EPA-R2-73-249

June 1973
Environmental Protection Technology Series
                             POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS
                                     IN FOSSIL  FUELS
                                                    *r!'

-------
                                       EPA-R2-73-249
POTENTIAL  POLLUTANTS
                IN
        FOSSIL  FUELS
                 by

 E.M. Magee, H.J. Hall, and G.M. Varga, Jr.

    Esso Research and Engineering Co.
              P.O. Box 8
        Linden, New Jersey  07036
         Contract No. 68-02-0629
       Program Element No. 1A2013


   EPA Project Officer: William J. Rhodes

       Control Systems Laboratory
   National Environmental Research Center
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
             Prepared for

 OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND MONITORING
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

              June 1973

-------
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency and




approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the contents




necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Agency, nor does




mention of  trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement




or recommendation for use.
                                  11

-------
                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                       Page
A.  INTRODUCTION 	   1
B.  COAL	   4
    1.  Background	   4
        1.1  Coal Types and Quality	   4
        1.2  Source Regions	   8
        1.3  Potential Pollutants	13
        1.4  Fate of Elements on Combustion	18
    2.  State of the Art	21
        2.1  Evaluation of Data	21
        2.2  Methods of Correlation	23
        2.3  Literature Sources and Procedure	29
        2.4  Types of Analysis Found	30
        2.5  Newer Methods of Analysis 	  36
    3.  Distribution of Elements	40
        3.1  Sulfur and Rank in U.S. Coals	40
        3.2  Mercury:  Averages and Extremes 	  49
        3.3  Data on Trace Elements	53
    4.  Concluding Remarks 	  70
        4.1  Correlations Indicated	70
        4.2  New Data Required	73
C.  PETROLEUM	:  .   .  75
    1.  Background	75
    2.  Domestic Crude Oils	79
        2.1  Sulfur and Nitrogen Data	80
        2.2  Other Trace Element Data	90
    3.  Imported Crude Oils	100
        3.1  Sulfur and Nitrogen Data	103
        3.2  Other Trace Element Data	Ill
        3.3  Interpretation of Imported Crude
             Data	117
                                    111

-------
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd)

                                                                        Page

    4.  Activation Analysis	121

    5.  Shale Oil	129

    6.  Concluding Remarks 	   133

        6.1  Correlations Indicated	140

        6.2  New Data Required	142

D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY	144

E.  TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS	151

APPENDIX I  Spectrochemical Analyses of Coal
Ash for Trace Elements	1-1

APPENDIX II  Rare Elements in Coal	II-l

APPENDIX III  Mercury in Coal	III-l

APPENDIX IV  Determinations of Arsenic in Coal	IV-1



APPENDIX V  Colorimetric Determination of Beryllium  	   V-l
APPENDIX VI Chemical Analysis for Germanium
and Gallium in Head Samples of Fly Ash and Flue Dust	VI-1

APPENDIX VII  Spectrochemical Analysis of Coal Ash	VII-1

APPENDIX VIII  Method for Determination of
Fluorine in Coal	VIII-1

-------
                                  LIST OF TABLES


No.                                                                     Page

 1        ASTM CLASSIFICATION OF COALS BY RANK	    5

 2        VARIATIONS IN COAL ASH COMPOSITION
          WITH RANK	    7

 3        DISTRIBUTION OF COALS IN THE U.S	    9

 4        MINOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL	17

 5        VARIANCES AND EXTREMES IN AREAS	27

 6        WEST VIRGIANIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY T- 1955	32

 7        USBM - 1961, METHOD OF SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 	   34

 8        DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTS ANALYSED BY
          THE SPECTROGRAPHIC METHOD	35

 9        SULFUR CONTENT OF U.S. COALS BY REGION	46

10        GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY 1971-72
          RESULTS;  PPM ON COAL	51

11        TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS, (ppm),  BY
          GEOGRAPHICAL REGION	54

12        COMPARISON OF COALS FROM VARIOUS REGIONS
          OF THE U.S	-59

13        SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF THE GIANT
          U.S. OIL  FIELDS	81

14        TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF U.S. CRUDE OILS	94

15        IMPORTS OF CRUDE OILS INTO THE U.S. BY
          COUNTRY OF ORIGIN IN 1971	101

16        GENERAL CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS BY
          REGION	102

17        SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
          FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S	104

-------
                         LIST OF TABLES  (Cont'd)

No.

18        TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
          FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S	112

19        TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS AS
          DETERMINED BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS	124

20        SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE
          SHALE OIL	131
                                   VI

-------
No.
                             LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                        Page
 1        MAP SHOWING NUMBER OF SAMPLES FROM
          EACH STATE	10

 2        AVERAGE TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT IN
          ASH OF COAL FROtt THREE AREAS COMPARED
          WITH CRUSTAL  ABUNDANCE	15

 3        TOTAL COAL PRODUCTION OF ALL RANKS, BY
          STATE AND SULFUR CONTENT, IN THE U.S.,
          IN 1964	48

 4        TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS	66

 5        FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR CONTENT
          IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS	89

 6        FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN CONTENT
          IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS	91
                                   Vll

-------
                                   -  1  -
                             A.  INTRODUCTION







           The purpose of this survey is to present the composition of




 typical U.S. fossil fuels by source location, and the extent to which the




 selection of coals and crude oils by geographic source can be expected to




 affect their composition in trace elements.  The first section deals with




 coals produced and consumed in the United States.  The second section on




 petroleum and shale oil includes  domestic crudes and  crudes from nations




 which export to this country.   Knowing the composition of fuels provides




 a background for the assessment of the probable fate  of the trace elements




 present as potential pollutants,  as affected by primary conversion treat-




 ments applied to the fossil fuel.




           Almost half of the coal produced is consumed as mined, without




preliminary processing.  The same is not true for petroleum, which is




burned in only limited quantities as total crude.  In both cases any initial




processing, by cleaning or by fractionation, usually produces a waste or




bottoms fraction which is enriched in undesirable components, and this




waste may create pollution problems when present methods of handling or




disposal are used.  These problems are known and fairly well defined for




sulfur, but there is no comparable body of data for the pollution potentials




of other elements.




         The problems due to the ash from burning are completely different




for oil and coal.  Most oils produce much less than .1% of ash, most of which




is emitted to the atmosphere.  Coal produces some 3 to 20% of ash, commonly




about 10%, but this ash adsorbs many volatile materials reducing their




quantities in stack emissions.   The major split is between fly ash and




bottom ash, which is determined by equipment and operating conditions.

-------
                                  -  2  -
          The  number  of  elements  for which  statistical data on composition




and geographical  location  exist  is entirely different for crude oil and




for coal.  Good data and useful  correlations with source locations are




available for petroleum, for  sulfur, nitrogen and nickel/vanadium; but not




for other potential  pollutants.  A large body of data is available for




trace  elements in coal, and is examined herein.  For both coal  and petroleum,



however,  the  level of trace elements present is relatively low so that




methods of sample selection and  sample  handling, prior to analysis, can




and do present major complications in the  interpretation of results.




          Nearly complete data are available for sulfur in coal; nitrogen




is always  relatively high;  and comprehensive field reviews have been




published  on  the  other  elements  present.   However,  these data must be




examined with caution before  they can be used to indicate the distribution




of trace  elements in typical  coals.  Primarily this is because the samples




were obtained for quite a  different purpose, i.e. considering coal as a




potential mineral resource.   The selection of samples for this purpose




started with  a strong emphasis on mineral  specimens of unusual composition,




and shifted gradually over  the years so that some areas of the country




were covered  on one  basis  and  others on another.   In the first studies




of uranium in coal,  for example, the typical coal containing less than




10 ppm of  the element was  dismissed as  of  no interest, and data were  only




reported for  the atypical  exceptions.   In  some later studies, a screening




procedure was applied which selected for analysis those samples which gave




the highest percentage of germanium on ash as being most promising for a




desirably high content of other  trace elements.   An effort is made in




this study to reduce the bias  toward unusual specimens,   and draw




correlations based on adjusted data.

-------
                                  - 3 -
          Finally, it should be noted that while literature on newer

methods of analysis such as neutron activation is available, the "typical


samples" used to calibrate these studies to date are mostly unidentified as

to exact source.  For both coal and oil, the contribution which these

methods will undoubtedly make to trace metal analyses is still to be con-


firmed by further experience.


          The authors wish to express thanks to the various people who have


been kind enough to furnish information, advice and criticism during the


course of this work.  These very helpful people include Messrs. Peter


Zubovic and Vernon E. Swanson of the U.S. Geological Survey, Hyman Schultz


of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, P. D. LaFleur of the U.S. National Bureau


of Standards, W. Fulkerson of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, H. B.


Charmbury of the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsylvania


State University, J. M. Sugihara of the College of Chemistry and Physics


of North Dakota State University, T. K. Janes and W. J. Rhodes of the

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and M. H. Farmer, R. L. Mathiasen

and R. A. Hofstader of Esso Research and Engineering Company.
                              •
          Special thanks are due to Dr. A.  H. Popkin, consultant to Esso


Research and Engineering Company, who did much of the literature search


for this report.

-------
                                   -  4  -
                                 B.   COAL
 1.  Background
 1-1  Coal Types and Quality

           The quality of coal and its effect on market value has been

 measured traditionally in  terms of  its  use by the general public  for

 domestic heating and small industries.  For these uses anthracite coal,

 which is clean-burning, dust free and of moderate ash, has a considerable
premium  value.   Coals  are  ranked systematically by volatile matter content

and Btu  per pound,  from anthracite to  bituminous  to  lignite and peat.   A

century  or more  of  geological and mining research has  shown that  coal rank

can be correlated with geological structure and geographical location,  and

used as  a guide  to  locating and  characterizing valuable new mines.  These

correlations are shown in the ASTM classification scheme commonly used in
the United States,  in Table 1.

          Coal is primarily organic  matter consisting  essentially of C,

H, 0, N, and S.  All of these are combustible except for oxygen,  whose

increase in amount  correlates with a decrease in rank  of the coal.  The

inorganic mineral matter present is  associated partly  with the coal but

primarily with the  ash, which ranges between 3% to 20% in commercial coals,

averaging about  10% by weight.   Ash  content is to some extent an  independent

variable in coal quality.   It reflects both care in mining and cleaning

of the run-of-mine  coal, and the intrinsic grade or quality of the coal

itself.  Coal by definition may  contain  up to 50% inorganic matter.

-------
                                   -  5  -
                                    TABLE 1
2
8
14
f 22
j?
3 31
r
c
:=
1
•

Aiithr.ii
•it«
Bituminous
Niwweallicring
9.S !
I



Anthra-
cite
Is

13 'SU 78
1
Semi-
anthra-
cite
I,


Non-
nggtumerating
6»
1
I, = metuanthracite

Low-
volatile
bitumi-
nous
II,



Medium-
volatile
bitumi-
nous
II,


Fixed carbon,
dry basis
High-
volutile A
bituminous
IF,
High-
vulatile B
bituminous
II.
High-vola
Variety 1

Weathering


ilc C bituniint
Variety 2

Agglomerating
Non-
weathering


>ua IU
Variety 3

.Subbituminima
Lignitic
Weathering


Subbituminous A
IIIi
Subbituminuua D
III,
SubbituminousC
III,

Consoli-
dated
•
Lignite
IV,
Unconsoli-
dated

Brown
coal
IV,
Nonagglomerating
1
.9
3
>14,000 «
14,000
13,000
11,000
9.500
8,300
<8,300
ASTM classification of coals by rank.  Courtesy American Society for Testing and Materials.

-------
                                   - 6 -
           The elements which make up most of the ash of coal are the




 common rock forming constituents:  silicon, aluminum, calcium,  iron and




 smaller amounts of magnesium, titanium,  sodium and potassium.   These  are




 almost always present in coal.   Their relative amounts may vary widely,




 depending in part upon the composition of the rocks adjacent to the coal.




 Typical ranges for the amounts  of these  oxides in the ash of coals  of




 various ranks are given in Table II.




           These elements which  are major constituents of the soil and




 common rocks are not normally considered as pollutants;  therefore,  they




 are  not discussed in detail in  this report.




           Questions of what coal types and elements are of special




 interest  for pollution control  are directly affected by changing patterns




 of use.   The shift from domestic heating to electric power plant boilers




 as the principal  areas of use and public concern for the environment has




 accelerated  rapidly since World War II.   The production of anthracite




 coal which was most valuable for home use peaked at 100 million tons a




 year in 1917.   It has declined  steadily  from this level,  except for a




 short  spurt  after World War II,  to less  than 10  million tons per year




 since  1970   .   The loss of this premium market  has erased much of  the




 older  emphasis on differences due to  coal rank,  and values based on




 geographical location and accessibility  have become correspondingly




more important.




           Bituminous coals are  much more  widely  distributed  than anthra-




 cite,  but  they tend to be of higher sulfur content,  as well  as  less clean




burning.   It  is well known that  industrial and residential areas burning




high sulfur  coals  have had serious  problems  with  air  pollution.  Public







 (1)  Superscript  numbers refer  to attached Bibliography.

-------
                                      TABLE 2
                     VARIATIONS IN COAL ASH COMPOSITION  WITH RANK
                                                                  (1)
Rank
Anthracite
Bituminous
Subbitiminous
Lignite
% Si02
48-6S
7-68
17^58
6-40
96 A1203
25-44
4-39
4-35
4-26
-o Fe203
2-10
2-44
3-19
]-34
?c Ti02
1-0-2
0.5- 4
0.6- 2
0.0-0,8
% CaO
0.2- 4
0.7-36
2.2-52
12.4-52
% MgO
0.2- 1
0.1- 4
0.5- 8
2.8-14
% Na20
-
0.2- 3
0.2-28
% K20
-
0.2- 4
0.1-1.3
% SO 3
0.1- 1
0.1-52
3.0-16
S.3-32
                                                                                                      I
                                                                                                     -vj
                                                                                                      I
(1)  From "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in U.S. Coals," OCR R and D Report
    No.  61,  Pennsylvania State University (1972), Table 13.

-------
                                  - 8 -
attention was focussed on this problem during the 1950's by two serious air



pollution episodes in which a number of lives were lost due to the effects



of acid smog, first in the Donora Valley near Pittsburgh in 1948 and second



in a highly publicized one in 1952 in London.  These were followed by a



series  of lesser episodes in many other areas which resulted in a strong



emphasis on low-sulfur coals.  This trend was reinforced in Pittsburgh,



London and elsewhere by data demonstrating the seriously harmful effect of



sulfurous and sulfuric acids on stone buildings.  The combination of the



decline in anthracite use, accompanied by a very large increase in public



utility demand and growing concern with air pollution has led to a continuing



decrease in sulfur tolerance in consumed bituminous coal, as well as in

           (2)
other fuels



          The availability of low sulfur coals was thoroughly explored


during the 1960's.  Definitive data are contained in a U.S. Bureau of Mines



study as of 1966, with particular attention to the relationship between



coal as a pollutant and the exact source of the coal^^




1.2  Source Regions



          Geological and geographical relationships have proved to be



important guides to the location of specific regions and beds where the



coal produced has a low ash or sulfur content.   This information is used



regularly in pollution control.   One object of  the present survey is to



examine the extent to which such relationships do or do not exist for


other trace elements.

-------
                                        - 9 -
               These correlations are commonly presented in terms of the major

     coal-producing areas in the United States.  They are grouped by state into

     six geographical provinces, as used by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM)

     and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and shown in Figure 1.  The data collected

     in this review are presented primarily in terms of four of these provinces, as

     listed in Table III.  These major areas are the Appalachian Province, the

     Interior Province, the Western Region which contains the Rocky Mountain

     Province plus Washington, and the Northern Great Plains Province.  The other

     two provinces, Pacific and Gulf, produce only trivial amounts of coal.

                                      TABLE 3
                         DISTRIBUTION OF COALS IN THE U.S.
	Region	  Abbreviation  	States Included	

Appalachian                 A        Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland,
                                     Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, Tennessee,
                                     Alabama (and Georgia)

Interior-Eastern            IE       Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky, Michigan

Interior-Western            IW       Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma,
                                     Arkansas, Texas

Western                     W        Wyoming,  Idaho, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico,
                                     Arizona,  and Washington

     Southwestern           SW       Utah, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico

Great Northern Plains       N        Montana,  North Dakota, South Dakota
               The numbers  shown on each state in Figure 1 are   the  number  of

     samples selected for spectrochemical analysis in  a  1969  survey  by USBM^\

     as  typical of current  U.S.  production.   The  larger  numbers  shown in circles

     are total  production figures  for  each region during 1969, in  thousand  tons

     per day '  '.

-------
                                          -  10 -
      LEGEND

     Anthracite (anthracite
     and semianthracite)
     Low-volatile bituminous
     Medium-volatile and
	 high-volatile bituminous
     Subbituminous
tei:::i;il Lignite
1-247 Samples
                                                      Scale.miles

FIGURE 1. - Map Showing Number of Samples From Each State.  (From  Ref. 4)

-------
                                - 11 -
          The Appalachian region contains most of the anthracite coal in




the United States, and the largest and most important continuous bituminous




deposit in the world.  These coal beds and the Pennsylvania rock strata in




which they occur are intensely folded along their southeastern outcrops.




The rank of the coal tends to increase in this direction, with intensity of




folding, thickening of formations, and depth of burial.




          The Eastern Interior region coincides generally with the outline




of the Illinois basin, where the coal-bearing Pennsylvania strata extend




across most of Illinois, southwestern Indiana, and western Kentucky.  The




coals in this region are largely high-volatile bituminous.  The Interior




Western region contains large deposits of medium-to-high volatile bituminous,




which have not been extensively mined because they are too far from the




eastern centers of population and industry.  These extend across Iowa,




Missouri, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, into Oklahoma, with a related bed




in Texas.  A smaller area of low volatile bituminous and anthracite extends




over into Arkansas.




          The small lignite beds in Texas and Arkansas extend over into




Alabama, and are properly in the Gulf Province.  They are of only fair




quality, and few analyses for them are available.  These have been in-




cluded with the Interior Western region in the USBM studies, for convenience.

-------
                                 - 12 -
           Coals in the Northern Great Plains province comprise enormous




 deposits of lignite and sub-bituminous,  which have scarcely been touched.




 Lignite is characterized by a high content of water and ash, and ,an ash




 content of alkaline earths which is significantly higher than other coals.




           The Western region is defined  here, as in the USBM studies of




 coals by regions, to include the Rocky Mountain states and a few




 isolated samples from the Pacific northwest.   A Southwest sub-region at




 the  4-Corners area of Arizona,  New Mexico,  Utah and Colorado has been




 studied extensively in a recent comprehensive review by the  Southwest




 Energy  Study group.   Data from  this report  are considered reliable  to a




 lower concentration level than  earlier analysis in several cases, such as




 cadmium and  selenium,  and they  are identified separately (as SW) where used.




           The Appalachian and Interior-Eastern regions  have  had  a major




 effect  in  the development of the  U.S.  economy.   These regions  are well




 documented by many analyses.  These and  the Interior Western region  comprise




 80% of  the U.S.  reserves  of  both  bituminous and anthracite deposits,  most




 of which must  be worked by underground mining.   Essentially  all  of  the




 lignite  and  sub-bituminous deposits  are  located in  the  Northern  and Western




 regions.   Much of  these is found  in  beds which  can be strip  or open-pit




mined at very  low  unit costs.   This  has  led to  the development of large new




power plant  installations at  some  distance from the point of demand, as at




the 4-Coirners  area which now  supplies  electricity to Southern California.

-------
                                 - 13 -
           In  the  eastern bituminous and anthracite areas,  the coal minerals




 are  owned  privately  and their  exploitation  is  largely  controlled by




 economic factors,  chief of which  are  proximity  to market and coal quality.




 The  majority  of the  lignite and sub-bituminous  reserves of  the western




 states  are associated with public lands, administered  by federal and  state




 agencies.   These  coals are further from today's markets, and are generally




 of lower quality.







 1.3  Potential Pollutants




           Public  concern over minor or trace elements  in coal as a potential




 source  of  air pollution was limited almost entirely  to sulfur until recent




 years,  after  about 1967.  The initial concern and the  first official  actions




 were directed to smoke control, to limit the production of soot, fly ash,




 and odorous organic materials.  While these problems may reflect coal




 quality in terms of rank,  or content of volatile tars, they can be con-




 trolled by careful adjustment of  combustion conditions.  The production of




 fly ash or cinders is tied to total ash content and composition, but it is




 scarcely affected by which trace  elements are present  in the ash.




           The pollutant element other than soot which has been and still is




 of most concern is sulfur, which  is converted  quantitatively on combustion




 to acid sulfur oxides.  The sulfur in coal is present both in the organic




 and in inorganic portions.  The organic portion is primarily ring sulfur




 compounds,   thiophene and benzothiophene derivatives,  which are the princi-




 pal S compounds in low sulfur coals.   Most of the inorganic sulfur is in




 the form of j.ron disulfide,  pyrites or its polymorph marcasite.   A much




 smaller amount appears ordinarily as  sulfate sulfur such as gypsum.   This




appears (or is formed in the ashing process) as the major sulfur compound




 in lignite ash.

-------
           The nitrogen compounds in coal are again almost exclusively


 organic.   There are significant amounts of both pyrroles and pyridines,


 5-  and_^j=membered__rings_,__and_thej.r higher homplc^guej^.   The porphyrin


 systems of N-ring chelates play a role in the trace elements present.


 They act  directly to introduce organic iron and magnesium derived from


 original  plant chlorophyll,  and indirectly through the substitution of


 other elements for these during geologic metamorphoses.   The presence of


 inorganic nitrogen in lignites is again a special case,  since as  much as


 1%  by weight  can be extracted from some lignites as water soluble sodium


 and alkaline  earth nitrates.


           The interest in other elements in coal up to about 1967 was


 almost entirely on its use as a possible mineral resource.  This  was ex-


 plored during the 50fs and 60's in comprehensive reviews for a few elements


 such as uranium,  beryllium,  germanium and gallium in the U.S.,  and for


 mercury in the USSR.   Concentrations  of interest from  this point  of  view


 cut off at about  10 ppm on ash or 1 ppm on coal,  and few of the older

                             (A)
 analyses  go below this level    .


           Trace elements are  usually  defined  as  those  present in  the earth's


 crust  to  the  extent of 0.1%  (1000 ppm)  or less.   Nearly  all trace  elements


 show an enrichment in coal ash relative to their  crustal abundance.   The


 USGS data  on  coal ash are summarized  on this  basis  in  Figure 2.  This  en-


 richment  is attributed to concentration effects  during growth of  the coal-


 forming plant  (syngenetic processes)  or by exchange  reactions with the


 surroundings during coalification (epigenetic processes).   Boron which is


picked up  by plants from the  underlying soil  is  enriched  even on the  total


coal basis  (syngenetic),  arid  germanium  is  equally enriched  in some coals


 (epigenetic).

-------
                         - 15 -
JlO


,\f
•Jf



r 06
a
b
h-
I
' 04




02



0

















i
-\
V
1,
\
I
\
\












5
/

\
\
• EX3 	
B Be
FIGURE 2.


















7
I j
I
1 |

Co


















i
-.
J

If
Or





















%
'•
,
'
x























IlirLlIL
Cu Go Ge




















r
',&
f >
i





















1
1







v.
i
-> ^
1 1
t.
\
i: •
Pi





:.;





KEY
1^& Eosrern Province ,-,
CE2I Interior Province
1 1 Western states
^B Crustal abundance
















I
La Li Mn Mo











m
J

;$3
^*3
lip









ft
ril
ll
1
KM
lh_
i :": •
Lh-H.
















J
^
Ni Pt) Sc Sn V YD












\

i
I
ll i

_
^
''/'•
5 ;
J '
^
^ !
^ J

1!
^ i


V '<
i i
^
i
^
Li
ii











•
i
•






Y Zn Zr
- Average Trace Element Content in Ash of Coal From Three Areas Compared
With Crustal Abundance

-------
                                 - 16 -
           Anthracite coals tend to have a low ash,  but coal rank,  in gen-




 eral, is not a decisive factor in the relative amounts of different trace




 elements present.  The coals of lowest rank,  lignite and peat,  show high




 ash with a very high content of calcium,  sometimes  of sodium,  and  of barium




 and strontium which tend to go along with calcium.   Boron is also  high  in




 lignites,  but the lignite ash, by reason  of its high content of  alkali  and




 alkaline earths,  is proportionately low in its content  of other  trace




 elements (simple dilution effect).




          High  concentrations  of  specific  trace  elements may be closely




associated with the presence of ore  beds nearby.  This is  true for coals of




any rank.  Ash  samples  showing significant  concentrations  of such metals




as mercury,  lead, uranium,  copper, zinc and tin  are used  to indicate the




possible location of workable  mineral deposits.  Samples which show unusual




concentrations  of these elements are selected regularly for special inter-




est as mineral  specimens.   This bias toward specimens of mineral interest




must be discounted  heavily  in  some cases, since  they can receive much more




than their proper weight  in correlations based on a limited number of




samples.*




          A  list of minor elements present and the trace elements on which




sufficient data are available  for review in this report is given in




Table IV.  The  trace elements  are considered in  three categories and ar-




ranged within each  in the order of increasing atomic weight.
*An example is the 1971 article by Joensuu on the high mercury content of




 U.S. coals, in which 11 of the 36 specimens analyzed contained over 1 ppm




 of Hg on coal, but 8 of the 11 were multiple samples from the same 3




 counties   .

-------
                           - 17 -
                           TABLE  4

              Minor and Trace Elements in Coal
      Minor Elements
(about 1% or more, on ash)

Pollutant
  Sulfur
  Nitrogen

Ash-forming
  Sodium
  Potassium
  Iron
  Calcium
  Magnesium
  Silica
  Alumina
  Titania
       Trace Elements
(about 0.1% or less, on ash)_

Named as Hazardous
  Beryllium  Cadmium
  Fluorine   Mercury
  Arsenic    Lead
  Selenium
Others Analyzed
  Coal Basis
    Boron
    Vanadium
    Chromium
    Cobalt
    Nickel
    Copper
    Zinc
    Gallium
    Germanium
    Tin
    Yttrium
    Lanthanum
    Uranium
Ash Basis
  Lithium
  Scandium
  Manganese
  Strontium
  Zirconium
  Barium
  Ytterbium
  Bismuth

-------
                                      -  18 -
               The  first  category  includes seven  trace elements named by EPA


     or commonly elsewhere  in  the  literature as hazardous to human health.  It


     is undoubtedly no coincidence that ,tlijas£_toxic__elements_are a.ll_volatile or


                          inissions as jyp.latile stable compounds.  The definition
     of hazardous elements must be  carefully considered, however, since many ele-


     ments are  essential to  metabolism in trace amounts.   Selenium,  for example,
\ i

     is as hazardous  to  health when it is completely absent as when  it is pres-


     ent in  slight  excess.   Similar observations apply to  Cu,  Mo,  Co,  I and


     other elements.   Again, iJL_As^ no  accident that the leveljif metabolic. J:oler-


     ance_±n_mariy__ cases  is close  to average_crustal_abundance, the amount of  the


     element found  in. ordinary^ dir_t.


                The  second category  includes other elements which have  been ana-


     lyzed in extensive  field reviews,  and reported on a coal basis  in the litera-


     ture.  These are  the elements  selected by USGS as most significant for its


     studies of the chemistry and geology of coals,  as determined by a standard


     procedure  for  emission  spectroscopy.  Titanium,  included  in the USGS


     studies, is an ash-forming element present regularly  in amounts greater than


     0.1%.  It  is not  considered  as a  trace element for the purposes of  the


     present review.   Yttrium is  listed next to lanthanum  for  convenience in


     intercomparisons .


               The  third category includes elements  for which  data are available


     only on an ash basis, from USBM studies of commercial  coals.


     1.4  Fate of Elements on Combustion


               The  sulfur in coal (or otherfuels)  goes  quantitatively  to'SCU on


     combustion.  A small but variable  portion  of  this  is oxidized further  to


     SO .   This goes in turn to form acid  mists on combination with moisture, or

-------
                                 - 19 -
 sulfate  in  ash on  combination  with alkali  or  alkaline  earths.   The  amount


 of  sulfate  formed  depends  primarily  on  the amount  of lime or other  alkaline 'J


 earths present in  the  combustion  zone.  Lignite  ash is intrinsically high


 in  lime, derived presumably  from  calcium humates in the coal, and the ash


 is_high_in_r^tained_sulfate._  This reaction can  be increased by the addi-


 tion of  free  lime  or limestone to the combustion zone  as a means of pollu-

 tion control, to decrease  the  stack  emission  of  sulfur oxides.  The lime

 fixes gaseous S02  as well  as SO , and the  calcium  sulfite formed can be re-

 generated or oxidized  further  by air to the sulfate.


          The fate of  various  trace  elements  also  depends to some extent on

 other constituents present in  the ash.  This  is  particularly true for j\rana-

 dium which may react with  alkali, under reducing conditions, to form a


 vanadate slag.  This can be seriously corrosive  to boiler tubes or  heat ex-

 change equipment, such as a gas turbine, but  this  is a  high temperature


 situation, and it__is_noLt_considered_as a pollution .hazard.  Acid corrosion


 due to the presence of chlorides from coal  ash in  the  combustion zone is


 also a high temperature reaction,  which is  quenched at  lower temperatures


 and not considered as a pollution hazard.   Fluorides are released to some

 extent in fly ash,  and emitted as  such.


          Other trace elements are converted primarily  to the  oxides,  and
                                                                            \f
 split between fly ash and bottom ash depending on their chemical and physi-


 cal properties.   Germanium and,gallium are both enriched in fly ash enough


 to represent a significant mineral resource.  A few of  the heavy metals are


 so electropositive  that they appear  as the free element.  This  applies


 chiefly to mercury, although occurrences of free silver or gold have both

been noted in the ash of coals from  mines adjacent  to  rich ore  beds.

-------
                                 - 20 -
           The fate  of  nitrogen in fuel  depends  to a major extent on the




 conditions of combustion,  and  the presence of a high nitrogen content in




 coal  does  not correlate directly with the amount of nitrogen oxides pro-




 duced.   The nitrogen compounds formed or released during partial vaporiza-




 tion  in  the combustion zone  prior to burning may either oxidize, depending




 on  conditions,  or combine  with nitrogen oxides  in the combustion gases to




 produce  free nitrogen.   The  total production of NO  is affected to a major
                                                  3C



 extent by  the maximum  flame  temperature and the presence of excess oxygen,




 and it can be reduced  even for high N-containing fuels by controlling these




 variables.   The amount  of  nitrogen in all coals is within the range of about




 1-2%  by  weight, with distribution curves peaking between 1.1 and 1.5%.




 These values are all high  compared to other fossil fuels.  They have a




 large effect on NO  production,  but the difference between one coal and
                  A



 another  is  too  small to have much of an effect.  The differential effect




 between  coals is trivial at  best compared to the order of magnitude dif-




 ference  between SO  emissions  from coals of high and low S content.  On
                  X



 this  basis,  the distribution of  N in coals is not considered as a primary




variable for air pollution controls.




          The only fossil  fuels  regularly sold  now for their low pollution




characteristics are low sulfur oil and  coal, and oils of low nickel/vanadium




content  for  use in gas  turbine and boilers.  While coals of high V/Ni con-




 tent  can be  found, e.g., in  Kentucky, they are not common.  The increasing




interest in  specific hazardous elements, such as mercury,  will undoubtedly




direct more  attention to avoiding  fuels in which their concentration is




unusually high.

-------
                                 - 21 -
2.  State  of  the Art


2.1  Evaluation  of  Data


          Continuing field surveys of U.S.  coals  have  been made by three


major government laboratories, using the best methods  available to them.


