zone
Abu Dhabi
Iran
Kuwait
Iraq
Total Middle East
119
83
73
29
6
310
7.15
4.98
4.38
1.74
0.36
18.61
AFRICA
Nigeria
Libya
Egypt
Angola
Algeria
Total Africa
76
49
22
5
2
154
4.56
2.94
1.32
0.30
0.12
9.24
ASIA
Indonesia
112
6.73
Total Imported Crude
1,665
100.00
-------
- 102 -
TABLE 16
GENERAL CRUDE OIL
CHARACTERISTICS BY REGION
Region
Country
Area
Characteristics
NORTH AMERICA Canada
SOUTH AMERICA Venezuela
AFRICA
Alberta/B.C.
Saskatchewan/
Manitoba
Lake Maracaibo
Tar Belt
MIDDLE EAST
Colombia
Algeria, Libya
Nigeria and
other West African
Saudi Arabia,
Iran etc.
Similar to U.S.
Midcontinent.
Medium to high S and
trace elements.
Medium to high S. High
vanadium and other trace
elements
Very high sulfur and
trace elements
Low S and trace elements
in export crude
Low sulfur and trace
elements but medium
nitrogen in relation to
sulfur.
High sulfur and moderate
trace elements. Sulfur
higher and trace elements
lower than Maracaibo
crudes.
ASIA
Indonesia
Negligible trace elements
-------
- 103 -
3.1 Sulfur and Nitrogen Data
The sulfur and nitrogen data obtained for oil fields of
nations which export crude oil to the U.S. are presented in Table 17.
The crude oil characteristics are considered representative of the countries
listed in Table 15.
Because data were available for a number of fields with insignif-
cant production, the fields selected to be included in this table were,
for the most part, limited to those fields listed under "Worldwide
Production" in the Oil and Gas Journal of December 27, 1971. Production
statistics for most of the significant'>d>il fields of each oil producing
nation are included in this OGJ list. For the purposes of this study,
those fields not included are considered to contribute insignificantly
to that nation's total production and consequently would not be repre-
sentative of oil exported to the U.S. Generally, data were available
for most of the largest significant fields within a given nation.
There were, however, a number of significant fields for which no-'trace
element data could be obtained.
Data were acquired from a wide variety of sources believed
to be reliable. When duplicate determinations were available, the
data were averaged even if the data were obtained in different laboratories
from samples analyzed at different times. Again, published data took
precedence over that obtained from other sources.
-------
- 104 -
TABLE 17
SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
NORTH AMERICA
Province and Field
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
Percent Percent
References
_
Canada
Acheson, Alta.
Bantry, Alta.
Bonnie Glen, Alta.
Boundary Lake, B.C.
Coleville, Sask.
Daly, Manitoba
Dollard, Sask.
Excelsior, Alta.
Fenn - Big Valley, Alta.
Fosterton-Dollard, Sask.
Gilby, Alta.
Golden Spike, Alta.
Harmattan, East, Alta.
Harmattan-Eklton, Alta.
Innisfail, Alta.
Joarcam, Alta.
Joffre, Alta.
Kaybob , Alta.
Leduc, Alta.
Lloydminster , Alta.
Midale, Sask.
North Premier, Sask.
Pembina, Alta.
Redwater, Alta.
Steelman, Sask.
Stettler, Alta.
Sturgeon Lake, S. , Alta.
Swan Hills, Alta.
Taber, East, Alta.
Taber, West, Alta.
Turner Valley, Alta.
Virden-Roselea, Man.
Virden-North Scallion, Man.
Wainwright, Alta.
Westerose, Alta.
West Drumheller, Alta.
Weybum, Sask.
Wizard Lake, Alta.
0.46
2.41
0.32
0.72
2.62
0.18
2.18
0.71
1.
2.
89
91
0.12
0.37
0.37
0.44
0.58
0.13
0.56
0.04
0.53
67
24
92
0.22
0.22
0.73
1.59
0.85
0.46
3.08
2.55
0.34
43
47
60
0.25
0.51
1.89
0.24
0.126
0.027
0.120
0.016
0.041
0.055
0.034
0.023
bbl/day
9,400
6,900
36,800
27,700
4,700
1,400
8,800
1,600
19,600
7,600
5,300
37,400
6,000
4,500
5,500
5,900
6,600
10,900
16,700
2,200
11,700
6,300
140,000
58,000
28,200
3,200
11,700
76,900
4,500
2,900
3,700
7,500
10,800
9,400
1,900
33,300
27,600
S
50,51
50
50,51
51
50,51
50
50,51
51,53
51,53
50,51,53
51
51,53
51
51
51
51
51
-51>
50,51,54
50,54
51
50
50,51
50
51
50^51'
51 ' '-
N
—
—
—
52
—
—
52
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— —
• — •
52
—
— _
__
—
52
*"T
52
--•;:-
53 52,53
50
50
51
51
51
; '55' -
51
50,51
51
51
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
52
-------
- 105 -
SOUTH AMERICA
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
References
Field and State
Venezuela
Aguasay , Monagas
Bachaquero, Zulia
Boca, Anzoategui
Boscan, Zulia
Cabimas, Zulia
Caico Seco, Anzoategui
Centre del Lago, Zulia
Ceuta, Zulia
Chimire, Anzoategui
Dacion, Anzoategui
El Roble, Anzoategui
Guara, Anzoategui
Guario, Anzoategui
Inca, Anzoategui
La Ceibita, Anzoategui
Lago Medio, Zulia
Lagunillas, Zulia
Lama, Zulia
La Paz, Zulia
Leona, Anzoategui
Mapiri, Anzoategui
Mara, Zulia
Mata, Anzoategui
Mene Grande, Zulia
Mercy, Anzoategui
Nipa, Anzoategui
Oficina, Anzoategui
Oritupano, Monagas
Oscurote, Anzoategui
Pilon, Monagas
Pradera, Anzoategui
Quiriquire, Monagas
Ruiz, Guarico
San Joaquin, Anzoategui
Santa Ana, Anzoategui
Santa Rosa, Anzoategui
Sibucara, Zulia
Silvestre, Barinas
Sinco, Barinas
Soto, Anzoategui
Santa Barbara, Monagas
Tacat, Monagas
Taman, Guarico
Temblador, Monagas
Tia Juana, Zulia
Tucupita, Araacuro
Yopales, Anzoategui
Zapatos, Anzoategui
Percent
0.82
2.65
0.89
5.54
1.71
0.13
1.42
1.36
1.07
1.29
0.10
2.95
0.13
—
0.41
1.16
2.15
1.47
1.29
1.38
0.54
1.16
1.09
2.00
2.52
0.38
0.59
1.89
1.19
2.11
0.75
1.33
1.05
0.14
0.42
0.09
0.82
1.17
1.38
0.52
0.88
1.55
0.14
0.83
1.70
1.05
1.15
0.48
Percent
—
0.377
0.178
0.593
0.249
—
—
—
0.119
0.274
0.001
0.314
0.003
0.223
0.055
—
0.319
0.203
—
—
0.058
0.116
0.238
—
0.429
—
0.202
—
—
0.360
0.033
0.252
0.161
0.036
—
0.006
0.074
0.261
0.284
0.159
0.125
—
0.025
0.338
0.269
0.312
0.275
0.075
bbl/day
14,800
738,900
6,100
68,400
82,000
4,200
132,200
63,800
17,100
10,900
1,000
26,900
1,100
9,500
14,300
58,100
940,100
320,000
23,500
11,900
2,800
10,100
55,800
12,200
27,500
29,200
48,100
14,500
11,400
23,900
700
22,000
600
2,300
7,000
34,700
2,000
12,200
28,400
10,000
6,100
3,500
400
5,300
373,000
3,700
15,700
19,300
S
53,54
53
54
53
53,54
54
54
56
53
53
54
53
51
—
53
56
51,53
53
54
56
54
53
53
54
53
54
53
54
54
53
54
53
54
53
54
53
54
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
53
51
54
53
N
—
53,54
54
53,57
53,54
—
—
—
53,54
53,54
54
53
54
54
53
—
53,54
53
—
—
54
53,54
53
—
53
—
§4
—
—
53
54
53,54
54
54
—
53
54
53
53
54
54
—
54
54
53,54
54
54
53
-------
- 106 -
SOUTH AMERICA (Cont'd)
Country and Field
Colombia
Casabe
Colorado
Galan
Infantas
La Cira
Payoa
Rio Zulia
Tibu
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
Percent bbl/dav
1.07
0.25
1.11
0.88
0.96
0.83
0.32
0.71
0.147
7,500
900
1,300
4,500
17,200
8,200
23,700
12,900
References
S . N
51
51
51
51'
51
53 53
58
51 51
Bolivia
Camiri
0.02
2,800
54
Chile
Cerro Mana^iales
0.05
51
-------
- 107 -
MIDDLE EAST
Country and Field
Saudi Arabia
and Neutral Zone
Abqaiq
Abu Hadriya
Abu Sa'Fah
Berri
Dairrniatn
Fadhili
Ghawar
Khafji
Khursaniya
Khurais
Manifa
Qatif
Safaniya
Wafra
Abu Dhabi
Bu Hasa I
Bu Hasa II
Habshan
Murban-Bab-Bu Hasa
Iran
Agha Jari
Cyrus
Darius
Gach Saran
Haft Kel
Naft-i-Shah
Sassan
Kuwait
Burgan
Magwa-Ahmadi
Minagish
Raudhatain
Sabriyah
Bai Hassan
Kirkuk
Rumaila
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
Percent Percent bbl/day
2.03
1.69
2.61
2.24
1.47
1.25
1.89
2.99
2.53
1.73
2.75
2.55
2.88
3.91
0.74
0.77
0.71
0.62
References
.41
,68
.44
1.57
1.20
0.76
2.06
2.58
2.21
2.12
2.13
1.62
1.36
1.93
2.1
0.105
—
0.232
0.206
—
0.029
0.107
0.159
0.093
0.307
0.338
0.109
0.126
0.145
0.032
0.031
0.026
0.028
0.015
0.300
0.089
0.226
—
—
0.082
892,500
103,700
82,900
155,900
21,600
47,900
2,057,900
_- .
74 , 300
22,300
5,100
95,100
791,400
141,000
—
—
564,100
848,000
24,000
100,000
882,000
45,000
10,000
137,000
2,950,000
0.28
57,000
1,097,000
480,000
s
53
51
53
53
51,54
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53,54,56
53
53
53^
53
53
53
53
51,53
59
54
53
53
53
53
53
53
60
51
56
N
53
—
53
53
—
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53-
53,54
53
53
.53
53
53
53
53
53
—
—
53
53
53
53
53
53
60
-T-. •
—
-------
- 108 -
AFRICA
Country and Field
Sulfur,Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
-Percent Percent bbl/day
Nigeria
Af am
Apara
Bomu
Delta
Ebubu
Imo River
Meji
Meren
Obagi
Oloibiri
Umuechem
Amal
Beda
Bel Hedan
Brega*
Dahra
Defa
El Dib
Es Sider*
Farrud
Gialo
Hofra
Kotla
Nafoora
Ora
Rakb
Samah
Sarir
Umm Farud
Waha
Zaggut
Zelten
0.09
0.11
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.09
0.21
0.26
0 .14
0.027
0.050
0.084
0.096
0.113
0.121
0.041
0.048
0.060
0.179
0.076
8,400
1,000
46,000
69,800
2,600
104,100
19,400
82,700
43,100
4,200
32,800
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
0.14
0.45
0.24
0.22
0.41
0.28
1.04
0.42
0.39
0.56
0.32
0.84
0.55
0.23
0.23
0.25
0.16
0.13
0.24
0.30
0.23
0.093
0.203
0.120
0.106
0.140
0.127
0.160
0.070
0.121
0.082
0.274
0.091
0.119
0.118
0.127
0.079
0.033
0.134
0.188
0.090
162,400
7,900
6,600
33,300
165,800
2,200
4,500
359,400
5,200
11,900
238,800
11,300
11,500
57,000
440,000
4,200
129,300
2,700
357,900
References
S
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
56
53,61
61
53
60
53
61
61
61
53* ,
53,61
• 61
61
53
53
61
61
61
N
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
—
53,61
61
53
60
53
61
61
61
53
53,61
61
61
53
53
61
61
61
Export crude mixture delivered to
pipeline terminals.
-------
- 109 -
AFRICA (Cont!d)
Country and Field
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight Production,
Percent Percent bbl/day
2.05
0.84
1.67
2.06
0.075
0.183
24,600
260,900
*
References
S N
53
53
53
53
53
53
Angola (Cabinda)
Tobias
1.51
58
Algeria
Edjeleh
Gassi Touil
Hassi Messaoud
Ohanet
Rhourde el Baguel
Tin Fouye
Zarzaitine
0.095
0.020
0.15
0.06
0.31
0.13
0.06
0.058
0.008
0.018
—
0.087
0.061
0.018
18,900
59,000
387,200
8,600
65,900
46,200
44,200
53
61
53
58
61
53
53
53
61
53
—
61
53
53
These fields on the Sinai Peninsula are being produced by Israel.
Data are not available.
-------
- 110 -
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight Weight- Production, References
Country and Field Percent Percent bbl/day s N
Indonesia
Bekasap 0.17 0.124 111,100 53 53
Duri 0.18 0.337 37,900 53 53
Kalimantan 0.07 — — 54
Lirik 0.08 — 4,500 58
Minas 0.115 0.132 408,700 53 53
Pematang 0.10 0.159 67,300 53 53
Seria <.10 — — 53
Tarakan 0.13 — 1,600* 54
Production data from Reference 58.
-------
- Ill -
3.2 Other Trace Element Data
The trace element data available for worldwide oil fields are
limited largely to the elements vanadium and nickel. Data for certain
other elements exist on a nation by nation basis. For example, extensive
data are available for the iron content of Canadian crude oils. Some
additional data are available for the iron and chromium content of
the crudes of other nations. The trace element data for crude oils
from nations which export to the U.S. are presented in Table 18. All
data obtained have been included irrespective of field size. Table 18
lists world region, nation, element content, analytical method used
when available, year of publication and source of the data.
-------
- 112 -
TABLE 18
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
NORTH AMERICA
Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field
Canada
Acheson
Acheson
Acheson
Armena-Cararose
Bantry
Bawlf
Big Valley
Big Valley
Bonnie Glen
Bonnyville
Campbell
Cantaur
Cantaur
Chamberlain
Coleville
Coleville
Coleville
Coleville
Conrad
Daly
Dollard
Drumheller
Drumheller
W. Drumheller
Duhamel
Duhamel
Eastend
Elk Island
Excelsior
Flat Lake
Forget
Foster ton
Glen Park
Golden Spike
Grassy Lake
Cull Lake
Hamilton Lake
Joffre
Joseph Lake
Kathyrn
Lac. Ste. Anne
Leduc
Leduc
Leduc
Lloydminster
Malmo
Malrao
Malmo
Midway
Morinville
Morinville
McMurray
Pembina
N. Premier
Rapdan
Ratcliffe
Redwater
Redwater
Reduater
Roselea
Skaro
Springburn
Smiley
Stettler
Stettler
Success
E. Taber
W. Taber
Wabiskaw
Wagner
Wapella
Wapella
V
0.53
3.5
0.81
0.59
56.9
1.94
6.83
6.14
0.04
135
11.2
86.8
135.5
17.9
111
13.3
105
95
73.3
7.04
99.7
19.4
4.32
0.55
0.67
2.85
83.5
0.7
2.82
145
20.8
76.5
0.16
0.37
17.9
97.5
1.01
0.15
0.48
4.0
83.7
0.56
0.50
<0.56
105
0.9
0.58
0.83
90.8
105
2.21
220
0.58
77.3
103.1
5.60
4.03
4.5
<0.56
4.26
0.89
1.24
1.14
11.4
16.2
88.0
103
88.8
208
19.4
29.8
23.1
Ni
1.30
1.88
4.50
0.74
19.1
4.75
12.3
11.08
0.09
57.0
4.91
33.5
52.3
8.64
33
5.03
36
32
25.4
5.26
48.5
9.59
13.4
1.26
7.46
3.91
33.0
1.66
5.30
60.2
12.74
30.8
1.38
3.63
5.9
34.2
1.98
0.29
0.55
2.43
26.6
1.27
1.23
—
51.5
1.19
0.72
4.41
40.1
31.1
2.75
75.7
1.24
30.5
47.5
7.61
9.43
10.6
—
2.90
2.51
6.24
2.84
15.2
13.8
31.6
38.3
36.3
76.6
9.59
17.0
13.46
Fe Cr
0.7
2.0
0.7
0.8
1.0
4.9
1.1
0.7
0.2
9.0
0.7
1.3
8.4
0.8
--
4.1
0.9
--
0.7
0.8
1.7
2,0
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.8
—
0.3
629
0.3
4.6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.3
16.5
2.4
0.7
0.6
—
3.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
1.8
4.2
0.8
75.5
0.5
1.1
2.1
1.0
0.5
3.4
—
0.4
—
—
1.7
0.7
0.5
4.1
3.5
1.0
58.7
2.0
0.7
1.5
Analytical Method
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
X-ray fluorescence (inc. std)
X-ray fluorescence (ext. std)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Year
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1971
1954
1962
1962
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1958
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1958
1958
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
Ref .
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
31
62
40
40
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
37
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
37
37
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
(1) Not specified
-------
- 113 -
SOUTH AMERICA
TABLE 18 (Cent)
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field ( ) *
Venezuela
Amana (1952 Blend)
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero (2)
Bachaquero Light
Bachaquero Heavy
Barlnas (3)
Boca
Bosc&n
Bos can
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Cachlpo
Cancaura
Centre del Lago
Chimire
Cumarebo
Dae ion
Esqulna
Esqulna
Guanlpa
Guarlo
Guico (3)
Jusepin
Jusepin
Jusepin
La Ceibita
Lagomar
Lagot reco
Lagotreco/Lagoclnco
Lagunillas
Lagunlllas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas Heavy
Lama
Lama (7)
Lama
Lama/ Lama r
Lamar (2)
La Rcsa
La Rosa
La Rosa Medium
Leona (3)
Mapiri (3)
Mara
Mara
Mara
V
29
370
430
430
413
348
320
390
370
49
413
49
390
117-165
48.5
1400
1580
937
819
1200
1100
1150
14
0.6
179
56
0,7
133
2.5
1.3
110
1.9
17-63
26
16.8
14.8
0.66
179
163
101
290,315
303
303
265
236
116
151
229
300
55
8-26
104
240-300
4-55
185
156
230
86-140
11-14
220
206
173
Ni
8
46
—
52,38,
53
49
45
42
45
46
5.5
39
5.5
45
43-57
—
100
123
119
112
160
105
—
3.3
—
30
13
0.8
29
—
—
27
—
—
5.5
—
2.0
—
22.0
15
—
--
34,29
41
39
35.0
—
8.2
—
30
38
12
—
—
22-28
—
—
10.0
24
24-36
—
L8
15
16.3
Fe Cr Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Colorlmetrlc
5.4 X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
3.9 0.08 (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Coloriraetric
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Emission' spectroscopy
60.0 1.0 (1)
6.2 (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
32.0 . (1)
Emission spectroscopy
Coloriraet ric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetrtc
(1)
4.7 Emission spectroscopy
(1)
8.4 (1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
7.9 X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
0.97 Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0.83 Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Year
1971
1964
1960
1962
1971
1958
1959
1972
1972
1972
1972
1964
1964
1972
1959
1964
1969
1971
1971
1959
1959
1959
1972
1959
1959
1971
1964
1971
1959
1959
1964
1959
1959
1964
1959
1952
1959
1959
1971
1972
1960
1962
1969
1958
1959
1952
1959
1971
1964
1971
1959
1972
1972
1972
1959
1952
1964
1972
1959
1964
1971
1959
Ref.
31
63
41
40
31
45
37
32
32
32
64
63
63
32
37
63
15
31
31
37
37
37
32
37
37
31
63
31
37
37
63
37
37
63
37
43
37
37
31
32
41
40
35
45
37
43
37
31
63
31
37
32
32
32
37
43
63
32
37
63
31
37
* Number in parenthesis indicates number of samples Involved.
(1) Not specified
-------
- 114 -
TABLE 18 (Cont)
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
SOUTH AMERICA (CONT'D)
Country and Field ( )*
Mata, Anzoatequi
Mat a, Anzoatequl
Merey
Mercy (2)
Mesa (2)
Monagas
Motatan 07
Oflclna
Oflcina
Oficlna
Oficina Light
Oflclna Heavy
Oscurote (2)
Oscurote, Norte
Paconsib
Pedernales
Pilon
Pilon
Qulriqulre
Qulrlquire
Qulriquire
Quirlqulre
Ruiz (East)
San Joaquln
San Joaquin
San Joaquln
San Joaquln
San Joaquln
San Roque
Silvestre
Tapaslto
Tarra
Temblador
Tla Juana
Tia Juana
Tla Juana
Tia Juana
Tia Juana, Light
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tigre
Tigre
Tucupita
Urdaneta
Zapatos
Colombia
Colombian
Casabe
Payoa
Tlbu-Petrolea
Trace Elements, ppm
V
130
21
290
242-247
45-56
212
390
129
54
37
57
62
20-68
187
164
230
510
181
95
102
39
31.3
111
0.6
2.3
2.4
11.2
0.33
<4.5
205
450
42.0
56
180,185
182
170
216
100
200
185
134
300
303
269
160
153
84
430
4
101
135
59
60
Nl Fe
25
5
64
31-59
12.7-15
—
43
—
8
6
6
14
—
—
—
87
98
72
16
18
—
5.9 2.0
0.2
0.9
32.0 13.1
2.0
0.14 0.45
—
63
40
6.6 0.49
35
—
16,20
24
16
24
11
22
—
7.6 2.44
25
27
—
28
31
45
—
<1
__
14.4 18
13
9 1.6
Cr Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Colo rime eric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Chemical
(1)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroacopy
0.024 (1)
(1)
Chemical
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
0.009 (1)
Colorimetric
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
Chemical
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(J)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Year
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
1964
1959
1971
1972
1964
1964
1959
1959
1972
1964
1964
1971
1964
1971
1959
1952
1959
1964
1958
1959
1959
1952
1972
1971
1964
1959
1964
1960
1962
1968
1971
1964
1964
1959
1952
1964
1971
1959
1964
1971
1964
1964
1971
1959
1972
1971
1972
Ref ,
31
31
31
32
32
32
63
37
31
32
63
63
37
37
32
63
63
31
63
31
37
43
37
63
45
37
37
43
32
31
63
37
63
41
40
65
31
63
63
37
43
63
31
37
63
3J
63
63
31
37
32
31
32
* Number in parenthesis indicates number of samples involved
(1) Not specified
-------
- 115 -
TABLE 18 (Cont)
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
MIDDLE EAST
Country and Field ( )*
Saudi Arabia
Abqalq, Arab C
Abqalq, Arab C
Abqalq, Arab C
Abu Sa'Fah
Abu Sa'Fah
Aln Dar
Aln Dar, Zone Arab D
Arabian Lt. (2)
Berrl
Chauar
Haradh, Zone Arab D
Khurais
Khursanlyah
Khursanlyah
Manifa
Safanla (3)
Safania, Bahrain
Shedgum
Southern Fields
Southern Arabian Fields
Uthmanlyali
Neutral Zone
Khafjl
Khafjl
Wafra (2)
Wafra
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi (2)
Abu Dhabi (Land)
Iran
Agha Jart
Ahwaz
Cyrus
Cyrus
Gach Saran
Gach Saran
Ha£t Kel
Iranian Heavy
Sassan
Sassan
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwa 1 t
Kuwait
Kuwait
Magwa-Ahmadi
Iraq
Ain Zalah
Bai Hassan
Bai Hassan
Jambur
Jambur Bai Hassan
Kirkuk
Kirkuk (3)
Zubalr
Zubair
Trace Elements, ppm
V
49
6
<0.56
32
27
51
16
11-12.4
24
17
24
8
18
18
12
48-80
57
18
16
21
51
63
4
46-32
56
nil-
1.5
1.3
36
23
151
118
123
145
25
107
16
10.8
29
27
22.5
22.5
43
95
19
10
6
22
30
25-30
20
13
Hi
7
<1
—
12
10
10
3
3-3.7
3
2
7
5
3
<1
1
14 .
20
4
4
4
9
12
—
7
—
0.43
—
—
8
39
—
33
31
—
37
3
8
9
6.6
6.0
7
15
—
—
—
—
11
10-11
4
Fe Cr Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Colorlmetrlc
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(D
(1)'
(D
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Color Imet r Ic
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(D
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
0.33 (1)
0.7 (1)
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimet ric
Colorimetric
-------
- 116 -
TABLE 18 (Cont)
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
AFRICA
Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field ( )*
Nigeria
Afaro, E. Region
Apara, E. Region
Bomu, E. Region
Delta, Offshore
Ebuba, E. Region
Imo River, E. Region
Imo River, E. Region
Kanuskiri, E. Region
Kanuskiri, E. Region
Ke, E. Region
Meren, Offshore
"Nigerian Medium"
Olibiri, E. Region
Robert Kiri, E. Region
Tubu, Offshore
Umuechem, E. Region
Libya
Araal, Cyrenaica
Dalira, Concession 32
Dalira, Tripolitania
Dahra
Defa, Cyrenaica
Ed Dib, Tripolitania
Ed Dib, Tripolitania
El Sider (2)
F-90, Concession 90
Facha, Tripolitania
Farud, Tripolitania
Khuff, Cyrenaica
Kotla, Concession 47
Ora, Cyrenaica
Ora, Cyrenaica
Rakb, Cyrenaica
Sarir, Concession 65
Sarir, Concession 65
Sarir
Umm Farud, Conces. 92
Zelten
Zueitina
Egypt
Belayim
Belayim
El Alamein
El Morgan
El "organ
Algeria
Cassi Touil
Rourde el Baquel
Zarzaitine
Zarazaitine (2)
ASIA
Indonesia
Bekasap
Duri
Minas
Pematamg
V Ni Fe
<1 <1
<1 1
<1 2
<1 4
<1 5
4 9
2 3
<1 5
<1 6
<1 <1
7 <0.8
2 13
1 2
<1 3
<1 <1
<1 3
<1 2
0.6
<1 6
7 11
7 15
0.92-1.8 5-5.6
4 7
6 12
28 35
<1 6
<1 6
<1 5
<1 2
<.5 5
<1 <1
1.1
0.7
23
120 71.9 58
15 7
52 18
37 24
<1 <1
<1 <1
<1 <1
0.2-1.5
8
33
7
11
Cr Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Year
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1968
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1972
1971
1971
1971
1972
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1968
1971
1972
1972
1972
1972
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
lybB
1972
1971
1971
1971
1971
Ref .
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
65
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
31
31
31
32
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
65
31
32
32
32
32
31
31
66
31
31
65
32
31
31
31
31
* Number in parenthesis indicates number of samples involved.
(1) Not specified
-------
- 117 -
3.3 Interpretation of ImporLed Crude; Data
It Is important to consider the data contained in Tables 17
and 18 in light of geographical factors as well as import levels,
both present and projected. Canada and to a lesser extent Venezuela
have a unique logistical position in relation to the U.S. Because of the
tremendous U.S. demand and their relative geographical positions, Canada
and Venezuela supply approximately 65% of all crude oil imported into
the U.S. Virtually all Canadian exports are to the U.S. and most
Venezuelan oil exports ultimately are brought into the U.S. as either
crude or petroleum products. It can be anticipated that Canada and
Venezuela will continue to be major exporters of crude into the U.S.
However, as U.S. crude oil needs increase further, and U.S. domestic
production declines, greater quantities of crude will have to be
imported. Much of this developing gap in imports will probably come
from the Middle East. Thus, in effect, relatively high quality
domestic crude will be replaced by the lower quality crudes of the
Middle East. This means that a significant increase in overall
refining complexity is mandated if this new crude is to be processed
into clean fuels. This development has significant implications for
Phase III of this program.
The paragraphs that follow discuss in general terms factors
relevant to imports on a regional or national basis.
-------
- 118 -
Canada - Approximately two-thirds of Canada's crude oil production
comes from the province of Alberta. These crudes are generally of
moderately high quality. Most significant Alberta crudes are relatively
low in sulfur, nitrogen and the trace elements. Much Alberta crude
destined for the U.S. is moved by.i-.-the Interprovincial pipe line into
the U.S. midwest. This pipeline passes southeast from Alberta past the
oil fields of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Crudes from these areas which
are also fed..into this pipeline are of significantly lower quality.
Consequently, the overall composition of the crude oil imported from
Canada into the U.S. Midwest can be considered on average to be a mixture
of the high quality crude from Alberta with that of lower quality from
the central prairie provinces.
Venezuela - Venezuelan crude oils are produced in substantial
quantities from two general locations, the Lake Maracaibo region in the
Venezuelan state of Zulia and the eastern fields in the states of
Anzoategui, Monagas and Guarico. The fields of the Maracaibo Basin (also
known as the Bolivar Coastal fields) are by far the largest, with this
region being responsible for over 80% of Venezuela's crude oil production.
The crudes from Venezuela can vary widely in characteristics irrespective
of location. However, Venezuelan crudes generally are known for being
high in sulfur and nitrogen and notoriously high in metals content.
-------
- 119 -
Crude oil is exported from both general locations to the U.S.
Most crude from the Maracaibo region, however, is shipped to Caribbean
refineries for processing before it is imported into the U.S. as fuel
6±jb»anddother petroleum products. Much imported Venezuelan crude oil
is processed for asphalt in the U.S. The asphalt fraction contains
most of the metals, sulfur and nitrogen thus freeing the lighter, purer
fractions for more valuable use as fuels. Consequently, asphalt manu-
facture can be regarded as a means of removing contaminants from
crude oils.
Middle East - The Middle East is not only the world's largest
oil producing region, it possesses the world's greatest petroleum reserves
as well. The crudes from the Middle Eastern nations surrounding the
Persian Gulf are known for their high sulfur and nitrogen levels and for
their moderate trace element content. In the Middle East as is the case
elsewhere in the world, the better quality crudes are produced in
preference to those of lower quality. The lower quality crude
reserves are therefore largely untapped. This means that as the
Persian Gulf region is called upon to supply a greater quantity of
the world's petroleum needs, the poorer quality fields will become
major producers and consequently the overall quality of the crude
supplied by this region can be expected to decline.
It should be noted that much Middle Eastern crude oil
production is currently transported to Europe and Japan. Only minor
amounts are presently shipped to the U.S. As U.S. crude production
-------
- 120 -
fails to satisfy the nation's crude oil needs, it can be expected that
more oil will be supplied by the Middle East and that the quality of
this oil will be somewhat poorer than that indicated by the trace
element levels of the largest production fields in Tables 17 and' 18.
Africa - Crude oils from most of the African continent are
generally of high quality. The primary exception to this generalization
is the crude production from Egypt's Suez fields. However, recent dis-
coveries in Egypt's western desert are similar in quality to Libyan
crudes and, hence, may become a valuable new source of low sulfur
export crude.
-------
- 121 -
4. Activation Analysis
The nuclear technique, activation analysis, has been applied
with increasing frequency to the analysis of the trace elements present
in crude oils. In this technique a sample is irradiated and the
resulting radioactive isotope is analyzed using sophisticated counting
apparatus. Since activation is frequently accomplished using neutrons,
the term neutron activation analysis, NAA, appears frequently in the '
literature. Activation analysis possesses several distinct advantages
over most analytical techniques used for the elemental analysis of
crude oils. These advantages include:
o High sensitivity
o No required sample pretreatment
o Simultaneous determination of a number of elements
o Non destructive to sample
o Measurement unaffected by petroleum matrix
Activation analysis possesses very high sensitivity to a
large number of the trace elements contained in crude oils. For
13 2
example, given a flux of 10 neutrons/second/cm , the absolute
sensitivity of NAA for 65 to 70 elements under ideal conditions is in
the 1 nanogram range when irradiation and counting times approximate
one hour each(6T) . For a one gram sample, this translates to a sensitivity
of one part per billion, ppb. Typically, sensitivity approximates
2 ppb for vanadium and 0.1 ppb for manganese when a one gram sample
-------
- 122 -
is analyzed. The sensitivity of NAA for S, Pb and Sn is limited, how?
ever. Sensitivity to nickel is somewhat limited as well. Limited
sensitivity for S makes little difference however since this element
usually occurs in appreciable quantities in most crude oils thereby
permitting a reliable sulfur measurement. Generally, sensitivity
can be increased through the use of longer irradiation periods and
by the use of higher fluxes.
Limited sensitivity and additional factors present with other
trace element analysis techniques mandate pretreatment of crude oil
samples before these techniques can be used. This pretreatment is
usually either sample concentration or chemical separation. Most
ashing procedures generally used for concentration purposes can cause
the loss of the more volatile trace elements such as S, Se, Te, As and
Hg. Additionally, the reagents used in the ashing process as well as
in separation procedures can add trace quantities of elements through
reagent contamination. These substantial sources of error are
eliminated when activation analysis is used. Further, the analysis
is nondestructive.
Activation analysis is insensitive to crude oil physical
properties such as density and viscosity. Additionally the use of NAA
for trace elements in petroleum is facilitated by the low neutron-
capture cross section of the carbon and hydrogen matrix of the crude
oil. However, for this same reason NAA is not an effective tool for
the analysis of low levels of nitrogen in crude oils.
-------
- 123 -
Because of the intrinsic capability of activation analysis
for analyzing a number of elements it can provide a simultaneous
determination of many of the trace elements contained in crude oil.
This advantage (also possible with emission spectroscopy) can result
in more widespread dissemination of much needed trace metal data.
Table 19 presents trace element data obtained using activation
analysis for oil fields and blends of oils from throughout the world.
The data are presented according to author. Analyses for only those
elements of interest to this program are included.
In general the data presented in Table 7 are not in serious
disagreement with trace element content determined using other methods.
The origin of the samples used in references 70 and 71 is not clear and
may explain why some of these analyses differ from the generally
accepted values. For example, the vanadium and nickel values reported
for Louisiana crude are unusually high relative to the results reported
elsewhere (see Table 14). Additionally, one unusually high mercury
value was obtained for a California crude. This value might be for the
Cymric or another field which would not be representative of California
crude oil production. Further, atypically high sulfur, vanadium and
nickel levels are reported for certain Libyan crude samples.
-------
TABLE 19
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF- CRUDE OILS
AS DETERMINED BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Region
NORTH
AMERICA
SOUTH
AMERICA
MIDDLE
EAST
AFRICA
ASIA
State/Country and Field
California, Wilmington
Louisiana, Timbalier
Texas, East Texas
Texas, Goldsmith
Texas, Headlee
Texas, Kelly-Snyder
Texas, Sprayberry
Texas, Ward Estes N.
Venezuela, Ceuta
Venezuela, Mesa
Colombia, Orito
Iran, Agha Jari
Arabian Light (blend)
Kuwait Blend
Kuwait Blend
Middle East Blend
Bgf^fc, El Morgan
Libya, Sarir
Indonesia, Duri
Indonesia, Minas
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
1.10
0.36
0.29
1.60
0.07
0.28
0.12
1.30
0.22
1.10
0.40
1.10
1.50
2.90
1.80
2.20
1.30
0.17
0.280
0.06
i
V
48.0
1.0
0.79
5.0
<.02
0.6
0.2
5.0
140.0
53.0
24.0
39.0
14.0
29.0
26.0
60.0
48.0
0.28
1.3
0.1
Ni
77.0
<4.4
<3.7
<4.1
<2.8
<2.4
<3.9
<2.6
21.0
14.0
21.0
21.0
<9.6
9.0
11.0
32.0
36.0
<4.0
47.0
16.0
As
<.007
0.05
<.007
<.01
<.004
<.006
<.01
0.7
0.018
<.006
<.006
<.005
<.008
<.005
<.006
<.007
<.008
<.008
0.09
<.01
pptf
Sb
<.009
<.01
<.01
0.017
<.007
<.01
<.008
<.006
<.006
<.006
<.006
0.8
<.005
0.8
0.002
<.008
0.7
<.007
<
0
<
<
<
<
0
<
<
<
<
<
0
<
0
<
<
<
Ba
.06
.09
.06
.06
.06
.05
.6
.04
.06
.08
.06
.09
.5
.9
.07
.12
.06
.06
.07
0.
o.
0.
0.
<.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Mn Mo
018 <.15
027 <.16
15 <.16
033 <.19
001 <.l
008 <.12
026 <.18
06 <.13
044 <.13
044 <.12
006 <.12
024 <.12
012 <.16
005 <.14
014 <.13
01 1.5
029 <-16
05 <.13
044 <.ll
006 <.ll
Sn Reference
<.6 68
0.5 68
<.4 68
<.6 68
<1.0 68
<.6 68
<1.2 68
2.4 68
<.6 68
<.7 68
1.5 68
<.9 68
<.4 68
<1.0 68
<1.4 68
<1.2 68
<.5 68
<.5 68
<.8 68
<.8 68
-------
TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
Region
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
MIDDLE EAST
AFRICA
ASIA
State/Country and Field
Alaska, Nikiski
Alaska, Nikiski
Alaska
California, Wilmington
California
California
Louisiana, South Fields
Texas, Clam Lake
Texas, High Island
1?exas, Smithbluff
Bolivia
Abu Dhabi, Murban
Iran
Nigeria
Indonesia, Katapa
Indonesia, Katapa
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
nd
0.13
2.00
3.34
3.04
3.00
0.38
0.227
0.09
0.147
0.031
1.01
2.40
0.21
0.0522
0.061
V
62.3
-0.358
0.447
52
93.6
89.5
0.778
0.22
0.076
0.058
0.0058
0.118
40.9
0.435
0.032
0.0218
Ni
79.5
nd
nd
58.0
58.0
55.7
nd
3.04
nd
nd
nd
nd
13.6
nd
nd
nd
ppm
As
0.037
0.013
0.0006
0.26
0.147
0.147
0.058
0.106
0.031
0.091
nd
nd
nd
0.15
0.042
0.074
Ba
0.3
nd
0.047
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.078
0.104
0.059
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
Mn
6.39
0.026
0.023
0.045
2.11
2.47
0.249
0.019
0.043
0.033
nd
0.046
0.021
1.29
0.0053
0.011
Reference
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
U1
I
nd = not detected
-------
TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
Sulfur,
Weight
PPm
Region
State/Country and Field Percent V
Ni
Fe
Mn
Se
NORTH AMERICA California
California
California
California
California
Louisiana
Wyoming
AFRICA Libya
Libya
Libya
NORTH AMERICA California, Casmalia
Kausas-1
Kansas-2
Mississippi
Texas
SOUTH AMERICA Venezuela
MIDDLE EAST Mid East-1
Mid East-2
1.590 100.6 199.0 79.65 1.31 0.765
1.395 167.6 217.0 26.53 1.13 0.690
0.920 4.0 137.5 16.84 1.01 0.151
0.977 17.5 264.1 85.53 2.54 0.395
2.387 121.5 152.9 59.51 0.73 1.396
0.082 105.0 344.5 3.736 0.63 0.026
2.467 298.5 112.9 5.78 0.91 0.321
0.469 8.2 49.1 4.938 0.79 1.096
1.203 7.6 76.5 120.84 1.15 0.236
1.628 46.8 104.8 3.365 1.45 0.219
81
28
48
<2
<2
<2
109
22
Cr
12.
8.
7.
17.
9.
1.
8.
2.
15.
1.
34
06
87
473
144
565
715
302
280
942
Sb
44
38
51
49
68
29
71
55
106
38
.035
.20
.13
.715
.8
.51
.75
.2
.8
.40
ppb
As
516.
91.
62.
1112.
111.
46.
111.
77.
151.
343.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
9
8
9
4
7
4
1
3
7
4
142
031
056
010
,005
,092
Hg
114.
81.
88.
29688.
77.
22.
76.
2077.
62.
75.
0
4
2
0
83
54
75
8
39
83
Reference
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
0.03
0.021
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
i
M
.71 £
,71 '
,71
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
-------
TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
Region
MIDDLE EAST
State/Country and Field
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Jambur
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk.
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Rumaila
Iraq, Rumaila
Iraq, Rumaila
ppm
V
75
70
102
109
26.5
29 .'0
48
9.0
26.9
34.0
26.3
—
25.5
25.0
25.7
26.0
26.5
47
43
44
35.4
13.6
10.6
Ni
20
—
24.5
26
17.2
—
14.5
—
19.0
16.6
15.3
13.8
15.9
16.7
17.0
18.0
15.8
22.9
20.0
20.3
13.6
—
—
Reference
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73.
73
73
73
73
73
73
I
M
N)
I
-------
TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
Region State/Country and Field
Iraq, Zubair
Iraq, Zubair
Iraq, Zubair
Iraq, Zubair
Iraq, Zubair
Iraq, Zubair
V
57.0
15.0
11.7
19.6
1.6
2.1
Ni
19.5
8.9
—
—
<0.7
—
Reference
73
73
73
73
73
73
00
I
-------
- 129 -
5. Shale Oil
The term oil shale covers a wide variety of fine-grained
sedimentary rocks that contain organic material. Upon destructive
distillation much of this organic material is released largely as an
oil which is termed shale oil. The rock is only slightly soluble
in organic solvents and frequently does not appear or feel oily. It
is tough, elastic, resistant to fracture and has essentially no
permeability or porosity(74).
The organic component of oil shale can be divided into 2 parts,
a part that is soluble in organic solvents and a part that is not. It
is the insoluble part, generally termed kerogen, which constitutes the
bulk of the shale organic matter responsible for shale oil. The
composition of kerogen varies considerably from shale deposit to deposit
but it is thought to consist of largely cyclic polymeric material
probably held together by cross linkages involving hetero atoms such
as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen(75).
There is no truly typical shale oil but shale oils have some
properties in common. In general, most shale oils are black, waxy
and possess high pour points. Relative to conventional crude oils,
the nitrogen content of crude shale oil is high although the sulfur
level is moderate.
Oil shales are widely distributed geographically. However,
only certain deposits are considered to be sufficiently rich in kerogen
to warrant commercial development. In the U.S. oil shale deposits
are found in Tennessee and Nevada but the most important are in the
-------
- 130 -
Green River Formation of Colorado, Utah and WyomJng. The Green River
formation has received attention, as a possible source of fuels. Within
this formation, shale deposits underlie an area of 17,000 square miies
in four basins: the Piceance Creek basin of Colorado, the Unita basin
of Utah and the Washakie and Green River basins of Wyoming(75).
The energy potential of the Green River formation has been
estimated to be more than 1 trillion barrels of oil with 600 billion
coming from easily accessible, richer deposits which contain more than
y
25 gallons of oil per ton of shale (_7_5). Shale deposits vary in access-
ability from those at the surface to very deeply buried shales in
the Uinta basin. The outcrop called the Mahogany Ledge (because of
its color) is the location of an experimental mine and consequently
has been used to study mining and retorting methods. Most U.S.
elemental shale oil analyses come from shale mined here. The oil
shales of the Mahogany zone will probably be the first to be developed
commercially.
Table 20 presents sulfur and nitrogen data of crude shale
oil obtained from shale deposits throughout the world. While many of
the samples were retorted using different techniques, it has been found
that generally the retorting method utilized has relatively little
effect on the characteristics of the oil produced unless extreme
retorting conditions have been employed(76). Of the deposits listed, only
the Green River can be considered to be a possible commercial source of
fuels for consumption in the U.S. The others are included for the
purposes of comparison.
-------
- 131 -
TABLE 20
SULKUK AND NITROGEN CONTENT
OF CRUDE SHALE OILS
Sulfur,
weight
Country
United States
Australia
Brazil
China
Estonia
France
Israel
Lebanon
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Thailand
Formation/Location per cent
Green River , Colorado
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River*
Green River
Green River
De Kalb County, Tenn.
Glen Davis, N.S.W.
Paraiba Valley
Hwatien Mine, Manchuria
Kukersite
Autun
Severac
Severac
St. Hilaire
Urn Barek
—
Orepuki
—
Boksburg, Transvaal
Breyten, Transvaal
Puertollano
Kvarntorp
^faesod Area
0.74
0.69
0.77
0.51
0.67
0.72
0.71
0.64
1.10
0.66
0.59
3.38
0.56
0.41
0.19
1.10
0.51
3.00
3.40
0.61
6.2
1.5
0.64
0.35
0.64
0.61
0.40
1.65
0.41
Nitrogen ,
weight
per cent
1.78
2.13
1.57
2.10
1.97
1.73
1.89
1.95
1.73
1.76
1.96
0.88
0.52
0.98
0.84
0.10
0.90
0.53
0.65
0.54
1.40
0.6
0.60
0.77
0.85
—
0.68
0.68
1.10
Reference
77
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
80
81
78
78
79
81
82.
78
78
78
72
82
82
81
77
78
81
78
78
81
* Core drilling sample.
-------
- 132 -
Crude shale oil derived from the Green River formation possesses
an unusually high nitrogen level. It has been found that generally the
nitrogen content is higher and the sulfur level lower in the higher
boiling shale oil fractions. As of this writing, no metal content data
for shale oil appear to be available in the published literature. An
unpublished analysis by the Bureau of Mines of shale oil obtained
from Green River shale indicates that this oil is high in iron and
low in vanadium and nickel. The results obtained were: vanadium,
0 ppm; nickel, 4 ppm; and iron 67 ppm (83). Most of the metals were
associated with the asphaltene fraction.
The nitrogen compounds present in shale oil are particularly
troublesome in processing and must be removed before shale can be
converted into useful liquid or gaseous fuels. Nitrogen removal can
be accomplished by severe hydrogen treatment which also reduces the
sulfur content to a low level.
-------
- 133 -
6. Concluding Remarks
The sulfur and nitrogen content of crude oils consumed in
the U.S. are well characterized by the available data while the levels
of other trace elements are not. There are a number of factors which
influence the availability and reliability of sulfur and nitrogen data.
These include:
1. Knowledge of sulfur and nitrogen content of crude oils
is used by oil companies to avoid poisoning catalysts
and damaging refinery equipment, as a characterization
tool, and as an aid in producing acceptable products.
These analyses are performed on a routine basis by not
only industry but also by the Bureau of Mines which
makes this information available to the public.
2. The concentrations of nitrogen and especially sulfur
are usually substantially higher than the levels of
other trace elements.
3. Analyses of sulfur and nitrogen in a hydrocarbon matrix
are relatively easy, classical procedures which yield
accurate results with reasonable care. Little in the
way of expensive laboratory apparatus is required.
These factors may be contrasted with those for the determina-
tion of the other trace elements. These data are quite sparse and of
questionable accuracy because:
-------
- 134 -
I. With i.lic (.-.xr-c-pl ion of v.-mndLum and nickel, trace element
.•in.-iJ.ynos ;iro n<>i_ performed routinely by laboratories
of most petroleum companies nor are they routinely
performed by government laboratories.
2. These elements are present in very low concentrations,
frequently as low as the parts per billion level.
3. Relatively new, frequently exotic and costly equipment
is required to determine trace element content. Further,
techniques to obtain analyses of trace elements con-
tained in a hydrocarbon matrix have not been developed
for most of the trace elements.
Rather than being routine, the determination of trace elements
other than sulfur and nitrogen in crude oil is ragarded as a research
project. Analyses for these trace elements are expensive, will probably
yield questionable results and, very significantly, have served no real
purpose. However, a need for this type of analysis has recently been
established since it is now recognized that many of the trace elements
present in crude constitute a potential health and/or environmental
hazard. This has initiated action on the part of Federal agencies as
well as private industry to develop suitable referee analytical techniques
for these elements. Once these" techniques have been developed, they
should be utilized first to analyze the most significant crudes such as
those of the U.S. giant fields and those imported into the U.S. in
quantity. These new data can fill today's informational void. Much of
the data available today are not only questionable but many of the
analyses have been performed on fields which are not longer significant
contributors to the nation's crude oil needs.
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- 135 -
Broadly speaking, the higher the concentration of an element
the less its analysis vill be affected by the many variables involved.
The accuracy of existing sulfur and nitroger data supports this generality.
The data for vanadium and nickel are accurate on a qualitative basis
although it appears that different methods produce somewhat different
quantitative results. This is not surprising in view of the many sources
of error possible in sample preparation, the analytical determination
and the intrinsic limitations of the method itself. The values reported
for other elements are of more questionable value
It is important to consider the state of the trace elements
found in crude oils. Most sulfur is generally present in the form
of a number of sulfur containing compounds which range from hydrogen
sulfide gas to organic sulfur compounds such as mercaptans, disulfides
and numerous sulfur containing ring compounds. Free sulfur is also
present in certain crudes(8A_). Similarly, nitrogen is always associated with
the hydrocarbon matrix in the form of a variety of compounds(85) some of
which contain metals. The other trace elements can be considerably dif-
ferent. The metals, for example, may be bound to the hydrocarbon phase
as is the case with chelate compounds; suspended as particulates in
either the hydrocarbon phase or the water which is frequently emulsified
with the crude; or dissolved in the aqueous phase. Consequently, one
trace element can be present in four distinct forms.
One example of a multiphase element is iron which can be present
in the hydrocarbon phase in relatively substantial quantities as
a chelate. However, appreciable amounts of iron can be introduced
-------
- 136 -
into crude from adventitious sources, most frequently as rust particles.
The latter can come from well piping, pipe lines, tankers and barges,
storage tanks and refinery components.* Consequently, no samples, not
even well head samples can be considered to be entirely free from iron
contamination. This introduces yet another variable into the analysis
of crude oil for iron and raises further suspicion on the results
obtained. The addition of other elements in a similar manner can
result in significant errors if the quantity inadvertently added
is significant relative to the amount of that element initially
present in the crude.
It is clear that trace element data require more than
analytical precision if they are to be meaningful. Regardless of how
accurately a given analysis has been performed, the usefulness of the
information obtained depends upon how thoroughly the sample has been
identified. The factors associated with complete identification
include:
1. Meaningful designation of the sample analyzed. Des-
criptions such as "California" or "Middle East" are
grossly inadequate.
2. The extent to.whichta sampleiis -representative 6f-ifes
designation. The proper techniques for obtaining
crude oil samples approach in sophistication the
* Iron and other trace elements may be added inadvertently to the
sample itself during the analytical procedure.
-------
- 137 -
tiiclni iques of subsequent chemical analysis. For
example:
«• There are differences between "bottom hole" samples and
those taken after the crude has been "stabilized" (i.e.,
after associated gas has been separated).
« There may be differences between a sample obtained from
a discovery well and samples taken after the well or
field is in production.
<» Many wells have more than one producing horizon, and it
is common for these different levels to possess differing
trace element contents.
o Different wells from the same field may exhibit differences
in oil quality because of limited porosity (i.e., because
of incomplete "interconnection" of the oil in the reser-
voir). Thus, the analytical data from one well in a
given field may not be representative of the entire field.
• Crude oil quality may vary as secondary and tertiary
recovery methods are applied and, in the case of field
samples, as additional wells are brought into production.
3. Whether the crude sample is from a field, a pipeline
gathering system, a trunk pipeline or, in the case of
foreign crudes, from a crude oil export terminal. Factors
which influence the composition of the oil sample obtained
include:
-------
- 138 -
• The production volume of individual wells or fields
may fluctuate on a day to day basis or vary over longer
periods. This can affect the trace element content of
pipeline blends when the production of a number of
individual wells and/or several different fields is
fed into a gathering system or trunk pipeline.
o Trunk pipelines may carry more than one crude oil "mix."
• Crude export terminals may supply more than one blend
(e.g., Iranian "Light" and "Heavy") and the composition
of these blends may vary with time. Consequently, the
designation, "Iranian", is not sufficient nor is an
analysis many years old if it is being applied to
today's production.
The value of trace element data depends upon the way in which
these data can be used. For crude oils, trace element data have been used
to:
• Develop correlations useful in petroleum exploration.
• Determine in which refineries crudes can be processed.
• Determine the products that can be produced from a given
crude.
• Contribute to establishment of a price for a given crude.
Elemental data, especially those of sulfur which are exten-
sively available, have been utilized by firms in the petroleum industry •
to aid in the search for high quality crude oils. Petroleum companies
have placed a top priority on finding and developing reserves of low
-------
- 139 -
crude oil which have high value in the world market. The sulfur level of
crudes has been related by geologists to a number of factors(86,87), among
them:
<* Proximity of the oil reservoir to sulfate rocks such as
anhydrite (CaSO.) and gypsum (CaSO,"2H20). Oil found in
the vicinity of sulfate rock deposits is generally high in
sulfur.
o Permeability of oil-bearing rocks and conditions permitting
the underground flow of water.
o Geological age of the producing formation.
e Depth of the producing formation. Low sulfur crudes are
rarely found above a depth of 4500 feet.
Other correlations have been developed for certain trace metals
but these relationships are not nearly as well established as those for
sulfur.
The ability to process different types of crude is frequently a
necessity for coastal refineries that receive all or part of their crude
supplies by tanker from foreign sources. These refineries are designed to
process crudes with characteristics falling within a given range. Thus,
a crude which possesses a sulfur level greater than can be accommodated
by the hydrotreating capacity of a given refinery is usually not processed
by that refinery. A crude with a high sulfur level that can be processed
at only a limited number of refineries or that requires extensive, costly
treating to remove unwanted elements can be regarded as an undesirable
crude and will be priced accordingly.
-------
- 140 -
A crude high in trace metals may find use primarily in asphalt
production. A low sulfur, low trace element crude may be capable of being
processed in a variety of ways to yield a number of different products.