These surveys are made for three different  purposes, and  they  differ more


in  the method of sampling than in the procedures  for analysis.   The rest of


the literature on trace elements in coal is concerned  almost entirely with


new methods of analysis, tested or intercompared  on a  single sample or a


few known samples.  Except for missing  data on  single  elements,  these have
                                                               *s

relatively little to contribute to an overall review.  The three basic sets


of data and samples are:


          Surveys of commercial coals - USBM (delivered samples)


          Mineral source surveys - USGS (column samples)


          Specific  element studies - AEC  (USGS, Oak Ridge; specimens)


          The USGS  d_a_ta_are-found to come closest to the  purposes  of the


present program:	to .determine the composition of typical U.S.  coals by re-


gions and the exten.t_t_o_whi.c.tL the selection of coals by geographic location


^an^ be_expecj:ed_to_af^ect__their_c.omp.o.sition in. trace elements.


          The analyses made in these field  surveys did not regularly include


data on mercury, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, or fluorine.  These  are all on


the list of seven hazardous elements, and they constitute the entire  list


except for beryllium and lead.  They are volatile elements not  readily de-


tected by emission  spectroscopy, and better methods for their analysis were


required.

-------
                                 - 22 -
          Recent  studies which have helped supply missing data have been


completed by  the Jllinois Sta±e Geological_se^ryice. particularly for mercury


Improved  results  on fluorine have  been  obtained  by USBM   , and by USGS

                                      (8)
as part of  the  Southwest Energy Study   .  The National Bureau of Standards is


also taking an  active part  in the  preparation and analysis of standard sam-


ples for an industry-wide program  of  collaborative testing of new methods

                                                                      /g\
of analysis including Pb, Cd and As, coordinated  by the Bureau of Mines    .


The reuse of  older  samples  for ties to  new data  is suspect, however, and a


broad field review  must start with new  samples of coal.  One of the prob-


lems in previous  analyses has been the  loss of the volatile elements on


ashing.  In other cases they may also be picked  up from the environment.


This is the apparent explanation for  high mercury values in fteadlee and


Hunter's analyses of West Virginia coals exposed to laboratory air'  '>  Simi-


larly, the USBM laboratory  in urban Pittsburgh has found that its background


level of lead and mercury on  lab equipment is higher than that in coal  samples


being analyzed, and the problem increases with time of exposure^10\


          The effect of different  analytical procedures in the laboratory


is often minor  compared to  the effects  of sample selection and preparation


in the field.   Major variables are involved.  The samples selected may


represent coal  as delivered,  cleaned  or uncleaned, or coal in the mine,


which can be  either a complete column cut from the full height of the bed


or blocks within  such a column selected for study because they appear to be


different.  All of  these methods are  used, and all of them can be con-


sidered as  "correct" as long as they  are recognized for what they are.   All


of them appear  in the literature together, however, and frequently

-------
                                 - 23 -
 intermixed in  the  same article.   No  distinction is  made in many studies




 whose primary  purpose is  the development  of  a  new method of analysis.   The




 result is that most of the miscellaneous  analyses in the literature cannot




 be combined properly into a single compendium.




          The  most important and most confusing..f.a.c.t.or__in .the interpretation




 of  the data  in the literature  is the basj.s_of -S.ele.c_tion _of th.e_original




^sample.   Coals selected  for  their interest as  mineral  specimens  are




 exactly  the  ones  to avoid for  purposes of pollution control, if the specific




 element  concerned  is found  to  constitute  a potential hazard.  These analyses




 exist in the literature  precisely because they are  unusual and not




 representative of  the average  run of mine.  The same conclusion applies




 whether  the mineral resource sampling refers to selected blocks in a




 partially analyzed column, or selected mines  in a given region.




 2.2  Methods of Correlation




          Efforts  to draw useful  correlations between  the  location  of coals




and their content of specific  trace elements have been  hampered by  the  ten-




dency to use averaged data, and  the fact  that the basis  of  sampling  for




analysis has shifted during the  course of major  field surveys.  The  problem




is particularly serious when samples are  intermixed  in  the  same program




which are "of interest" for opposite reasons:  because  they are typical on




the one hand, or because they are unusual on the other.  The analyst in this




case finds no basis to  discard  a high result which he finds analytically




correct,  even though it greatly affects his average.  This problem was




recognized by Zubovic,  for example,  in the analyses reported for zinc in




Illinois  and  elsewhere(1/).   in such  a case,  the modal value for the average

-------
coal may be quite different from the average reported on all good data.

This can be significant for pollution controls, since the expected analysis
           »
for delivered coals might be reduced to the mode by excluding a few samples

which are easy to identify.

          The fact that such extremes do or do not exist and the producing

areas in which they are found may be of definite interest in considering

these trace elements as potential pollutants.  The unusual data should

somehow be put into perspective, and not simply discarded.

          The literature was reviewed with these problems in mind.  Three

concepts are proposed as working tools to make the most out of the present

data, with a minimum of recalculations:

          (1) A ^Variance" ratio is given for each element, which is the

ratio of the highest to lowest average of analyses for areas or basins

within the region.  This variance is a measure of the extent to which

selection of coal source can be expected to make a difference in the con-

centration of a given element.  It is applied here to groups of about 3

states but can be used for smaller areas, for simple geographical correla-

tions such as those which are now well known for sulfur.  This variance  is

low for most elements, of the order of 2 to 3.  It is 8 for sulfur and 4 or

above only for Ge, B, Be, Ga, Zn, Sn and Mo, out of the 18 elements for

which sufficient data are available to report.

          The averages for areas within the region are given as reported by

Zubovic.  He divides the Appalachian region into 3 areas, considers the

Interior Eastern as 1, the Interior Western as 2, and the Northern Plains

as 1.

-------
                                 -  25  -
          (2)  Ranges for the USGS analysis of the coal beds within each




region are selected which include 90+% of the values reported, for columnar




samples, up to a cut-off point above which higher values appear to be




exceptional.  A columnar sample is defined as one for which at least 75%




of the total depth of the coal bed was included in the sample analyzed.




This makes a significant difference in some cases,particularly in




sections A and B of the four-part USGS survey.  At that time, the highest




values reported were frequently not samples of the average coal but




blocks selected as mineral specimens or lithotypes within the column.




The 90+% range is taken from the data for beds within the region,




after casting out these non-representative values.  The next step was




inspection to find an envelope within which most or all of the individual




analyses represent a continuous distribution of values.  The highest




values reported were then considered individually, first to see that




they represent a columnar sample at least 75% analyzed, and then as to




the interval between this value and all lower values within the




envelope.  This inspection characterized many instances where a few




columnar samples, up to about 5%, had extreme values 50 to 100% or




more above the rest of the envelope.  The cut-off point for these




extremes was an interval of 25% or more above the highest bed value




within the envelope.  The significance of the extremes can then be




examined separately, both in terms of their frequency and their magnitude




as compared to average values or the top of the 90+% range.  Detailed data



on this are shown in Table XI, below.

-------
                                  -  26  -
           (3)   Ranges of data on the ash basis can be conveniently



 derived,  for the same producing regions, from the averages by states


                                   (4)
 given by  Abernethy in USBM reports x  .  These have been rounded off



 to  three  significant figures, partly for convenience for comparison



 with  the  data  given by USGS and others on a coal basis.  Thousandths



_p,f_ _a_ p.e.r.c.ent_on_a s_h . _c or r e s pond exactly to ppm on coal, if the _cj3aj._co_n -



                         j.s a reasonable average approximation and it
 fills  in many holes in _the__data, particularly for the Westerner eg ion,




 witho_u.t_a__laborious recalculation which. would still not give directly




 compa rab.Le— re s.u It s..



           When the elements are listed in the order of variance and'




 magnitude of extremes, several useful correlations appear.  This is




 shown  in Table V,  The elements with high variance and extremes which are




 no  more than twice the top of the 90+% range are sulfur, germanium,




 boron,  beryllium and gallium.  Except for sulfur, which is both strongly




 organic and inorganic, these are all at the top of Zubovic's list of




 organic affinity. JThis_ mejms _ that_on_coal cleaning they tend to be




 associated with the coal fraction, and not the waste.  They are also




 elements in which coal is greatly enriched, to the extent that it is




 recognized for most of them as a major mineral source.




           The other elements which show a variance above 4 are zinc,




 molybdenum, and tin.  For these the extremes reported are from 5 to




 20  times the top of the 90+% range.  Zinc and tin are at the bottom




 of  the  organic affinity list, and for them the occurrence of coals




 of  high metal content is taken as a direct indication of ore beds

-------
                   - 27 -
                   TABLE 5

       VARIANCES AND EXTREMES IN AREAS1


Element
Sulfur
Germanium
Boron
Beryllium
Gallium
Molybdenum
Tin
Zinc
Lead
Mercury
Vanad ium
Nickel
Chromium
Cobalt
Yttrium
Copper
Lanthanum
2
Variance
between Areas
8
>10
6
5
4
4
>(3)
>5
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
3
Organic
Affinity

1
3
2
3
6
8
10


3
4
4
5
5
7
9
4
Extreme
Ratio

2
2
2
2
5
5
20
>10
>10
3
2
2 (3)^
2 (5)
2 (10)
2 (3)
2 (10)
(1)  From USGS Bulletin 1117,  except for S,  Pb and Hg.

(2)  Approximate ratio between averages  for  highest and
    lowest areas,  as published (see Table XI).

(3)  Numbers assigned to USGS  order of affinity:

 Ga>Be>(Ga, B, V)>(Ni, Cr)>(Co, Y)>Cu>Sn>La>Zn

(4)  Approximate ratio between extreme bed and top of
    range of 90+%  envelope, for columnar beds analyzed.

(5)  Discounted extremes in parentheses  show exaggerated
    effect of two  weathered coals  from  Arkansas  with
    41.7% and 47.3% ash,  not  included in area averages.

-------
                                   - 28 -
 nearby.  The variance of  (3) reported for tin is placed in parenthesis




 because it represents a recalculation of the USGS data for one area




 in the Appalachian region.  This is given a false low average of 0.1




 in the original report by including a value of zero for 15 of the 17




 samples analyzed for the  region, in which the element was not detected.




 The USBM data in this area indicate no such differences between the tin




 content of coals in this  area and other parts of the region, so this




 value was  ignored in calculating the variance.




           Molybdenum is another case where variance might be misleading.




 Here the average for the southern Appalachian area,  Alabama,  is raised




 from 3.9 to  5.8 by  a single extreme value of 42  for one bed out of  the




 20  included.   Without  this one  extreme,  the variance reported would




 be  under 3.   The value  appears  valid but  marginal  (74%  of  the columnar




 bed  analyzed).   The  fact  that the value  is  so high may  correlate directly




 with  the AEG  observation  that Mo is  the  only element  in coal  for which




 they  could correlate  its  high occurrence  with a high  occurrence of uranium.




          Mercury and lead,  for  which no  data are reported  in the USGS




 field  survey,  have a variance of about 2  to  3 from other data.  The




 ratio  of extremes to  average values  for  these two  elements can be given




 any high value desired,  up to 50-100, depending  on how  close  one chooses




 to come  to an ore bed in  selecting  the coal.




          None of the remaining  elements  which show  a variance of 3  or




 less has a ratio of  extremes to  the  top  of  the 90+%  range  higher than




 2, except vanadium at 3.   This vanadium  ratio directs attention to one




mine in  Kentucky which has a high Ni and V content.  Other variances

-------
                                  - 29 -
would be higher if it were not for discounting from the extremes two




samples of Arkansas coals excluded in the USBM averages, which had ash




contents of 41.7 and 47.3 weight %.  The ratios of extremes on including




these atypical samples are shown in parenthesis in Table V.




2.3  Literature Sources and Procedure




          The collection and evaluation of information  for this review




have been guided wherever possible by expert opinion on the location and




selection of useful source material.  The first step was to collect and




combine pertinent references already assembled in previous searches.




Topics included were data and methods of analysis for specific trace




elements in fuels, the effect of sulfur content or other pollutant




elements on the availability of alternate fuels as a source of energy,




and the fate of potential pollutants on combustion.  These references




provided an immediate preliminary overview of the field.




          Additional searching first covered Analytical Abstracts from




1965 to July, 1972.  This proved to be concerned primarily with more




rapid or convenient methods, tested on known samples of previously




analyzed coals, which added little to the data previously  available.




Significant contributions appeared in this period for a few elements,




such as mercury, arsenic, and fluorine.  A more useful  source was




the U.S. Bureau of Mines index of publications, from 1960  to May, 1972,




including bibliographies of earlier reports.  Key references from these




searches were selected by abstract or index entries, and ordered in




full for further study.

-------
                                 - 30 -
           The next step was a search of the Engineering Arts  Index




 from 1960 to July 1972, and a computer index search of  the American




 Petroleum Institute abstracts of air and water conservation literature




 since 1967.   At this point in the search, each additional  index  covered




 was  giving an increasing amount  of duplication of  references  already




 at hand.




           The advice of EPA on preferred sources of information  was




 obtained  in  conferences with the Project Officer and his associates.




 This  was  backed up by visits and telephone conversations with Peter




 Zubovic at the U.S.  Geological Survey,  Hyman Schultz at  the U.S. Bureau




 of Mines  (Pittsburgh)  and Vernon Swanson at  the USGS (Denver) to




 look  for  significant additional  references.   As a  final check, a list




 of Chemical  Abstracts  entries  for each  element and  general  heading of




 interest  for trace elements in coal  was  assembled,  and used as a check




 list  for  topics  where  little or  no data  had  turned  up from  other sources,




Approximately  1200 references  were considered in all.




 2.4   Types of  Analysis  Found




           The  original  wet  chemical  analyses  of coal made each measure-




ment  of trace  elements  a  research project, and relatively few determina-




tions were made.   A  comprehensive survey  of  the data available as of




1935 was made by Goldschmidt  (see Appendix  I, Table 1)^13\  The first




standard method  developed for  analysis by emission  spectroscopy was




convenient for the simultaneous  determination of a number of minor




elements,  but it cut off  for most of them at about  10 to 50 ppm  (that




is,  .001 to  .005%  on ash).   This was proposed by Hunter and

-------
                                 -  31  -
and applied by  them in 1955 to  the analysis of 28 elements in the ash




of West Virginia coals.  Their  list of elements and sensitivities




reported is given in Table VI.




          The U.S. Bureau  of  Mines has regularly  collected and  analyzed




samples of coal from most  producing areas  in  individual countries "and




mines  throughout the United States, for  60 years.   The  samples  are  either




cleaned or uncleaned coal  from  the mine  tipple, analyzed as  a basis of




quality guarantees by the  producer for purchase by  government agencies.




The USBM basic routine reports  only ultimate  analysis for %  C,  H, 0,  N,  S,




ash, volatiles, and physical  properties, but  the  same samples have




frequently been used as a  source of representative  coals, from  different
areas
          The U.S. Geological Survey has been more  interested  in  the  coal




in place than in coal as delivered after sorting and cleaning.   Spectro-




graphic procedures developed at USGS in 1953 by Zubovic, Stadnichenko




and others for the analysis of germanium in coal^  ' were extended




to the analysis of other trace elements, including sample dilution with




a standard synthetic base material for more reproducible results.




This method was used in 1961-67 for a definitive 4-part study of "Minor




Elements in Coals" for each of the four major producing regions in




the United States.  This is the basis for the study of variance and




extremes presented in Table V,  above.  Zubovic reports his results




and averages on a coal basis,  as well as his original data on ash.




The limits of detection for most of elements considered are between

-------
                              - 32 -
                             TABLE  6
             WEST VIRGINIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY -  1955

   Table 54—Wave Lengths of Element Lines Employed for
          Analysis at the Concentrations  Encountered
 Element
           o
           A
                   Concrn.
                                      Corcen.
Li
Na
K
Rb
Ca
Sr
Ba
Mff
Al
Si
Fe
Ti
Ag
As
B
Be
Bi
Cb
Co
Cr
Cu
Ga
Ge
Kg
La
Mn
Mo
Ni
P
Pb
Sb
Sn
V
W
Zn
Zr
6707.
5S95.
7698.
7800.
3153.
4607.
4934.
2783.
3050.
2563.
3040.
3072.
3230.
2780.
2496.
3131.
3067.
3163.
3044.
2677.
3274.
2943.
2651.1
2535.
3245.
2801.
3170.
3050.
2554.
2833.
2593.
2339.
3102.
2946.
3345.
3279.
<.OOS-1.00
.3-1.3
.4-4.0

-------
                                 - 33  -
.0001 and .001 on ash, as shown in Table VII.  There are 3 elements


which show higher limits:  the relatively high limit of .005 on Ti is


of no concern, since this is always present in more than trace amounts.


The same .005 level for Cd is critical, however, since the amount pre-


sent is almost always below this level.  This means there are almost no


data available on the geographical distribution of Cd in coal, but


whatever there is is well into the trace level of concentration.  The


high limit of .02 for Zn introduces a definite uncertainty into these


analyses.


          A comprehensive review of the literature on "Rare Elements


in Coal" was assembled by Abernethy and Gibson at USBM in 1963^13^


including the initial results reported by Zubovic.  Data and conclusions


are assembled from U.S. and foreign sources for each of 34 elements,


regarding their occurrence in coal.  Excerpts from this report,


including the comments on specific elements, are attached hereto as


Appendix I.


          Abernethy, Peterson and Gibson at USGS in 1969^ reported


on the spectrochemical analysis of the ash from 827 U.S. commercial


coals for 22 trace elements, plus 7 other elements detected in many


samples.  Their procedure involved a lithium borate fusion of the ash

                                                                  (16)
for more rapid analysis, as described by Peterson and Zink in 1964


This report presents data on the analysis of trace elements in the


ash of coals from most producing states, countries and beds, and


averages by state on the basis of ash.  The full report is attached



hereto as Appendix II.  Current modifications of this procedure in a


6-step spectroscopic analysis as used by USGS have given further improvements


in the limits of detection, as shown in Table VIII.

-------
                                - 34 -
                               TABLE  7

                             USBM  - 1961
         METHOD  OF SPECTRO GRAPHIC ANALYSIS

              EQUIPMENT AND LIMITS OF DETECTION

  The analyses of  the ash  samples were made  by  a quantitative
spectrogruphic  method.   The  apparatus  and operating conditions
for the analyses are  as follows:

Spectrograph:          A grating spcctrograph,  Wadsworth mounting, with a
                         dispersion of 5 A per mm in the first order.
Electrodes:            A high purity carbon rod of C mm diameter, having a
                         machined cup  at  one end, is used as  the sample
                         electrode (anode).  The cup has a 4 mm inner diam-
                         eter with n wall 0.5 mm thick  and a crater 6 mm
                         deep.  The counter electrode (cathode) is a  graphite
                         rod 3 mm in diameter.
Excitation:


Exposure:
Emulsion:

Wavelength region:

Microphotometer:

Emulsion calibration:
                        A 250-volt ballasted d-c arc, operated at 16 amperes,
                          the analytical gap being maintained at 3 mm through-
                          out excitation.
                        Samples and standards arced to completion.
                        Eastman III-O, developed  in  DK-50 at 20°C for 5
                          minutes with continuous agitation.
                        2300 A—4700 A, recorded on two 10-inch plates simul-
                          taneously.
                       Projection comparator microphotometer, using a scan-
                          ning slit nt the plate.
                        Method of Dieke and Crosswhite (1943), using a two-
                          step filter at the slit.
    Analysis lines with limits of detection are tabulated as follows:
           Table of analysis lines and detection limits for minor elements
Element
B 	
Be 	

Cd 	
Co 	


Cr 	

da

On 	


Wavelength
(angstrom
units)
2497. 733
2348 filO
3131.072
32G 1.057
3453 505
3440. 170
3449.411
4254 316
3021.558
3024. 350
3°73 Ofi°
2S24. 3C9
2^43 G37

2651. 178
3039. OG4
Limit of
detection
(weight per-
cent of nsh)
0 001
0001
.001
005
0005
.001
.002
0001
.'ooi
.005

.05


.001
:oo2
1
Element
La

Mo ...
Nt

Sn 	
Tl 	

V 	

Y 	

Zn 	

Wavelength
(angstrom
units)
4333 734
3337. 4SS
3170 3 ',6
3114 765
3050. 810
3175.019
3°G1 C05

3185 396
31S3.400
4374 93 S
3327. 875
3345.020

. Limit of
detection
(weight per-
cent of ash)
0 003
.01
0005

.001
002
005

001
.001

.002
.02


-------
                                                -  35  -
                                              TABLE  8
TiblC. • t> --Approximate visuol  lower  limits ol dclcriTiirmtion (or the element!  analysed by the 6-itep
                                 Specti ofliapliic Mnlliod ol  the  Denver Laboratory.  U-S  &<:->\o*9 ;i | .005
Co 2_j
11 IZj
*7vTTj^-'.n]
AH
/.>
Au
^D
"pc""'
Be
6i
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
lo
Mo
Mb
Hi
PS
Pd j
Pi
b'j
Sc
5n
Sr
To
U
V
V '
J_
"?~'~
.00-3
.CC05

2
?.
?coo
50 -
^o
• •\
^J
2
20
50
7
2
2
70
7
20
10
20
5
70
500
10
20
10
. 5000
1


























0.001
0.002
0.002
0.0002

1
0.5
1000
20
20
2
1.5
10
50
L '' J
i
i
50
3
10
5
10
2
f f\ —
50
200
5 —

10
5

-------
                                 - 36 -
          Field  reviews  are available  on  the  occurrence  of  a  few  specific




elements in coal, as a potential pollutant  or as  a possible mineral  resource,




The earliest studies of  this  type were joint  surveys  of  coal  as a source




of uranium, conducted by AEC  and the USGS.  The published rasults of these




surveys are entirely negative  for present purposes, since the average  coal




in all regions was found to contain less  than the detectable  limit of




10 ppm by the methods of analysis used.   Selected reports with good  data




have been excerpted and  attached hereto for mercury (Appendix III),




arsenic (Appendix IV), beryllium (Appendix V), germanium and  gallium




(Appendix VI), and fluorine (Appendix  VIII).




2.5  Newer Methods of Analysis




          The standard methods of analysis, is noted above,  have a




high limit of detection  for most of the seven trace elements listed




as hazardous.  This is linked  to their voltaility as the element,  or




as compounds formed furing analysis.  Many of the newer procedures




are methods which do not require preliminary ashing or destruction




of the sample, which is  time-consuming, expensive, and a serious




potential source of error.  The organic matter present in the coal is




the principal source of  interference in many trace element  determinations,




and a common prelude to  the measurement is a procedure to eliminate




or reduce this interference.  The extent to which this destruction of




the sample must be pursued, before interference in the final determina-




tion is minimized or eliminated, varies widely.  In some instance  no




such treatment is required to complete the measurements,  without any




kind of chemical attack upon the sample.

-------
                                - 37 -
          One method of non-destructive analysis is X-ray fluorescence,




which utilizes the emission of radiation from a sample as a result




of bombardment.  In this instance the bombarding radiation is X- or




gamma-rays from a suitable, source, while the emitted radiation is the




characteristic X-rays which arise from the components of the sample.




This technique has found considerable application in the oil industry




and in coal research, and more recently in the analysis of particulates




from air sampling programs.  The method is extremely rapid, but in




complex materials is likely to suffer from interference.  It is best




used when one or a few elements are to be determined in an essentially




constant matrix and where there are many similar samples to measure




so that the necessary, and generally lengthy, calibrations and cor-




rections are worth carrying out.  Examples are the routine determination of




tetraethyl lead in gasoline, or nickel and vanadium in various petroleum




fractions.




          Neutron activation  analysis  can also be virtually non-destructive.




Many  elements, when  bombarded with  slow neutrons, give rise to radioactive




species,  and  these  often emit gamma-radiation.   When the other components




of  the  sample  do  not interfere,  it  is  possible  to identify and determine




the radioactive  species  by  means  of the gamma photons that they emit, and




from  this,  to  measure  the amount  of the element present in the sample.   An




easy  example  of  the  application  of  this technique can be found in the




determination  of  sodium  in  fuel  oil where the very energetic gamma of 2.75




MeV is  readily measured.   Interference  effects  are important in the presence




of large amounts of inorganic ash, as in coal, and the analysis of an unknown

-------
                                 - 38 -
sample may require a new calibration to take them into account.  Instances




are known where neutron activation gives a completely false reading due to




the synthesis of elements during neutron bombardment (e.g., NBS studies on




strontium in granite).




          Activation analysis requires the use of a nuclear reactor,




expensive equipment and facilities, and experts in the field.  In addition,




the time required from sampling to results is relatively long and may be




expensive.  If none of these considerations are objectionable, it has the




advantage of being able to identify and quantify a large number of elements




in a single small sample.  Collaborative tests are still required to confirm



 its  applicability  to many  of  these elements in coal.  A major dif-




 ficulty  is  the  necessity of calibrating interference effects with




 predetermined samples  having  a  composition essentially the same as the




 unknown..  In  trace metal analysis, changes in interactions with other




 background  elements  present in  even  the smallest amounts can cause




 large  deviations  in  the  values  reported.  This uncertainty can be




 gradually eliminated with  experience in the analysis of coals.  For




 specific elements, such  as mercury,  enough data are now at hand to




 confirm  the reliability  of  the  method.




          Atomic  absorption spectroscopy  is a combination  of  emission  and




 absorption  phenomena.  Its  sensitivity  can be a thousand  times  that  for




 X-ray  fluorescence, which  cuts  off above  trace levels  for  some  elements.




 In atomic absorption  the sample in solution is atomized into  a  flame or




 alternate energy  source, producing atomic vapor of  the element  in  question.




 Monochromatic light  of the  same wavelength as that  of  the  desired  element




 is passed through  the  sample  vapor,  and  the atoms present  in  the  unexcited

-------
                                - 39  -
or ground state absorb radiation from the light source in proportion to




their amount.  Atomic absorption is easier to operate than are spark





spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence and somewhat cheaper to purchase,



although it measures only one element at a time.  Improved methods are




now being developed, including larger samples and special vaporization




procedures, which make it possible to apply this method to mercury,




cadmium, selenium and arsenic.  These methods are just now being




developed sufficiently to produce results in field surveys.

-------
 3.  Distribution of Elements
 3.1   Sulfur and Rank in U.S. Coals
           Sulfur is  the only element  for which ample  data  are  available
 for  a  complete  picture-of geographical  distribution by  states  and
 regions.   It  is always  present  in coal,  and  it contributes  to  net
 heating value.   It  is  regarded  as an  unwanted  constitutent, both
 because of  air  pollution and because  it  contributes to  boiler  deposits
 which  may  reduce efficiency and lead  to  boiler corrosion.   The analysis
 of coals for  sulfur  content is  a  routine procedure and  thousands of
 results are available,  covering all U.S.  coals for the  past 60 years.
 A comprehensive review  of these data  and their geographical implications
 was  prepared  by the  USBM in 1966  (see Appendix IX).  Coal  cleaning is
 regularly  employed to  reduce this  sulfur  content of commercial coals,
 and  the USBM  data are mostly on cleaned  coals,  as marketed    .

           Experts at the USBM,  USGS and  elsewhere have  indicated to
 us that the 1966 conclusions are  based on representative data, and
will not be affected by  any more  recent  information.  The one thing
 which  has  changed is the public demand for low  sulfur fuels, as reflected
 in the Clean Air Act of  1967 and  subsequent regulations.  The status as
 of 1966 was stated clearly as follows (3):  "Except for special-purpose
 coals  such as those used  for the  production of  coke and ceramics  where
 impurities  in the fuel contaminate the end product, the amount of
sulfur in coal has been  only a minor  consideration in the selection
of a  particular  coal for  fuel.  Major considerations,  particularly

-------
                                 -  41  -
for the coals used to generate electric power, have been availability




and cost.  An increased national concern for control of air pollution,




however, particularly that resulting from the emission of sulfur oxides




in stack gases to the atmosphere, has led to more rigid specifications




on coal quality, and the sulfur content of coals will become increasingly




more important in the future.




          "The sulfur content of United States coals varies widely, ranging




from a low of 0.2 percent to as much as 7.0 percent as mined, by weight, on




a dry basis.   Perhaps as important as the amount of sulfur, however, is




the manner in which sulfur occurs.   Generally, sulfur is present in coal




in three forms:  as organic combinations, as pyrite or marcasite,  and  as




sulfates.  The forms of sulfur are important because they generally




indicate whether any appreciable reduction in sulfur can be achieved  through




conventional cleaning processes.  Sulfur held in organic combinations  generally



predominates  in low-sulfur coals, and cannot  be  separated from the




coal substance by conventional cleaning.   Sulfate sulfur is  generally




quite low and usually is of not great concern.   The pyritic  sulfur,




however, can  vary from a low of 40 percent  to as high as  80  percent of




the total sulfur.  With increasing total  sulfur, both  the pyrite and




organic forms tend to increase, although  there  is no direct  relation-




ship between  the two.  Some reduction of  pyritic sulfur  can  be  achieved




by crushing and various cleaning processes, depending upon  the  manner




in which it is dispersed in the coal.

-------
                                 - 42 -
           "Pyrites are distributed in coal in many ways.   The two




 minerals pyrite and marcasite  have the same chemical composition,




 FeS2,  but differ in physical structure.  They often are difficult to




 distinguish from each other, and unless there is definitie evidence to




 the contrary, it is convenient to group them as iron pyrites.   They




 may occur in lenses and bands, joints or cleats, balls or nodules,  and  as




 finely disseminated particles.  The size and distribution will greatly




 affect the amount that can be removed by conventional coal preparation




 methods.   Coarse crushing may release much of the pyrite  in the lenses,




 bands, and larger particles, for subsequent removal by mechanical




 cleaning.   If the pyrite is finely disseminated it cannot be removed




 unless the coal is very finely crushed, and the pyrite separated from




 the coal substance by special treatment".




           Zinc, mercury, arsenic,  nickel,  cobalt and copper all tend




 to  be  associated with the pyrites  fraction, as  the metal  sulfides.




 Similarly,  selenium when present tends to  be in the form  of




 selenopyrites,  replacing a part of the pyritic  sulfur.  These  associa-




 tions  with a much larger amount of FeS2 and its degree of  dispersion have




 an  important bearing on the capability to  recover or to remove  these




 trace  elements  by coal cleaning.





           The connotation of high-,  medium-, or low-sulfur coal varies




somewhat in  practice,  depending on the end use  involved.   For  example,




coking coals  are  considered high in  sulfur content if they exceed 1 percent,




whereas 1 percent  sulfur content coal in boiler fuel would be  considered low.

-------
                                - 43 -
For the USBM discussion, coals are arbitrarily labelled according to sulfur




content as low sulfur—1.0 percent or less; medium sulfur—1.1 through 3.0




percent; and high sulfur—3.1 percent or more :




          Total U.S. reserves of coal of all ranks are estimated at 1,567,000




million tons, based on USGS data as of January 1, 1965.  Approximately




two-thirds of the estimated reserve may be considered low-sulfur coals^largely




because more than one-half of the total is composed of low-rank coals




(subbituminous and lignite) which generally contain 1 percent or less sulfur.




Most of these reserves are in areas in the Western United States which are




not highly industrialized, and original reserves of these coals, unlike




those in the East, remain virtually intact.




          All of the lignitic coal reserves, with the exception of small




deposits in Alabama, are situated west of the Mississippi River; about




98 percent of the total is located in North Dakota and Montana.  Approximately




four-fifths of the North Dakota reserve has a sulfur content of 0.7 percent




or less and about nine-tenths has no more than 1.0 percent sulfur.  The




Montana deposits, which are located in the eastern part of the State, run




slightly higher in sulfur content than those of North Dakota, although about




69 percent contain 0.7 percent or less sulfur.