Because such a crude is versatile and does not require extensive treating
to remove unwanted components, it could command a premium price in the
world market.
The designation of a high quality crude (i.e., one which
possesses very low levels of all hazardous and polluting trace elements)
may be possible by examining out trace element data. Such designations
must be used with caution and can only be based upon a complete set of
data. For example, a number of coastal Texas and Louisiana fields
possess very low concentrations of many trace elements. Similarly,
the Cymric field in California possesses low levels of most trace
elements but it has a very high level of mercury which relegates this
crude to the less desirable category.
6.1 Correlations Indicated
Correlations indicated and conclusions drawn from the data
and information presented herein are given below.
1. The sulfur and nitrogen levels of crudes consumed in the
U.S. are well characterized while the levels for other
trace elements are not.
2. Vanadium and nickel analyses are qualitatively correct but
different methods of analysis produce somewhat different
results. Values for other trace elements are more
questionable.
-------
- 141 -
3. Part (or even all) of the quantity reported for certain elements
present in trace concentrations in a sample may have been
introduced inadvertently by well piping, transportation
systems, preparation of the sample for analysis, etc.
4. Analytical data on elements contained in crudes as suspended
material or dissolved in associated water cannot have the
same impact as data obtained from elements present as an
intimate part of the organic matrix.
5. Samples must be completely identified as to their origin
if data are to be meaningful.
6. Correlations have been developed between crude oil trace
element concentrations and the geological occurrence of the
oil. This is especially true for sulfur. These correlations
may aid in locating crudes possessing low concentrations of
trace elements.
7. The increasing demand for crude oil by the U.S. coupled
with declining domestic production means that the developing
crude oil gap will be met by imports.
8. Imports of crude from the Middle East can be expected to
increase substantially. Imports from Canada and Venezuela
already at high levels will change proportionaly less.
9. Crude from the Middle East is of lower quality than much U.S.
production. The consumption of increasing quantities of
Middle Eastern crude will decrease the overall quality of
crudes processed in the U.S. This can require additional
refining complexity in those refineries processing these
crudes.
-------
- 142 -
10. Trace element data are factors which contribute towards
the establishment of a price for a given crude.
6.2 New Data Required
Based upon these conclusions it is apparent that a number of
unmet needs exist related to crude oil trace element data. These unmet
needs are listed below.
1. Far more extensive data are required for potentially
hazardous elements present in trace concentrations in crude
oil. This information should be obtained first on those
crudes consumed in the greatest amounts in the U.S. Data
from oil fields which can be expected to contribute to U.S.
needs in the future (such as underdeveloped fields in
the Middle East) would also be of value.
2. Referee methods must be developed in order to determine
those trace elements that cannot be analyzed reliably at
present. Several programs are underway to accomplish this.
The methods developed should be widely promulgated as a
first step in making crude oil trace element data more
widely available.
3. It must be determined at which point a sample of oil should
be obtained if the elemental analysis is to yield the maxi-
mum amount of information. In addition, it must be deter-
mined if it is desirable to remove extraneously introduced
matter such as water and suspended particulates.
-------
- 143 -
Further correlations should be developed between trace
eli-'nient data anil j',i>o l.oj;.i ral information to aid in the
search for high quality crude oils, i.e., those crudes
possessing low levels of significant trace elements.
-------
- 144 -
D. BIBLIOGRAPHY
(I) U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1969; Preprint - 1970:
Coal-Bituminous and Lignite.
(2) Stern, A. C., Editor "Air Pollution", (Academic Press, 2nd Edition -
1968) Vol. I, pp. 554-563.
(3) DeCarlo, J. A., Sheridan, E. T., Murphy, Z. E., U.S. Bureau of Mines
Information Circular 1C8312 (1966) "Sulfur Content of United States
Coals".
(4) Abernethy, R. F., Peterson, M. J., Gibson, F. H., U.S. Bureau of
Mines R.I. 7281 (1969) "Spectrochemical Analyses of Coal Ash for
Trace Elements".
(5) Joensuu, 0. I., Science 172 1027-28 (1971) "Fossil Fuels as a Source
of Mercury Pollution".
(6) Ruch, R. R., Gluskoter, H. J., Kennedy, E. J., Illinois State
Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes (1971) No. 43,
"Mercury Content of Illinois Coals".
(7) Abernethy, R. F. and Gibson, F. H., U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7054
(1967) "Method for Determination of Fluorine in Coal".
(8) Swanson, V. E., U.S. Geological Survey (1972), Corrected Mercury
Analyses, Southwest Energy Study, (see Appendix J, Part II, 1972);
private communication from V. E. Swanson.
(9) Rook, H. L., LaFleur, P. D., Gills, T. E., U.S. National Bureau of
Standards (1971) "Mercury in Coal: A Standard"; private
communication from P. D. LaFleur.
(10) Schlesinger, M. D., Schultz, H., U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7609
(1972), "Mercury in Coal"; private communication from H. Schultz
(11) Headlee, A. J. W., and Hunter, R. G., West Virginia Geological
Survey 13A, 36-122 (1955). "The Characteristics of Minable Coals -
Part 5: Inorganic Elements".
(12) Zubovic, P., Stadnichenko, T., and Sheffey, N. B., U.S. Geological
Survery Bulletin 1117, "Distribution of Minor Elements in Coals",
A - Northern Great Plains Province (1961);
15 - Eastern Interior Region (1964) ;
C_ - Appalachian Region (1966) ;
D^ - Western and Southwestern Regions of Interior Province (1967).
Stadnichenko, T., Zubovic, P. and Sheffey, N. B. USGS Bulletin
1084-K (1961), Beryllium Content of American Coals".
-------
- 145 -
(13) Abernethy, R. F. and Gibson, F. H., U.S. Bureau of Mines 1C8163
(1963), "Rare Elements in Coal".
(14) U.S. Bureau of Mines, R.I. 7588 (1972) "Analyses of Tipple and
Delivered Samples of Coal Collected During the Fiscal Year 1971";
annual series: R.I. 5615 (1960).
(15) Stadnichenko, T., Murata, K. G., Zubovic, P. and Hufschmidt, E. L.,
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 272 (1953) "Concentration of
Germainium in the Ash of American Coals" (see also Reference 12).
(16) Peterson, M. J. and Zink, J. B., U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 6496
(1964), "A Semiquantitative Spectrochemical Method for Analysis of
Coal Ash".
(17) Fulkerson, W., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, private communication;
see also report ORNL-NSF-EP-1 (1971) "Mercury in the Environment:
The Human Element".
(18) O'Gorman, J. V. and Walker, P. L., Jr., Pennsylvania State
University (1972) R and D Report No. 61, Interim Report No. 2, for
Office of Coal Research, "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in
U.S. Coals".
(19) Tsaihwa, J. C., and Earl, J. L., Science, 176, 510, (1972).
(20) Abernethy, R. F., and Gibson, F. H., Bureau of Mines R.i. 7184;
Oct. 1968.
(21) H. M. Smith, H. N. Dunning, R. T. Rail and J. S. Ball, "Keys to the
Mystery of Crude Oil," presentation to the American Petroleum
Institute, Division of Refining, Hew York, May 29, 1959.
(22) G. W. Hodgson, "Origin of Petroleum: Chemical Constraints," in The
Origin and Refining of Petroleum, Adv. In Chem. Series No. 103,
ACS, Washington, 1971.
(23) Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, p. 93.
(24) McKinney, C. M., Ferrero, E. P., and Wenger, W. J., "Analyses of
Crude Oils from 546 Important Oil Fields in the United States",
U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6819. U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966.
(25) U.S. Bureau of Mines, Files of Crude Oil Analyses, Bartlesville and
Laramie.
-------
- 146 -
(26) Whisman, M. L., and Cotton, F. 0., "BuMines Data Promise Help in
Identifying Petroleum - Spill Sources", Oil and Gas Journal,
December 27, 1971. pp. 111-113.
(27) Ball, J. S., Whisman, M. L. , and Wenger, W. J., "Nitrogen Content
of Crude Petroleums", Industrial and Engineering Chemistry A3,
2577 (1951).
(28) McKinney, C. M. , and Ferrero, E. P., "Analyses of Crude Oils from
the Gulf Coast Area of Louisiana and Texas", U.S. Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations 6266, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1963.
(29) McKinney, C. M. , and Shelton, E. M. , "Analyses of Some Crude Oils
from Fields in West Texas", U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
6752. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966.
(30) Biggs, P., and Espach, R. H., "Petroleum and Natural Gas Fields in
Wyoming", U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 582. U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. , 1960.
(31) Whisman, M. L. , and Cotton, F. D. , Oil and Gas J., December 27,
1971; p. 111-113.
(32) Horr, C. A., Myers, A. T., Dunton, P. J., and Heyden, H. J.,
"Uranium and Other Metals in Crude Oils", U.S. Geological Survey
Bulletin 1100, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
1961. ;
(33) Brown, C. T. , Petroleum Engineer, January 1956; p. C-9 to C-14.
(34) Bailey, E. H. , Snavely, P. D. , Jr., and White, D. E. , U.S.
Geological Survey Prof. Paper #424-0 (1961); p. D-306 to D-309.
(35) Dwiggins, C. W. , Jr., Willcox, K. W. , Doughty, D. S., and
Heemstra, R. J., Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations
#7273 (1969).
(36) Milner, 0 I., Glass, J. R. , Kirchner, J. P., and Yurick A N
Analytical Chemistry 24 (11), 1728-1732 (1952). Yurick> A' N' '
(37) Nelson, W. L. , Fombona, G. T. , and Sa'lazar, D. N. , Book-
Venezuelan and Other World Petroleums", 2nd Edition; Caracas, 1959.
(38) Dwiggins, C. W. , Jr., and Dunning, H. N. , Analytical Chemistry,
J31 (6), 1041-1042 (1959).
s
(39) Dunning, H. N. , Moore, J. W. , and Williams, R. B. , J. Chem.
Eng. Data ^ (4), 546-549 (1960).
°f •«— • *°P°« of Investigation
-------
- I/./ -
(41) Bwiggins, C. W., Jr., and Dunning, H. N., Analytical Chemistry
32 (9), 1137-1141 (1960).
(42) Bonham, L. C., "CeocheinLca I Investigation nl" drink' Oils". Hull.
Am. Assoi-. of I'eto. Geologists 4(1 (5) rt97-''")H (1956).
(43) Jones, M. C. K., and Hardy, K. L.,.Amer. Chem. Soc. Mtg. Biv
Petr. Chem., Milwaukee, March 1952.
(44) Veal, B. J., Analytical Chemistry J8 (8), 1080-1083 (1966).
(45) Bieber, H., Hartzhand, H. M., and Kruse, E. C., Amer. Chem. Soc,
Mtg., Biv. Petr. Chem., San Francisco, April 1958.
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(48) J- M. Sugihara, "Trace Metal Constituents in Petroleum," Proceedings
of the American Petroleum Institute, 42, 30-32 (1962).
(49) E. H. Bailey, P. D. Snavely, Jr., and D. K. White, U.S. Geological
Survey ProE. Paper //424-D (1961); p. D-206 to D-309.
(50) Hodgson, G. W., Bull, of the Am. Assoc. of Pete. Geologists,
^8 (2), 2537-2554 (1954).
(51) Me Kinney, C. M., and Shelton, E. M., "Sulfur Content of Crude
Oils of the Free World", U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
7059, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C., 1967.
(52) U.S. Bureau of Mines, File of Crude Oil Analyses, Bartlesville
and Laramie.
(53) Ferrero, E. P., and Nichols, D. T., "Analysis of 169 Crude Oils
from 122 Foreign Oil Fields", U.S. Bureau of Mines, Information
Circular 8542, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B.C.,
1972.
(54) Nelson, W. L., Fombona, G. T., and Salazar, B. N., Book:
"Venezuelan and Other World Petroleums", 2nd Edition, Caracas, 1959.
(55) Chantler, H. McD., Seely, P. B., and Goodspeed, F. E., "Analyses
of Canadian Crude Oils," Bepartment of Mines and Technical Surveys,
Ottawa, Canada, 1951.
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- 148 -
Crude Evaluation Charts, Oil and Gas Journal, April 15, 1963,
pp. 11 5- l/tf>.
Heem«ir;i, k. J. , "A Controlled - Atmo.sphere Plasma Arc for Emission
Spectrography of Nonmetal Elements", Appl. Spectroscopy, 24 (6)
568-572 (1970). —
(58) International Petroleum Encyclopedia, 1972 Edition, The Petroleum
Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1972.
(59) Smith, H. M., "Hydrocarbon - Type Relationships of Eastern and
Western Hemisphere High-Sulfur Crude Oils", U.S. Bureau of Mines
Report of Investigations 6542, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C., 1964.
(60) Adlard, E. R., "A Review of the Methods for the Investigation of
Persistent Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Seas and Beaches", J. Inst.
of Petroleum J58, 63-74 (1972).
(61) Ferrero, E. P., and Nichols, D. T., "Analyses of 38 Crude Oils
from Africa", U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8293,
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966.
(62) Hodgson, G. W. , "Vanadium, Nickel, and Iron Trace Metals in
Crude Oils of Western Canada", Bull. Am. Assoc. of Pet. Geologists
_38 (12), 2537-2554 (1954).
(63) Baker, E. W. , "Vanadium and Nickel in Crude Petroleum of
South American and Middle East Origin", J. Chem. and Eng.
Data £ (2), 307-8 (1964).
(64) International Petroleum Encyclopedia, 1972 Edition, The Petroleum
Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1972.
(65) Brunnock, J. V., Duckworth, D. F., and Steffens, G. G., J. Inst.
Petroleum _5_4 (539), 310-325 (1968).
(66) Oil and Gas Journal, November 1, 1971, p. 78.
(67) V. P. Guirm and H. R. Lukens, Jr., "Nuclear Methods," in Trace
Analysis. Physical Methods. G. H. Morrison, editor, Interscience
Publishers, New York, 1965.
(68) Bryan, D. E., Guinn, V. P., Hackleman, R. P., and Lukens H. R.,
"Development of Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Oil Slick
Identification", Phase I, Gulf General Atomic Inc., San Diego,
California, January 21, 1970, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Contract AT (04-3)-l67. GA 9889.
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(69) Lukens, H. R. , Bryan, D. E. , Hiatt, N. A., and Schlesinger, H. L. ,
Development of Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Oil Slick
Identification", Phase IIA, Final Report, Gulf Radiation Technology
" u> 1971' u-s- Atomic Energy Co™ission
(70) Shah, K. R., Filby, R. H. , and Haller, W. A., "Determination of
Trace Elements in Petroleum by Neutron Activation Analysis", J
Radioanal. Chem. 6^ 185-192 (1970).
(71) Shah, K. R., Filby, R. H., and Haller, W. A., "Determination of
Irace Elements in Petroleum by Neutron Activation Analysis II"
J. Radioanal Chem. j[ 413-422 (1970).
(72) Veal, D. J., "Nondestructive Activation Analysis of Crude Oils
?r^rSe^u t0.°ne Part Per Billion> and Simultaneous Determination
ot Five Other Trace Elements", Anal. Chem. 38(8), 1080-1083 (1966).
(73) Al-Shahristani, H., and Al-Atyia, M. J. , "Vertical Migration of
Oil in Iraqi Oil Fields: Evidence Based on Vanadium and Nickel
Concentrations", Geochimica et' Cosmochijuica Acta J36, 929-938 (1972).
(74) G V. Dinneen, K. E. Stanfield, G. L. Cook and H. W. Sohns,
(82) Gustafson, R. E., "Shale Oil" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology, 2nd Ed., Vol. 18, Interscience Publishers, New York
(83) ~ Miknis> Bureau of
and R. L. Hopkins,
.n^
U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 1966.
heOiiaCen0\GeOCliemiCal Re^lariti" - the Distribution of
the Oil-Bearing Regions of the World," Leningrad, 1965 Translated
^Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
(8?) S; F> f dreev' A' Z' ^gomalov, A. F. Dobryanskii and A. A
and'"5 ™^°n °f rr°leUm ^ NatUre'" Tr.n-l.tion by R B
Science vol £' (I^ant±Onal S«i" of Monographs on Earth
science, vol. 29). Pergamon Press, New York, 1968.
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(76) H. M. Thome, W. I. R. Murphy, J. S. Barr, K. E. Stanfield and
J. W. Home," Characteristics and Utilization of Oil Shale and
Shale Oil," Ind. and Eng. Chem. , 43. (1), 20-27 (1951).
(77) Thorne, H. M. , Murphy, W. I. R. , Ball, J. S. , Stamfield, K. E. , and
Home, J. W. , "Characteristics and Utilization of Oil Shale and
Shale Oil", Ind. and Eng. Chem., 4_3 (1) 20-27 (1951).
(78) Stevens, R. F., Dinneen, G. U., and Ball, J. S., "Analysis of
Crude Shale Oil", U. S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations
4898, August 1952.
(79) Allbright, C. S., Van Meter, R. A., Dinneen, G. U., and Ball, J. S.,
"Analysis of Crude Shale Oil 2. Some Brazilian and U.S.A. Oils",
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 5286, December 1956.
(80) Smith, J. W., "Analytical Method for Study of Thermal Degradation
of Oil Shale", U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations
5932, 1962.
(81) Smith, H. N., Smith, J. W., and Kommes, W. C., "Petrographic
Examination and Chemical Analysis for Several Foreign Oil Shales!,1,
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations 5504, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1959.
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- 151 -
E. TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS
To Convert From
Barrels, oil
Barrels, oil/day
Feet
Gallons/ton
Square Miles
Tons
To
Cubic meters, oil
Cubic meters, oil/day
Meters
Liters/metric ton
Square kilometers
Metric tons
Multiply by
0.15899
0.15899
0.30480
4.1726
2.5900
0.90719
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APPENDICES
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1-1
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF COAL ASH FOR TRACE ELEMENTS *
ABSTRACT
The Bureau of Mines made spectrochemical analyses of ash from 827 U.S.
commercial coals for barium, beryllium, boron, chromium, cobalt, copper, gal-
lium, germanium, lanthanum, lead, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel,
scandium, strontium, tin, vanadium, ytterbium,.yttrium, zinc, and zirconium.
These 22 elements were detected in almost all of the ash samples examined. In
addition, arsenic, bismuth, cerium, neodymium, niobium (columbium), rubidium,
and thallium were detected in many samples.
INTRODUCTION
Interest in the trace element content of coal ash has resulted in a num-
ber of investigations, and a review of the literature was published in 1963 by
the Bureau of Mines. The U.S. Geological Survey has continued to issue
reports5 giving basic information on the distribution of minor elements in
various coal deposits of the United States, and Clark and Swaine13 investigated
trace elements in Australian coals. Most of the work cited consists of the
intensive study of column samples of coal. The coal was separated from the
free mineral matter in order that the elements in the coal could be used for
geochemical evaluations.
5Zubovic, Peter, Taisia Stadnichcnko, and Nola B. Sheffey. Geochemistry of
Minor Elements in Coals of the Northern Great Plains Coal Province. U.S.
Geol. Survey Bull. 1117-A, 1961, 58 pp.
Zubovic, Peter, Taisia Stadnichenko, and Nola B. Sheffey. Distribution of
Minor Elements in Coal Beds of• the Eastern Interior Region. U.S. Geol.
Survey Bull. 1117-B, 1964, 41 pp.
Zubovic, Peter, Taisia Stadnichenko, and Nola B, Sheffey. Distribution of
Minor Elements in Coals of the Appalachian Region. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull.
1117-C, 1966, 37 pp.
Zubovic, Peter, Taisia Stadnichenko, and Nola B. Sheffey. Distribution of
Minor Elements in Some Coals in the Western and Southwestern Regions of the
Interior Coal Province. U.S. Gecl. Survey Bull. 1117-D, 1967, 33 pp.
Abernethy, R. F. et al., Bureau of Mines, R. I. 7281; July, 1969-
-------
1-2
This study was made using coal as utilized in industry. The first inter-
est by the Bureau in trace elements in coal was during the early years of
World War II. Samples of coal ash were spectrographically examined for chro-
mium, cobalt, nickel, and vanadium. These metals were scarce, and a source cf
supply was sought. The results of the tests were discouraging and were never
published. The use of germanium in electronics set off a search for this ele-
ment in coal.7 Boron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and other elements have
been found in fireside .boiler tube deposits. More recently air pollution
research has focused largely on sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the use of
coal. In addition the presence of fluorine, chlorine, arsenic, beryllium,
lead, and selenium was suspected; these elements are being found in varying
amounts in the atmosphere.
In a cooperative undertaking by the Pittsburgh Coal Research Center at
Pittsburgh, Pa., and the College Park Metallurgy Research Center at College
Park, Md., the Bureau of Mines investigated the trace element content in ash
of coals being used in industry. This report summarizes the semiquantitati-vj
spectrochemical analyses that show the occurrence of 29 trace elements in' ash
of commercial coals.
METHOD OF SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS
Tipple samples collected in connection with the purchase of coal by the
Government and channel samples obtained for studies of coal preparation and
coke making properties were selected for spectrochemical analysis of ash. The
number of samples tested from each State is shown in figure 1, which gives the
approximate location of the Eastern and Interior coal provinces where many of
the samples were collected. Samples collected in the Western States were from
three provinces, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Coast.
All laboratory samples of coal were prepared in accordance with the pro-
cedure described in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 638.8 The coal samples were
ashed at the Pittsburgh Coal Research Center by a low-temperature procedure
designed to minimize, loss of volatile elements.5 A 10-gram sample of
6Clark, Marie C., and D. J. Swaine. Trace Elements in Coal. I. New South
Wales Coals. II. Origin, Mode of Occurrence, and Economic Importance.
Commonwealth Sci. and Ind. Res. Org. (Australia) Rept. T.C. 45, July 1962,
109 pp.
7Corey, R. C., J. W. Myers, C. H. Schwartz, F. H. Gibson, and P. J. Colbassani.
Occurrence and Determination of Germanium in Coal Ash From Powerplants.
BuMines Bull. 575, 1959, 68 pp.
8Staff, Office of the Director of Coal Research. Methods of Analyzing and
Testing Coal and Coke. BuMines Bull. 638, 1967, pp. 2-3.
9Page 49 of work cited in footnote 7.
-------
1-3
pulverized coal was weighed into a flat-bottom dish 1.5 inches wide, 2 inches
long, and 0.5 inch deep, fabricated from 36-gage aluminum sheeL. The coal
samples were ashed by heating slowly to 425° C in A hours and maintained at
this temperature for 16 hours. The ash samples were transferred to small
plastic bottles and sent to the College Park Metallurgy Research Center, where
spectrochemical analyses were made according to the method described by
Peterson and Zink.10
EXPLANATION OF TABLES AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Semiquantitativc spectrochemical analyses for 29 elements in the ash
samples were coded on punch cards. Source of the samples by State, county,
and bed was included. Several sets of averages for trace element content of
the coal ashes were computed; these data are summarized in tables 1-6.
Table 1 gives the averages found for the element contents in ash of
samples from the Eastern Province, the Interior Province, and the Western
States. The crustal abundance and the approximate lower limit of detection
are included to help interpret the average results. As some elements were
not detected in all samples, the percentage frequency of detection is
included. The first 22 elements listed were detected in most samples, and
the results give an average value for the samples in which the element was
detected. The last seven elements were not detected in many ashes, and a
second average, given in parentheses, was calculated for the total number of
samples examined, using zero for element content for the samples in which the
element was not detected. The true average should be between these two
values.
The results show that the average tr_ac.e_j&ljemaatL_c_ancen.tration In coal
jjsh_,_with_a few exceptions, is greater than the crustal abundance,, indicating
Jjtuit most of the elements detected are enriched in coal ash. An exception is
manganese, which shows an average concentration that is less than the crustal
abundance in ashes from all three areas. The average content of chromium,
copper, nickel, and rubidium in ashes from the Western States also is less
than the crustal abundance, but these elements are enriched in most of the
ashes from the Eastern and Interior Provinces.
These data for 20 elements are shown in figure 2. The results for bar-
ium and strontium were omitted because some of their averages would extend
beyond the graph.
:°Peterson, M. J., and J. B. Zink. A Semiquantitative Spectrochemical Method
for Analysis of Coal Ash. BuMines Kept, of Inv. 6496, 1964, 15 pp.
-------
1-4
Table 2 gives by geographical area the percentage of samples having trace
elements in the various ranges of concentration. Some elements, such as beryl-
lium, are found in a wide band of concentration covering six of 10 ranges,
while others, such as zirconium, are in a very narrow band found in only three
ranges. The table also shows changes in percentages of concentration in
ranges by geographical area. The nickel content of Western States coals is
less than that of Eastern and Interior Province coals.
Average trace element content in the ash^of coals from each State is
given in tables 3, 4, and 5 for the Eastern Province, Interior Province, and
Western States, respectively. Only the 22 elements most often detected in ash
are given in these three tables because the true average is uncertain for the
seven elements that were detected in only a fraction of the samples.
The State averages for each area show considerable variation for some of
the elements and give an indication of the range in content of the various
elements detected in ash. Stadnichenko, Zubovic, and Sheffey,11 in an inter-
esting study of beryllium accumulation in coal, reported relatively high val-
ues for this element in certain coal deposits in Kentucky and Indiana. The
State averages show a similar trend. The values for eastern and western
Kentucky and for Indiana, ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0020 percent beryllium, are
among the highest State averages found in the commercial coal ashes.
Average ash analyses for coalbeds where five or more samples from the
same bed were analyzed are given for eight States in table 6. The coalbeds
for each State are listed in descending geologic order.
This table illustrates again the variability of trace element content of
coal ash. Averages for the Pittsburgh bed in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia are fairly similar for many of the elements and show a trend that is
slightly lower than the corresponding State average. On the other hand, aver-
ages for the Lower Kittanning bed in Ohio show a trend to slightly higher val-
ues than the State average for many of the elements, but in Pennsylvania and
West Virginia this trend is not evident, and the bed average for an element
may be greater or less than the corresponding State average.
To help interpret the average results, the tables show the number of
samples tested from each area, and the average ash content computed from ash
determinations made at 750° C according to ASTM specifications.12
^Stadnichenko, Taisia, Peter Zubovic, and Nola B. Sheffey. Beryllium Content
of American Coals. U.S. Geol. Survey Bull. 1084-K, 1961, pp. 253-295.
12 American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Methods of Laboratory
Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. D 271-68 in 1969 Book of ASTM
Standards: Part 19, Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke. Philadelphia, Pa.,
1969, pp. 19-20.
-------
1-5
Individual analyses of ash for 25 elements are shown in table 7 for 781
samples with the source of coal arranged according to State, county, and bed.
Forty-six samples included in the averages are omitted in the table because
they represent either mixtures of coal from two or more beds, or a duplicate
sample from a minu. Because of space limitations the individual determina-
tions of bismuth, cerium, thallium, and ytterbium are not shown. According to
the data in tables 1 and 2, bismuth, cerium, and thallium are not detected in
many samples, and bismuth and thallium, when found, occur in relatively small
quantities. Cerium, when detected, seldom occurs in amounts greater than the
limit of detection of 0.02 percent. Ytterbium was detected in all ash samples
tested, but the amount present rarely was greater than 0.001 percent.
In addition to the elements tabulated, silver was detected in all samples,
and five other elements were found in a few samples as follows:
Element
Silver.
Cadmium.,
Antimony.
Tungsten.
Cesium...
No. of
samples
827
70
44
19
10
Indium.
Range, percent
<0.0001 to 0.0002
0.0002 to 0.01
0.002 to 0.01
0.01 to 0.02
0.005 to 0.01
0.001
SUMMARY
Spectrochemical analyses of ash
elements occur in most of the samples
arsenic, bismuth, cerium, neodymium,
thallium--were detected in many sampl
of detection of 0.005 percent in ash,
from the Eastern Province, 41 percent
16 percent of the Western State ashes
0.001 percent, was found in all sampl
only 58 percent of the ashes from the
from commercial coals show that 22 trace
tested. Another seven elements--
niobium (columbium), rubidium, and
es. For example, arsenic, with a limit
was found in 67 percent of the samples
of those from the Interior Province, and
Rubidium, with a limit of detection of
es from the Interior Province, but in
Western States.
All State averages for manganese content in ash are less than the
crustal abundance. The average content of chromium, copper, nickel, and rubid-
ium in ash of the Western State coals usually is less than the crustal abun-
dance for each element; however, most of the ashes from the Eastern and
Interior Provinces are enriched in these elements. Averages for the other
elements generally show some enrichment in the ash.
-------
1-6
TABLE 1. - Average trace element concent in ash of coal from three areas.1 percent
Element
Cobal t . . . .
Lanthanum
Lead ,. ...
Manganese
Nickel
Tin
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Arsenic.
Bismuth. . . x
Cerium . . ....
Rubidium.
Average ash.. pet of dry coal
Number of samples
Crustal
abun-
dance2
0.0425
.00028
.0010
.0100
.0025
.0055
.0015
.00015
.0030
.0013
.0020
.0950
.00015
.0075
.0022
.0375
.0002
.0135
.00034
.0033
.0070
.0165
.00018
.00002
.0060
.0028
.0020
.0090
.00005
Approx-
imate
lower
limit of
detec-
tion3
0.002
.0001
.0002
.0001
.0020
.0001
.0002
.0003
.01
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.002
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.001
.005
.005
.005
.0001
.02
.01
.001
.001
.0005
Eastern Province
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
92
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
100
67
82
31
29
73
97
43
Average
t race
element
content
of ash
0.0876
.0012
.0265
.0230
.0184
.0128
.0071
.0048
.0145
.0055
.0584
.0260
.0082
.0209
.0089
.1052
.0019
.0336
.0007
.0142
.0230
.0704
.0159
( .0107)
.0002
( .0002)
.0238
( .0074)
.0213
(.0062)
.0053
( .0039)
.0239
(.0232)
.0019
( .0008)
9.3
600
Interior Province
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
100
86
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
41
77
11
10
88
LOO
49
Average
trace
element
content
of ash
0.0399
.0014
.0731
.0224
.0193
.0089
.0039
.0104
.0131
.0131
.0235
.0325
.0073
.0262
.0069
.0658
.0019
.0325
.0005
.0118
.0743
.0825
.0119
( .0049)
.0001
(.0001)
.0214
(.0024)
.0183
( .0018)
.0055
( .0048)
.0276
( .0276)
.0008
( .0004)
10.5
123
Western States
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
95
81
100
100
100
100
100
97
100
100
100
100
100
93
100
16
83
13
15
85
58
9
Average
trace
element
content
of ash
0.1467
.0006.
.0529
.0066
.0097
. .0047
.0033
.0017
.0128
.0029
.0168
.0212
.0020
.0054
.0052
.1456
.0017
.0152
.0003
.0076
.0258
.0850
.0073
(.0012)
.0001
( .0001)
.0238
( .0031)
.0295
( .0044)
.0053
( .0045)
.0064
(.0037)
.0005
( .00005)
9.8
104
1Averages calculated for number of samples in which element was detected, except that averages
in parentheses were calculated for all of the samples tested using zero for element contents
below limit of detection.
2Mason, Brian. Principles of Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 3d ed., 1966,
pp. 45-46.
3Petc-rson, M. J., and J. B. Zink. A Semiquantitative Spectrochemica1 Method for Analysis of
Coal Ash. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 6496, 1964, pp. 8-10.
-------
1-7
TABLE 2. - Percentage of samples In each range of trace element content of ash
Element and
area1
Analysis of ash, percent
Not
detected
<0.000l
0.0001 to
0.0002
0.0003 to
0.0007
0.0008 to
0.002
0.003 to
0.007
0.008 to
0.02
0.03 to
0.07
0.08 to
0.2
0.3 to
0.7
0.8 to
2.0
ELEMENTS OCCURRING IN MOST SAMPLES
Barium:
1
2
3
Beryllium :
1
2
3
Boron:
1
2
3
Chromium :
1
2
3
Cobal t :
1
2
3
Copper :
1
2
3
Gal 1 ium :
1
2
3
Germanium :
1
2
3
Lanthanum :
1
2
3
Lead :
1
2
3
Lithium:
1
2
3
Manganese :
1
2
3
Molybdenum :
1
2 •
3
Nickel :
1
2
3 . . .
Scandium :
1
2. .
3 . .
2
2
1
5
8
14
19
1
1
3
tt
z
13
10
3
25
2
2
2
I
2
I
5
7
30
26
42
1
1
4
2
7
30
2
1
4
2
17
1
50
60
17
1
1
1
19
1
1
3
9
33
13
33
48
38
13
51
27
31
56
2
10
2
1
7
27
16
65
25
I
6
14
1
2
5
8
2
12
2
7
3
1
38
8
9
33
21
29
39
48
56
43
29
24
10
41
21
35
6
40
36
13
5
20
24
41
9
4
6
38
40
59
63
13
40
9
1
1
1
55
10
33
72
72
40
77
77
61
72
62
22
38
9
7
24
60
3
88
81
75
29
38
6
35
39
34
59
53
49-
44
41
6
80
71
29
58
33
20
30
46
28
24
40
29
23
26
14
6
2
4
1
1
3
4
5
6
8
26
10
12
16
31
18
1
1
14
14
1
2
53
12
49
8
46
28
1
1
5
1
2
33
9
4
10
10
6
2
9
11
*
1
3
footnote at end of table.
-------
1-8
TABLE 2. - Percentage of samples in each range of trace element content of ash--Continued
Element and
area1
Analysis of ash, percent
Not
detected
--0.0001
0.0001 to
0.0002
0.0003 to
0.0007
0.0008 to
0.002
0.003 to
0.007
0.008 to
0.02
0.03 to
0.07
0.08 to
0.2
0.3 to
0.7
0.8 to
2.0
ELEMENTS OCCURRING LN MOST SAMPLES --Continued
Strontium :
1
2
3
Tin:
1
2
3
Vanadium :
1
2
3
Ytterbium:
1
2
3
Yttrium:
1
2
3
Zinc:
1
2
3
Zirconium :
1
2
3
1
2
7
-
1
1
1
-
1
2
2
13
39
59
-
25
30
29
45
43
34
-
59
51
59
2
42
16
6
1
4
9
-
1
1
10
13
6
I
2
18
1
15
35
42
16
2
14
-
8
20
8
4
2
4
48
43
71
77
55
49
59
12
54
10
2
6
21
42
14
1
44
53
8
7
5
17
48
17
40
31
20
68
35
65
7
2
1
1
6
31
8
50
67
74
2
2
13
-------
TABLE 3. - Average trace element content in ash of coals from States
in Eastern Province, percent of ash
Element
Beryl 1 ium
Boron
Chromium
Cobal t
Copper
Gallium
Lanthanum
Lead •
Lithium
Manganese.
Nickel
Tin
Vanadium
Ytterbium '. . . .
Yttrium
Zinc
Average ash.. pet of dry coal
Number of samples
Alabama
0.1195
.0008
.0322
.0207
.0198
.0150
.0055
.0046
.0138
0040
0812
0208
.0117
.0186
.0078
. 1396
.0024
0338
.0005
.0126
.0243
.0607
9.2
47
Eastern
Kentucky
0.1077
.0020
.0255
.0260
.0212
.0156
.0099
.0064
.0175
0059
1064
.0361
.0071
.0217
.0131
. 1538
.0063
0400
.0009
.0217
.0203
.0823
7.3
26
Maryland
0.0450
.0007
.0140
.0140
0150
.0075
.0020
.0007
.0100
0010
0140
0030
.0017
.0125
.0065
.0900
.0005
0225
.0003
.0050
0200
.1100
9.5
2
Ohio
0.0438
.0009
.0561
.0235
0144
.0080
.0050
.0059
.0126
0043
0394
0207
.0057
.0203
.0058
.0511
.0013
0236
0007
.0150
0284
0805
11.8
85
Pennsylvania
0.0703
.0008
.0153
.0244
.0175
.0125
.0071
.0049
.0130
0052
0642
.0205
.0098
.0195
.0086
.0943
.0011
0330
0006
.0127
0222
.0680
10.0
117
Tennessee
0.1248
.0006
.0247
.0200
.0136
.0116
.0057
.0035
.0132
0050
0994
.0234
.0080
.0168
.0141
. 1368
0019
0354
0006
.0102
0242
0460
9.7
25
Virginia
0.1273
.0014
.0164
0253
.0182
.0171
.0085
.0041
0151
0078
0441
0540
.0106
0281
.0092
. 1240
0030
0417
0011
.0151
0291
0559
7.8
51
West
Virginia
0.0910
.0014
.0232
.0222
.0202
.0132
.0077
.0046
.0157
0058
0520
.0249
.0073
0212
.0093
1104
0017
0348
0007
.0145
.0201
.0738
8.5
247
-------
TABLE 4.
Average trace element content in ash of coals from States
in Interior Province, percent of ash
Element
Barium
Beryl lium
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Gal lium
Germanium
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Manganese
Nickel
Scandium
Tin
Vanadium
Yttrium
Zinc
Average ash pet of dry coal
Number of samples
Arkansas
0 1 000
000^
0 1 7S
0300
OS SO
OOSS
00 ?S
0010
0^00
OO^S
0100
0150
0 1? S
0"39S
0040 '
9 SOO
00 1 ?
01SO
000^
0060
01 90
0600
ft ^
2
Illinois
0 OA.9^
U . UH i
007 1
001S
0116
01 OS
0?7Q
01R6
0691
007S
091 1
0077
0697
0099
0?Q7
000£
ooaq
1 1 Q1
07SS
1 1 7
29
Indiana
o 09 on
u . U£ yu
nn i (\
ORO^
018?
O9 96
. U^ ZD
00 Ql
nno c
. UVJ J J
0 1 7Q
n 1 A q
006R
no-5 1
094S
004Q
O^OR
0074
066O
0007
0^97
OOOA
OOQR
06 QO
HQAS
1 0 f\
31
Iowa
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. U JUU
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. UU 1 U
np 7T
. uts J j
oAnn
m/i Q
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. UUD /
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066 7
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Kansas
On i en
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Missouri
. Uloj
nn i n
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Western
Kentucky
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. Ulb /
nn n c
. Uuy5
nn /. n
. (JU4U
nn Q o
. Uuoz
n i i e
. U J. lj
nnA Q
. uuo ?
01 7 1
non i
. U^U 1
nmo
. uu / *t
01 7n
1 /U
OOA7
. uuo /
n c7n
. Uj JO
nno 7
. uuz /
no/, i
> u jm
nnn ^
O 1 A9
. U l^^C
n e i /.
. UJJ.H
n Q o /i
. UB/14
90
. J
50
I
I—'
o
-------
TABLE 5. - Average trace element content in ash of coals
from Western States, percent of ash
Element
Cobalt
Copper
Gallium
Germanium .
Lithium
Manganese
Molybdenum. •>.
Scandium •
Tin
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Average ash. .pet of dry coal.
Number of samples
Arizona
0.0400
.0010
.0500
.0100
0
.0050
.0050
.0050
0
.0040
.0200
.0100
.0010
.0050
.0010
. 1000
.0010
.0100
.0001
.0100
.0100
.0400
9.7
1
Colorado
0.0795
.0006
.0494
.0049
.0104
.0049
.0032
.0019
.0129
.0031
0095
.0216
0018
.0053
.0056
.0974
0023
.0125
.0003
.0083
0362
.0872
9.2
40
Montana
0.3000
.0012
.0475
.0024
.0061
.0025
0039
.0025
.0097
.0038
.0215
.0456
.0038
.0026
.0034
.2612
.0009
.0097
.0004
.0060
.0337
.0612
12.6
8
New
Mexico
0.2250
.0008
.0361
.0091
.0126
.0050
.0034
.0032
.0150
.0040
.0138
.0165
.0017
.0069
.0068
.0800
.0016
.0213
.0005
.0085
.0164
.0914
11.8
14
North
Dakota
0.2650
.0002
.0337
.0034
.0057
.0013
.0020
.0006
.0096
.0022
.0095
.0300
.0032
.0014
.0045
.2612
.0013
.0094
.0004
.0060
.0250
.0662
12.0
8
Utah
0.1122
.0003
.0861
.0088
.0066
.0038
.0030
.0008
.0131
.0024
.0283
.0157
0011
.0051
.0037
.1457
.0013
.0117
.0002
.0067
.0109
.0861
7.0
23
Washington
0.1714
.0004
.0314
.0121
.0217
.0121
.0059
.0009
.0133
.0025
.0277
.0121
.0026
.0114
.0089
.3071
.0009
.0429
.0004
' .0094
.0243
.1286
12.7
7
Wyoming
0.1967
.0028
.0417
.0067
.0060
.0050
.0017
.0018
.0050
.0007
.0217
.0160
.0025
.0047
.0040
.1167
.0012
.0167
.0003
.0053
.0425
.0450
8.7
3
-------
TABLE 6. - Av«r*Kf tr«c> aUxnt conttnt io iih of co*l from cocr K l ; winning (No. 5)...
BrooXvl 1 U (So. 4)
Penruyl v«nli :
pltt* burgh. ...
Upper Frpcport
Lower Freepor t
Virginia:
Kennedy . ,
Vt*c Vlrglnle:
Uppir Kit tinning
Loui*r K 1 c tinning
StOfVton-Lewliton
Eagle
Sevcl 1
PocfthOfit*! "Jo It .
Average
• »h,
percent
o* coal
14.4
S 4
1 1 ft
13 I
9. 1
] i a
1 3 n
7.3
12 [
5 8
13.7
1 1 i
M.4
11. &
10. ^
10.6
10 8
10.1
10 1
8.6
8 6
6.7
6 6
6.9
8 3
8.0
10 6
n\
10 5
10.4
8 5
10.5
9 5
7 4
61
6 1
6.7
4.4
5 9
No.
of
• ••-
?!«•
6
1 1
t 3
I 0
;
16
19
18
1 2
g
1 1
20
23
9
7
12
29
10
30
g
a
5
6
1 5
43
9
22
1
i
7
7
1 1
19
1 J
13
j
B
0 0167
OS 00
0600
0590
0843
0694
0589
. 0894
0525
0867
0!)45
0565
.0548
.0631
.0621
0308
01 12
0074
0068
.0125
0431
021?
0200
.01 31
0363
.044&
OflflflJ
ni jf\
02 11
.01 56
0140
.01 30
0229
0200
n? SQ
0237
.01 38
.0133
0066
&«
0 1050-
1066
04&8
0368
0243
0290
QM 1
0406
0608
0400
Ob91
028 5
.0513
.0450
0443
0729
0755
0730
0607
Oil 1
1 100
1 J40
1667
108 7
0970
Oft Sfl
0444
085)
0440
0760
0900
07?l
1206
111)
.117?
0560
B«
0 0003
ooos
0009
0012
0013
00 1 2
0005
0012
0007
0047
0005
0006
.0009
.oo;o
0012
0006
0007
0007
0008
001 1
001 3
0012
0019
QOQ7
.0005
flpns
0011
001 1
0018
0010
0061
on? 7
nm ft
001 7
0038
.0017
001 2
Co
0 01 75
0218
01 71
0058
0157
01 50
01 22
Ot 53
01 19
0306
0085
0074
.0093
.0476
0236
01 32
0162
0225
01 64
0)47
01 56
0210
0167
0086
0112
(11 7S
01 AL
0183
0151
01 16
01 30
01 36
0? l/i
n? i j
0233
0333
.0454
0380
Cr
0 0183
0173
0262
021 0
0190
01 39
02 1 7
02?2
01 50
0187
0236
024 5
.0243
.0194
0200
0212
0252
0275
0250
11 SO
0350
0210
0367
0267
.0240
mi 7
n?s7
0302
0247
0120
0160
07S4
ni *\(\
0196
0204
.0220
0160
Cu
o.oos;
.01 75
0088
0035
0089
00 79
0081
0093
00 SB
01 S4
0055
0052
.0098
.0118
.0101
0067
01 14
01 33
.0133
nof>7
0160
01 70
0250
0079
,0061
OOflS
(inn?
0167
01 3 J
0120
.0110
02S7
n\ c j
(XI JA
0169
01 75
.0219
01 70
G*
0.0067
0046
0043
0020
0034
002 7
on 12
0045
0026
0048
00 j;
0039
.0055
.0057
0069
0042
0060
0075
fiitttf,
0005
no si
0097
00 '6
0103
006 1
0050
OHIO
01 22
0101
0056
0066
fll SI
0125
0085
.0125
0032
Gc
0 0027
.0036
0105
0125
0176
0081
002 5
0073
0062
01 56
0023
0036
.0065
.0096
.0084
0038
0054
0069
0043
f)017
0058
0045
0040
0046
0042
OflS 7
oni s
OOJfl
0025
001 7
001 ]
QOM
on si
0088
0063
.0115
0020
Li
0.0125
.01 18
0100
0093
01 29
0164
01 1 1
0106
0105
01 57
01 36
0105
.0118
.0175
.0133
0130
0106
0136
,0127
0125
01 75
0140
0133
0121
0106
01 SO
fll ft't
01 30
01 50
0160
01 60
0179
n i fth
ni on
01 55
0162
.0215
0190
LI
0.1242
.0485
0536
0198
01 71
Ot 76
01 78
0204
0054
0259
0645
0345
.0400
.0311
0246
0424
" 0666
0890
.0846
ni AS
0662
0400
0333
02 71
0367
fir ao
flAl L
0331
0518
0740
.1060
0743
nf. ji
pcfiQ
0809
0600
.0304
0548
Hn
0.0120
.0115
0685
0690
0471 •
01 74
0267
0189
0204
0182
0125
01 52
,0287
.0241
.0103
.0240
01 72
.0173
ni in
.0139
015 7
0277
0676
.091 7
0687
.0343
0328
01 L"}
0211
.0354
,0044
.0086
0104
ni ?ft
Ok 56
0?67
0202
0240
0046
HO
0 0048
.01 16
0080
0048
0026
0061
0043
0101
0067
0091
0023
0029
.0072
.0091
0069
0049
0124
01 5 j
0094
0025
0075
01 24
0150
0075
0080
01 1 S
nn 7 4
Oi?8
0078
0012
.0070
0041
00? S
OOS1
0101
0040
01 30
0050
NI
0 0175
.0182
0?65
01 30
01 71
0166
Oil 7
0169
• 0100
0312
0136
01 48
.0163
.0522
.0271
. 01 50
01 59
0750
O10O
0207
01 42
027S
0220
.0350
01 37
0135
01 58
ni it
0367
.0225
0200
.01 50
0429
07 S7
n? i ?
0290
0243
0392
0166
Pb
0.0028
.0054
01 78
0332
.0079
0047
0036
0034
002 fi
0235
0028
0029
.0046
.0071
.0060
.00^0
0055
,0038
no an
.0063
0057
.0087
.0066
.0105
0046
.0050
0040
flfll 7
0081
.0082
.0028
.0036
0143
0061
0062
0065
.0041
0066
0052
Sc
0 0080
.0075
0053
0121
0064
0069
OOJ2
0071
0047
0054
0071
0051
.0059
.0067
.0067
0078
0077
.0088
Ol 7fi
0091
0062
.0104
0052
.0097
0073
0058
Art 1 1
At I 1
01 28
.0105
0062
.0102
01 04
niOQ
0101
0107
.0108
0128
0096
Sn
0.0009
.0036
0025
001 5
.0010
0006
0028
0044
001 1
001 7
001 1
0014
.0011
.0008
.0021
.0013
0010
.0007
(win a
.0011
001 2
.0013
0023
.0055
001 5
.0017
OOOS
OAO?
001?
.0014
0010
.0009
0023
flfll 4
0024
0020
.0029
.0016
0026
Sr
0 1167
. 134S
0623
0660
0443
0522
07S6
0567
0425
0662
0492
0405
.0416
.0578
.0814
1 300
0934
.0780
0680
1057
0733
.1 337
1400
.1083
1 140
1126
0833
Oft SO
1056
.081 4
0760
. 1 100
1000
i ino
1217
1 51 1
1407
1462
0720
V
0 0300
.0245
0362
0190
.0329
0309
0289
0364
0375
0)12
0209
0240
.0270
.02S6
.0229
.0367
02 72
.0320
0?fiO
.0353
0208
.043?
0400
.0483
0260
0241
01 92
n&sn
0483
.0341
OJ80
.0500
0371
0161.
0403
0397
.0364
0600
0440
n
0 0005
flf¥!S
0004
0004
.0003
.0003
0003
.0004
.0003
0009
.0006
0006
.0008
.0009
.0008
0005
0005
.0007
OOfl 7
0007
0006
001 1
0009
.0012
0006
.0006
0004
0005
.0009
.0008
.0006
.0005
001 2
0010
0008
0009
.0006
0010
0006
T
0 0093
0111
0062
0072
.0064
.0060
0090
.0098
.OO5J
0410
.0049
0076
.01*0
.0256
.0217
0096
01 1 7
01 18
01 on
01 38
01 It
01 52
01 30
.018]
008)
.0098
0105
01 20
0108
.01 71
.01 30
.0036
0197
0400
01 96
0190
.01 59
0? 38
0200
£n
0 01? 5
03 73
0700
I960
.0457
.0607
.0300
.0411
.0604
.0487
.OUB
.0128
.0284
.0456
.0766
.014S
0234
0256
OLIO
0186
031 7
.0269
.0168
.0188
0119
.0116
01 ?5
0">32
.0238
.0191
.0084
.0070
0092
0193
0203
.0126
.0272
,0362
.0370
lr
0.0600
0582
0800
0T00
.0900
.0887
.0800
.0850
.0775
.0825
.0773
.0650
.0878
.0789
.0786
.0842
0572
0505
0500
07J7
0850
.06)0
.0620
.0383
0700
.0878
081 7
0786
.0589
.0530
.0720
.0620
0571
1093
0762
.0669
.0746
.0662
. 1 120
M
-------
1-13
See Figure 1
Text Page 10
-------
1-14
See Figure 2
Text Page 15
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 7. - SpuctrochL-mlcal analy3e» of coal csh. percent of
(0 • below Hmit of detection)
Scatc , councy.
and bed
Alabama:
Jefferson:
Clemen s ( top bench)
Cleren s (twiddle bench)..
Clent.-n s (bottom bench)..
Do
Do
Do
Marion:
Do
Do
r>o
Do
Shelby:
Tuscaloosa:
Do
Mi 1 Idale
Walker:
Black Creek
Do
Du
Winston;
Black Creek
Do
Arizona :
Arkansas:
Johnson: Lower Harcihorne.
Colorado:
Delta:
Do
Do
Ash,
per-
cent
of
Cry
COdl
5.6
11.2
13.6
8.5
6.9
1 ' .7
7.5
;.o
14.0
e.i
12.9
2.5
5.2
'0.0
4.0
2.5
2.7
'] ft
7.3
2.7
17.4
1 7.0
1 1.4
4.5
11.3
5.3
14.2
15,1
1 .7
5.5
10.5
1 1 0
14 5
15.8
16.3
15.1
12.7
9.2
3.2
9. 7
4.0
12.5
5.3
4.7
6.5
7.4
5.3
Ac
0.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
0
.02
.02
.02
0
.01
.01
.015
.01
.05
.02
.008
.005
005
.03
.005
0
.01
.01
.05
0
.03
,02
.01
.03
.005
01
0
0
.005
.01
0
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
o
0
0
0
0
• B
0.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.0'^
.1
.1
.05
.1
.1
. 1
. l
.008
.0?
.008
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.01
.05
.1
.1
.02
01
015
.02
.01
.03
.02
.01
.1
.05
.03
.005
.3
.! 5
.05
.1
.09
Ba
0.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.Od
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.08
.1
.2
.15
.2
1
. l
.1
.OS
.08
.1
.1
.15
.2
.2
.1
.05
.1
2
, l
.1
.15
.1
, l
.015
.15
,04
.15
.05
2
.1
.1
.15
.07
Be
0.001
.001
.0001
.0003
.0005
.0005
.001
0
.0005
.0005
.0001
.001
.0001
.001
.001
.0001
.001
.0008
.0002
.001
.0001
.0001
.001
.002
.0002
.001
.001
,0005
.002
0005
.0003
003
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0005
0
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0001
o
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
Co
0.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.015
.002
.02
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.01
02
.01 5
.02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.02
0
.1
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.008
Cr
0.02
.02
.01
.015
.015
.02
.03
.002
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.04
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.01
.05
.01
.01
.002
.002
.005
.002
Cu
0.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
02
.008
.005
.005
.005
.1)03
.003
.03
.005
.001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.007
.002
Ca
0.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.008
.005
.000
.005
.005
.002
.01
.002
.005
.005
.008
.005
.008
.OOS
.OOB
.005
.008
.005
.008
.005
.ooa
.005
.003
.003
.005
.005
002
.01
.01
.005
.005
.002
.001
.005
.005
.003
.002
.01
.003
.005
.003
.003
Co
0.005
.005
.0005
.0008
.0015
.002
,005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.003
.005
.005
.nm
.002
.001
.001
.02
.001
0
.002
.01
.001
.005
.001
.002
.01
.005
.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.001
.001
.0005
.0015
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.001
,001
.001
.0005
La
0.02
.015
0
0
0
.01
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
0
.03
0
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
LI
0.008
.02
.1
.08
1 2
.015
.01
.2
.01
.2
.15
.02
.05
.005
.004
.05
.1
.08
.05
.01
.2
.15
.01
.1
.1
.08
.02
.03
.025
.02
.2
.15
.3
.2
.02
.01
.2
.005
.1
.02
.01
.01
.1
.005
.005
.005
.005
Mn
0.02
,01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.008
.015
.05
.03
.02
.02
.015
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.05
.02
.02
.05
.03
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
.005
.03
.015
.02
.015
.005
.01
.002
.003
.015
.01
.01
.02
.1
.01
.015
.01
.002
H»
0.005
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.005
.001
.01
.02
.01
.02
.015
.002
.005
.015
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.008
.05
.02
.015
.005
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.005
.002
.001
.001
.01
.001
.015
.001
.01
.015
.001
.002
.002
.005
.001
Nb
(Cb)
0.005
.005
0
0
0
.005
.005
0
.005
.002
0
0
0
.005
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.005
.005
0
0
0
.005
.005
.002
.01
0
.002
0
0
.005
.005
0
.003
0
.004
.007
0
0
.005
.007
.01
.005
Nd
0
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
.01
0
.03
0
.02
0
0
0
.02
.02
.02
.02
0
0
.03
0
.02
.02
.03
0
0
.05
0
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.02
0
0
.03
.03
0
0
0
0
Nl
0.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.03
.01
.005
.02
.03
.015
.03
.015
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.005
.02
.005
.05
.015
.01
.005
.002
.005
.001
Pb
0.004
.005
.0008
.0005
.0008
.001
.005
.001
.005
.008
. oooa
.008
.001
.003
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.008
.0003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.005
.003
.003
.02
.001
.0008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.001
.001
.005
.004
.005
.002
.OOS
.003
.004
.003
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Rb
0.05
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.08
.OS
.1
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.02
.02
.02
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.1
.015
.05
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.01
.01
.01
.01
.08
.02
.03
.05
.01
.08
.05
.005
.02
.05
.005
0
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
.008
.004
.005
.015
0
.005
0
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0
Sc
0.01
.005
.002
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.007
.01
.01
.01
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.005
.02
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.005
.005
.008
.003
.015
.01
.007
.01
.01
.01
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.01
.01
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.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.001
.007
.001
.005
.002
.01
.01
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Sn
0.002
,001
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.0003
.0008
.001
.003
.001
.002
.0005
.01
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.001
.003
.01
.001
.008
.002
.015
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.002
.001
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.002
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.01
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.001
.001
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.001
.002
.001
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.001
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0.05
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.03
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.03
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0.02
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.01
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.01
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.01
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.01
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Zn
0.01
.01
.01
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.01
.02
.01
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.02
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.03
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.06
.03
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.01
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.02
,08
.01
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.01
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.01
.005
.005
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.01
.01
.03
.008
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.15
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.08
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Zr
0.1
.1
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.1
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.09
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-------
.
Prerwnt :
Do
Do
Do
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Ctrflcld:
Do
Do
L« Plica
Do
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Lai Antmae:
Do
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Mesa;
Do
HUnols:
Franklin:
No. 6
Fulton:
Peorla;
No 6
Randolph:
9.2
15.3
15.9
17.5
8.6
9. 1
7.8
12. '
10. 1
10.0
6.4
3.8
9.8
5.5
4. 3
8.4
5.2
6.0
8.2
5. 5
8.4
2.9
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6. /
19.4
1 '. 5
9.2
19.2
14.9
13.2
12.3
3.0
11.9
8. 5
6.1
13. 5
11.9
8.6
13.5
11.9
1 1.8
12.7
9.6
10.6
10.6
1 7. 1
7. 7
8.3
16.8
21.3
8.1
7.3
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11.9
12.7
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.1
.08
.09
.1
.08
.04
.05
.05
.05
.05
.1
.1
. 1
.06
.05
.1
.04
.1
.1
.05
.05
.1
•'
.1
.02
.1
•'
-------
TABLE 7. - Sptfctrochetalcal analyses of coil aih. percent j3f_a»h--Cotitlnucd
ScaCe . county,
• fid bed
Illinois—Con.
Vcrnll ion;
No. 6
Ho. 7
Williamson:
Davis and DcKoven
No . 6 . . *
Indiana:
Clay:
Do
No, 3
Crecnu:
No. 4.
Mo. 5
Knox :
No. 6
Owen: Upper Brazil Block..
Pike:
No. 5
Do
Do
Da
Sullivan:
Ho. 5
Do
No. 6
Do
Do
No. 7
Vlgo:
No. 3
No. 5
Do. t
No. 6
Warriek:
No. 5
Do
Do
Do
Do
No. 6 ,
Do.
Iowa :
Marlon;
Kaniaa:
Cherokee: Firming and
Mineral
Crawford: We I r -Pittsburgh.
Ash,
pcr-
cen:
of
dry
coal
10 1
6 °
19 1
9 1
11.2
7 o
19 &
ft 5
10 2
7.6
9 1
8 8
B 5
7 7
10 4
111
7 9
8 &
9 1
9 7
1 1 I
25 5
10 0
6 1
3 2
13 9
1 0
2 f»
2 3
3 0
9 2
0 8
6 U
9 7
9 2
1.7
As
o
o
0
o
o
Q
.01
01
Q
o
015
o
o
o
02
o
01
01
01
3
B
0 05
07
.05
.2
03
03
02
.02
Ba
0 01
.03
.07
.02
Be
0 001
.001
.003
.000)
Co
0 00
.02
.1
.08
Cr
.03
.OS
.02
Cu
.01
.02
.02
Ca
.005
.005
.002
Ce
.01
.01
.02
.002
LA
.02
.01
.05
0
.02
LI
.02
.007
.02
,005
Hn
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
Ho
.01
.005
.005
.003
.007
.007
.005
.005
Nb
(Cb
0
.005
.005
.01
.004
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
Nd
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hi.
.1
.03
.02
.03
.02
.04
.05
.02
.02
.01
.1
.02
.01
.01
.02
.OS
.015
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
. 1
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.1
.01
.1
Pb
.05
.005
.05
.02
.004
.01
.002
.01
.01
.003
.005
.002
.02
.01
.002
.002
.02
.002
.005
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.002
.005
.01
.02
.001
.001
.005
.002
.oor
.005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
»b
.005
.01:
.02
.005
.05
.01
.002
.01
.003
.02
.02
.008
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.008
.03
.01
.007
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.02
.01
Sc
0.00
.00
.00
.01
.003
.008
.006
.01
.007
.01
.005
.004
.01
.008
.015
.005
.01
.01
.004
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.007
.01
.005
.005
.005
.015
.005
,005
.01
.002
.006
.004
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
Sn
0.0005
.01
.001
.003
.005
.001
.0003
.0007
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.QUO 5
.0005
.0007
.0008
.0015
.001
.0015
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.0008
.001
.001
.001
Sr
0.07
.02
.1
.5
.02
.1
.1
.2
.05
.1
.1
.02
.1
.05
.2
.1
.1
.08
.05
.02
.1
.05
.01
.1
.05
.15
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.005
.03
.05
.05
,05
.1
.08
.1
V
0.005
.OB
.05
.02
.05
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.02
.03
.02
.005
• 1
.05
.03
.05
,03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.01
.015
.05
.015
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
Y
0.005
.01
.01
.005
.03
.005
.005
.03
.03
.008
.01
.005
.02
.00?
.02
.01
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.007
.01
.007
.005
.01
.2
.002
.005
.01
.005
.003
.003
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.05
Zn
0.3
.05
.3
.05
.2
.05
.1
.04
.1
.15
.05
.04
.08
.04
.1
.2
.05
.04
.05
.05
.1
.01
.05
.07
.1
.03
.05
.05
.03
.2
.07
.05
.05
.05
.02
.07
.05
.2
.1
.0
.05
.1
Zr
0.05
.1
.07
.07
.08
.1
.2
.1
.08
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.07
.1
.1
.1
.08
.1
.1
.1
.08
.07
. 1
.1
.08
.1
.09
.08
.07
.05
.1
.05
.1
.05
.05
.1
-------
Kentucky:
Bell:
Butler • No. 6
Floyd- Elkhorn No. 3.
Hopklnft :
Ho, 6
Do ,
Bo
Do
No 9
Do
Do
Do
No. 11
Do . .
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do . ...
Do
No. 12. . .
Do
Knott :
Hazard No 7.
Do
Leccher:
Huhlcnbcrg:
No. 9
Do ....
No 11
Do
Do
Do .
No. 12
Do
Do
Do
No. 13
Ohio:
Do
No. 11
11.4
9 4
5.6
2.6
2.2
10.1
21.5
5.7
4 1
6.0
4.3
f. 9
4,0
1.9
11 6
9 4
16.0
9.4
7.9
7.4
16 9
5.9
6 6
7.0
5 3
6.7
6.4
6 9
6.3
135
13.3
15.6
8.6
4.4
9.1
6.2
4 5
8 4
12.2
119
6.5
7.4
6.8
7.6
6 4
5. 5
7. 7
15. 3
12.2
11 5
13 6
12.7
11.5
9.3
1 1 .0
8.3
17.2
9.3
9.5
0
015
.02
0
.01
.08
!005
01
.03
.01
.01
02
.02
015
005
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
o
o
o
o
0
o
0
o
0
0
.005
o
0
.01
01
01
.01
o
o
o
.005
0
o
o
o
o
.005
005
0
o
.005
.02
.01
n
0
.005
0
.02
01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.03
05
08
.1
. 1
1
. 1
15
07
05
.05
.05
. i
. i
06
. i
03
ilS
1
.07
. 1
1
. 1
06
.05
.05
,015
05
.02
.02
05
05
.08
.03
. i
.07
.05
07
.02
.05
.08
.08
03
.07
.03
. 1
.02
.05
.1
.1
.05
.1
.05
.02
1
05
.02
.02
03
.05
02
I
I
.15
.02
.02
.05
05
.05
.05
.05
03
.05
.03
.03
.08
.05
.08
.07
08
.15
.2
1
.1
.05
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.06
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.05
.07
.02
.05
.08
.03
.02
.03
.05
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
003
002
.003
.005
005
,005
.015
0005
0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
0002
.001
.001
.001
0005
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0008
.0015
.0015
.0008
.002
.0015
.002
.0005
.0005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.002
.0015
.0015
.0001
,0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0015
.001
.0005
.002
0
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.015
02
.015
.07
.015
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.015
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.005
.015
.02
.015
.015
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.0?
.015
.01
.008
.01
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.03
.01
.02
.01
02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.04
.01
.03
.03
.015
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.03
.01
.02
.02
.005
.005
.02
.02
.02
.01
.001
.01
.015
.02
.01
0'
.02
.02
.005
.01
.005
.002
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.015
.015
.005
.005
.002
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.008
.02
.008
.005
.005
.01
.02
.003
.005
.02
,008
.01
.001
.003
.003
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.01
.002
.002
.002
.002
.003
.008
.002
.004
.002
.002
.005
.005
.003
.005
.002
.003
.002
.002
.03
.015
.005
.007
.005
.005
,005
.002
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.002
.003
.002
.002
.008
.005
.002
.002
.003
.004
.01
.0005
.001
.01
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.005
.005
.008
.01
.005
.002
.005
.003
.008
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.002
.002
.0015
.015
.01
.001
.002
.003
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.002
.002
.002
.001
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.01
.001
.01
.02'
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
0
.01
0
.01
,01
.03
.1
.02
.05
.015
.1
.005
.1
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.1
.01
.005
.005
.008
.005
.015
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.2
.15
.15
.1
.1
.1
,005
.005
.1
.02
.005
.005
.005
,005
.05
.1
.005
.005
.005
.005
.02
.03
.05
.005
.005
.01
.2
.01
.05
.1
.02
.05
.03
.01
.08
.008
.008
.05
.01
.01
.01
.05
.03
.01
.02
.01
.1
.01
.01
.005
.003
.02
.03
.02
.005
.02
.03
.04
.04
.02
.02
.05
,007
.007
.02
.02
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.01
.03
.01
.05
.01
.02
.01
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.001
.002
.01
.01
.05
.015
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.01
,03
.005
.01
.005
.007
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.002
.002
.002
.01
.001
.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
.02
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.015
.001
.002
.001
.001
.005
.01
.015
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
0
0
0
.015
.02
.05
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
.02
,008
.02
.02
.02
.08
.02
.005
.03
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.03
.02
.01
.015
.02
.015
.01
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.005
.02
.01
.001
.005
.01
.008
.008
.01
.005
.005
.02
.02
.02
.07
.02
.02
.001
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.002
.003
.001
.002
.002
.005
.003
.005
.002
.001
.001
.005
.01
.008
.005
.003
.003
.001
.005
.001
.005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.008
.01
.001
.002
.001
.001
.01
.01
.008
.002
.001
.005
.005
,01
.05
.02
.005
.008
.05
.01
.01
.1
.02
.02
.05
.05
.005
.05
.1
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.02
.1
.02
.02
.08
.05
.1
.1
.03
.005
.007
.01
.01
.01
,02
.02
.08
.02
.05
.03
.1
.02
.005
.05
.08
, 1
.1
.08
.005
.05
1.0
.05
.01
.02
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.05
.005
.005
.01
.005
,008
.005
.005
.002
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.002
.008
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.01
.007
.01
.009
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
,01
.008
.008
.01
.02
.005
.005
.001
.005
.005
.0005
.0015
.005
.02
.1
.005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
.001
.0005
.05
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.003
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.005
.005
.001
.005
.002
.001
.001
.005
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.003
.01
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.005
.002
.0008
.0015
.0005
.0005
.003
.05
.1
.2
.1
.1
.02
.02
.3
.15
.05
.05
1
.1
.01
.05
.1
,05
.01
.02
.08
.05
.05
.02
.1
.05
.1
.1
.08
.05
.08
.1
.1
.15
.15
.15
.2
.2
.1
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.03
.08
.05
.01
.05
.08
.1
.02
.1
.05
.07
.05
.07
.03
.05
.2
.02
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.01
.07
.03
.05
.02
.03
.05
.02
.05
.08
.03
.05
.02
.03
.02
.03
.03
.02
.05
.05
.04
.015
.02
.03
.03
.02
.05
.05
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.05
.05
.07
.02
,05
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
.03
.02
.01
.03
.02
.005
.03
.02
.02
.05
.008
.005
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.2
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.003
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.003
.02
.02
.01
.05
.05
.02
.01
.005
.008
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.001
.003
.01
.005
.01
.02
.05
.05
.05
.1
.05
.01
.02
.15
.08
.05
.03
.2
.05
.03
.1
.03
.08
.08
.05
.05
.03
.03
.01
.03
.02
.07
.04
.03
.02
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.1
.05
.08
.05
,04
.04
.02
.02
.05
.08
.04
.01
.02
.02
.03
.05
.08
.02
.1
.03
.015
.05
.15
.as
.05
.1
.1
.05
.1
.09
.1
.1
.1
.07
.05
.1
.08
.08
.07
.09
.08
.09
.05
.08
.07
.09
.1
.1
.07
.08
.06
.08
.08
.1
.05
.08
.2
.15
.1
.09
.07
.
.08
.08
.1
.08
.08
.07
.07
.08
.08
.05
.07
.06
.06
.0)
1-H
I—1
00
-------
TABLE 7. - Spectrochcmlcal analyses of coal ash, pcrcenc of aah--Contlnued
and bed
Kentucky-Con.
Pike:
3o. . - . ,
Elkhorn No. 3
Ullllamson (cop bench)...
Do
Union :
Do
Webster;
Maryland:
Allc^any: Pittsburgh and
Carri/cc: Upper and Lower
Missouri:
St. Cl air • Tfibo
Vernon:
Montana :
Daws on:
0,0
Pork:
New Mu-xlco:
Colfax:
Yankee
Do
Do
Rio Arribo:
Do
Ash.
per-.
of
dry
8. 1
0. 1
8.3
6 9
6.S
4.6
9.rt
8.0
6.?
5.2
6.0
9. 5
9.8
9.0
7. 5
10. 4
B.b
11.8
10. 1
12.8
12.2
14 5
4.2
12.8
16.9
19.3
16. B
13.6
7.2
10.0
18.1
23.3
15.3
12.6
12.9
16.3
10.9
14.3
5.9
0.005
.01
.01
n
.005
.15
.005
.01
.005
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
.006
0
0
0
0
0
0
.005
0
0.01
.02
.02
.005
.0'.
.05
.OU8
.01
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
. 1
. 1
.008
.02
.1
. i
.05
.05
.05
.02
.1
.08
.08
.05
.01
,01
.03
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.07
0.1
.1
.06
^
.2
.06
. !
.1
.2
.1
.1
. 1
.1
.02
.03
.05
.04
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.5
.5
.2
.5
. 1
.2
.2
2.0
.02
.8
.03
.8
.2
.05
.05
.1
.1
0.0015
.001
.002
.0001
.001
.002
.0001
.003
.001
.005
.01
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0015
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0001
.002
.0005
.0005
.0005
.005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0001
.0005
.001
.0005
0.03
.02
.015
.015
.01
.015
.015
.02
.03
.02
.05
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.08
.01
.01
.005
.007
.005
.01
.002
.008
.008
.001
.005
.02
.01
.005
.02
.008
.01
.015
.005
0.02
.03
.05
.01
.02
.05
.015
.U2
.05
.01
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.008
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.002
.005
.001
.002
.005
.002
.002
.001
.0}
.01
.005
.02
.01
.015
.01
.01
.DOS
0.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.015
.002
.004
.001
.002
.005
.001
.005
.001
.005
.003
.003
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.001
0.005
.01
.02
.005
.01
.02
.005
.(JOB
.01
.01
.02
.002
.003
.01
.003
.002
.002
.005
.02
.003
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.001
.004
.002
.003
.005
.004
.008
.002
.003
.001
0.003
.005
.01
.002
.01
.02
.0015
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.0005
.001
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.0005
0
0
.002
.001
.001
0
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.002
.00]
.002
.OOU4
0.015
.02
,02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.03
.04
.01
.01
.02
.01
0.2
.2
.03
.1
.02
.02
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.005
.005
.005
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.005
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.005
.002
.02
.001
.001
.005
.002
.015
.005
.005
.005
0.008
.02
.05
.02
.1
.03
.02
.02
.1
.01
.1
.005
.05
.01
.02
.001
.005
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.01
.2
.02
.05
.05
.005
.01
.02
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.01
0.002
.01
.002
.002
.01
.015
.002
.015
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.003
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.001
.001
.001
.01
.002
.01
.001
.002
.003
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
(Cb)
0.01
.005
.005
0
.005
.01
0
0
.005
0
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.005
.005
.002
.002
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.002
.01
0
.005
.005
.005
0
.05
0
.02
.02
0
.02
.02
.08
.03
.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
.03
0
.02
0
0
0
0.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.05
.01
.01
.03
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.005
,02
.1
.05
.1
.1
.1
.002
.004
.001
.001
.01
.002
.002
.001
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.005
.005
.005
Pb
0.002
.008
.01
.002
.01
.01
.0008
.008
.008
.003
.01
.002
.005
.015
.002
.001
.001
.02
.01
.02
.05
.05
.008
.004
.005
.005
.005
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.02
.004
.008
.001
.002
.0005
Rb
0.01
.08
.06
.2
.01
,02
.15
.08
.02
.008
,01
.01
.02
.005
.015
.005
.02
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.001
.001
.005
0
.003
0
.001
.005
0
.005
.01
.008
0
0
0
Sc
0.01
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
.005
.015
.008
.02
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.004
0
.005
.005
.003
.002
.002
.008
.005
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.002
Sn
0.0015
.0005
.003
.0008
.001
.005
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.002
.001
.002
.003
.001
.0008
.0007
.002
.001
.0015
.001
.0005
.0008
.008
.002
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
Sr
0.1
.15
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.15
.1
.02
.03
.05
.08
.1
.05
.02
.05
.05
.03
.09
.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.02
.05
.08
.03
.1
.05
.02
.01
.08
V
o.oz
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.015
.03
.07
.03
.05
.05
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.02
.008
.01
.005
.05
.02
.02
.04
.05
.02
.01
.01
.003
Y
0.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.05
.005
.005
.02
.02
.005
.005
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.DOS
.005
,01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
Zn
0.02
.01
.015
.01
.05
.02
.008
.005
.01
.005
.005
.05
.07
.05
.02
0
.02
.05
.005
.2
.75
.05
.05
.1
.01
.02
.05
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.007
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.05
it
O.I
.05
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.08
.1
.1
.1
.07
.1
.1
.1
,07
.15
.08
.08
.08
.05
.1
.02
.1
.07
.1
.1
.02
.02
.06
.1
.09
.1
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.06
-------
San Juan:
Do
North Dakota:
Burke:
Do
Mercer :
Dr>
Wnrd:
Do
Ohio:
Athens: Middle KUtannlng
Bclmont :
Do
Do
Do
Do ,
On
Carroll:
Lower Fri'cport (No. 7)...
Columbians:
Middle Klttnnnlng
( t,'0 £ )
Coshoc ton :
Lower Klctannlng (No. 5).
Middle Kittannlng
(No. 6)
Call la:
Lower Klttannlng (No. 5).
Guernsey:
Pittsburgh (No. fl)
Harrison:
Middle KUcannlng
(No 6)
Jackson : Brookvl ! le
CNo. 4)
2.9
5.3
7.3
5.5
14.6
16.9
14.4
12.6
12.1
9.3
10.6
7.5
12.4
14.6
10.8
15.4
12.9
9.0
11.1
10.6
1 1,8
11.3
11 .6
12.3
12.4
12.0
10.2
9.6
9. 1
9.4
7.7
4.5
5.9
7.B
12.6
12. 7
17.1
12.6
12.0
11.7
11.3
11.1
12.6
12.0
12.0
12.7
1 3. 7
10.0
.01
.02
.004
0
o
0
0
0
0
.007
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.01
o
0
0
0
.008
.01
.03
.08
.05
.05
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
.03
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.005
.08
.05
.08
.06
.02
.08
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.05
.02
,05
.05
.1
.05
.1
.02
.1
.05
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.1
.15
.1
.08
..07
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.03
.03
.1
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.8
.05
.08
.09
.5
.5
.5
.1
.3
.05
.03
.02
.1
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.08
.05
.05
.02
.03
.02
.1
.05
.1
.08
.1
,1
.005
.03
.05
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.01
.0001
.0005
.0005
.001
.003
.0002
.0005
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.002
.0002
.0007
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.001
.008
.015
.01
.015
.03
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.004
.004
.003
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.008
.01
.005
,01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.008
.01
.003
.01
.015
.04
.005
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.004
.005
.003
.01
.01
.002
.005
.001
.005
,005
.005
.002
.002
.015
.02
.02
.03
.05
.05
.03
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.03
.03
.03
.05
.02
.01
.03
.02
.01
.05
.01
.005
.01
.002
.01
.003
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.02
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.002
.002
.005
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.003
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.0005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.005
.001
.008
.01
.005
.001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0008
.002
.003
.005
.01
.02
.005
.008
.005
.01
.0007
.003
.007
.0005
.003
.005
.015
.008
.002
.001
.002
.0008
.001
.002
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.005
.05
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.1
.03
.05
.1
.05
.05
.05
.1
.08
.03
.05
.05
.05
.02
.08
.02
.08
.03
.05
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.02
.03
.03
.05
.2
.05
.002
.008
.01
.015
.02
.08
.02
.03
.05
.01
.01
.04
.03
.05
.02
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.008
.01
.01
.008
.02
.02
.1
.008
.02
.02
.02
.05
.007
.02
.01
.02
.05
.1
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.004
.005
.001
.01
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.001
.002
.005
.003
.003
.002
.002
.001
.002
.003
.003
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.007
.002
.01
.005
.02
.003
.005
.001
.005
.001
.001
.001
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
0
0
0
.002
.002
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
.002
.008
.003
.01
.02
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
.0003
.003
.005
.002
.001
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.0015
.003
.001
.003
.005
.003
.005
.003
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.01
.001
.001
.002
.001
.003
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.005
.001
.001
.005
.002
0
.005
.002
.005
.01
0
.005
.005
.01
0
.002
0
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.003
.01
.008
.008
.01
.005
.01
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.005
.005
.005
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.005
.005
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.01
.03
.05
.01
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.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
,007
.02
.003
.01
.005
.005
.005
.004
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
,005
.01
.008
,007
.005
.005
.005
.005
.007
.003
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.002
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0007
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001 5
.0005
.002
.002
.0005
.001
.0008
.0015
.001
.001
.0008
.0005
.0015
.0007
.0005
.005
.002
.002
.002
.0005
.0003
.0008
.0002
.0005
.0015
.001
.1
.1
.08
.1
.3
.1
.1
.09
.5
.5
.3
.3
.2
.05
.05
.05
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,02
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.05
.1
.03
.05
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
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.02
.05
.,
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.005
.02
.01
.02
.002
.02
.005
.01
.005
.02
.008
.005
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
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.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.007
.005
.005
.01
.005
.OOB
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.00
.008
.01
.02
I
.in
„.
,
u 1
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.05
.003
.01
.01
.03
.08
.05
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
,02
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.08
.1
.1
.08
.08
.09
.05
.05
.1
.05
.08
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.1
.08
. 15
.1
.05
.1
.1
.06
.0}
.08
.06
.1
•'
rO
O
-------
tABLE 7. - Spectlochemlol analyse) of co«l «»h, percent of nh--Contlnu«d
and bed
Ohio --Con.
Jef ftr son;
H.-ir lv-i
Lower Frecpor t (No. 6A). .
Lower KUcannirw (No. 5).
Middle KLliannLnj
/MJ. 6)
Pit'.iburph (No. 5)
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Lawronvr-:
Lo'-fer Ktttannlng (No. 5).
•.'ili^u*
Kahon ing:
Bro.i'"v] 1 !e (So. t)
[)„
DJ
Do
Do
Mcigs:
Mo r Run:
Suwlcklcy (No. 9)
Do
Muskingun:
Middle Kltcannlng
(f,*o. 6)
Do
Do
Upper Frceport (No. 7)...
Noble:
Dt>
Ptrry:
LO-JCT Kittanning (No. 5).
Do
Middle Klttanning
(No. 6)
Do
Do
Do
Portage : Brookvi lie
fNo. 4)
ScarJt:
Kiddle KilCanning
(No 6)
Do
TufliTdrawas:
Lower KittJiinlng (No. S).
Do
Do
HitJdl c Ki tcannlng
(No. 6)
Do
Ash.
pcr-
of
dry
coal
i 1 .?
10.4
15.1
6.6
M .4
Ki i
6.8
1 7 6
1 1 i
9. 7
1 5 0
1 1 9
t.b
1 5. 5
3 S
7.3
It. 7
1 5, |
5 0
8.7
9 S
1&. 7
1 4 9
1 \ o
2tt 1
IS 1
15. t
tg 3
9.5
12 9
12.3
6 S
10 6
8. 7
11.3
K 9
22 6
10.8
9, 3
19.6
10 1
8.0
0 02
0
.01
Oi
.01
DOS
o
o
O"1
00 i
.(>>
ij)
0
.08
02
01
0^
.01
01
01
o
01
0
01
.005
02
o
01
01
.015
01
COS
.OOb
,OQS
Ul
0)
.01
0 03
.OS
.0!5
O'1
.05
O1
[
05
05
OS
.1
05
OS
1
0-j
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1
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OS
05
05
03
05
.05
03
.08
08
1
05
. 08
03
.05
08
05
08
. 1
0 05
.02
.03
OS
.c:
01
02
02
.Oj
05
02
IP
02
2
03
03
I
02
.1
.05
05
05
02
02
.1
05
02
.03
.0005
.0005
noi
.0005
001
0005
0008
.002
00"*
0(105
0003
002
001
0005
000 S
001
.001
.0015
0001
001
.002
001
.002
.008
.0!
01
.005
01
OOi
01
.02
0°
01
01
01
02
01
.01
.07
01
1
.05
O1
.DOS
.01
.02
0°
.01
03
01
O1
.02
fp
03
02
02
03
03
02
Q->.
.02
.015
01
.02
.0?
.02
.01
01
.005
.02
008
01
01
007
.005
.005
005
.01
_ons
.001
.003
oos
.00.'
.01
OOj
003
005
OO1
.003
.005
01
.ona
.mis
.0003
.002
008
.0015
003
.03
005
002
02
005
.005
.005
.01
_m
.02
.02
O1
.01
0
02
02
.01
.02
.01
.ni
.05
.05
05
.02
05
.1
02
.02
.02
.02
.n?
.008
.01
008
.008
.01
02
.02
.03
.05
.03
.005
.003
005
.001
.03
.005
.005
.01
.onfl
(Cb)
..005
.005
005
,005
0
0
.002
.005
0
0
o
0
.02
0
0
°
)
n
.02
.01
O1
.01
.02
.01
.05
.05
.n?
.0008
.005
008
.002
.008
.OOOi
.005
.005
.ons
.005
.008
003
.005
.005
.02
.009
.005
01
.ons
.005
.008
008
.005
.01
.00)
.007
005
.ooa
.ons
0
.0005
.OOOi
.0008
.0005
.0007
.001
_nn?
.08
.05
05
.02
.08
.05
.05
.02
n?
.05
.01
Q1
.02
.OJ
.01
.02
.02
n?
.02
.01
0?
.005
.0?
.005
.03
.02
02
_m
.02
.02
05
.01
.05
.02
.02
3
.05
.02
.07
.08
08
.05
06
.05
08
.05
.1
05
08
.08
08
02
.OS
-------
Vint on: Kiddle KUCannlng
<».*0. 6)
Washing con: Sevlckley
(So. 9)
Penniy! v*nl« :
Al Icgheny:
Do
Do
Do
Armncrong:
Do
Do » . . . .
Do
Do
Do
Beaver :
Bedford: Lower Klctannlng.
Bu tl cr :
Do
Middle Klctanning
Ombr la :
Do
Do, . ,
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do. .
Do
Do ...
Do
Do
Do
Clarion:
CUirUeld:
Do
Do
Do
7 g
12 2
9. 3
9.S
7 9
26.1
9.9
7.6
10 3
'0 1
8, 7
10.9
1 1 i
6 7
1 0 0
19. i*
10 5
5 9
6* 1
7.8
10.2
8. 9
8.3
13. i
1 2 4
9 6
9. 5
6. 5
7. 7
7 8
7 $
7.3
8.4
7 9
9 3
7 5
8. 7
10 9
B 2
fl. 3
1 2 4
12.0
13.2
9.3
10. 7
$ 3
10.3
9.9
7.2
1 3 2
9 2
9 9
8 5
12 6
10.9
9.5
005
o
.01
.02-
02
ooe
005
.02
02
o
o
.005
005
.08
01
.02
DOS
.02
.01 5
02
0
o
02
.05
05
03
.02
0
0
005
01
.005
.03
005
01
005
.02
o
02
0
01
.02
.01
.03
.01
.01
n
05
01
003
.01
.1
.07
.05
.03
.02
.01
.02
.03
.01
.015
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.03
.05
.015
.002
.05
.05
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.01
.007
.003
.003
.01
.003
.01
.005
.008
.008
.005
.008
.05
.015
.01
.005
.003
.003
.003
.005
.005
.02
•'
.2
.2
.005
.05
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.1
.08
.01
.05
.05
.07
, i
.03
.04
.05
.03
.02
.08
.05
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.02
.05
.02
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.05
.05
.05
.1
.05
.02
.]
.09
.05
.05
.09
.1
.02
.02
.05
.1
.08
.05
.1
.03
.1
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0001
.001
.002
.00!
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0001
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0008
.0005
.0008
.001
.0001
0
.001
.0001
.001
.0001
.001
.0005
.0008
.0001
.0008
.0005
.001
.0008
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0008
.02
.01
.02
.02
.003
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.008
,01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.015
.02
.015
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.008
.02
.03
.015
.015
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.05
.02
.01
.015
.05
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.02
.05
.03
.02
.02
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.015
.05
.01
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02 .
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02'
.03
.05
.01
.05
.02
.01
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.007
.004
.004
.004
.007
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
.005
.05
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.015
.01
.01
.005
.01
.008
.01
.008
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
.002
.008
.008
.005
.01
.01
.002
.004
.002
.004
.003
.005
.005
.004
.005
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.008
.004
.003
.002
.005
.008
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.00-i
.01
.008
.005
.01
.03
,01
.03
.005
.002
.002
.002
.005
.01
.007
.005
.01
.001
.001
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.002
.003
.002
.005
.001
.001
.02
.01
.002
.001
.008
.005
.005
.01
.008
.0005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.003
.005
.003
.0015
.007
.001
.01
.01
.0005
.002
.0015
.005
.005
.002
.008
.003
.01
.005
.008
.008
.003
.001
.001
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02.
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
0
0
.01
0
.01
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.01
.02
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.01
0
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0
.02
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
.02
.02
.004
.004
.005
.008
.008
.05
.005
.05
.15
.15
.1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.05
.005
.03
.003
.1
.01
.005
.002
.01
.15
.2
.1
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.02
.09
.08
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. i
.2
.15
.03
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.15
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.03
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.02
.01
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.008
.01
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.003
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.02
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.01
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.015
.01
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.003
.005
.002
.004
.003
.002
.001
.005
.002
.015
.01
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.01
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.008
.005
.003
.002
.003
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.01
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.015
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.002
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.02
.015
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.01
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0
0
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.0008
.002
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.008
.005
.01
.005
.015
.005
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.008
.01
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.015
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.015
.015
.015
.002
.007
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.008
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.003
.005
.01
.0007
.0008
.001
.0005
.002
.0008
.001
.001
.0008
.0008
.0005
.002
.0005
.0008
.0008
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0002
.001
.0005
.0015
.0005
.001
.001
.0008
.002
.0005
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
.0008
.0003
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.001
,0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0005
.002
.07
.02
.2
.2
.1
.09
.02
.1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.08
.15
.05
.04
.02
.03
.01
.05
.02
.1
.1
.1
.1
.09
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.05
. 1
.1
.03
.02
.1
.09
.05
.05
.09
.1
.1
.08
.,
.1
.08
.08
.1
.08
.15
.02
.02
.05
.04
.02
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.02
.05
.03
.03
.03
.05
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.03
.02
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.01
.03
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.007
.01
.01
.008
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.03
.015
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.0)
.015
.008
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
.02
.008
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.015
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.01
.005
.01
.08
.05
.05
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.08
.01
.02
.03
.005
.015
.08
.005
.01
.01
.08
.05
.015
.05
.01
.01
.08
.01
.008
.008
.005
.01
.02
.:
.01
a
.1
.08
.1
.08
.01
.1
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.03
.08
.03
.03
.07
.08
.07
.08
.1
.1
.1
.1
.05
.1
.05
. 1
.05
.09
.03
.1
.1
.1
.15
.15
.1
.08
.05
.03
.03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.05
.1
.02
.08
.08
.015
.02
.03
.08
.05
-------
TABLE 7. - SpeccrochefBJcal analyse* of coal aah. percent of a»h--Contlnued
Scoce , county,
and bed
Pennsylvania --Can.
Cltarfleld"Con.
Do
Do
Upper Klttannlng
Elk1 Clarion
Fay otic- :
Redstone ( bo C Com bunch) . .
Redstone (cor bench)
Greene:
Do
Indlnnj :
Do
Ou
Do
Do
Do
Jefferson: Lower
Lawrence:
Do
Mercer:
Do
Northumberland;
ScliuylUll:
Mamroch and Buck
IKJ , , . .
Somerset :
U«bliint'ton:
Do
Ash,
pisr-
cenc
of
dry
11.0
n.5
ii.i
15.2
12.5
11.9
9.7
9.5
9.2
10.8
10. 4
11.2
9.1
13.0
7.4
9 4
11.3
8 7
11.3
8.0
8.t)
10.9
8.9
9.E
10.2
8.8
10 9
a. 2
7.2
10. 1
7 6
10.1
10.3
5.1
11.2
12.8
5.7
8.4
13.8
11.1
10.6
11 0
13.7
6.0
6 7
8.0
9.3
As
0.01
.01
.08
.08
.OS
.01
.0! 5
,n07
.0!5
.02
.008
.004
.O"1
.01
.02
01 5
.02
01
.01
0
0
0
,005
0
.08
.015
08
.01
0
008
01
.02
.02
.02
.05
o
.005
0
0
.005
,00"i
0
0
.02
005
.02
0
'
0.003
.005
.01
.008
.01
.005
.01
.05
.02
.05
.05
.05
.03
.01
.003
005
.01
01
.005
.003
.01
.005
.005
.002
.01
.005
002
.005
.005
01
01
.03
.03
.08
03
.003
.05
05
.005
.004
.005
007
.003
.01
01
.05
.02
Bo
0.05
.15
.3
.2
.08
.02
.5
.05
.05
.05
.05
,1
.05
.02
.02
1
.08
02
.15
.02
.02
.05
.08
.2
.05
.05
05
.02
.05
05
1
.07
.07
.04
1
.04
.02
.02
.02
.08
.1
1
.05
.15
08
.02
.05
Be
0.0001
.0015
.001
.0008
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.001
,001
.0001
.0001
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.001
000!
.0005
.0001
0001
002
.002
.00?
.003
002
.0005
.0005
.0008
0005
.001
.0005
0005
.0005
.0005
001
.0005
.0008
Co
0.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.004
.015
.015
.05
.02
.015
.015
.015
.02
.008
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
01
03
.015
,02
.03
01 5
.02
.01
.008
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.015
05
.01
.01
Cr
0.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.001
.02
05
.01
.02
.02
01
.04
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
03
.05
.02
Cu
0.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.OS
.015
.005
.005
.01
.01
.003
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.00)
.008
05
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.003
.002
.002
.02
.03
.01
.015
.015
01 5
.005
.008
Ca
0.002
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.003
.01
.02
.004
.01
.002
.02
.005
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.002
.002
02
.005
.01
.01
01
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
.01
.002
. 005
005
.002
.005
Ce
0.0015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.005
.002
.007
.01
.005
.002
.005
.0005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.002
.0005
.001
.02
.008
.002
.002
.0005
DOS
.01
,001
.001
.01
.0015
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.0008
.003
.0005
.0008
001
.005
.002
L.
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
,01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
LI
0.03
.005
.1
.05
.02
.1
.005
.05
.08
.02
,05
.05
.05
.02
.04
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.05
.2
.1
.1
.05
. 1
.008
.08
. 1
.02
.03
.05
.008
.005
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.05
.01
.1
.02
.01
,1
.05
Mn
0.01
.03
.015
.1
.02
.01
.005
.04
.02
.1
.1
.02
.05
.02
.01
.05
.008
.01
.015
.015
.01
.02
.01
.005
.03
.005
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.005
.001
.002
.01
.05
.05
.05
.005
.02
.01
.009
.05
.008
.005
.02
.02
Ho
0.01
.005
.02
.03
.03
.005
.005
.004
.007
.015
.01
.003
.01
.002
.01
.015
.02
.01
.02
.015
.015
.015
.015
.001
.02
.005
.03
.002
.001
.015
.01
.005
.002
.01
.005
,002
.002
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.001
.003
.002
.01
.008
Kb
-------
Veitmoreland;
Do , *
Do
Tennessee:
Andcr ton:
Campbcl 1 :
Jel lico ...
Do
Do
Claiborne:
jcllico
Do
Do
Grundy :
Pulnan; Bon Air ^o- 2
Scott:
Do
UHh:
Carbon :
Do
Do
Do
Do •
Do
Do
Do
Entry:
F.Tron "A"
til fl'jath*
!>i
:>,
[.
V 1 1 1 ; - : .
r.,i,
8.1
11.9
7.6
8.2
12.1
16.5
7.7
n.9
13 5
2.8
10.0
t>.8
4.8
5.1
t>.2
10. 7
8.2
12.5
Q 6
9 .9
9. 7
10.0
6.1
13.1
5.6
9.6
17,2
8.1
9.6
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.8
6.0
5. 7
7.0
6.7
5.9
6.8
6.3
8.2
7.6
8.0
b 2
6.9
9 6
7.2
0
.01
o
.01
.02
.005
3
D
0
,o:
.02
.01
.02
.01
005
.02
.03
.005
.003
.03
.005
Q
0
0
!)
• n.'
.02
.008
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.o->
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.015
.02
.008
.015
.Olb
.01
.01
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.015
.05
.0*.
.02
.1
.08
.1
_ 1
.08
.05
.08
.1
.08
.08
.03
.09
.08
.1
.3
.08
.09
. 1
.01
.01
.05
.2
.05
.05
.02
.2
.1
.08
.08
.1
,1
.08
.15
.15
.05
.22
.1
.08
.4
.08
.05
.1
.12
.12
.2
.2
.03
.1
.1
.03
.05
.1
.05
.1
.08
.08
.2
.1
.3
.3
.1
.05
.02
.1
.1
.1
.0003
.0005
.0001
.001
.005
.0002
.0005
.0002
.0002
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0001
.0001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.OOOS
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0002
0
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0002
.0005
0
.001
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.008
.015
.005
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.008
.005
.015
.014
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.02
.01
.003
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.001
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.0118
.008
.01
.01
.003
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.05
.02
.015
.015
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.03
.015
.02
.05
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.008
.008
.008
.01
.005
.02
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.008
.008
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.008
.002
.002
.001
.005
.002
.005
.005
.003
.005
.01
.005
.01
.OU!
.002
.002
.005
.003
.004
.002
.005
.005
.002
.02
.02
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.002
.002
.01
.01
.005
.001
.008
.01
.002
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.008
.002
.008
.002
.003
.01
.005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.003
.002
.003
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.001
.002
.015
.01
0
.002
.001
.005
.005
.0002
.003
.0005
.001
.003
.001
.005
.01
.002
.005
.0015
.001
.001
.008
.008
.002
.002
.0008
.001
.008
.01
.0008
.0015
0
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.01
.005
.008
0
0
0
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.005
.015
.01
.01
.015
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
0
.015
.02
.1
.08
.02
.05
.05
.2
.1
.05
.1
.03
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.015
.02
.1
.1
.2
.05
.2
.1
.003
.003
.005
.015
.005
.005
.01
.008
.05
.02
.005
.008
.01
.008
.1
.05
.02
.05
,15
.01
.01
.005
.1
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.03
.1
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.015
.01
.02
.01
.008
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.03
.02
.007
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.05
.002
.01
.008
.005
.01
.02
.008
.02
.02
.03
.005
.005
.1
.03
.1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.015
.008
.01
.015
.01
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001
.002
.02
.02
.002
0
0
0
.005
0
0
.002
.002
.005
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.005
0
.005
0
0
.005
0
0
0
0
0
.002
0
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.002
.001.
.008
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.02
.015
.01
0
0
0
.02
.01
.02
0
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
0
0
0
.03
.03
0
.01
0
.01
.03
0
.01
.01
0
0
.01
.015
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
.05
0
0
.01
0
0
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.005
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.03
.015
.01
.015
.001
.002
.002
.008
.005
.002
.003
.015
.005
.002
.006
.008
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.008
,005
.01
.001
.05
.1
.003
.0008
.0008
.005
.01
.0008
.0008
.008
.008
.003
.005
.01
.01
.0008
.01
.005
.005
.0003
.008
.008
.002
.0008
.0008
.01
.0008
.0008
.005
.0008
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.005
.001
.002
.0008
.002
.003
.002
.004
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.02
.005
.1
.1
.01
.05
0
.05
.02
.015
.1
.1
.05
.005
.01
.2
.?
.08
.03
.02
.1
.05
.008
.08
.08
0
.008
0
.005
.01
.002
.002
0
0
.005
.002
.005
0
0
0
0
0
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.02
.05
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.03
.005
.01
.007
.01
.008
.02
.01
.01
.005
.003
.015
.01
.015
.007
.005
.008
.005
.03
.005
.005
.01
.002
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.005
.002
.005
.001
.005
.005
.002
.003
.005
.004
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.01
.02
.0008
.003
.0005
.001
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0008
.002
.0008
.005
.002
.0005
.01
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.0008
,001
.0008
.0008
.008
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0008
.001
.001
.001
.005
.001
.001
.0002
.0005
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.0015
.005
.002
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.002
.005
.1
.15
.1
.15
.02
,
.2
.1
.1
.15
.05
.1
.1
.2
.02
.OS
.15
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
,1
. 1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.1
.1
.3
.1
.3
. 1
.1
.1
.2
.15
.1
.2
.2
.15
.1
.1
.15
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.05
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.02
.02
.03
.015
.08
.02
.03
.03
.005
.01
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.015
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
.01
.005
.008
.01
.02
.005
.01
.005
.01
.05
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.008
.01
,01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.001
.005
.008
.008
.01
.008
.003
.003
.002
.01
.01
.008
.015
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.002
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.0:
.02
.015
.005
.05
.02
.01
.01
.08
.02
.05
.03
.01
.005
.02
.03
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.005
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.015
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.015
.005
.01
.005
.02
.«»
.08
.08
.08
.02
.1
.03
.015
.05
.05
.1
.02
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.03
.03
.02
.015
.0?
.0.'
.02
.05
.03 ,_,
.2 1
.05 N)
.02 *-
.06
.07
.05
.03
.1
.1
.1
.1
.02
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
''
.05
.05
-------
TABLE 7. - Spjctrochtmlcal an»ly«e« of coil »lh. pc.icent of ash—Continued
Stacc, county. .
and bed
Virginia—Con.
Buchanan—Con.
Hi.gy
D,i
Jewel 1 .
Do
Do
Sp! J>h Dan
Do
Do
Do
Do
Diet cns.in:
H,>gv
Do
D0
Let:
Montgomery:
' Russell :
Do
Ti 1 li:r
DJ
HJ
Tajrufl 1:
Widu:
U,,
D.-
Ash,
per-
cent
of
dry
CL>.ll
6.3
5.5
8.0
2.8
4.0
7 7
I i l
6.0
4.*
2.7
7.1
10.4
5.7
5. J
6.8
6.9
6.8
6 J
5.5
8.8
6.3
13.1
10. (1
b.t>
7.9
2.8
11. 7
1 1. 0
1 ? 5
6.2
9.9
13.3
\'i 9
5.e
11.1
; 7
6.2
5. 7
;.4
6 2
8.5
5.4
5.5
4.4
1 .8
As
0.005
.05
0
.01
.0:
01 5
01 S
.05
. or
.01
.015
.COS
.005
0
.01
.0'
0
02
.01
.02
.01
0
0
.005
.005
0
0
0
02
.03
0
.005
DOS
0
0
o
.01
0
.01
01
02
.01
.02
."1
.01
B
0.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
0"*
01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
0'
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
00'
01
.06
.02
.01
005
.1103
.005
01
.OOS
.015
.01
02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.04
Bo
0.08
.1
.1
.15
.1
1
1
. 1
.2
,1
. |
2
.1
.07
. 1
. l
.1 5
.06
.1
.1
.1
.05
,1
.1
.3
.2
102
i
. i
.1
.1
.2
.1
. |
. |
3
.1
.2
.06
.2
.03
.15
1 2
.2
.2
Be
0.001
.002
.0005
.002
,002
0005
0005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0008
.002
.002
.001
.0005
.0003
.001
.0008
.002
.005
.0002
0005
0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
001
.001
.0005
001
.001
.00:
.002
.001
.001
.1)01
.001
.002
.005
Co
0.01
.05
.01
.05
.05
01 5
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
O7
.015
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
01
.01
.01
02
.015
.03
.02
.02
01 5
.015
.02
.1)1
.03
.07
Cr
0.02
.01
.02
.01
.05
V
.01
.05
.05
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.08
.05
.01
.05
.0)
.01
005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
01
.01
.02
02
.01
.02
.02
.03
05
.03
.05
.02
.02
.01
Cu
0.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01 5
.015
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.005
.005
.03
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
(12
.01
.02
.01
.008
.02
.02
.005
.003
.015
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
02
.01
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.112
.02
.02
.03
Co
0.005
.002
.005
.003
.02
.003
.005
.02
.01
.002
.01
.01
.003
.005
.02
.01
.005
.01
.015
.01
.002
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.002
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.1)02
.005
01
.005
.01
.01
.01
01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.005
Ce
0.005
.005
.001
.002
.008
.001
.0005
.008
.005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.002
.01
.008
.0005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.0005
.0008
.005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.0005
.008
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.0005
.01)05
.0005
.005
.001
.002
.005
.005
005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
Li
0.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
LI
0.05
.01
,15
.02
.02
.1
.03
.02
.05
.01
.02
.1
.Oi
.1
.05
.05
.1
.03
.05
.05
.01
.01
.05
.05
.02
.02
.01
.1
.03
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
.01
.08
.15
.05
. 1
.02
.02
.01
.03
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
Hn
0.05
.01
.1
.05
.1
.05
.01
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.02
.007
.01
.05
.05
.005
.05
.03
.02
.008
.1
.1
. 1
.1
.1
.01
.03
.01
.08
,1
.1
.05
.05
.05
.005
.02
.1
.02
.112
.08
.OJ
.OJ
.05
.05
.03
.08
.01
Ho
0.01
.005
.001
.01
.02
.007
.001
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.00)
.001
.015
.01
.001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.01
,00i
.02
.01
.01
.001
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
.002
.002
.002
.01
.001
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.015
.02
.02
.01
Nb
(Cb>
0.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.00)
.005
0
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
Nd
0.01
0
0
0
.01
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
.02
.02
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.02
.02
0
.02
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
0
Nl
0.02
.02
.01
.05
.05
.02
.01
.05
.05
.05
.03
.02
.01
.01
.05
.05
.01
,02
.05
.03
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.03
.05
.02
.05
Pb
0.00}
.003
.005
.005
.01
.005
.002
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.002
.007
.02
.008
.003
.01
.01
.008
.003
,003
.008
.01
.01
.008
.005
.02
.001
.01
.005
.008
.008
.005
.003
.001
.003
.01
.005
.008
.01
.008
,01
.01
.02
.005
.01
.005
ab
0.01
.002
.008
.005
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
0
.02
.3
.007
.005
.01
.01
.005
.07
.02
.01
.005
.001
.02
.01
.06
.02
.01
0
.01
.03
.015
.01
.3
.02
.02
.005
.005
.05
.01
.02
.05
.005
.03
.02
.06
.02
.03
.002
Sc
0.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.005
.015
.005
.01
.003
.02
.015
.005
.01
.015
.01
.003
.007
.01
.01
.005
.006
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
,005
.01
.008
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.007
Sn
0,0008
.0005
.002
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.01
.01
.OOi
.005
.0008
.0005
.001
.008
.002
.001
.008
.005
.002
.0005
.001
.005
.002
.005
.001
.005
.001
.0005
.005
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0015
.005
.003
.005
.008
.003
.005
.002
.005
.001
Sr
0.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.1
.3
.07
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
,1
.1
.1
.12
.1
.1
.06
.2
.2
.005
.15
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.15
.2
.J
.2
.04
.2
.1
.04
.06
.2
.04
.2
V
0.05
.05
.05
.02
.08
.05
.015
.1
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.1
.02
.02
.1
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.03
.02
.05
.03
.03
.02
.03
.05
.05
.02
.1
.OS
.03
.05
.1
.08
.05
.OS
.02
T
0.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.007
.02
.0?
.01
.02
.0:
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.015
.02
.015
,02
Zn
0.02
.01
.02
.005
.OS
.01
.005
.01
.05
.005
.02
.005
0
.005
.OS
.02
.008
.02
.08
,0d
.007
.005
.005
.05
.015
.01
.05
.1
0
.01
.007
.1
.02
.02
.005
0
.005
,008
.01
.05
.05
.02
.015
.03
.05
.02
.1
.02
Zr
O.OS
.1
.OS
.OS
.OS
.07
.08
.0)
.05
.05
.02
.05
.1
.07
.1
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.07
.1
.05
.02
.05
.03
.02
.05
.07
.05
.07
.03
.05
.09
.1
.05
.OB
.03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
.02
.05
.1
I
N>
i-n
-------
Washington:
King:
Pierce:
•It,. 7
No 8
So 1 1 .... ....
West VURinla:
Barbour :
Do
Do
Boone :
Do
Mini f rede
Do
Braxton:
Cloy:
Do
Pnyeccc:
C 1 1 tnu r :
Do
Crecnhr Icr:
Scud 1
9.5
22.4
12.4
11.2
6.1
14.2
13.0
10. b
12.4
6.8
9.0
8.8
9.1
9.8
7.1
8.5
16.2
14.2
13.3
8.5
11.6
5.2
).3
8.6
5.2
6.!
6.3
6.0
14.3
4.5
27.9
10.7
11.0
13.0
8.2
8.5
14.7
5.9
6.0
7.6
4.8
12.1
10.8
7.1
6.3
7.5
5.3
6.4
6.0
5.9
11.6
9.7
5.6
7. 7
5.6
4.6
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.008
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
.015
.005
.03
0
.008
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.1
.05
.005
.01
.03
.01
.015
.02
.02
.03
.1*5
.05
.07
.08
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
. 05
.03
t ]
.01
.01
,02
.05
.05
.01
.1)1
.005
.01
. 01
.02
.02
. 01
,01
.03
.05
.015
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
. 01 5
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.05
.01
.02
.15
.05
.1
.1
, 5
.15
.15
.03
. i
. i
. 1
.1
, i
.2
.1
f 1
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
. |
.05
.05
. i
.05
.15
.1
.05
.05
.02
.05
.08
.05
f 1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.05
.66
.2
.03
. 1
.2
.1
.08
•
.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0003
.0003
.002
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.005
.0002
.0008
.002
.0005
.0005
.02
.0005
.0008
.001
.0003
.0015
.0001
.001
.0008
.0005
0
.002
.001
.002
.001
.0002
.0001
.001
.0002
.002
.001
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.015
.008
.01
.005
.005
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.05
.02
.015
.02
.02
.05
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
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.03
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.02
.015
.008
.02
.02
.05
.05
.03
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.01
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.05
.05
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.01
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.05
.02
.02
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.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.008
.01
.02
..015
.05
.015
.015
.03
,02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.05
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
,005
.01
.01
.01
.015
.006
.01
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.01
.02
.02
.0!