          Reserves of subbituminous coal also are concentrated in the




Western States, with about 60 percent of the total occurring in Montana and




Wyoming.  Most of the remainder is in Alaska, New Mexico, and Colorado.   The




subbituminous coals generally are low in sulfur, although there are some




instances in Montana where sulfur is as high as 2 percent.

-------
          Of higher rank or bituminous deposits, about two-thirds are




located in the States east of the Mississippi River.  The coalfields or




deposits in Illinois, Indiana, and western Kentucky contain 29 percent of




the estimated remaining bituminous-coal reserve, but Illinois alone has the




largest bituminous reserve of all States.  Coals in these States are generally




higher in sulfur, with almost 80 percent of the reserves containing more




than 3 percent sulfur.  There are, however, several small deposits of




low-sulfur coals in southern Illinois and Indiana where sulfur content




averages 1.5 percent or less.




          The Appalachian Region, which stretches northeastward from Alabama




through Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, is the




largest depository of high-rank bitumunous coal, with approximately 31 percent




of the total remaining reserve.  One of the characteristics of the Appalachian




Region coals which enhances their value is their ability to coke or




agglomerate when heated in the absence of, or with a limited supply of,




air.  All of the coals are not used for cokemaking, however, because some




contain more sulfur than is desired for metallurgical-grade coke.  We have




more information on the quality of these coals than for any other region in




the country.  This is due to the many analyses of the coals made by Federal




and State agencies in connection with the use of these coals, not only for




cokemaking, but for light, power, and heat in the industrial, commercial,




and residential sectors of the economy.




          West Virginia ranks second in total bituminous-coal reserves, but




first in reserves of bituminous coal among the states in the Appalachian




Region.  Approximately 46 percent of West Virginia's reserves are low-sulfur




coals and 45 percent are medium-sulfur, making a total of 91 percent of the




reserve having a sulfur content of 3 percent or less.

-------
                                 -  45  -
           Pennsylvania ranks third in the Appalachian Region in reserves



 of bituminous coal.   The bituminous beds of this State vary in sulfur



 content, but 85 percent of the reserve contains 3 percent or less sulfur,



 and 35 percent has a sulfur content of no more than 2 percent.   The central



 Pennsylvania beds, including both medium- and low-volatile coals, generally



 contain less sulfur  than those in the western part of the State.



           Deposits of anthracite  and semianthracite occur in seven States,



 but more than 80 percent of the reserve of this rank is found in  northeastern



 Pennsylvania.   The sulfur content of Pennsylvania anthracite is generally



 under  1 percent,  with a large proportion of the reserve averaging between



 0.6 and 0.7  percent.   The small semianthracite  coal reserves of Virginia



 are also  low  in  sulfur,  but  the Arkansas deposits of semianthracite are



 relatively higher, ranging from about 1.4  to 3  percent.




           Correlations between sulfur content and the  location  of coals



 within each  producing region have been worked out in considerable detail,



 on  a state or  county  basis  (see Appendix IX).  The overall picture for



 remaining  reserves in  the major U.S. producing regions is shown in



 Table  IX.  This  table was obtained by consolidating the values for all



 coals  in each  state  (counting "0.7 percent and under" as 0.5% for  the



 average, 0.8 and  1.0 as 0.9, 1.1 to 1.5 as 1.3	3.6 to 4.0 as



 3.8, and 4.1 or more as 4.5).



          The distribution of sulfur in coals on the basis of production



instead of reserves is much the same, but with more emphasis on bituminous
                                                                    •


(including subbituminous) coal. Total U.S. production shifted even more



away from anthracite coal during the years 1964 to 1970 (USBM, Minerals



Yearbook):

-------
                                                     TABLE 9
                                     SULFUR CONTENT  OF U.S.  COALS  BY  REGION
                                                                           (1)
(2)
Production
Region (M Tons) ^Million Tons)
and States 1969
Appalachian
Alabama 17,456
Georgia NA
E. Kentucky 61,584
Maryland 1,368
Ohio 51,242
Pennsylvania 89,104
Tennessee 8,082
Virginia 35,555
W. Virginia 141,011
Interior Eastern
Illinois 64,772
Indiana • 20,086
W. Kentucky 47,466
Michigan NA
Interior Western
Arkansas 228
Iowa 903
Kansas 1,313
Missouri 3,301
Oklahoma 1,838
Texas NA
Western
Arizona
Colorado
N. Mexico 4,471
Utah 4,657
Washington 58
Wyoming 4,602
Northern Plains
Montana 1 , 020
N. Dakota 4,704
S. Dakota NA
1970

20,560
NA
72,502
1,615
55,351
90,220
8,237
35,016
144,072

65,119
22,263
52,803
NA

268
987
1,627
4,447
2,427
NA

132
6,025
7,361
4,733
37
7,222

3,447
5,639
NA
1965

13,597
76
29,414
1,180
42,024
70,162
1,859
10,155
102,666

135,889
34,841
36,895
205

2,396
6,522
20,738
78,760
3,302
14,880


80,754
61,427
27,808
5,885
120,722

221,702
350,698
2,031
Bituminous

1.5
.9
1.0
3.1
3.4
2.6
2.0
0.9
1.4

3.5
2.9
3.5
3.8

1.5
4.5
3.6
4.2
2.0
2.3


.7
.7
1.4
.7
.7

2.6.


Estimated Remaining Reserves
Average
Sub-Bitum Lignite Anthracite for State for Region
1.8
0.5 1.3 0.5 1.5
.9
1.0
3.1
3.4
0.5 2.0
2.0
0.5 0.9
1.4
3.4
3.5
2.9
3.3
3.8
3.7(4>
0.6 2.1 1.5
4.5
3.6
4.2
2.0
1.3 1.8
.8

•6 0.9 .7
•6 0.9 .6
I'3 1.4
.6 0.9 0.5 .6
•9 .8
.6
•6 .7 .7
.6 .6
.9 .9
(1)  Based on USBM I.C.8312,  Sulfur Content of U.S. Coals (1966).  See Appendix VIII.
(2)  USBM Minerals Yearbook-1969 and Preprint-1970.
(3)  Recalculated from Table  A-l using arbitrary mid-range values of 0.5 for 0.7% S or less,
       0.9 for 0.8-1.0,  1.3  for 1.1-1.5	3.8 for 3.6-4.0, and 4.5 for over 4.0.
(4)  Value of 4.5 is probably low for high ---ilfur reserves in Interior Western Region, and
       high in Interior  Eastern.
                                                                                                                       I
                                                                                                                       .e-

-------
                                 -  47  -
                           MM Short Tons     % of All Coals
                           1964     1970     1964      1970
            Anthracite       17       10      3.4       1.6
            Bituminous      484      597     96.0      97.4
            Lignite           3        6      0.6       1.0

          The geographical distribution for producing states and major
coal regions is shown graphically in Figure 3, for low-, medium-, and
high-sulfur coals.  In general, the Appalachian region produces low
to medium sulfur coals.  The Interior Eastern region which has been
extensively mined and the Interior Western region which is the next
most available in terms of distance from markets are both high in sul-
fur.  The Western and Northern coals are much lower in sulfur but less
accessible, and of lower rank.   This means that they are suitable for
local use, in remote areas,  but not for long distance transportation.

-------
                            Figure 3
West  Virginia..

Pennsylvania	

Kentucky	

Illinois	

Ohio		

Virginia	

Indiana	

Alabama	

Tennessee	

Other States.
^f&V&X-R&sdg'SSZft *  / ,
                 • '/'
^ssis^^^i / , /
                                              (Eastern 12%)
                                              (Western 88%)
                                       Hm High -sulfur  coals  (over  3.0 pet)
                                             Medium-sulfur coals (1.0 to 3.0 pet)
                                             Low-sulfur coals (1.0 pet  or less)
                                          i
                                                               JL
         20
                                   40
                                                                                         JL
120
140
                        60        80        100
                       PRODUCTION,  mil lion tons
Total Cool Production of All Ranks, by State and Sulfur Content, in the United States, in 1964.
                                                                                             oo
                                                                                             i
160

-------
                                  - 49 -
3.2  Mercury:  Averages and Extremes




          Mercury has received major attention  in the past two years




as a hazardous air pollutant, and concerted efforts have been made to




supply missing data on its analysis in fossil fuels.  Part of this con-




cern is based on the widely quoted but misleading statement that the




amount of mercury released to the environment by the burning of coal is




comparable to that emitted as waste from all industrial processes.   This




statement is taken from a 1971 article by Joensuu   .




          Joensuu states that "The analyses were performed on a




relatively small number of samples that are not representative", but




this qualification has been completely lost in subsequent references.




The difficulty starts in the original article, however.  The author




finds that his method of analysis is confirmed by agreement between




his average of .19 ppm for coals from Illinois (5 samples) and the




average value of  .18 ppm reported by the  Illinois State Geological




Survey (53 samples)   .  He then recognizes that his sampling of 36 U.S.




coals gives an average which is too high (3.3 ppm),  but apparently




gives his extreme values equal weight with the samples determined




elsewhere and chooses a "conservative estimate" of 1 ppm as typical




of all coal produced.  On this basis,  he calculates  3000 tons of mercury




per year as released by coal combustion,  worldwide,  and finds this  quantity




comparable to the 10,000 tons per year consumed industrially, most  of




which is eventually discarded to waste.  This is the origin  of  the




statement so widely quoted.  The more representative basis of .18 ppm




as typical for coals would give 540 tons of mercury  from combustion stacks




as against 10,000, which is less than "comparable" by an order of magnitude.

-------
                                  - 50 -
           Comprehensive studies of U.S. coals during 197L and 1972 have



 failed to find a single commercial supply which runs as high as 1 ppnr



 The newer methods of analysis have a limit of detection of about .01 -ppm.



 This is approximately the same by neutron activation and by flameless



 atomic absorption, using a double gold amalgamation procedure to remove



 interferences without loss of mercury (9).   Data which permit a good



 survey of  geographical distribution by producing region are presented



 in Table X.   These have been assembled by compiling results published



 by Illinois    , the Bureau of Standards^  ,  and USGS analyses for  the South

                  / Q\

 west Energy  Study   .  The range and average values reported by the State


 of Illinois  are close to the average for the U.S.  as a  whole,  possibly



 a  little high.   A proper U.S. average might  be close to .15 ppm.  This



 is almost  identical to results now being obtained  in studies at  the



 Oak Ridge  National Laboratories  in a  field survey  of coals  currently


 consumed in  various power  plants  by TVA



           The reason for this confusion lies  not in Joensuu's  method of


 analysis,  which is  reliable,  but  in the selection  of samples which



 are  essentially museum specimens,  and allowing them to  be  included



 in  a result  reported as  "average".  Joensuu's  analytical procedure



 is  confirmed  in a  1972  report on  "Mineral Matter and Trace  Elements



 in  U.S.  Coals"  prepared  for  the Office  of Coal Research by  Penn State


                                          (18 ^
University, which  supplied him his  samples     .  This report in turn



analyzes 57 samples  of  coal but identifies 41  of the 57 as  lithotypes,



selected for  their  interest as mineral  specimens.   Its conclusions as



to mineralogy are  instructive  and well  documented.  Unfortunately it

-------
                                        - 51 -
                                        TABLE 10


GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY
1971-72 RESULTS; PPM ON COAL
Analysis by
Neutron Activation N.A. + AA Flameless-AA
Region State
A Pennsylvania
Ohio
West Virginia
E. Kentucky
IE Illinois
Indiana
IW Missouri
N Montana
W Utah
Colorado
Wyoming
Arizona
Nevada
New Mexico

(Illinois) (D (N.B.S.)(2> (USGS-SW) <3) Average
.16, .28 .15 .20 (2.0*)
.10, .13, .15 .14, .28, .49 .21
.07, .18 .12 (6.6*)
(.25*)
.04-. 49 , .60, 1.15 .18 (.19*)
.08 .08 (.31*)
.19 .19
,06 .07, .09 .07 (33.*)
.04 .03-. 08 .05
.02, .02 .05 .03-. 06 .04 (.22*)
.03-. 06 .05 (18.6*)
.02 .06 .04-. 08 .05
.04-. 05 .05
.05-. 29, .15
.69, 1.20

Total
No. of
Samples
3
6
2

53



15
3
6
6
7
37

1.  Illinois State Geological Survey, Bulletin EGN-43 (1971).




2.  National Bureau of Standards (1972).




3.  Southwest Energy Study, Appendix J, (Draft Jan. 1972).






*   Values from Joensuu (1971) shown for  comparison, including lithotypes.

-------
                                 - 52 -
also constructs average  data by  coal  rank and area, and draws conclusions




based on a  comparison between whole coal in one area and  lithotypes in




another.  Any  conclusions drawn  on such a basis must be confirmed by




representative data from other sources, before they can be accepted.




          The  Southwest  Energy  Study  has made a  detailed  survey  of  the




mercury  content of  coals accessible to the  large  new power plants near




the 4-Corners  area.  This covered  ten mining locations and 75 samples.




Analyses were  made  by  the USGS  laboratory at Denver using an improved




method whose precision is ±  .01  ppm (see data in  Appendix III).  Coals




from nine locations ranged between  .03 and  .15 ppm of Hg  in all  samples




with an average of  .06 ppm,  and  .05 as the most frequent  value.  One




location in New Mexico showed an average of .23 ppm, based on 16 samples,




including two high values at .69 and  1.20 and 14  which ranged between




.04 and .29 ppm.  The five highest values from this mine  (.24,  .69,  1.20,




.20 and .29) were all from a set of 14 core drill samples which showed





anomalously high levels  for other metals (zinc and lead), and sample con-



tamination  is suspected.   While  additional data are required,  the average




for this mine from two other samples was .05 ppm.




          This study fully confirms on a smaller  scale the general




observation that the mercury content  in most coals is quite low,  less




than .2 ppm, and that occasional extremes as high as 1 ppm are limited




to a few specific locations.  Even where these extremes occur the average




Hg content  for the mine  is far below  the extreme, .23 in  this case vs 1.20,




and not necessarily much different from the average for other coals.

-------
                                  -  53  -
3.3  Data on Trace Elements




          The method of interpretation and presentation used for trace




elements in coal in this report proceeds element by element, for major




geographical regions, using the correlation concepts of variance and




extremes discussed above (Section 2.2).  Separate columns of data are




provided first for the USGS studies on the coal basis by Zubovic, et al,




giving his averages by area, the 904% range as defined for columnar bed




samples, and extremes beyond this range.  Analyses of the ash of




delivered coals are presented in a separate column, for comparison,




based primarily on the extensive data obtained by Abernethy, et al




on USBM samples.  Analyses both on a coal basis and on ash have been




augmented by data obtained from the Southwest Energy Study, and from




specific references as given for other elements.




          The data selected are summarized in Table XI.  Marked copies




of the USGS data (Bulletin 1117) are given in Table XII.  This shows




the specific data points selected as high and low values (underlined)




or as extremes (+) , or excluded as coal blocks representing less than




75% of a columnar sample (ticked).

-------
                                                                                      TABLE II

                                                            TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS,  (ppm),  BY  GEOGRAPHICAL REGION
                                                                                        (1)
                         Range of Analysis,  ppm on Coal
ELEMENT
(variance)
(3)
Hazardous
Be

5


F

3


A3


Averages (2)
by Region (1)
and Area

2.0-3.1
2.5
.64-2.3
1.5

50-120
50-100
65-120
65-160
65



90
for
+ °l. Range
Beds (4)
within Region

A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
I
SW

.6-4.1
.6-7.6
.1-5.5
<.1-3.1
.12-3.9
10-190
50-167
50-120
60-220
60-70
3-59
8-45
73
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)

11 (1:44)









114 (1:15)


                                               WC .  7. on Ash
Se


Cd


Hg





Pb
                               SW  .50-3.9
SW  .0-.06
.12-. 21
.13
.19

.07





A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
.07-
.04-
.19
.01-
.07-
4-14
8-14
4
5-10
7
.41
.49

.25
.09






.60-1.15

.47- .90

34
37
120-170



(2:55)

(2:74)






                                                                                Averages
                                                                              for States,
                                                                             by Region (6)
                                                                      A  .001-. 007
                                                                      IE .001-.004
                                                                      IW .000-.001
                                                                      SW .0002-.001
                                                                      N  .000-.001
                                                                      A  0 (33%)-.016
                                                                      I  0 (397.)--012
                                                                      W  0 (887.)-.007
                                         c.005
                                                                                                   Comments
                                                                      Wide variability from block to block within a  bed.
                                                                      Regional effects observed,  concentration higher near the
                                                                        edge of a bed or basin,  less in center.
                                                                      Be higher in organic fraction of coal,  low in  associated
                                                                        mineral fraction.

                                                                      Mostly narrow range; high  in some western  areas.
                                                                      Not  distinctive,  marked local high concentrations (arsenopyrites) .
                                                                        wide range in each area.
Very little data; associated with mineral fraction (selenopyrites) ,
  probably higher in eastern coals.

Very little data:  regularly less than detection limit of  .0057.
  on ash by spectrographic analysis.

Widely distributed at low levels, except beds near Hg ore bodies
  can reach very high concencration; selected mineral specimens
  (lithotypes) of 1-33 ppm reported from Pa., W. Va., Wyo., Mont.
                                                                      A  .001-.008 .014-.332  (3:39)   Narrow  range  except  for  beds  near  Pb  ore  bodies.
                                                                      IE .007-.028
                                                                      IW .003-.020
                                                                      W  .001-.004
                                                                      N  .002-.004

-------
                                                          TABLE  II  (Cont'd)
Range of Analysis, ppm on Coal
ELEMENT
(variance)
(3)
Others
(Coal Basis)
B
6

V
2

Cr
2

Co 3.5
2

Ni

Cu
1.5
Averages (2)
by Region (1)
and Area
22-55
96
18-73
116
19-25
35
17-22
16
11-15
20
12-17
7
4.1-6.7
3.8
4.4-5.4
2.7
9.7-20
15
11-24
7
14-17
11
11-13
15
90 + "/. Range
for Beds (4)
within Region
A 4-56
IE 13-198
IW 2.5-180
N 78-201
A 2.4-44
IE 8.7-67
IW 4.7-44
N 5.3-29
A 4.1-25
IE 5-54
IW 4.4-38
N 2.6-19
A .5-12
IE 1.2-10
IW .4-16
N .7-7
A 2.4-37
IE 5-37
IW 1.1-47
N 1.5-15
A 3.4-37
IE 3.1-25
IW 2.9-37
SW 1-15
N 2.8-16
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)
72 (1:44)
4 (1:47)
356 (1:12)
96,182 (2:44)
69,71 (2:52)

32 (1:44)
61 (1:52)

16,19 (2:73)
44 (1:52)

46 (1:44)
46 (1:34)

47 (1:12)
Wt.  % on Ash
                                                       Averages
                                                     for States,
                                                    by Region (6)
                                             A  .014-.056
                                             IE .069-.080
                                             IW .018-.083
                                             SW .020-.070 .15-.20 (8:71)
                                             N  .034-.048

                                             A  .023-.042
                                             IE .030-.034
                                             IW .015-.038
                                             SW .005-.015
                                             N  .009-.010

                                             A  .014-.026
                                             IE .018-.025
                                             IW .015-.030
                                             SW .002-.010
                                             N  .002-.003

                                             A  .014-.021
                                             IE .013-.023
                                             IW .023-.055
                                             SW .001-007
                                             N  .006

                                             A  .013-.028
                                             IE .017-.031
                                             IW .033-.077
                                             W  .005-.Oil
                                             N  .001-.003

                                             A  .008-.016
                                             IE .007-.010
                                             IW .006-.015
                                             W  .005-.012
                                             N  .001-.003
                                                    Comments
                       Wide variations  esp.  in bottom layer,  from B picked  up
                         from soil by coal-forming plants  during  growth.
                       Concentration high in  low rank coals.
                       Not distinctive  (i.e.,  no marked  geographical  correlations)
                       Not distinctive.
                       Not  distinctive

                       Co/Ni may be associated with  pyrites,  as  the sulfides
                       Not  distinctive;  picked  up  more  easily  than  Co by  coal-foaming
                         plants.   May be increased markedly, with other  trace  elements,
                         in weathered coals  (X  in  Figure  4).
                       Not  distinctive;  occasional  high  values  found  in  selected
                         mineral  specimens  (lithotypes) .

-------
                                   TABLE 11 (Cont'd)
on Coal
                              Wt.  7. on  Ash
ELEMENT Averages (2)
(variance) by Region ( 1)
(3) and Area
Zn




Ga




Ge




Mo




Sn




Y




La




4.4-12
44*
5 22-53*

59*
4.1-6.8
4.1
4 1.4-3.7

5.5
3.3-9.6
13
>10 1-22

1.6
1.5-5.8
4.3
4 2.6-4.3

1.7
(.l)-.9
1.5
(3) .6-1.6


9.6-22
7.7
3 7.2-7.9

13
8.3-11
5. 1
3 2.9-7.2

9.5
90 + 7, Range
for Beds (4)
within Region
A 0-36
IE 0-53
IW 0-35
SW 1-17
N 0-23
A 1.3-12
IE 1.5-8
IW .5-7.3

N 1.0-13
A 0-18
IE .4-27
IW 0-30

N 0-7
A -4-8.7
IE .6-8.5
IW 0-7.3

N .1-3.4
A 0-2.1
IE .1-5
IW 0-5

N .2-4.3
A 6.6-28
IE 1-13
IW 1.7-27

N 1.0-27
A 0-25
IE .2-24
IW 0-37

N 0-22
Bed Extremes
(occurrence)
(5)

72-600 (5:34)
230,290 (2:52)

331 (1:12)

11,18 (2:34)
19 (1:52)



38 (1:34)
45,48 (2:52)

15 (1:12)
18,42 (2:44)
12-18 (3:34)
12,16 (2:52)



22 (1:47)



41,42 (2:44)
33 (1:34)
35,48 (2:52)



36 (1:34)
84 (1:52)



A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
SW
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
A
IE
IW
W
N
Averages
for States,
bv Region (6)
.020- .029
.051- .120
.019-. 133
.010-. 043
.025- .034
.002- .010
.003-. 004
.002 -.007
.001- .005
.002- .004
.001-. 006
.008- .014
.001- .013
.001- .003
.001-. 003
.002- .012
.005-. 008
.005- .013
.001- .003
.003- .004
.001- .006
.001-. 005
.001-. 002
.001-. 002
.001
.005-. 022
.009-. 014
.010- .013
.005-. 010
.006
.010-. 018
.011-. 017
.010-. 013
.005-. 015
.010
                                                                                 Comments
                                                    *0lder  high  values are suspect, because of frequency and ease of
                                                       contamination  of samples  in  the  field.  More accurate data show
                                                       some  correlations with  high  concentrations near Zn ore bodies.
                                                     No geographical  areas  of  concentration;  low  in  the Arkansas/
                                                       Oklahoma  area,  far  from source  rocks.
                                                     Accumulates in  fly  ash, where  normal ^60 ppm may be useful as a
                                                       mineral  source.
                                                     High variability between  top/bottom  layers  of  coal and  center  of
                                                       the bed;  can give  higher  average  for  thin or lenticular beds.
                                                     Coal fly ash (X>50 ppm) may be  a  useful mineral source.
                                                     Only element whose enrichment  correlated with U in  spot  locations,
                                                       in USGS/AEC studies;  variance would change to 3 by excluding  one
                                                       extreme value (in Alabama)  from average for A.
                                                     Uniform, small amounts;  high values in occasional lithotypes.
                                                     Y/La ratio is more significant than absolute values;  ratio
                                                       decreases linearly ( 3:1 to 1:1)  with distance of coal bed
                                                       from source rocks during formation.'
                                                     Quite uniform as a percent on ash.

-------
                                                                                    TABLE 11 (Cont'd)
  ELEMENT
( var iancc)
    (3)

U
  Others
(Ash Basis)
Li
Sc
Mn
Sr
 Averages (2)
by Region (I)
   and Area
                         Range of Analysis, ppm on Coal
                                                                Wt. 7. on Ash
 90 + 7. Range
 for Beds (4)
within Region

A   10
IE  10
W   10-160
N   50-240
   Bed Extremes
   (occurrence)
	(5)

60, 70
80
620
   Averages
 for States,
by Region (6)
Yb

Bi
                                                        A   .014-.106
                                                        IE  .017-.039
                                                        IW  .005-.030
                                                        W   .010-.028
                                                        N   .010-.022

                                                        A   .006-.014
                                                        IE  .007-.008
                                                        IW  .004-.005
                                                        W   .001-.009
                                                        N   .003-.005

                                                        A   .003-.054
                                                        IE  .020- .062
                                                        IW  .015-.043
                                                        SW  .005-.020  .070, .20 (2:71)
                                                        N   .030-.046

                                                        A   .051-.154
                                                        IE  .058-.070
                                                        IW  .060-.075
                                                        W   .040-. 092
                                                        N   .061-.066

                                                        A   .045-.127
                                                        IE  .029-.047
                                                        IW  .015-.100
                                                        SW  .030-.500
                                                        N   .265-. 300

                                                            .0003-.0011

                                                            .0001-.0002
                                                                                                                    Comments
                                                                                          Mostly none, or in bottom few inches only
                                                                                          Same
                                                                                          Uraniferous coals average 30 ppm, thin top layers higher.
                                                                                          Large tonnages of lignite at 80 ppm, occasional beds as
                                                                                          high as 2-5% uranium or ash.
                                                                                                     Variable, probably depending on water contact.
                                                                                                     Wider range in western coals.
                                                                                                     Coal ash is a possible source,  in view of scarcity of ores.
                                                                                                     Uniformly present  in small amounts; wide  range  in lithotypes.
                                                                                                     Narrow range, usually correlates with Ci
                                                                                                     Uniformly present; high values  in  lignites presumably
                                                                                                       related to regional Ba concentrations.
                                                                      Present widely in low amounts.

                                                                      Uniformly present in very low amounts.

-------
                                  -  58 -
Footnotes:

(1)  A  = Appalachian  (Pa, Md, Va, W. Va, Ohio, Eastern Ky, Tenn, Ala)
     IE = Interior-Eastern (Illinois, Indiana, Western Kentucky)
     IW = Interior-Western (Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas)
     W  = Western (Rocky Mountain and Pacific)
     SW = 4 Corners Area (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah)
     N  = Northern Plains (Montana, North and South Dakota)

(2)  Averages by regions or areas, coal basis, from USGS Bulletin 1117.

(3)  Ratio of highest  to lowest averages, for regions or areas.

(A)  Range for 90% or more of beds (of which 75% or more of coal in a
     columnar sample was analyzed), omitting extreme values which appear
     to be exceptional.

(5)  Occurrence given as a ratio of number of extreme values reported to
     total number of beds (of which 75% or more was analyzed).

(6)  Ash values mostly from USBM RI 7281 and Southwest Energy Study, rounded
     to three significant figures.

-------
                                      -  59  -
                                    TABLE  12


 COMPARISON  OF  COALS  FJIOM  VARIOUS  REGIONS  OF
                           THE  UNITED STATES
     Average minor-clement  contents, in parts  per million,  of coals  from
                various regions of the United States
Element
Be 	
li 	
Ti 	
V 	
Cr 	
Co 	 	
Ni 	
Cu 	
Zn 	

Northern
Great
I'lnins
province
1 5
11C
590
1C
7
2. 7
7. 2
15
59

Eastern
Interior
region
2 5
96
450
:t5
20
3. 8
15
11
44

Appa-
lachian
region
2 5
25
340
21
13
f>. 1
14
15
7 6

Element
G;i
Go
Mo
8n
Y
La




Northern
(ire:it
Plains
province
5 5
1 0
1 7
9
13
9 5


13 42

Eastern
Interior
region
4 1
13
4 3
1 5
7 7
5 1


fi 16

Anna-
indium
region
4 q
5 8
3 5
4
14
9 4


fi 1 1

     Average minor-element content*,  in parts per million,  of coal from S
                  areas of the Appalachian region
Area
Northern (Ohio,
Md., Pu.) 	
Central (Ky.,
Northern Tonn.)..-
Soulhcrn (Aln.) 	

13e

2.4
3.1
2.0

D

65
22
24

Ti

407
340
350

V

21
19
25

Cr

15
11
14

Co

4.7
4.1
0 7

Nl

20
9.7
15

Cu

15
14
17

7:0

12
4.4
8 0

Oa

C.8
4.5

Clo

9.6
3.3

Mo

3.8
1.5

So

0.1
.9

Y

22
9.6

La

8.3
11

      Comparison of the average minor-element content of coal from the Western
           and Eastern regions of the Interior coal province
                                [In parts per million]

Element
Be .
B
TI .
V
Cr 	
Co 	
Nl 	
Cu 	
Zn,. . .
Oa
Oe 	
Mo
Sn 	
Y 	
La

Ash 	 	 	


Oklahoma-
Arkansas
basin
(32 samples)
0 64
18
250
17
12
4 4
n
11
2°
1 4
1 0
2 6
1 0
7 2
7 2

• 5 11

Western region
Iowa, Missouri,
North
Oklahoma
(12 samples)
2 3
73
260
22
17
5 4
24
13
i 52
3 7
2°
4 3
Q
7 9
2 9

i 7 45


Total Western
re&lon
(44 samples)

33


13
4 6



2 0
ft. 8

1 3

6 5

8 5 75

Eastern region
(47 samples)


















' High zinc samples Mo-T-M (loc. 5, Bg. 2) and Mo-P-T (loc. 4. fig. 2) not included in average.
' Asli content, in weight percent.

-------
                                                 -  60  -
                      lil.EMEKTS IN AMliUICAN  COALS     APPALACHIAN REGION

                              —Average minor-clr.nicnl content of the columnar samples of coal
|O, hc!u\\- limit of dried ii:n; leaders imileutc nodoia for clement; •. nut urcd In computing icgloiial overages.  Location of samples shown in table 1)
Sample
O-L-MK. .
O-Mnl-.MK
O-SK-.MK 	
O-SCn-MK
O-SII-MK
OAV-MK 	
O-M-LK 	
0-Mus-LK
O-Mal-LK 	
O-Me-LK 	
O-P-LK 	
O-SCu-LK.
O-SCii-LK 	
O-SCn-I.K 	
O-SH-LK 	
0-T-LK 	
I'n-l'i-LK 	
M'
2. M
3.13
10. 22
8. ei
7.68
6.56
3. 12
2. S3
1.47
3.43
7.93
3.8Q
4.9.S
3. :tO
4.47
\i. OL
3.58
3.63
7.54
5.78
13.77
4.85
4.87
3.02
1.71
4.05
3.15
4. 89
4.42
4.61
5.62
5.88
2.86
5.69
Averages (purls per million in coal)
lie
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.5
2.G
4.0
2.4
2.0
-4:i
1.3
2 4
3.2
•f -J
1.8
3.7
2.4
1.2
1.3
.8
1.1
4.4
3.0
.9
1.1)
— 10.1
.9
.8
2.1
l.f.
4.0
2.0
2.3
1.8
.7
2.3
+ 11
.6
.1
l.f.
2.3
— 11
2.3
.3
2.2
-I"
-. 8
— 4.6
1.9
2.2
2.1
2.0
2.3
1 2
1.6
1.4
1.8
3.2
1.3
3.8
.0
2.0
2.4
1. 1
1. 1
.8
1.2
1.4
4. 1
2.0
3.0
li
26
29
33
- 132"



_£6




	
41
17
2S
l.S
13
15
8.5
Id
4.7
20
'-•S
l(i
17
25
33
IS
IS
49
15
5. f>
50
27
16
19
4.6
C.6
6.2
*f
5.8
5.1
0.3
10
4.2
7.7
3.9
n.o
31
11
40
34
•*• 72
33
55
19
7.4
- 63
9.4
25
53
39
1.2
1.7
12
TI
510


830
590
130

3W
110

320
331)
G.M)
GOO
USD
aoo
4W
170
2GO
370
420
240
17(1
2.11)
350
330
410
no
170
110
370
200
92
170
540
S70
;<;>;i
270
140
168
120
440
310
2SO
610
130
230
2SO
120
330
240
370
600
940
ISO
130
110
530
120
270
320
590
350
180
80
400
V
23
14
fr-
31
41
12
24
17
11
12
17
24
42
11
IS
21)
33
L'l
19
25
13
- 52
30
9.7
16
10
10
14
1). 7
.0.4
12
16
12
20
M
11
11
15
17
39
32
23
15
10
7.5
13
3li
34
12
-to
IS
11
9')
20
15
33
37
41
2.1
24
20
19
10
11
38
33
35
18
5.7
15
Cr
21
S.S
4*
19
- 45
12
17
12
14
13
S. 4
15
17
4.7
II
+ •'•:
u
1.1
14
y. G
17
17
U. 5
8.2
11.4
10
11
5, .1
4.U
11
9.1
0.9
7.0
8.4
5.7
7. G
fi.6
5.0
7.S
— 25
19
15
1(1
5.0
6.7
0.4
17
- 2.S
ft 4
22
7.0
14
8.6
11
12
9.5
16
24
11
0.4
6.8
12
6.6
12
16
Ifl
14
23
11
8.9
Co
9.2
l.S
2!5
2.9
7.4
1.9
4.8
4.U
4.1
8.1
2.0
2.4
8.0
5.5
3.2
3 2
12
S. 5
4.5
4.1
3.8
1.5
(i.O
4^5
9.3
1.3
J.O
>f
2.9
5. 1
4.1
1.8
4.1
8.1
2.0
4.5
3.7
8.4
1.6
3.0
2.7
1.3
8.2
4.7
f-19
23
3.5
7.0
2.5
7.9
3.8
3.6
2.7
4.5
4.2
4.7
3.9
3.5
3.2
•M6
3.3
3.9
2.C
8.2
4.7
11
5.3
2.9
4.7
Nl
H5
t*
9.9
31
23"'
22
f 46
15
23
19
32
«a°
7. y
2S
15
1-J
8.7
ti. I
14
la.
S.9
y.s
7.0
4.0
2.8
7.2
121
15
6.7
8.1
7.9
fi.8
8.4
IG
5.C
5.3
11
7.3
6.1
C.3
C.6
9.0
9.0
20
- 38
6.4
25
8.8
10
8.5
si. 5
19
15
21
12
11
0.3
15
8.5
S.O
9.4
14
1.1
11
12
6.7
11
Cu
21
11
&-
12
20
20
11
16
20
14
17
16
19
6.0
12
17
15
10
21
10
8.0
13
12
11
14
11
14
10
0.9
6.3
21
11
20
26
10
8.1
1(5
12
6.7
29
17
5.3
4.7
31
14
9.1
-»
12
31
14
21
7.6
18
6.3
9.9
27
11
11
7.2
18
10
35
14
13
8.8
10
14
4.1
2.3
8.9
Zn
17
30
A-
0
27
6.2
5.6
2.1
15
5.7
0
2.1
14
0
0.7
-^
15
0
0
0
0
2.7
1.0
2.7
0
0
4.0
0
16
32
0
1.2
0
0
0
0
2.3
6.1
23
15
0
0
0
1.8
6.3
22
- 51
6.6
8.5
0
- 39
0 >
"6
0
0
6.3
0
0
0
0
2.0
1.4
0
10
0
3.8
0
0
11
0
Ga
7.5
6.1
«•
6.5
- 15
5.1
11
7.7
7.4
0.2
6.5
5.7
-^.2
3.4
4.3
G. 2
5. •>
5. 1
4.7
2. G
7.0
6.9
3.8
5.2
- 12
2.6
4.0
2.6
2.0
11
4.3
S.G
3.5
2.5
2.7
si
2.0
2.7
S.3
3.5
3.8
4.5
2.2
1.7
1.8
5.7
5.3
2.6
6.6
2.4
6.7
2.5
7.3
3.6
1.8
3.0
6.9
6.5
3.0
1.4
3.4
4. 1
1.2
1.5
6.1
4.0
2.8
2.9
1.4
2.8
Gc
6.3
6.3
Jl.O
3.8
4.0
- 49
5.3
15
13
5.7
14
5.0
0.5
14
5.7
7.0
3.7
0.4
0.8
.6
4.b
.7
5.6
1.2
4.2
5.5
3.0
.7
2.7
1.7
2.2
11
1.1
2.5
1.5
.1
r.i
-q
0
1.0
14
5.6
3.0
0
1.2
.4
.5
.4
15
.1
2.0
.2
3.7
4.5
4. 1
2.4
*r
7.9
1.2
-60.0
.8
16
1.5
.4
.7
7.5
.3
0
12
1.1
1.7
Mo
5.3
1.2
1.3
1.2
1.3
2.6
+ is"
8.0
3.5
1.2
5.3
5.' 7
l.S
4.0
.9
1.2
l.S
1.0
1.0
1.8
2.1
.8
.8
.9
.3
.7
1.3
1. 1
1.2
1.3
1.0
.6
1.3
2.0
.7
24
3.0
3.2
5.0
1.3
0
.8
4.4
1.4
5.2
-*s
5.6
5.8
1.9
5.5
2.4
2.5
2.2
1.8
8.2
1.7
1.4
3.1
2.9
*>42
5.5
2.1
5.6
2.4
3.9
6.9
1.2
1.4
1.4
Sn
-8-
0
0
0
0
c
.7
0
0
0
0
1.0
0
0
0
I)
0
1.0
i.a
.&
.4
1.6
.7
0
.7
1.6
O I
— ¥o
1.0
.4
0
.4
.6
1.0
.4
.4
,:S
2.0
.1
0
0.2
0
0
0
0
.2
2
o"
1.1
1.6
0
.7
.5
0
.9
0
0
0
0
0.1
.7
.4
.3
.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
Y
23
19
£41
•a
00
20
14
23
1C
°5
24
21
Oi>
IS
18
+ 42
C. 7
11
8.4
S. 1
14
11
8.8
8.8
21
10
9.3
S. 2
5.5
11
6.7
11
12
8. C
0.0
8.6
4.9
2. r.
7.0
14
18
15
6.4
13
*fr
HS
n.C
16
11
18
11
13
10
12
23
13
13
11
11
8.7
12
5.5
13
7.9
8.2
13
23
5.7
11
I.a
17
4.0
6.0
Hf
•1.0
•i.o
lu-
12
0
1.8
2.1
4 7
0
12
'H
i;. 7
I-.'
14
S.O
5 7
9.7
0.0
7.2
- L'3
11
S.4
3.4
4.9
11
9.0
in
13
8.5
3.6
7.1
10
6.1
6.9
*>o
- 37
15
13
3.1
5.3
9.6
1.1
9.6
13
5.2
11
7.3
2.9
11
14
14
8.9
6.8
4.9
5.0
7.5
8.9
6.0
6.3
11
10
14
12
5.7
12
  MINOR  ELEMENTS  IN AMERICAN  COALS
                                                         NOIlTIIEnN GUF.AT  PLAINS  COAL  PROVINCE
                    -Areal distribution of the elements, in parts per million, of groups of bed samples
                                           [0, below limit o/detection]
Locality
(ns. 2)
1
'2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11-12
14
15

Hcds nvcraKud '"r lut locality
Mm:l-Al Mont-CMT 	
Munt-B, Mon'-Su 	
Mom-S.. 	 	
Mom-kll-F, Moilt-O-F, Mollt-P-
1 to Mum-H-.! 	
Mom-K,-Ho. X— Ko Mont-N-Ro,
Moill-Cl-llM, Voiu-Kc-CC 	
Mont-KC-3
MoiU-G.S-10.Xll to MuliI-'JS-lOilO..
N,l>-p.\--N. NU-LiX-fii/.V, KD-
N~L>-Cu-GC
ND-^KK-IJu, NU-r ^iisT4 to K'D-
Wyo-Mo-M0 	
Wyo-Ch-Ile-i 10 Wyu-Ch-ile-43

Be
3J
— rfi
1.5
1.1
2.6
.11
irr~
.50
1.4
1.1
.12
.34

D
08.4
82.3
(-356
97.2
91.2
139

78.3
201—




Ti
776
1,140
357
620
251
269

206
95. 1




V
16 6
29.3
—TST2
27.4
11.6
13.5
14.6
8.3
5 3
13 4
8 0
20 5

Cr
6 5
8.7
4.1
10.9
5.9
5.0
19.2
3.7
3 0
8 4
2 6
CT

Co
6 8
— T2
1.7
1.5
2.2
.63
snr
2.2
1 8
3 0
88
3.4

Nl
11 2
4 4
4 0
9 1
3.2
3.0
3.7
2.7
2 9
10 8
1 5
iTT

Cu
9 7
15.8
V 0
•f 47.5
10.6
10.8
9.2
7.9
2 8
9 9
7 i
rrr

Zn
23 2
— T)
TJ —
0
0
0
0
0
0
f331
14 8
0

Qa
13 2
— BTO
3.4
11.2
4.5
1.3
8.41
3.0
86
3 0
1 3
3 7

Qe
14 9
l-Te
1.3
.8
2.1
0

2.0
3 i
46
0
0

Mo
0 58
1.3
2 1
2 6
.9
1.3
2.0
2.4
] 4
50
10
3T

Gn
3 9
3 4
4 3
4
.23
1.0

0
inr

o
o

Y

2Q. 7
"Tffi
8 7
9.3
2 8
15 8
8 8
4 4
13 3
1 0


La


~T§3

10.6








-------
                                          -  61  -
Average content of 15 minor elements in coal of individual coal-bed columns from the Eastern Interior coal region
                [0, below limit of detection; • overage of column not used in compiling averages, table 7]
Locality
(fle. 0
1
2
3
4 	
8A
5B
6 	
7A 	
7B
g
9
10
u
12A
12B 	
13
14
15
16 ...
17A
17B 	
18
19
20 	
21 	
22 ...
23 	
24 	
25 	
26 	
27 ...
28A
28B . .
29 	
30 	
Coal column
1U-D-7
lll-Ha-7
lll-A-6
IH-C-6 	
Ill-H-5
III-M-6- 	
lll-Mn-8' 	
lll-Mn-5'
Ill-OB-6
III-Ha-6
Ill-1'w-li
Ill-S-6*
lll-TrB-6 	
Ill-TrU-5' 	
III-TrP-6- 	
Hl-V-6'
Ill-BH-5* 	
Ill-BiW-5'..-
III-E-5
II1-F.-2. .' 	
1I1-F-5
111-0-5
Ill-H-5
Ul-S-5
Ill-Tr-5
lll-W-S
III-B-2 	
III-A-1 	
Ill-P-1 	
Ill-T-1
IIl-S-DcK 	
III-S-Da 	
III-P-Mu
11I-P1I-LW...
Per-
centapc
ottrtd
analyzed
61.2
100
100
100
90.6
100
	 12.6
— 11.2
100
	 30
83.1
	 12.1
too
	 26
	 4.5
— 20.6
— 32^6
100
100
100
94,7
100
— 25.3
— 57.1
100
ICO
95.3
100
94.6
— 62.3
96.5
100
100
Average
asb
(percent)
3.62
4.40
7.27
6.83
4.35
9.16
9.05
16.51
6.10
3.47
0.57
4.73
8.65
5.06
10.27
19.92
7.6
11.87
13. GO
6.08
5.30
6.03
4.17
3.22
8.39
7.57
7.23
5.57
6.99
5.96
6.88
7.67
4.35
4.07
3.90

Be
3.2
1.9
2.0
1.8
1.4
2.3
1.2
5
1.2
1.0
1.8
1.4
2.C
1.7
2.1
4.0
1.3
2.2
1.7
2.6
2.3
1.1
.8
1.9
1.6
4.3
1.3
3.1
1.9
2.2
5.7
i.e
2.7
B
1S3
133
165
35
228
IG7
20
113
-200
131
S3
93
37
100
$2
37
46
100
ISO
128
35
126
138
168
73
76
149
43
23
44
17
Average (parts per million)
Tl
354
382
333
447
398
289
297
134
348
418
278
613
476
642
209
309
420
351
306
149
523
409
469
743
329
352
163
236
270
354
377
313
330
336
V
11.9
22.5
20.1
23.0
20.2
24.3
28.6
110
1,281
25.5
34.7
2.1.0
32.8
M2
15.6
43.3
484
407
17.0
10.2
20.5
S3.-7
16.2
45.8
13.3
19.1
19.6
15.5
28.8
23.7
29.7
20.9
17.9
22.2
Cr
10.1
19.3
21.7
23.7
23.2
21.0
20. 6
63.4
CIO
17.0
24.5
IE. G
27.4
26.4
18.3
16.6
179
109
61.8
17.6
8.8
17.5
11.9
14.2
22.0
16.8
14.7
8.0
12.2
17.9
27.3
22.1
11.8
8.7
14.2
Co
1.9
1.8
3.2
2.5
3.4
1.5
8.2
2.3
2.4
2.4
3.5
1.8
22.4
2.2
7.1
S.O
15.1
9.0
2.7
2.0
10.2
1.6
1.6
1.7
3.6
1.7
-H-
1.9
4.8
10.3
2.4
3.9
1.5
4.2
Nl
6.0
S.2
14
18.8
23.7
5.7
31.1
27.0
101
13.7
10.9
10.0
35.5
10.1
17.2
41.8
12.2
79.4
20.2
10.6
•He.o
8.0
6.0
10.2
25.4
5.6
5!4
18.1
24.4
7.2
17.0
6.7
21.8
Cu
ll!?
16.6
10.6
9.8
23.2
15.1
1.8
6.4
— 41.4
6.9
22.0
8.8
15.8
12.9
11.1
41.7
10.4
15.9
22.6
«.7
7.6
6.4
20.0
9.8
12.7
10.7
11.2
7.6
4.7
6.6
7.7
Za
.2-
-JH
+ 90.7
74.9
42.7
12.2
2.7
-268
1.6
388
33.6
27.8
5,570
233
323
f-415
35.3
16.2
11.1
18.0
0
10.9
2.1
2.9
7.9
H30
3.7
. 14.3
+ 72
2.2
10.2
On
2.4
13.0
3.8
4.5
3.2
2.7
3.4
2.7
1.2
2.3
7.1
2.9
3.6
1.7
4.2
.1
5.7
5.0
2.6
3.0
2.4
2.4
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.2
2.9
3.6
2.6
4.4
3.2
3.4
2.3
1.9
4.1
Oc
4.5
14.1
12
10.7
23.6
20.2
20.5
19.2
30.0
3.9
-34.2
9.4
16.2
6.0
24.4
40.7
18.0
33.8
17.4
14.5
4! 9
8.8
6.5
13.4
10.7
23.8
4.7
18.7
16.6
9.0
5.7
ri-
Mo
0.8
1.5
8.2
8.1
4.9
3.2
3.4
18.7
73.2
1.1
3.5
6.8
9.6
4.1
2.2
1.0
9.3
3.2
16.7
.6
1.4
2.6
2.8
.6
1.2
2.2
3.0
.6
5.2
6.3
2.3
3.6
1.5
1.8
1 1
En
0.6
.3
2.3
1.4
.8
0
0
1.1
0
1.9
.8
;*
:
.3
1.2
0
1.8
.7
1.4
.3
.6
.1
0
.8
.1
0
Y
6.1
4.6
3.8
4.2
4.3
5.7
9.2
1C. 1
4.9
3.6
- 17.7
5.8
10.2
8.0
8.6
4.0
5.0
16.2
4.8
1.0
6.9
4.1
3.3
3.3
fi.O
4.5
S.O
9.0
7.1
6.9
9.8
- 11.5
12.7
6.8
K n
La
0.9
2.3
.32
1.2
3.6
.5
12.5
5.2
0
7.4
2.0
4.2
29.2
IB! 3
9.9
2.0
8.8
7.1
0
0
ft
3.1
7.8
0
.4
l.i
It. 4
6.4
7 7
31 	
32
33
34
35 -
36 	
37
38
39
40
41 	
42A 	
42B 	
43A 	
43B 	
44A 	
440
45 	
46
47X 	
47B 	
4S
43
60 	
61

Ind-L-Vrt....
Ind-S-VI
iiici-n-vi
Ind-p-V ....
Ind-S-V 	
Ind-C-IIl'....
Iud-II-III
lud-M-M
Ind-Hl-LU .
Ind-Qc
Ky-Co-14 	
Ky-E-14 	
Ky-H-tl' 	
Ky-Ho-12'....
Ky-no-11*....
Ky-U-Il 	
Ky-U-9 	
Ky-BO-9 	
Ky-F-9 	
Ky-Qt-0 	
Ky-Gr-9 	
Ky-OH-9
Ky-PR-9 ....
Ky-Sch-9'....
Ky-SH-9 	
Ky-Wl-0 	
Ky-D-6 	
100
SO.l
— 58.1
— 20.9
92.7
— 20.6
100
100
— 50
100
100
— 42.4
— 32.7
— 21.7
— 14.7
91.9
— 44.1
.... ------
— 68.5
— 30.9
•M
100
	 34.0
100
100
100
8.12
7.40
4.52
10.52
4.37
13.83
4.71
7.15
8. S3
9.21
3.90
10.91
15.10
13.05
8.44
3.87
6.47
6.70
11.72
8.95
6.49
2.26
4.55
10.78
7.51
8.9G
3.43
6.1
4.0
1.4
3.6
1.4
6.6
6.8
3.7
4.7
7.6
2.4
3.1
1.0
.6
1.6
1.7
1.3
2.0
2.0
3.6
2.3
2.5
1.9
4.4
2.5
2.2
1.6
46
112
65
46
106
84
91)
85
85
20
167
31
31
40
93
142
91
134
46
42
174
4.0
28.6
43
24
125
42
805
814
228
SVO
493
780
436
442
1,240
1,080
379
617
1,790
733
416
320
4S4
134
490
1,400
47S
63
400
670
830
652
101
43
23.2
12.7
30.7
30.9
05
20.7
12.8
33.2
f 67.4
26.8
62.4
81.5
35
32.5
2S.2
23.1
2.0
-222
41.9
21.6
4.5
39
27
[*182
•+ 90. 4
8.7
28.5
21.1
10.4
22.5
14.1
32
14.4
11.0
26.5
40.4
25.9
31.6
73
39
19.1
16.9
1C. 4
4.0
46.2
46.4
19.5
7.7
16.6
30
23
«J_
7.1
4.8
1.4
3.2
1.6
20.8
'fl-1
!.?
- 18.8
1.6
4.7
— 11.4
8.2
16
4.4
2.5
1.9
.6
2.3
6.0
2.9
.9
1.3
6.4
4.6
3.1
6.9
31.1
28.3
6.7
10.2
10.0
26.6
374

8.4
20.8
25.2
23.6
53. 1
23.9
15.8
H
13.8
2.7
32
IS. 6
27.3
6.6
5.8
21.4
10
13.1
10.2
14
10.9
10.8
16.8
14.0
16.1
10. 1
10.0
19.7
14.6
13.3
12.4
20.4
13.6
12.1
11.1
3.4
12.7
6.6
13.6
5.3
4.4
6.6
11.4
7.9
31.5
5.6
1.8
81.7
,4
52.7
20.2
5
33. 4
0
5.7
29.7
110
3.9
1.4
0
13. 4
0
18. 3
11
9.0
18.6
62,8
18.3
4.7
8.1
H:,
1.9
4.7
2.7
9.4
6.9
6
6.3
+ 17.6
3.8
8.7
8.3
6.0
4.5
3.4
.7
3.9
5.2
4.2
- 11.3
3.2
6.2
4.1
4.3
1.6
23.6
15. 6
. 03
7
6. 6
6.8

13.8
13. 9
ff-37. 5
3.0
15.9
4.4
18.7
5.0
13.5
0
17.4
13. 3
39
11.8
5.2
9.6
16.3
6.5
5.3
.9



3.9
1. 1
1.2
.9
+ 13.0
3.0
- 9.2
6.6
15.9
t 18
- 11.9
6.7
6.3

3.2
2.7
8.5
f 11.7
6.2
1.6
2.2
1.2



0


0

+21.0
1.5
0
0
.6
2.0
0

1.4
4.5
0
_£°
.8
1.4
7.7
10.9
SB


27.7
4 a




^3
MQ
11.3
9.8
6.8
6.0
2ft
6.7
60

6.1
- 13.6
9.2
in A
6.8
6.3
8.1
3.1
5.4
8 A
n n
3 IE

0
7Q


3Q

5.0
4.2
1 7
9.1
2.9
2.1
.9
2.6
C7

- 10.8
I.S
U~
e.e
9.3
.4

-------
                                                            -  62  -
(All averages In pares per m!
             WESTERN INTERIOR AND SOUTHWESTERN REGION

illllon  Avernccs circulated by using tero for clement cooionis below limit ol detection; averoees In parentheses wort CB!
       tlioOcScllon limit or onch element not dewctoil.  Location and description ol sample! given In table 1|
                                                                                                                Iculatod by mint one-half of
Ixiciility
(fig. 2)

^^^
3

4

e


8 	
Q


JO
13

14
15
16
17
18 	
19 .
20 	

21 	
22
23

25 	
20 	
27
28 	
30
31 	
32 	
33 	
31 	
33 ..
36 	
37 	
38 	
3D" 	
Coal column
o-P-M 	
o-L-K 	
Mo-nx'-n..
MO-HS-B 	
Mo-B-Mu
Mo-r-T 	
Mo-T-.M 	
OK-Pfl-Fo 	
OK-Po-DA.
OK-RC-DA 	
OK-MN-DA 	
OK-DII-I! 	
OK I.C-So 	
OK-Lr-JC 	
OK-I'C-Cu 	
OK-SS-St 	
OK-SS-StR
OK-Oar-St 	
OK-Ca-St 	
Ok'-Sa-Mc 	
OK-Du-Mc 	
OK-LS-Mc 	
OK-MA-.Mc 	
OK-K-UII 	
OK-K-I-II 	
OK-I.S-UII 	
OK-LS-I.lt 	
OK-ECrLfl 	
i)K-i-:Ci-uii.,.-
OK-ECi-UH 	
OK-Da-UlI 	
\rt \'S-1' 	
Art-IIan-Ch 	
Ark-nan-Cb 	
Ark-I[3u-CIi 	
Ark-Sk-Ch 	 	
Ark-QF.-UH 	
Ark UB LH 	
Ark-IIu-I-IT 	
Ark-IIa,i-Ln 	
Art-OZ-LH.*...
Ark-AC.M-LH....
Art-AC.M-LHR..
Alk-PV-LU 	
Art-EJ-LU
Arfc-Hu-LH. *:..
Art-Dn-At t
Art-Dr,-At...f»...
Art-M-L'E 	
Ark-JI-LE
Tci-Mc-UE 	
Tei-Mc-LE 	
Ash
(per-
cent)
12.32
10.10
8.01
3.41
7.09
10.72
13.50
4
3.70
2.70
3.29
2. CO
4.W
3.1i
3.75
1.40
11.73
4.00
3.00
3.3S
3. CO
2.32
2.62
4.10
8 45
2.70
2.54
3.50
1. 0-1
1.87
2. OS
0
ll.S'l
3.74
3.67
4.67
ti. til
7.65
6.07
3.4!
12.23
3.95
5.70
10.51
1^ 19
41.70
2J 5
4£3
12.99
15 27
8. SO
8. SO
II 0
1.0
4.3
3.1
2.8
3.4
.£3
1.4
3.4
1.2
2.2
2
1.0
1.4
.47
.21
)
0
(26)
Ga
2.9
4.3
3.9
4.2
2.0
4.3
0
5.4
3
2.0
2.6
2.1
1
.82
.25
.84
3.6
1.2
.«•-•
0.07
1
.02
.92
.62
3.2
.59
1.2
3.6
*fr
.64
1.3
3.1
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.2
2 4
2.2
.!>0
1.1
1.2
.SO
2.3
1.2
» 16
5.4
* 1«
7.3
f- 19
3.3
2.7
Oo
22
-43
8.2
24
11
13
?3
25
30
20
23
17
.88
.65
.21
.30
0
0
0
M
(1.3)
.71)
(1.1)
.62
11
.11
.60
(.00)
.17
.2J
(. 35!
1. 1
:«
0
0
(. '5)
4.5
0
(.57)
0
(67)
0
0
(1)
0
(1.2)
0
(• '5
0
(.52)
0
(.61)
TT37
0
(.74)
0
(.65)
0
(.61)
0
(11)
0
(1.2)
0
(2.4)
til''
0
(1.5)
0
<1.3)
Mo
0.61
(.7.)
2.2
3.8
+ 18
4- 12
2.5
0.2
0
.24
2.4
1. 1
6
3.8
4
1.9
4.2
7.3
4.3
4.3
3
3.6
1.9
.5S
.70
(.72)
.SO
3.1
.97
.07
1.4
3.6
3.1
1.5
2.7
2.5
o
1.8
1.8
4. a
.49
1.1
1.4
1.7
73
5.1
2
6.2
1
1.4
.97
.79
Sn
0
0
.73
0
(.37)
0
0
1
.11
.24
.!&
(.78)
.US
1.7
1
2.1
.90
0
(1:Si
( 75)
ft 6)
2.0
_^
1
2
1.1
1.4
(-)
.46
(.64)
.51
(.M)
2.7
1.4

2. J
0
(.37)
0
<.4S)
•N
1
(1.5)
.10
0
0
(.31)
0
0.2)
0
(.39)
1.7
(l.W
0
(I.D
0
(4.J)
0
(2.4,
(4.7)
.91
(l.T)
(2.1)
0
(.95)
0
(.87)
Y
10
12
15
7.7
12
10
10
4.9
3.7
2.7
3.3
3.4
8.1
6.2
4
8.9
IS
6.1
3.1
2.2
3.E
1.7
3.1
2.6
7.1
2.8
(2.9)
4
-f 3S
2.1
4.4
4.6
15
0.4
3.4
13
2.6
7.5
7.2
2.4
20
4.9
3.9
16
* 37
* 93
IF 290
*• 45
20
6.2
0
La
l.T
(2 6)
11
(12)
2.3
0
(o'
n i)
0
(2 ft)
5.7
(6 2)
V
.32
( ^S)
1.4
(1 5)
1.4
(l.C)
1.2
(1 4)
7.5
(7 7)
36
(3 7)
2.6
1.6
31
3.4
(3.7)
1.0
(!)
2.1
(-'. -J>
2.5
1.6
'-'. C
.41
i;
(i! i)
tti)
6.1
>. s
:. 6
4.7
10
20
5.4
(6.7)
li
4.6
(5.1)
9
3.5
?J
7.3
9
(1.6)
2-.'
*79
t 53
(210
i- 84
34
0
P.-')
9 6
(3.3)
     1 South of area shown In figure 2.
                                   Weathered  samples,  not included  in averages.

-------
                                   -  63  -
           Summary  Table  XI  appears  in  three  sections on  successive pages,




 following the  three  groups  of  elements  listed  above in Table  IV.  The




 elements  listed  in each  section  are  in  the order  of increasing atomic




 weight.   The  first page  of  the table includes  elements named  by EPA or




 commonly  elsewhere in  the literature as hazardous air pollutants.  The




 second  two pages include additional  elements for  which data are available




 on a  coal basis, from  the USGS surveys.  The last page includes a third




 list  of elements for which  the USBM  survey data are available on an ash




 basis only.




           Data for each  element  are  presented  separately for  the 5




 major producing regions:  Appalachian  (A), Interior-Eastern (IE),




 Interior-Western (IW), Western (W), and Northern  Plains  (N) .  The




 states  included in each  of  these regions are given above in Table HI.




 Averages  and ranges  reported for each region are  kept on the  same line




 across the table.  In  some  cases where the Southwest Energy Study




 appears to give a broader data base than the W ranges, based on more




 samples,  SW data have  been  reported instead of W  in the  table.




          The "variance" ratio is given for each element with its symbol




 in the first column.   This  is  the ratio of the highest to lowest




average of analyses for areas within the region.  The  averages for




area within the region are given  in the second column  as  reported by




Zubovic, or calculated for the same  areas  by states  from other data




for fluorine and  mercury.

-------
                                  - 64 -
          The next column gives ranges for the analysis of the coal beds



within each region which include 90+% of the values reported, for columnar



samples as discussed above.  Coal blocks which were either included or



excluded in the averages reported in the first half of the USGS survey



are excluded here when they represent less than 75% of a columnar sample.



These samples are ticked off in the "Percentage of bed analyzed" column



of the original data, as copied in Table XII.



          Thecextreme  values not  included  in the  904-%  range  are  listed


separately,  or  as a  range.  Their occurrence is given  in parentheses



as  a  ratio  to the number of bed samples considered here,  including



the extremes,  after casting out values  where only selected blocks



were  analyzed.   This is  correspondingly less than the  total  number of



beds  in  the  original report, which are  the basis  for  the USGS  averages



given here by areas  within the regions.   These averages by area  would



be  affected  somewhat by  recalculation to omit the extremes,  but



usually  to only a minor  extent.  Where  no  extremes are listed  the



90+7o  range  is  actually 100%:   the value  which 90+% represents  is  100%



less  the  occurrence  of the extremes.



          The ranges given for ash values  for coals from the same  5



regions  are  taken basically from the USBM  data which Abernethy reports


                      (4)
as averages by  states

-------
                                 - 65 -
          The comments given for each element are directed primarily to




geographical correlations between composition and location of the coal.




These comments based on the present summary are taken in part from




Zubovic     and Abernethy     , with additions from the recent literature,




after checking directly with Zubovic and Swanson of the USGS and




Schultz of USBM.  The comments refer to all regions, except for uranium




where separate comments are given by region.  References are given herein




for each element where data or comments were taken from special sources.




          The data summarized in Table XI are presented in Figure 4 as




bar graphs for each element, by regions.  The USBM data for ppm on ash are




shown at the top, and the USGS data on a coal basis at the bottom.  The




bar graphs for coal are the 90+% ranges, the dotted lines (	) are the




extremes listed, and the regional average (•) is for the total region as




given by USGS.  This average is usually near the middle of the bar but it




moves toward the top of the bar or may exceed it when there are many




extremes, as for vanadium or zinc.  Ranges which start below the limit of




detection are shown by a £ in Table XI and a broken bar line below 1 ppm




in Figure A.  Shorter dotted lines (—) represent values outside the 90+%




range which were included in the USGS average but excluded here because they




were for beds less than.75% analyzed.  The high specimen sample values for




mercury reported by Joenssuu are indicated by a 0,  and A shows the high




values for weathered samples,  not included in the averages.




          The bar graphs  for most elements,  thus adjusted,  lie within the




range of 1 to 50 ppm, and mostly close to 5-10 ppm  on coal.   The only




elements significantly higher than this are  boron and fluorine,  in the




range from 10 to 200 ppm.   Beryllium is lower in all regions by an order




of magnitude,  at about.1  to 5  ppm, and Hg by two orders  of  magnitude,  at




about .01 to .5 ppm on coal.