.02
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.02
.02
.015
.01
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.015
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.02
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.003
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.01
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.004
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.008
.008
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.002
.005
.002
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
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.002
.003
.02
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.001
.001
.001
.0007
.001
.0007
.001
.005
.005
.002
.00!
.003
.0008
.001
.01
.005
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.001
.002
.01
.003
.001
.005
.005
.001
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.0005
.01
.005
.00)
.001
.001
.0015
.002
.001
.002
.005
.02
.0008
.002
.005
.01
.001
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
-.02
.01
.01
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.01
1
.01
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0
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0
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.004
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.02
.05
.01
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.03
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.15
.02
.05
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.1
.007
.05
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.15
.2
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' .1
.1
.15
.05
.02
.1
.08
.05
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.)
.2
.05
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.05
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.02
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.02
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.02
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.08
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.008
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.02
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.005
.01
.01
.02
.007
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.005
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.003
.008
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
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.005
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.005
0
.005
0
0
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0
0
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.01
0
0
.002
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.002
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„
0
0
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1
1
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0
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0
0
0
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.02
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.02
.02
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.02
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.01
.03
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.005
.005
.002
.001
.0015
.0015
.0015
.01
.01
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.005
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.001
.003
.005
.0005
.005
.0005
.008
.002
.001
.008
.008
.005
.002
.001
.008
.008
.0008
.01
.002
.005
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.005
.003
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.02
.001
.01
.01
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.06
.008
.005
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.001
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0
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.004
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.003
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.002
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.015
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.01
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.008
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.001
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.0007
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.002
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.001
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.001
.001
.002
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.0008
.002
.001
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.002
.002
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.003
.002
.001
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.001
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.002
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.02
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.02
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.00]
.015
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.02
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.0)
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.01
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0
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.01
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.01
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.01
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.02
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.1
.1
.1
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. 1
, 1
. 1
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. 1
.08
.07
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.08
.05
.08
.05
.07
.08
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.03
.03
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. 1
.02
.03
.2
.05
.1
.05
.1
.1
-------
TABLE 1. - Spcctroclieinlcul analyses nf coil ash, ptrcenc of Jsh— Continued
and bed
Vett Virginia --Con.
Horrl son:
Do
Do
Redstone
Do
Do,
Do
Eagle
Do
Do ...
Do ......
D)
Do
Lewis:
Do
Do
Do
Ash,
p«r-
of
-------
Logan:
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Chi 1 con
Do.
Do.
Do
Do
Eflglc
Mar ion;
Do
Do
Do
Dn.
Do
Mason:
McDowell;
Mercer: Pocahontas No. 3..
Ming,;
Do
Do
Eagle
Monunga! i J:
Do
Do
Do
Du
On
Do ..
IVj
DM
NUli -1.it:
C*ryl>i 1 1 Cr?ch
f\.. . . , , . t . . t 4 ,
C l^iUlt1
[•
;> .
7 9
7.8
7.2
6. i
5 9
8.6
9.6
5 6
1 3 9
2 9
5 2
5 0
**. \
6 2
S. 1
9. 5
7 7
7.5
10,0
7.5
5 fl
10. b
1 1 7
1 *• 9
1 7 0
£, 0
6 7
6.5
10 9
3 9
3 3
5. 7
3.4
4 3
5. 1
5. 3
9 0
0 0
q 2
7 7
1 1 0
1 \ 9
12.0
10 1
1 1 5
1 *• 3
U. )
1.8
li. *>
1 7.6
1 7 4
<. 9
3 3
t> 8
7 8
'* 5
; ^
«, •»
o
Q
.02
.01
005
.05
.015
o
o
015
0
o
0
0
.005
0
005
.005
.01
0
o
0
o
01
01
02
o
0
007
005
0 1
.01
005
03
.008
.01
o
Qftf>
OU5
o
o
01
o
o
o
o
.01
.01
.005
0
o
.03
p
o
005
0
(
02
005
.01
02
01
.02
02
02
01
02
02
01
.03
008
01
01
05
05
05
.02
05
.02
03
03
02
005
01
.005
01
03
07
.01
03
01
. Ob
.02
05
05
03
02
01
005
.03
03
O*1
008
.01
.01
.03
,02
01
.02
02
02
01
005
.
1
05
.1
1
07
.05
05
05
1
005
05
05
. 1
1
1
08
1
08
07
.1
1
05
08
1
1
08
.1
1
07
.15
05
1
1
08
08
02
2
05
03
.05
.02
.08
. |
07
2
2
08
OS
003
0005
0015
002
001
.001
002
001
001
005
003
008
.002
001 5
005
0001
0005
0002
0005
0001
0002
.0002
0005
001
005
001
.001
001
001
00"*
.0005
001
001
.001
.0015
.0005
.001
.0002
0005
0005
001
.0003
.0005
001
0005
.0002
.0005
0002
.001
0005
002
OOt 5
001
0001
05
01
005
01 5
02
.01
.02
02
Ot 5
02
02
03
.03
015
05
01
01 5
005
008
01
008
01
01
05
02
.02
03
04
02
.02
.02
02
.05
.05
.005
.01
.01
.005
.02
01
.015
.005
01
01
.008
.02
.01
.01
015
01 5
05
01 5
01 5
02
008
002
02
01
.02
03
02
005
02
01
01
.02
01
0"*
01
01
005
01
.02
01
005
02
02
02
02
05
.01
01 5
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.n?
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
02
01
.01
.007
. 05 •
.02
01
02
02
02
01
008
01
02
01
.01
.02
02
005
015
02
02
.01
01
.02
01
005
002
003
.008
001
002
005
008
U2
03
.02
01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.03
.005
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.009
,008
.00*.
02
002
.005
.005
008
.005
002
02
005
005
005
01
005
.015
.01
.02
005
007
.008
01
.008
005
.01
005
005
001
003
.002
002
002
005
005
008
01
.005
001
.008
.001
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.004
.005
.002
.005
.003
005
.01
003
005
004
002
005
01
01
003
02
003
001
002
01
002
.01
.005
008
001 5
.007
005
01
.005
002
.005
001
003
0005
001
.005
01
.002
001
008
02
002
.0015
002
.002
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.005
.005
.001
.005
.0005
.002
.002
004
.002
005
005
001
0005
OO1
001
005
0005
008
02
01
o
01
02
.01 5
.02
.03
02
01
.03
02
.02
01
03
01
01
01
o
01
01
.01
01
01
02
01
.02
0?
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
,01
0
.01
.01
.02
01
,015
01
01
01
01
01
02
01
02
02
2
1
05
005
.02
.01
02
03
.06
.05
03
.1
1
.007
08
01
.005
005
.15
03
005
005
2
005
2
.1
1
.01
.05
.08
.005
.02
.05-
.1
.007
.05
.005
.01
008
02
.08
008
05
006
005
008
05
05
01
01
01
002
02
008
.03
.02
.03
01
.01
.005
005
.005
02
.01
005
01
008
02
01
005
.008
05
08
01
1
.01
02
.008
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.007
.02
.01
.005
,01
01
02
.02
02
01
004
005
001
02
01
005
05
001
001
D
005
001
,01
.01
.01
001
.001
.001
001
.001
002
002
005
00 1
.001
002
01
003
.001
001
005
003
01
.003
001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.005
.002
.005
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
002
.015
002
005
001
002
.002
01
005
001
o?
003
005
o
005
005
*02
.01
03
007
002
.005
005
.005
o
01
o
005
005
005
0
005
.005
005
o
005
o
.005
005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
005
0
002
005
005
.002
.005
005
002
001
002
o
o
.01
o
.005
.005
002
o
o
o
o
o
02
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
02
03
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
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o
o
o
o
o
01
01
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005
02
02
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05
01
05
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02
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015
02
01 5
01
008
01
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01
002
01
01
02
02
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01
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01 5
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02
01 5
01
01
02
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01
005
002
008
003
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01
005
003
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0008
01
005
005
002
005
0008
01
002
002
008
005
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.005
001
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.005
.00?
.005
,005
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.02
. 002
01
002
001 5
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01
005
002
01
005
002
007
01
01
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002
o
.007
0
o
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01
02
005
01
01
005
02
02
005
02
01
1
02
.015
06
.01
001
.008
001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.005
02
005
02
005
.03
008
01
01 5
002
05
01
003
02
.01
015
02
005
015
.008
008
.008
01
01
01 5
005
003
005
01
005
002
003
01
01
01
.008
005
.008
.01
.008
008
.01
.01 5
.015
.002
002
002
01
01
01
.01
005
008
008
005
. 001
002
005
001 5
0005
001 5
001
.001
0005
002
0006
001
0005
001
0008
001
002
0005
003
OOOB
.0008
001
001
001
.0005
001
002
001
.001
.002
001
0005
001
001
002
.0008
001
0005
001
1
08
05
2
1 5
2
2
1 5
05
05
1
1
1
I
1 5
2
.1
2
1 5
2
. 15
05
is
2
.2
3
1
I
1
1
1
1
02
.15
05
02
01 5
05
02
02
03
05
03
02
002
03
03
03
OJ
.03
02
03
02
.02
02
03
05
.03
01
02
02
02
03
03
01 5
.03
02
02
05
05
02
01
02
005
002
01 5
015
01
.02
005
02
02
.02
02
01
02
03
008
05
01
01
01
004
01
.015
005
08
01
05
08
005
08
01
005
01
06
02
.01
02
005
05
.005
005
03
0?
03
005
02
02
02
02
01
01
03
05
05
2
1
08
08
02
03
02
]
03
.07
01
1
.08
1
07
08
1
08
08
08
05
I
to
00
-------
TABLE 7. - Spectroctiemlcal «naly»e» of coal ath. percent of ash—Continued
State, county.
and bed
West Virglnla'-Con.
Nlcholaa--Con.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Vint f rtid<;
Ohio: Pittsburgh
Pres ton :
Do
Do
Do
Do ....
Do
Do
Raleigh:
D«.
Do ...
Si_MOl 1 . .
Rjodol ph:
Do
Si-ktl 1
Tuck IT:
D,i
Ash.
per-
cent:
of
dry
coal
7.9
8.7
4.8
10.2
4.2
4.3
2.3
6.3
3.7
3.2
2 4
9.5
8.4
6.7
4.9
10.6
17.3
9.9
7.3
8.0
10 6
15. 7
9.6
9.5
11 .1
17.4
13.8
8.0
11.2
16.2
22.2
6 6
22.6
7.8
9.3
7.7
8.5
7.4
8.1
5.9
5.6
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.1
3 5
2.1
9.9
3.9
10.6
12.8
AS
0
.005
.008
.0!
.01
0
0
.03
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.02
.05
.01
.01
.03
0'
.015
.005
0
.005
0
.02
.005
.009
.015
.01
0
0
.02
.005
.02
.01
0
0
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
002
0
0
0
.01
0
B
.02
.02
.03
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
,02
.01
.2
.02
.02
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
005
.008
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.005
.005
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.01
.005
.01
02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.008
Ba
.08
.1
.08
.05
.1
i
.2
. I
.1
,0ft
.1
.1
.15
.05
•>
.1
.05
.1
.01
.05
.08
.09
.2
.02
,05
.04
.05
.03
.03
.02
.02
05
.05
.05
.02
.05
. l
. 1
OR
.05
.02
.04
. 1
.02
.1
3
.02
.05
.1
.03
.1
Be
.0001
.0005
.002
.0008
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.0015
.002
.001
.001
.005
.0007
.0005
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0002
.001
.0008
,001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0005
0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0001
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.003
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0008
Co
.015
.015
.02
.01
.02
.04
.1
.02
.05
.08
.03
.015
.015
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.015
.03
.01
.008
.015
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
03
.02
.02
.03
.008
.015
.01
.005
.02
.01
.02
.05
.06
.03
.05
.03
.01
.03
.015
.015
Cr
,02
.03
.02
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.005
.001
.02
.02
.1
.03
.05
.04
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.015
.02
.005
.05
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.02
.08
.03
Cu
.02
.02
.02
.008
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
,02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.003
.008
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.015
.01
.01
.005
.015
.01
.003
.007
.01
.005
.005
.02
.008
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
Co
.01
.01
.01
.004
.008
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
,003
.002
.001
.003
.005
.004
.002
.008
.005
.02
.003
.005
.01
.005
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.02
.005
.008
.002
.005
.01
.002
.002
.005
.004
.005
.001
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
Ce
.OOI
.0008
.002
.0005
.002
.003
.05
.01
.02
.01
.01
.002
.001
.005
.001
.01
.002
.005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.0015
.001
.01
.001
.0015
.001
.001
.0005
.0007
,001
.001
.002
.01
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.01
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.01
.008
.005
.008
.001
.no 3
La
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
0
.01
.01
.015
0
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.0!
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
Lt
.02
.05
.02
.01
.05
.005
.02
.OS
.02
.005
.05
.02
.1
.01
.01
.02
.1
. 15
.008
.007
.008
.1
.1
.01
.01
.02
.1
.01
.008
.03
.1
.07
.1
.01
.015
.05
.015
.02
.02
.2
.008
.003
.1
.008
.01
.1
.01
.02
.02
.02
.08
Mn
.3
.1
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.002
.01
.01
.1
.1
.1
.007
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.1
.001
.1
.005
.02
.05
.01
.006
.007
.008
.007
.007
.02
.03
.005
.01
.00)
.02
.001
.002
.005
.008
.02
.02
.01
.005
.015
.02
.015
Mo
.015
.015
.015
.002
.015
.01
.02
.02
.015
.002
.002
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.004
.01
.01
.02
.015
.002
.02
.002
.005
.02
.005
.002
.005
.004
.002
.003
.02
.015
.001
.003
.001
.01
.003
.005
.01
.004
.005
.015
.02
.01
.015
.01
.015
Nb
(Cb)
0
.005
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
.003
.005
.01
.002
.005
.001
0
.003
.005
.005
0
.002
.008
.004
0
0
.01
.005
.004
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.01
.005
0
.002
.002
.005
.002
.003
0
0
.005
.002
.002
.008
Kd
.01
.02
0
0
.02
0
.05
.01
.03
0
.03
.01
0
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.015
.03
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.03
.02
.03
0
.03
Nl
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.02
.1
.05
.1
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.02
.01
.05
.01
.005
.05
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.1
.02
.01
.01
.005
.02
.008
.015
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
Pb
.005
.01
.008
.004
.005
.003
.01
.01
.01
.01
.001
.005
.001
.01
.005
.007
.002
.0008
.0015
.008
.005
.0005
.002
.004
.01
.001
.002
,01
.003
.002
.0005
.003
.002
.002
.01
.0008
.01
.001
.002
.008
.003
.005
.01
.005
.004
.008
.005
.01
.008
.01
.005
Kb
.05
.02
.02
.005
.08
.01
.005
.05
.01
.008
.008
.0!
.008
.01
.01
.001
.01
.01
0
.003
.01
.05
.05
.005
.005
.02
.01
.03
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.002
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.02
.1
.005
.005
.05
.02
.05
Sc
.005
.01
.01
.008
.008
.01 -
.02
.02
.003
.005
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.003
.01
.008
.01
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.02
.003
.01
.02
.015
.007
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.02
0
.008
.02
.015
.01
.01
Sn
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.01
.0005
.0007
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0003
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0007
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.002
. 00(18
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.01
.001
.001
.0008
.0005
.001
.0008
.0008
.0005
Sr
.1
.1
.2
.1
.15
.15
.1
.1
.3
. 1
.2
.2
.08
.1
.2
.02
.1
.1
.05
.08
.15
. 1
.1
.1
.05
.07
. 1
.06
.15
.02
.05
.08
.1
.1
.02
.1
.05
.12
.05
.1
.1
.1
.05
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.06
.1
V
.02
.03
.05
.02
.03
.04
.1
.1
.1
.02
.03
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.05
.08
.09
.02
.02
.05
.05
.08
.02
.03
.005
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.03
.1
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.03
Y
.008
.01
.02
.005
.01
.015
.05
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.008
.015
.05
.015
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.005
.015
.01
.02
.005
.003
.02
.015
.03
.005
.02
.01
.015
.01
.008
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.015
.008
.015
Zn
.015
.01
.02
.04
.02
.04
.05
.08
.08
.05
.02
0
.005
.05
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
. 1
.05
.01
.005
.05
.03
.005
.005
.015
,005
.03
.05
.005
.05
.004
0
.01
.03
. 1
.01
.04
.015
.02
.01
.005
.015
.05
.02
Zr
.05
.05
.05
.07
.03
.08
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.05
.02
.05
.05
.1
.1
.02
.07
.1
.1
.015
.05
. 1
.02
.08
.1
.03
.1
.1
.1
.08
. 1
.09
.03
.05
.08
.15
.1
.03
.09
.09
.1
.08
.08
.05
.03
.02
.05
.05
.08
-------
Upshur ;
Do * .
Do
Do . .
Do
Do .
Webster;
Do . .
Wyoirlng:
Ea£ Ic
Wyorting :
Carbon:
Do
10.2
8.7
8.3
6.2
7.7
8 7
12 2
8 It
15.0
8.0
5 4
6.4
7.5
1 3.1
4.6
4.9
6.3
6.5
6.4
14.4
5.4
.02
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
02
.005
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.015
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
02
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.1
.03
.05
.1
.2
.05
.1
. I
.02
.02
.02
2
.05
.07
.1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.09
.2
.3
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0008
.0008
.0003
.0005
.001
.0005
.005
002
.001
.0008
.0001
.005
.003
.002
.001
.0001
.0002
.008
.01
.005
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.02
.01
.1
04
.05
.02
.01
.01
.07
.05
.01
.005
.008
,005
.05
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.007
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.002
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.002
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.002
.001
.002
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.001
.005
.005
.005
.015
.01
.01
.001
.001
.01
.002
.001
.002
.0002
.0002
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.03
.03
.05
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
0
.005
0
.006
.02
.01
.008
.01
.05
.02
.02
.06
.1
.1
.05
.008
.1
.05
.05
.15
.1
.005
.01
.05
.1
.05
.15
.OS
.1
.01
.02
,01
.02
,01
.007
.03
.005
.02
.008
.01
.007
.02
.02
.008
.02
.05
.005
.01
.02
.015
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.01
.002
.002
.002
.003
.02
.001
.005
.002
0
,001
0
.002
.002
.005
.005
,005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.004
0
.005
.01
.002
0
0
.002
0
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
.02
.02
0
.01
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.1
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.002
.002
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.003
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.004
.005
.003
.01
.003
.005
.0008
.0002
.001
.006
.002
.05
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.04
0
.005
.005
.008
.15
.008
.01
0
.08
.01
.003
.02
.DOS
.DOS
.008
.01
.005
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.005
.01
.015
.008
0
.003
.005
.001
.005
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0005
.0008
.002
.002
.001
.002
.0005
.0005
.001
.02
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.002
.0)
.05
.05
.06
.1
.1
.1
.1
.06
.05
,1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.05
.2
.1
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.01
.05
.08
.1
.1
.05
.1
.04
.03
.05
.03
.1
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.01
.02
.002
.05
.0:
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.001
.005
.01
.DOS
.005
.02
.015
.02
.005
.05
.005
.02
.01
.02
.02
.04
.01
.02
.05
.005
.01
.005
0
.08
.1
.OS
.1
.02
.05
.07
.02
.07
.05
.1
.1
.1
.,
.015
.08
.1
.2
.02
.015
.02
.1
I
<_0
o
-------
>
cr
to
>t
a
CD
rt
rr
01
a.
o
h1-
tr
en
O
3
CO
c
n
CD
03
c
s
CD
CO
O
00
1. - Rare elements in ashes of coal and in the earth's crust
[Compiled by Goldschraidt (.47)]
Element
Beryllium
Boron
Cobalt
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic » . .
Yttrium
Zirconium. .....
Molybdenum
Antimony
Tin
Bismuth
Silver
Gold
Palladium
Symbol
Be
B
Sc
Co
Ni
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Y
Zr
Mo
Sb
Sn
Pb
Bi
Ag
Au
Rh
Pd
Pt
Maximum
percentage
in coal ashes
0.1
0.3
0.04
0.15
0.8
1.
0.04
1.1
0.8
0.08
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.003
0.0005 to 0.001
0.00002 to 0.00005
0.000002
0.00002
0.00007
Average
percentage
of "rich" ashes
0.03
.06
.006
.03
.07
.01
.05
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.0002
•V
Percentage in
earth1 s crust
0.0002 to 0.001
0.0003
0.0003 to 0.0006
0.004
0.01
0.02
0.001 to 0.0015
0.0004 to 0.0007
0.0005
0.001
0.02
0.0015
0.005
0.0016
0.00001
0.0000005
Factor of enrichment
Maximum in
coal ashes
100 to 500
1,000
70 to 130
40
80
50
30 to 40
1,600 to 2,800
1,600
80
25
30
10
70
50 to 100
40 to 100
Average of
"rich" ashes
30 to 150
200
10 to 20
8
7
7 to 10
70 to 120
100
10
13
4
20
tn
m
&
H
CO
n
§
TABLE 2. - Enrichment of elements during decay of oak and beech humus: p<
[Goldschmidt (47)1
Mineral soil (sand)
Ash from fresh oak leaves...
Ash from oak humus
Ash from beech humus
B2°3
0.0007
0.5 to 1.0
0.02
0.003 j
MnO
0.04
^.00
.24
.14
NiO
0.002
.005
.01
.01
GeOa
0.0005
.0005
.007
.007
As2oB
0.05
Ag
0.0001
.0005
Au
0.00002
Ash from fresh beech leaves; in weathered leaves from previous year, 0.77 'percent MnO. '
(47) Goldschmidt, V. M., Ind. Eng. chem. 27, 1100-1102 (19355.
-------
II-2
RARE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSES OF ASH
Typical limits of coal-ash analyses of United States bituminous coals
Constituent
Percent
Silica (Si03) 20
Aluminum oxide (A1S03) 10
Ferric oxide (FegCL) 5
Calcium oxide (CaO) 1
Magnesium oxide (MgO).... 0.3
Titanium oxide (Ti02) 0.5
Alkalies (Na20 4- 1^0) !
Sulfur trioxide (S03) 0.1
60
35
35
20
4
2.5
4
12
Selvig, W. A. and Gibson, F. H., Bureau of Mines, B 567; 1956.
TABLE 3. - Chemical analysis of ash of lignite char from
Lehigh. N. Dak., lignite
Constituent
Si02
Ti02
ALO,
4
-------
II-3
COMPOSITION OF WEST VIRGINIA COAL ASH
Column analysis
Oxide
LigO
NaaO
V
R&ao
CaO
SrO
BaO
MgO
A^3°3
Si03
Fe3^3
TiOa
AggO
BS0°3
BeO3
Bia03
CbaOs
CoO
Cra03
CuO
GaO
GeOs
HgO
L^ Og
MnO
Mo03
NiO
Pa°5
p!o5
sba°3
SnOs
VgOg
wo3
ZnO
Zr03
Average,
percent
0.075
1.78
1.60
.030
2.76
.38
.22
.98
29.9
43.9
15.9
1.52
.0010
<.07
.12
.008
<.004
.010
.010
.023
.061
.022
.011
.011
.030
.046
.016
.047
.35
.048
<.005
.020
.050
<.01
.053
.029
Maxi-
mum,
percent
0.14
3.66
2.50
.055
12
1.05
.49
1.71
38.7
55.5
37.8
2.30
.003
.075
.31
.030
.007
.012
.023
.029
.13
.032
.026
.021
.051
.23
.040
.10
1.21
.14
<.005
.070
.069
.019
.11
.046
Mini-
mum,
percent
0.024
.82
.89
<.03
.81
.11
.059
.58
21.8
29.2
3.87
1.00
<.0005
<.07
.027
.002
<.004
<.007
.006
.016
.028
.015
<.005
<.008
<.035
.016
.005
.016
<.20
.020
<.005
<,01
.032
<.01
<.05
.019
Vari-
ance
ratio
5
4
3
>2
15
10
8
3
2
2
9
2
>6
>1
11
15
>2
>2
4
2
5
2
>5
>3
>2
15
8
7
>6
7
>1
>7
2
>2
>2
2
Cube analysis
Maxi-
mum,
percent
0.66
9.13
4.86
.12
36.3
12
1.80
3.20
53.3
82.6
91.9
5.73
.009
.22
.66
.14
.10
.022
.096
.053
.53
.124
.250
.059
.096
1.16
.140
.57
8.35
.27
.028
.190
.15
.056
.24
.089
Mini-
mum,
percent
<0.005
.30
.36
<.03
.12
<.01
.02
.10
2.8
2.0
1.10
.17
<.0005
<.07
.017
<.0005
<.004
<.007
<.005
.010
.006
.005
<.005
<.008
<.035
.006
<.006
<.005
<. 2
<.015
<.005
<.01
.014
<.01
<.05
.009
Vari-
ance
ratio
>13
30
13
>4
300
>1200
90
32
19
41
94
34
>18
>3
39
>280
>3
>3
>19
5
90
25
>50
>7
>3
193
>23
>11
>42
>28
>6
>19
11
>6
>5
10
Enrichment
ratio of
coal ash to
earth1 s crust
5
.47
.51
.88
.53
7
5
.28
1.85
.75
2.19
1.47
100
<100
133
4
<200
3
2
.79
5
12
11
157
13
.38
6
3.6
1.9
28
<50
4.4
2.8
<2
10
12
Earth ' s
crust ,
percent as
oxide (48)
0.014
3.81
3.11
.034
5.07
.050
.043
3.48
16.7
59.0
7.26
1.03
.00001
.0007
.0009
.0019
.00002
.0034
.0050
.029
.012
.0019
.0010
.00007
.0023
.120
.0025
.0127
.180
.0017
.0001
.0045
.018
.0087
.0050
.0025
Headlee, A. J. W. and Hunter, R. G., West Virginia Geological Survey
13A, 36-122 (1955).
OS P
-------
II-4
Range of concentration of minor and trace elements1 in anthra-
cite ash and burning bank samples, percent of ash
Element or oxide
Minimum Maximum
Titanium oxide (Ti02) ......................................... ^5 20
Magnesium oxide (MgO) .......................................... 4
Calcium oxide (CaO) ............................................ 2 4
Vanadium oxide (V.,05) ............................ .............. 02 .04
Germanium oxide (Ge02) ........................................ Trace .02
Manganese oxide (MnO) .......................................... 006 .008
Arsenic (As) .................................................. Trace
Copper (Cu) [[[ 001 >Q1
Chromium (Cr) .................................................. 001
Uad [[[ 001 .01
Lithium (Li) .................................................. Trace
Phosphorus (P) ........................ _
***********•'•'•
Gallium (Ga), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn).... ........ - .Ox
Beryllium (Be), cobalt (Co), tungsten (W), and molybdenum (Mo) - .OOx
Some trace elements (Ag, B, Bi , Cd, Hg, La, Sb, Te, Zr) reported by other
investigators were not detected in these preliminary studies. More spe-
cific examination of the samples for those particular elements may show
their presence, but in general the concentration will probably not exceed
O.OOx.
x denotes order of magnitude of the element concentration for which the spec-
-------
province
Element
Be
B
Ti
V
Cr ••»..
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
***» • • • •«
Ge
Mo.....
Sn.....
Y
La
Number
of deter'
mination;
221
154
159
221
221
221
221
221
221
221
222
221
166
208
206
r
er-
ons
Detections
197
154
159
220
212
204
220
221
21
214
95
139
47
189
152
Percent
— ^^-~^~~_
89.1
100
100
99.5
95.9
92.3
99.5
100
9.5
96.8
42.8
62.9
::.3
90.9
73.7
Individua
Element in ash.
Average
— i ^— ^^—
0.0025
.15
.59
.065
.02
.004
.0087
.015
.018
.01
.074
.0025
.0027
.021
Maximum
0.03
1.0
3.5
2.5
.74
.05
.24
.12
.7
.32
4.7
.03
.14
.2
.012 .07
1 analys
percent
Minimum
<0.0001
.002
.01
•c.OOl
<.0001
•C.0005
•C.0005
.001
<.02
<.001
<.001
<.0005
<.002
<.001
<.003
-^™«^—^^^Bi^^
Maximum
minimum
Averages
[Element in ash
of
>300
500
350
>2,500
>7,400
>100
>480
120
>35
>320
>4,700
>60
>70
>200
>23
Average
0.0018
.19
.65
.015
.007
.0021
.0064
.013
.08
.0047
.0022
.0016
.0016
.013
Maximum
0.013
.65
2.6
.058
.03
.009
.059
.07
.7
.016
.02
.0065
.01
.052
.011 .036
1
Minimum
<0.0001
.005
.15
<.001
•c.OOOl
<.0005
.0003
.002
<.02
<.001
•c.OOl
<.0005
<.002
<.001
<.003
^___
Maximum
minimum
Averages of
Zubovic, P., et al., U.S. Survey, Bull. 1117-A, 1961, 58 pp.
Element in coal, ppm
Average
•-^^— •— ^— ^
1.5
116
591
16
7
2.7
7.2
15
59
5.5
1.6
1.7
.9
13
9.5
•^^— — ^B,
Maximum
••««-«— ^__
8.2
356
2,320
59
21
12
40
185
1,000
23
16
4.9
5.6
49
40
Minimu
<0.1
15
95
<1.4
<. 1
<.4
.42
2.6
<9
<1.4
<.4
<.7
<.l
<.l
<1.5
••^"^•— ^^»^— •
Maximum
minimum
>82
24
24
>42
210
>30
95
71
>111
>16
>40
>7
>56
>490
>27
I
Ui
-------
Maximum concentration of minor elements detected in samples of coal ash examined
Number of
samples
151
59
26
4
35
48
Locality
Harding County, S. Dak...
Perkins County, S. Dak...
Bowman County, N. Dak....
McKenzie County, N. Dak..
Jefferson County, Colo...
Milam County, Tex
10-1
-
-
-
p
1.0 - 0.1
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti , Mo,
Co, Ni, Zn, As, Pb,
Zr, Be, U.
B, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Mo,
Zr, U.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti , As,
Pb, V, Zr.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Pb.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti,
Mo, Y.
B Ba Sr Mn Ti
Ni, Sn.
Range of concentration
0.1 - 0.01
Cu, Cr, V, Li, Y, La,
Ga, Ge, Sc.
Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Co, Pb,
Mn, Ga, Ge, Zn, La.
Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Co,
Ga, Ge, U.
Ti, V, Cu, Li, Sn,
La, Zr, Co.
Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Co,
Zr, Pb.
Cu Cr V Co Pb
Zr, Zn, Y.
, percent
0.01 - 0.001
Sn
Y, Sc, Sn.
Y, Sc, Sn.
Y, Mo, Ga, Ge, Ni,
Cr.
Sn, Sc, Ga, U, Ge,
La, Yb, Be.
Mo Sc Ga Gfi Be
Yb.
0.001 - 0.0001
Yb, Ag.
Be, Yb, Ag.
Be, Yb.
Be, Yb.
~
Deul, M. and Annell, C. S., U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 1036-H-, 1956, pp. 155-172.
-------
II-7
Average content of each minor element: in coals from
three major coal producing areas of the United
States, parts per million in coal
Elements
Be
B
Ti
V
Cr
Co
Ni
Ga
Mo
Sn
Y
La
Northern Great
Plains province
(avg. of 46 bed
samples)
1.5
116
590
16
7
2 7
7.2
15
59
5.5
1.6
1.7
.9
13
9.5
Eastern Interior
region (avg. of
47 bed samples)
9 1
Of.
4SO
^S
70
1 R
is
44
4 1
1 1
4 3
1 5
7 7
5 1
Appalachian region
(avg. of 65 bed
samples)
2C
. _>
1 ^
Zj
'i/.n
JH\J
1 1
e. 1
1 •!
1 J
51
. 1
1 A
It
1 c
13
7 A
/ . D
/. Q
H . 7
50
. O
3C
. J
/.
• *+
1 A
J.H
9 A
i H
Zubovic, P., et al., U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, 1960, pp B87-B88.
Ant imony
In a study of ash composition of 31 column samples of coal from 15 beds
in West Virginia, Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that antimony was below the
limit of detection of 0.004 percent. Certain parts of the beds contained some
antimony, usually at the top or bottom; the greatest amount found was 0.023
percent.
* For references on this and following pages, refer to Bureau of Mines
1C 8163; 1963.
e»(=
-------
II-8
ARSENIC IN COAL AND COAL ASH
Source of coal
United States, 13 samples..
United States, 1 sample....
Pennsylvania, Anthracite...
Do
North and South Dakota
West Virginia
Researchers
Hertzog.
do
Hall and Lovell
Nunn, Lovell, and Wright
Duel and Anne 11
Headlee and Hunter
Refer-
ence*
(.63)
(63)
(1Z)
(127)
(61)
Percentage of As
in coal
0.00008 to 0.0016
0.0106
Percentage of As
in coal ash
0.0021 to 0.0055
Up to 0.01
0.1 to 1.0
Up to 0.057
BARIUM IN COAL ASH
Source of coal
North Dakota
Researchers
Headlee and Hunter
Rrewf-T ^nH R\/,3i- c ,*\r-\
Refer-
ence
(61)
/ 1 f \
( 16)
Percentage of Ba
in ash
0.05 to 0.44
. j
For references,see Bureau of Mines 1C 8163.
._ ~ a
-------
11-9
Beryllium
Stadnichenko, Zubovic, and Sheffey (153, 154) studied the geochemistry of
beryllium in American coals and results for maximum and minimum averages of
beryllium content of coal beds are given in table 14. Their conclusions of
the investigation were:
The study of 1385 samples of coal from most of the coal-
producing regions of the United States shows a wide variation
in beryllium content. The areal distribution of the sample
localities shows beryllium-rich and beryllium-poor regions.
The rich and the poor distribution of beryllium in coal beds
depends upon the availability of beryllium to the swamps at
the time of deposition of the coal. This availability was
dependent upon the type of rock being eroded in the surrounding
borderlands.
There is also a pattern in the distribution of beryllium
in coal in a basin. Coal sampled near the edge of a basin has
a higher beryllium content than that sampled in the center.
Coal that was deposited near eroding rocks rich in beryllium,
or that had access to water from such areas is also high in
beryllium.
In sink-float experiments, beryllium is consistently
associated with the lighter organic-rich fractions. The beryl-
lium content of the sink fractions, particularly those with a
high percentage of ash, consistently is below the average for
that of the earth's crust. The analysis of petrographic con-
stituents of coal shows that beryllium is most often associated
with vitrain and least with fusain.
The accumulation of beryllium in coal is concluded to be a
syngenetic process. The beryllium now present in the coal
probably is a result of accumulation by plants and (or) by the
adsorption from solution by the organic matter in the coal-
forming swamps to form metallo-organic complexes. Although
some of the original beryllium may have been lost, there is
no possible way to ascertain this. Further studies should be
made of coal beds which contain large amounts of beryllium.
The economic aspects of the beryllium in coal are not
predictable.
The average beryllium content in coal for three major coal producing
areas in the United States (181) were:
ppm
Northern Great Plains 1.5
Eastern, Interior 2.5
Appalachian region 2,5
-------
11-10
Summary of maximum and minimum averages of
beryllium content of coal beds
[Stadnichenko, Zubovic, and Sheffey (154)]
Coal
Maxi-
mum
beryl-
lium
in ash
Aver-
age
ash
of
coal
Mini-
mum
beryl-
lium
in ash
Ash
aver-
age
of
coal
Percent
Beryllium
in coal,
ppm
Maxi-
mum
Mini-
mum
Number of
Bed
aver-
ages
Indi-
vidual
sam-
ples
Eastern province, Appalachian region
Northern part :
Lower Kittanning bed
Middle Kittanning bed
Southern part :
Virginia and West Virginia
0.0041
.014
.015
.11
.0046
.0072
6.06
3.02
1.71
2.85
8.91
4.99
0.0016
.0016
0011
001
.0005
.0007
9.85
11 07
4 31
4 31
2 39
6.60
4 1
4 2
4 6
31
11
3.6
1 6
1 <;
<5
A
1
.2
14
f.
?"*.
1Q
7
11
10A
L(\
fift
87
70
30
Interior province
Eastern region:
Illinois (all samples)....
Bed 5
Bed 6
Western Kentucky
Bed 9
Western region:
All other
0.011
.011
.0044
.017
.0093
.0057
.003
.011
5.72
3.20
6.28
5.25
10.18
5.87
5.02
2.72
0.0004
.0011
.0004
.0032
.0004
.0013
.0001
.0003
16.21
9 59
16 21
6.30
13.05
13.28
4.40
16.98
6.3
3 2
4
12
9 5
4 3
2.9
5 i
0.7
l
7
1 5
5
1 7
< i
5
35
12
1 ?
10
17
10
18
12
253
90
7A
83
96
47
44
110
Northern Great Plains province
Paleocene and Eocene.
0.0094
.013
5.95
7 01
0.0015
< 0001
18 25
3 45
5 8
9 i
2 7
< i
5
43
SR
Rocky Mountain province
0.038
.062
1.72
4 95
0.0003
< 0001
3 38
5 20
13
31
0 1
< i
7
53
17
I Jf\
i tZ
-------
II-11
Beryllium in coal ash
Source of coal
Researchers
Refer-
ence
Percentage of Be
in ash
United States:
Pennsylvania,
anthracite.
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
West Virginia
Nunn and others...,
Deul and Anne11....
Headlee and Hunter,
(127)
C32)
(61)
0.001 to 0.009
0.1 to 1.0 max.
0.0007 to 0.0108
Bismuth
Headlee and Hunter (61) reported from less than 0.0036 to 0.0063 percent
bismuth in ash of West Virginia coals. Variation of bismuth content in the
ash from various parts of the coal beds ranged from less than 0.0036 to 0.09
percent.
-------
TT- 12
Boron
Deul and Annell (32) noted that the boron contents of the coals they
examined were high averaging more than 0.1 percent boron in the ash which
tested rhS rr raMe enrichment over that - the earth's crust. They sug-
fttrib , M b0r°\LS Perhaps the onlV elem*nt in coal ash which is directly
attributable to the plants from which the coal was formed. Goldschmidt (5 )
noted some enrichment of boron in coal ash, ascnmiat <_M;
United States:
Northern Great Plains...
West Virginia.
North Dakota. .
Boron in ash, percent
Zubovic and others
Headlee and Hunter
Ryerson
(JL6)
United States:
Boron in coal, parts per million
Northern Great Plains...
Eastern Interior
Appalachian
Zubovic and others .....
do
do
Oil)
(181)
(181)
0.005 to 0.65
0.008 to 0.096
0.21 '
116
96
25
Chlorine
Parr and Wheeler Q30) determined chlorine in 49 samples of Illinois coal
by digesting pulverized coal with water and titrating with standard silver
nitrate solution. The chlorine contents of 32 samples ranged from 0.03 to
0.56 percent, and none was detected in 17 samples.
Selvig and Gibson (JL45) determined total halogen content by igniting the
coal in an oxygen bomb and titrating the chlorine in the bomb washings. The
chlorine in 21 coals from various states ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 percent- no
chlorine, was detected in 3 coals from Western States.
-------
11-13
CHROMIUM
Chromium contents reported by various investigators are shown in the
following table.
Source of coal
Researchers
Reference.
Chromium in ash, percent
United States:
Northern Great Plains
North Caroline, peat
Pennsylvania, anthracite..
Pennsylvania:
Cambria County
Washington County
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
West Virginia
Zubovic and others...
Baskerville
Nunn and others
Gibson and Selvig....
do
Deul and Anne11
Headlee and Hunter...
(184)
-------
II-LA
Copper
The average parts per million of copper reported in coal from three areas
of the United States (181) were Northern Great Plains, 15; Eastern Interior,
11; and Appalachian Region, 15.
Source of coal
Researchers
Reference
Cu in ash, percent
United States:
Northern Great Plains....
North Dakota
Pennsylvania, anthracite.
Do
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
West Virginia
Zubovic and others..
Brewer and Ryerson..
Nunn and others
Jones and Buller....
Deul and Annell
Headlee and Hunter..
(127)
(32)
(61)
0.002 to 0.07
0.020
0.001 to 0.01
0.03 to 0.07
0.01 to 0.1
0.022 to 0.10
Fluorine
A sample of southern Illinois coal and a sample of western Pennsylvania
coal analyzed by Churchill, Rowley, and Martin (22) contained 167 and 85 parts
per million fluorine, respectively. The authors also reported fluorine
determinations of six coal samples taken in Vancouver, Washington. Four of
the coals were from Utah and the source was not given for two samples; the
range of fluorine was 145 to 295 parts per million.
Bradford (12) found 40 to 132 parts per million of fluorine in six
western coals used in Utah.
-------
II-15
Gold
According to Jenney (76) gold has often been reported in the ash of
Cretaceous coals of western United States. An average value of $0.60 to $0.80
gold per ton of ash was recorded for coals from Pleasant Valley, Utah, and
Kemmerer, Wyo. Chance (21) and Stone (155) mentioned the occurrence of gold
in coal from Cambria, Wyo. The gold content of some of the coal in this area
attained a value of $2.00 per ton. Gold was found also in the coke, in ash
and soot from the boilers, and in the sandstone roof of the coal bed. In
1896, when coke made at Cambria was selling for $3.50 per ton, samples were
taken from 31 cars during a period of 3 weeks and were assayed by the coal
company's chemist. The samples showed an average value of $2.46 per ton in
gold and $0.28 in silver, calculated with gold at $20 per ounce and silver at
$0.65 per ounce. Smelters at Deadwood, S, Dak., that used this coke recovered
the gold from the coke and the gold from the ores. Distribution of the gold
in the coal was never determined, but it was observed that the splint and bony
coal showed a higher gold content than coal having a lower ash content. The
gold in the coal was believed to have come from the sandstone roof of the bed,
which carried some gold.
Lanthanum
The lanthanum content of 31 column samples of West Virginia coals ana-
lyzed by Headlee and Hunter (61) ranged from less than 0.030, the lower limit
of detection, to 0.043 percent in the ash. Lanthanum was the only rare earth
that could be detected but it was noted that several others may be present in
similar concentrations. The maximum concentration in a part of one bed was
0.082 percent lanthanum in the ash.
Deul and Annell (32) reported that lanthanum was not present in percent-
ages high enough to be detected in most of the western coals tested. The
maximum concentration detected by a semiquantitative method was in the range
of 0.01 to 0.1 percent lanthanum in the ash. De Brito (18) reported a similar
maximum concentration in ash of Portuguese anthracites. Butler (19) detected
lanthanum in the ash of Svalbard coals. Zubovic, Stadnichenko, and Sheffey
(184) reported from less than 0.003 to 0.036 percent lanthanum in ash of coals
of the Northern Great Plains coal province. The average content in coals of
the Northern Great Plains, Eastern Interior, and Appalachian region was given
as 9.5, 5.1, and 9.4 parts per million lanthanum, respectively (181).
-------
II-16
Lead
Small quantities of lead detected in coal ash are listed in the following
table. 6
SotllTCP nF r-nal
United States:
West Virginia
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
Pennsylvania, anthracite..
Researchers
i ic a u a.et: cinu nuncer..
Deul and Annell
Nunn and others
Reference j
M2?
(127}
\ L*-f J
Pb in ash. percen_t-
0.019 to 0.13
On i 4-« n i
•Ui to U. 1
Onn i *-« f\ f\i
• UU I tO U. 01
Lithium
lithium content of representative West Virginia coal beds (61) calcu-
to 0 06 S PerC6ntage °f lithiu» in the ash, averaged 0.035 with a ranf^ of 0.01
to 0.065 percent. The concentration in ash from various parts of the beds
arshSoef PeT Y1™111 °,f l£SS than °-°°2 to a maximum of 0.31 percent.
Uthium (S?) " anthracltes "ntained from a trace to 0.01 percent
ent
"
thw"tern coal
tested, the lithium (32) was not pres-
-centra t ion was
-------
II-17
Manganese
Small quantities of manganese occur in all coal ashes. Manganese is
shown qualitatively by the bluish-green color of the sodium carbonate fusion
noted frequently in analyses of ash by wet chemical methods. Manganese is a
relatively common element, its crustal abundance being 0.10 percent (42).
Several determinations of manganese in ash of coals from the United States and
other countries that have been reported are shown in the following table.
Source of coal
United States:
Pennsylvania ,
anthracite.
Do
Alabama, 2 analyses....
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
Researchers
Headlee and Hunter.. .
Nunn, Love 11 and Wright
Jones and Buller
Brewer and Ryerson. ....
do
Gibson and Selvig
Reference
( 61")
V u LJ
(127)
(77")
\ ' * J
( 16)
V *-v J
( 16}
\ LV J
(46)
(32)
Mn in ash, percent
0 01? fn 0 18
0.005 to 0.006
00?' f-n 0 DQ
0 15
0 11
0.04 to 0 05
01 to 1 0
Mercury
Headlee and Hunter (61) found that the amount of mercury was below the
limits of detection (0.007 percent) in the ashes of most coal from beds in
northern West Virginia. The range for all column samples was <0.007 to 0.019
percent mercury in ash with an average of 0.010 percent. Maximum concentra-
tion in parts of a bed was 0.055 percent.
The amount of mercury was below the limit of detection (0.1 percent) in
ash of western coals tested by Deiil and Annell (32).
-------
11-18
Molybdenum
Molybdenum contents of coal ash reported by various investigators are
shown in the following table.
Source of coal
i
ITnit'pri ^faf-/ie •
Northern Great Plains...
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
South Dakota, Harding
County.
West Virginia
Pennsylvania, anthracite
^olybdenum in ash, percei
Zubovic and others
do
ncduiee ana nunter. ....
Nunn, Love 11 and Wright
Reference
it
(184)
( W\
\->£J
32)
(127)
T -~
1
<0.0005
\f-i v n i
Max. u. i
01 e
• lj
0.003
0.001
to 0.0065
to 1.0
to 0.027
to 0.009
Molybdenum in coal, parts per million
United States:
Northern Great Plains...
Eastern Interior
Appalachian Area
• — ^ .
Zubovic and others...
do...
do
~M-«^.^BW-M^-«,
/ 1 Q 1 \
(.ioi;
(• J-Q-l. J
i 7
1. /
.3
.5
NICKEL
«««>» t"v.«i*t.r.
Source of coal
United States:
Northern Great Plains..
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
South Dakota
West Virginia
Pennsylvania,
anthracite.
.Researchers
Zubovic and others.
Deul and Annell
do.
Headlee and Hunter
Nunn, Lovell and Wright
Q2)
(61)
(.127)
Ni in ash, percent-
0.0003 to 0.059
0.01 to 1.0
0.12
0.013 to 0.079
0.01 to 0.09
-------
11-19
Phosphorus
Geer, Davis, and Yancey (_45) investigated the manner in which phosphorus
occurs in coking coals of Washington and found that the phosphorus content of
coal from two beds could be reduced greatly by coal-washing methods. Coal
from the west No. 3 bed at Wilkeson, Pierce County, containing 32.6 percent
ash and 0.132 percent phosphorus could be washed to produce a product contain-
ing 12.1 percent ash and 0.043 percent phosphorus. This result was accom-
plished with a full-sized coal-washing table, a refuse product containing 59 3
percent ash and 0.358 phosphorus being removed. Coal from the east No 2 bed
at Wilkeson, containing 22.6 percent ash and 0.206 percent phosphorus, was
difficult to wash because it contained a large amount of intermediate-density
material. By discarding a middling as well as a refuse product, a washed coal
was produced that contained 12.0 percent ash and 0.068 percent phosphorus.
The phosphorus in coal from five other beds examined could not be reduced
appreciably by washing, because it was associated with the clean coal rather
than with impurities.
Two phosphorus minerals, evansite (3 A1203. P30q . 18 H-0) and wavellite
(J A1203. 2 PS0R. 13 H20) were identified in shale from the middle parting of
the Roslyn bed by a petrographic examination. About 12 percent of the total
phosphorus in the shale occurred in the form of these minerals, but the form
in which the remaining 88 percent of the phosphorus occurred could not be
determined petrographically. Selvig and Seaman (146) investigated the distri-
bution of ash-forming mineral matter in coal from the Pittsburgh bed, Fayette
County, Pa. They reported that the top 10 inches of coal contained relatively
large amounts of phosphorus compared to the other benches of the bed. A recal-
culation of their data to the percentage of phosphorus in the coal shows that
bed samples from four locations in a mine contained 0.012 to 0.020 percent
phosphorus. In comparison, four samples of the top 10 inches of coal con-
tained 0.024 to 0.092 percent phosphorus.
Phosphorus content of several coals is given in the table of
the next page to show the wide variation in percentage of this element
in various coals.
-------
11-20
Phosphorus in coal
laboratory
number
4*0/9
36233
49301
37911
38121
39092
37532
49460
37792
38085
37599
40047
41895
37607
37558
38622
38638
40044
40045
37530
37559
38237
38293
42663
42664
49459
49382
49383
49373
37983
37984
38105
•
State
do
do
North Dakota..
Ohio
do
do
Pennsylvania. .
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Utah
do
Washington. . . .
West Virginia.
do
do
County
Lower Matanuska
District.
Tuscaloosa
Christian. . .
Williamson
do
Belmont . .
Jefferson
do
Cambr ia
Clearfield
do
do
do
Somerset
do. .
do. .
Westmoreland. . . .
do
do
Mi lam. ......
Carbon.
do. ..
Ra leigh
Bed
Mil Ida le
WO. O. ............
do
Hi ffh 9n 1 i n (-
Big Vein
Pittsburgh No. 8..
do
R £*H ^ f~on f*
Pittsburgh
Hn
Lower Kittanning..
Hn
Pi t~t Qhnr-crV»
do
do
Hn
Lower Kittanning. .
Upper Kittanning..
lower Kittanning..
Pi t" t" C Hi 1 T- O-Vl
Ho
do
Wi Ikeson
New River coal). .
Pocahontas coal).
Phosphorus,
percentage of
coal as received
0. 143
.034
.016
.007
.002
.002
.017
.005
.006
.009
.009
.010
.006
.003
.005
.012
.020
.016
.014
.122
.004
.012
.018
.009
.007
.004
.003
.015
.052
.004
.002
.006
-------
i \.~f-
Rubidium
Little information is available on the rubidium content of coal. Headlee
••nd Hunter (61) found that the ash of column samples of West Virginia coals
vontnined from a minimum of less than 0.027 percent rubidium, the lower limit
°f detection, to a maximum of 0.050 percent with an average of 0.027 percent.
Maximum content found in ash of cube samples from the coal columns was 0.11
Percent.
Silver
Deposits of silver ore at Silver Reef, Washington County, Utah, according
to Jenney (76) were mainly due to the reducing action of wood and plant
remains more or less altered to lignite. These ores were mined extensively in
1877-79. In places, the ore was very rich, and small deposits of lignite were
found in the soft sandstone with native silver in thin scales on the joints of
the coal.
Silver was detected in only a few coal ashes from western coals examined
by Deul and Annell (.32); the maximum amount found was 0.0001 to 0.001 percent.
Headlee and Hunter (61) found more silver in northern than in southern
coals of West Virginia; they reported an average of 0.0009 percent silver in
ash with a range from <0.0005 to 0.0028 percent. Maximum concentration
reported in the ash of coal cubes from the columns was 0.0084 percent.
Strontium
Headlee and Hunter (61) found the strontium content of ash from 31 column
samples of West Virginia coals ranged from 0.09 to 0.89 percent, and averaged
0.32 percent. Individual cube samples cut from the columns showed strontium
contents ranging from <0.008 to 10.1 percent of ash.
Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses by Deul and Annell (32) of
western coals showed a maximum concentration of 0.1 to 1.0 percent strontium
in the ash. Chemical analysis of one sample of lignite ash from Harding
County, S. Dak., showed 0.45 percent strontium.
-------
11-22
Tin
Patterninrh ^ ™P°Ttcd that tin showed an erratic distribution
pattern in the coals they examined. It was detected in only 7 of 151 samples
from Harding County, S. Dak., but vas found in all 48 samples collected in
Milam County, Tex., and 5 of these samples contained from 0.1 to 1.0 percent.
Headlee and Hunter (61) found that tin content in ash from 7 of the 31
column samples examined from West Virginia was less than the limit of detec-
tnTnorrh 'T^ *?' ^ ^ thc southe™ coals were richer in tin than
tin in the Lh * av*rages ranged from less than 0.008 to 0.055 percent
Average amounts of tin found in coals from the Northern Great Plains
Eastern Interior, and Appalachian regions were 0.9, 1.5, and 0.4 parts per
million respectively (181). p«ts per
Other analyses of coal ash are shown in the following table.
Source of coal
United States:
Northern Great Plains....
Pennsylvania, anthracite.
1 ' 1
Researchers
Zubovic and others...
Nunn and others
Reference
(184)
C127")
Sn in ash, percent
<0.002 to 0.01
o.m «-n n no
Titanium
Titanium is widely distributed in the earth's crust and according to
M7^(—}> St!n ^ nlnth ^ °rder °f abundanc*> °r below magnesium.