-------
                          - 66 -
Be
TRACE ELEMENTS IN  U.S. COALS



                          Pb
1 .U





0.1


X
in
<
z
o
1—
o 0.01
1 1 1


|_
IT
UJ
0.001






n nnm





















,-


























ir1
IF





























..*
it/


<



























JW























iM
M












































































































-^-


















•AM


ir
IL,


i



























w
























































N



































Figure 4, 1



























Be
   As
Se
Hg
Pb
1UU





IP
1

0
O
Z
o
o
-| 1.0
— 1
^>

1 1 1
Q_
i__
oc.
CL
0.1





n ni






...


..

•



A





















•



it




— 1










A
&
a

— i



m







m

















•






w-


















•






_
































































-A-






















ip

























Wi
























n»
SJV























i
rM
r *"



























































A











































i— I



-t-




























































<

























iW

























/








































o
0
^
n



o
o
-JT

U
8






















__






•



IE


































o











„











o














1— 1
T





























































—





A



















—

Fh



IW
























w
























N

















Figure 4.2

























                                sw

-------
1.0
                               - 67 -
                   TRACE ELEMENTS  IN U.S. COALS
                       Cr
n.i

-------
         Zn
Ga
             - 68 -


TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS


    Ge        Mo         Y         La
l.U





0.1



i
to
<
•z.
o
\—
a o.oi
ce

Q.
f—
•x.
UJ
5
Or\(\ i
. UUl







n nnrn














A



























IF


1






























W































W



















^Wl













































































































A























•





E































W
































in




























N






























































































A





















—
rr





























— 1







AJLj
W





























• 1
W







B










































































































1— 1






A



























f


























—



W



































w


























1
N



























































A



























re
































w



•



























w





























N



























A 'C-llAi
A "-IW/





























P^M



\A/












































Figure 4.5





























 1000
  100
o
o

z
o

z
o
Qi

UJ
Q.


I/)
  1.0
  0.1

-------
                                      - 69 -
                         TRACE ELEMENTS IN U.S. COALS

          Li        Sc         Mn        Sv         Zr        Sn
LJ
LU
Q.
C3

LJ
  0.01
Ba      Yb Bi
0.0001
 0.001

-------
                                  - 70 -
4. Concluding Remarks




4.1  Correlations Indicated
           1.  Sulfur in coals appears in moderate amounts in the




               Appalachian region, higher in the Interior region




               (East and West), and less in all the Western coals.




           2.  Trace element concentration as a whole correlates only




               moderately with geographical location, and not at all




               with coal rank.  Boron, which is high in lignites and




               lower in high rank coals, is an exception.




           3.  The amount of some trace elements is commonly highest




               in the top and bottom few inches of a bed, and at the




               edges of a coal basin  (Ge, Be, Ga, and B at bottom only).




               These variations are frequently greater than the dif-




               ferences between the averages for different beds.




               Other elements (Cu, Ni, Co) show no such correlation.




           4.  Different elements tend to be concentrated at dif-




               ferent parts of the bed or basin, depending on the geo-




               chemical processes involved in the formation of the coal.




           5.  Those elements which tend to be concentrated in coals




               (S, Ge, Be, B, Ga) are associated primarily witn the





               organic portion of the coal.   They also show the




               largest variance in average concentrations between




               different major producing areas:  e.g., for germanium,




               which is high in Illinois.




           6.  The usual amount of some 20 trace elements present is




               about 5-10 ppm, in the range  1-50 ppm.   B and F are higher,




               about 10-200 ppra,  and Hg is lower, about .04-.4 ppm.

-------
                          - 71 -





  7.  Most  trace  elements  are  present  in  concentrations which

     fall  within a  narrow range,  varying by  a  factor  of  3


     or  less  in  the averages  for  different basins  or  areas.

     This  range  is  close  to their average crustal  abundance,

     which usually  lies between the concentration  of  the

     element  in  coal and  its  concentration in  ash.  Boron  and

     germanium in coal are high,  compared  to crystal  abundance

     and only a  few elements  such as  manganese are low.

  8.  The selection  of a completely "non-polluting" coal

     is  not possible, in  the  general  case.   For a  given

     amount of ash,  coals  which are low  in any one group

     of  elements  must be  correspondingly high  in others.

     The definition of non-polluting  depends directly on

     the decision as  to which elements are of  concern,

     and which are  not.

 9.  Trace element  variations between coals  in different

     areas often  reflect differences  in  the  source rocks

     which contributed the elements to the coal-forming

     swamps,  and  the distance of  the  source  rocks  from

     the swamp.   In  certain areas, e.g.,  the Illinois

     basin, this  shows an  instructive geographical  pattern.

10.  Surface  outcrops or samples weathered otherwise  by
                       C
     exposure may not be indicative of trace element  con-

     centrations  in  the coal  at depth.   Surface  oxidation

     creates  active sites on  the coal, with which minor

     elements in  flowing water  can selectively react.

-------
                        -  72 -











11.  The elements present in largest amount, as minor com-




     ponents of the coal rather than as traces only, are the




     common constitutents of surface waters and rocks:  silicon,




     aluminum, iron, sulfur, phosphorus, sodium, potassium,




     calcium, and magnesium.  These are present throughout




     the coal but they are often enriched in the top layer,




     where they have apparently been leached out of enclosing




     sediments.




12.  Anomalous amounts of specific elements may be found




     in beds contiguous to mineral ore bodies of the same




     element.   This is regularly the case for coals having




     a mercury, lead,  zinc or  uranium content higher than




     the usual range,  and may  be equally true for other




     elements including copper,  tin and arsenic.

-------
                                 -  73  -
4.2  New Data Required





          1.   Little  or  no  data were  obtained  in  the  comprehensive




              USGS  and USEM field  reviews  on the  content  of  the




              hazardous  elements F, As,  Se, Cd and  Hg,  in typical




              U.S.  coals.   This  lack  has been  partially filled for




              mercury by recent studies, and it is  being  found in




              quantities much  lower than those commonly quoted in




              the  literature.  Results for  the other  toxic elements




              noted are  spotty at  best, and methods for As,  Se and




              Cd are  still  in the  research  stage.




          2.   Reliable data are needed and  not yet  available on  coals




              representing  large  future  reserves  which  are not yet  in pro-




              duction, such as  those  in  Wyoming.  These  data should be on a




              basis which is directly comparable  with the data for  other  re-




              gions.   This  means  that they should either  be  obtained using




              the previous  standard methods of analysis,  or  if newer methods




              are used after sufficient  evaluation, they  must be applied  to




              a complete set of  both  old and new  samples.




          3.   Changes  have  been noted in some  stored  samples on re-




              analysis by the original standard procedures,  so it is




              not enough to re-examine old samples by a new method.




              The situation to be  particularly avoided is analyzing




              the newer  samples only by a new method  of analysis,




              which is not  tied in any way into the present bank of




              basic data .

-------
                        -  74 -
4.  There is a similar need for basic data on the effects of




    coal conversions on the fate of trace elements, including




    the effect of operating conditions on the distribution




    of elements between fly ash (overhead) and bottom ash




    in combustion, in gasification, and in all other forms




    of processing.  For these studies it is not as important




    to tie newer methods of analysis to older results.




    The method must be calibrated well enough within the range




    of concentrations and interferences concerned to be sure




    that it gives differential results which are reliable.




5.  Major differences exist in the physical and chemical




    properties of the forms in which potentially pollutant




    elements are emitted on combustion.  This includes such




    questions as the ionic state of fluorine, the oxidation




    state of beryllium, the formation of spinels from oxides,




    and the physical/chemical effects of the surfaces of




    sub-micron particles.  In each of these cases one form




    may be metabolically active, and another in equal amounts




    inactive.  These effects will require special attention




    if the list of toxic, hazards is extended,to include




    elements whose presence in minute traces is recognized




    as essential to health.

-------
                                - 75 -
                              C.  PETROLEUM
1.  Background
          The nonhydrocarbon elements present in crude oils in trace quanti-

ties can be introduced into the environment as a consequence of the consump-

tion of crude oil.  These elements which have been entrapped beneath the

earth's surface for eons may produce ecological damage when the crude oil

is processed and/or as the crude oil products are consumed.

          In general, the source of petroleum is believed to be the remains

of marine animal and vegetable life deposited with sediment in coastal

waters(2_l, 22).  Bacterial action evolves sulfur,  oxygen and nitrogen as volatile
compounds.  These, however, are never completely eliminated despite the

ever increasing pressure of sediment.  The result of this process is a mix-

ture of hydrocarbons containing varying quantities of sulfur, nitrogen and

traces of metals and other elements.  The properties of this mixture depend

on the nature of the source material and the subsequent influential forces

which include time, temperature, geological factors and catalysts.  Because

these parameters vary from one geological location to another, a wide

variety of crude oil compositions result.
          Unlike coal, virtually all oil is subjected to extensive pro-

cessing during which the oil is converted into usable products.  The

categories of processing include fractionation (distillation of crude  into

different cuts), converting (chemically transforming cuts into products)

and treating  (removal of unwanted components).  Much of the pollution

associated with refining can be attributed directly to  the presence of

trace elements in  crude oil.  These  trace elements can be released during

-------
                                  - 76 -
  all  processing categories,  especially the  latter two.   Those trace  elements




  which  are not  removed  from  oil  during processing end  up in the usable




  products.   Because  most products  are  fuels,  the  trace  elements can  be  re-




  leased into the environment as  pollutants  when  the  fuels are combusted.




            Of the trace elements present  in crude oil,  sulfur and  nitrogen




  are  generally  present  at the highest  levels.  Sulfur  in commercial  crude




  oils can  be found in concentrations up to  6% while  nitrogen can occur  up




  to 1%.  Because these  two elements are present at such high levels  relative




  to the other trace  elements in  crude  oil,  sulfur and nitrogen may be con-




  sidered to be  minor constituents  of the  crude.   More  than 40 other  elements




  can  be present in crude oils at trace levels  (21) but  only a limited number of




  these  elements have been regarded as  potential environmental pollutants or




  health hazards.   This  work  presents a collection of published data  for the




  minor  constituents  and those trace elements  in crude oil regarded as poten-




  tial environmental  and/or health  hazards.   The elements considered  here are




  listed below.






           minor constituents: sulfur, nitrogen




           trace elements: vanadium, nickel,  iron, arsenic,  beryllium,




                           cadmium, mercury,  selenium,antimony,  barium,




                           chromium, lead,  manganese, molybdenum




                           tellurium,  tin.




           Data  presenting the levels of minor constituents and trace




elements present  in  crude oils vary widely  in both quantity  and quality.




Data  for sulfur and  nitrogen are widely available and are usually  of




high quality  if ordinary  laboratory care has been  taken  in performing




the analyses.   Considerable  sulfur and  nitrogen data from  U.S. crudes

-------
                                  - 77 -
and some foreign oils are available from the U.S. Bureau of Mines.




Sulfur and nitrogen determinations are now a part of the BuMines  routine




procedure for the analysis of crude oils.  The sulfur determination has




been part of this analysis for many years but measurements for nitrogen




began during the early 1960s.  Because of this,  nitrogen data are some-




what less abundant than  sulfur data.




          Much  less work has been  done in determining the  levels  of




other trace elements  in  crude oils.   One reason  for  this is  that  the




trace element concentration  of commercial crude  oils is low.   In  the




past, these low levels have been regarded as inconsequential except to




the extent that a few of these elements  have adversely affected refinery




processing.  Additionally, techniques and instrumentation  generally




have not been available  to determine  the very low levels of  trace




elements present in petroleum.  When  trace element analyses  of petroleum




have been attempted,  results have  sometimes been inconsistent.  There




are many possible reasons for this,ranging from  improper sampling and




accidental sample contamination to poor  sample pretreatment and analytical




technique.




          Both vanadium  and nickel poison petroleum cracking and other




catalysts.  When present in high concentrations  in residual  fuels,




vanadium can cause damage to equipment in turbines and other high




temperature equipment.   Consequently, there has  been considerable




impetus on the part of each petroleum company to know the  vanadium and




nickel  levels of crudes  which it processes.  Most of this  information

-------
                                  - 78 -
 is  retained  by  these  companies  as  private  although  a  limited amount has




 been  published.   Other trace  elements  have been  determined much  less




 frequently.




           The validity of some  of  the  data which  are  currently available




has been questioned by authorities.  In certain cases, this may be due




to the intrinsic  limitations  of  the technique utilized in the measurement




of certain elements or certain  concentrations, or,  these inconsistencies




may be attributed to  the  sampling  and  technique errors noted previously.




Several programs  are  under way  to  establish referee methods which can




aid in overcoming these objections.  The American Petroleum Institute




is sponsoring Project  SS-7 to determine if  the neutron activation




analysis technique used at Intelcom Rad Tech is sufficiently accurate




to serve as a standard method for  determining trace elements in petroleum




and petroleum products.   In addition, an inter-company program within the




petroleum industry is  underway  to  develop referee methods for analyzing




petroleum associated  trace elements down to the parts per billion





level.  Consequently, while the quantity of reliable trace element




data on crude oils is  strictly limited at present, it can be expected




that either or both of  these programs will establish analytical techn-




iques from which reliable petroleum trace element data will be more




readily obtainable in  the future.




           The following sections present crude oil  trace element data for




U.S.  oil fields and for crudes  from nations which export oil to the U.S.




Data  obtained using activation  analysis are presented in a separate section.




Data  for shale  oil which  has  potential as  an energy source in the 1980's




are included in a subsequent  section.  This is followed by a summary of the




 findings of  this  study and recommendations  for future work.

-------
                                  - 79 -
 2.  Domestic Crude Oils



          Of  the  total amount of  crude oil processed  in  the  United  States,




 approximately 85% is  produced domestically with the balance  being





 imported(23).   Approximately two-thirds  of domestic crude oil  production  is




 obtained  from a relatively small  number  of large oil  fields, sometimes




 termed  "giant" fields.*   Generally,  U.S.  giant  fields are defined as




 those possessing  reserves  in excess of 100,000,000  bbl.   (Some




 of  the  older  fields which  have been  in continual production  may  now




 possess reserves  less than this level.  Additionally,  certain  large new




 fields  may presently be shut in or in a state of development thereby




 accounting for  their relatively low  production).  These  large  oil




 fields  are responsible for a majority of  U.S. oil production and they




 are also  representative of the nation's  total oil production.  This




 occurs  because  many smaller oil fields in close  proximity to the giant




 fields  possess  very similar characteristics  including  similar  trace




 element concentrations.   In practice, the production  of  these  smaller




 fields  is generally combined with that from  the  large  fields in  the
*  "Giant fields" is a relative term.  Of the current producers, the two




   largest are the Wilmington (California) and East Texas fields.   Each




   produces approximately 70-75 thousand barrels per day.  This may be




   contrasted with the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia, the world's largest,




   which has a production level more than ten fold greater than Wilmington.




   Reserves of the Ghawar field are estimated to approach 70 billion




   barrels.

-------
                                 - 80 -
pipe line networks that grid oil producing regions.  Thus, the oil




arriving at refineries is a mixture, dominated by production of the




giant fields.  Consequently, for practical purposes, the characteristics




of the larger fields characterize the great bulk of all domestic pet-




roleum production.




2.1  Sulfur and Nitrogen Data




          Because of the prominence of the giant fields, their crudes




have been the subject of much of the trace element data that are avail-




able.  Sulfur and nitrogen data for crude oils from these fields are




the most complete and consequently will be considered separately.  Of





a total of  259 giant U.S. oil fields, sulfur data were obtained for




251 fields  (96.9%) and nitrogen data were acquired for 229 fields




(88.4%).  On a production basis, sulfur data covered 94.6% of giant




field's production, and the nitrogen data 88.5%.  Most of the sulfur




and nitrogen data were obtained from Bureau of Mines sources through




either publications or open files of crude oil analyses.





          In assembling this compilation, data from published, widely




available sources were utilized in preference to data from less available




sources.  Consequently, published Bureau of Mines data took precedence




over Bureau of Mines open file analysis data.  An average was obtained




when duplicate BuMines data were available for a given field.  Data




officially  published by the Bureau  were used in preference to those




appearing elsewhere, even if the authors of these other works were




Bureau personnel.  The giant field sulfur and nitrogen data follow in




Table 13.

-------
                                       - 81 -
                                      TABLE 13
   State/Region and Field
 ALABAMA
   Citronelle
 ALASKA
   Granite Point
   McArthur River
   Middle Ground Shoal
   Prudhoe Bay (North Slope)
   Swanson River

 APPALACHIAN
   Allegany
   Bradford

 ARKANSAS
   Magnolia
   Schuler and East
   Smackover

 CALIFORNIA
  SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY
   Belridge South
   Buena Vista
   Coalinga
   Coalinga Nose
   Coles Levee North
   Cuyaraa South
   Cymric
   Edison
   Elk Hills
   Fruitvale
   Greeley
   Kern Front
   Kern River
   Kettleman North Dome
   Lost Hills
   McKittrick - Main Area
   Midway Sunset
   Mount Poso
   Rio Bravo
  COASTAL AREA
   Carpenteria Offshore
   Cat Canyon West
   Dos Cuadras
   Elwood
 *  Oil and Gas Journal, January 31,  1972 pp.
**  All references are to Reference 24 unless
SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT
OF THE GIANT U.S. OIL FIELDS

Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
0.38
0.02
0.16
0.05
1.07
0.16
0.12
0.11
0.90
1.55
2.10
0.23
0.59
0.43
0.25
0.39
0.42
1.16
0.20
0.68
0.93
0.31
0.85
1.19
0.40
0.33
0.96
0.94
0.68
0.35
—
5.07
—
—

Nitrogen,
Weight
Percent
0.02
0.039
0.160
0.119
0.23
0.203
0.028
0.010
0.02
0.112
0.08
0.773
—
0.303
0.194
0.309
0.337
0.63
0.446
0.472
0.527
0.266
0.676
0.604
0.212
0.094
0.67
0.42
0.475
0.158
—
0.54
—
—
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
6,390
5,552
40,683
11,277
1,076
11,709
388
2,470
850
800
2,800
9,211
5,429
7,866
4,752
1,006
2,034
3,345
1,417
951
1,109
761
3,440
25,542
840
2,328
5,348
33,583
1,378
425
5,295
2,705
27,739
108
                           References**
                         Sulfur Nitrogen
                          25
                          26
                          25
                          26
                         25
                         25
                         25
                         26
                                   25
                                   26
                                   26
95-100.
otherwise
noted.

-------
                                      - 82 -
  State/Region and Field

  Orcutt
  Rincon
  San Ardo
  Santa Ynez***
  Santa Maria Valley
  South Mountain
  Ventura
 LOS ANGELES.BASIN
  Beverly Hills
  Brea Olinda
  Coyote East
  Coyote West
  Dominguez
  Huntington Beach
  Inglewood
  Long Beach
  Montebello
  Richfield
  Santa Fe Springs
  Seal Beach
  Torrance
  Wilmington
COLORADO
  Rangely

FLORIDA
  Jay

ILLINOIS
  Clay City
  Dale
  Loudon
  New Harmony
  Salem
KANSAS
  Bemis-Shutts
  Chase-Silica
  Eldorado
  Hall-Gurney
  Kraft-Prusa
  Trapp

LOUISIANA
 NORTH
  Black Lake
  Caddo-Pine Island
  Delhi
  Haynesville (Ark.-La.)
  Homer
  Lake St.  John
  Rodessa (La.-Tex.)
                                   TABLE  13  (Cont!d)- .
                         Sulfur,    Nitrogen,
                         Weight      Weight
                         Percent     Percent
                          2.48
                          0.40
                          2.25

                          4.99
                          2.79
                          0.94

                          2.45
                          0.75
                          0.95
                          0.82
                          0.40
                          1.57
                          2.50
                          1.29
                          0.68
                          1.86
                          0.33
                          0.55
                          1.84
                          1.44

                          0.56

                          0.32
                          0.37
                          0.82
                          0.66
                          0.83
                          0.17
                          0.46
0.525
0.48
0.913

0.56

0.413

0.612
0.525
0.336
0.347
0.360
0.648
0.640
0.55
0.316
0.575
0.271
0.394
0.555
0.65

0.073

0.002
0.19
0.15
0.27
0.23
0.17
0.57
0.44
0.18
0.34
0.27
0.41
0 .082
0.080
0.097
0.158
0.102
0.162
0.13
0.085
0.108
0.171
0.076
0.026
0.053
0.022
0.081

0.032
    1971
 Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*

    2,173
    4,580
    9,939

    1,966
    1,962
   10,188

    8,400
    4,228
      864
    2,436
    1,717
   16,249
    3,992
    3,183
      740
    1,910
      953
    1,468
    1,338
   72,859

   10,040

     .370

    4,650
      690
    4,420
    2,740
    3,360

    2,590
    1,600
    1,500
    2,480
    3,200
    1,930
    3,500
    5,870
    2,730
      330
    1,170
      900
                             References* *
                           Sulfur Nitrogen
25
        26
25
26
        26
26
                                                                          25
25

25
                                                                          25
                                                                          25
25

25
25

25
   *
  **
 ***
Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.
lindeveloped field, Santa Barbara Channel.  Uncorroborated
estimate of reserves of 1 to 3 billion bbl.

-------
                                   - 83 -
 State/Region and Field

OFFSHORE
 Bay Marchand Block 2
  (Incl. onshore)
 Eugene Island Block 126
 Grand Isle Block 16
 Grand Isle Block 43
 Grand Isle Block 47
 Main Pass Block 35
 Main Pass Block 41
 Main Pass Block 69
 Ship Shoal Block 208
 South Pass Block 24
  (Incl. onshore)
 South Pass Block 27
 Timbalier S. Block 135
 Timbalier Bay
  (Incl. onshore)
 West Delta Block 30
 West Delta Block 73
SOUTH, ONSHORE
 Avery Island
 Bay De Chene
 Bay St. Elaine
 Bayou Sale
 Black Bay West
 Caillou Island
  (Incl. offshore)
 Cote Blanche Bay West
 Cote Blanche Island
 Delta Farms
 Garden Island Bay
 Golden Meadow
 Grand Bay
 Hackberry East
 Hackberry West
 Iowa
 Jennings
 Lafitte
 Lake Barre
 Lake Pelto
 Lake Salvador
 Lake Washington
  (Incl. offshore)
 Leeville
 Paradis
 Quarantine Bay
 Romere Pass
 Venice
 Vinton
 Weeks Island
 West Bay
   TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)

Sulfur,     Nitrogen,
Weight       Weight
Percent      Percent
 0.46
 0.15
 0.18

 0.23
 0.19
 0.16
 0.25
 0.38

 0.26
 0.18
 0.66

 0.33
 0.33
 0.12
 0.27
 0.39
 0.16
 0.19

 0.23
 0.16
 0.10
 0.26
 0.22
 0.18
 0.31
 0 .30
 0.29
 0.20
 0 .26
 0 .30
 0 .14
 0 .21
 0 .14

 0.37
 0.20
 0.23
 0.27
 0.30
 0.24
 0.34
 0.19
 0.27
0.11
0.030
0.04

0.04
0.071
0.025
0.098
0.02

0.068
0.049
0.088

0.081
0.09
0.060
0.04

0.04

0.04
0.033
0.01
0.055
0.06
0 .054

0 .039
0 .02
0 .035
0 .02

0 .146
0 .019

0 .061
0 .044

0 .071
                1971
             Production
             (Thousands
             of Barrels)*
30,806
 5,621
21,681
22,776
 4,271
 3,504
18,469
12,775
10,038

20,330
21,425
13,578

30,988
26,390
15,987

 3,400
 6,643
 7,775
 5,293
 9,892

31,828
15,658
 8,797
 1,278
16,096
 2,738
 6,680
 2,226
 3,760
   876
   292
10,877
 7,592
 4,891
 4,380

10,913
 4,343
 1,898
 7,117
 3,759
 5,475
 2,299
10,183
 9,563
              References**
            Sulfur  Nitrogen
        26
25      25

26      26
25
25
        27
                             25
        25
  *  Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
 **  All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.

-------
                                      -  84 -
   State/Region and Field

 MISSISSIPPI
   Baxterville
   Heidelberg
   Tinsley

 MONTANA
   Bell  Creek
   Cut Bank

 NEW MEXICO
   Caprock and East
   Denton
   Empire  Abo
   Eunice
   Hobbs
   Maij amar
   Monument
   Vacuum

 NORTH DAKOTA
   Beaver  Lodge
   Tioga

 OKLAHOMA
   Allen
   Avant
   Bowlegs
   Burbank
   Cement
   Gushing
   Earlsboro
   Edmond West
   Eola-Robberson
   Fitts
   Glenn Pool
   Golden Trend
   Healdton
   Hewitt
   Little River
   Oklahoma City
   Seminole, Greater
   Sho-Vel-Tum
   Sooner Trend
   St.  Louis
   Tonkawa
                                   TABLE 13 (Cont'd.)
Sulfur,     Nitrogen,
Weight       Weight
Percent      Percent
 2.71
 3.75
 1.02
 0.24
 0.80
 0.17
 0.19.
 0.27
 1.
 1.
14
41
 0.55
 1.14
 0.95
 0.24
 0.31
 0.70
 0.18
 0.24
 0.24
 0.47
 0.22
 0.47
 0.21
 0.35
 0.27
 0.31
 0.15
 0.92
 0.65
 0.28
 0.16
 0.30
 1.18

 0.11
 0.16
          0.111
          0.112
          0.08
          0.13
          0.055
0.034
0.014
0.014
0.071
0.08
0.062
0.071
0.075
          0.019
          0.016
          0.21

          0.140
          0.051
          0.152
          0.08

          0.045
          0.115

          0.096
          0.15
          0.15
          0.148
          0.065
          0.079
          0.016
          0.27

          0.04
          0.033
                         1971
                       Product
                      (Thousands
                      of Barrels)*
                9,300
                3,450
                2,450
                5,950
                5,180
   905
 2,350
 9,520
 1,330
 5,700
 6,040
 3,720
17,030
                3,140
                1,790
                             References**
                           Sulfur  Nitrogen
              26
26
                                      25
25
2,920
365
2,260
5,240
2,370
4,300
765
730
4,850
1,420
2,480
12,330
4,600
5,660
440
1,750
1,640
36,500
15,240
1,350
290

25
25



25


25




25

25



25


25









25

25

25



25
 *  Oil and Gas Journal, January 31,  1972,  pp.  95-100.
**  All references are  to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.

-------
                                   - 85 -
   State/Region and Field

 TEXAS
  DISTRICT 1
   Big Wells
   Darst Creek
   Luling-Branyon
  DISTRICT 2
   Greta
   Refugio
   Tom O'Connor
   West Ranch
  DISTRICT 3
   Anahuac
   Barbers Hill
   Conroe
   Dickison-Gillock
   Goose Creek and East
   Hastings E&W
   High Island
   Hull-Merchant
   Humble
   Liberty South
   Magnet Withers
   Old Ocean
   Raccoon Bend
   Sour Lake
   Spindletop
   Thompson
   Webster
   West Columbia
  DISTRICT 4
   Agua Duke-Stratton
   Alazan North
   Borregas
   Government Wells N.
   Kelsey
   La Gloria and South
   Plymouth
   Seeligson
   Tij erina-Canales-Blucher
   White Point East
  DISTRICT 5
   Mexia
   Powell
   Van and Van Shallow
                                   TABLE 13  (Cont'd.)
                            Sulfur,     Nitrogen,
                            Weight       Weight
                            Percent      Percent
    1971
 Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
  References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
0.78
0.86
0.17
0.11
0.17
0.14
0-23
0.27
0.15
0.82
0.13
0.20
0.26
0.35
0.46
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.15
0.25
0.21
0.21
<.l
0.04
<.l
0.22
0.13
<.l
0.15
<.l
<.l
0.13
0.20
0.31
0.8
0.075
0.110
0.038
0.027
0.038
0.029
0.041
0.06
0.022
0.014
0.028
0.03
0.048
0.081
0.097
0.044
0.033
0.029
0.048
0.016
0.03
0.029
0.046
0.055
0-015
0.014
0.029
0.043
0.008
0.008
0.049
0.015
0.010
0.02
0.048
0.054
0.039
5,840
1,971
1,679
3,577
657
23,360
17,009
9,052
766
12,994
2,920 25
1,095
17,191
2,081
1,643 28
1,241 28
949
3,869
1,132
2,409
1,058
328
12,885
16,206
1,351
2,518
3,723
4,818
511
6,059
936 28
986
6,424 28
5,986 28
1,606
109 25
109 25
12,337









25
25



28
28




25

25






25
25

28
25

25
25

**
Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp.  95-100.
All references are to Reference 24 unless otherwise noted.

-------
                                         - 86 -
                                  TABLE.13  (Cont'd.)
   State/Region and Field
  DISTRICT  6
   East  Texas
   Fairway
   Hawkins
   Neches
   New Hope
   Qui tman
   Talco
  DISTRICT  7-C
   Big Lake
   Jameson
   McCamey
   Pegasus
  DISTRICT  8
   Andector
   Block 31
   Cowden North
   Cowden South, Foster,
     Johnson
   Dollarhide
   Dora  Roberts
   Dune
   Emma  and Triple N
   Fun rman-Ma s cho
   Fullerton
   Goldsmith
   Headlee and North
   Hendrick
   Howard Glasscock
   latan East
   Jordan
   Kermit
   Keystone
   McElroy
   Means
   Midland Farms
   Penwell
   Sand Hills
   Shafter Lake
   TXL
   Waddell
   Ward South
   Ward Estes North
   Yates

Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
0.32
0.24
2.19
0.13
0.46
0.92
2.98
0.26
<.l
2.26
0.73
0.22
0.11
1.89
1.77
0.39
<.l
3.11
<.l
2.06
0.37
1.12
<.l
1.73
1.92
1.47
1.48
0.94
0.57
2.37
1.75
0.13
1.75
2.06
0.25
0.36
1.69
1.12
1.17
1.54

Nitrogen,
Weight
Percent
0.066
—
0.076
0.083
0.007
0.036
—
0-071
0.034
0.139
0.200
0.033
0.032
0.095
0.127
0.074
0.023
0.111
0.025
0.085
0.041
0.079
0.083
0.094
0.096
0.120
0.10
0.092
0 .042
0 .080
0 .205
0 .080
0 .205
0 .085
0 .041
0 .067
0 .098
0 .08
0 .107
0 .150
1971
Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*
71,139
14,271
29,054
3,942
292
3,103
4,380
474
1,387
985
4,052
5,694
6,242
9,782
14,198
7,592
3,066
11,425
3,030
1,935
6,607
20,951
1,460
766
6,606
3,687
3,212
2,007
8,322
9,015
7,921
6,059
2,044
6,606
2,956
4,854
4,453
803
10,184
13,359

References**
Sulfur Nitrogen
26



25 25

25
25 25


29 29
25

25

25
























 *  Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
**  All references are to Reference 24  unless  otherwise noted.

-------
                                      - 87 -
                                 TAELE 13 (Cont'd.)
  State/Region and Field

 DISTRICT 8-A
  Cogdell Area
  Diamond M
  Kelly-Snyder
  Levelland
  Prentice
  Robertson
  Russell
  Salt Creek
  Seminole
  Slaughter
  Spraberry Trend
  Wasson

 DISTRICT 9
  KMA
  Walnut Bend
 DISTRICT 10
  Panhandle

UTAH
  Greater Aneth
  Greater Redwash

WYOMING
  Elk Basin (Mont.-Wyo.)
  Garland
  Grass Creek
  Hamilton Dome
  Hilight
  Lance Creek
  Lost Soldier
  Oregon Basin
  Salt Creek
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
Nitrogen,
 Weight
 Percent
0.38
0.20
0.29
2.12
2.64
1.37
0.77
0.57
1.98
2.09
0.18
1.14
0.31
0.17
0 .063
0 . 131
0 .066
0 .136
0 .117
0 .100
0 .078
0 .094
0 .106
—
0 .173
0 .065
0.068
0.05
  0.55
  0.20
  0.11
  1.78
  2.99
  2.63
  3.04

  0.10
  1.21
  3.44
  0.23
  0.067
  0.059
  0.255
  0.185
  0.290
  0.311
  0.343

  0.055
  0.076
  0.356
  0.109
   1971
 Production
(Thousands
of Barrels)*


   14,235
    7,373
   52,487
    9,746
    5,913
    2,774
    4,234
    9,271
    9,125
   35,515
   18,688
   51,210


    2,920
    3,942

   14,235
    7,660
    5,800
   14,380
    3,500
    3,760
    4,500
   11,300
      325
    4,820
   12,260
   11,750
  References**
Sulfur Nitrogen


          25
          25
   30
30
 *  Oil and Gas Journal, January 31, 1972, pp. 95-100.
**  All references  are  to  Reference  24  unless  otherwise noted.

-------
                                 - 88 -
           The data presented in Table  13  were  evaluated on both a production




 and  a geometric average basis.   These  evaluations  are  discussed below  by




 element.




           Sulfur - The sulfur data were plotted as  a histogram.  The re-




 sulting  frequency distribution  is  shown as  Figure  5.   In this figure, each




 sulfur percentage increment  covers  a range  centering on the value




 shown.  For example,  the  sulfur  value  of  0.3 covers a  range of 0.25




 to 0.3499% sulfur.  The  sulfur  data are log  normally distributed about




 the  0.2% level,  although  the  distribution possesses a  long tail.  A




 distribution  of  this  type is  the classic  one found  for the distribution




 of many trace elements in the earth's  crust.




          The geometric mean  of  the sulfur  data as  calculated from




 Table 13 was  0.42%.   A production average calculated from this same





data was 0.77% S,  indicating  that certain large production fields




possessed a greater than  average sulfur content.  Crudes possessing




a sulfur level of  <0.1 were treated as  if this level were 0.1 for cal-




culation purposes.




          The sulfur  data  ranged from  less  than 0.1% for a number of




 fields in southern Texas  near the Gulf Coast (Texas Railroad Commission




Corpus Christi District 4) to 5.07% and 4.99% for the Cat Canyon West




and Santa Maria Valley fields of the coastal area of California.

-------
                                          Figure 5
                          FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR CONTENT
                             IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS
60 -
50
40
30
20
                                                                                           00
                                                                                           vD
10
                                 nn
     i    i
                   .5
I   I   I   I  I   I   I   I   I   I  I
     1.0            1.5

       WEIGHT PERCENT SULFUR
 I   '   I  «   '   I   '   '  I
2.0           2.5    >2.7

-------
                                  - 90 -
           Nitrogen - A histogram of the nitrogen data is shown in Figure 6,




As with the sulfur graph,  each nitrogen percentage increment is centered




on the value shown so that  the value of 0.25 covers a range of 0.24 to




0.2599% N.  Once again the  data appear to be log normally distributed




with a long tail.  The modal value occurs at 0.03% N.




          The geometric mean of the nitrogen data of Table 13 was




0.028%.  This is in contrast to a production average of 0.159%.  As




with sulfur content, substantial production from high nitrogen content




fields has made the production average greater than the geometric mean.




           The  lowest  nitrogen  level,  0.002%,was  observed  for  crude




 from the  recently  discovered Jay  field  in Florida.   The highest,




 0.913%, was  found  for crude from  the  San  Ardo  field  in  the  coastal




 region of  California.   It is well known  that many  California  crudes




 possess very high  nitrogen as  well as  sulfur levels.  Consequently,




 it was not unexpected that all crudes  possessing nitrogen l&vels above




 0.5% were  from  California.




 2.2   Other Trace Element Data




           With  the exception of sulfur  and nitrogen,  the  Bureau  of Mines




 has  not performed  trace  element analysis  as part of  their routine analyses




 of crude  oils.   This  factor,  coupled  with the  lack of widespread pub-




 lished data  in  this  area from  other sources^means  that  a  large gap




 exists in reliable information on trace  elements.  Consequently, no




 complete  trace  element  distribution is  possible  even for  the  giant




 fields.

-------
    60
                                            Figure 6


                          FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN CONTENT

                             IN CRUDE OILS OF U.S. GIANT OIL FIELDS
    50
    40
CO

LU
to

u_
o

o;
LJ
CO
30
    20
    10
                 i

                 lO
I   I   I   I   I

  .05
                                 n
                               a
                           i " i ' ' i '  ' I* • i '  ' | "

                          •15            -25
a
                                                                i • • i • * i * * i • • i • * i

                                                            .35             .45    >.50
                                   WEIGHT PERCENT NITROGEN

-------
                                  - 92 -
           A number of  more or less classical instrumental  techniques




has  been used  to  obtain mucn  of  tne  trace  element data that are avail-




able.   These techniques include  flame photometry, atomic absorption,




emission spectroscopy,  spectrochemical (colorimetric) analysis and




x-ray  fluorescence.  Although most available trace  element data




especially on  vanadium and nickel  have been  obtained  using these




techniques,  considerable data are  now being  accumulated on many elements




using  activation  analysis,  a  nuclear technique.  As some of these data




are  at  variance with those  obtained  using  the more classical methods,




activation analysis data are  presented in  a  separate  section.




           Some trace element  data  on petroleum were published a number




of years  ago.  It  is possible that as a greater understanding of pre-




parative  and analytical techniques has developed, the ability to obtain




reliable  data has  increased.   It is  likely,  therefore, that the more




recent  data  are more accurate although this  is not necessarily so.




           Virtually all of  the available trace element data for U.S.




oil  fields were used to compile  Table 14.  Included are the state, field,




analytical method  used  if available,  year  of publication and the source




of the  data.  Data are  presented from all  fields even those that are




not  significant producers.  Conflicting data are also present for cer-




tain fields.  Data from numerous published sources were utilized




irrespective of analytical  method or  year  of publication.   No data were




averaged.  The search was  limited  to  the following elements:   V,  Ni, Fe,




As, Be, Cd, Hg, Se, Sb,  Ba, Cr, Pb, Mn, Mo, Te, Sn.   However,  for the




most part, data were found  only for 10  of these elements.   Data are

-------
                                 - 93 -
presented in the order V, Ni,  Fe, Ba.  Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn plus the available




data for other elements.  The authors of reference 31 were contacted




to ascertain the analytical technique which they utilized.  The data




of reference 32 were converted from percent ash to ppm of each trace




element on an oil basis.  The accuracy suggested by the number of




significant figures in reporting the analytical results is that of




each author except for the data of reference 32 which, on conversion




to ppm, were rounded to be conservatively representative of the analysis




technique employed.

-------
                                                               -  94  -









                                                               TABLE 14





                                              TRACE  ELEMENT CONTENT OF U.S. CRUDE OILS
                                                    Trace EJ.pri.Pit. t,pm
State and Field
ALABAMA
Toxey
Toxey
ALASKA
Kuparuk, Prudhoe Bay
Kuparuk, Prudhoe Bay
McArthur River, Cook Inlet
Prudhoe Bay
Put River, Prudhoe Bay
Redoubt Shoal, Cook Inlet
Trading Bay, Cook Inlet
ARKANSAS
Krister, Columbia
El Dorado, East
Schuler
Smackover
Stephens-Smart
Tubal, Union
West Atlanta
CALIFORNIA
Ant Hill
Arwin
Bradley Sands
Cat Canyon
Cat Canyon
Coallnger
Coal Oil Canyon
Coles Levee
Coles Levee
Cuyama
Cymric
Cymric

Cymric
Cymric

Cymric

Cymric
Edison
Elk Hills
Elwood South
Gibson
Cots Ridge
Helm
Helm
Huntington Beach
Inglewood
Kettleman
Kettleman Hills
Las Floras
Lompoc
Lompoc
Lost Hills
Midway
Nicolai
North Belridge
North Belridge
North Belridge
North Belridge
Orcut t
Oxnard
Purlsma
Raisin City
V

9
10

32
28
nd
31
16
nd
nd

nd
12
15.2
nd
18.5
nd

14.3
9.0
134.5
128
209
5. 1
6.0
11.0
2.2
in. n
30.0
0.8


0.6



1.0
6.0
8.3
nd
37
188
14.0
2.5
29
125.7
34.0
11.0
106.5
37.6
39.0
82.6
246.5
—
23
162.5
403.5
218.5
8.0
Ni Fe Ba Cr Mn Mo Sn HR

14
16

13
12
nd
11
6
4
nd

nd
11
10.3 1.2 <1 <1 <1 nd nd
4
22.7 6.3 <1 <1 <1 nd rineti it-
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluoresc. (ext. std )
(1)
/I \
\ I J
(1)
Emission spectres copy
Year

1971
1971

1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971

1971
1971
1961
1971
1961
1971
1961

1961
1956
1958
1971
1971
1961
1956
1956
1961
195&
1956
1961


1961
1961

1961

1961
1956
1961
1971
1969
1971
1956
1961
1971
1961
1952
1958
1958
1958
1971
1956
1961
1958
std)1959
1959
19SQ
* ? jy
1960
1958
1958
1958
1956
Ref

31
31

31
31
31
31
31
31
31

31
31
32
31
32
31
32

32
33
37
31
31
32
33
33
32
33
33
34


34

34

34
33
32
31
35
31
"IT
J J
32
31
32
36
37
37
37
31
33
32
37
38
38
38
39
37
37
37
33
(I;   Not specified.



nd  Sought but  not detected.

-------
                                                         - 95 -
                                                   TABLE 14 (Cont'd)
State and Field
Rio Bravo
Rio Bravo
Rio Bravo
Russell Ranch
San Joaquin
Santa Maria
Santa Mari-i
Santa Maria
Santa Maria
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Maria Valley
Signal Hill
Signal Hill
Tejon Hills
Ventura
Ventura
Ventura Avenue
Wheeler Ridge
Wi Imington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wl Imington
COLORADO
Badger C'reck
Cramps
i.rjinip
Hiawatha
Moffat Dome
Rangely
Rangely
Rangely
Seep
White River Area
FLORIDA
Jay
ILLINOIS
Loudon
Loudon
KANSAS
Brews ter
Brews ter
Brock
Cof feyville
Cunningham
Cunningham
lola
lola
"Kansas-J"
"Kansas-2"
McLouth
Otis Albert
Otis Albert
Pawnee Rock
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Rhodes
Solomon
V
—
—
—
12.0
44.8
223
202
180
280
207
240
280
174
28
25
64
42
49
25.2
7
43
41
53
—
—
46
36.0

S
>21
6.3 <1 <1 <1 ^1
6.0 <1 <1 <1 <1
9.1 9.1  1
±7O 1
1961
1961
1961
1961
1966
1966
1961
1961
1961
1961
std.) 1960
1960
std.) I960
std.) 1960
1960
std.) 1959
1961
Ref
40
41
41
33
37
36
37
33
39

41
41
32
37
33
33
33
36
37
33
33
36
31
38
38
39
32

32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
42
32

31

43
37

32
32
32
32
32
32
32
44
44
32
32
32
32
41
41
39
41
41
38
32
(1)   Not  specified
 nd   Sought  but  not  detected

-------


State and Field
LOUISIANA
Bay Narchard
Colquitt, Clairborne
Colqultt, Clairborne
Colquitt, Calirborne
(Smackover B)
Delta (West) Offshore,
Block 117
Delta (West) Block 27
Delta (West) Block 41
Eugene Island, Offshore,
Block 276
Eugene Island, Offshore,
Block 238
Lake Washington
Main Pass, Block 6
Main Pass, Block 41
Olla
Ship Shoal, Offshore,
Block 176
Ship Shoal, Offshore,
Block 176
Ship Shoal, Block 208
Shongaloo, N. Red Rock
South Pass, Offshore,
Block 62
Timbalier, S., Offshore,
Block 54
MICHIGAN
Trent


V

nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
4
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

nd

—
- 96 -
TABLE 14 (Cont'd)
Traca plemenc. ppa
Nl Fe | Ba Cr Mn Mo Sn • As

2
nd
nd
nd
2
2
2
nd
nd
4
3
1
5.56 0.07
nd
nd
2
nd
4

nd

0.23


Analytical Method

Emission spectroscopy
Emission gpectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Eli
p py
Emission spectroscopy

Emission soectrosconv



Ya ar
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1952
1971
1971
1971
1971
10^1
iy /i
1971

1956


Daf
Ket «
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
43
31
31
31
31


31

42
MISSISSIPPI

  Baxterville, Laraar and
    Marion
  Heidelberg
  Mississippi
  Tallhalla Creek, Smith
  Tallhalla Creek, Smith
  Tallhalla Creek, Smith
    (Smackover)
  Tingley, Yazoo
  Bell Creek
  Big Wall
  Soap Creek


NEW MEXICO
  Ratelesnake
  Rattlesnake
  Table Mesa


OKLAHOMA

  Allurve (Nowata)
  Allurve (Nowata)
  Allurve (Nowata)
  Bethel
  Burbank
  Gary
  Chelsea (Novata)
  Chelsea (Novata)
  Chelsea (Nowata)
  Cheyarha
  Cheyarha
  Cheyarha
  Cheyarha
  Cromwell
  Cromwell
  Cromwell
  Cromwell
  Cromwell
  Cromwell
  Dill
  Dover,  Southeast
  Dustin
  E. Lindsay
  E. Seminole
  E. Yeager
  Fish
  Glen Pool

  (1)  Not specified
40
15
-•
nd
nd
nd
7
nd
24
132
•a
<1
"ii-. not

-------
                                                        - 97 -
                                                     TABLE 14  (Cont'd)
State and Field
Grief Creek
Hawkins
Hauklns
Horns Corner
Katie
Katie
Katie
Katie
Kendrick
Konawa
Laf f oon
Little River
Middle Cilliland
Naval Reserve
New England
N. Dill
N. E. Castle Ext.
N. E. Elmore
N. E. Elmore
N. Okemah
N. W. Horns Corner
Olympia
Osage City
S. W. Maysville
S. W. Maysville
Tat urns
Ta turns
Ta turns
Weleetka
W. Holdenvllle
W. Wewoka
Wewoka
Wewoka Lake
Ueuoka Lake
Wewoka Lake
Wtldhorsc
Wynona
Wynona
TEXAS
Anahuac
Brantley-Jackson, Hopkins
Brantley-Jackson, Smackover
Con roe
East Texas
East Texas
East Texas
East Texas
Edgewood, Van Zandt
Ftnley
Jackson
Lake Trammel, Nolan
Mirando
Panhandle, Carson
Panhandle, Hutchinson
Panhandle, West Texas
Refugio
Refugio, Light
Salt Flat
Scurry County
Sweden
Talco
Talco
Wasaon
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas
West Texas (Imogene)
Yates-Pecos
Trace Element, pom
V 31 Fe Ba Cr Mn
0.10 0.42
2.10 8.50
0.72 3.50
0.70
0.17 0.52
0.48 1.60
0.29 1.00
0.24 1.00
<1 *1 <1 <1 <1 <1
0.10 0.65
44.0 20.2 1.5 <1 <1 <1
0.17 1.10
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
<1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1
, <1 <1 <1 nd <1 <1
0.13 1.45
0.29 1.50
0.15 0.60
0,17 0.70
0.11 0.70
0,10
0.88 2.40
2.9 1.6 6.9 nd <1 <1
1.36 2.10
0.25 1.10
57
56
148 71
0.10
0.13 0.46
0.14 0.42
0.15
0.33 0.95
0.15 0.30
0.18 0.27
2-6 1 <1 nd nd <1
<1 <1 1.8 <1 <1 
-------
                                            Trace Element, ppm
State and Field
UTAH
Duchesne
Duchesne
Duchesne County
Red Wash
Red Wash
Roosevelt
Roosevelt
Virgin
Virgin
West Pleasant Valley
Wildcat
WYOMING
Beaver Creek
Big Horn Mix
Bison Basin
Circle Ridge
Corral Creek
Crooks Gap
Dallas
Dallas
De rby
Elk Basin
Elk Basin
Ga rland
Grass Creek
Half Moon
Half Moon
Hamilton Dome
Hamilton Dome
Hamilton Dome
Little Mo
Lost Soldier
Lost Soldier
Lost Soldier
Mitchell Creek
North Oregon Basin
North Oregon Basin
North Oregon Basin
Oil Mountain
Pilot Butte
Pilot Butte
Pine Ridge
Prescott No. 3
Recluse
Roelis
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Salt Creek
Skull Creek
South Casper Creek
South Fork
South Spring Creek
South Spring Creek
Steamboat Butte
Washakie
Wlnkleman Dome
V


-------
                                - 99 -
          The trace element data presented in Table 14 indicate that,

in general, the lowest metal content domestic crudes are from the coastal

and offshore fields of  Louisiana and Texas.   The highest metal con-

tent crudes are found in California.  This parallels the observations

made for sulfur and nitrogen.  It is not surprising that the levels of

nitrogen, vanadium and nickel should vary together because some nitrogen

and some of these (and other)/metals are frequently bound into

a porphyrin ring(j^8).  This type of chelate coordination complex is known

for its high stability.  All of the volatile metal compounds present in

crude oil are metalloporphyrins.  The nature of the nonvolatile metal

compounds is not completely understood although they too may be com-

plexes with more than one porphyrin ring or simple porphyrins with size-

able asphaltic side chains.

          Data obtained from the Cymric field of California's San Joaquin

Valley are worthy of comment.  The high mercury levels reported for this

field are in no way representative of domestic production in general or

of California production in particular.   Cymric's high mercury content

can be attributed to its location on the southeast prolongation of the

main mercury belt east of the San Andreas fault.   It is,  therefore,  not

surprising that the mercury ore cinnabar found in this region is sat-

urated with hydrocarbons and that crude oil hydrocarbons  appear to be

saturated with mercury(49).
                                                                        J

-------
                                - 100 -
  3.   Imported  Crude  Oils



           As noted previously,  approximately  15% of  the nation's  total




crude oil  supply  in  1971  was  obtained  from imported  sources.   This




percentage is  increasing  as U.S.  demand  grows and domestic  production




declines.   Import data for 1971 are  shown  in  Table 15.




           Crude oils  are  found  in a  number of locations throughout




the world.  It is not surprising,  therefore,  that there is  a wide




difference in  the quality of  foreign crude oils.   Some  possess negligible




trace  element  concentrations  while others  have  trace element levels




considerably higher  than  the  bulk of domestic production.   However,




as noted in Table 15,  the crudes  imported  into  the U.S.  come from only




a few  regions  thus permitting a generalized breakdown of their pertinent




characteristics.   This  summary  is  presented in  Table 16.  The presentation




of generalizations does not imply  that there  are  no significant variations




among  the  crude oils  of a given region,  or  even  a  given nation.  As the




U.S. data  illustrate  this  is  not  to  be expected.   Rather, these




generalized characteristics are those possessed by the  crudes of the




largest fields in a given  region.  As in the  U.S., it is these large




fields that dominate production, are representative of  the  region and




are most likely to be imported  into  the U.S.  It is also these fields




about which published data are  generally more readily available.

-------
                                -  101  -
                               TABLE 15

                  IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL INTO THE  U.S.
                   BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN  IN 1971(23)
    Region
NORTH AMERICA
Exporting
 Country
                 Canada
Import Level,
 Thousands of
 Barrels/Day


      756
% of Imported
    Crude


     45.42
SOUTH AMERICA
                 Venezuela
                 Colombia
                 Bolivia
                 Chile
                 Total South America
                        323
                          6
                          3
                        	1
                        333
                      19.40
                       0.36
                       0.18
                       0.06
                      20.00
MIDDLE EAST
                 Saudi Arabia and
                 Neutral Zone
                 Abu Dhabi
                 Iran
                 Kuwait
                 Iraq	
                 Total Middle East
                        119
                         83
                         73
                         29
                        	6
                        310
                       7.15
                       4.98
                       4.38
                       1.74
                       0.36
                      18.61
AFRICA
                 Nigeria
                 Libya
                 Egypt
                 Angola
                 Algeria
                 Total Africa
                         76
                         49
                         22
                          5
                        	2
                        154
                       4.56
                       2.94
                       1.32
                       0.30
                       0.12
                       9.24
ASIA
                 Indonesia
                        112
                       6.73
                 Total Imported Crude
                      1,665
                     100.00

-------
                                   - 102 -
                                   TABLE 16

                              GENERAL CRUDE OIL
                          CHARACTERISTICS BY REGION
    Region
      Country
Area
Characteristics
NORTH AMERICA  Canada
SOUTH AMERICA  Venezuela
AFRICA
                    Alberta/B.C.

                    Saskatchewan/
                    Manitoba

                    Lake Maracaibo
                                   Tar Belt
MIDDLE EAST
               Colombia
Algeria, Libya
Nigeria and
other West African
Saudi Arabia,
Iran etc.
           Similar to U.S.
           Midcontinent.
           Medium to high S and
           trace elements.

           Medium to high S.   High
           vanadium and other trace
           elements

           Very high sulfur and
           trace elements

           Low S and trace elements
           in export crude

           Low sulfur and trace
           elements but medium
           nitrogen in relation to
           sulfur.

           High sulfur and moderate
           trace elements.  Sulfur
           higher and trace elements
           lower than Maracaibo
           crudes.
ASIA
Indonesia
           Negligible trace elements

-------
                                  - 103 -
 3.1  Sulfur and Nitrogen Data




           The sulfur and nitrogen data obtained for oil fields of




 nations which export crude oil to the U.S.  are presented in Table 17.




 The crude oil characteristics are considered representative of the countries




 listed in Table 15.




           Because data were available for a number of fields with insignif-




 cant production,  the fields selected to be  included in this table were,




 for the most  part,  limited to those fields  listed under "Worldwide




 Production" in the  Oil and Gas Journal of December 27,  1971.  Production



 statistics for most  of the significant'>d>il  fields  of  each  oil  producing




 nation are included  in this OGJ list.   For  the  purposes of  this study,




 those fields  not  included  are  considered  to  contribute  insignificantly




 to  that nation's  total production and  consequently would not be repre-




 sentative  of  oil  exported  to the U.S.  Generally,  data  were  available




 for most of the largest  significant  fields within  a given nation.




 There  were, however, a number  of significant  fields for which no-'trace




 element data  could be  obtained.




          Data were  acquired from a wide  variety  of sources  believed




to be reliable.  When  duplicate determinations were available, the




data were averaged even if the data were obtained  in different laboratories




from samples  analyzed  at different  times.   Again,  published  data  took




precedence over that obtained from other sources.

-------
                               - 104 -
                                TABLE  17

               SULFUR AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS
                 FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
NORTH AMERICA
     Province  and  Field
 Sulfur, Nitrogen,
 Weight  Weight  Production,
Percent Percent
                                                          References
 _
 Canada
 Acheson, Alta.
 Bantry, Alta.
 Bonnie Glen,  Alta.
 Boundary Lake, B.C.
 Coleville, Sask.
 Daly, Manitoba
 Dollard, Sask.
 Excelsior, Alta.
 Fenn - Big Valley, Alta.
 Fosterton-Dollard, Sask.
 Gilby, Alta.
 Golden Spike, Alta.
 Harmattan, East, Alta.
 Harmattan-Eklton, Alta.
 Innisfail, Alta.
 Joarcam, Alta.
 Joffre, Alta.
 Kaybob , Alta.
 Leduc, Alta.
 Lloydminster , Alta.
 Midale, Sask.
 North Premier, Sask.
 Pembina, Alta.
 Redwater, Alta.
 Steelman, Sask.
 Stettler, Alta.
 Sturgeon Lake, S. , Alta.
 Swan Hills, Alta.
 Taber, East, Alta.
 Taber, West, Alta.
Turner Valley, Alta.
Virden-Roselea, Man.
Virden-North Scallion, Man.
Wainwright, Alta.
Westerose, Alta.
West Drumheller, Alta.
Weybum,  Sask.
Wizard Lake, Alta.
 0.46
 2.41
 0.32
 0.72
 2.62
 0.18
 2.18
 0.71
 1.
 2.
   89
   91
0.12
0.37
0.37
0.44
0.58
0.13
0.56
0.04
0.53
   67
   24
   92
0.22
0.22
0.73
1.59
0.85
0.46
3.08
2.55
0.34
  43
  47
  60
0.25
0.51
1.89
0.24
0.126


0.027

0.120
         0.016
        0.041

        0.055

        0.034
        0.023
bbl/day
9,400
6,900
36,800
27,700
4,700
1,400
8,800
1,600
19,600
7,600
5,300
37,400
6,000
4,500
5,500
5,900
6,600
10,900
16,700
2,200
11,700
6,300
140,000
58,000
28,200
3,200
11,700
76,900
4,500

2,900
3,700
7,500
10,800
9,400
1,900
33,300
27,600
S
50,51
50
50,51
51
50,51
50
50,51
51,53
51,53
50,51,53
51
51,53
51
51
51
51
51
-51>
50,51,54
50,54
51
50
50,51
50
51
50^51'
51 ' '-
N

—
—
—
52
—
—
52
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— —
• — •
52
—
— _
__
—
52
*"T
52
--•;:-
53 52,53
50
50
51
51
51
; '55' -
51
50,51
51
51
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
52

-------
                               -  105  -
SOUTH AMERICA
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight  Weight  Production,
                                                          References
Field and State
Venezuela
Aguasay , Monagas
Bachaquero, Zulia
Boca, Anzoategui
Boscan, Zulia
Cabimas, Zulia
Caico Seco, Anzoategui
Centre del Lago, Zulia
Ceuta, Zulia
Chimire, Anzoategui
Dacion, Anzoategui
El Roble, Anzoategui
Guara, Anzoategui
Guario, Anzoategui
Inca, Anzoategui
La Ceibita, Anzoategui
Lago Medio, Zulia
Lagunillas, Zulia
Lama, Zulia
La Paz, Zulia
Leona, Anzoategui
Mapiri, Anzoategui
Mara, Zulia
Mata, Anzoategui
Mene Grande, Zulia
Mercy, Anzoategui
Nipa, Anzoategui
Oficina, Anzoategui
Oritupano, Monagas
Oscurote, Anzoategui
Pilon, Monagas
Pradera, Anzoategui
Quiriquire, Monagas
Ruiz, Guarico
San Joaquin, Anzoategui
Santa Ana, Anzoategui
Santa Rosa, Anzoategui
Sibucara, Zulia
Silvestre, Barinas
Sinco, Barinas
Soto, Anzoategui
Santa Barbara, Monagas
Tacat, Monagas
Taman, Guarico
Temblador, Monagas
Tia Juana, Zulia
Tucupita, Araacuro
Yopales, Anzoategui
Zapatos, Anzoategui
Percent

0.82
2.65
0.89
5.54
1.71
0.13
1.42
1.36
1.07
1.29
0.10
2.95
0.13
—
0.41
1.16
2.15
1.47
1.29
1.38
0.54
1.16
1.09
2.00
2.52
0.38
0.59
1.89
1.19
2.11
0.75
1.33
1.05
0.14
0.42
0.09
0.82
1.17
1.38
0.52
0.88
1.55
0.14
0.83
1.70
1.05
1.15
0.48
Percent

—
0.377
0.178
0.593
0.249
—
—
—
0.119
0.274
0.001
0.314
0.003
0.223
0.055
—
0.319
0.203
—
—
0.058
0.116
0.238
—
0.429
—
0.202
—
—
0.360
0.033
0.252
0.161
0.036
—
0.006
0.074
0.261
0.284
0.159
0.125
—
0.025
0.338
0.269
0.312
0.275
0.075
bbl/day

14,800
738,900
6,100
68,400
82,000
4,200
132,200
63,800
17,100
10,900
1,000
26,900
1,100
9,500
14,300
58,100
940,100
320,000
23,500
11,900
2,800
10,100
55,800
12,200
27,500
29,200
48,100
14,500
11,400
23,900
700
22,000
600
2,300
7,000
34,700
2,000
12,200
28,400
10,000
6,100
3,500
400
5,300
373,000
3,700
15,700
19,300
S

53,54
53
54
53
53,54
54
54
56
53
53
54
53
51
—
53
56
51,53
53
54
56
54
53
53
54
53
54
53
54
54
53
54
53
54
53
54
53
54
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
53
51
54
53
N

—
53,54
54
53,57
53,54
—
—
—
53,54
53,54
54
53
54
54
53
—
53,54
53
—
—
54
53,54
53
—
53
—
§4
—
—
53
54
53,54
54
54
—
53
54
53
53
54
54
—
54
54
53,54
54
54
53

-------
                               - 106 -
 SOUTH AMERICA (Cont'd)

    Country and Field
Colombia
Casabe
Colorado
Galan
Infantas
La Cira
Payoa
Rio Zulia
Tibu
Sulfur, Nitrogen,
Weight  Weight   Production,
        Percent    bbl/dav
 1.07
 0.25
 1.11
 0.88
 0.96
 0.83
 0.32
 0.71
0.147
 7,500
   900
 1,300
 4,500
17,200
 8,200
23,700
12,900
References
  S    . N

 51
 51
 51
 51'
 51
 53     53
 58
 51     51
Bolivia

Camiri
0.02
                                                2,800
                       54
Chile
Cerro Mana^iales
0.05
                                                           51

-------
                               - 107 -
MIDDLE EAST
    Country and Field

Saudi Arabia
and Neutral Zone

Abqaiq
Abu Hadriya
Abu Sa'Fah
Berri
Dairrniatn
Fadhili
Ghawar
Khafji
Khursaniya
Khurais
Manifa
Qatif
Safaniya
Wafra

Abu Dhabi

Bu Hasa I
Bu Hasa II
Habshan
Murban-Bab-Bu Hasa
Iran

Agha Jari
Cyrus
Darius
Gach Saran
Haft Kel
Naft-i-Shah
Sassan
Kuwait
Burgan
Magwa-Ahmadi
Minagish
Raudhatain
Sabriyah
Bai Hassan
Kirkuk
Rumaila
Sulfur,  Nitrogen,
Weight   Weight  Production,
Percent  Percent   bbl/day
 2.03
 1.69
 2.61
 2.24
 1.47
 1.25
 1.89
 2.99
 2.53
 1.73
 2.75
 2.55
 2.88
 3.91
 0.74
 0.77
 0.71
 0.62
                                                           References
  .41
  ,68
  .44
 1.57
 1.20
 0.76
 2.06
 2.58
 2.21
 2.12
 2.13
 1.62
 1.36
 1.93
 2.1
0.105
—
0.232
0.206
—
0.029
0.107
0.159
0.093
0.307
0.338
0.109
0.126
0.145
0.032
0.031
0.026
0.028
0.015
0.300
0.089
0.226
—
—
0.082
892,500
103,700
82,900
155,900
21,600
47,900
2,057,900
_- .
74 , 300
22,300
5,100
95,100
791,400
141,000

—
—
564,100
848,000
24,000
100,000
882,000
45,000
10,000
137,000
        2,950,000
0.28
   57,000
1,097,000
  480,000
s
53
51
53
53
51,54
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53,54,56
53
53
53^
53
53
53
53
51,53
59
54
53
53
53
53
53
53
60
51
56
N
53
—
53
53
—
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53-
53,54
53
53
.53
53
53
53
53
53
—
—
53
53
53
53
53
53
60
-T-. •
—

-------
                                - 108 -
AFRICA
    Country  and  Field
 Sulfur,Nitrogen,
 Weight  Weight   Production,
-Percent  Percent    bbl/day
 Nigeria

 Af am
 Apara
 Bomu
 Delta
 Ebubu
 Imo River
 Meji
 Meren
 Obagi
 Oloibiri
 Umuechem
Amal
Beda
Bel Hedan
Brega*
Dahra
Defa
El Dib
Es Sider*
Farrud
Gialo
Hofra
Kotla
Nafoora
Ora
Rakb
Samah
Sarir
Umm Farud
Waha
Zaggut
Zelten
0.09
0.11
0.20
0.18
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.09
0.21
0.26
0 .14
0.027
0.050
0.084
0.096
0.113
0.121
0.041
0.048
0.060
0.179
0.076
8,400
1,000
46,000
69,800
2,600
104,100
19,400
82,700
43,100
4,200
32,800
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
  0.14
  0.45
  0.24
  0.22
  0.41
  0.28
  1.04
  0.42
  0.39
  0.56
  0.32
  0.84
  0.55
  0.23
  0.23
  0.25
  0.16
  0.13
  0.24
  0.30
  0.23
0.093
0.203
0.120
0.106
0.140
0.127
0.160
0.070
0.121
0.082
0.274
0.091
0.119
0.118
0.127
0.079
0.033
0.134
0.188
0.090
162,400
  7,900
  6,600

 33,300
165,800
  2,200

  4,500
359,400
  5,200
 11,900
238,800
 11,300
 11,500
 57,000
440,000
  4,200
129,300
  2,700
357,900
References
S
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
56
53,61
61
53
60
53
61
61
61
53* ,
53,61
• 61
61
53
53
61
61
61
N
61
61
61
53
61
61
53
53
53
61
61
61
61
61
—
53,61
61
53
60
53
61
61
61
53
53,61
61
61
53
53
61
61
61
   Export crude mixture  delivered  to
   pipeline terminals.