Wait (.170) reported the occurrence of titanium in the ash of some vegetable
matters and in coal ash. He found from 0.006 percent titanium in the ash of
cow peas to 0.19 percent in the ash of oak wood and from 0.41 to 1.55 percent
in five coal ashes. Baskerville (4) reported analyses of three samples of
ash from North Carolina peat ranging from 0.20 to 0.29 percent titanium.
Analyses of ash from United States coals published by the Bureau of
Mines Q44) included the determination of titanium in 116 samples. All of
the results calculated as titanium were within the range of 0.3 to 1.5 percent
except for 5 samples that had a slightly higher content ranging up to 22
ofrSen^\rHeadlee ^i HUnter (^ obtained sim^r values for titanium in ash
of West Virginia coals, the average being 0.91 percent with a range of 0.60 to
1.38 percent. Analyses of ash of cubes from column samples of coal showed a
wider range, the minimum being 0.10 percent and the maximum 3.44 percent
ea?h ^ l-l f°Und titanlUm WaS PreS6nt in the ash of wes^rn "o^ls in
frlT? ?""*?** 3S in the earth's «ust, the maximum concentration
from 0.1 to 1.0 percent Ti. Zubovic, Stadnichenko, and Sheffey (184)
reported from 0 15 to 2.6 percent titanium in ash of coals from the NortTTrn
Great Plains. Jones and Buller (77) reported 0.58 to 1.09 percent titanium in
T2 paerc1enetatSitfr0m P?nM^"1" """' ^^ ^ ^^^'(127) found ^ "
1.2 percent titanium in ash from Pennsylvania anthracites.
-------
11-23
Tungsten
Little information is available on the amount of tungsten in coal ash.
Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that tungsten was below the limit of detec-
tion (0.008 percent) in ash from the southern and several of the northern
West Virginia coals they tested. The maximum bed average detected was 0.015
percent tungsten in the ash. Analyses of cube samples from a column of the
Lower Kittanning bed gave the maximum of 0.044 percent tungsten in the ash.
Nunn, Lovell, and Wright (127) found that the tungsten content in ash
from Pennsylvania anthracites ranged from 0.001 to 0.009 percent. In tests
of western coals Deul and Annell (32) reported that the tungsten content of
ash was below the sensitivity of the method (0.1 percent).
Vanadium
Ash of two Pennsylvania anthracites were analyzed for vanadium
by the Bureau of Mines with results as follows.
Source of coal
United States: Pennsylvania:
Schuylkill County:
Buck Mountain bed ,
Diamond bed
Ash.
16.0
10.2
.V in ash, percent
0.11
.09
Vanadium in coal and coal ash
Source of coal
Researchers
I ReferenceJ
Vanadium in ash, percent
United States:
Northern Great Plains.
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
West Virginia
Pennsylvania,
anthracite.
North Carolina, peat..
Zubovic and others.
Deul and Annell....
Headlee and Hunter
Nunn, Lovell, and Wright.
Baskerville,
(184)
(32)
CM)
(127)
<0.001 to 0.058
0.01 to 0.1
0.018 to 0.039
0.01 to 0.02
0.0006 to 0.0017
Vanadium in
United States :
Northern Great Plains.
Eastern Interior
region.
Appalachian region....
Zubovic
coa
and
do
do
1, parts per miLlion
(181)
(181)
(181)
16
35
21
-------
11-24
Yttrium
From less than 0.001 to 0.052 percent yttrium was reported in ash of
coals from the Northern Great Plains (184). Deul and Annell (32) detected a
maximum of more than 0.1 percent in the ash of certain western coals, but the
range was usually 0.001 to 0.01 percent.
Zinc
Although zinc is considered a minor constituent of coal ash, a sample of
coal from Crittenden County, Ky., analyzed by the Bureau of Mines (144)
contained 1.6 percent zinc in the ash. The ash of another sample from Hopkins
County, Ky., contained 0.16 percent zinc. Headlee and Hunter (61) in their
examination of ash constituents of West Virginia coals reported an average of
0.043 percent zinc in the ash with a maximum of 0.19 percent. Examination of
the ash of western coals (32) showed that zinc was not present in percentages
high enough to be detected (0.01 percent). Zinc was detected in 21 out of 221
coal ash samples tested from Northern Great Plains (184). The limit of detec-
tion was 0.02 percent and up to 0.7 percent zinc in ash was reported.
Zinc sulfide was reported to be associated with certain coal deposits in
Missouri (66. 76). The large amounts found show that the coal had been miner-
alized by ore bearing fluids, A zinc-bearing peat deposit in New York was
described (_20). Sphalerite (ZnS) was identified (33) in nodules of pyrite-
marcasite in shale immediately above the coal in the No. 6 bed at Bichnell,
Ind. ; the pyrite-marcasite was estimated to contain 0.27 percent sphalerite.
Sphalerite was identified also in an English coal from Leicestershire
Zirconium
Goldschmidt (47) reported that some coal ashes may contain as much as 0.5
percent zirconium. The zirconium content of ashes examined by Deul and
Annell (32) was highly variable, ranging from less than 0.001 to more than 0.1
percent. A sample of South Dakota lignite ash analyzed chemically contained
0.20 percent zirconium. Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that ash from column
samples of West Virginia coals contained from 0.014 to 0.034 percent zirconium
with a maximum of 0.066 percent zirconium in ash from cube samples cut from
the columns.
-------
TT-25
OCCURRENCE OF GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM
Development of germanium transistors by the electronics industry in 1948
increased demand for the metal and created almost a world-wide interest in
coal as a possible new source of germanium. Although, most of . the production
of germanium was from by-products of smelting zinc ore ( 106) small quantities
were known to occur in coal (23, 70). In the United States the Geological
Survey (99. 101) tested ash samples from about 700 coals and detected germa-
nium in more than half of the samples. The richest commercial coal, which
contained up to 0.2 percent germanium in the ash, was found in the bottom
layer of the Lower Kittanning bed in Ohio.
Some evidence was found of distribution by coal components, the bright
woody coal (vitrain) often containing more germanium than the fusain. Coali-
fied logs and pieces of woody coal occurring in isolated sediments from the
District of Columbia and vicinity contained 2 to 9 percent germanium ( 100)
along with vanadium, chromium, copper and 0.03 to 0.2 percent gallium. How-
ever, some coal beds in Western States contained very little germanium in
spite of being rich in woody coal which suggests there may be some regional
variations in abundance of germanium.
Breger and Schopf (Ji) reported up to 4 percent germanium in the ash of
coalified logs found in the Chattanooga shale in Tennessee and in the Ohio
shale. A related occurrence was reported in Japan where lignitic logs asso-
ciated with lignite beds contained more germanium than the beds. One sample
of lignitic log from the Tsukidote area was reported to contain 1,970 parts
per million germanium on the ash-free, dry basis (78. 79). Bed samples of
lignite contained a maximum of 357 parts per million (77).
Headlee and Hunter (40, 39) , used a quantitative spectrographic method,
and determined germanium in 35 column samples of West Virginia coals repre-
senting 16 coal beds. The germanium content of ash in cubes cut from the
column samples ranged from less than 0.003 percent, the lower limit of detec-
tion, to 0.17 percent in ash from the top 1-inch cube of a column from the
Sewell bed. Average Ge03 content of the coal columns computed as parts per
million in ash-free coal ranged from 0.4 to 31 or 0.3 to 22 parts per million
of germanium. Top and bottom layers of most of the column samples contained
more germanium than the remainder of the bed. Other investigators (59. 92,
101) noted a similar preferential distribution of germanium in coal liedsT"
The Bureau of Mines (14. 15) . investigated the occurrence and distribu-
tion of germanium in the stoker ash and fly ash from coal-fired steam boilers.
Thirteen boilers were tested that included slag tap and dry bottom pulverized
coal furnaces, cyclone-fired furnaces, and those having underfeed and travel-
ing grate stokers. Results showed that much of the germanium present in the
coal is concentrated in the fine fly ash leaving the boiler. Usually no ger-
manium was found in the slag or refuse from the furnaces or in the stoker ash.
In those tests where samples were obtained from the dust-collector hoppers,
the germanium content of the fly ash ranged from 15 to 60 parts per million,
whereas the germanium content of the coal fired ranged from 2.4 to 9 parts per
million. A sample of fly ash from a cyclone furnace contained 290 parts per
-------
11-26
million of germanium and one from a furnace fired with a chain-grace stoker
contained 530 parts per million. The concentration of germanium in these two
samples was ascribed to the relatively small proportion of ash discharged as
fly dust. Although a considerable quantity of germanium is potentially avail-
able from the fly ash from some furnaces, the Bureau researchers concluded at
the time of the investigation that the concentration generally was too low for
fly ash to be considered a commercial source of germanium. They suggested
that attention be directed toward methods of coal utilization that tend to
concentrate the germanium in the products of combustion. Work in England (25,
41) also indicated that more enrichment of germanium in flue dust may occur in
traveling-grate and stoker-fired furnaces than with pulverized-coal firing.
Recirculation of fly ash in traveling-grate furnaces was studied in
Czechoslovakia as a means of producing a product enriched in germanium (17).
Analyses by the Illinois Geological Survey (71) of 34 samples of fly ash
from public utility power plants ranged from 28 to 319 parts per million ger-
manium. Spectrographic analyses of ashes from 24 samples of Kansas coals (94)
ranged from 36 to 680 parts per million germanium in the ash or 7 to 48 parts
per million in the coal. A second series of 117 samples of ash from Kansas
coals (93) showed a maximum of 1,070 parts per million germanium in the ash
(116 parts per million in coal) but only 27 of these samples contained more
than 200 parts per million germanium in the ash.
Germanium contents reported in coal or in coal ash from various sources,
expressed as parts per million, are shown in the following table.
Source of coal
Researchers
I Reference| Amount, ppm
Germanium in coal
United States:
Northern Great Plains.
Eastern Interior
Appalachian Region....
Kansas.
West Virginia
Zubovic and others.
do
do
Schleicher
Head lee and Hunter.
i(JL81)
(13)
(40)
1.6
13
5.8
116 max.
0.3 to 22
Germanium in ash
United States:
Northern Great Plains....
Colorado, Texas, North
and South Dakota.
Kansas
Ohio
Pennsylvania, anthracite.
West Virginia
Zubovic and others.
Deul and Annell....
Schleicher
Stadnichenko and others.
Nunn and others
Headlee and Hunter
(184)
(93)
(101)
M127)
10
to 200
to 100
1,070 max.
2,000 max.
Trace to 139
<35 to 180
From the extensive studies of germanium in coal, Fisher (22) suggested
several conclusions as follows:
1. Coals with a high vitrain (woody coal) content are much richer in
germanium than coal with a low-vitrain content.
2. Low-ash coals are richer in germanium than coals with a high-ash
content.
-------
11-27
3. Geologically older coals usually have a lower germanium content than
more recent coals.
4. Germanium is believed to be associated with the organic matter and
not the mineral matter in coal.
5. Germanium is usually concentrated in the top or bottom few inches of
coal beds.
-------
11-28
OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM
Uranium in association with western United States coals was first identi-
fied in a mineralized section of a coal mine near Denver, Colo., by Berthoud
in 1875 (2.)-7 He reported the coal contained from 0.2 to 2 percent uranium.
Later in 1922, Wilson (77) found some carnotite in fractured and partly silici-
fied coal on a dump at the cite of the old workings, but unsilicified coal
from a bed nearby contained only 0.064 percent uranium. Six core samples from
the coal bed analyzed by Dude and McKeown (30) in 1953 showed a range of 0.001
to 0.10 percent uranium in five of the cores and slightly more than 0.1 per-
cent in one sample. The mineralized coal containing uranium apparently
occurred in only specimen amounts.
From measurements of gamma activity, the content of radioactive elements
in coal generally is less than in common sedimentary rocks (17, 18). Davidson
and Ponsford (19) mentioned the low radioactivity of most coals and reviewed
the occurrence of uranium in some exceptional, more highly radioactive coals
found in the United States and in Europe.
Search for new sources of uranium led to the discovery that it occurred
in certain coals in the Rocky Mountain region (20, 21, 46), According to Kehn
(.37.)» some of these coal deposits contain from 0.005 to about 0.01 percent
uranium, and local areas may contain larger quantities. Investigations by the
U.S. Geological Survey suggest that lignites may contain the most uranium, and
subbituminous B and C coals the next largest concentration. Uranium-bearing
lignite occurs in the Northern Great Plains, southern Idaho, Nevada, and
southern California. Uranium-bearing coal is present in Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico, and southeastern Idaho. The higher rank bituminous coals and
anthracite of the central and eastern United States rarely contain more than
0.001 percent uranium.
Some data from the literature with concentrations expressed as percent
uranium in coal are given in the table on page 29.
A number of investigations in the United States were reported on the
geochemistry of uranium in coal (£, 10, 11, 12, 22. 73). U.S. Geological
Survey Bulletin 1055, containing 10 chapters by various authors, gives data
on uranium content of coals of different ages, estimates of the known
reserves of uranium-bearing coals, and describes geologic features of the
coal beds.
Three hypotheses advanced to explain the occurrence of uranium in some
coals were described by Denson (.20), as follows:
1. Syngenetic. - Uranium was deposited from surface waters by
living plants or in dead organic matter in swamps prior to
coalification.
2. Diagenetic. - Uranium was introduced into the coal during
coalification by waters bringing the uranium from areas marginal to
the coal deposits or from the consolidating enclosing sediments.
-------
Uranium in coal
Source of coal
United States:
Idaho:
Do
Do
Illinois
Do
Nevada :
New Mexico, Sandoval
County .
Do
Ohio
Pennsylvania, anthracite.
Do
Do
Do
Utah
Northern West Virginia...
Southern West Virginia
and Eastern Kentucky.
Southern West Virginia
and Southwestern
Virginia.
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Researchers
Moore and Stephens. ........
Vine
Vine and Moore. ............
Mapel and Hail. ............
Snider. ...... .
Gill
Hail and Gill
Moore and Stephens. ........
Moore, Melin, and Kepferle.
Berg strom. .................
Ferm. ......................
We Ich
King and Young. ............
Den son, Bachman, and Zeller
Zeller and Schopf. .........
Gill, Zeller, and Schopf...
Zeller
Welch ,
Snider
Masursky. ..................
Breger and others .
Pipir ingos. ...............
Masursky and Pipiringos. . . .
Wyant , Sharp, and Sheridan.
Refer-
ence
(49)
(72)
V-i'
(29)
(42)
(55)
(61}
( 27}
\±J_)
(31)
(49)
(41)
(5, 4)
76}
(60)
(25)
(53)
(75)
(39)
(22)
(82)
(28)
(81)
-(54)
(76)
\J_V_J
(62)
(44)
( 11)
(57)
(45)
(40)
(80)
Percentage of U
in coal
0.02 max 1 ^ *?)
00? avo I 6T 7 0
0 13 max 1 1 b (?
0 0 to 0 1
0097 max
<0.001 to 0 008
0 001 1 *t fo *»
0 001 to 0 0^4 1
0 013 max \ °t 7/
0 003
0 059
0.001 to 0.62
0 045 max
0 14 max \ ^
0 001
0 002 to 0 014
0 019 max
0.001
0 08 to 0 73
0.005 to 0.02
0.01
0 005 avg
0.002
<0.001 to 0.003
0.001
<0.001
0.001 to 0 051
0 0022
0 003 to 0 016
0.001 to 0.014
0. 10 max.
0.002 to 0.007
-------
11-30
3. Epigenetic. - Uranium was introduced in the coal after coal-
ification and after consolidation of the enclosing sediments by ground
water deriving uranium from hydrothermal sources or from unconformably
overlying volcanic rocks.
The accumulation of uranium in coal may vary markedly from place to place,
and the occurrence of uranium in each deposit should be interpreted in rela-
tion to the geologic history of the region. Field evidence favors the epige-
netic hypothesis of origin of uranium in western coals. Secondary concentra-
tion of uranium in coal may occur when solution of small quantities of uranium
by ground water from overlying volcanic rocks is followed by downward percola-
tion of these waters through pervious strata until the uranium is taken up and
retained by the highest of the underlying lignite beds (22, 23). Application
of this theory led to the discovery of uranium-bearing coal in Wyoming (40).
Montana (j27) , Idaho (42. 71) , and New Mexico (_5). In general, the uranium-
bearing coal in each of these areas forms the topmost coal bed of a sequence
overlain unconformably by layers of silicic volcanic materials or other strata
from which uranium may have been leached by ground waters. The uranium con-
tent of succeeding lower coal beds decreases to the vanishing point. The
enrichment of uranium in coals which lie near the erosion zone of granite
mountains was noted also in Hungary (26, 66).
Uranium-bearing coal classified as subbituminous B occurs in the Red
Desert area, Sweetwater County, Wyo. (_44, 47). Masursky and Pipiringos (45)
note that the greatest concentration of uranium in the coal occurs locally
where the beds are overlain by conglomerate of Miocene age. Widespread but
lesser concentrations of uranium occur in coal that is in proximity to perme-
able sandstone strata. The close relationship between uranium concentration
in the coal and permeability of adjacent rocks indicate that the uranium is of
epigenetic origin.
Several investigations showed that uranium in coal occurs as an organo-
uranium complex soluble at a pH less than 2.18, that distinct uranium minerals
rarely are present, and that little of the element is retained by ion exchange
(_!!> .11) • Organic material may serve as a reducing agent converting the solu-
ble uranyl ion to an insoluble uranous form, sulfide ion associated with car-
bonaceous substances may act as a reducing agent, and uranium may be precipi-
tated as insoluble humates. Szalay (64, 65) concluded that humic acids are
important agents responsible for the enrichment of uranium in peat and found
that a pH of less than three was required to liberate uranium from Hungarian
brown coal. Almassy (_1) also suggested that uranium in coal is bound by the
humic acids. Humic acids and humic matter readily remove uranium from solu-
tion (63, 73). and Moore (47) found that subbituminous coal, lignite, and peat
readily absorb uranium from solution. Tolmachov (68) demonstrated that activated
charcoal and carbonaceous shale remove uranium from uranyl nitrate solution.
Extraction of uranium from coal by different solutions and the reaction of humic
acid with uranyl salts was investigated by Voskresenskaya (.74.)• Work in Japan
showed that the capacity of lignite for absorbing uranium was increased by prolonged
oxidation (.36). Hoffman (33) found that the uranium content of slightly petrified
plants was the same as for living plants.
-------
11-31
Preliminary study of the occurrence and distribution of other elements in
uranium-bearing coals indicates that only molybdenum shows a consistent relationship
to uranium (82).
Denson (20) mentioned that several uranium minerals including autunite, zeuner-
ite, torbernite, carnotite, becquerelite, and coffinite have been identified in some
coals that had relatively high contents of uranium, but much of the uranium is incon-
spicuously disseminated in the carbonaceous material. Individual uranium minerals
have not been identified in the more abundant and usual types of uranium-bearing
coals. Nekrasova (51, 52) found that certain coals contain uranium partly in the
form of typical oxides and partly in a finely dispersed unidentifiable form.
Petrographic study (59. 29) of uraniferous coals in the United States did not
establish any correlation between uranium content and the coal components, but did
indicate a relationship between high-uranium content and samples rich in humic mat-
ter. Some vitrains from coalified wood containing uranium showed chemical and phys-
ical properties that differed from normal vitrinites (24).
Botanical prospecting in New Mexico indicated certain areas should be explored
further for uranium-bearing coal deposits (15, 16). Breger and his coworkers (13)
investigated the effect of dry distillation on uranium associated with coal and
other carbonaceous substances and concluded that distillation at 800° C caused no
appreciable loss of uranium by volatilization. •
These investigations show that uraniferous coals and lignites in the Western
States are a potential reserve of large quantities of uranium, although most of the
deposits are of low grade with respect to uranium content. Denson (20) noted that
recovery of uranium as a byproduct from ash depends on the coals' suitability for
use as fuel in competition with other coals. The higher grade uraniferous coals
often have greater ash content and lower heating value than nonuraniferous coals.
However, many of the known coal deposits containing uranium are suited to strip
mining methods.
_A_local deposit of lignite in Harding_Cp..un.ty_J_S. Dak'., (8, J8, 39) contained
enough_uranium _to_b.e considered an ore rather than a fuel. The uranium content of
600 tons_shipped_from HardjLng County ranged from 0.08 to 0.73 percent uranium and
averaged 0.3.3 per.cent. Other^dep.osits of lignitfir containing more than 0.1 percent
uranium have been found in the Dakotas, indicating that uranium-bearing coal or
lignite of comparable grade may^ occur at other _ip_c_alities in the Western States.
Methods of recovering uranium from lignite were investigated (43, 58, 79).
Processes studied included acid-leaching of ash, roasting with a sulfide of iron,
copper, or zinc followed by leaching with water or dilute acid and recovery of
uranium from solution by precipitation, ion exchange, or solvent extraction. Acid-
leaching of lignite followed by solvent extraction with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phos-
phoric acid showed promise for samples containing a minimum of acid-soluble organic
compounds.
I I
-------
III-l
MERCURY IN COAL
TABLE 1. - "Best" values of coals analyzed
(1)
Coal
Source
Type of
mine
Treatment
Best value
(ug Hg/g coal)
Number of values
averaged
EASTERN COALS
Belmont County, Ohio,
No. 9.
Harrison County, Ohio,
No. 6-A.
Jefferson County, Ohio,
Pgh. No. 8.
Kanawha County, W. Va.,
Hernshaw .
Washington County, Pa.,
Pittsburgh seam.
Clay County, Ind.,
Ind. No. 3.
Muhlenberg County, ' Ky . ,
W. Ky. No. 9.
Strip . .
Deep. . .
Strip. .
Deep. . .
. . do. . .
Strip. .
. .do. . .
Raw
. . . .do ....
Washed ....
• . . .do ....
. . . .do. . . .
. . . .do. ...
0.1-5 ±0.03
.41 ± .06
.24 ± .04
.07 ± .02
.12 ± .04
.07 ± .02
.19 ± .03
32
28
30
27
29
23
30
WESTERN COALS
Rosebud County Mont.
Rosebud .
Henry County,- Mo.,
Tebo/Weir . .
Montrose County Colo.
Nucla.
Mavajo County, Ariz.,
Red Seam.
Strip. .
..do...
. .do. . .
Raw .......
Washed/raw
Raw
... .do. ...
0.061+0
.16 ±
.05 +
.06 ±
.007
.06
.01
.01
22
37
29
26
(1) Schlesinger, M. D. and SchulCz, H., Bureau of Mines, RI 7609;
1972.
-------
III-2
TABLE 2. - Evaluation of data
Method
A. Dissolution and atomic
absorption
B. Combustion and atomic
absorption
D-l. Single Ag amalgamation
and atomic absorption...
D-2. Double Au amalgamation
and atomic absorption. . .
Total
values
submitted
128
95
100
44
*!!
Total
values
rejected
23
31
3
8
0
Percent
of total
rejected
18
33
3
18
0
Percent
rejected
as high
9 6.
29 5
1
6.8
0
Percent
rejected
as low
R f>
T 9
2
11.3
0
1 Each value is an average of at least 4 determinations.
-------
III-3
ABSTRACT
Mercury exists in coal in minute quantities, but the large tonnages of
coal consumed could represent relatively large amounts of mercury entering the
environment. Limits have now been placed on the emission of mercury, and it
is important that reliable analytical methods be available to the chemist.
The Bureau of Mines has evaluated analytical techniques used by a number
of laboratories; most used vapor phase atomic absorption as the final detec-
tion method. Neutron activation was used by some of the laboratories. All of
the methods described could be applied, but they require careful manipulation
to prevent loss or mercury contamination. In the samples analyzed the mercury
content ranged between O.QStO.Ol and 0.A 1+0.06 part per million.
COAL SAMPLING AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
Eleven samples of coal were obtained from active coal mines that deliver
large tonnages of coal to powerplants. Most of the sources had sampling
devices so that the 100-pound sample obtained from each mine represented thou-
sands of tons shipped out over a period of time.
The 11 samples were packed in plastic bags at the sampling point, placed
in containers, and shipped to the Coal Preparation Laboratory at the U.S. Bureau
of Mines, Pittsburgh Energy Research Center. This laboratory is isolated from
the main research areas, and contamination by mercury from laboratory air was
thus minimized. A sample was taken from each coal shipment and crushed to
minus 60 mesh. It was then split into 20 samples of about 1 pound each. To
prevent contamination from sample bottles, new plastic bottles were used; they
vere washed with a 2:1 mixture of concentrated HN03:HC1, rinsed with distilled
water, then rinsed with acetone, and finally air-dried and capped.
The samples were sent to the 20 cooperating laboratories with no instruc-
tions as to how to analyze them. Thus, each laboratory employed its own tech-
niques and reported the results to the Bureau of Mines. Accompanying many of
the analyses was the analytical method used. These are described in a later
section.
Many types of laboratories participated, including coal companies, power
companies, State geological surveys, universities, pollution control agencies,
other Government laboratories, and commercial laboratories.
-------
III-4
TYPES OF COALS ANALYZED
The 11 coals came from a wide area; seven were Eastern Region and Appa-
lachian coals, and four were from mines west of the Mississippi River.
Besides the analyses for mercury, a sample of each coal underwent proximate
and ultimate analyses by the Bureau of Mines'. These determinations were of
only general interest in relation to the subject study but were needed for a
combustion program that is in progress to determine the distribution of trace
elements in the product gas and ash from pulverized-fuel furnaces.
The Eastern coals were mostly high-volatile A bituminous coals (one was a
high-volatile B bituminous coal) with free-swelling index (FSI) numbers
between 5 and 8.5. Total sulfur in the coals, as- received, ranged from 0.9 to
3.7 percent; two washed samples from deep mines had 0.9 and 1.3 percent sulfur
The Indiana sample was a high-volatile B coal containing 3.7 percent sulfur.
Coals from the Western mines ranged from high-volatile A to subbituminous
B. They contained less than 1 percent of total sulfur except for one sample
that had over 6.4 percent. This high-sulfur coal indicated no other anomalies,
either in the proximate and ultimate analyses or in mercury content. These
Western coals were noncaking or poorly caking. The highest free swelling
index was 3.
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Although only 14 of the 20 participating laboratories reported, the data
received were sufficient to study statistically so that some suggestion may be
made as to the preferred analytical methods and the extent of the mercury con-
tent of coals in selected areas. Because the coals represent a wide geographi-
cal area, some inference may also be drawn concerning the extent of mercury in
coal. Discussed first is an analysis of the data, followed by detailed
procedures.
The participating laboratories were requested to submit the results of
individual analyses rather than averages where replicate analyses were made.
In almost all cases this request was complied with.
To evaluate the submitted data, it was first necessary to obtain a value
for the mercury content of the coals. As the true mercury content was unknown,
an average value was used as the best approximation of the true value. This
"best" value was obtained by eliminating values that differed from the average
by more than two standard deviations (at the 95-percent confidence level).
The averages and the standard deviations used for the comparison of values
were calculated without inclusion of the values that were eliminated.
-------
III-5
a
Table 1 shows the 11 coals used in the analyses, their sources, and the
best values obtained for each. Also indicated is whether the coal was
strip- or deep-mined, and if it is as-mined (raw), washed, or, as in one case
a mixture. For each best value between 22 and 37 individual determinations '
oeJ^nSnf' ThiS Procedure indicated mercury contents between 0.05±0.01 and
0.41±0.06 ug of mercury per gram of coal (ppm).
°f •»""" ««-«y fr« the parent coa ereafter,
". Purification,
ble
a
for their eercur content Any of th ° P yed " a"aly2e the
' °
o
°"' """^""lon of Sub-micrceram Quantities of
ICC
-------
III-6
EVALUATION OF PROCEDURES
A; Dissolution and Atomic Absorption. --The percentage of rejected values
for this method is much lower than for direct combustion methods but is still
fairly high. The rejections do not show a bias toward either high or low
values, which indicates several potential sources of error (loss of mercury
during dissolution, retention of ultraviolet absorbing species that are
released with the mercury, etc.). The method is not recommended but may be
used with appropriate care and a willingness to accept a fairly high percent-
age of inaccurate results. '6 Peit-ent
B- Combustion and Atomic Absorption. --One- third of the results obtained
by direct combustion methods were rejected. In addition almost all the
rejected values were rejected as too high. The high results were probably due
to incomplete combustion leaving aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor stream-
these compounds absorb strongly in the ultraviolet. The presence of such mate-
rials in fairly small amounts would lead to a false absorption signal at the
wavelength that mercury atoms absorb and hence to an erroneously high mercury
value. This method is not recommended for general use unless extreme care is
taken to eliminate this major source of error.
C* Activation Analysis . --Activate on analysis produced good results
Activation analysis requires the use of a nuclear reactor, expensive equipment
and facilities, and experts in the field. In addition, the time required from
sampling to results is relatively long and may be expensive. If none of the
above considerations are objectionable, activation analysis is a recommended
procedure for the analysis of mercury in coal. It should be added that acti-
vation analysis has the advantage of being able to identify and quantify a
number of other elements in the same sample.
D"1' Single Silver Amalgamation and Atomic Absorption . --The single sil
ver amalgamation method produced the same percentage of rejected values as the
dissolution methods. Apparently the silver surface becomes slowly poisoned by
the reactive components of the combustion gases from the coal and must be peri-
odically discarded. This method seems to produce a bias toward low results
possibly because the mercury vapor does not all amalgamate on a partially poi-
soned surface and is lost. The same recommendations apply to this method as
to the dissolution methods (paragraph A).
,. D"!'.,D°U^1! G°ld Amal^mation and Atomic Absorpt ion. --Douhl P gold amalga-
mation followed by flameless atomic absorption probably is the method of
choice for most laboratories. This method employs two gdld amalgamation steps
to eliminate. the errors noted previously for the direct combustion method. L
indicated in table 2, the double gold amalgamation and atomic absorption
method appears to be accurate and precise; no values were rejected. The equip-
ment used is fairly simple and the operator need not be an expert, although
some manipulative experience is necessary to demonstrate operability of the
system. A sample of coal can be analyzed for trace mercury content in less
-------
1 I 1-7
than 15 minutes with little interference. The method requires some care in
the original setup, particularly when setting flow rates and heating rates
but once completed, samples can be processed on a routine basis provided the
gold surface is periodically cleaned with nitric acid.
, t
train.
J on.these "suits, the Bureau constructed a double amalgamation
The first amalgamation cell can be easily removed from the system and
another inserted. This second cell would come from the sampling train on
equipment being used to study the release of mercury into a gas stream.
-------
III-8
DETAILED ANALYTICAL METHODS
As mentioned earlier, each laboratory analyzed its samples by its own
preferred methods. Each approach was found to be different in some respect
Typical of the methods used were--
1. Acid digestion (dissolution) followed by flameless atomic absorption.
2. Combustion,, followed by amalgamation or absorption, followed by flame-
less atomic absorption.
3. Neutron activation.
The nine methods described below are abstracted from those submitted by
the 14 cooperating laboratories. An attempt has been made to reword the
methods in a reasonably uniform format. Details of equipment size, arrange-
ment, etc., are given when they were included in the method submitted.
Combustion-Atomic Absorption
A 0.5- to 1.0-gram sample is burned at 700° to 800° C, and the evolved'
gases are passed through a hot zone containing platinum metal to oxidize any
organic material not completely burned in the first combustion tube. The mer-
cury vapor is passed through a portable (Le Maire) atomic absorption unit.
Mercury concentration is determined by comparison to standard samples run"in
the same manner. This method was reported during the mercury-in-coal study
but none of the comparative data were obtained using it. '
Combustion-Acid Absorption-Atomic Absorption
Weigh 1 gram of the coal sample into a platinum boat. Introduce the sam-
ple slowly over a period of about 5 minutes into a 36-inch-long by 1-inch-OD
Vycor tube furnace heated to 800° C. No visible smoke should appear between
the sample and the first absorber. This time will vary from sample to sample
depending on the type of coal being analyzed. Air is used for combustion and
is drawn through the apparatus by a vacuum pump or water aspirator. A trap
should be placed between the second absorption bottle and the pump in case the
acid permanganate is accidently drawn out of the sparger.
Combustion gases are scrubbed in two 250-ml bottles connected in series
and fitted with medium-fritted dip tubes. Each bottle contains 10 ml of
IN KMn04 solution, 40 ml of IN HgSO^ and 50 ml of water. Allow the sample to
combust about 10 minutes. If unburned black particles remain, stir the ash
with a stainless steel spatula and return the boat to the hot portion of the
tube for an additional 10 minutes.
Run a blank by sparging air through the same reagent solutions for the
same length of time used for the sample. Deduct the nanograms of mercury in
the blank from the nanograms in the sample before calculating the mercury con-
tent of the coal. Determination of the blank should be made close to the time
for the combustion, since the mercury content of the air in one laboratory was
observed to vary with the time of day. Mercury in the solutions was measured
using a Beckman K-23 mercury meter.
-------
III-9
Acid Digestion-Reduction-Atomic Absorption
Digest a 1-gram sample in 20 ml of a 15:5 HgS04:HN03 solution. The diges-
tion is carried out in a two-neck distilling flask fitted with a 400-mm allihn
condenser. Allow acid solution to react with sample for approximately 30 min-
utes before applying heat. Then, gradually heat the flask until all the
organic matter is destroyed, as indicated by the sample becoming straw colored.
Continue boiling for 2 hours and then cool. Wash the condenser at least three
times.
Mix the sample and washings with the condenser in place. Recool and
transfer the sample to a 200-ml volumetric flask. Mix well and remove a
100-ml aliquot for analysis. Add 2 ml of 6 percent KMn04 . Excess KMn04
should remain after 15 minutes; if not,, add more 6 .percent KMn04 until excess
KMn04 remains 15 minutes. Next add 2 ml of saturated K3S208. Wait 30 minutes
and reduce the excess KMn04 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Reduce the mer-
curic ion with 2 ml SnCls. Vaporize the mercury with air flowing at about
1 liter per minute, and pass the flow through a 10-cm cell placed in the opti-
cal path of the atomic absorption analyzer. The air rate must be checked for
maximum sensitivity.
Wet Ashing-Atomic Absorption
Transfer 1 gram of powdered coal to a 250-ml volumetric flask and add
approximately 20 mg of KgCr207 . Then add 10 ml of concentrated HN03 and swirl
until the reaction subsides. Affix an asbestos-jacketed air condenser to the
top of the flask and reflux for 30 minutes at 180° C (hotplate surface temper-
ature). Add 15 ml of concentrated KC104 and heat for 30 minutes at 250° C;
then heat at 280° C until the color of the solution turns from green to orange-
red, usually 15 to 30 minutes. Allow the solution to cool to 150° C or lower
and add approximately 75 ml of water and boil the solution for 10 minutes.
Cool the solution to room temperature, dilute to the mark,, and determine mer-
cury as soon as possible by cold vapor atomic absorption.
Combust ion-Silver Amalgamation-Atomic Absorption
In a graphite crucible place 0.2 gram of coal mixed with 0.2 gram of a
1:1 mixture of CuO:CaC(X, that has been fired overnight at 750° C. Burn the
sample for 5 minutes in an induction furnace with an oxygen flow of 1 liter
per minute. The mercury is trapped on silver foil.
Heat the foil at 400° to 450° C to transfer the mercury vapor into the
optical path of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer using a hollow cathode
mercury lamp. The cell is 12 cm long by 60 mm in OD. Readout is obtained on
a 10-mv strip chart recorder.
-------
Ill- 10
Digestion or Combust ion -Amalgamation -Atomic Absorption
The sample is digested in an HgSC^-HClC^ solution or volatilized in a
quartz-graphite crucible in an induction furnace with subsequent collection in
an acidic permanganate solution. The solutions are then reduced and aerated,
and the mercury is amalgamated on silver foil. Mercury is then volatilized
off the silver foil in an induction furnace and carried by an air stream
through the quartz cell of an atomic absorption unit.
. Combustion-Gold Amalgamation -Atomic Absorption
A 10- to 200-mg sample is placed in a nickel boat and burned in a labora-
tory furnace through which oxygen is flowing at 1.25 cu ft/hr. The vapors are
passed over silver wire coils heated to 500° C to complete the oxidation. The
vapors are next passed through a gold wire trap to remove mercury. To insure
complete removal of contaminants that might absorb in the mercury range, the
mercury is driven off the gold by heating at 600° to 700° C and reamalgamating
the mercury in a second gold wire trap. The mercury is finally released from
the second amalgamator by heating' and passed through an 18-cm vapor cell in
the optical path of the atomic absorption unit. A sharp peak is obtained on
the strip chart recorder. Calibration is obtained by abstraction of mercury
vapor with a syringe from a plastic bottle fitted with a septum. The contents
of the syringe are passed through the entire analytical train. A second sam-
ple can be injected at the entrance of the analyzer cell to check the opera-
tion of the train. Identical peaks should be obtained.
Comb us t ion -Pi thi zone
None of the samples in the series was analyzed using the dithizone
method. However, this method was used in the initial series of tests with
good results and is detailed here for laboratories desiring to use this
procedure .
A 1.0-gram sample of coal is placed in a boat and placed in a combustion
tube maintained in part at 900° C. The air rate is 400 to 500 ml per minute.
The boat is initially about 4 inches from the hot zone and is advanced at a
rate of 0.25 inch per minute for the first 16 inches, then 0.5 inch per minute
for 16 inches. Combustion is continued for 30 minutes. The products of com-
bustion are sparged through two absorption bottles in series, each containing
20 ml of acidified KMnO^ (30 ml of H,, S04 in 1 liter of H,0, then add 3.2 grams
KMn04
These solutions containing absorbed mercury are decolorized with an
excess of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and transferred to a separatory funnel.
Exactly 5 ml of 0.0005 percent dithizone in chloroform is added to extract the
mercury. The extract is transferred to a spectrophotometer cell and the
absorbance at 490 mu is measured against chloroform. Reagent blanks are deter-
mined by adding known amounts of mercury to 40 ml of the absorbing solution,
and reducing, extracting, and measuring the absorbance.
-------
III-ll
Neutron Activation
Detailed procedures for the analysis of coal by activation analysis were
not submitted by any of the cooperating laboratories. However, one of the
laboratories submitted data obtained in both a low-flux and a high-flux reac-
tor. Sufficient activity could not be obtained in the low-flux system to give
reliable results and so these data were not used in this study.
SOME ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS
During informal discussions with analysts who have been working on mer-
cury analysis, several comments were made concerning pitfalls that were experi-
enced. These are somewhat random but they may be helpful to an analyst
approaching these procedures for the first time.
Mercury vapor is present in most laboratory atmospheres. Therefore, sam-
ple storage, exposure of analytical glassware, and the use of combustion air
should be considered carefully.
Mercury has been lost when Teflon-coated stirring bars are used in diges-
tion apparatus.
Complete combustion of the sample is important because aromatic compounds
absorb energy at 2,536.5 A, the mercury resonance absorption wavelength The
combustion rate should be controlled so that the coal does not flash, particu-
larly when tank oxygen is used. When the combustion is too rapid, smoke is
evident in the combustion tube or the absorption bottles. Large amounts of
water vapor will also affect the normally sharp peak for mercury by giving a
broad absorption signal at the base of the mercury peak.
LABORATORIES INVOLVED IN THE ANALYSES
Allied Chemical Co. National Bureau of Standards
American Electric Power Oak Ridge National Laboratories
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc. Office of Air Programs (EPA)
Consolidation Coal Co. Ohio Geological Survey
Detroit Edison Pennsylvania State University
Illinois Geological Survey Tradet, Inc.
Kennecott Copper Co.
il
-------
111-12
CONCLUS IONS
Several analytical procedures can be used for the determination of mer-
appearL'to- ei ^l*"*1* *°ld -^"-ticn techni.ue used by one "bora try
appeared to give the most consistent results. To verify the reliability of
this method it would be advisable for other laboratories to set up a similar
apparatus and to compare data. The Bureau of Mines now has such a'uni in
operation Several other analytical procedures are applicable with equivalent
accuracy, but care must be taken to avoid gain or loss of mercury e«Ulvalent
H*/* of^Jr5 f°r ^ C°alS Sampled ranged from 0-05±0.01 to 0.41±0.06 ug
Hg/g of coal
-------
IV-1
TABLE 1. - Determinations of arsenic in coal by three
methods, percent of dry coal
Source
State
Alabama
Illinois
Do
Do
Pennsylvania.
Do
Do
Virginia
Do
Do
West Virginia
Do
Do
1*O •••••••••
Do
County
Walker. . .
Stark
Bell
Butler. . .
Pike
Al legheny
. do
Greene. . .
Buchanan.
Dickenson
Wise
Boone. . . .
Kanawha. .
. .do
. . do
Lewis. . . .
ISO
recommendation
Indi-
vidual
0.0046
.0055
.0009
.0007
.0004
.0003
.0045
.0049
.0023
.0024
.0032
.0027
.0021
.0019
.0018
.0016
.0057
.0054
.0003
.0002
.0012
.0012
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0008
.0121
.0116
.0009
.0007
.0041
.0040
Average
0.0051
.0008
.0004
.0047
.0024
.0030
.0020
.0017
.0056
.0003
.0012
.0006
.0009
.0119
.0008
.0041
MgO-ashing
at 6500 C
Indi-
vidual
0.0049
.0050
.0008
.0308
.0003
.0003
.0045
.0044
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0029
.0017
.0018
.0017
.0019.
.0057
.0061
.0003
.0003
.0013
.0014
.0007
.0008
.0009
.0009
.0106
.0111
.0010
.0011
.0038
.0037
Average
0.0050
.0008
.0003
.0045
.0022
.0030
.0018
.0018
.0059
.0003
.0014
.0008
.0009
.0109
.0011
.0038
Dilute HN03
extraction
Indi-
vidual
0.0053
.0053
.0009
.0009
.0004
.0003
.0043
.0042
.0023
.0024
.0031
.0032
.0020
.0019
.0021
.0021
.0062
.0061
.0003
.0003
.0016
.0016
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0309
.0114
.0112
.0011
.0311
.0038
.0040
Average
0.0053
.0009
.0004
.0043
.0024
.0032
.0020
.0021
.0062
.0003
.0016
.0009
.0009
.01 13
.001 1
.0039
(1) Abernethy, R. F. and Gibson, F. H. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7184;
Oct. 1968.
-------
TV-2
PROCEDURES
ISO Recommendation No. 601
Reagents
Zinc, granular, 20 mesh.
Hydrazine sulfate solution, 0.15 percent. Dissolve 0.15 gram in 100 ml
of water.
Stannous chloride solution, 40 percent. Dissolve 20 grams of SnCl2-2H20
in concentrated HC1 and dilute to 50 mi with concentrated HC1.
Potassium iodide solution, 15 percent. Dissolve 7.5 grams of KI in 50 ml
of water. Prepare fresh daily.
Lead acetate solution, saturated. Prepare fresh daily.
Sulfuric acid solution, approximately 7 N. Add 200 ml of concentrated
H2S04> cautiously, to about 700 ml of water, cool and dilute to 1,000 ml.
Sulfuric acid solution, 5 N. Add 140 ml of concentrated H2SO , cautiously,
to about 500 ml of water, cool and dilute to 1,000 ml. Standardize against
sodium carbonate using methyl orange as indicator and adjust to 5.0 N.
Ammonium molybdate solution, 1 percent in 5 N H2S04 . Dissolve 1 gram
(NH4)6Mo7024-4H20 in about 80 ml of 5 N H2SO, and dilute to 100 ml with the
. -i ^
of
_ _ the
same acid.
Stock iodine solution, approximately 0.02 N. Dissolve 2.54 grams of
iodine in 25 ml of water containing 8 grams of KI. Dilute to 1,000 ml and
store in a dark glass bottle.
Working iodine solution, approximately 0.001 N. Dilute 5 ml of the stock
'iodine solution to 100 ml. Prepare fresh daily.
Stock arsenic solution (1 ml equals 1 mg As). Weigh 0.1320 gram of
arsenious oxide, 'previously dried at 110° C for 2 hours, and dissolve in 50
ml of water containing 0.5 ml of 70 percent NaOH. Add 2 ml of the 5 N H2SO
and dilute to 100 ml. ~~ 4
Working arsenic solution (1 ml equals 10 micrograms As). Dilute 1 ml of
the stock arsenic solution to 100 ml.
Wet Oxidation Procedure
Transfer a 1-gram sample of coal, crushed to pass a No. 60 sieve to a
300 ml Kjeldahl flask and mix with 7.0 ml of HSS04 . Then add 3.5 ml of HNO
slowly through a dropping funnel to avoid excessive frothing; after the ini3
tial reaction subsides, heat the mixture gently over a gas burner. When white
fumes of S03 only are being evolved, add 0.2 to 0.4 ml of HNO, by drops into
the flask. Brown fumes will be evolved for several minutes. Continue these
additions of HN03 until all visible carbonaceous matter has been oxidized
This will require about 1-1/2 hours. After cooling, wash the walls of the
-------
IV-3
flask with about 10 ml of water, add a few drops of HN03 , and heat the solu-
tion agatn to complete the oxidation of organic matter.' Wash the walls of the
flask with water and heat the solution to fumes of S03, repeating the addition
" in ^ "" °f S° "
of HNO 3 em°ve the last traces
of HN03, after the last addition of water transfer the solution and any resi-
due to an evolution flask keeping the final volume about 35 ml.
Colorimetric Determination
of rhUIn?? "™ *vol"cion of arsine> «dd 2.0 .ml of the KI solution and 0.5 ml
each Ld?t 2 2*n i°n ^ ^ Sample iP the evoluti°n flask, mixing after
each addition Allow the solution to stand for 15 minutes. During this time
set up the evolution apparatus shown in figure 1. Add 5 ml of 0.00? N od ne
ton n V TPet ^ ^ absorPtion tub* containing the helix. Place cot-
ton plugs in both cones of the delivery tube, moistening the larger one with
ev'ottio^fl sSk°lUti°n' "I Weif °Ut 5 gramS °f 2inc- ^ ^e zfnc to the
evolution flask and assemble the apparatus.
Note: Some tests may give excessive evolution of hydrogen and froth-
ing that carries over into the absorption tube. If this occurs
repeat the experiment adding about half of the zinc at first. After
about 20 minutes when gas evolution has nearly ceased, add the
remainder of the zinc and complete the test.
After evolution has taken place for 1 hour, disconnect the absorption tube
and remove the helix Add 0.5 ml of ammonium molybdate solution and 0.2 ml of
hydrazine sulfate solution to the absorption tube from burets, closing the
tube with a No. 19 glass stopper and mixing after each addition. Suspend the
tube in boiling water for 10 minutes, then cool to 'room temperature, transfer
the blue-colored solution to a 1-cm cell and measure absorbance at 835 milli-
procedure! """ " reference' <*«* * b^nk determination through tne
Prepare a calibration curve using 0.0 to 1.6 ml of the standard working
" * " ^
tioando ~ ^^ ^ ^St thr°Ugh the
tion and colorimetric procedures. Use the absorbance reading for the 0.0
°rKa bUnk C0rrection' The calibration curve is nearly a
with the absorbance ranging from 0 to 0.87 for 0 to 16 micro-
ic.
grams of arsenic.
Percent arsenic =
-------
IV-4
Standard
taper
Note: All dimensions in millimeters
unless noted otherwise.
Standard
taper
o
CO
11 id
FIGURE 1. - Evolution Apparatus.
-------
IV-5
MgO Ashing
Mix a 1-gram sample of coal in a porcelain crucible with 1 gram of ME0
and moisten with 2 to 3 ml of limewater.. Heat the crucible and contents
slowly to 650° C in a ventilated muffle furnace and maintain this temperature
for 1 hour.
After cooling, add 15 ml of 7 N HaS04 to the contents of the crucible
"SfeJ the solution and any residue to an evolution flask, using about 20 ml
7 N H-SO. . Determine arspm'r hv cho ,~,-.i /-.•^•.•m«*- _,• „ —.-i >
of 7 N H2S04. Determine arsenic by the colorimetric method
Nitric Acid Extrar<-ir-m
all the HN03
«.
-------
IV-6
RESULTS
Comparison of Three Methods
oxida^on1^ ?h arSG?iC de^erminations of 16 coals by the ISO method with wet
oxidation of the coal sample are given in table 1. Arsenic determinations of
the same coals by the modified methods using MgO-ashing and HNO, extraction
are included in the table for comparison. Average results by the ISO wet
dation and the two modified methods
that
coal.
To estimate completeness of the extraction of arsenic by HN03 in these
tests, the coal residue and filter paper were ashed in a porcelain crucible at
750° C and tested for arsenic. The ashes contained only small quantities of
arsenic ranging from 0.1 to 3 micrograms. The proportion of these small
amounts to the arsenic found in the acid extract indicated that the acid
extraction method averaged 96 percent recovery of arsenic in the 16 coals
tested.
Because several coal samples with unusually high arsenic content were
used for these comparative tests, the results in table 1 are generally higher
than the average arsenic content of coals from the sources shown.
-------
IV-7
Arsenic in Float- and Sink-Fractions
a wide range of ash content. The coals were from Tennessee, West Virginia
and Pennsylvania. Arsenic was determined by the MgO-ashing'method. '
are
fracti°ns> and the «" and arsenic contents
the colonmetric method for determining small quantities of
TABLE 2.
Specific
- Arsenic
of three
gravi ty
in float
coals,
- and sink
percent of
-fractions
dry coal
Yield
1 Ash
Arsenic
COUNTY
Float 1.33
Float 1 .38
Sink 1.33
Sink 1.38
27.9
f, Q /,
T) 1
/ f. . l
30.6
2.9
. 5
1U .U
2 . 6
19.6
0.00013
.00022
.00063
.00077
.00147
WASHINGTON COUNTY
Float 1.30 1
Float 1 .33
Sink 1.30
Sink 1.33
23.1
Ao c
HZ . J
7A Q
/o . y
57.5
2.0
. 7
It *5
4. 3
7.5
22.6
0.00009
.00011
.00049
.00057
.00071
Float 1 .33
Float 1 .38
Sink 1 .33
Sink 1 .38
59.9
Q tr r\
An i
15.0
3.9
. 0
90
. o
18.8
36.9
0.00009
.00013
.00031
.00058
.00106
1-7.
-------
IV-8
High-Temperature Ashing Tests
The ISO colorimetric method was used to determine the loss of arsenic
when ashes are heated to temperatures corresponding to those attained during
combustion of coal in a boiler furnace. One-gram samples of coal were ashed
at 750° C in porcelain capsules according to the ASTM method for determining
ash content. The ashes were treated with 7 N H2S04 and arsenic was deter-
mined by the ISO colorimetric method. Tests were continued at higher tempera-
tures, first preparing an ash sample at 750° C, then transferring it to a
platinum capsule and heating it in a ventilated platinum wound electric fur-
nace for 1 hour at 1,000° C. Arsenic content of the heated ash was determined;
similar tests of ash samples from each coal were made at 1,100°, 1,200°, and
1,300° C.
Average results for 16 coals given in table 3 show that only a small
quantity of arsenic is lost below 1,000° C. At higher temperatures an appre-
ciable amount of it is volatilized; virtually all of it is removed at 1,300° C.
Although the tests indicate that most of the arsenic in coal is volatilized
during combustion, it is probable that, because of the high temperature
required, some arsenic may remain in the cooler parts of the furnace and not
escape with the flue gas.
TABLE 3. - Arsenic remaining after heating coal ash at
various temperatures, percent of dry coal
Source
State
Alabama
Illinois
Kentucky
Do
Do
Pennsylvania.
Do
Do
Virginia
Do
Do
West Virginia
Do
Do
Do
Do
County
Walker. . .
Stark. . . .
Bel 1 ...
Butler. . .
Pike
Allegheny
.. do ....'.
Greene. . .
Buchanan.
Dickenson
Wi se
Boone ....
Kanawha. .
. .do
. .do
Lewis ....
Total
arsenic
in coal
0.0051
.0008
.0004
.0045
.0023
.0031
.0019
.0019
.0059
.0003
.0014
.0008
.0009
.0114
.0010
.0039
Arsenic found after heating at
various temperatures
750° C
0.0043
.0007
.0003
.0042
.0022
.0028
.0016
.0017
.0055
.0003
.0013
.0008
.0008
.0105
.0010
.0035
1,000° C
0.0044
.0007
.0003
.0037
.0021
.0027
.0018
.0019
.0054
.0003
.0013
.0008
.0008
.0083
.0010
.0036
1,100° C
0.0014
.0007
.0001
.0010
.0019
.0023
.0017
.0019
,0020
.0003
.0006
.0008
.0006
.0021
.0010
.0035
1,200° C
0.0001
.0001
<.0001
<.0001
.0003
.0002
.0006
.0003
.0004
.0003
<.0001
.0001
.0002
.0001
<.0001
.0004
1,300° C
O.0001
<".0001
.0000
.0000
<^.0001
<-0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
Average by 3 methods from table 1.
SAmerican Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Methods of Laboratory
Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke. D 271-64 in 1968 Book of ASTM Stan-
dards: Part 19, Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke. Philadelphia, Pa., 1968,
pp. 22-23.
-------
IV-9
CONCLUSIONS
satisfactory *:suUse?datl°n ^ ^ ^ dete™ination <* «..nic in coal gives
2. A modification, using furnace ashing of the coal sample mixed with
"11 "' iV6S reS
3. A second modification, in which the arsenic is extracted from the
*""*
4 Determinations of arsenic in float- and sink-fractions of coal indi
cate that the arsenic is associated mainly with mineral matter in the three
coals t es ted .
5 teatUre S t6StS Sh°W that very little arsenic is lost
uo to nnnrK
up to 1,0000 C, but virtually all of it is removed from the ash at 1,300° C.
-------
V-l
COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF BERYLLIUM IN COAL*
by
Roy F. Abernethy ' and Elizabeth A. Hattman2
ABSTRACT
This report describes a method developed by the Bureau of Mines for the
determination of beryllium in coal ash. Samples are put into solution by
standard wet chemical procedures. Interfering elements are complexed with
NagEDTA, and the beryllium is separated by extraction of its acetyl acetone
complex with chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. Final determination is made
with Beryllon II.
INTRODUCTION
Although coal contains only trace amounts of beryllium, air pollution
from this very toxic element is a possibility in areas where large amounts of
coal are burned. A spectrographic survey of trace elements in the ash from
U.S. commercial coals detected beryllium in all coals tested.3 The approxi-
mate lower limit of detection was 0.0001 percent beryllium, reported as the
metal. Some samples contained as much as 0.02 percent beryllium but the aver-
age values for the three provinces were 0.0012 for the Eastern Province,
0.0014 for the Interior Province, and 0.0006 for the Western Province.
Spectrometry is most often used to determine trace quantities of beryl-
lium. However, an accurate chemical method is desirable since small labora-
tories mny not have access to spectrographic equipment. Such a method could
also serve as an independent check.
Several spectrophotometric methods have sufficient sensitivity for the
determination of the microgram quantities of beryllium present in coal ash.
The procedure using morin is the most sensitive but requires a fluorphotometer.
former project coordinator, Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Bureau of
Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. (now retired).
Research chemist, Pittsburgh Energy Research Center. Bureau of Mines
Pittsburgh, Pa. '
3Abernethy, R. F., M. J. Peterson, and F. H. Gibson. Spectrochemical Analyses
of Coal Ash for Trace Elements. BuMines Rept. of Inv. 7281, 1969, 30 pp.
'* Bureau of Mines, RI 7452; Nov. 1970.
-------
V-2
Procedures have been developed by McCloskey4 and by Crawley5 which use
Aluminon as the colorimetric reagent.
Acetyl acetone has been used both for the isolation of beryllium and for
its final determination. Adam, Booth, and Strickland0 determined beryllium by
first isolating it with an acetyl acetone-chloroform extraction; destroying
the complex by wet oxidation; and rcextracting the acetyl acetone complex.
Since the absorbance of the beryllium acetonate-chloroform solution is strong-
est at 295 my,, an ultraviolet spectrophotometer must be used.
Others also isolated beryllium with acetyl acetone but used the reagent
Beryllon II for the final determination. The sensitivity of this method is
good and the beryllium-Berylion II complex is stable; however, the complex
does not follow Beer's law. The Bureau of Mines selected this two-step proce-
dure for trial as a'method for the determination of beryllium in coal ash.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Description of Method
Reagents
Standard beryllium solution (1 ml = 2.0 y,g Be). Dissolve 0.1965 g
BeS04-4Fl,0 in 25 ml HC1. Dilute to 1 liter and mix. Transfer 200 ml to a
1-liter volumetric flask. Dilute to the mark with 0.1 percent HC1 and mix.
Store in a plastic bottle.
Na3EDTA solution, 10 percent aqueous. Adjust to a pH of 6.0 with 10 per-
cent NaOH solution.
Sodium hydroxide solution, 10 percent aqueous.
Beryllon II solution, 0.1 percent aqueous. Make fresh weekly.
Acetyl acetone solution, 5 percent aqueous.
Preparation of Calibration Curve
Aliquot 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-y.g quantities of standard beryllium solution
into 50-ml beakers. Dilute to about 15 ml and add 2 ml of 10 percent Na^EDTA.
4McCloskey, J. P. Specific Spectrophotometric Microdetermination of Beryllium.
Microchemical J., v. 12, 1967, pp. 32-39.
Crawley, R. H. A. Spectrophotometry of Beryllium. Anal. Chim. Acta, v. 22
1960, pp. 413-442. '
6Adam, J. A., E. Booth, and J. D. H. Strickland. The Determination of Micro-
gram Amounts of Beryllium Using Acetyl Acetone. Anal. Chim. Acta, v. 6
1952, pp. 462-471. ' '
Dushina, J. K. (Spectrophotometric Determination of Beryllium in Rocks With
Beryllon II.) Vop. Prikl. Geochim., No. 1, 1966, pp. 125-128.
Rubtsov, A. F. (Isolation and Determination of Beryllium in the Study of
Corpses.) Sb. Tr. po Sudebn. Med. i Sudebn. Khim., Perm, 1961, pp. 236-240.
-------
V-3
Adjust the pH of the solution to 12.05 ±0.05 using 10 percent NaOH. Since
this value is very critical, a PH meter should be used. Add I ml of
Beryllon II solution, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask, and dilute to the
mark using water which has been adjusted to a PH of 12.05. Prepare a blank
using water, and 2 ml of 10 percent NasEDTA. Adjust the pH to 12.05 ±0 05
transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask and dilute to the mark. After 5 minutes
measure the absorbancies of the standards at 625 i^, using the blank solution
as a reference. The complex is stable for at least 4 hours but does not obev
Beer s law. J
Preparation of Ash
Spread 100 g of the coal, ground to pass a No. 60 sieve, in a fire clay
roasting dish. Place in a cold muffle furnace equipped with an air aspirator
and heat to 500° C. After 1 hour raise the temperature to 750° C. Ignite
until most of the carbon is burned off. Transfer the ash to a silica dish and
continue heating until the weight is constant. Grind the ash in an agate
mortar to pass through a No. 100 sieve.
Procedure
Weigh a 0.500-g sample of coal ash, transfer to a 100-ml beaker, and
digest with 10 ml concentrated HC1 for 10 to 15 minutes. Add 10 ml of water
and filter through a retentive paper into a 250-ml beaker. Wash the paper and
precipitate several times with hot water. Reserve the filtrate and ignite the
filter paper and precipitate in a platinum crucible in a muffle furnace at
750 C. When the carbon has been burned off, cool the crucible and contents
and add 1 or 2 ml of water, 5 drops of 1:1 HSS04, and 2 to 3 ml of HF. Fume
to dryness and fuse the residue in 3 to 5 g of potassium pyrosulfate. Cool
and place crucible and lid in the reserved filtrate. Heat, and when the melt
is dissolved, remove and rinse the crucible and lid. Add A g Na,,EDTA, adjust
the pH to approximately 6 with 10 percent NaOH, and boil until the Fe(OH)
precipitate dissolves and the volume of the solution is about 60 ml. Adjust
the PH to 6.0 ±0.1 and boil again if a precipitate forms. Cool, add 5 ml of
5 percent acetyl acetone solution, and let stand for 5 minutes. Transfer to a
125-ml separatory funnel and extract three times with 25-ml, 10-ml, and 5-ml
portions of CC14, collecting the CC14 layers in a 100-ml beaker. To the com-
bined extracts add 10 ml concentrated HN03 and evaporate to dryness Add 2
drops concentrated HC1 and 10 ml water, and heat to dissolve the residue
Cool, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask and adjust to volume. Pipet a
10-ml aliquot into a 50-ml beaker, dilute to 15 ml, and add 2 ml of 10 percent
Na-,EDTA. Adjust the PH of the solution to 12.05 ±0.05 using a PH meter Add
1 ml of Beryllon II solution, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask, and'dilute
to the mark using water which has been adjusted to a pH of 12.05. Prepare a
blank using water and 2 ml of 10 percent Na^DTA. Adjust the pH to 12 05
±0.05, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask, and dilute to the mark. After
5 minutes measure the absorbance at 625 m^, using the blank solution as a
reference.
The sample weight and aliquot specified is suitable for ash samples con-
taining up to 0.0020 percent beryllium. Smaller aliquots can extend the range.
-------
V-4
When the sample is known to contain less than 0.0010 percent beryllium, the
entire solution of the residue can be used for color development, omitting the
use of an aliquot. The optimum concentration for color development is from
1 to 6 u-g of beryllium in the final 25-ml volume.
Effect of pH on Absorbance
The influence of pi I on the JnLrnnily of the bcryll i uin-lit:ry lion 11 complex
was investigated. As shown in table 1, the pll range for maximum color devel-
opment is very narrow. Solutions which have pH values between 12.0 and 12.1
have the highest absorbancies. Since this value is very critical, a pH meter
should be used for adjustment.
TABLE 1. - Effect of pH on__a_b_sorba_n_ce
PH
11.70
11.80
11.85
11.90
11.95
12.00
Absorbance1
0.290
.305
.311
.318
.322
.324
PH
12.05
12. 10
12. 15
12.20
12.30
Absorbance1
0.325
.325
.323
.317
.310
1 Absorbance measurements made at 625 mo-, using
1-cm cuvettes, with a beryllium concentra-
tion of 6 ^g/25 ml.
Recovery of Beryllium
In initial tests two separations were used to free the beryllium from1
interfering ions. Various amounts of beryllium were added to base solutions
containing 250 mg of aluminum oxide and 140 mg of ferric oxide. Interfering
ions were complexed with Na3EDTA. The pH was adjusted to 6.0, acetyl acetone
was added, and the solution was extracted with carbon tetrachloride. Nitric
acid was added, and the extract was evaporated to dryness. The residue was
dissolved in hydrochloric acid, diluted, and extracted as before. After evap-
oration of the organic layer, beryllium was determined using Beryllon II.
Since this procedure using two extraction steps was time consuming, tests
were made to determine if a single extraction would suffice. Synthetic ash
samples containing 400 mg of aluminum oxide, 140 mg of ferric oxide, and vary-
ing amounts of beryllium were tested. Table 2 shows satisfactory recoveries
for both procedures. This table also shows the sensitivity of the method
since as little as 0.5 ng of beryllium can be recovered.
Beryllium was determined on several coal ashes, using both single and
double separations to isolate the beryllium. As table 3 indicates, the
results show no significant difference and the use of a double separation
appears unnecessary.
-------
V-5
TABLE 2. - Recoveries of beryllium from basr
Beryllium
added, p,g
0.5
.5
2
2
6
6
8
8
10
10
10
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
Double separation
Beryl 1 ium
found, M.R
-
2.0
2. 1
5.7
6.3
7.3
7.7
10.0
9.8"
-
20.5
30.0
28.5
-
-
-
-
Recovery,
percent
-
-
100
105
95
105
91
96
100
98
-
103
100
95
-
-
-
-
Single sepq ra 1 1 on
Beryllium
found, uft
0.4
.5
_
_
_
.
.
_
10.0
9.8
10.1
-
30.3
31.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Recovery,
percent
80
100
.
.
_
100
98
101
_
101
103
100
100
100
100
TABLE 3. -.Comparison of results for beryllium in coal
ash using single and double separations
Sample
number
1
Beryllium, percent of ash
Single separation
0.0014
.0013
.0013
.0013 (avg)
.0072
.0073
.0073
.0073 (avg)
.0083
.0081
.0082
.0055
.0053
.0054 (avg)
.0068
.0068
.0068 (avg)
.0094
.0094
.0094 (avg)
Double separation
0.0015
.0076
.0082
.0054
.0067
.0095
-------
V-6
Rcproducibi1ity of Method
Ten replicate determinations were made on each of two coal ash samples to
obtain data on precision. The first sample averaged 0.0082 percent beryllium
and showed a relative standard deviation of 3.7 percent. On the second ash,
averaging 0.0178 percent beryllium, the relative standard deviation was 2.2
percent.
For comparison, beryllium was determined by atomic absorption spectropho-
tometry on two of the coal ash samples. These results are given below:
Source
Fulton County, 111
Do
Average
Greene County, Ind.
Do
Average
Atomic
absorption
0.0015
.0014
.0015
.0075
.0076
.0076
Beryllon II
0.0015
.0015
.0015
.0083
.0081
.0082
Interferences
The extraction of the beryllium acetyl acetone complex in the presence of
Na2EDTA eliminates virtually all interferences in the determination. Coextrac-
tion of iron.and aluminum could cause a positive error in the beryllium deter-
mination. When 0.2 mg of aluminum was added to 6 ^8 of beryllium, the rela-
tive error was 2.5 percent. Similarly, 0..5 mg of iron caused a relative error
of 1.7 percent. However, analysis of the extract of a 0.5-g ash sample con-
taining 28 percent aluminum oxide showed that less than 0.1 mg of aluminum was
carried over with the beryllium. Determination of iron on the extract from a
0.5-g sample containing 25 percent ferric oxide showed less than 0.1 mg of
iron in the extract. These amounts would not interfere with the determination.
It was found that alkali salts enhance the intensity of the beryllium-
Beryllon II complex. Therefore, the concentration of salts in both standards
and sample must be constant. Readings obtained when beryllium was added to
the extracts from synthetic ash solutions were no higher than those for stan-
dards run directly. This indicates no appreciable carryover of salts.
To investigate the possibility of loss of beryllium in the ashing process,
samples of a high-beryllium coal were ignited in an oxygen bomb. The beryl-
lium contents of these samples were not significantly higher than those
obtained on the 750° C ash from the muffle furnace.
BERYLLIUM DETERMINATION ON THE ASH OF U.S. COALS
Beryllium was determined on the ash of 34 coals by the procedure previously
described. The percent of ash in the coals ranged from 1.9 to 31.7; and these
ashes contained 0.0005 to 0.020 percent beryllium. Duplicate determinations
agreed very well, and the varied composition of the ashes caused no difficulty.
The results of these determinations are given in table 4.
-------
V-7
TABLE 4. - Beryllium in ash of U.S. coals
State and county
Alabama :
Do
Colorado:
Fremont
Do
Moffat
Illinois:
L'eoria
Indiana :
Clay
Sul livan
Kentucky :
Floyd
Do
Ohio
Ohio:
Do
Pennsylvania :
Virginia:
Buchanan
Montgomery
Wise
West Virginia:
Boone
Fayette
Harrison
Kanawha
Do
Do
Logan
Preston
Bed
Cobb
Black Creek. . . .
. .do
. .do
No. 5
. .do
No. 6
Upper Brazil Block...
No. 4
No . 5
. .do. . . .
..do '
Elkhorn No. 3.
No. 6
. .do
Elkhorn No. 3. . .
No. 9
Middle Kittanning
. .do
Pittsburgh. . .
. .do
Lower Kittanning
Lower Banner
Brushy Mountain. . . .
TaEEart . . . .
Winif rede
Coalburg.
Pittsburgh.
Campbell Creek.
Eaele A.
Peerless. .......
Chilton. .
Upper Freeport
Ash,
percent of
air-dried
co&l
10.9
1.7
16.7
9.5
3.0
11.6
16.8
8. 1
4.3
7.8
11. 1
25.5
12.4
5.7 •
1.9
4.1
6.2
17.2
5.9
7.8
15.4
12.6
5.4
14.3
31.7
1.7
7.7
7.3
13. 1
4.5
3.6
3.2
5.0
22.6
Beryllium, percent
of ash
Test 1
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0005
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0067
.0081
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0056
.0203
.0077
.0036
.0009
.0038
.0012
.0008
.0051
.0074
.0010
.0006
.0060
.0067
.0009
.0009
.0051
.0183
.0033
.0115
.0008
Test 2
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0004
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0069
.0083
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0058
.0205
.0074
.0036
.0009
.0040
.0012
.0008
.0057
.0072
.0010
.0006
.0063
.0068
.0009
.0009
.0053
.0175
.0037
.0121
.0008
Average
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0005
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0068
.0082
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0057
.0204
.0076
.0036
.0009
.0039
.0012
.0008
.0054
.0073
.0010
.0006
.0062
.0068
.0009
.0009
.0052
.0177
.0035
.0118
.0008
\
-------
V-8
BERYLLIUM IN FLOAT AND SINK FRACTIONS
Float and sink tests were made on three coals, and beryllium was deter-
mined on the ash of the various fractions. A mixture of benzene and carbon
tetrachloride was used to provide a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.35,
and carbon tetrachloride alone was used for the 1.58 specific gravity liquid.
As table 5 shows, the beryllium content of the coal increased as the percent
of ash decreased, indicating that the beryllium is mainly associated with the
organic fraction of the coal.
TABLE 5. - Beryllium in float and sink fractions of three coals
Float at 1.35
Float at 1.58
Whole coal
Sink at 1. 35
Sink at 1. 58
Float at 1.35
Sink at 1. 35
Float at 1. 35
Float at 1.58
Sink at 1. 35
Sink at 1.58
Yield
65. 1
97.8
34.9
2.2
86.8
13.2
22.6
89.9
77.4
10.1
Ash,
percent
3.6
6.4
7.6
15.0
51.4
1.7
3.6
17.0
3.4
8.5
11.8
14.7
41.6
Beryllium in
ash, percent
0.0188
.0098
.0082
. 0037
.0007
. 0400
.0178
.0036
.0063
. 0023
.0016
.0012
.0003
Beryllium in
coalj percent
0. 00068
.00063
.00062
.00056
.00036
00068
00064
00061
.00021
00020
. 00019
.00018
.00013
CONCLUSIONS
1. The described method is suitable for the determination of beryllium
in coal ash, and only usual analytical equipment is needed.
2. Beryllium can be separated from interfering ions by a single extrac-
tion of its acetyl acetone complex.
3. Tests of float and sink fractions of three coals showed that in these
coals the beryllium was associated with the organic fraction.
-------
VI-1
Chemical analysis for germanium and gallium in
head samples of fly ash and flue dust*
Source
Peoria, 111., powerplant
Do
Do
University of Missouri at Rolla (stack
hopper) .
Do
Do
University of Missouri at Rolla (boiler
hopper).
Springfield powerplant (cyclone collec-
tor hopper) .
Do
Do
Phosphorus furnace, Monsanto, Tenn.
(precipitator) .
Do
Do
Type of firing
Stoker- fired ... ...
do
Pulverized fuel....
do
do
do
Pulverized fuel....
do
Cyclone- fired. . . . . .
Electric furnace...
do
do
Analysis, pet
Ge
0.053
.025
.008
.050
.022
.039
.018
.003
.002
.003
.010
.015
.007
Ga
0.010
.006
.003
.017
.005
.003
.004
.003
.002
.004
.021
.069
.015
-1^
Chemical analysis of phosphorus furnace flue dust
Material
cjiO
v_0
p O
*2 ue
Cf>()
c
A ] O
Naa 0
Percent
25.13
19.28
18.89
9.51
8.81
4.06
3.78
2.09
Material
SO . . . .'
Fe0 00
MeO
Cl
MnO
PbO
Total1
Percent
1.00
.97
.73
.72
.50
.28
.25
96.00
^•Carbonates, combined water, and volatile organic matter could easily account
for the remaining 4 percent.
* Waters, R. F. and Kenworthy, H., Bureau of Mines, RI 6940; April, 1967.
-------
vir-i
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL ASH*
Comparison of spectrochemical values with results
from other methods
Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Method^
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
SiOa
44
42.4
_
50.4
40
39.8
_
47.5
33
31.3
_
32.2
46
42.4
_
42.8
35
36.1
_
37.0
43
39.3
.
42.8
42
40.3
_
42.0
43
42.0
_
45.8
58
60.1
_
68.0
54
51.8
57.0
A1203
25
27.4
_
30.5
22
26.2
_
28.3
16
12.8
_
13.5
31
33.9
_
33.2
20
21.9
_
22.5
20
19.5
_
20.0
18
320.0
_
19.5
19
322.0
_
21.5
14
14.3
_
15.5
22
23.1
—
26.0
Fe203
24
23.1
_
23.5
24
23.0
_
24.0
9.2
9.4
_
11.0
20
18.8
_
18.5
32
31.1
_
33.8
5.1
4.7
-
5.4
37
33.7
_
36.0
28
26.2
_
28.3
5.6
5.2
_
6.5
4.0
3.3
_
4.0
CaO
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.3
2.7
3.2
2.9
2.8
22
20.8
20.1
20.7
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.4
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.8
13
12.4
12.1
13.2
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.4
4.0
4.1
3.9
4.1
6.9
7.0
6.4
7.2
9.8
9.9
9.9
11.0
MgO
0.6
.8
.5
-
.8
.8
.8
-
5.5
5.0
4.6
-
0.5
.4
.4
-
.9
1.0
.9
-
2.8
3.0
2.4
-
.5
.5
.5
-
.7
.9
.7
-
1.1
1.3
1.1
-
2.4
2.2
2.1
-
Ti02
"T74"
1.5
-
1.6
.9
1.0
-
1.0
.7
.7
-
.7
1.1
1.0
-
1.3
.8
.9
-
.9
1.0
.7
-
.9
.8
.
-
.9
.9
_
-
.7
.8
.7
-
.8
.9
.7
-
.9
Na20
-
.6
.4
-
_
.8
.5
-
_
5.4
5.2
-
to
.5
.6
-
.
.7
.4
-
7.8
7.3
-
.
.3
.4
-
.
.5
.5
-
_
1.2
1.2
-
.
.7
.7
-
K,0
-
1.8
2.0
-
-
1.8
1.8
-
.
.4
.4
-
_
.9
.9
-
.
1.1
1.0
-
.8
.8
-
.
1.1
1.1
-
—
1.5
1.4
-
_
1.5
1.4
-
.
.6
.7
-
so3
20.6
.7
-
-
32.6
2.8
-
-
S13.2
13.7
-
-
2.9
.9
-
-
33.4
3.4
-
-
ail. 2
10.8
-
-
21.4
1.3
-
-
S2.3
2.3
-
-
'8.5
8.2
-
-
= 7.1
6.8
-
-
* Zink, J. B., et al Bureau of Mines, RI 6985; July, 1967.
-------
VII-2
11
12
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
43
39.7
_
44.0
40
40.7
_
42.2
17
18.2
.
20.0
21
24.0
_
25.4
11
10.9
_
12.6
19
18.5
_
20.5
13
13.2
12.3
14-. 0
5.9
5.8
5.4
6.0
2.8
2.3
2.3
-
1.0
1.2
1.1
-
1.1
.9
-
1.0
.9
.7
-
1.0
.5
.6
-
1.3
1.2
-
.1
.1
-
.
1.4
1.3
314
13.1
-
-
= 4.5
4.6
-
-
aOES --optical emission spectrochemical.
WC--wet chemical.
AA--atomic absorption spectrometric.
XRS--X-ray spectrometric.
2Determined by a combustion method.
3Includes Ti02 and P205 that may be present.
-------
VIII-1
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION
OF FLUORINE IN COAC
By R. F. Abernethy and F. H. Gibson
TABLE 6. - Fluorine, phosphorus, and ash content of U.S. coals,
percent of dry coal
State and county
Alabama :
Jefferson
Walker
Colorado :
Las Animas
Mpsa
Illinois :
Stark
Indiana : Pike
Kentucky :
Bell
Do
Webster
Missouri :
Macon
Montana :
Dawson
Garfield
Park
Do
Ohio:
Belmont
Do
Jefferson
Do
Do
Do
Perry
Bed
Mary Lee
Cobb
_
No. 5
No . 6
No . V
Mason
No . 9
No. 12
do
No. 14
Tebo
Bevier
_
—
—
Pi t tsburgh
Sewickley
Middle Kittanning
Pittsburgh
do
do
Lower Kittanning...
Phosphorus
0.021
.006
.111
A'nr
.015
.006
.013
.007
.039
.001
.008
.009
.024
.005
.007
.001
.058
.004
.024
.001
007
.004
.034
018
.012
008
029
Ash
11 7
11.0
9.2
13.2
16.3
8.9
11.2
9.1
16.0
2 .2
7.9
15.6
11.5
9.0
11.8
10.1
19.3
16.8
7 .2
13.6
10 8
11 3
8 6
15 0
11 5
10 4
12 9
Fluorine
0 010
.007
.012
/\ i r\
.007
.007
.012
.005
.012
.003
.010
Oil
.008
.006
.008
005
007
.006
.007
.006
007
.007
Oil
012
008
006
006
Laboratory
number
H12330
H12657
G37545
G2 7534
G18167
G90361
G89597
G28991
G93238
Hl?379
G38995
G40652
G88941
G32933
G91907
G92316
G41359
G99643
H170
H171
G85000
G83233
G73855
G73931
G73404
G76188
G57464
U.S. Bureau of Mines, RI 7054 (1967).
-------
VIII-2
TABLE 6. - Fluorine, phosphorus, and ash content of U.S. coals,
percent of dry coal--Confinued
State and county
Pennsylvania :
Butler
Greene
Indiana
Jefferson
Lawrence
Mercer
Washington
Tennessee :
Anderson
Grundy
Do
Marion
Virginia :
Do
Do
Do
Do
Dickinson
Washington :
King
Do
Pierce
Do
Do
Do
Do
West Virginia :
Barbour
Do
Do
Do
Boone
Harrison
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Bed
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Lower Kittanning.
Brookville
do
Pittsburgh
do
Dean ....
Jellico
Sewanee
Upper Sewanee.
Sewanee
do.
Haey
Kennedy. . . .-,.....
Sp lash Dam
do
do
Lower Banner
Imboden
Black Knight
do
Wi Ik in son
Wi Ikinson No . 3
Wilkinson No. 8..
Wilkinson No. 7.
Wilkinson No. 11
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Upper Freeport
Upper Kittanning
Coalburg
Pittsburgh
do
do
do
Redstone
do
Phosphorus
0 029
003
038
097
.055
.015
010
.005
026
017
.047
069
.068
.092
023
.006
.005
014
.008
.004
.005
.017
.069
.018
.052
.078
.092
.066
148
014
054
077
020
032
043
017
.010
.002
041
009
Ash
12 4
9 1
8.2
7 6
10.3
5.7
9 8
8.1
16 5
5 2
9 6
9 7
10.0
11.8
9 6
5.5
7 7
5 7
5 3
6.3
6.3
8.3
9.5
22.4
12.4
11.2
14 2
6 1
13 0
8 8
7 i
16 2
14 2
14 3
10 2
9 2
9.9
7.8
7 4
5 9
Fluorine
0 007
003
010
019
.014
.006
006
004
Oil
005
013
015
Oil
.017
008
003
006
005
004
.005
.004
006
.009
.016
.007
.009
Oil
006
010
005
010
007
010
014
007
006
005
004
010
005
Laboratory
number
G34907
H6814
G36005
G96138
G42749
G41526
H9707
H12540
H10935
H10541
H12001
G47455
H11585
H11590
G33242
G47547
G50488
(:512 ii
G51232
H1003
G46967
H1874
G92979
G92980
G20856
G49862
G49863
G49864
G49865
G9716S
P97164
H94094
pQA 7Q7
r»9QOS
P79QA1
O6608?
fi64fif>7
fi706?S
f^S^l 7
P71Q6Q
-------
VIII-3
TABLE 6. - Fluorine, phosphorus, andLashcontent of U.S. coals.
percent of dry coal—Continued
State and county
West Virginia—Con :
Kanawha
Do
Do..
Do
Do
Monongalia .......
Do
Do
Pres ton
Do
Do
Wyoming: Carbon...
Bed
Campbell Creek
do
Stockton- Lewis ton
Pittsburgh
Campbell Creek
Eagle
Redstone
Campbell Creek
do
Sewell
Baker s town
Lower Kittanning.
Upper Freeport
Phosphorus
0.059
.001
.003
.064
.022
.011
.002
.039
.003
.034
.016
.023
.004
.034
.041
.032
Ash
4.5
4.5
5.3
8.1
9.2
5.7
4.3
11.0
9.8
4.9
3.3
4.9
8.0
9.5
22.6
14.4
Fluorine
0.012
.001
.003
.011
.006
.004
.002
.015
.005
.008
.004
.004
.002
.009
.019
.007
Laboratory
number
H212
G71933
G71118
G71117
H5634
G73437
G45812
G27569
G29432
H301
G99354
G98810
G24779
G26543
G57099
H22
-------
IX-1
SULFUR CONTENT OF UNITED STATES COALS*
by
Joseph A. DeCarlo,' Eugene T. Sheridan,2
and Zone E. Murphy3
INTRODUCTION
Coal is one of our basic sources of energy (heat, power, light) and an
essential raw material for most metallurgical processing. More than two-
thirds of the electricity currently produced by thermal powerplants in the
United States is generated by coal, and it is expected that coal will continue
to be the major fuel used for this application at least through the 1970's.
Coke produced from bituminous coking coal is the principal fuel of iron blast
furnaces, and unless ironmaking methods change greatly, coal will continue to
maintain a dominant role in iron-ore processing and steel manufacturing for
many years. Export markets are expected to increase also, adding to the over-
all increased demand for coal. Accompanying the increased total requirement
however, will be an ever-increasing demand for higher quality coals, specifi-
cally, coals of low sulfur content.
RESERVES
The United States is fortunate in having tremendous reserves of coal. In
terms of energy equivalents, known recoverable reserves of coal comprise over
83 percent of the total for all fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, natural-
gas liquids, oil in bituminous rock, and shale oil). Remaining reserves of
coal of all ranks as of January 1, 1965, are estimated at 1,576,167 million
tons, based on U.S. Geological Survey data, and are shown in table A-l.
Approximately two-thirds of the estimated reserve may be considered low-sulfur
coals largely because more than one-half of the total is composed of low-rank
coals (subbituroinous and lignite) which generally contain 1 percent or less
sulfur. Most of these reserves are in areas in the Western United States
which are not highly industrialized, and original reserves of these coals,
unlike those in the East, remain virtually intact.
1 Supervisory chemical engineer.
sMineral specialist.
3Chemical engineer.
All authors are with the Division of Bituminous Coal, Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D. C.
Work on manuscript completed May 1966.
Bureau of Mines, 1C 8312 (1966)
-------
IX-2
JanuarvY^r^s Ori8i"al coal "serves, and estimated remaining reserves on
1. Tne estimatedreCtte^ort^rTh'T ""t"' S""hl«'^ ^ £iSure
^ •, , °<-xvc pLuporuions or nign-, medium-, and low-sul fur riia 1 =
of all ranks rpmaim'nn ,-„ *-u IT • _ j r- iuiiur coals
dj.i. ranKs remaining in the United States on January 1, 1965 are shown in
rigure 2. Estimated remaining coal reserves, by rank and sulfur level for
States east of the Mississippi River, are shown in figure 3.
PRODUCTION
rank Ind H? * " produced in the United States in 1964, according to
rank and sulfur content, are summarized in tables A-2 and A-3 and figures 4
of aU ranks £? ^ ^ ^^^^ " Percent of the total output
£=
only ^9 mil J°7 /I'* ™*&™* > Production of lignitic coals is s^U ;
kor T T* §nite WaS Produced in ^e United States in 1964.
tota' WhLCh haS consistently produced more than 2 million tons of
per year, supplied about 90 percent of the 1964 total.
SUMMARY
The coal reserves of the United States occur in thousands of different
seams that have widely varying sulfur contents. Sulfur, however, has not been
a significant factor in the development of the coal industry. Both high- and
low-sulfur coals have been mined for many years, with the production of coals
of various sulfur contents depending chiefly upon their end use. The wide-
spread distribution of our coal deposits, the ease in mining them, and good
transportation systems also make available virtually all types of coals to
practically all areas of the country.
Nearly two-thirds of the total remaining coal reserve of the United
States is low-sulfur coal. Roughly, three-fourths of this low-sulfur coal is
low rank (subbituminous and lignite), and the balance is bituminous and
anthracite. Although low-sulfur coals may be found in virtually all parts of
the United States, the preponderance, on a tonnage basis, occurs west of the
Mississippi River. Of significance is the fact that when only high-rank coals
(bituminous and anthracite) are considered, the States east of the Mississippi
River contain 40 percent of the coals classified as "low sulfur" in the afore-
mentioned definitions.
The bulk of the production of bituminous coal (roughly 95 percent) is
mined in States east of the Mississippi River. The sulfur content of these
coals varies considerably. In 1964, 36 percent, approximately 166 million
tons, of the total bituminous coal mined in these States was low-sulfur coal.
Approximately the same proportion of the total produced in these States could
be considered medium-sulfur coal, while the remaining balance of about 28
-------
ANTHRACITE :
Pennsylvonio... _
Other States
BITUMINOUS :
Illinois
West Virginia
Missouri
Pennsylvania
Colorado
Ohio
Indiana
Utah .
Alaska
Kansas
Alabama
Wyoming
Virginia.
New Mexico
Other States
SUB8ITUMINOUS:
Montana
Alaska
New Mexico
Colorado
Washington ..
Other States..
LIGNITE :
North Dakota
Montana
Other States
2
Y/////////////////////////////W
y7/7/////yyyy//y//y////y///////yy/y/^
^////////////y//y//y//y//////y///////^^^
y//y////77/yy//y//y///y/////y//y//yyy///////y/y/y///^ i
wmw/ws//w^^
{/////////////////////////y///////////.^ j
KEY
y///////////y///////////\ mm pm^i-tir
< i,,,,, ntu^L. HBDB rroauctiort ana mining losses
•7/7//7/////////7//\ [777771 0mrT1
""""••""i" Y/s/j'A Kemominq reserves
y7/^///l'/f/////y/\
//7/'////y/yj\
*?ZBZSZZZ!)L
v///////*\
'///7/5y7/\
yy/y//y///y/7/y//^y^Y^t^
'//////////.* f^/////////yyy/y//y/////////////y////////y///yy/yy/^y^^Y^ Ytfyjyjffly////jyjW/y//y///JA
V/////////////M/////^^^
~ '///////////////\
^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
'Ty/T/sTA II
1 1— 1 1 1 1 i 7 Z
20
40
60 80 100
RESERVES, billion short tons
120
140
FIGURE 1. - Estimated Original and Remaining Coal Reserves by Rank, in the United States, Jan. 1, 1965.
350.9
-------
IX-4
Low-sulfur coals
(I.Opct or less)
1,023,634 million tons
High-sulfur coals
(over 3.0 pet)
314,159 million tons
Medium-sulfur coals
(I.I to 3.0 pet )
238,374 million tons
FIGURE 2. - Estimated Remaining Coal Reserves of All Ranks, by Sulfur Content, in the
United States, Jan. 1, 1965.
High-sulfur cools
(over 3.0 pet)
206,495 million tons
M,si*v.r**i t"/ C-i.v >•;-•••- \«r'.- **•*' •. ;:.SM:-> / s / * * / * ^^ , /
3&&&&&?M..'&£:*?,&*#>• //;/'/'37 pet'
9^^%
•T^-iX'-ir?* -..-.---. ..,..jjv••. :*<• !.' .^i. -*• •!.•/' sf ' tS ' s/ r */
Medium-sulfur coals
(I.I to 3.0 pet)
177,281 million tons
Low -sulfur coals
(1.0 pet or less)
95,281 million tons
FIGURE 3. - Estimated Remaining Coal Reserves of All Ranks, by Sulfur Content, in States
East of the Mississippi River, Jan. 1, 1965.
-------
IX-5
Low-sulfur coals
(1.0 pet or *less)
202,565,561 tons
High-sulfur coals
(over 3.0 pet)
133,153,827 Ions
Medium-sulfur coals
(I.I to 3.0 pet)
168,462,815 tons
FIGURE 4. - Production of Coals of All Ranks, by Sulfur Content, in 1964.
-------
West Virginia.-
Pennsylvania...
Kentucky
Illinois
Ohio ___
Virginia
Indiana
Alabama
Tennessee
Other States. _
ry.v v
jSjViv
S6»?
<§|ffi
m
JHi»9
*'.' ,X'*
i l^MM^
v ^M^^^^
^^^^^^Sl / • SSNSS^SN^^^
',/'.'/'.,'',.
?P^^1!PPH^ ' '/ '
feiiMia^-/^
r^
/''^
^
ii
;/
t/
r. 7" "
.:•/ , s
•. ' x\
??TS
i1?-?*
^
\*'/,\
* "" rr^^trT*
f s / s vi*v^ Hinh -cnlfur rnnlc TnwPr ^Oorti
r/^>«r.v' myii ouiiui uuuis \uvc s^.v yv»i /
'///.Medium -sulfur coals (1.0 to 3.0 pet)
\.\\.\ —*
§§$§ Low -sulfur coals (1.0 pet or less)
^11111
1 I 1 L 1 1 1
20
40
120
140
60 80 100
PRODUCTION, million tons
FIGURE 5. • Total Cool Production of All Ranks, by State and Sulfur Content, in the United States, in 1964.
I
160
-------
IX-7
East of the
Mississippi River
461,313,116 tons
West of the
Mississippi River
22,735,144 tons
FIGURE 6. - Production of Bituminous Coals by Geographic Area, in 1964.
-------
IX-8
TA BLE A - 1 . - _Es_t ir.n.f d
c^oa 1 re\"rvi's nf tN> Uni tcd^ _S_ta_tc s , by rank.
^
sulfur conic nt, and Si«i_te_,_ on l''n i . 1 , 1965
(Mill Ion short tons)
Coal rank and State
Bituminous coa 1 :
Alaska
Georgia
Illinois3
Indiana
Kentucky :
West. .
Ease
Michigan
New Mexico
Ohio
Utah
Virginia
West Virginia
Other States3
Total
Percent of total
Subbi luminous coa I :
Alaska
Utah . .
Other States4
Tota 1
Lignite :
Other States'"
Total
Percent of tota 1
Anthracite :
Alaska .
Virgin fa
Washington
Total
Percent of total
Grand tot* 1
Percent of total
1 From U.S. Coo lo^icd 1 Surve
0.7 or less
689 2
20 287 4
25 178 3
197 5
13 639 9
51 2
5,212,0
250 6
44 0
3 3
8 551 4
1 981 5
898.9
20 761 0
6 222 2
104,168.4
14.4
71 1156
13 320 8
94 084 6
38,735 0
87.0
3 693 8
35 579 7
256,616.3
66.0
280.0
60 214 5
284 129 1
-
344,623.6
77.0
2 101.0
12 .211.0
3J5.0
5.0
14,652.0
96.5
720,060. 3
45.7
,- Bui lee in 1
0.8 - 1 .0
1 189 3
1 100 0
37 237 2
76 0
573 7
173 0
8 491 9
2182
5 474 0
611 0
772 2
14 0
1 1 54 4
13 584 0
6 077 5
672 I
26 710 6
6 596 6
616.0
111,502.6
15.4
4 908 7
36 728 0
1 2 000 0
87 0
500 0
72 315 6
4,047 .0
130,586.3
33 6
70 0
24 141 6
34 967 3
2 031 0
1 16 6
42.0
61.388.5
13.7
90 0
6 0
.
96.0
0-6
303,573.4
19.3
36 supple?
1.1 - 1.5
54217
I 128 4
3 645 2
1 1196
2 286 8
205 0
369 0
7 624 4
I 637 I
71 819 7
-
52,260.1
7.2
0 5
1 50 0
-
150.5
0 1
20 0
6 902 0
-
41 ,164.5
9.2
_
~
93.575.1
5.9
xinted by c
1 .6 - 2.0
5 182 8
293 1
4 248 8
162 0
1 658 8
397 2
1 524 9
13 290 6
-
45,179.5
6.2
1 303 7
1,303.7
0 3
.
.
145 5
_
145.5
0.9
46,628.7
3.0
La ta from V>
2.1 - 2.5
1 54 0
3 543 4
336 3
1 1 58 3
123 9
8 496 1
-
47 ,307.0
6.5
_
-
_
-
286 3
_
286.3
2.0
47.593.3
3.0
a sh inzton
2.6 - 3.0
41105
1 10 0
2 491 8
.
50.111 .9
6.9
-
-
_
464.7
0.1
_
-
50,576.6
3.2
Division c
3.1 - 3.5
40 3
10 872 8
_
67, 505.1
12.1
.
-
_
.
_
~
87 , 50 5 . 1
5.5
f Mines an
3.6 - 4.0
_
122,957. 1
17.0
.
-
.
.
.
~
122.957. 1
7.8
d Ceoloev
Over 4 0
103,688.5
14. 3
8-6
/ex
.
-
_
-
103,697.1
6.6
Bulletin 4
Total
616.0
724,630.2
100 0
4,047. 0
388.665.4
42.0
447,641. 3
100. 0
5 0
15,179.8
100.0
1,576, 166.7
100-0
7 and Iowa
Geological Survey Technical Paper 4, uith adjustments for production and losses in Dining through 1964.
'Sulfur levels assigned principally from data published in Illinois Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 35. New study
now In preparation indicates substantially lover tonnages of coals in the sulfur range oC 2 percent or less than arc shown in
thls re port.
*Ar1zona, California, Idaho. Ncbra ska, Nevada.
4Aricona, California, Idaho.
'Less than 0.1 percent.
'California, Idaho, Louts tana , Nevada .
-------
TABLE A-2. - Production of coal tn the United States in 1964. by rank, sulfur content, and State
(Short tons)
Coal rank and State
Bituminous coal :
Alaska
Arkansas
Colorado
Illinois
Kentucky:
East
Vest ,
Maryland
Missouri
Montana
Mew Mexico
Ohio
Oklahoma
Tennessee
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wyoming
Total
Percent of total
Cumulative production4
Percent of total. . .
Lignite:
North Dakota
South Dakota
To ta 1 1
Anthracite: Pennsylvania
0.7 and under
421 254
744 942
4 347 oil
112 032
32 666 124
45 906
2 969 672
(3\
266 099
762 023
2 248 566
15 278 639
68 058
63 674 637
3,101,314
ri26,706,077
26 2
126,706,077
26.2
299 941
I 204 534
13,000
1,517,475
17,184,251
145,407 ,803
0.8 - 1.0
ft 4^7 fl7 S
fl 234
T ono
>z \
\ )
1 733 985
Rft Q17
155 120
754 724
2 416 309
10 752 823
25 1fi7 HSO
55,737,757
11 5
182,443,834
37.7
1 420 001
1 ,420,001
57,157,758
1.1 - 1.5
(. 7 CO /.A •>
10 550
6 177 Q7fi
3 con A2Q
2 077 of.-)
i a-j n*>o
1 1R RS7
m41 fl
•)*. •)«;"! SIR
2 1 "V) S4P
S fi7? 07?
1 fi "ill 77R
67,093,380
13 9
249,537,214
51.6
17 71fi
12,216
67,105,596
Sulfur
1.6 - 2,0
i 7QA 007
ct a ft A
1 rt /.l a ATC
x^ \
( )
1 IflO 1*>7
i an AQ a
in oftn 10 T
T Aft 71 ft
i o 071
6 7 on i i q
52,302,769
i n A
301,839,983
62.4
_
-
52,302,769
content , pec
2.1 - 2.5
mODC
/I \
1 )
7 T-J oil
TOA CAQ
6rjCQ QQ i
Sftl 7AQ
1 9 7ns An/i
24,741,965
S 1
326,581,948
67.5
_
~
24,7A1,965
cent
2.6 - 3.0
L 9 1A &Qfl
'Oo.Hb/
J"3 \
I ^
7 i ^c ^70
1 A7 O7A
8/1/.O OA7
2A, 312, 685
5 0
350.894,433
72.5
_
-
24,312,485
3.1 - 3 5
14 r 1 1 Ort/L
MDO ,467
/U,9b4 ,03o
1 /i,70*
« ,/ Ji ,120
54,418,343
461,163,052
95.3
_
~
54,418,343
4.1 or more
,olu ,2oO
864,554
973,214
5,600,065
"
"
2 ,846,156
JJ J,09i
586,780
"
35 ,747
"
22,885,208
.7
484,048,260
100.0
„
•
22,885,208
Total
14,435 ,*o4
744,942
212,3.5
4 , 355 ,2^5
3.900
55 ,022 ,602
1 5,074,521
973,214
1 ,263, i-09
37 ,855 , SIS
1,135,52-,
45,906
2 ,969 ,4/2
37 ,310, 377
7 6 , 5 ? 0 , > > -
31 ,653 ,<--.->
63,05",
3,101,3:-
484,046,2'iO
100 . 0
291? ,9«'.
,b J6 ,/ 5i
V3.000
2 ,949,692
17,184,251
504,182,203
2Included with "1.1 - 1,5" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
Included with "1.6 - 2.0" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
*By sulfur content; for example, the totals of columns 1 and 2 are added to
give 182,443,834.
-------
TABLE A-3. - Production of bituminous c:>al and lignite In the United States In 1956,
according to sulfur content and producing district--Centinued
(Short tons)
Producing district1
District 3:
Vest Virginia :
Barbour
Eray.ton
CMiror
Harrison
Lewis
Marion
Monongal la
Nicholas
Preston
Randolph
T;iylor
U^shur
Webs tcr
Undistributed
District total
District 4:
Ohio :
Athens
Carroll
Columbians .,,,.,
Coshoc ton
Call Is
Guernsey
Hocking
Holmes
Jackson
Jefferson
Lawrence
Melgs
Morgan
Noble
Perry
Portage
Stark
Tuscnrnvas
Vinton
Way no
Undistributed
District total
District 6:
West Virginia :
3rookc
Hancock
Marshall
0.7 and ur.d'.-r
3,852,564
507,636
)
1,304,055
1,241 ,685
0
1 241 685
1,030,011
34,620
2.5 - 3.0
(")
4,049,191
169,759
3,813,793
104,700
100,952
228,237
614,674
2,404,121
15.967
O
131,632
364,049
(=>
(3)
201 ,909
3.1 - 3.5
4,026,191
7,834,638
170,737
59,623
304,904
5,258,626
(")
4,115,736
(r)
243,279
41,679
10,425
101,694
62,628
73,010
2,414,234
52.062
220,763
3.6 - 4.0
(=)
2,302,211
(2)
34,440
205,020
17,875
(2)
(=)
929,825
(*)
966,938
?•)
306,903
41,057
2,249,375
(=)
4 . 1 or moro
133,783
929,824
1.755.496
27.053
2,327,634
C?)
(=)
8,309,564
169,759
11,767.813
8,527,333
5.554,274
3,534,306
1.051 ,067
429,750
391 ,7 3i
825,26'.
1^304,055
134,690
7,834,638
271,589
1,529,545
2,302,211
614,674
304,904
7,662,747
50,407
205,020
427,356
4,297,368
(')
778.598
405,728
1,870,074
101 ,694
2,722,434
(s)
62,628
406,966
2,414,234
41,057
52,062
2,819^153
1 ,030,011
34,620
C'?)
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Ohio
Undistributed
District total.
District 7:
Virginia :
Bjchar.an
Xontgcoery.
Tazcvell. . .
Total...
West ''irginic;
Fayette
Crecnbr icr
Me Doue 11
Mercer
Pocahontfis
Raleigh ' ]
Wyoming
Total \ ]\
District total..
District 8:
Kentucky:
Boll
Boyd
Breathltt
Carter
Clay \\\
Clinton
Elliott '"
Floyd _'
Ha r 1 a n
Jackson
Johnson
Knott
Knox
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee '.'.'.'.'.'.
Leslie !!.'!.'.'
Letcher
McCreary
Magoffin
Martin
Morgan
Owslcy ' .'"
Perry
PI'KC \\'m\]
Pulaskl ''
Rockcascle
Wayne
Whitley
Wolfe
Total '.'.'.'.'.'.'.
JAs established under the Bit
Included with "Undistributed
4Included with "Harrison Coun
•Included with "1.6 - 2.0" to
'Included with "0.8 - 1.0" to
-
-
2.835,800
~
2 ,835,500
2, 354,119
944,542
16, 340,117
1,462,394
5,979,139
7.259.552
34,339,963
_~
-
94,424
-
207,550
880,870
_
-
("•>
219.422
1,100,292
*
•^•^
164,170
7,845
116,256
-
~
116,256
288,272 I
-
»«^^Mb_
_
-
*
1,397,100
260,164
27,006
538,073
13,832
4,679,505
3,537,911
196,246
1,484,059
27,121
1.806,531
4,334,400
33,012
14,534
3,219,332
11,097,278
444,439
41,164
13,801
2,103,945
65,340
9,693
128,162
8,789
61,105
1,230,390
432,697
2,360,932
158,212
1,100
52,500
603,972
8,744
946,71
44,631
111,655
135,651
1,377,837
34,291
5S4.910
81,271
9,200
724,786
196,525
36,687
'ucunous Coal Act of 1935.
1" to avoid disclosing individual company die a
ty to avoid disclosing individual company d.-i-a.
avoid disclosing Individual company data
avoid disclosing individual company data.
7Included with
data .
eIncluded with
data .
"Included with
2 .067,620
41 ,164
260,164
27,006
1,434,790
i3,eci
13,852
4.679,505
5.641,856
44,531
261,580
2,058.662
.266,938
136,651
8,7?9
6! .105
1,806,531
5,573.790
465,709
95,805
196,526
36,687
9,200
3.944,1; g
14,836,047
158,212
1,100
52.500
"Columbiana County" to avoid disclosing individual cor.
Vyomins County" to avoid disclosing individual company
1-1 - 1.5" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Producing district1
District 8: (Con.)
Tennessee :
Clalborne
Fcntrcss
Morgan , ,
Scott
Undistributed
Total
Virginia :
Buchanan
Dickcnson
Lee
Russell
Scott
Wise
Total
West Virginia :
Clay
Faycttc
Ka na vha
Mtngo
Nicholas
Tota 1
District total
Dl'strict 9:
Kentucky :
Butler
Christian
0.7 ar.d under
188,815
C2)
(2)
18,764
207,579
2,766,249
4,955,030
115,098
1,438,015
29,037
3J39..410
12,442,839
2,576,423
2,055,195
2,005,635
8,666,534
148,179
1,090,595
1,129,661
1,678,180
5,624,072
24,974,474
70,291,015
-
0.8 - i.O
633,167
121 ,557
(10)
754,724
4,875,121
1,585,926
356,192
453,976
(10)
3,179,634
iO, 450, 649
5,148,503
(9)
331,920
5,607,284
3,310,953
789,135
4,517,950
1,162,483
30,389
533,315
21,431,937
40,371,495
-
S1. If'-.'.r content, oercenc
L.I - 1.5
1,055,570
186,073
240,503
21,897
238,071
1,742,119
3,765.841
1,187 ,525
7,587
4.3CO
484,733
5,450,006
868,565
72,811
3.388,898
18,363
3,908,140
32,5L7
8,289,294
13,359,282
187,038
1.6 - 2.0
166,718
16f ,718
-
-
4,880
4,330
1,55:. ,765
-
2.1-2.5 !:.6 - 3.0
50,328
177,437
227,765
-
457,871
457,871
918,849
13,573
147,974
147,974
-
-
-
-
147,974
-
3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0
726,820
38.423
477.776
214,609
1,457,628
-
-
-
-
1,457,628
!0, 263,253
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.1 or more
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
876,601
1,000
155,227
Total
1.782,390
1. DOS, 060
362.060
(?)
30,328
366.05:
38.423
4/7 ,776
600.654
\S .Id-'-
4, 70-, SO?
11,407,21 1
7.728.4S1
471,290
1,899,578
4,300
29,037
6,3C3,797
L2S. 343.6'".
8.593,496
72,811
2,387.115
11 ,001,317
18,363
15.835,627
457.871
969,831
5,608,545
2,292,144
4,880
1,678,180
30,389
6,157,337
55,158.456
1 33,093,00?
187, 033
13.573
876.601
1 ,000
155, 221
10,263.233
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
McLean
Xuhlenberg. ...
Ohio
L'nior
Webster
District total
District 10:
Illinois :
A^ans
Bureau
Christ ian
Doug In s
Franklin
Fulton
Ca 11 a t : n
Croc ni;
Crundy
Henry
Jackson
Jiif ferson
Knox
Logan
Madison
Mcnard
Kercor
Pcoria
Perry
Randolph
St. Clnlr
Saline
Sangamon
Stark
Vermilion
Va basi>
Washington
Will
V.1 i 1 L iamson
Undistributed
District total
-
==±
-
i K7 ms
(=)
(r)
6^127,976
6,127,976
-
(2)
I
(c)
10,418.025
10,418,025
-
13,573
(->
F)
-
(2)
(.=")
<2)
1,667,110
(s)
C3)
2,567,578
4,234,638
-
I 10,263,253
28,!09
(2)
6,934,660
56.835
3,102
(2)
(2)
(2)
21,899
(=)
694,816
1,909,245
3,833,330
13 531 996
s •
18,498
17,634,685
4,067,691
70,985
21,791,860
(a)
126,822
('•)
(3)
5,770,464
2,360,501
(2)
1,103
3,840,767
4,567,237
5,600,065
1
<3>
(s)
373,937
('-)
(•")
79,286
(c)
(3)
8,157,037
18,498
17, 634,666
4,567,237
4,067.591
70,985
37,855,819
=====
28,109
(2)
C)
O
(2)
6,984,660
56,835
3,102
(=)
(=)
(=)
(=)
(=)
21,899
373,937
126,622
(=)
(°)
(?)
694.816
(=)
(=)
5,770,46^
4,027,611
79,286
(3)
(a)
(z)
1.103
(2)
(r)
1,909,245
34,944.713
^Inch:oed with Undistributed" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
Ine uded «lth 2.6 - 3.0" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
Ine uded vuth '1.1 - 1.5" to avoid disclosing indificual company data.
Included with '0.7 and under" to avoia disclosing individual cowanv ^
U)
pany data
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Hrodiicir.g district-
Disrr ic t 11:
Indiana :
. Clay
Bubo is
Gibson
Gr<;i;ne
Ovc n
Parkc
Pike
j pencor ....
V'c r IT. i 1 1 1 u n
V igo
War r ick
Undistributed .