-------
                               - 109 -
AFRICA (Cont!d)
     Country  and  Field
 Sulfur,  Nitrogen,
 Weight   Weight  Production,
Percent  Percent   bbl/day
                            2.05
                            0.84
                            1.67
                            2.06
         0.075
         0.183
 24,600
260,900
   *
References
  S     N
  53
  53
  53
  53
53
53
Angola (Cabinda)

Tobias
 1.51
                                                            58
Algeria

Edjeleh
Gassi Touil
Hassi Messaoud
Ohanet
Rhourde el Baguel
Tin Fouye
Zarzaitine
0.095
0.020
0.15
0.06
0.31
0.13
0.06
0.058
0.008
0.018
—
0.087
0.061
0.018
18,900
59,000
387,200
8,600
65,900
46,200
44,200
53
61
53
58
61
53
53
53
61
53
—
61
53
53
   These  fields  on the  Sinai  Peninsula are being  produced by  Israel.
   Data are not  available.

-------
                               - 110 -
                           Sulfur, Nitrogen,
                           Weight  Weight-  Production,   References
    Country and Field     Percent  Percent    bbl/day       s     N

Indonesia
Bekasap                     0.17   0.124      111,100       53    53
Duri                        0.18   0.337       37,900       53    53
Kalimantan                  0.07     —         —          54
Lirik                       0.08     —         4,500       58
Minas                       0.115  0.132      408,700       53    53
Pematang                    0.10   0.159       67,300       53    53
Seria                       <.10     —         —          53
Tarakan                     0.13     —         1,600*      54
   Production data from Reference 58.

-------
                                   - Ill -
 3.2   Other  Trace  Element  Data





          The  trace  element  data  available  for worldwide oil  fields  are




 limited  largely to the  elements vanadium and  nickel.   Data  for  certain




 other elements exist on a nation  by nation  basis.   For example,  extensive




 data are available for  the iron content  of  Canadian crude oils.  Some




 additional  data are available for the iron  and  chromium content  of




 the  crudes  of other nations.  The trace  element data for crude oils




 from  nations which export to the  U.S. are presented in  Table 18.  All




 data  obtained have been included  irrespective of field  size.  Table 18




 lists world region, nation,  element content, analytical method used




when  available, year of publication and source of the data.

-------
                                                    - 112 -
                                                  TABLE 18




                  TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
NORTH AMERICA






Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field
Canada
Acheson
Acheson
Acheson
Armena-Cararose
Bantry
Bawlf
Big Valley
Big Valley
Bonnie Glen
Bonnyville
Campbell
Cantaur
Cantaur
Chamberlain
Coleville
Coleville
Coleville
Coleville
Conrad
Daly
Dollard
Drumheller
Drumheller
W. Drumheller
Duhamel
Duhamel
Eastend
Elk Island
Excelsior
Flat Lake
Forget
Foster ton
Glen Park
Golden Spike
Grassy Lake
Cull Lake
Hamilton Lake
Joffre
Joseph Lake
Kathyrn
Lac. Ste. Anne
Leduc
Leduc
Leduc
Lloydminster
Malmo
Malrao
Malmo
Midway
Morinville
Morinville
McMurray
Pembina
N. Premier
Rapdan
Ratcliffe
Redwater
Redwater
Reduater
Roselea
Skaro
Springburn
Smiley
Stettler
Stettler
Success
E. Taber
W. Taber
Wabiskaw
Wagner
Wapella
Wapella
V

0.53
3.5
0.81
0.59
56.9
1.94
6.83
6.14
0.04
135
11.2
86.8
135.5
17.9
111
13.3
105
95
73.3
7.04
99.7
19.4
4.32
0.55
0.67
2.85
83.5
0.7
2.82
145
20.8
76.5
0.16
0.37
17.9
97.5
1.01
0.15
0.48
4.0
83.7
0.56
0.50
<0.56
105
0.9
0.58
0.83
90.8
105
2.21
220
0.58
77.3
103.1
5.60
4.03
4.5
<0.56
4.26
0.89
1.24
1.14
11.4
16.2
88.0
103
88.8
208
19.4
29.8
23.1
Ni

1.30
1.88
4.50
0.74
19.1
4.75
12.3
11.08
0.09
57.0
4.91
33.5
52.3
8.64
33
5.03
36
32
25.4
5.26
48.5
9.59
13.4
1.26
7.46
3.91
33.0
1.66
5.30
60.2
12.74
30.8
1.38
3.63
5.9
34.2
1.98
0.29
0.55
2.43
26.6
1.27
1.23
—
51.5
1.19
0.72
4.41
40.1
31.1
2.75
75.7
1.24
30.5
47.5
7.61
9.43
10.6
—
2.90
2.51
6.24
2.84
15.2
13.8
31.6
38.3
36.3
76.6
9.59
17.0
13.46
Fe Cr

0.7
2.0
0.7
0.8
1.0
4.9
1.1
0.7
0.2
9.0
0.7
1.3
8.4
0.8
--
4.1
0.9
--
0.7
0.8
1.7
2,0
0.3
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.8
—
0.3
629
0.3
4.6
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.3
16.5
2.4
0.7
0.6
—
3.3
0.5
0.2
0.3
1.8
4.2
0.8
75.5
0.5
1.1
2.1
1.0
0.5
3.4
—
0.4
—
—
1.7
0.7
0.5
4.1
3.5
1.0
58.7
2.0
0.7
1.5
Analytical Method

Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
X-ray fluorescence (inc. std)
X-ray fluorescence (ext. std)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimet ric
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Year

1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1971
1954
1962
1962
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1958
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1958
1958
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
1954
Ref .

62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
31
62
40
40
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
37
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
37
37
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
62
(1)   Not specified

-------
                                                   - 113 -
SOUTH AMERICA
                            TABLE  18  (Cent)




TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.









                Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field ( ) *
Venezuela
Amana (1952 Blend)
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero

Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero
Bachaquero (2)
Bachaquero Light
Bachaquero Heavy
Barlnas (3)
Boca
Bosc&n
Bos can
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Boscan
Cachlpo
Cancaura
Centre del Lago
Chimire
Cumarebo
Dae ion
Esqulna
Esqulna
Guanlpa
Guarlo
Guico (3)
Jusepin
Jusepin
Jusepin
La Ceibita
Lagomar
Lagot reco
Lagotreco/Lagoclnco
Lagunillas
Lagunlllas

Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas
Lagunillas Heavy
Lama
Lama (7)
Lama
Lama/ Lama r
Lamar (2)
La Rcsa
La Rosa
La Rosa Medium
Leona (3)
Mapiri (3)
Mara
Mara
Mara
V

29
370
430
430

413
348
320
390
370
49
413
49
390
117-165
48.5
1400
1580
937
819
1200
1100
1150
14
0.6
179
56
0,7
133
2.5
1.3
110
1.9
17-63
26
16.8
14.8
0.66
179
163
101
290,315
303

303
265
236
116
151
229
300
55
8-26
104
240-300
4-55
185
156
230
86-140
11-14
220
206
173
Ni

8
46
—
52,38,
53
49
45
42
45
46
5.5
39
5.5
45
43-57
—
100
123
119
112
160
105
—
3.3
—
30
13
0.8
29
—
—
27
—
—
5.5
—
2.0
—
22.0
15
—
--
34,29
41
39
35.0
—
8.2
—
30
38
12
—
—
22-28
—
—
10.0
24
24-36
—
L8
15
16.3
Fe Cr Analytical Method

Emission spectroscopy
Colorlmetrlc
5.4 X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
3.9 0.08 (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
Coloriraetric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Coloriraetric
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Emission' spectroscopy
60.0 1.0 (1)
6.2 (1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
32.0 . (1)
Emission spectroscopy
Coloriraet ric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetrtc
(1)
4.7 Emission spectroscopy
(1)
8.4 (1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
7.9 X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence

X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
0.97 Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
0.83 Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Year

1971
1964
1960
1962

1971
1958
1959
1972
1972
1972
1972
1964
1964
1972
1959
1964
1969
1971
1971
1959
1959
1959
1972
1959
1959
1971
1964
1971
1959
1959
1964
1959
1959
1964
1959
1952
1959
1959
1971
1972
1960
1962

1969
1958
1959
1952
1959
1971
1964
1971
1959
1972
1972
1972
1959
1952
1964
1972
1959
1964
1971
1959
Ref.

31
63
41
40

31
45
37
32
32
32
64
63
63
32
37
63
15
31
31
37
37
37
32
37
37
31
63
31
37
37
63
37
37
63
37
43
37
37
31
32
41
40

35
45
37
43
37
31
63
31
37
32
32
32
37
43
63
32
37
63
31
37
 *   Number  in  parenthesis  indicates  number of  samples  Involved.




(1)  Not  specified

-------
                                                     - 114  -
                                                TABLE 18 (Cont)
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
SOUTH AMERICA (CONT'D)
Country and Field ( )*
Mata, Anzoatequi
Mat a, Anzoatequl
Merey
Mercy (2)
Mesa (2)
Monagas
Motatan 07
Oflclna
Oflcina
Oficlna
Oficina Light
Oflclna Heavy
Oscurote (2)
Oscurote, Norte
Paconsib
Pedernales
Pilon
Pilon
Qulriqulre
Qulrlquire
Qulriquire
Quirlqulre
Ruiz (East)
San Joaquln
San Joaquin
San Joaquln
San Joaquln
San Joaquln
San Roque
Silvestre
Tapaslto
Tarra
Temblador
Tla Juana
Tia Juana

Tla Juana
Tia Juana
Tia Juana, Light
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Medium
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tia Juana, Heavy
Tigre
Tigre
Tucupita
Urdaneta
Zapatos
Colombia
Colombian
Casabe
Payoa
Tlbu-Petrolea
Trace Elements, ppm
V
130
21
290
242-247
45-56
212
390
129
54
37
57
62
20-68
187
164
230
510
181
95
102
39
31.3
111
0.6
2.3
2.4
11.2
0.33
<4.5
205
450
42.0
56
180,185
182

170
216
100
200
185
134
300
303
269
160
153
84
430
4

101
135
59
60
Nl Fe
25
5
64
31-59
12.7-15
—
43
—
8
6
6
14
—
—
—
87
98
72
16
18
—
5.9 2.0

0.2
0.9
32.0 13.1
2.0
0.14 0.45
—
63
40
6.6 0.49
35
—
16,20
24
16
24
11
22
—
7.6 2.44
25
27
—
28
31
45
—
<1

__
14.4 18
13
9 1.6
Cr Analytical Method
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Colo rime eric
Colorimetric
(1)
(1)
(1)
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Chemical
(1)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroacopy
0.024 (1)
(1)
Chemical
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
0.009 (1)
Colorimetric
X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence

X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
(1)
Chemical
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
(J)
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy
Colorimetric
Colorimetric
Emission spectroscopy

(1)
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Year
1971
1971
1971
1972
1972
1972
1964
1959
1971
1972
1964
1964
1959
1959
1972
1964
1964
1971
1964
1971
1959
1952
1959
1964
1958
1959
1959
1952
1972
1971
1964
1959
1964
1960
1962

1968
1971
1964
1964
1959
1952
1964
1971
1959
1964
1971
1964
1964
1971

1959
1972
1971
1972
Ref ,
31
31
31
32
32
32
63
37
31
32
63
63
37
37
32
63
63
31
63
31
37
43
37
63
45
37
37
43
32
31
63
37
63
41
40

65
31
63
63
37
43
63
31
37
63
3J
63
63
31

37
32
31
32
*  Number  in  parenthesis  indicates  number of samples  involved
(1)  Not specified

-------
                                                       - 115 -
                                                 TABLE 18 (Cont)


                    TRACE  ELEMENT CONTENT  OF  CRUDE  OILS  FROM NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
MIDDLE EAST
Country and Field ( )*
Saudi Arabia
Abqalq, Arab C
Abqalq, Arab C
Abqalq, Arab C
Abu Sa'Fah
Abu Sa'Fah
Aln Dar
Aln Dar, Zone Arab D
Arabian Lt. (2)
Berrl
Chauar
Haradh, Zone Arab D
Khurais
Khursanlyah
Khursanlyah
Manifa
Safanla (3)
Safania, Bahrain
Shedgum
Southern Fields
Southern Arabian Fields
Uthmanlyali
Neutral Zone
Khafjl
Khafjl
Wafra (2)
Wafra
Abu Dhabi
Abu Dhabi (2)

Abu Dhabi (Land)
Iran
Agha Jart
Ahwaz
Cyrus
Cyrus
Gach Saran
Gach Saran
Ha£t Kel
Iranian Heavy
Sassan
Sassan
Kuwait
Kuwait
Kuwa 1 t
Kuwait
Kuwait
Magwa-Ahmadi
Iraq
Ain Zalah
Bai Hassan
Bai Hassan
Jambur
Jambur Bai Hassan
Kirkuk
Kirkuk (3)
Zubalr
Zubair
Trace Elements, ppm
V

49
6
<0.56
32
27
51
16
11-12.4
24
17
24
8
18
18
12
48-80
57
18
16
21
51

63
4
46-32
56

nil-
1.5
1.3

36
23
151
118
123
145
25
107
16
10.8

29
27
22.5
22.5
43

95
19
10
6
22
30
25-30
20
13
Hi

7
<1
—
12
10
10
3
3-3.7
3
2
7
5
3
<1
1
14 .
20
4
4
4
9

12
—
7
—

0.43

—

—
8
39
—
33
31
—
37
3
	

8
9
6.6
6.0
7

15
—
—
—
—
11
10-11
4

Fe Cr Analytical Method

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Colorlmetrlc
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(D

(1)'
(D
(1)
(1)

(1)

(1)

Color Imet r Ic
(1)
Emission spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(D

X-ray fluorescence
X-ray fluorescence
0.33 (1)
0.7 (1)
Emission spectroscopy

Colorimet ric
Colorimetric

-------
                                                     - 116 -

                                                 TABLE 18 (Cont)

                    TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF CRUDE OILS  FROM  NATIONS WHICH EXPORT TO THE U.S.
AFRICA




Trace Elements, ppm
Country and Field ( )*
Nigeria
Afaro, E. Region
Apara, E. Region
Bomu, E. Region
Delta, Offshore
Ebuba, E. Region
Imo River, E. Region
Imo River, E. Region
Kanuskiri, E. Region
Kanuskiri, E. Region
Ke, E. Region
Meren, Offshore
"Nigerian Medium"
Olibiri, E. Region
Robert Kiri, E. Region
Tubu, Offshore
Umuechem, E. Region
Libya
Araal, Cyrenaica
Dalira, Concession 32
Dalira, Tripolitania
Dahra
Defa, Cyrenaica
Ed Dib, Tripolitania
Ed Dib, Tripolitania
El Sider (2)
F-90, Concession 90
Facha, Tripolitania
Farud, Tripolitania
Khuff, Cyrenaica
Kotla, Concession 47
Ora, Cyrenaica
Ora, Cyrenaica
Rakb, Cyrenaica
Sarir, Concession 65
Sarir, Concession 65
Sarir
Umm Farud, Conces. 92
Zelten
Zueitina
Egypt
Belayim
Belayim
El Alamein
El Morgan
El "organ
Algeria
Cassi Touil
Rourde el Baquel
Zarzaitine
Zarazaitine (2)
ASIA
Indonesia
Bekasap
Duri
Minas
Pematamg
V Ni Fe

<1 <1
<1 1
<1 2
<1 4
<1 5
4 9
2 3
<1 5
<1 6
<1 <1
7 <0.8
2 13
1 2
<1 3

<1 <1
<1 3
<1 2
0.6
<1 6
7 11
7 15
0.92-1.8 5-5.6
4 7
6 12
28 35
<1 6
<1 6
<1 5
<1 2
<.5 5
<1 <1
1.1
0.7

23
120 71.9 58
15 7
52 18
37 24

<1 <1
<1 <1
<1 <1
0.2-1.5


8
33
7
11
Cr Analytical Method

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
Emission spectroscopy
(1)
(1)

(1)
(1)
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
(1)

Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
X-ray fluorescence
(1)


Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Emission spectroscopy
Year

1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1968
1971
1971
1971
1971

1971
1971
1971
1972
1971
1971
1971
1972
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1971
1968
1971
1972
1972

1972
1972
1971
1971
1971

1971
1971
lybB
1972


1971
1971
1971
1971
Ref .

31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
65
31
31
31
31

31
31
31
32
31
31
31
32
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
65
31
32
32

32
32
31
31
66

31
31
65
32


31
31
31
31
  *   Number in parenthesis indicates number of  samples  involved.
(1)   Not specified

-------
                                - 117 -










3.3  Interpretation of ImporLed Crude; Data




          It Is important to consider the data contained in Tables 17




and 18 in light of geographical factors as well as import levels,




both present and projected.  Canada and to a lesser extent Venezuela




have a unique logistical position in relation to the U.S.  Because of the




tremendous U.S. demand and their relative geographical positions, Canada




and Venezuela supply approximately 65% of all crude oil imported into




the U.S.    Virtually all Canadian exports are to the U.S. and most




Venezuelan oil exports ultimately are brought into the U.S. as either




crude or petroleum products.  It can be anticipated that Canada and




Venezuela will continue to be major exporters of crude into the U.S.




However, as U.S. crude oil needs increase further, and U.S. domestic




production declines, greater quantities of crude will have to be




imported.  Much of this developing gap in imports will probably  come




from the Middle East.  Thus, in effect, relatively high  quality




domestic crude will be replaced by the lower quality crudes of the




Middle East.  This means  that a significant increase in  overall




refining complexity is mandated if this new crude is to  be processed




into clean  fuels.  This development has significant implications  for




Phase III of  this program.




          The paragraphs  that follow discuss in general  terms factors




relevant to imports on a  regional or national basis.

-------
                                 - 118 -
          Canada - Approximately  two-thirds of Canada's crude oil production




comes  from the province  of  Alberta.  These crudes are generally of




moderately high quality.  Most  significant Alberta  crudes  are relatively




low  in sulfur, nitrogen  and the trace  elements.  Much Alberta crude




destined  for  the U.S.  is moved  by.i-.-the  Interprovincial pipe line into




the  U.S.  midwest.  This  pipeline  passes  southeast from Alberta past the




oil  fields of Saskatchewan  and  Manitoba.  Crudes from these areas which




are  also  fed..into this pipeline are of significantly lower quality.




Consequently, the overall composition  of the  crude  oil imported from




Canada into  the U.S. Midwest can  be considered on average  to be a mixture




of the high  quality crude from  Alberta with that of lower  quality from




the  central  prairie provinces.




          Venezuela - Venezuelan  crude oils are produced in substantial




quantities from two general  locations, the Lake Maracaibo  region in the




Venezuelan state of Zulia and the eastern fields in the states of




Anzoategui, Monagas and Guarico.  The  fields of the Maracaibo Basin (also




known  as  the Bolivar Coastal fields) are by far the largest, with this




region being responsible for over 80%  of Venezuela's crude oil production.




The  crudes from Venezuela can vary widely in  characteristics irrespective




of location.  However, Venezuelan crudes  generally  are known for being




high in sulfur and nitrogen and notoriously high in metals  content.

-------
                                - 119 -
          Crude oil is exported from both general locations to the U.S.




Most crude from the Maracaibo region, however, is shipped to Caribbean




refineries for processing before it is imported into the U.S. as fuel




6±jb»anddother petroleum products.  Much imported Venezuelan crude oil




is processed for asphalt in the U.S.  The asphalt fraction contains



most of the metals, sulfur and nitrogen thus freeing the lighter, purer




fractions for more valuable use as fuels.  Consequently, asphalt manu-




facture can be regarded as a means of removing contaminants from




crude oils.




          Middle  East - The Middle  East  is not only  the world's  largest




oil producing  region, it possesses  the world's greatest petroleum  reserves




as well.  The  crudes from  the Middle  Eastern nations surrounding the




Persian Gulf are  known for  their high sulfur and nitrogen  levels and  for




their moderate trace element content.   In the  Middle East  as is the case




elsewhere in  the  world,  the better  quality crudes  are  produced in




preference  to  those  of lower  quality. The lower quality  crude




reserves  are  therefore largely  untapped.  This means that  as  the




Persian Gulf  region  is called upon  to supply a greater quantity  of




the world's petroleum needs,  the poorer  quality fields will become




major  producers and  consequently  the  overall quality of the crude




supplied  by this  region  can be  expected  to decline.




           It  should be noted  that much Middle Eastern  crude oil




production is  currently  transported to Europe and  Japan.   Only minor




amounts are presently shipped to the  U.S.  As U.S.  crude  production

-------
                                 - 120 -
fails to satisfy the nation's crude oil needs, it can be expected that




more oil will be supplied by the Middle East and that the quality of




this oil will be somewhat poorer than that indicated by the trace




element levels of the largest production fields in Tables 17 and' 18.




          Africa - Crude oils from most of the African continent are




generally of high quality.  The primary exception to this generalization




is the crude production from Egypt's Suez fields.  However, recent dis-




coveries in Egypt's western desert are similar in quality to Libyan




crudes and, hence, may become a valuable new source of low sulfur




export crude.

-------
                                 - 121 -
 4.   Activation Analysis



          The nuclear technique, activation analysis, has been applied



with increasing frequency to the analysis of the trace elements present



in crude oils.  In this technique a sample is irradiated and the



resulting radioactive isotope is analyzed using sophisticated counting



apparatus.  Since activation is frequently accomplished using neutrons,



the term neutron activation analysis, NAA, appears frequently in the '



literature.   Activation analysis possesses several distinct advantages



over most analytical techniques used for the elemental analysis of



crude oils.   These advantages include:



          o  High sensitivity



          o  No required sample pretreatment



          o  Simultaneous determination of a number of elements



          o  Non destructive to sample



          o  Measurement unaffected by petroleum matrix



          Activation analysis possesses very high sensitivity to a



large number of the trace elements contained in crude oils.  For


                           13                   2
example, given a flux of 10   neutrons/second/cm , the absolute



sensitivity of NAA for 65 to 70 elements under ideal conditions is in



the 1 nanogram range when irradiation and counting times approximate



one hour each(6T) .  For a one gram sample, this translates to a sensitivity



of one part per billion, ppb.  Typically, sensitivity approximates



2 ppb for vanadium and 0.1 ppb for manganese when a one gram sample

-------
                                 -  122  -
is analyzed.  The sensitivity of NAA for S, Pb and Sn is limited, how?




ever.  Sensitivity to nickel is somewhat limited as well.  Limited




sensitivity for S makes  little difference however since this element




usually occurs in appreciable quantities in most crude oils thereby




permitting a reliable sulfur measurement.  Generally, sensitivity




can be increased through  the use of longer irradiation periods and




by the use of higher fluxes.




          Limited sensitivity and additional factors present with other




trace element analysis  techniques mandate pretreatment of crude oil




samples before these techniques can be used.  This pretreatment is




usually either sample concentration or chemical separation.  Most




ashing procedures generally used for concentration purposes can cause




the loss of the more volatile trace elements such as S, Se, Te, As and




Hg.  Additionally, the  reagents used in the ashing process as well as




in separation procedures  can add trace quantities of elements through




reagent contamination.   These substantial sources of error are




eliminated when activation analysis is used.  Further, the analysis




is nondestructive.





          Activation analysis is insensitive to crude oil physical




properties such as density and viscosity.   Additionally the use of NAA




for trace elements in petroleum is facilitated by the low neutron-




capture cross section of  the carbon and hydrogen matrix of the crude




oil.   However,  for this same reason NAA is not an effective tool for




the analysis of low levels of nitrogen in crude oils.

-------
                                 - 123 -









          Because of the intrinsic capability of activation analysis




for analyzing a number of elements it can provide a simultaneous




determination of many of the trace elements contained in crude oil.




This advantage (also possible with emission spectroscopy) can result




in more widespread dissemination of much needed trace metal data.




          Table 19 presents trace element data obtained using activation




analysis for oil fields and blends of oils from throughout the world.




The data are presented according to author.   Analyses for only those




elements of interest to this program are included.




          In general the data presented in Table 7 are not in serious




disagreement with trace element content determined using other methods.




The origin of the samples used in references 70 and 71 is not clear and




may explain why some of these analyses differ from the generally




accepted values.   For example,  the vanadium and nickel values reported




for Louisiana crude are unusually high relative to the results reported




elsewhere (see Table 14).  Additionally, one unusually high mercury




value was obtained for a California crude.  This value might be for the




Cymric or another field which would not be representative of California




crude oil production.  Further,  atypically high sulfur,  vanadium and




nickel levels are reported for certain Libyan crude samples.

-------
TABLE 19
TRACE ELEMENT CONTENT OF- CRUDE OILS
AS DETERMINED BY ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Region
NORTH
AMERICA






SOUTH
AMERICA

MIDDLE
EAST



AFRICA

ASIA

State/Country and Field
California, Wilmington
Louisiana, Timbalier
Texas, East Texas
Texas, Goldsmith
Texas, Headlee
Texas, Kelly-Snyder
Texas, Sprayberry
Texas, Ward Estes N.
Venezuela, Ceuta
Venezuela, Mesa
Colombia, Orito
Iran, Agha Jari
Arabian Light (blend)
Kuwait Blend
Kuwait Blend
Middle East Blend
Bgf^fc, El Morgan
Libya, Sarir
Indonesia, Duri
Indonesia, Minas
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
1.10
0.36
0.29
1.60
0.07
0.28
0.12
1.30
0.22
1.10
0.40
1.10
1.50
2.90
1.80
2.20
1.30
0.17
0.280
0.06
i
V
48.0
1.0
0.79
5.0
<.02
0.6
0.2
5.0
140.0
53.0
24.0
39.0
14.0
29.0
26.0
60.0
48.0
0.28
1.3
0.1

Ni
77.0
<4.4
<3.7
<4.1
<2.8
<2.4
<3.9
<2.6
21.0
14.0
21.0
21.0
<9.6
9.0
11.0
32.0
36.0
<4.0
47.0
16.0

As
<.007
0.05
<.007
<.01
<.004
<.006
<.01
0.7
0.018
<.006
<.006
<.005
<.008
<.005
<.006
<.007
<.008
<.008
0.09
<.01
pptf
Sb
<.009
<.01
<.01
0.017
<.007
<.01
<.008
<.006
<.006
<.006
<.006
0.8
<.005
0.8
0.002
<.008
0.7
<.007


<
0
<
<
<
<
0
<
<

<
<
<
0
<
0
<
<
<

Ba
.06
.09
.06
.06
.06
.05
.6
.04
.06
.08
.06
.09
.5
.9
.07
.12
.06
.06
.07


0.
o.
0.
0.
<.
0.
0.
o.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.

Mn Mo
018 <.15
027 <.16
15 <.16
033 <.19
001 <.l
008 <.12
026 <.18
06 <.13
044 <.13
044 <.12
006 <.12
024 <.12
012 <.16
005 <.14
014 <.13
01 1.5
029 <-16
05 <.13
044 <.ll
006 <.ll

Sn Reference
<.6 68
0.5 68
<.4 68
<.6 68
<1.0 68
<.6 68
<1.2 68
2.4 68
<.6 68
<.7 68
1.5 68
<.9 68
<.4 68
<1.0 68
<1.4 68
<1.2 68
<.5 68
<.5 68
<.8 68
<.8 68

-------
                                           TABLE 19  (Cont'd)
     Region
 NORTH AMERICA
 SOUTH AMERICA

 MIDDLE EAST


 AFRICA

 ASIA

State/Country and Field
Alaska, Nikiski
Alaska, Nikiski
Alaska
California, Wilmington
California
California
Louisiana, South Fields
Texas, Clam Lake
Texas, High Island
1?exas, Smithbluff
Bolivia
Abu Dhabi, Murban
Iran
Nigeria
Indonesia, Katapa
Indonesia, Katapa
Sulfur,
Weight
Percent
nd
0.13
2.00
3.34
3.04
3.00
0.38
0.227
0.09
0.147
0.031
1.01
2.40
0.21
0.0522
0.061

V
62.3
-0.358
0.447
52
93.6
89.5
0.778
0.22
0.076
0.058
0.0058
0.118
40.9
0.435
0.032
0.0218

Ni
79.5
nd
nd
58.0
58.0
55.7
nd
3.04
nd
nd
nd
nd
13.6
nd
nd
nd
ppm
As
0.037
0.013
0.0006
0.26
0.147
0.147
0.058
0.106
0.031
0.091
nd
nd
nd
0.15
0.042
0.074

Ba
0.3
nd
0.047
nd
nd
nd
nd
0.078
0.104
0.059
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd

Mn
6.39
0.026
0.023
0.045
2.11
2.47
0.249
0.019
0.043
0.033
nd
0.046
0.021
1.29
0.0053
0.011
Reference

    69
    69
    69
    69
    69
    69
    69
    69
    69
    69

    69

    69
    69

    69

    69
    69
U1
I
nd = not detected

-------
                                                     TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
                                        Sulfur,
                                        Weight
                     PPm
    Region
State/Country and Field Percent 	V
                                                       Ni
                      Fe
Mn
Se
NORTH AMERICA  California
               California
               California
               California
               California
               Louisiana
               Wyoming

AFRICA         Libya
               Libya
               Libya

NORTH AMERICA  California, Casmalia
               Kausas-1
               Kansas-2
               Mississippi
               Texas
SOUTH AMERICA  Venezuela
MIDDLE  EAST    Mid East-1
               Mid East-2
1.590  100.6 199.0  79.65  1.31 0.765
1.395  167.6 217.0  26.53  1.13 0.690
0.920    4.0 137.5  16.84  1.01 0.151
0.977   17.5 264.1  85.53  2.54 0.395
2.387  121.5 152.9  59.51  0.73 1.396
0.082  105.0 344.5   3.736 0.63 0.026
2.467  298.5 112.9   5.78  0.91 0.321

0.469    8.2  49.1   4.938 0.79 1.096
1.203    7.6  76.5 120.84  1.15 0.236
1.628   46.8 104.8   3.365 1.45 0.219

              81
              28
              48
              <2
              <2
              <2
             109
              22


Cr
12.
8.
7.
17.
9.
1.
8.
2.
15.
1.