District toial
District 12:
Iowa :
Lucas
Ma r ion
Monroe
W.Tpello
District to La 1
Distr ict 13 :
A liT barrj :
Bibb
bl ount
Etowal;
Jefferson
St. Clair
Shelby
Tuscaloosa -..
Va 1 kc r
V ins ton
Total
0.5 and ur.dcr
100,932
.
112,032
-
1
-
421 ,254
-
421,254
0.6 - 1.0
.
,s .
_
(B)
-
_
-
230 073
5 302 435
686,879
2 238 488
8,457,875
3 900
l.l - 1.5
1 552 712
.2 .
,- .
,2 ,
' 037 116
3,569,828
-
_
-
2 596
8 452
126 560
163 809
1 581 S50
319 888
,
1 101 488
801 300
153,500
4,259,443
Sulfur
1.6 - 2.0
,9 )
(- ) I
-
..
-
149 777
4 000
1,143.105
1,296,832
rontant, ucr
2.1 - 2.5
7 4ie
70 44C
3 013 41'J,
3,091 ,27',
-
_
-
.
-
L
:enc
2.6 - 3.0
.
64 899
4 991
69,890
-
_
-
,
.
-
-
3.1 - 3.5
-
-
_
-
.
.
.
.
^
,
-
-
3.6 - 4.0
10 500
561 ,329
.
2 268 465
784,848
378, 193
3 343 716
7,347,053
_
-
.
-
—
.
.
_
_
-
-
.
4.1 or r.orc
864,554
.
_
.
(13)
864,554
39,582
49,723
318 4S6
397,687
94,515
16,931
56,290
973,214
,
f
_
_
„
.
„
-
-
Total
965, iir
n • • ^
561 ,3:>;
1 552 "i:
C1 )
7 - ' ti
2 265 -6i
7C,--,i
4 c<-'
37S 113
6 357 IV:
2,037 , i :6
15,074,63:
39. 5S.1
JlS.iSi
397, 6S7
94..V. 5
16,031
56.2-50
973,214
230,073
2,596
3,452
126,560
163,i09
7, 455. 315
319, 8?S
4,000
666,879
1,101,488
4,182,593
153,500
14,435,454
3.9CO
I
H1
4>
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Tennessee:
Bledsoe....
Grundy
Hamilton. . .
Marlon
Rhea
Sequatchle.
Von B'jren. .
Total ...
District total.
District 14:1*
Arkansas :
Fr.ir.lcl in
Johnson
Sebastian
District total.
District IS:
Kansas :
Bourbon, Cherokee,
Crawford
Missouri:
Adcir
Boonc
Callauay
Clark
Dado
Henry
Macon
Putnam........
St. Clair
Vernon
Undistributed.
Total
Oklahoma ;
Craig
Muskogee
Otanulgee
Haskcll ,>« LeFlore,1'
Rogers
Total
District total.
District 16:ls
Colorado: Weld.
IAS established under the Bituminous Coal Act of 1935.
Included with "Undistributed" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
'Included with "1.I - 1.5" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
^Included with "Gibson County" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
13Included with "Clay County" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
13Includcd with "Crundy County" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
"Haskell and LcFlorc Counties, Okla., are in District 14 but arc included with "District 15:
15E1 Paso County is included with "District 17, Colorado: Undistributed" to cvoid disclosing
_
530,064
24,600
•
-
554,444
975,698
_
~
~
-
"
"
"
"
"
"
-
*
™
266,099
266,099
266,099
765,647
_
-
-
-
-
8,661,775
.
-
-
-
"
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
*
"
155,120
155,120
155,120
-
9,719
28,018
8,200
67,161
286,352
397, i30
6,650,573
-
10,550
10,550
-
~
-
~
•
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,700
273,718
275,418
275,416
-
-
-
-
334,024
(-.3)
-
-
334,024
1 ,296, £82
86,680
-
-
86,630
6,258
-
~
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6,258
-
334,024
114,885
-
114,835
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
458,467
_
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
458,467
-
-
-
-
-
458,467
„
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
m
1.350
-
6,917
8,267
466,734
-
-
_
.
-
-
.
-
-
340,217
_
-
-
-
17,000
-
-
-
191,090
-
-
208,050
-
-
.
-
548,307
-
-
_
.
-
-
.
-
-
27,415
(2)
27,957
(2)
-
(=)
(=)
136,754
-
52,966
2,800,250
3,045,340
323,092
.
-
_
323,092
3,368,632
-
9,719
336,024
28,013
538,266
26,600
67 ,161
266,352
1,285. W^
86,830
114,865
10,550
212,315
27,415
<=)
27,957
Ca)
17,000
(2)
(2)
125,754
191,090
52,966
2,800,250
3,253,430
323.092
1,350
1.700
701 ,S56
1.027,996
5.566,635
765,447
X
I
" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
individual cor.pany data.
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Producing district*
District 1 7 ;-:-
Colc-rado :
Del tn
Fre-ont
Garf Icld
LaPlata
Las Anicras
Mesa
Mof fat
Moncrose
Pitkin
Rio Blanco
RoutL
Undistributed
Total
New Mexico: Colfax
District total
District 18:
Ncv Mexico: McKlnley,
Rio Arriba , Sandoval,
San Juan
District 19:
Wyoming:
Campbell
Carbon
Converse
Hot Springs
Linco In ....
Sheridan
Svcctuater
Undistributed
District, total
District 20:
Utah :
Carbon
Emery
Iron
Kane
Sev icr
Summltt
District total F
0.7 and unde r
62,576
292,704
662,985
69,921
26,780
801,684
(=)
(=)
(p)
(8)
('}
(")
1,885,116
3,581,566
3,983,801
2,567,235
488,846
466,509
(3)
11 ,788
(2)
431,521
(2)
1,722,650
3,101,314
1,591,489
592,077
18.000
47,000
2,248,566
0.8 - 1 .0
8,234
8,234
-
8,234
.
•
-
2,416,309
(18)
2,416,309
I.I - 1.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
S'jlfur content, percent
1.6 - 2.0
-
-
-
-
-
1,883
17,238
19,221
2.1 - 2.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.6 - 3.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.1 - 3.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.6 - 4.0
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
6.1 or mo r c
-
-
_
-
.
35,747
35,747
Tota 1
62,576
292,704
8,234
462,935
49,921
26,780
80 1 ,'.84
(=)
(')
-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
District 21:
North Dakota (lignite):
Adnns
Bowman
Bur leigh
Dunn
Grant
licttinger
McLean
Xcrccr
Oliver
Stark
Wcrd
Willians
Undistributed
Trtf-l 1
South Dakota (lignite)...
District total
District 22:
Montana :
Bituminous coal..
Lignite
District total
District 23:
Washington: King, Lewis,
Thurston
Alaska
District total
JAs established uiider the B
2 Included with "Undistribute
15E1 PaSO Toiinrv ic 1nrlf*4A«1
(*>
7,988
2,809
2,919
47,842
88,848
(2)
1,867
1,052,261
1 ,204 ,534
" "
13,000
1,217,534
45,906
299,941
345,847
68,058
744,942
813,000
128,223,552
ICurainous Coal A
:d" to avoid dis
15,637
139,867
19,930
e-->
(=)
1,244,567
1,420,001
•====
1,420,001
-
-
-
57,157,758
ct of 1935.
closing indii
12,216
12,216
=====
12,215
-
-
-
67,105,596
ifidual compc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ny i^ata.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
============
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
55,350,276
_
==============
-
-
_
-
54,418,343
-
========
_
-
-
22,885,208
15,637
139,867
(2)
7,988
2,609
19,930
2,919
47,842
(B)
12,216
(3)
88,848
<=)
1,867
2,296,828
2,636.751
13, CCO
2,640,751
45,906
299 ,941
63,058
744,942
486,997,952
I
M
~^J
«--'-
-------
ANALrjES OF TIPPLE AMD DELIVERED SAMPLES *
TABLE I. • AnolyMt o( (ippl. pad ifali»«i»d lomplti diritf lh» litcol fx» IM6
Stitc, county, bnm. art nine
1
Bed
2
Si a of co* -^
3
Appioiimne loni
sampled
4
^
1
1
ic
$
Proximate, percent | . Ultluti, pec*rt
Moisiuie,
ivieceived coil
e
Oyoal
Is
£3
7
si
u. w
1
5
9
1
10
1
^
z
11
u
12
§.
13
B-
o
U
CtlvlDt vatin
1
•I
si!
IS
.1
25
16
I!
u
u.
n
as
if
IS
]fl
SHE
!ti
19
f|
b. .6
20
..*
If5*
rl|
x & S
21
ALABAMA
Vnlkcr County
Ja.3per:
Druwtoiid
Do
Toviiiey: Tovnley
Blark Cn-ek
.do
7- by 3- Inch. . .
66 "*<-''
12 03J
-iL r
Q
1
'
"•«-')
>d;
5i(M
•
ALASKA-S«e pagg 31
ARKANSAS
Frnnk] in County
Charles too: Charleston
Jolinacn County
Ciarkovllle:
Do
Hilton Ho. 1*
Do
Johru on
rch:.otlan County
Charlea'.un
Upptrr HortchorDL'
HnrLohurne
do
Run-ol'-mloe, crushed to 6-tnch..,.
• hi • /L, "
Inch (AC).
Pun-of-mlne, crushed to 2-inch....
Ruu-of-mine, gruohed to 3/U-lnch. .
500
100
80
00
60
T
T
T
,
•> r
fc.]
16. C
11..
12.9
h
80. 9
78^0
M t
* 1
J<<
3-7
1.7
-
dj.l
-
-
-
-
800
Ijj &00
13,850
13, 590
U,690
U, 330
Ik 160
111,520
U,KX
U.06C
13.B5C
1
1
1
2,190
2,^30
2,230
1
1
1
1
9(1 1
-
'
-
.
9(1)
80
82
82
75
75
78
111
X
I
COLORADO
IVfltij County
Buxle: King
Fremont Count/
FJorenrc:
Corley Strip
Pioneer Canon
Do
Do
Do
Dy
Vento
GunnlBOD County
Scneroel.:
Be«r
Do
Do
1-lA- by 3/8-lnch (tf)
Modified 2-locn by 0 (W) {1-1/k-
by 3/8-liwrh removed).
8- by 3-lnch
1-lA- by lA-luch
C-lnch lunp
1-1/lt. by 5/16-lnch (OT)
Modified l-1/Z-lnch by 0 (6- by
1-1/2-lnch, crunhed to 1-J/s-
Inch, l-'l/U- by 5/16. loch
reoovcU).
1,890
290
50
9,999
65
lit, 279
100
"•,9?;
1,008
150
1W
too
D
D
T
D
T
D
T
r
D
T
T
T
4.0
9.1.
11.0
10.6
11.5
12.0
11.9
11.1
11.3
«, fl
5-9
6.9
1.1.2
36.7
38.1
37. J
37.2
36.9
36.3
37.3
36.5
t>l. i)
1.0.0
39.6
52.5
!>7.5
50.3
53-0
1.7.0
1.9. i<
1.8.1
5">.T
1.9.8
J1-'^
51-9
51-5
6.]
15. B
11.5
9-V
15.8
13-7
15. £
8.0
13-7
1 f<
8.1
8.9
.6
.U
.14
.14
t
.1.
.U
.1,
.U
.u
.5
.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,190
10.320
10,590
10,900
10, CCO
10,230
9,880
11,110
10,390
13,130
12,1*80
12,170
13.7W
11,390
11,900
12,190
11,320
11,630
11,220
12,5110
11,720
13,9*0
13,260
13,070
12
2
1
12
1
38
1
9
3
1
1
1
2,860
2,390
2.1.30
2, MX)
2,390
2,360
2,300
2,520
2,570
3
1
1
11
1
2
1
1
1
3(1)
1.6
U
* Aresco, A. J. and Janus, J. B., Bureau of Mines RI 6904, 1967.
-------
Hucrfano Co'inty
Vmlseoturg:
Hr_a«^ County
PnlUbir:
Do
V.'jffB*. County
Crulo:
Rout I County
0* CrceK:
Ednit
Do
Weld Coiinly
ErL«:
p*.
.do
-'
1-1/U- by l/lt-lnch (3- by 1-lA-
Inch, crushed to 1-lA-loch).
1 /l» -Inch by 0,
1- by 1/li-lnch (OT)
3- by 2-1 A- Inch
1-1/U- by lA-lnch (OT) (2-lA- by
l-lA-l'»cl», crushed to 1-lA-
Inch).
1-lA- ^ lA-inch (OT) {Riio-of-
imne, nucficJ to 1-lA-tnch.
1 -J.A- Inch by 0
y>
X
10
35
5
15
10
22
38
70
10O
170
3-5
180
1,900
1,003
2,101
1,612
31,271
557
3,657
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
T
n
n
i,
n
n
n
fi.fi
6.1
6.5
B.?
9-1
6.1.
12. 1
n.C
U.3
12. <•
Ik. 7
16.1'
9- '
11 .IP
10.7
9-1-
3.7
XI. li
21.7
21. t
22.0
Ul.?
U0.7
W.Y
18.^
39-3
38.1
u.3
1. 1..1,
iif..i
Wi.'j
143.9
39. ""
i.5.5
"•3.9
Ll.5
I.G.2
W.I
38.'.,
18.".
ifl.s
3ft. 7
w.a
ug.o
l-ft.-i
1.8.1
51.1.
1.7.2
51.5
5?..-
50.6
51.9
52.0
51.. I)
50. li
51.6
ltd. 6
52-7
1.9.3
56.1
S6.1
Vi.S
Sli.c
fl.O
10.1
10. fl
1V1
•>•!
lk.7
I..'
1 1
1-1
t.r.
ii,i
5.8
i..i
I..1,
9.7
7 1
fl.h
•i.n
5. •>
S.o
h.7
.7
.8
.8
.8
f y
.9
.3
. i,
.1.
.1.
•. •?
.5
: -5
?.">
.0
.6
.S
. ^
. ^
^
i
.
5.0
.
5.1
_
.
_
.
73-2
„
.
72.8
_
.
.
.
_
„
.
1.5
.
_
1.^
.
.
.
.
.
10.1
_
.
.
U-1
.
.
.
12,01.0
11.820
11,530
11,230
ll,6iO
10.92C
11, k«
11,61.0
ll.TW
11,570
11,110
10,630
ll,9tVj
n, £70
11/00
n.5W>
11,14 MO
10,080
9,B'0
9.&30
9,690
12,890
12,590
12,330
18,2X>
12,810
11,920
13,061.'
i 3, 170
U.sio
13,180
' 13,031'
1^,660
13.270
13,110
12,3^
i?,75r
12,570
1^,660
12,58t,
12,61.0
12,1.20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.
1
1
1
1
1
U
7
12
k5
1.
8
2,lillO
2,350
2,280
2,910*
2,550
2,790
2,500
2,510
2,520
2,520
2,270
2,?60
.',050
1,990
P.690
-
2,850
2,100
2,07C
2,130
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
2
1
6
-
1
-
.
ii(0
-
.
-
-
-
.
!(0
-
-
-
-
_
»3
.
5»
-
-
53
-
.
i»7
-
X
i
ro
-
.
ILLINOIS
P"ul'
30
2.0=0
2.090
2,100
2,C'.0
c
6
7
9
30
3i(M
I!:'!
2(1)
?fcP}
2(2)
3(k)
-
-
-
•
I/ S*. Eiplu«M
(p. }).
tton 1 lidieut
-------
TABLE I. - *relrt<» o( t.ppl. ant W,,,,^ tompln jj.r^ ikp Cnul r«0t
Slile. cmnty. town, nil mrt
1
M
2
,.,.,
1
Approiim»tf loni
sampled
4
!
S
Prousae. peictm [ Uliitaie. poceu
Moiiluie.
avietemd coil
6
Dryad
~= s
II
»
If
B
<
9
|
10
1
11
£
12
S
B
£
13
£
o
14
Ciloiific ntue
Blu.
aviece>vt<*
basis
IS
VI
i-5
is
if
I?
u.
n
— n
1!
it
}\\
a
S
If
Z)
i
III
21
Kiik»J.« Ccuatv.-Cii-. '.I'jei
S-•Jl^ wiijLiDgicL {^r^rtj
CDunty) (Continued):
Kjrtftero Illlacli
(Ccotlnurt).
Peorl« Couzr^
G^ Afford: Bacoer
Perry Cou^-.v
?jquoln: Fidelity
Rfcodclph Cyiz-y
Ptrcy:
Ptrr tnl 1 nff
Do
Sptrta:
S^ruui
Do
S»lct Cl«lr Co-jcry
Bclirvllle:
B»Ue Valley
Do
HJdveat.
Do
Do
rreecjrg: River KLs<
Saline Couf./
RArrLiburB:
S«h»rm »o. 5 (
3.2
J-:
-
J-b
3-5
5-j
1-5
J.o
"
-
-
-
-
'
-
'
-
"
"
-
-
-
•
'
-
-
11,370
11,910
11,520
11,51.0
11,650
11,160
11,300
u,ii;;
11,1>00
Ll,j50
11,070
11,290
11,260
1?,570
10,550
13,350
13,7%
12,760
12,610
12,360
1J.72C
1?,6W
«,S1'-
12,:5C
:a,e;c
U.coo
12.66C
12,7?J
13,6:0
13,220
52
:
i;
£
12
;
f
'"
1
i
It
X
2,050
2, -3-
;,:6c
-
;.:»c
^ , --*
c,-K
~c,^f.
i.-y.
-
e..f.
-',!£
?,:ra
3
2
5
-
2
5
6
3
9
b
-
I
2
7
*!
»(i>
aid)
3(1)
i»(l)
3(a)
3t(2)
.
k(2)
?'1'
3i(2
"•:ii
••J(l)
*}<<•)
3j(a)
2(1
3J(2
;(6
3J<3
SJ<1)
3J(O
KD
-
3i(3)
"
2(2)
2* 3)
3(2)
^
1
.
"
*
~
-
' -
"
-------
Vrmll Ion County
Do
VDoy
Do
Po
Vllliamsoa County
Caabrla: Big Muddy....
Forcyth-Energy
Do
Do
Do
Do
Marlon:
Orient Ko. k
Do
Do
Utility
Do
Utility (dock cool)
Do
Will Scarlet
Do
Do
Da
Do
Zie&ier (FranKlin Ccur.'.v):
Zieijlei- No. 3 ".
Ho . 7
.do
Ko. 6
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
-do. . .
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
Davis and DeKoven.....
.do
.do
.do
.do
No. 6
3/k-lach by 28-MSh (U)
7- ry 3-l=cn (U)
:-l -- Sry lA-lnch (AC)
l-l-'.-inch ty lO-oea!-. (V 121 AC)
(3- cy 1-1/k-inch, crushed :o
l-l'l-lDch).
:-: -- ty 3A-loch (W)
(6- ty 1-1 A- inch, crushed to
1-1/b-lneh, y$ of 3A- by lA-
inch renoved).
3A-!=ch by 3 (w)
i-1/-- ty :A-inch (W)
l-:;--lscn ty 0 (w)
1-1 '2-l.nch by I0-oesh (v)
1-1,3-loch by 28-aesn (w)
3/1— loch fcy 28-cesh (w)
11,995
k7,750
22
22
20
110
750
75k
156
300
2Jk
156
701
3,70?
16, 67k
1,309
5,080
2,939
29,062
3,699
10,013
l.kCO
60
17,kk3
D 11.
r 13.
r ii.
Ik.
r it.
r 7.
r 8.
r 9.
r 7.7
9-3
11.5
7.5
8.9
7.6
6.2
6.6
5.6
7.8
5.7
5.5
k-3
3.9
6.1
k.2
9.1
k6.
kl.
H.
kl.
17
39.
38.6
37. k
36. k
36.8
37.J
ko.l
1.0.0
39.9
kO.G
kl.6
kl.5
k'l.l
k2.1
kO.6
37.9
kk.
50.
50.
5C.7
53-1
5k. 5
51.2
53-8
5k. 2
5k. L
55.5
5k. 1
50.7
51.1
50.9
51- k
1.8. E
kg. 2
k9.k
1-9.3
50.0
52.7
8.
9.
8.
8.
10.
10.
11.
9.
7.6
8.k
9.2
7.7
8.6
o.l
6.9
8.6
9-k
9.3
9.0
9.2
8.6
S-k
9-k
2. v
3-C
l.f
l.<
1.7
l.£
3-
2.
2.
2.0
2.5
l.k
1.6
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.6
3.6
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-k
3.6
2.3
.
-
.
-
-
.
-
-
.
-
-
11, 62^
H.33C
11,2k
11,15
10, £7-
12,0;:
12,.'CC
12,160
12,n 1 i*4cur cW uaber
of deliveries a
NBBbcri ia pareathraei iadirwe ike avatar of dncmiaauoaa Made.
-------
TABLE
lyMol tippU ond d*li*«f«d tonplti during thg fiscal year 1966-ConTJnirtd
5*1. CM*y. tnn. «M line
1
BoS
1
Jiaertcoil-y
1
AgpraiiuK loni
unplcd
4
^l
§
0
•8
£
i
Pnjxinate. percent
Moisture,
ivieceived coil
6
Ultimate, pecent
ftycMl
«
«»
53
;
Ji
8
5
s
a
ji
10
1
a
E
11
!
u
u
X
13
e
1
14
Cllorific »rfu»
Btu,
IV [KIIVC4
tuiil
IS
.1
sS
IS
'^s
If
17
Alh-sollenllll
l«ap«id(ui«,«F
It
Nurteiol
iirvullcnint
iMpeHuin*
13
|f
K
H
a
Ih
r a 5
n
INDIANA-Cwitinmd
Grecaa Ccuaty --Com tJiL^d
Sudborn (KDOI County)
(Cootlmwd):
1 t J
Pike County
Oakland City (Gibson County):
Do
Do
Ulmlox:
Do
3ullir>o Counly
She 1 burn:
Do.
71 go County
.do
.do
.do
to 1-1/2-lnch (Portion of 1-1/2-
by 3/3- Ucb renoved).
1-1/2- by 3/8- loch (U)
3/8- Inch by ?6-De«h (V)
1-1/2-loch ty 10-meah (w)
1-lnch ty 10-neiH (w »nd OT)
1-lA- bj lA-loch (w)
1. 1 np h 1 >0n
i-l/lt- by I/I.-IDC&
1,000
600
1.008
7,830
11,108
977
23,839
26 075
17,052
9,71.3
18
22
18
9 892
506
T
T
T
r>
t)
D
n
D
n
T
T
T
T
n
13-'
13. t
15-C
S.I
11. C
10. (
10. c
10.;
10.1
10. 1.
10.'
11."
13.1
13.C
17. C
1.1 *
w.. •
1.3.1
1.2. li
1-2.7
U3.C
1.3.1,
W..C
U..J
!>3 "
1.3. (
39. f
37.1
Uo.t
1*5 '
1.6.5
W..5
U6.C
W l
1.8.3
U8.C
1.7.9
U7.8
1.7.3
1.6. e
1.7.5
U7 C
1.5.1
tt.'
1*2.3
U9 2
1*5 C
10. C
9.;
in. c
9 1
9.C
q.c
H f
8.f
H 1
8.;
8 f
H •
11 fl
15 <
?o.c
in I
9 •
3.=
1.1.
l.F
3-5
3-5
3.J
3. ;
3-1
3.-
3-1
3-1
3-!
3-1
1. •
3 j
_
^
-
_
_
.
.
.
.
-
.
_
.
_
.
.
-
.
.
_
.
.
-
.
_
11,250
ll.JSC
10.92C
U.91C
11,080
11.750
11.7TC
11,330
1 1 QV
11.32C
11.7SC
1 ' 73C
10.SOC
10.1.7C
9.25C
10.73C
U 66C
13,01:
1 ',1*^
12, sy.
13.C5C
13, iy
13.15C
13, IX
13,2T£
i3,i?<:
13, lot
13.26C
12.I.J
12,OoC
12.92C
13 09t
-
;
i
f-
17
15
23
35
3°
11
1
1
1
1
16
3
:-,260
2, -~^,
2,150
2, 1C-:
2.15C
S.J10
^ ' »C
2,190
2,:9C
i,C30
2,150
2.130
2.190
2,050
1
1
;
;
1
• -
•5
3
J
1
1
1
1
-
• . ,
'•' . j
"* • ' '
~ C ]
~ "
*-* ' f
W'
-?: .
7( ;
'
.
_
.
3(* -
vi'i)
;? • J
.
-
.
-
•
-
-
_
-
.
^U
-
_
,
IOWA
Itej-lon County
13.308
D
17.;
"?';
1.1.6
15- S
7.1.
-
-
-
-
9.60C
U.59C
31
a..r»
4
2(1)
KANSAS
Cherokee Countjr
Ballowll:
P ud M lo. 19
1-lA- by 1/h-laeh (U)
1.961.
k, 008
D
D
*l . <
5.C
39.C
39.:
51.1.
10.5
3-1
3-1
-
•
•
-
12, 95C
13.5?:
3
&
->,OCO
3
.
'
-------
00
Do
Crawford _ Com:ty_
Mulberry: Clenen* Ho. 22
Welr-Pltlsburg
69,133
71?
6.1*
5-11
39.;
kl.l
36.2
WJ.9
1-9-7
53.?
11.;
9.;
10.6
J.<
3-2
k.l
-
-
.
-
•
.
-
12,670
12,750
12,660
13. 63C
i3.":c
2
6
2.000
2.020
1
1
9}(1)
-
Bell Couoty
BrovDlei Creek No. 1...
Kettle IiUnd:
Adventure Bo. 1
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Adventure Ho. 3
Do
Do
Adventure Bo. 5
Do
Nl&Lleiboro:
A»ru Bo. 2
Do
Pinnacle
Hou-ln* rork
Do
Plnerllle: Bell HI
Caj-ter Counly
HUclllm:
Moore Branch Bo. 6
Do
Bo
Do
Villa rd:
Lo»t Creek
Do
MBSC.G
.do
.do
Bigti Splint (Bottcai
Bench).
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
Lov Splint (Bottcat
Bench).
.do
.do
.do
IXTV Splint (Top Bench)
.do
fiance (Bottom Bench}. .
Haflre (Tvo Top
BeDchei).
.do
.do
Hlllem Creek
.do
B»t*rd Bo. 7
do
do
Run-of-oioe, crushed to2-loch..
Run-of-aiw, crushed
1-1/k- by 1/lt-ioch.. .
1- by 1/VlncM
Rufl-or-Dl:.e, crmhed
Run-of-aine, cruahed to 3- lech....
P-m-of-olD«, crushed *»o ?-inch....
3-lnch lunp
3-lcch by 0
1-lA- by 1/U-iach (Run-or-oloe,
crushed to l-1/t-Ioch).
Run-of-nlw, cruihed to2-lnch
3- inch Ivnp
1-1/2- by 1-lnch, crushed to 3/L.
Inch (3-Inch by 0, crushed to
1- by lA-loch
1/k-lnch by 0
2- by 7/S-inch (Bun-of-nlne,
crushed to ?-lnch).
7/8- Inch by 0
Run-oT-aloe, cruahrJ
ioa
«.S»4
233
to
•5C
50
55
20
i;
3. ';:
2
3
5
3
3
3
u.
u.
5.
5-
3-9
3-9
5.9
It. 2
2.2
2.6
2-3
2.5
6.' 7
0.7
6.6
8.6
9.0
37
32
y-
33
38
38
38
36
37
38.0
37.9
36.1
35.5
38.k
35.1
39.6
35.5
39-3
36.9
39 2
U2.0
1.0.7
39- '"
35-7
«c.o
36-9
53
5>
55
55
53
53
5".
*"•-
5"..
5*.
5k. 2
511.8
52.7
51.2
55-5
54.3
52.6
51.1
55.0
5">.6
52.5
50.7
3-1"
2.9
e
5
5
8
7
8
7.1
7-9
s.e
11. k
o.;
k.C
5-3
6.1.
0.5
9.7
3-c
7.8
3.6
6.6
.2
2
1
1.0
l.C
f c
1.1
.£
1.5
2.6
..2
.9
• 9
• 7
5.
.2
1
76.
S.i.
14.4
9-6
.1
2.
2
7
5
5
o.O
5-1-
9,2
.0
13isW
13,1A
13,56<-
1J.19C
13,250
12,97
12,320
13, let
12, ft-.
12,17;
13.2CC
12,330
12.31C
:-,ooc
13, uo
13,290
13.220
12.96C
13,530
11,380
1J.3JO
51,530
l-,2
1-,:
1-1,:
13,5-
1!,51
12!?;:
13!-;:
13,':T-'
12,-5:
13.--:
-5
•f.
1
1
J.300
2,280
3,670
i, = 30
2|:50
'."50
,3*
<*
1
1
1
1
1
fi
C 4 •
cj\ • .
1(3'
5?'. •
"I- '
59
'5
55
>-»).
*/ N«Vrr. >Wn
i >uWr W dclinritl
wi i*tctn lk«
-------
TABLE I. • Anal|rl«l of I.pp.'. cnj j«l(.«.ed IcupUl Juin; ih» lueol f«c» I
a«e. courty. tnn. nd a*
1
Bud
2
...-»
3
i!
<
]
s
PrauaiJe, pn:cnt j Ultimtt, (WCtrt
Moistuii.
•s-receivcd coil
S
Iky oul
Is
> 1
J
I!
i
s
9
1
10
I
11
1
12
£
13
S
1
14
Ciloiilic valgt
Blu.
as icceind
oasis
IS
•A
.1
If
IS
i)
»
Aih-sotleiuni
Icupciami. o f
!3
Nuxtwi ol
iitnoltcniu.
InpnJuin'
19
r
K
n
a
ft
21
(Eo«)-Conunve,,.«,
-'
^
Em
^'~
**i T
12.6
uo.u
J5-3
39.2
J7-
3^-3
^o.'
to.c
37 -
•"" "
ii.?
52.".
S3-3
*~-5
y-*O
55-6
55-3
H ; G
u *
s'fl
f, ••
7.2
vft
7.5
5-1
3.1
I*. 6
5-C
V"
3-1
2.3
• ii
:.9
1.0
l.C
.7
1.0
• ^
•
"
(
-
"
V3
,
J'
"
'
'
"
70 7
"
"
•
-
*
' t
'
'
-
-
,,
i- J
1 j, . K
13i22
13,;-:
-~ i - -
. _.
12, TIC
*"*•**-•*
-*.32-
13.97C
It . cC
13, "W
:.J,2io
* - , 3 >W
•*• •
-•• • ^.
- - . ---
Ij.r.'i.
.^ . ,-_
•u ^
lJ,5i*C
13iC>
»- . ,-
lU.il?
13.1 '
13,-"
iu.it:
13, ?j-'
l-f •
lU.tV
U,3-c
' '
1 r&,\
-
*
1
1
1
1
1
- i J - *1
-t .
.
2. -40
- • "^
- . a-
'•^
- . ^
.\-8c
- . ..X
- • >*^
....
t,-5-
- . ."J
~ ' ' ,
.,-00
-
:
-
•
1
'
1
1
'
~ ^
. \-
-ii:i
-
3>C)
-f 1 1
uju>
"
"
•
""-
X
1
3
"
-
1.6
-
"
-»-4
-------
Knoi County
BarbourvlUe:
Rlchland orcp. plant
Do
Laurel County
London:
Load oo Tipple'.
Do
Do
Do '.'.'.'.'.'.
Lee County
Beattyvllle:
Do '.'.'.'.'.'.'.
Do
Do '
Letcher County
Cumberland (Haxlan Ccumy):
Scotia
Do
Do •'"
Do
Priailun: Highland Tipple
Wiltetburg:
Lorraine Tipple
Do
Nayklag Tipple
Sapphire
Do
Do
Do
nm Tipple
«all« Tipple
McCrenry Coumv
Slcaj-M:
Stearna Hos. 21 and 2P
Perry County
Bulu:
Indian bad Tipple
JaXes fork Tipple
Do. . .
Coibi:
Big Creek
. Blue Oe»
. .do
. B=.-se Creek
. .do •
• .do
Hazard Flo. ".
.do
.do
.do
.do
labcden
Elkhorn No. 3 and
Vr4tesburg.
.do
El>.hOro ffo. 3 and
Elkhorn Rider.
Elllhm-n No. 3
.do
.do
WM-.eoburj
.do
HD. 2. .
Raz«rd No.. 5-A and 7.
.do
Hazard lit.. 7
.'lo
7/3- by lA-lach (W and 31) (pun-
of-nlne, crushed to 7/3-lnch).
7-loch licp
7- by 3-Uch
1- by 3/S-1CC.1 (07)
Mcdlfled 3-inrh ty :, =ru.hed to
2- Inch (50* of 1- :y 3/3-incS
removed).
".-Inch 1-jop
"1- by 3- Inch
2- by lA-Inc.1 ." ' "
3A- by l/U-'.rcb (3-.3:b ly 0,
eruihed to 3/i-l:;i).
lA-loch by C
1-lA- ty l/l-'a-'- (v)
1-1/2-lnch l-y 0 fw)
1-lA-Inch ty 0 [tfj
3A-lnch by 0 (w)
Run-of -TI. ne, cruBhed to 2-lnch....
Modified ftu-i-of -il-e, cr-ahed to
2-lnch (50t cf 1-1/4- ty 3/8-
Inch reooved).
Run-of-zinc, crua.'-.ed *.o 1-1/2- lech
6-lnch lu-p
6- by U-lnch (w)
1-lnch, cruihed to 1-lach).
3/8-lnch ty 0
Run-or-E'.ne, cr-^.ed to 1-lA-lnch
..do
P"o-of-Elnr, crushed til 3-lrch. . . .
6-lnch by C, cr'.s^etf to ^-Inch
8-lnch -u-p....
8-lnoh t-y 0, cru«heJ to 2-lnch
6-lnch lump
6-lnch by 0, crjhtxl to 1-1/2-loch
170
210
10
15
15
50
10
10
10
20
8
27,339
736 D
1,71.1 D
lie D
270 T
210 T
50 T
270 T
60 T
to T
210 T
130 r
115 T
370 T
"•50 T
50 T
215 T
LO T
275 T
15 r
85 T
T 5
T 7.
T 8.
I 3.
T 5-
r s.c
1..9
r 5.8
r 5.6
r 10 o
2.8
2.7
3-6
9-5
2.3
5.7
5.3
2.1
2-5
3-3
ii.\
3-7
li.O
-.6
3 36.0 56.7 7.3
0 "tl.3 56.0 2.7
3 36.9 57.2 5.0
3 "0-2 5 -j 5-5
I - I :; -
-1-3 5 .i i.:
^•2 52.5 3-3
M.O 31.1 5.£
"•0-9 50.5 3.6
"^>.6 1.3.0 10.".
36.
36.
3"-.
35-
35.
3fi!i
10.6
M.fl
35.7
37.0
37.7
-0.2
33.3
36. 6
33.6
36.3
A.l
<\ 57.; 5.7
7! 5^ a <: 3
5 5>. 9 5.6
' 59.9 5.7 1
' i-6.2 13.4 3
55-7 8.3 i
53-1 8.1 i
56.0 7.0 i
55-6 3.8 1
5">. 3 3-9 1.
52.9 11.1. 1.
;3-3 3.2 i.
57.3 5.0 1.
17.1 is;u t.
5J.6 6.1 .
5.'. 3 9.6 .-
;-.- 7.0 .c
55.J 3.1. .6
i-.l 7.1 .6
5-- 9 5-0 .6
1.0 - -
1.2 - -
1.2 - -
3- • -
3-9 - - '.
1-3 5.6 79'. T 1.7
i.3 - - -
•9 - - -
. 0 -
6 - -
5 -
l - -
1 5-5 81.5 1.6
3 - -
5 - -
o - -
0 - .
r ...
-
-
.
13, U
13,61
12,94
13,73<
13,55
13,36<
12,90C
3.". 13,780
13,360
12,750
11,310
r
H,060
13,730
12,910
11,730
12,'seo
6.5 lu,170
12,550
13,210
13,1.10
12,1.60
13,010
13,350
12, '^P
•0 13,£50
o U.630
> 1»*,»10
3 H,l8c
3 li.DCC
J 13.95C
' 13,^90
l"i,500
H.,CjO
13,5-0
13,2*:
I1-, 3i: 5
1".,L«0
J"i,'2-3
12,07=
13.1-2C
Ij!tl3 1
i*,56c :
jit ,1*70 ]
13!5X :
11,-r-C 1
13.. '50 i
13, -i-C
1 3! 56C 1
1 2,U«
1 2,090
1 2,200
1 S^IO
1 2,090
1 2,250
1 2,060
i 2,310
1 2,200
1 2.5CO
6 S.91C*
2 2,910.
2,1-30
r.iiO
-=,"•33
2!i?3
3,300
2 '61.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6(1
5(1
-(1
.1(1)
of.)
715)
7}J3>
3(1)
,6u)
-(I)
5(1)
)
)
i-
.
X
1
00
41*
1,
39
1.6
33
37
• Uf W 4fU*«fi«
Ht lx«c«. l
,1 fc.mi.MJo.. «.j,.
-------
TABLE 1. • AralrUI ol >i°pl* °"d dtliwid lampltl duinj lh* f.icol inor 1966-ConliniM4
SMI. aafi. tnm. nl rin
1
Bo)
2
Siaofco*^
3
Appreiinatt tons
sampled
4
Kind ol SJmolt-'
S
Pro>i=jte. oweas
u
Uoiituit.
•vieceived
6
KENTUCKY-Cont,
Perry County — Continued
Bu«li
Lemthervood:
Scuddy Tipple
Do
Stoker Tipple
Do
Do
VI ceo:
me County
Blggi:
KrotlMd no. 1
Do
Do
EUHoro City:
Preeburo: Vulcan Tipple
LecUevllle:
Lookout:
NcCarr:
LlttJe Uop
HI Hard: Clark no. X
(touthcmrd: Cllatwood Tipple.
Pbclpa:
H*z*rd He*. 5-A ud 7-
.do
Biurt Ko>. 1 «nd 7-- •
-do
Hazard Ho. 1
.do
fUurd Bo. 9
Lover Elihorn
.do
.do
Cedar Grove and Pood
Creek.
tUhom Ito«. 1, 2 and
3-
Pood Creek
ElUioro No. 3
Cllnivood, Rsugr, Co&ie
*od Lower Elkjiorn.
6-inch by b, crushed to 1-1/U-iach
6- by 3-inch (w)
5- by 3-1D--H (tf)
6-Lncb lunp
U-inch by 0, erujhed to 2-lcch...-
li-lr.cn by 0, .-rushed to 1-lA-lcch
(or).
6-loch lurp
6-loch by 0, crushsd to 2-lr.rh....
Run-or-nloe, crushed to2-lnch
6- by 1-1 A- Inch (") (crujhed to
1-lA-lacn).
Middlings, cr-ashed to 1-1/1-incb
(w).
1/1-lBCh by 0 (U)
Ruo-of-a*ae, crushed to 2-tnch....
Run-of-Biae, crushed to 2-1/2-lnch
Run-of-=lDe, crushed to ?-kflCh....
Run-of-sice, .rushed to 1-1/1-tnch
1-1/1- by lA-lo<=h («) (Run-of-
»lac, crushed to l-lA-'nch).
1-lA- >>y 3/8-ln;h (Ruq-of-ndne,
crushed to 1-1/1-loch).
3/8- Inch by 0
Run-of-aLne, crushed to 2-lncn...
Run-of-iloe. crushed to 2-loch
RuB-of-BkOv, crulhed to 2-loch
(•te&a cc&l ).
Run-of-iloe, crushed to 2-lnch. ..
Run-of-Qlat. cruahed to 2-tnch
(2- by 3/3-lnch (»)}-
. .do
70
7,316
1,921
35
50
350
50
250
1,160
170
515
390
830
650
130
275
170
150
260
200
155
180
160
500
260
180
i
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
3-P
2.S
3-0
3-1
U.l
2.3
3-0
3-1
3-5
2.7
3-3
3-5
1-5
3.6
2.-
2.7
3-'
3-3
5-3
2.8
&.-
2.8
3-8
2.
3-0
3-
3-6
2.C
Ultioite. percent
Dry con
O
if
7
™.d
d
39.=
34- -
10.;
39-5
39.1
39-;
39- ""
oO.i
35-2
Jl-S
35.2
29.2
33-3
31. -
33-0
30.5
33-3
12.6
31.2
33-3
32.:
J3.C
35.1
33-7
}1-'
y.
jo.
11
U. u
8
53-i
52-5
55-9
56.7
56.7
5«':
57. i
r--
52.1
52.1
55.9
59-9
59.8
61.3
57.0
57-9
55-9
59.1
52.1
16.6
55.3
57.1
59-1
5fi.:
53. :
58.5
5>.0
53.o
5
9
6.6
1.2
U.J
8.3
2.2
i!s
6.3
9-3
12.3
5.2
5.0
1.9
11.6
9.1
13.6
6.7
5.0
19.2
11.1
12.1
10.6
5.5
8.1
13-2
7-5
8.-
13-7
10.
s
3
10
.3
1.0
.6
-5
.6
.6
.c
.6
.7
.3
2.1
2.5
.6
.6
.6
<
.6
.6
1.1
.<
1.6
1-9
.a
.1
. i
.8
1-5
2.0
a.i
I
X
11
5.1
5-2
1.7
5.0
u
a
92-5
73-9
•".3
71.1
75-9
£
13
1.5
1-5
1.1
S
I
U
6.0
6.5
5.5
5-3
Cilaiftc v*u«
Blu.
avieciivtd
b»»
IS
13.370
12,600
13,910
13,920
13,920
13.310
13,010
11,380
13laoC
12^320
13,030
ll>, 160
U. 0*0
11,1.50
11,070
13,180
13,590
12,650
13,160
13.86-j
11.370
13,050
12,650
13,?50
11,000
13,150
12, 020
13,580
13,o5O
12,660
11,310
.Z
at
IE
13.9CC
13.19C
1U.HC
11,3^
l~',TX
H, Tic
1-,32C
13.95C
13,390
11,573
U.99C
13!550
13,970
ll!l50
U.35C
12,0:0
13,130
13,270
13,630
11,550
13,760
13.150
ll.iXO
13.130
A
17
1
i
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
u.
c n
13
2,310+
2,910+
2,910+
2,310*
09C
2^320
2,570
J.5M
2,590
2.91O+
2,910+
2./10*
2,910+
2,670
2.710
2,710
2,360
2,620
2,680
2,680
2,760
2,910+
2.910+
2,670
.',150
2.91O+
if!
19
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
i
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
i
1
1
f
If
B
1(1)
JKD
5J1)
6(1)
M
9(1]
51(0
'sill
7(1
8(1
6(1
9(1
6(1
ft
71
38
11
15
X
39 1
UD
50
56
56
58
57
5".
56
53
1.6
1.6
52
53
19
-------
(•DOLT lo. 1
Do
PlkevUle;
P. tad P
JjUnd Creel Dock
Rtgla:
Southern llihorrj Tipple
Vlrjle:
Icotucky lo. 1 Tipple
Pulukl Count/
SoKriet:
Ikerd ud Budy Ho. 1
HMUey County
Cortln: Woodbine Tipple
HllllwDiirf : S«vay Tipple. .
Pond Creek
.do
Blkhorn Ho. 2
UUiorn Ho. 3 (Upper
Split).
Blkhorn Ho. 3
Rlkhorn Hot. 1 tod 2.
Elkhorn Ho. 2
Ho. 3
JeLltco
.do
6- by 1-1 A- Inch (w) (crmSed to
1-lA-lnch).
1-lA- by lA-lncb, (w)
Run-or-Blne, cruthed to ?-lnch...
Run-of-Bloe, crushed to 1-1/b-lac
Run-of-Blne, crushed to 2-lnch...
..do
..do
. .do
365
">55
275
150
170
tio
too
300
110
135
T k.
T U.
T 5.
T 5.
T U.
I 2.
T 7.1
• k.5
38.
33-
32.
35.
36. i
36.1
1
51* •
55.
ta.
51.
55.1
56.9
53-5
i-
7.
11 .
17.
16.
9.
6-5
9-c
1.
1.
l.(
1.1
1.6
5.3
5.1
l. 6
-
77-5
68.7
-
1.5
1.0
1.2
•
5.
7.
7-
U.kl
It, 16
13,2}
12,3?
11,56<
L2,97t
12, '&.
1 3,2^0
^2,300
lit, Bk
H-,85
13,80
13,09
12,19
12,50
13,36(
13.19C
13.36C
13.39C
1
1
1
1
1
J
1
1
1
1
2,910
2,910
2,910.
2,91-
2,600
2,660
2,7TC
2.2SC
i
i
i
i
i
-X:
"«":!
W,
5)
57
50
41
KENTUCKY ' ' '
(«•»)
Hopklni Couty
Colonl&l
Pie.
Do
Do
Ple« (dock co»l)
hint Ourlei:
Bufr&lo Creek
Do
Do
Do
NuhleotMrg County
Central City:
Creicent (Brier Cretk)
Do
Greenville:
Cfcney Creek ....
Do
Do
Do
Do
fedUonvllle (Bopkln* Cour.'.y):
Vocue
Do
Vogue (dock coU)
Ho. 11
.do
.do
.do. . .
Ho. 6
.do. . .
.do
Ho. 1!
.do
.di,
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
.do
3A-loch by 28-de3i; (w)
1-1/2- Inch by 2S-cr:ti (w)
1-lA- by lA-lnch (W)
1-lA- by 1/li-lnch (W)
1-lA- by 1-lnch (w) iRua-of-«lne,
cruBhed to 1-lA-lccli).
1/2- by lA-lnch (w)
1-1/2-Lnch by .?&-»• jh (w)
7- by 2-Inch (w)
5- by 2-locn (u)
l-l/2-lnch by 0 (u)
3- by 3A-inch (W)
7- by 2-lnch (u)
1-lA-lnch by 28-aesh (W und OT;..
l-l/Ii. by 1/lt-lnch (W)
1.503 D
1,580 D
1-55 D
1.652 D
150 T
1-50 T
200 T
1 , 761 D
10t D
Ik, 023 D
30,81.2 D
5,372 D
5,506 D
207 D
22,580 D
203 D
kOl D
7.
7.1
8.0
S-3
9.6
10.3
12. C
13.5
9-6
6.'
i.2
7.5
8.5
9-1.
7.9
10.1.
7.1.
fcj.fc
1.2.9
kl.8
1.1.
1.3-0
I-3-2
"•3^1
M.7
"-J.8
1.2.3
Ujii.
13.6
50.8
50. ii
50.5
50. J.
55.8
1.9.9
1.9.5
50.0
1.9.9
I.9-6
1*9.2
i.S.9
1.9. 1.
U8.6
50.H
6.
6.2
6.1.
6.-
3-8
3-(
3-7
7.1
7-3
7-3
7.0
6.7
6.7
6-9
8.6
5.-"
6.0
6.1.
3-
3-1
3-3
3-2
1-9
1-9
1.8
3-1
3-1
3-5
3.6
3-5
3.1
3-i
3.1
3-C
3.1
-
-
-
-
-
•
-
12, 5C
itf.SOC
12, ~3C
12 ,'396
12,230
1^,550
12,3OO
l«. 5O-
12,1-90
1-.33C
12,650
i.'.cac
13,5*
13,550
13,650
13,olO
13.61C
ll.cyo
13.9--0
11., 090
13,5^:
13,'^>-
13,1-90
13, t be
13,170
13,660
13.6.T
10
5
3
7
1
1
1
1
3
i
17
12
0
1
1
1
>, 1.C
2,1?:
..IOC
i
i
k
-*?. '
3JU'|
X
r— -
o
5;
i/ Naaken «k>r« 1 Udiru* iW >uWH W Mi
^ "••Wri '• f«n>iW«« ladcoc I
t of T—rr»imin«i BU>.
-------
TABLE I. • kno\r*** ol lipdl. and o.liorx) tomplll Ji»iA8 ill. t\ ft*
Slate, county, toon, and Bine
1
StO
J
Sinofcoal-y
3
AppraiinlU toni
sampled
4
Kind ol i»ol»y 1
S
Praiinjtf. percM
Moidiue.
ayteceived coal
0
UltiBJtt. patent
On/ coal
*2
£1
;
11
u- u
j
s
9
3
J)
10
c
*
z
11
o
12
g
X
13
I
14
CllVlflC lt\A
\ Blu.
as itccivcd
tUSIS
IS
*1
.1
J£
IS
A
11
17
Ash-solteninf.
Mpnatut. ° F
11
•ft
11!
13
?
K
li
3
III
21
KENTUCKY-Gxitinutd
(WtiO-Conl.fiutd
Union Ccun'.y
StUTRls :
Do
Whtatcrof; (Vebtter Cau='.y):
3- by 1-1/2-ln-fl (•') CR- --c*-- ie
crushed tD 3-incii).
> 300
T
3 2
50 5
MISSOURI
fccoo County
Excello: Bee Veer
' -l/l*- ty 1 l*-1 acr (w)
2 915
ft
13 6
i
VONTAMA
X
Carbon County
Red loagt:
(taokcleia and Sootless
Do
Ite
Do
ttuaselshsll County
Roxindup:
Bin
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
(Vl'^ri' Prill .....
Do
Do
Do
Do
RicMtnd Couc'.y
.10. i
.do
.do
.do
.do
,do,
5- by 2-lnch (tf)
1-1/1*- by 3/&-ii;ch (w) (?- by
1-1/U-locb, crushed to l-l/k-
inch).
12- by 7-lnch
7- by U-:ocJi
4- by l-l/2-icch
28
18
3
6
a
6
g
Q
T
T
T
T
T
T
10.9
9 3
18 I*
12. U
X2.0
!?.!»
12.6
LI S
12 6
37 fi
39 5
V 6
vi «;
V».5
1*. "*
1-.6
35.5
^- fi
= 6 *
e' 6
f,f, C
11.3
55.7
5'. 3
r-9
^2 6
S •)
5 6
5 6
10."
*•€
. ", " I
1 0
l 8
.u
g
g
5 0
-
-
"*3 3
-
' Q
-
* 3 5
-
-
. :(~cc
_!,c-:
I'~^X
Z'lx "
-.
'•' • -\
• ' -~~~
\2,2K
12.-2C
• - = V
-i.'-;*
.3,^20
1
1
-
•
1
*
*
2*06C
2,330
i,3a:
^,J-:
3, r
-------
Do
Do
Do
Do
.do
.do
1-lA- ty 1/lt-lneh
lA-lnch ^y C .'
30
15
T
T
13.5
15.?
U.I.
M.5
1*3.9
<"7.5
W..9
"•9.?
« i
13.6
b-'J
7.6
1.0
1.2
.;
.8
.
•
.
-
.
-
"
.
'
10, op
11,810
11,330
11,930
13, in
12,760
1
8
11
2, 550
•2,320
2,3=0
2,5°:
1
1
3
.*
I.'.,
53
-
NORTH
Burke County
Lar«on:
Do
Mercer County
Bcul&h:
Beulah
Do
Haien: DokoU Star
Zap: Indian Hrtrt
jfcrd County
Velv« (McHeory County):
Velva
1-1/2- by l/l*-iDch
..do
l-l/?-L=ch by C
. .do
; fl?i
27, 1.61
5.259
U,?53
p
D
33-9
15 3
35- B
33-9
37-9
33-5
1*0 6
LI.:
^3-1
51-3
;c.3
-a 5
1*3.2
17.3
50.1
9.2
".!>
9.7
9-8
10.1
6. a
.&
• J
.3
• i
•
.
-
•
-
-
•
-
.
7,UO
7.590
0-93°
7. i*~
7, CIO
~,29C
f.,^OC
11,360
11.300
10,790
10,550
.1,000
U.OiO
11,110
1
15
jo
20
1
5
53
2,'UC
2,:3C
2,r;
_
2,210
?,510
1
7
?
_
2
:2
-
•
.
•
•
-
•
OHIO
Colu-.blana County
Ueboo;
Sneid Bo. 1
Snrui »•_. 2
Ellen: Julliord
Coshocton County
Ccuhocton: Broken Aro
Jefferson County
t**l Springfield: Jeosle
telthfleld: Burvay Ho. 1
Perry County
Hev Lexington:
Sidwell Ho. 2
Sunn/hill prep, plant
Do
Do
Shawner: St*r
Scner«et; Old Ml. Perry
Middle Kltuuinlng (No.
6) -
Middle Klllonniiu (Ho
6).
.do
Lover lUttAnnlog (Ho.
5)-
Pittsburgh (Ro. 3)
Middle Kltt*nning (Ko.
6).
.do
^
do
do •
R r -< -
do
do
1-1/2- by lA-inch (W)
1-1/1*- fcy lyl*-loch (W)...
Run-or-mlne, crjched 10 b-inch....
1-1/U- Inch by 0 fw)
1-1/it- by 1/1*- Inch (W)
1-1/b- loch by C1 fw)
Run-of-si oe, crushed to 1- 1/2* loch
on o -aloe, cruitied to 1-Uch (W)
150
75
U9
V689
' "
3£o
25 i 630
16 630
it, 896
20,056
100
1*20
T
T
T
D
j
T
)
5-1
11.6
6.3
7-3
3r
• y
7.8
9-0
i'*
9-1
7-5
9-'>
y.6
36."
J1.6
3d. 5
1.5.6
141.0
36.6
^3-7
2-3
1.1. 5
Ii2.li
10. 1
1.6.2
1.9.2
53.'
5k. 0
1.9. u
51. 3
51.0
1.3.0
^.7. 1
1.7.6
1*7.1.
1.8. 6
1.7.7
11*. 1
15.0
7.5
5.1
7.7
12.1
8.3
0.3
0.2
1-3
6.1
1. .!.
. |
2.8
2-9
^- -
2.1.
3-1
3.0
2.8
2.9
?.l
3-1
-
-
•
.
"
"
"
•
-
"
_
•
'
-
-
-
-
.
*
-
-
-
-
-
.
_
~
-
12,0?:
10,510
12, -1*0
1^,5*
-'3,260
11,61.0
11,920
Jl.djO
11,5^0
11,550
11.1._0
12,0i'-0
12,6"0
.1,3?:
13/CC
13,5^
13, Sco
17,610
13, IX
12, 'SO
1-.690
13. *X
!C,l-!.'
l3lj-J
i
1
i
8
a
i
1,6
S3
6
:5
1
1
2,?i^:
".5 — '
:,'ooc
2,11?
2,i^C
2. 11C
2,150
3,?"0
2,21.0
-'!*
J.c .'
J . . -V
-
,'
,
!i
5
3
-J
:
=!(-,
-}<-;
( ^
^\ ' *
=••''•!
-,|;J
-U1,'
.\ . 1 '
-' J \ 5 /
^ * " ^
-'1-'
•*\ .
1 1 1 . *
->-)
• ^ r '
-,.'
c:
X
1
"' r- '
N)
.
-
-
-
-
^^
-J
ll SM EpluuiM •( Sr.boli (f. )). i/ Natan iten 1 iidicut lU tubtr .1 Mimiei ».
« tadicuc i
-------
TABLE 1. - Anolrmot tippl.md J«li««»«d iampl«i ji»injih« liual ,xn 19M-Caiimu««l
fc*», aunty, torn, ml nine
1
fed
1 :
,.,.,
3
AppiaxiniK loni
MBpiri
«
Kind ol jwole/ 1
S
Praiinute. peicnt
Uoisluie,
iviKtived coil
6
il
> e
7
ll
8
Ultimate, peccnt
DtycoK
<
9
J
10
|
1
11
!
12
S
g
£
13
S
o
11
Calwific v4v*
III
15
_.a
s«
16
z S
17
Astvwllcninj
Icnpemme. • F
18
•ggs
111
z S S
13
L
n
2J
111
21
OHIO-Conlinunl
Tuscarawaa County
MldraJe:
MJdvaJe
Do
Do
6).
do .
1-lA- by lA-ioch (U)
75
U 29^*
180
n
5 3
c G
50 0
6 7
.^(:'
OKLAHOMA
Craig County
Welch:
Ffctch
Do
Badkell County
Stlftler: Garland
Le Plore County
Poteau:
Do
Roger a County
Do
Do
Do
S*lgler
Run of mio« crushed to 2 lach
•
3 1 n/-h 1 imm
Modified Fun of aloe crushed to
1-1/fc-locb (1/2-Loch by 0
reaoved).
fis
6^0
600
6 6
7 **
ft 7
26 2
21 8
69 7
67 3
sfl I
cQ L
3 5
c Q
"
Q
i 1 in
13,230
*
-1 .«-v^
~
2,230
"
'
*
"
3' • \
- -
..
"J(-J
"
X
I
U)
PENNSYLVANIA
(Anttinxitt)
Pauphlo County
l^rkejiB:
Do
lAckAwuuiA Coudly
TVlor: Taylor (Kaff>t)
. ,do
91.2
1,^7
296
D
D
0
3-3
7.1
e.u
7.9
7.6
6.7
TT.7
77.3
71.1
1UA
15.1
19-2
.6
.6
.6
-
-
-
-
15,550
11,950
11,110
12,060
12,3oO
12,130
2
10
1
2,580
2,700
2,880
2
tl
1
-
-
-------
1— W~T Tri-z-.y
Aanley :
Do. , .
Do
Svcryeravil_le:
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
De
W!l*i-K-«^— *• t*T"«V—
HorthiAberlud Ca^.:/
Btmmolla:
Do
Do.
Do . .
Do
rrcvorton:
Do
Do
gchqrUUJ CCUE-.J
DonaJdjoo:
Do
Do
Mloerivllle:
Do. .
PolUvllle:
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do. .
Shennndoah:
Bo*«
Do. . . .
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Tutqva:
Do
Do ,
Valley V!«:
Hoc her
Do
Do
Do , .
Do
*
pea
Pt&
Pea
Rice
Barley
Egg
Rice
Pea
Pea
pea
pice
Fice 4 ...
^k
\ JT'<
20 J*jl
50
1 603
150
70
100
70
50
50
50
5 779
1,215
6311
767
22 UWj
8*
1 688
39^
759
597
7i?s3
601
3 162
?S
25
30
2O
2O
15
50
50
50
6O
6O
50
5°
50
3 U06
U88
692
11,233
7,253
780
1 "^67
a to^
1*1* 016
3. 60S
n
r>
r>
D
r>
f
T
T
T
n
n
p
n
r>
n
"i
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
p
T
T
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
p
D
3 8
3 5
8 c
U c
U j
fc.6
:* A
j.e
3-5
>,7
j 9
9 7
3-5
3 5
l, g
6 l*
3 6
i e
i 5
6 o
3 1»
k-5
8.9
2 6
3 3
5-0
5 8
5-?
6.0
6 o
5-5
5-7
5-1
5 7
5 8
6.?
7 2
9 **
5.1*
3-0
5.0
7-6
3- 3
3.1
u.o
3-7
b.3
5-0
5 ^
5 c
6 '
5 •
^ 7
5- *
^ •
J £
6 2
6.3
6 ^
6 ^
7 7
6.6
6 2
6 :
£.6
It 5
5' 1
5- Q
5 it
6-5
6.2
11.3
t*."5
ti L
li.5
t* 3
i* "-
5-?
7.6
t.3
b ^
b.c
7.1
7 "
7.C
7- >*
7. j
7.1
32 5
53 0
a2 9
2l ^
35 '
= > c
3- -
-, '-.
= j-3
:'; ' i
^ ,
DO '
52.5
32 1
31 L
31 1
35 "
3.0 7
30.0
Si' •
32.-
ao t
56 t
5^ 9
=1 a
8i 5
60. 0
oo.o
37.2
?7.1
67 1
ti.S
86 7
a3 l
31 j
51.6
"1 "1
57. 3
P- -
35. u
3i.it
83.1
£3-2
=2.9
£2.6
£2.Q
'4 d
9 «
.0 'S
lj-2
1 ? i*
1 3 7
! ' 0
LO 9
11 1*
6 2
6 1
13 6
li $
il.2
1 3 3
U . r
fi 7
0 C
i .1 -
l£. 3
'0 1
13 5
'? ^
fl s
P 7
q 5
9 -
12.0
11 2
R N
* ?
10.0
11.5
9 l
T S
9 7
10. 3
10.0
8
g
5
r,
t
fi
7
6
e
c,
3
0
n
5
. 5
.6
6
5
6
6
5
.5
5
. 5
t,
.^
6
. 5,
. 5
.t,
G
.6
.7
.6
1Z.7JO
i?,3'^
11 OTC
13 13-
1 2 55C
11 •"**
1-3 550
13 06C
1 J XC
i ?,96c
1 l HC
1 i 070
12 5^0
1^.930
13,loO
12,5-0
'2 70
2,9KH
J?,5tO
2. ^X)
risso
2.1-70
2,t,,V
1
2
16
1
2
1
1
i
1
1
i
1
13
1
2
2
1.
11
•
1
.
"
3
13
1
6
.
1
1
1
.
1
l
l
1
1
1C
.
1-
15
0
.
I
:.
!3
1
•/).£*<.
-------
TABLE 1. - AftojyM« of tipple endjUli»«r«
If
a
4
Kind el samjIfrV
5
Piwinite. peicent | Ultinae, percent
Moisluie.
avieteived coal
6
Dry cod
9>
si
7
Ji
B
<
'
1
10
1
11
J
12
z
13
d
14
taloiific viuo
Blu.
js received
basis
IS
.1
3 >.
03-5
16
J|
z S
17
AsJvsollcnjnj
leapeiHuit, ° F
18
•3 B 3
|1|
19
K
H
a
III
ZI
PENNSYLVANIA-Continued
(Anthrocito)-Coniinued
Schnylklll County --Cont Uizd
Valley Vlev (Continued):
TJK be- Svntarn
17,286
1,002
D
D
U 6
3.1
7- 3
6.8
81 1
80.3
' l -
12.9
•'
-
13.C1C
zt
u
2,770
2.5JC
2
:
PENNSYLVANIA
(Biruminouj)
Allegheny County
Champion No. 1 (dock coal)
Vlldvood:
vlldvood
Do
Armstrong County
Avonoore (Uestooreland
Coujoty ) :
Do
Do
EdBOn:
Do
Klttanalog:
Decker
Sallna (Weitaorelaod County):
Do
.±3
T^li-k Preeport
.do
.do
.do
Lover Kit tunning (B)..
Lover tit tanning (B)..
.do
1-1/li- ty 3/16-lnch (w and OT)
1- by 1/U-i-c.l 61
13,819
6,896
3,280
726
200
100,695
8,153
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
T
0
0
1.6
U.li
U.6
2.9
2.1-
1.6
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.7
U.O
2.5
2.0
39-9
37.6
37.2
37-3
35.1
37.8
33-?
3M
30.5
36.0
37-3
51.3
51 6
57-6
57.0
56.3
53-9
55-9
57.8
5V6
55. k
3.2
6. 6
7-3
7.6
9-0
8.3
11 5
10.9
7.7
21.0
7-3
2.5
1-5
I 5
1.5
1.6
1-9
3.1
1.0
1.5
2.1-
2.1
-
-
:,
-
66.3
-
1.2
-
5.6
13. 5i:
1 • 6 ' "
13,330
13,91:
.13.52C
13.5^0
13.06C
13,290
13,610
11.3OC
13,560
13.990
13, -SC
li.,130
13,510
13,930
13,500
13,550
13,7?C
13, 9W
1U.270
1
22
1
36
1?
10
19
22
10
6
!.
1
13
i, ro
2,300
2,.'3c
2.->y
i, OP
6
3
1
_=-(!)
_?(i)
111
1:1
X
i
f—
5?
-------
Tatesboro:
Margare t
Do
Butler County
PorterivlUe:
Ueftero Rlcior/ Tip;-"-*
Do
Caabrla Covuuv
BakerLon:
Laneaahlr* Ho. IS-- —
Do
Baroeiboro.
C. I. Ho. 2
Lula fey
Carroll town:
Carroll tovn Ho- 1
Baat LDAB:
Drlicoll Wo. -2 Tipple
Do
Do
Johnstown:
Do
Man teller:
DrlBcoIl Ho. 5 Tipple
Spookier:
Do
Do ,
Centre County
Clarion County
ffuMervllle (Jefferson
County ) :
Way land
Clearfleld County
Blftler:
Do
Do
Coal port:
Apple No. & ,
Eartiiaus: Hoffman Ho. 3
Lutherabur?:
UtAhvllle: Cross Road a 1. . 2-
TJpper Freeport (E)....
Middle JUttaanlfig (C).
Lover Kittarjilng ,(B)..
Kiddle Kltt*nnlng (c).
Upper Freeport (B)....
.do
Upper Kit. tana log (C
prioc).
.do
Lover Freeport, (D)....
.do
Lower Preeport (D)
Lover Freeport (D)..,.
Hiddl- lUttannlng (C)
anl Lover Freeport (D)
Upper Klttannlng (C
prlne).
'Jpp-r Fr""por-. (E)....
Ru.-.-of-'alDe. crushed to \-lfi-lnc.
(w and AC).
..do
l-l/2-ia:h ty 0 (W ar*i AC'-
1-1'li-iach by 0 (W asd AC)
Rua-of-aloe, crashed LO 3/^- lach. .
1-1/t-lnch by 0
1 -1 'I*- 'och ^uco (CT)
I*- Sy 1/2-inch
Ruu-or-a.'ne, crested to t-iach
..do
1-1/1*- ty 3/3-ir.ch (W)
3/U-is-!, by C
11/1* by 3/!*-in"h (W)
Run-of-r.lne , crushed to 2-ia?h..,,
Riii-of-nin*, crushed -.0 3/--inch
(AC).
U6o
62,592
1.8
t6
•>8o
-7,789
150
275
22,306
1C1
491
376
1.595
790
6
56
60
19?
13
899
2 V*9
760
W
600
28?
T
D
T
T
D
D
I
T
T
n
T
T
D
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
D
n
D
r
D
3-
6.3
4.9
3.7
3."
4.3
4-5
2.6
3.5
2.7
1-5
1.2
3-1
3.9
5.1-
2.5
2.8
1.9
1 y
2.E
3.0
c
L.l.
It. 3
35- c
37.5
21.6
21.3
24 !c
16.7
16.3
2«.5
23.7
22.9
22.6
22.5
22. 4
35.«
24.0
25.2
24.2
23.4
57.2
57.0
1-7.3
53-6
71.7
70.6
62.7
63.1
62.1
65.6
6t 6
66 3
72.9
74 c
65.9
67.9
71.5
71-5
56.8
5C.5
61.9
67.2
65.3
61.. 5
56.2
6c.l
7.
8.
11.9
6.7
7.6
12. It
12.9
13.0
9-5
10. 1
9.6
8.-
5.6
11.6
20.9
lu.l
7-6
O.C
~ c
C 5
1.6
1-5
6.2
1-9
2.1
2.2
.8
.6
2.8
2.3
1.1
l.U
1.2
1-3
2.0
1.1
1.7
1 2
2.3
2.7
1.8
2.7
7
4.6
-
4.5
U.6
u.u
77.7
76.6
75-9
-
80*9
71. »
73.1
77.2
1.2
1.0
1.1
-
l.»
l.k
.4
.ll
L.U
2.6
3-5
0.0
S.7
13,600
11,730
12,5U>
14,130
i4,ooo
13,11*
13,»9C
13,43C
'-3.9W
13,610
:3.59C
11,550
12,600
12,950
13.4;:
13.XC
U,i?o
Ik, 040
13,970
12,590
13,190
14,670
13,560
13,380
;«,o3c
13.60C
14.J5C
14.05C
14,200
14,790
14,790
13,350
12,180
I", 960
13. 2K
13,840
'-3,610
14,30.
12,870
13,940
I
1
67
1
1
1
61
1
1
1
25
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
i
i
3
i
1
1
1
1
1
•2,550
2,500
2,130
2,3:--
2,9:0+
2,290
2,290
~ t ~-*~
2.910-*
2.350
2,710
I-"-
5(1)
62
53
3"
81
93
•lOli
53
I/ Sm E^l-.d«. ol Sr.bc). (p. 5).
Naaber* *bevc 1 udicu* (S« aaaker of deli»»rie» Awraf
A/ NuWrt !• pw
i tftdicue itc
of detcn
-------
TABLE 1. - Ajwlym of lippl. am) dili.«f«d lamplM iforlng tt<« fiteol r— lM6-Co>ii>M^
ftja. aatj. tgm, mb mint
1
Bid
2
,.„,
3
Agpmiaiti toni
inpltd
4
Kind ol «m>l»V |
5
Prouojte. certrt
Moislme,
•V-IKtKCd COII
'
55
£3
J
**• u
I
Ultioati. p«unt
dry cad
•5
9
J
10
1
x"
11
J
u
|
z
U
g
o
U
(Uonficrtut
Ulu.
•i-itcilnd
b»li
:s
.1
5t
16
ff
17
u.
fir
1!
19
^
•8 g 3
Hi
U
S
K
U
a
!ti
:i
PENNSYLVANIA-Confinwd
Clinton County
Pottertd&le (Cle&rfleld
County):
Indiana County
CXy*er:
Imperial Keyttooe
Pele» Bo. 2. . .
DlxooviLie:
Mernr* Tipple
Do
Do
bcahbcn:
Do
Do ,
Do
Robinson: PYlel 3o. 6
StArford: Cleulde I*o. 2....
Hercer Couatr
Perry-Boti Tipple
Do
SoJKnet Count j
Co*i JuDctloo prrp. pL&at..
Central City:
Relit Bo. 3-B
ftelti Bo. d
VcoanAO Coucty
Crore City (Hercer County):
and Middle Kit Hum ing
(C).
Lover KLttAnnlog (D)..
do
.do
.do
.do
.do
do.
Lower Kit Canning (B)
aod Lov«r fY report 0))
Brookvllle (A) . . .
Lower Kit tanning (B)
aod Middle Kltt&tuUag
(c).
and Upper Xlttannlog
(C prLne},
Brookville (X)
1-iA- fcy 3A-incb (u)
(AC).
1-3/U-lnch (K-jo-of-aice, crushed
to 3-lnch).
1-lA- by lA-lneh (uj
J-LA-inch ty 0
5/16-incti ty 0
thuj-of-niue, c rustled to 1-lnch....
Ruo-or-bine, crushed to 3A"i£ch
(50* AC).
1*^2
5^9
165
1,25*
&2Z
k?9
il S"5!
906
71*
1CJ6
Ifik
n
D
D
p
T
T
1) ±
1.7
2 £
2 6
2*2
i-9
6.3
2 6
k 7
2fl,2
33 C
27 -
23 1
au.L
34 5
xR <;
17-3
16 E
Tfl 1
c: '
ec.7
69-3
-Q g
a
~* •
3 -
13-i
" "
3.1
1.9
•
•
•
""
. .
•
. .
•
-
-_ .-->-
r^'^j^
:-,ifc
13.2W
_-f,Ci?J
U.UO
A3'^°
1*1,330
U.270
13.710
13.260
6
3
i
1
..000
2,100
e^i /.
2,2^0
2. 250
2.300
2,570
-
•
-
2
*
1
1
i
**\
• *
.•*• ,
•' ' i '
i/ , \
5(1)
I ' \
*U
k
•
•
X
I
-------
WeitDor*laDtl County
Fr««port (Amc-.roog Couaty):
S-vlUburg (lodltoa Count/):
do
2- by 3/8-loch (OT)
1- by 1/fc-lnch
Ruo-cr-nlne, crushed to 2-incb (W
and AC).
1-1/fc- ty 3/&-tncb (w)
1-1/2- in'-h by 0 (U and AC)
69M
1), 620
330
1*87
181
n
n
-
n
n
2.7
1.5
14 J
1.2
1.5
VII
36.6
ys.z
33. t
33.0
52.6
51* 5
57.8
59.1*
60.1
II 1
fl •)
10. C
7.2
6 9
2.0
2.3
2.2
1.1.
2.2
1.9
.
77-1
1.3
_
d c
13,050
13,61*0
13,260
'1* 090
1U,120
13,klO
13,850
13,830
1U,270
1U,3I*0
22
,„,
1
2
1
2,360
2,250
2,2W>
_
6
6
1
.
7i(2)
ofe
m
62
01/1 \
8jU)
9(1)
8(0
.
_
_
.
TENNESSEE
Caapbel 1 County
Sat* re ha*.
Do
Do
Grundy County
Isia M ntAtn
1-1/2-Inch by 0
lil/Li- inch by 0
6,278
2,772
8,967
30, 291*
n
D
n
r>
3-1
5-7
5.5
3-1
fcl 1
36.2
38.2
29-7
56.5
511.5
55.7
59-3
2.1"
9.3
f< 1
ll. n
n
1.1
1.0
.fl
_
,
_
_
1U 120
13,090
12,990
la, 570
13,300
13,850
13,1*10
9
15
20
31
2.U60
2,1*)
2,650
5
7
7
li
J
5
H<
3
h
6
7
1)
1)
2)
1
li
2)
[2!
M
3)
,
_
.
Cvboo County
Bclper:
Carboo Fuel
Uavmtha:
Klna
Wellington:
Kfcery County
Dra^ertoo (Carbon County):
Do
Castle Gate B
•'*' " '
.do
1-5/8- Inch by 0
1-5/8- by 3/16-loch
1- by 3/16-loch (OT)
1-5/6- by 3/16-lnch
1-5/8- by 3/16- Inch
5,647
763
951*
10,529
633
ll* 1*19
5,98?
18,505
6,23".
2,Wi7
390
30
7,575
UT
p
D
T>
n
n
r>
r>
n
n
r>
n
n
T
D
AH
h.li
It 7
b.8
5.9
3.5
k.O
It. 2
3-5
5.1
>*.o
5-7
6 >.
6-3
5.5
1.3.8
I.5.S
• 5.7
l>5.6
1*7.0
1.5.9
1*6.1
1*6.9
1.5.0
i*i*.6
1*5.0
1*0.°
UO."1
1*0.8
to. 5
1.0 U
1*0.8
•0.6
1*8 0
1.7.3
1*7.1*
117.3
1.6.9
U8.1.
1.7.7
1*6.9
1*7'. 2
>>6.9
U6.8
51* 1
51*. o
51*. 1
5l4.ll
51 5
51.0
51-9
n •>
6.9
A 9
7.1
6.1
5-7
6.2
fi ?
n B
fl 1
fl '
5.1
5-2
1. H
<, 1.
8 1
fl i
7.5
.ll
•3
.3
.3
.5
.5
.5
,1
.7
.7
.8
.li
.li
.1.
1 0
F
.7
-
-
„
_
-
.
-
.
12,720
12,370
12,810
12 780
12,990
12,8SO
12,350
13,2UO
13 ooo
12,720
12,630
13, 350
13,100
13,280
12,000
l-'.liOO
12,580
13 300
13,1*80
13,1*50
13,1*10
13.650
13,7^0
13,660
13,720
13 5W
13,28n
13,230
13 860
13,31*0
13,600
13,830
13,600
13,130
13,3-V
72
60
70
11
1
U
5
U
17
ll
33
ll
16
1
5
1
)0
2,250
2,270
2,060
^,190
2,200
2,180
o 2-o
2.2OO
2 350
^(UJO
2
1
5
2
li
a
U
15
L
1
10
3(1)
.
.
.
.
.
.
lid)
_
3(1)
3(1
X
1
I—1
00
-
_
.
.
^
_
.
.
.
.
.
.
/ SM E^luuio* of Sfmboli >. 3V
2/ Noibcn thev* 1 iwEcv* iW
-------
TABLE 1. • AnolySM of tippU and dlliv«r«d MRiplw during tfo fiical y*or 1966-Conlin
Slate, county, lo«m. and mine
1
Bed
2
-.-v
3
Aoptoumjte Ions
sampled
4
Kind of sample^ II
S
Piuinute. peicent | Ultimate, poccnt
Moisluie.
axeceived coal
e
Dry coal
ii
55
7
11
8
,9CB
D
5.9
W.5
52. C
7.5
,
12,560
13, 3W
15
2,1.53
5
.
.
VIRGINIA
Buchanan Coupty
roo&vay:
UUle B«ftr Tipple Ro. 2-.-
Do
Do
Star Tipple
Thorn* Tipple
Gruody:
_ .. ^ .
Rockhouse prep, plant
Uolfpeo Bo. 2 Tipple
Barou:
Cllntvood Tipple
HarBttn
Do
Do
Do
Karmao Spur Tipple
Hurley:
Keen Mountain:
K*en Mount* ID
En&le and Hagy
Hagy
Splash Dam and Kennedy
K d
Sple-sh Dam
Cllatuood
Splash DOB
.do
.do
.do
Cllntwood
Splash Daa, Hngy and
Blair.
Love r Banne r
Rua-of-cine. crushed to 1-lA-lnch
(W axd CT}.
6- — i l-l/--'acr (w)
l-l/!t- by 1/w-inch (w)
I/1*- inch ty 0*
Run-of-21 ac, :• rushed la 1-1/Vioch
R-ja-of-s. -.-, .-.-\j:hed '.o 2- Ir.c-i. . - .
RuD-of-niDe, cr'jshed f. 1-1/2-inch
Modified Run-of-r.iae, crushed to
l-l.!*-iOCh (SO* Of 1-1/1*- fcy
1. It-iach removed) (w).
1-lA- by lA-laeh (y)
3- ty 3/3-lcch (w) {Rus-of-aUe,
crushed *o 3*4-r-c."i).
3/3-l±ch fcy 0 (AC)
Run-of-nioe, ,-.-ushed *.o 1-1/2-inch
w.
Rua-of-ninc, crujh«J to l-l/--ln;h
i- by 1-inch
1-ltth by 0
Rua-cf-m:ae, crushed to 1-1/2-lcch
Rur-o:''Cine, rrush?d to 1-lA-Lach
5- by 3/16-lach (U) (Run-of-iine,
crushed to 5'l°ch)-
3/16'lcch by 0
1-1/3- by 1/li-lnch (w) (Run-of-
mlne, crushed to 1-1/2-iach).
Run-of-rioe. crushed to 1-1/J-lnch
Run-of-Eice, crushed '-3 J-lnch
6- by J.ln,-h (w)
3- ty 2-l^rh (tf)
2- by 1-1/4-lcch («)
l-l,li-lncll by 0 (W)
Hun-of-3:ne, cruahrd to l-l/l»-lncl
Rua-of-mine, crushed to l-l/t*-loch
(1-1/1.- cy 3/8-lnch (U)).
Run-of-alne, crushed to 1-1/2-loch
do
3/l»- by lA-lnch (w).._
5=0
50
165
U8o
U60
75
HO
520
125
150
250
310
520
70
70
430
22O
230
200
200
180
120
150
9=5
20
25
70
615
250
610
255
1.90
2,830
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
0
3-0
3-1
5.3
U.C
3.1
3.2
M
5.1
3.8
i».S
3.6
U.3
3-0
1.9
1-9
2.1
2.1
2.9
6.6
5.0
3-7
3-2
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.6
< t
'l.O
>t.5
3.1-
2.6
2.2
30.7
i?.:
32-"
310
50.?
30.9
30.1
27.3
23. li
31. c
3C.2
29."
Jl.J
30.2
30.3
31..
25.6
iQ.T
30.6
29. c
33-3
29.7
30.1
32.6
29.-
S9.5
29.-
31. c
30.1
31.6
30. e
31.3
22.5
6C.7
51.2
60.9
59-2
cC.2
62. J
60.1'
61.5
DO.''
61.5
60.2
52.5
59.9
62.6
61.7
62. S
6^.1
67.5
6^.5
62.6
62.5
sfl «,
53.7
6C.2
-5.6
c5.6
65.-
6-. 5
62.6
61. 3
59.6
56.7
69.2
3.6
6.7
c.-
9-3
e.3
0.2
9.5
7. ~
5.2
7.5
9.C
n P
~< . S
e.c
5.;
5.3
?•-
a ~
Vs
11-5
n.:
7.2
•* • "*
^.2
c< c
7.0
7- 1
9-6
12.C
8-3
a
Q
3
.7
.7
• r
• r*
Q
-9
1 . e,
1 . ?
-7
l.l
-5
.5
- 6
.c
1.2
1.2
-
'
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,660
13,960
13,080
13, WO
13,700
lit, 070
13.J10
13,560
U.110
13,'2C
13,oiO
ljj,5;C
13,600
li.,120
13,990
H, 300
11, USD
1^,280
13,670
13,520
ll»,290
13,150
13,290
13,960
l^jUoO
1^,5W
H,WO
13,730
12,290
13, "30
13,390
13,170
11,030
1U.OSO
H,i<3C
lU,i50
13,960
11-,1-C
:i*,5^o
13,910
H, 290
•A, 670
Ik,l4i0
H,130
U.,200
U,020
It. 390
11.260
I1*, 650
11,760
It. 710
U,WO
lit, 230
H.Si'O
13,580
13.67C
H, JOO
11,850
1-.05C
1U,"3O
iu.710
13,3oO
l".,3^o
13,8u3
1J.5--U
11,350
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
It
2,530
2,730
2,-jC
z.yjz
2. -20
2, -11-
2,9i:-
2,6?-
2,T=C
2,5cC
2,6?0
--,63:
S.^IC
2.^3C
2,"ji
2,730
2,i'^
2,'--
2,&50
2.650
2,ri;->
2.5--C
-',"3C
2, 'X
2 , 3 1 "-•
2,i^
2.3W
2.7JC
".u."O
J, o>."
2,750
1
1
1
1
1
- J • \
:}> - .
'•(:'•
HO
=;•->
-• /
-' • i
• i • i
f-»<. ;
•jdi
-x
^2
,=C
--J
3'
1-*
£O
*
'U
46
c J
-------
O&kuoal:
Do. . .
Do. .
Do
Do
pltnt.
Do
Do
Do
Do ... .
Dlcluoson County
Cocburo (Vlie County):
Moil Ha. 1
Barm:
Cusell Tvpple
Boney Branch Tipple
Lubert Tipple
Le* Caul y
Saint Charles:
Do
Do
Ruisell County
Dante:
Mo*s to. 2
MM! lix 2-A
No*f Mo. 3
Do
Do
Do
Do
*•• He. 3-A
Do
Do
do
do .
Jewell . • .
do
Cllntwood
Upper Banner
Upper and Lover Banner
Lover Banner
.do
Tiller
do
Thick Tiller
.do
do
.do
.do
.do *.
1-lA-lncn by 0
1-3/U- by 1-lnch (tf and OT)
U- by 2-lnch (U and OT)
3/8- inch by C (W and AC)
3- by 2-lnch [w)
Run-of-Qloe, crushed to 2-lacb. . . .
..do
Run-of-aine, crushed to 1-1/2-lncfc
1-lnch (6- by It-inch and lA-
inch by 0 renewed) (OT).
1-lA- by 1/U -inch (w)
1-1/fc-lnch by 0 (w)
1-lA- by lA-lneh (W aM OT)
3A- by lA-inch (U)
2-lnch by 0 (U)
3 A* Inch by 0 (w)
1-lA- by lA-loch (V)
1*1,795
10
,,
JO
295
110
11*3
190
270
690
120
150
fcy>
80
10
6O
(19,009
U36
10 351
509
1*2 396
26 327
16,527
929
p
T
T
T
T
.
T
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
D
p
D
n
n
n
n
n
n
U.2
1.9
1 9
2.8
3 0
a 7
2 2
3.C
3.7
8 5
2.9
l i*
2.2
2.0
2-3
3-7
2- 5
2.6
3.1
1.5
2. 3
2*8
1. 3
a.fc
2 3
2.0
2.^
2.0
22.1*
22 9
23 u
23 3
23 9
'2- *
2] 2
2'.C
23.5
33-2
26 S
31.7
31-5
31.0
37 7
t»o 2
36. U
31.1
29.6
30.:*
30 2
30.2
29 3
29-5
?9.li
30 i
66. f
T> -
73
.
-,
-,
-,,
i<.i
55-?
59'-''
51 5
57 •
57. j
63-t
59 u
63 -
6i* 9
63 =
. . -
9.0
-. f
t ,
^ .
,
_.:
B
.
^ £
5-5
5.2
» •
f. -
, _
1.2
^
i
3
.6
• 3
• 3
,
.=
-5
.5
_
-
-
.
-
a2 5
-
.
-
-
.
-
-
13 560
It* 5>to
lU 830
1U 7^0
ll*'6?0
iu,Lia
13 760
13,13C
13,910
13,51?
13 6';
13 360
H*,u50
1U U"1
1*4 1-C
L ' • ' "*
14 160
15 230
15 210
15 250
15 260
15 ISO
U 83^
Hi,350
13 96C
13,^30
1^,190
1 1*' IT
1U(65C
13 67C
lit 60^
U i*6C
1^ -«"
ua
i
i
i
2
5
^3
526
2,650
2 i*-*
2 U6C
2 6O"
2 1£-"
2,2""
2 2^-
2,62C
2,3~:
.' .: .
z f- -•'.
5'' \~
.' s
e
;
.
-
.
7*(2)
6j(3)
5(1)
- , . i
= t )
*(' )
-}(1)
'(1)
'' )
-'=)
"!")
,/ , i
= (2)
-;(• )
_-(3)
"( j)
"T!
' "l ' )
-j(:)
-e
53
63
X
ro
O
*/ NwtWr« tW*« 1
i «i«Wf of dclitvfiet
••M^«I of JriemiD
-------
TABLE I. - Anolyui o< ti>pl« and d»l.»>n4 n>»pl«i du..nj lh« (itcal r«o. I
Suit, duty. Inn, ml iiint
1
B«
2
~-r
3
Appioiinititoni
smiled
4
]
S
Prsnsule, pnun) | Ullitatt. pucenl
Moiviuie
inKtivrt con
6
fry Orf
0
If
'
II
1
•5
9
J»
10
!
11
j
12
X
11
0
11
UlCHlflC V
&1 6
59-2
55-9
58.6
S.
-------
Do
Boone County
Clothier tLoem County):
Do. .
Do
Do
Do
Barton Bo. * (dock coal)...
Do
Gorrlion:
Dorothy No. 2
Jeffrey:
Do
Do
Do
Twilight: PreEiua
Van: Van {dock coal)
Fiyette County
Be&rdj Pork:
Do
C&ooeltoa:
Ladjr Dunn Ho. 2 prep. plant.
Crovn Rill (Kanavha County);
Baniford: Hllburn
Kingston:
Do
Montgomery {Kanavha County):
Etflle Tipple
PMC:
Do ....
Do
Robtoa:
Do
do
do
.do . .
do
.do
Ho . 2 Gaa
.do
do
Uloifrede
Coal burg
Povrlltoo, Ulnifrede
and Ho. 2 Gaa.
Ho. 2 CM
Big Eagle
Ho. 5 Bloc*
Ho. 2 Cai
Ho. 2 Gaa
1-lnch by 0 (u)
5- by 2-inch (w)
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w)
1- by lA-Loco. Cv) *
1-1/2- Inch by 0 (w)
1-lA-lnch by 0 (w)
1-lA- by 1 A- inch (W)
1- by lA-loch (w)
Run-of-nlne, crushed to 2- inch....
6- by 3-inch (v)
l-l/l*- by 1 A- Inch (u)
lA-lnch by 0
Run-cr-Qifle, crushed to 1-1/2-lceh
L-l/U- by lA-lnch («)
(w).
.do •.
Run-of-oine, crushed to 3*''DC^ (w)
ftun-of-alne, erushwl to 1-1/2-tnc^
tw).
Run-or-islrw, crushed to 2- loch....
do
..do
5 920
2 1^5
9,138
80
150
75
360
2/0
1' 5
3W
2, CIS
9oo
200
l.SCC
100
100
150
260
3o
135
1.7
1.3
3-2
? i
3-2
1 fl
3.8
2.6
2.6
2-9
ll •>
"••5
5-3
1 f<
2.9
3.1
3.k
2.2
k.O
u.o
? f-
2.5
5 3
li ?
3-5
2.1
2.7
2.1
3-2
33.1
37. k
36.9
37.2
36.7
37. C
36.2
35-3
3k. 6
39.2
38 9
38.7
33-5
31.9
37.3
32.2
31.6
20.k
36.6
31-1
32.7
33.0
31.3
3O.2
29.7
32.7
33-5
3k. 7
30.6
57.5
57.7
57 6
58.1
57. k
57.6
57.8
58.1
55.8
56.1
55.9
56 5
56.5
53-0
58.2
56.2
61.5
60.5
66.1
58.3
6k. 6
59.3
62.2
61.1
61. k
59.6
60.J
57.5
59- 1
9-k
k-9
5.0
5-7
5.2
5.7
8-9
9-3
k-9
k 6
k.B
13-5
9-c
ft S
6-3
7.9
13-5
5-1
k-3
fl r
8.6
6.5
fl 7
8.9
7.7
6.2
7.{
1-3
.7
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
2.6
2.7
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
-9
.9
1.0
.7
.6
1.9
.8
.6
.6
.6
.8
• 9
2.2
-
-
5.0
5.0
k!7
5.1
-
4.1
k.8
-
-
'
-
_
-
-
77- k
77.1
72.3
82.0
-
77.1
-
31.2
-
-
-
•
-
.
-
-
1-3
1.2
.7
1-7
-
1.0
-
1.5
-
-
-
•
-
_
-
-
k.T
7.6
k.O
-
3.3
-
7.6
-
-
-
•
-13,690
Ik, 270
Ik 03C
Ik 13C
13.96C
13,310
13, ice
:3,5
-\--V
2,760
2,710
2,660
2,720
2,6kC
2, 'SO
j,Si:
2,230
2,29C
3|;;0*
-3i9K*
2, ?10+
2,':^0
2,5I>
2,5eO
2, -90
2, ""3O
2 , ?: c*
3,913»
2, -1C*
3 6^0
3 w' "".+
2,9i:-t
2,-OC
2,^'.^.
.',!!.%
-' . - 1 -^»
J,'^>
'.--V
:^uv
3
25
3
a
23
10
li
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TI|!
«{
-
7(8
•7J(6
W7
5( 3
6(1
6j(3
k| 1
5 1
J(2
7(3
7K6
8(3
5i\i
7(1
8(2
7(1
0(2J
8(1)
8(1)
_
-
-
6^( 1
7(1
fa
e(0
7 I
7j k
e 2
8 1
7J(D
2 1
7} 1
6(1)
7i 1
: i
0(1)
8(1
61
9(l
ei 1)
3 1)
•
-
.
.
-
-
56
55
Uk
-
.
k2
72
6k
87
.6
61
66
58
73
71
U
fco
01
59
na
bl
X
t-o
W Srmboli (f. 3X
-------
TABLE 1. • Anely«»l tt lin>'» r-g :« urtd lon;l«i during iS« 'ncjl ;»or l9M-Conlinu«J
vtlto. County, town, ind nno
i
Bat
J
SiBOlCO*-1'
1
ApproilBiti tout
imvM
4
;-«|a«J |0 pull)
5
Ptaiitute. ptrtert
Moiuuie.
ivieciivtd coil
6
a
Is
53
J
Jl
S
Ullioale. parant
by a*
«
«
3
3
10
I
X
1)
I
1}
1
13
1
14
Cjlorificviue
Blu.
js-ieccived
b»ii
IS
2
is
1C
i!
17
[Aih-wltounj
IMpatute. * F
18
•863
*1I
z a S
19
f
£ s
20
Ifv,
f*S
21
TEST VIRGINIA-C
Ffcgfctt* County --Cas^laiied
Bnrriioo County
DoU:
Do
KADAvha County
Burcwll:
Do
Cedar Grove:
Crovn BUI: Rlvertoa Tipple..
Oecota:
Do
Olcoxt:
Do
Pood Gap:
BftH Crrrk Ifo. 3
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Quick:
B«U Creek No 5
Do
Do
Ulnifrede:
Do
.do
do
Block.
Peerless
Wlolfrrde
.do
do.
Bo. 5 Block
.do
.do
.do
.do . .
Vial frede .
do ...
1-1/U- by lA-lnch (tf ifrd AC)
5- by 2-lneh (u)
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w)
2-Lnch (3^ °* i/-*-inch by 0
rcanved)
« •> i
, .
9.2
5 1
5 2
6.7
9.7
6 a
7-5
7 5
'6 0
9 i
a r>
3 '
6 6
5 3
3.^
I 7
5 "»
3-S
i 0
l.C
.6
.7
.6
.6
.3
.7
8
.3
9
8
.6
a
1* 2
5 i
-
-
•
9&. 1
73 6
-
-
.
*
79 i*
-
-
.
•
1 t*
-
-
.
-
12 SlC
1J 030
13 6oc
13 590
ij.uSo
13,5^-0
13 »'o
1 * 100
13 Sao
13 35-
13,880
l1* 630
13,900
13 630
13,960
13,830
13,370
13 ''60
13 9"T0
1 3 710
1** 200
2
1
i
^
i
i
e
6
1
3
1
2 "80
2 32-'
2 "rC
2,170
2,910*
2 91O
2,910*
L
1
1
,
,
?
~
^
a
7
7i
9}
5}
i
,
t,«
5}
-i
i }
'
a
I
«
l)
[i
D
i
i
f
i)
,
i
i \
57
61
>*1
W)
•
k
x:
N3
UJ
-------
Do
Logan Count v
ABheritdale:
OQTU Ho. 1
Do
Ear It 03:
SUay
Do
Kllcay (dock coal)
tanett: Island CreeK Bo. 10
Kelly:
Ouymn Ho. 5
Do
Do
OUJTM Ho. 5 (dock coal)
Do
Do
Lorado:
Lomdo So. 5 prep, plant
Do
Rlla:
Charm Mo. 2
Do
Do
Sharpies:
Boone Ho. 2-C
Do
Do
Do
Do
Boooe No. 2-C (dock coal)...
Boone Bo. j
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
i/ SM EipluuiM of Sjmtali (p. 3).
d
.do
Cedar Grove
.do
.do
.do
.do
Cedar Grove
.do
.do
.do
.do
Lover Chilton
Cedar Grove
.do
.do
Chilton
.do
.do. . .
do
do
do
do
Bo. 5 Bloci
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
i/ Nubm akoi
1-lA- by lA-luch (w)
2-loch by 0 (u)
6- by 2-lnch (w)
l-l/i-lcch by 0 (W)
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w)
1-1/U-lnch by 0
1-lA- by lA-Uch (W)
6- by 2-loch (u)
1-lA-lDcb ty 2S-ne»h (w)
1- by lA-lnch (W and OT)
1-lA-lnch by 0 (W)
1-lA- by l/4-:och (W)
1-lA-lnch by 26-ra-Bli (w and OT)..
1-iA- by lA-icch (w)
1-lA-lnch by 28-»esh (w)
5- by 2-loch (V)
2- ty 1-lA-lnch (U)
8- by 5-loch (u)
5- by 3-lDch (W)
2- by 1-lA-lnch (w)
1-1/1,- by lA-lnch (u)
lA-lnch ty 0 («)
1-lA- by 1/li-loch (W)
5- by 3-lnch (W)
Modified ?-lach by 0 (10* of lA-
loch by 0 re=oved) (w).
lA-l"ch by 0 (w)
7- by 2-loch (u)
6- by 2-loch (u)
3- by 2-lech (u)
• t iuljcvi (bt n.Ur ol d«linri» iTenfn
ucc
560
l-,999
1,170
33k
^96
23,566
30,283
519
6,136
1,111
5,750
6,938 r
2,398 D
103 D
£, -*c3 E
4,81.3 D
1,851* D
90 T
L10 T
650 T
25 T
50 T
50 T
1*0 T
260 T
60 T
5,099 D
155 T
180 T
900 T
ICO T
lilO D
3,0514 D
7,297 D
3, 2-7 D
8,136 D
L
k.
ll.
1.
3-
3-
2.
2.7
1.6
Jj ]
2.1
3.3
1.7
5.5
2.5
2.7
2.3
3.0
3-3
1-9
3-8
3.7
«.c
6.U
3-2
2.7
2.5
3-5
3-7
5.1
I/It
9 37.
i 37.
Ifi
36.:
37.-
jc.;
36.8
37.2
37.1
36. u
36.9
37.3
r.3
3^.9
3-.S
35-5
35.5
35.3
37.1
37.7
Tl'.l
37.2
37.5
37.0
35.5
35.6
35.1
30.8
35.?
3 5. '6
.'5-5
5 58
0 57.
? 56.
56.
57.
56.
55.:
56.0
56.3
53.1
57.1
57.0
57.'
«:=
59.9
K.'.
57.2
56.7
57. i
56.0
56.3
56-3
56.2
56.5
56.8
56.3
53-1
55.0
5*. 8
55.2
5!-. 3
5-* 3
3C.O
55-2
55.-
i* parci
3 5-
' 6.
! 6.
J -,.
5.'
7-2
6.5
7.3
5-3
6.6
5.1*
5.
5.2
5.6
7-3
7-5
6.8
6-9
6.0
5-7
5.:
5.7
5.6
6.:
3.3
9.2
9.2
9.6
5.7
6.1
3. c
9-2
p. i
•tfcvtv
,
1.
1.
I.'
i.:
1-3
.9
1.2
-5
1.
1.
1.
1.1
. i
.7
.7
.7
> ;•*
.
.2
ncr ik
-
-
"9- ;
* •«*
-
-
: .6
..u
not d
-
-
7.3
7-1
13, ki
IJ-'J
^,oy
13,77
13,9-
13,9«
I3,33c
13,8OC
13,610
isieoo
13,630
13,770
1-.1SC
13,770
13,8iO
13,530
13, f>V
13.62C
13,62C
u!;oc
13,7^0
13,530
13,500
13,630
13.25C
13,070
12,320
12,600
13,030
13.39C
13,350
13,270
13,0?0
12,810
0 U.O9
5 U,^
J li,?&
j lli.W
li>,21
Ik, 01.
H,3oc
lk,20C
Ik, 310
11,030
Ik, 130
1^,1-7:
i-!ooc
l-,OcC
1-.C2C
l'-',22*
is'si;
13,550
13,^60
U.^fc
13,' 710
13.750
13.53C
13,500
0 i
0 1
D 26
; 2
2
37
55
3
12
2
23
3=
9
21
Q
1
35
1
1
1
1
1
17
6
23
12
2,910
2,910
2, -50
2,5SC
2,330
2.69C
sl'-o
2, "90
2! 720
2.U6C
2]91-V
2.51J*
2,910*
2,360
2.J10*
» 1
» 1
2
10
13
8
9
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
J
3
1
6(1
8(1
7i i
II
7 2
21
i
i
7} 2,
6} ~i
7 1
3(3)
7i(0
7 1
A! ~l}
7 *
'is
6(1)
5}(D
'•(3)
0(1
7(1
-
X
I
1.9 £-
tl
-------
TABLE 1. - AM|;H. of tippl. mi i.li«,«) u^i., du,in, lh. t;mt ,„, |»M_Coni;nu«)
Do. oxnrj. tnn. n) ain«
1
-
J
«-
3
i
jf
1
0
5
PTBJJMH. cerart
HnUuie,
4i-ir»ived coil
(
Ullizate, pacent
Iky out
15 v
7
-i
9
1
9
|
10
|
,,
I
u
1
13
|
14
Cllorific vriia
Illu.
is-ieceivtd
lusis
IS
_.l
IS
I!
17
u,
f
18
Nut&ei of
•ih- ullejiiu
lwpoi«uin*
U
JT
h
a
lh
a
WEST YIRGINIA-Cont.nmd
Lofam County - -Con u nuen
Snarplei (ContlBueo):
Boooe Bo. 3 (Continued)...
Do -.
Boooe Bo. 3 (dock coal)...
Stlrrmt: O»r
Store:
Ouyan Ho. li
Do
Do
Oxran Bo. It (dock coal)
VerdunrtLle:
Bmtlonal Co^l Bo. 28
McPorell County
laeger:
I«Str Pocahcotaj Tipple
Do
Do
Do
Do
Do
Superior:
Poubaatu Hot. 3 aal >>..
Do
Do. . .
Mfcrioo County
Four Btatei:
O'Doooell Bo. 1
Do
Do
!Ueh*l: Jo^lne (dock c 0*1). ..
Miimo County
DilD«rtoo: Adumc Tlppl«
No. 5 Block
.do
.40
Upper and Lover CedAr
Grove.
Cedar Grove
.do
.do
.do
Eagle
Gilbert and Beo Creek.
.do
Dougl&i (Red Aih)
.do
PocohontA* Hoa. 3 and
Pltt«burgh
.do
.do
do
Upper C«d*r Grove
..do
6- by 2-lnch (w)
1-1/2- by 1/1*- Inch (u)
1-lA- by lA-lncli (W)
1-1/2-lnch by 26-oesh (w)
1-1/2-lneb by 0 (w)
1-1/li-lnch by 0
5-lnch liop
5- by 1-lA-lnch, crushed to
1-lA-lnch (W).
1-1 A- by 3/S-lnch (w)
Run-of-aloe, crushed to 3- Inch
(7- by l/U-Ulch (H)).
7- by 1-1/U-lnch (u)
1-lA- by lA-lnch (W)
5- by 2-incn (w)
1-lA- by 1/k-lnch (wj
Ruo-of-aine, cru.h»d to 1-lA-lncn
31.906
5*. 016
2*, 023
6, Hi
206
1,973
7, 7^5
136
263
15
W
220
35
70
85
220
580
60
120
1.703
?57
22,965
2,017
180
D 3
D k
D U.
D 2.
D 1.
O ?.
D 2.
D 2.
> 3-9
' 2-3
2.2
3-5
1.6
2.1
3-8
6 0
6.6
3-1
li.l
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.7
2.5
35
35
36
36.
3*.
36.
36.
37-
24.5
25.1
5k. 6
26.6
23.2
S9.0
27.3
16.3
16.1
15.6
itl.O
to.a
io.e
39.9
36.2
55
55
55-
57.
56.
57.
57.
56.
68.1
66.2
61.3
69 3
66.9
f.7 fl
65.6
78.3
79. L
77.9
51-5
51.8
53.2
52.6
51.3
9
9
8
5-
6.
5-
5.
6.
8.';
fc.i
2.9
3.2
7.1
5,t
i» 6
iS 1
7-5
7.t
'.0
7.k
.5
1.
1.
I
l.l
l.n
.8
1.0
.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.b
.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
12.96C
12.81C
13,080
u.ooc
H.060
114,090
11, LI
13,85
13,930
11,110
13,870
12,830
lfc.930
l',8SO
H", 550
13,620
13,920
Ik, 520
It, 090
13,700
13,700
13,720
13,700
12,820
13,5
13,">9C
13,75
1">,37
H,3?0
1U.IOC
Il",l4l
1^,200
Ik, 500
11., UO
li-,l5o
13,300
15,170
15,210
15,120
114,1.90
11., 900
Ik, 980
111,690
13.950
13,950
H.020
13,930
13,150
37
63
26
17
2
3
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
1
1
1
3
3
59
k
1
2,910-
•2,9ia
2,91Cn
2,773
2,:6c
2. 3U3
2.310*
2,?90
2,-Jo
2,5=0
2.UOO
2,520
2,5oO
2.520
Z,^iO
2,730
2,130
,?*0
,700
1
1
6
. 5
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
19
2
1
5(1
5M5
f
5(5
1(1
i
1
:»
-------
Eerut:
Do
D»TU Bo. i
Nalew):
Balfry Tipple
Do
Do
fetiocml Coal Bo 25
Do
Bed Jacket;
Nonoo^al 1 a Coun ty
Norgaatovn:
Arkvrlsht Bo. 1
JO
IflcholflJ County
Dclva (PVettc County):
Drenoco:
Radar Bfc&le Bo. 2
axMsBcrvvLUe: Peerlett, no. 7.
Pr*itoc County
Raleigh County
Pr1_oce (Fajrette County):
Royal Ttpple
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Scott Wo. U Tipple
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3- by 2-lnch (U)
1-1/b- by lA-lnch («)
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(W art AC}.
Run- of -ml DC, crushed to 1-1/2-lnch
(5- by 1/2-inch (W».
RuD-of-olae, eniihed to 2-lnch (w)
130
29G
215
?sc
205
3 772
19 i£o
2 605
JOJ
76 200
19 750
12, 571
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513
120
150
850
150
150
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13,300
13,790
13.250
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13,720
13,5^C
11,570
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11,210
13,810
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13.U30
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2,270
2,660
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2,910+
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2,530
2,780
2,320
2.5OO
2,230
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2,590
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2,910+
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of 4>
-------
TABLE I. • Analy**! of tippl* and
63 8
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61 3
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Do
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Lincoln County
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Sh«rld*n County
SbttTldAA!
Bwe«tv*ter County
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Do
1£>- by 2-1/2- loch
175
260
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T
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23 6
21 6
22 6
9 9
1*2 2
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1*2 1*
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Do
Do
Do
1-5/8- by 1'1/u-incn (AC) (3- by
1-5/8-Lach, cruahed to 1-5/8-
loch).
1-1/1*- by 3/16-ioch (AC ftfld OT).
3/16- Inch by 0
?5
160
65
T
T
^ S
11 S
t>2 6
hi 1
1*2.1
55 0
52 7
2 g
e
g
in \
ALASKA
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8uttoo: Jooevvllle
fcnaos Held
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-
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p
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1**
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ro
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I/ Nubrti ii pwnititiri iodic
-------
X-29
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Ropcm No.
EPA-R2-73-249
4. Title and Subtitle
Potential Pollutants in Fossil Fuels
3. Recipient's Accession No.
5. Report Date
June 1973
6.
7. Author(s)
E.M.Magee, H.J.Hall. and G. M. Varga. Jr.
8. Performing Organization Kept.
No GRU.2DJ.73
9- Performing Organization Name and Address
Esso Research and Engineering Co.
P. O. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
68-02-0629
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
EPA, Office of Research and Monitoring
NERC/RTP, Control Systems Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13* Type of Report & Period
Covered
Final
14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
The report presents and analyzes data obtained from the literature on
sulfur, nitrogen, and other potential pollutants in fossil fuels consumed in the
United States. The data are categorized according to the location of the raw fuels,
and are analyzed for geographic effects on composition. The trace element infor-
mation available for coal is significantly greater than for oil; however, additional
data are needed for both coal and oil on all potential pollutants in order to allow
complete characterization of the pollution potential of a fuel.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17a. Descriptors
Air pollution Trace elements
Fossil fuels Ashes
Chemical analysis Lignite
Coal
Oils
Oil shale
Contaminants
Sulfur
Nitrogen
17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Mineral matter
Coal analysis
Crude oil
Manganese
Zirconium
Tin
Barium
Beryllium
Fluorine
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Boron
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Molybdenum
Lanthanum
Uranium
Lithium
17c. COSATI Field/Group 7C 13B
18. Availability Statement
Unlimited
19. Security Class (This
Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
21. No. of Pages
293
22. Price
FORM NTIS-33 (REV. 3-72)
USCOMM-DC I49S2-P72
------- |