34
06
87
473
144
565
715
302
280
942








Sb
44
38
51
49
68
29
71
55
106
38






.035
.20
.13
.715
.8
.51
.75
.2
.8
.40






ppb
As
516.
91.
62.
1112.
111.
46.
111.
77.
151.
343.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.


9
8
9
4
7
4
1
3
7
4
142
031
056
010
,005
,092

Hg
114.
81.
88.
29688.
77.
22.
76.
2077.
62.
75.








0
4
2
0
83
54
75
8
39
83






Reference
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70






0.03
0.021
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
,71
i
M
.71 £
,71 '
,71
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72

-------
                                  TABLE 19 (Cont'd)
    Region
MIDDLE EAST
State/Country and  Field
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Ain Zalah
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Bai Hassan
Iraq, Jambur
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk.
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Kirkuk
Iraq, Rumaila
Iraq, Rumaila
Iraq, Rumaila
                                                             ppm
V
75
70
102
109
26.5
29 .'0
48
9.0
26.9
34.0
26.3
—
25.5
25.0
25.7
26.0
26.5
47
43
44
35.4
13.6
10.6
Ni
20
—
24.5
26
17.2
—
14.5
—
19.0
16.6
15.3
13.8
15.9
16.7
17.0
18.0
15.8
22.9
20.0
20.3
13.6
—
—
Reference
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73.
73
73
73
73
73
73
                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                       N)
                                                                                                        I

-------
                             TABLE 19  (Cont'd)
Region        State/Country and Field
              Iraq, Zubair
              Iraq, Zubair
              Iraq, Zubair
              Iraq, Zubair
              Iraq, Zubair
              Iraq, Zubair
V
57.0
15.0
11.7
19.6
1.6
2.1
Ni
19.5
8.9
—
—
<0.7
—
Reference
73
73
73
73
73
73
                                                                                                   00
                                                                                                   I

-------
                                 -  129  -
  5.  Shale Oil




          The term oil shale covers a wide variety of  fine-grained




sedimentary rocks that contain organic material.  Upon destructive




distillation much of this organic material is released largely as an




oil which is termed shale oil.  The rock  is only slightly  soluble




in organic solvents and  frequently does not appear or  feel oily.  It




is tough, elastic, resistant to fracture  and has essentially  no




permeability or porosity(74).




          The organic component of oil shale can be divided into 2 parts,




a part  that is soluble in organic solvents and a part  that is not.  It




is the  insoluble part, generally termed kerogen, which constitutes the




bulk of the shale organic matter responsible for shale oil.   The




composition of kerogen varies considerably from shale deposit to deposit




but it  is thought to consist of largely cyclic polymeric material




probably held together by cross linkages involving hetero  atoms such




as nitrogen,  sulfur and oxygen(75).




          There is no truly typical shale oil but shale oils have some



properties in common.  In general,  most shale oils are black,  waxy




and possess high pour points.  Relative to conventional crude oils,




the nitrogen content of crude shale oil is high although the sulfur




level is moderate.




          Oil shales are widely distributed geographically.  However,




only certain deposits are considered to be sufficiently rich  in kerogen




to warrant commercial development.   In the U.S. oil shale  deposits




are found in Tennessee and Nevada but the most important are in the

-------
                                  - 130  -
 Green River Formation of Colorado,  Utah and WyomJng.   The Green River


 formation has received attention, as a possible source of fuels.  Within


 this  formation,  shale deposits underlie an area of 17,000 square miies


 in  four basins:   the Piceance Creek basin of Colorado, the Unita basin


 of  Utah and the  Washakie and Green  River basins of Wyoming(75).


           The energy potential of the Green River formation has been


 estimated to be  more than 1 trillion barrels of oil with 600 billion


 coming from easily accessible, richer deposits which  contain more than
                                    y

 25  gallons of oil per ton of shale (_7_5).   Shale deposits  vary in access-


 ability from those at the surface to very deeply buried  shales  in


 the Uinta basin.   The outcrop called the Mahogany Ledge  (because of


 its color)  is the location of an experimental mine and consequently
has been  used  to  study  mining  and  retorting methods.  Most U.S.


elemental shale oil  analyses come  from  shale mined here.  The  oil


shales of the  Mahogany  zone will probably be the  first  to be developed


commercially.


          Table 20 presents sulfur and  nitrogen data of crude  shale


oil obtained from shale deposits throughout the world.  While  many of


the samples were  retorted  using different techniques, it has been found


that generally the retorting method utilized has  relatively little


effect on the  characteristics  of the oil produced unless extreme


retorting conditions have  been employed(76).  Of  the deposits  listed, only


the Green River can be  considered  to be a possible commercial  source of


fuels for consumption in the U.S.   The others are included for the

purposes of comparison.

-------
                                 -  131  -
                                 TABLE 20
SULKUK AND NITROGEN CONTENT
OF CRUDE SHALE OILS
Sulfur,
weight
Country
United States











Australia
Brazil
China
Estonia
France



Israel
Lebanon
New Zealand
Scotland
South Africa

Spain
Sweden
Thailand
Formation/Location per cent
Green River , Colorado
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River
Green River*
Green River
Green River
De Kalb County, Tenn.
Glen Davis, N.S.W.
Paraiba Valley
Hwatien Mine, Manchuria
Kukersite
Autun
Severac
Severac
St. Hilaire
Urn Barek
—
Orepuki
—
Boksburg, Transvaal
Breyten, Transvaal
Puertollano
Kvarntorp
^faesod Area
0.74
0.69
0.77
0.51
0.67
0.72
0.71
0.64
1.10
0.66
0.59
3.38
0.56
0.41
0.19
1.10
0.51
3.00
3.40
0.61
6.2
1.5
0.64
0.35
0.64
0.61
0.40
1.65
0.41
Nitrogen ,
weight
per cent
1.78
2.13
1.57
2.10
1.97
1.73
1.89
1.95
1.73
1.76
1.96
0.88
0.52
0.98
0.84
0.10
0.90
0.53
0.65
0.54
1.40
0.6
0.60
0.77
0.85
—
0.68
0.68
1.10

Reference
77
78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79
80
81
78
78
79
81
82.
78
78
78
72
82
82
81
77
78
81
78
78
81
*  Core drilling sample.

-------
                                 - 132 -









          Crude shale oil derived from the Green River formation possesses




an unusually high nitrogen level.  It has been found that generally the




nitrogen content is higher and the sulfur level lower in the higher




boiling shale oil fractions.  As of this writing, no metal content data




for shale oil appear to be available in the published literature.  An




unpublished analysis by the Bureau of Mines of shale oil obtained




from Green River shale indicates that this oil is high in iron and




low in vanadium and nickel.  The results obtained were:  vanadium,




0 ppm; nickel, 4 ppm; and iron 67 ppm (83).  Most of the metals were




associated with the asphaltene fraction.




          The nitrogen compounds present in shale oil are particularly




troublesome in processing and must be removed before shale can be




converted into useful liquid or gaseous fuels.  Nitrogen removal can




be accomplished by severe hydrogen treatment which also reduces the




sulfur content to a low level.

-------
                                  - 133 -
  6.  Concluding Remarks



          The sulfur  and nitrogen  content of crude oils  consumed  in




 the  U.S.  are well  characterized by the  available data while  the levels




 of other  trace  elements are not.   There are a number of  factors which




 influence the availability and reliability of sulfur and nitrogen data.




 These include:





          1.  Knowledge of sulfur  and nitrogen content of crude oils




              is used by oil companies to avoid poisoning catalysts




              and damaging refinery equipment, as a characterization




              tool, and as an aid  in producing acceptable products.




              These analyses are performed on a routine basis by not




              only industry but also by the Bureau of Mines which




              makes this information available to the public.




          2.  The concentrations of nitrogen and especially sulfur




              are usually substantially higher than the  levels of




              other trace elements.




          3.  Analyses of sulfur and nitrogen in a hydrocarbon matrix




              are relatively easy, classical procedures which yield




              accurate results with reasonable care.   Little in the




              way of expensive laboratory apparatus is  required.




          These  factors may be contrasted with those  for the determina-




tion of the  other trace elements.   These data  are  quite  sparse  and of




questionable accuracy because:

-------
                                  - 134 -










            I.  With  i.lic  (.-.xr-c-pl ion of  v.-mndLum and nickel,  trace element




               .•in.-iJ.ynos  ;iro n<>i_  performed  routinely by  laboratories




               of most petroleum companies nor are they routinely




               performed by government laboratories.




           2.  These elements are present in very low concentrations,




               frequently as low as the parts per billion  level.




           3.  Relatively new, frequently exotic and costly equipment




               is required to determine trace element content.  Further,




               techniques to obtain analyses of trace elements con-




               tained in a hydrocarbon matrix have not  been developed




               for most  of the trace  elements.




           Rather than being routine,  the determination of trace elements




 other than sulfur and nitrogen  in crude oil is ragarded as a research




 project.   Analyses for these trace elements are expensive, will probably




 yield questionable results and,  very significantly,  have served no real




 purpose.   However,  a need for this type of analysis  has recently been




 established since it is  now recognized that many of  the trace elements




 present  in crude constitute a potential health and/or environmental




 hazard.   This  has initiated action on the part  of  Federal agencies as




 well  as  private  industry to develop suitable referee  analytical techniques




 for these  elements.   Once  these" techniques have  been  developed,  they




 should be  utilized  first to  analyze the most significant crudes  such as




 those of the U.S.  giant  fields and  those  imported into  the U.S.  in




 quantity.  These new data  can  fill  today's  informational void.  Much of




 the data available  today are not only questionable but  many of  the




analyses have been  performed on  fields which are not longer significant




contributors to  the  nation's crude  oil needs.

-------
                                 - 135 -










          Broadly speaking, the higher  the concentration of an element




the less its analysis vill be affected  by the many variables  involved.




The accuracy of existing sulfur and nitroger data supports this generality.




The data for vanadium and nickel  are  accurate on a qualitative basis




although it appears that different methods produce somewhat different




quantitative results.  This is not surprising in view of the  many sources




of error possible in sample preparation, the analytical determination




and the intrinsic limitations of  the  method itself.  The values reported




for other elements are of more questionable value




          It is important to consider the state of the trace  elements




found in crude oils.  Most sulfur is  generally present in the form




of a number of sulfur containing compounds which range from hydrogen




sulfide gas to organic sulfur compounds such as mercaptans, disulfides




and numerous sulfur containing ring compounds.  Free sulfur is also




present in certain crudes(8A_).   Similarly,  nitrogen is  always  associated with




the hydrocarbon matrix in the  form of  a variety  of  compounds(85)  some of




which contain metals.  The other trace elements can be considerably dif-




ferent.  The metals, for example, may be bound to the hydrocarbon phase




as is the case with chelate compounds; suspended as particulates in




either the hydrocarbon phase or the water which is frequently emulsified




with the crude; or dissolved in the aqueous phase.   Consequently, one




trace element can be present in four distinct forms.




          One example of a multiphase element is iron which can be present




in the hydrocarbon phase in relatively substantial  quantities as




a chelate.   However, appreciable amounts of iron can be introduced

-------
                                  -  136 -
into crude from adventitious sources, most frequently as rust particles.




The latter can come from well piping, pipe lines, tankers and barges,




storage tanks and refinery components.*  Consequently, no samples, not




even well head samples can be considered to be entirely free from iron




contamination.  This introduces yet another variable into the analysis




of crude oil for iron and raises further suspicion on the results




obtained.  The addition of other elements in a similar manner can




result in significant errors if the quantity inadvertently added




is significant relative to the amount of that element initially




present in the crude.




          It is clear that trace element data require more than




analytical precision if they are to be meaningful.  Regardless of how




accurately a given analysis has been performed, the usefulness of the




information obtained depends upon how thoroughly the sample has been




identified.  The factors associated with complete identification




include:




          1.  Meaningful designation of the sample analyzed.  Des-




              criptions such as "California" or "Middle East" are




              grossly inadequate.




          2.  The extent to.whichta sampleiis -representative 6f-ifes




              designation.  The proper techniques for obtaining




              crude oil samples approach in sophistication the
*  Iron and other trace elements may be added inadvertently to the




   sample itself during the analytical procedure.

-------
                       -  137  -
    tiiclni iques  of  subsequent chemical analysis.   For




    example:




    «•  There  are  differences between "bottom hole" samples and




       those  taken after the crude has been "stabilized" (i.e.,




       after  associated gas has been separated).




    «  There  may  be differences between a sample  obtained from




       a discovery well and samples taken after  the well or




       field  is in production.




    <»  Many wells  have more than one producing horizon, and it




       is  common  for these different levels to possess differing




       trace  element contents.




    o  Different  wells from the same field may exhibit differences




       in  oil quality because of limited porosity (i.e., because




       of  incomplete "interconnection" of the oil in the reser-




       voir).  Thus, the analytical data from one well in a




       given  field may not be representative of  the entire field.




    •  Crude  oil  quality may vary as secondary and tertiary




       recovery methods are applied and, in the  case of field




       samples, as additional wells are brought  into production.




3.   Whether the crude sample is from a field, a pipeline




    gathering system, a trunk pipeline or, in the case of




    foreign crudes, from a crude oil export terminal.  Factors




    which  influence the composition of the oil sample obtained




    include:

-------
                                 - 138 -









          •  The production volume of  individual wells or fields




             may fluctuate on a day  to day basis or vary over longer




             periods.  This can affect the trace element content of




             pipeline blends when  the  production of a number of




             individual wells and/or  several different fields is




             fed into a gathering  system or trunk pipeline.




          o  Trunk pipelines may  carry more than one crude oil "mix."




          •  Crude export  terminals may supply more than one blend




             (e.g.,  Iranian "Light"  and "Heavy") and the composition




             of these blends may  vary  with time.  Consequently, the




             designation,  "Iranian",  is not sufficient nor is an




             analysis many years old  if it is being applied to




             today's production.




          The value  of trace element  data depends upon the way in which




these data can be used.  For crude oils, trace element data have been used




to:




          •  Develop correlations  useful in petroleum exploration.




          •  Determine in which refineries crudes can be processed.




          •  Determine the products  that can be produced from a given




             crude.




          •  Contribute to establishment of a price for a given crude.




          Elemental  data,  especially  those of sulfur which are exten-




sively available, have been utilized by firms in the petroleum industry •




to aid in the search for high quality crude oils.  Petroleum companies




have placed a top priority on finding  and developing reserves of low

-------
                                 -  139 -
crude oil which have high value in the world market.  The sulfur level of




crudes has been related by geologists to a number of factors(86,87), among




them:




          <*  Proximity of the oil reservoir to sulfate rocks such as




             anhydrite (CaSO.) and gypsum (CaSO,"2H20).  Oil found in




             the vicinity of sulfate rock deposits is generally high in




             sulfur.




          o  Permeability of oil-bearing rocks and conditions permitting




             the underground flow of water.




          o  Geological age of the producing formation.




          e  Depth of the producing formation.  Low sulfur crudes are




             rarely found above a depth of 4500 feet.




          Other correlations have been developed for certain trace metals




but these relationships are not nearly as well established as those for




sulfur.




          The ability to process different types of crude is frequently a




necessity for coastal refineries that receive all or part of their crude




supplies by tanker from foreign sources.  These refineries are designed to




process crudes with characteristics falling within a given range.  Thus,




a crude which possesses a sulfur level greater than can be accommodated




by the hydrotreating capacity of a given refinery is usually not processed




by that refinery.  A crude with a high sulfur level that can be processed




at only a limited number of refineries or that requires extensive, costly




treating to remove unwanted elements can be regarded as an undesirable




crude and will be priced accordingly.

-------
                                 - 140 -










          A crude high  in  trace metals may find use primarily in asphalt




production.  A low sulfur, low trace element crude may be capable of being




processed in a variety  of  ways to yield a number of different products.




Because such a crude is versatile and does not require extensive treating




to remove unwanted components, it could command a premium price in the




world market.




          The designation  of a high quality crude (i.e., one which




possesses very low levels  of all hazardous and polluting trace elements)




may be possible by examining out trace element data.  Such designations




must be used with caution  and can only be based upon a complete set of




data.  For example, a number of coastal Texas and Louisiana fields




possess very low concentrations of many trace elements.  Similarly,




the Cymric field in California possesses low levels of most trace




elements but it has a very high level of mercury which relegates this




crude to the less desirable category.





6.1  Correlations  Indicated




          Correlations  indicated and  conclusions drawn  from the data




and  information  presented  herein are  given below.





           1.  The sulfur  and nitrogen levels of crudes consumed in the




               U.S. are well characterized while the levels for other




               trace elements are not.




           2.  Vanadium and nickel analyses are qualitatively correct but




               different methods of analysis produce somewhat different




               results.  Values for other trace elements are more




               questionable.

-------
                       -  141 -










3.  Part (or even all) of the quantity reported for certain elements




    present in trace concentrations in a sample may have been




    introduced inadvertently by well piping, transportation




    systems, preparation of the sample for analysis, etc.




4.  Analytical data on elements contained in crudes as suspended




    material or dissolved in associated water cannot have the




    same impact as data obtained from elements present as an




    intimate part of the organic matrix.




5.  Samples must be completely identified as to their origin




    if data are to be meaningful.




6.  Correlations have been developed between crude oil trace




    element concentrations and the geological occurrence of the




    oil.  This is especially true for sulfur.  These correlations




    may aid in locating crudes possessing low concentrations of




    trace elements.




7.  The increasing demand for crude oil by the U.S. coupled




    with declining domestic production means that the developing




    crude oil gap will be met by imports.




8.  Imports of crude from the Middle East can be expected to




    increase substantially.  Imports from Canada and Venezuela




    already at high levels will change proportionaly less.




9.  Crude from the Middle East is of lower quality than much U.S.




    production.  The consumption of increasing quantities of




    Middle Eastern crude will decrease the overall quality of




    crudes processed in the U.S.  This can require additional




    refining complexity in those refineries processing these




    crudes.

-------
                                  - 142 -
          10.   Trace  element  data  are  factors which  contribute  towards




               the  establishment of  a  price  for  a  given crude.




6.2  New  Data  Required





          Based upon these conclusions it is apparent  that a number of




unmet needs exist related to crude oil trace element data.  These unmet




needs are listed below.




          1.  Far more extensive data are required for potentially




              hazardous elements present in trace concentrations in crude




              oil.  This information should be obtained first on those




              crudes consumed in the greatest amounts  in the U.S.  Data




              from oil fields which can be expected to contribute to U.S.




              needs in the future (such as underdeveloped fields in




              the Middle East) would also be of value.




          2.  Referee methods must be developed in order to determine




              those trace elements that cannot be analyzed reliably at




              present.  Several programs are underway  to accomplish this.




              The methods developed should be widely promulgated as a




              first step in making crude oil trace element data more




              widely available.




          3.  It must be determined at which point a sample of oil should




              be obtained if the elemental analysis is to yield the maxi-




              mum amount of information.  In addition, it must be deter-




              mined if it is desirable to remove extraneously introduced




              matter such as water and suspended particulates.

-------
                   - 143 -
Further correlations should  be  developed between trace




eli-'nient data anil j',i>o l.oj;.i ral  information to aid in the




search for high quality  crude oils,  i.e., those crudes




possessing low levels  of significant trace elements.

-------
                                - 144 -
                             D.  BIBLIOGRAPHY
(I)   U.S. Bureau of Mines Minerals Yearbook - 1969;  Preprint - 1970:
     Coal-Bituminous and Lignite.

(2)   Stern, A. C., Editor "Air Pollution", (Academic Press,  2nd Edition -
     1968)  Vol. I, pp. 554-563.

(3)   DeCarlo, J. A., Sheridan, E. T., Murphy, Z. E., U.S.  Bureau of Mines
     Information Circular 1C8312 (1966)  "Sulfur Content of  United States
     Coals".

(4)   Abernethy, R. F., Peterson, M. J., Gibson, F.  H., U.S.  Bureau of
     Mines  R.I. 7281 (1969) "Spectrochemical Analyses of Coal Ash for
     Trace  Elements".

(5)   Joensuu, 0. I., Science 172 1027-28 (1971) "Fossil Fuels as a Source
     of Mercury Pollution".

(6)   Ruch,  R. R., Gluskoter, H. J., Kennedy, E. J.,  Illinois State
     Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes  (1971)  No. 43,
     "Mercury Content of Illinois Coals".

(7)   Abernethy, R. F. and Gibson, F. H., U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7054
     (1967) "Method for Determination of Fluorine in Coal".

(8)   Swanson, V. E., U.S. Geological Survey  (1972),  Corrected Mercury
     Analyses, Southwest Energy Study, (see Appendix J, Part II, 1972);
     private communication from V. E. Swanson.

(9)   Rook,  H. L., LaFleur, P. D., Gills, T. E., U.S. National Bureau of
     Standards (1971) "Mercury in Coal:  A Standard"; private
     communication from P. D. LaFleur.

(10) Schlesinger, M. D., Schultz, H., U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7609
     (1972), "Mercury in Coal"; private communication from H. Schultz

(11) Headlee, A. J. W., and Hunter, R. G., West Virginia Geological
     Survey 13A, 36-122 (1955).  "The Characteristics of Minable Coals -
     Part 5:  Inorganic Elements".

(12) Zubovic, P., Stadnichenko, T., and Sheffey, N.  B., U.S. Geological
     Survery Bulletin 1117, "Distribution of Minor  Elements  in Coals",
     A - Northern Great Plains Province (1961);
     15 - Eastern Interior Region (1964) ;
     C_ - Appalachian Region (1966) ;
     D^ - Western and Southwestern Regions of Interior Province (1967).
     Stadnichenko, T., Zubovic, P. and Sheffey, N.  B. USGS Bulletin
     1084-K (1961), Beryllium Content of American Coals".

-------
                                  - 145 -
(13)   Abernethy,  R.  F.  and Gibson,  F.  H.,  U.S. Bureau of Mines 1C8163
      (1963),  "Rare  Elements in Coal".

(14)   U.S. Bureau of Mines, R.I. 7588  (1972) "Analyses of Tipple and
      Delivered Samples of Coal Collected  During the Fiscal Year 1971";
      annual series:  R.I. 5615 (1960).

(15)   Stadnichenko,  T., Murata, K.  G.,  Zubovic, P. and Hufschmidt, E. L.,
      U.S. Geological Survey Circular  272  (1953) "Concentration of
      Germainium in  the Ash of American Coals" (see also Reference 12).

(16)   Peterson, M. J. and Zink, J.  B.,  U.S. Bureau of Mines R.I. 6496
      (1964),  "A Semiquantitative Spectrochemical Method for Analysis of
      Coal Ash".

(17)   Fulkerson,  W., Oak Ridge National Laboratory, private communication;
      see also report ORNL-NSF-EP-1 (1971) "Mercury in the Environment:
      The Human Element".

(18)   O'Gorman, J. V. and Walker, P. L., Jr., Pennsylvania State
      University  (1972) R and D Report No. 61, Interim Report No. 2, for
      Office of Coal Research, "Mineral Matter and Trace Elements in
      U.S. Coals".

(19)   Tsaihwa, J. C., and Earl, J.  L.,  Science, 176, 510,  (1972).

(20)   Abernethy, R.  F., and Gibson, F.  H., Bureau of Mines R.i. 7184;
      Oct. 1968.

(21)   H. M. Smith, H. N. Dunning, R. T.  Rail and J. S. Ball, "Keys to the
      Mystery of Crude Oil," presentation to the American Petroleum
      Institute,  Division of Refining,  Hew York, May 29, 1959.

(22)   G. W. Hodgson, "Origin of Petroleum: Chemical Constraints," in The
      Origin and Refining of Petroleum,  Adv. In Chem. Series No. 103,
      ACS, Washington,  1971.

(23)   Oil and  Gas Journal,  January  31,  1972, p. 93.

(24)   McKinney, C. M.,  Ferrero, E.  P.,  and Wenger, W. J., "Analyses of
      Crude Oils  from 546 Important Oil  Fields in the United States",
      U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 6819.  U.S.  Government
      Printing Office,  Washington,  D.C.,  1966.

(25)   U.S. Bureau of Mines,  Files of Crude Oil Analyses,  Bartlesville and
      Laramie.

-------
                                  - 146 -
(26)  Whisman, M. L., and  Cotton, F. 0., "BuMines Data Promise Help in
      Identifying Petroleum -  Spill  Sources", Oil and Gas Journal,
      December 27,  1971.   pp.  111-113.

(27)  Ball,  J. S.,  Whisman, M.  L. , and  Wenger,  W. J.,  "Nitrogen  Content
      of Crude Petroleums", Industrial  and  Engineering Chemistry A3,
      2577  (1951).

(28)  McKinney,  C.  M. ,  and Ferrero,  E.  P.,  "Analyses  of  Crude Oils  from
      the Gulf Coast  Area  of Louisiana  and  Texas",  U.S.  Bureau of Mines
      Report of  Investigations 6266, U.S. Government  Printing Office,
      Washington, D.C.,  1963.

(29)  McKinney,  C.  M. ,  and Shelton,  E.  M. ,  "Analyses  of  Some Crude  Oils
      from  Fields in  West  Texas", U.S.  Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
      6752.   U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,  D.C.,  1966.

(30)  Biggs, P., and  Espach, R. H.,  "Petroleum and  Natural Gas Fields  in
      Wyoming",  U.S.  Bureau of Mines Bulletin 582.   U.S. Government Printing
      Office, Washington,  D.C. , 1960.

(31)  Whisman, M. L. , and  Cotton,  F. D. ,  Oil and Gas J., December 27,
      1971;  p. 111-113.

(32)  Horr,  C. A.,  Myers,   A.  T., Dunton, P.  J.,  and  Heyden, H.  J.,
      "Uranium and  Other Metals in Crude  Oils",  U.S.  Geological  Survey
      Bulletin 1100,  U.S.  Government Printing Office,  Washington, D.C.
      1961.                                ;


 (33)   Brown, C.  T.  , Petroleum Engineer, January 1956; p. C-9 to  C-14.

 (34)   Bailey, E. H. ,  Snavely,  P. D.  , Jr., and White, D.  E. , U.S.
       Geological Survey Prof.  Paper #424-0 (1961);  p. D-306 to D-309.

(35)   Dwiggins,  C.  W. ,  Jr., Willcox, K. W.  , Doughty, D.  S., and
       Heemstra,  R.  J.,  Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations
       #7273  (1969).

(36)  Milner, 0  I.,  Glass, J.  R. , Kirchner,  J.  P.,  and  Yurick  A  N
      Analytical Chemistry 24  (11),  1728-1732 (1952).    Yurick>  A'  N' '

(37)  Nelson, W. L. ,  Fombona,  G. T. , and  Sa'lazar, D.  N. , Book-
       Venezuelan and Other World Petroleums",  2nd  Edition;  Caracas, 1959.

(38)  Dwiggins,  C.  W.  , Jr., and Dunning, H.  N. , Analytical Chemistry,
      J31 (6), 1041-1042 (1959).
                                            s
(39)  Dunning, H. N. ,  Moore, J. W. ,   and Williams, R. B. ,  J. Chem.
      Eng.  Data ^ (4), 546-549 (1960).
                                   °f •«— •  *°P°« of Investigation

-------
                                  -  I/./ -
 (41)  Bwiggins, C. W.,  Jr.,  and  Dunning,  H.  N.,  Analytical Chemistry
      32  (9),  1137-1141 (1960).

 (42)  Bonham,  L. C.,  "CeocheinLca I  Investigation  nl"  drink'  Oils".  Hull.
      Am. Assoi-. of I'eto. Geologists  4(1  (5)  rt97-''")H (1956).

 (43)  Jones, M. C. K.,  and  Hardy,  K.  L.,.Amer.  Chem. Soc. Mtg.  Biv
      Petr. Chem., Milwaukee,  March  1952.

 (44)  Veal, B. J., Analytical  Chemistry J8  (8),  1080-1083 (1966).

 (45)  Bieber,  H., Hartzhand, H.  M.,  and  Kruse,  E.  C., Amer. Chem. Soc,
      Mtg., Biv. Petr.  Chem.,  San  Francisco, April 1958.
                                                        -  Che,,,  „


(48)   J-  M.  Sugihara,  "Trace Metal Constituents in Petroleum," Proceedings
      of  the American  Petroleum Institute, 42, 30-32 (1962).

(49)   E.  H.  Bailey,  P.  D.  Snavely, Jr.,  and D. K.  White, U.S. Geological
      Survey ProE.  Paper //424-D (1961);  p. D-206 to D-309.

(50)   Hodgson,  G.  W.,  Bull, of the Am. Assoc. of Pete.  Geologists,
      ^8 (2), 2537-2554 (1954).

(51)   Me Kinney, C.  M., and Shelton, E. M., "Sulfur Content  of Crude
      Oils of the Free World", U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations
      7059,  U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,  B.C., 1967.

(52)   U.S. Bureau of Mines, File of Crude Oil Analyses, Bartlesville
      and Laramie.

(53)   Ferrero,  E.  P.,  and Nichols, D. T.,  "Analysis of  169 Crude  Oils
      from 122 Foreign Oil Fields", U.S.  Bureau of Mines, Information
      Circular 8542, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,  B.C.,
      1972.

(54)   Nelson, W. L., Fombona, G.  T., and  Salazar, B. N.,  Book:
      "Venezuelan and Other World  Petroleums",  2nd  Edition,  Caracas,  1959.

(55)   Chantler, H. McD., Seely, P. B., and Goodspeed, F.  E., "Analyses
      of Canadian Crude Oils," Bepartment of Mines and  Technical  Surveys,
      Ottawa, Canada, 1951.

-------
                                  - 148 -
       Crude  Evaluation  Charts,  Oil  and  Gas  Journal,  April 15,  1963,
       pp.  11 5- l/tf>.

       Heem«ir;i,  k.  J. ,  "A  Controlled  -  Atmo.sphere  Plasma  Arc  for  Emission
       Spectrography of  Nonmetal Elements",  Appl. Spectroscopy,  24 (6)
       568-572  (1970).                                           —

(58)   International Petroleum Encyclopedia,  1972 Edition,  The  Petroleum
       Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma,  1972.

(59)   Smith, H. M., "Hydrocarbon - Type Relationships of  Eastern  and
       Western Hemisphere High-Sulfur  Crude  Oils",  U.S.  Bureau  of  Mines
       Report of Investigations  6542,  U.S. Government Printing  Office,
       Washington, D.C., 1964.

(60)  Adlard, E. R., "A Review  of the Methods for  the Investigation of
      Persistent Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Seas and Beaches", J.  Inst.
      of Petroleum J58, 63-74 (1972).

(61)  Ferrero, E. P., and Nichols, D. T., "Analyses of  38  Crude Oils
      from Africa", U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8293,
      U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,  1966.

(62)  Hodgson, G. W. , "Vanadium, Nickel, and Iron  Trace Metals  in
      Crude Oils of Western Canada",  Bull. Am. Assoc. of  Pet. Geologists
      _38  (12), 2537-2554 (1954).


(63)  Baker,  E. W. , "Vanadium and Nickel in Crude  Petroleum of
      South American and Middle East Origin", J. Chem. and Eng.
      Data £ (2), 307-8 (1964).

(64)  International Petroleum Encyclopedia,  1972 Edition, The Petroleum
      Publishing Co., Tulsa, Oklahoma,  1972.

(65)  Brunnock, J.  V., Duckworth, D.  F., and Steffens,  G.  G.,  J.  Inst.
      Petroleum _5_4  (539), 310-325 (1968).

(66)  Oil and Gas Journal,  November 1,  1971, p. 78.

(67)  V.  P.  Guirm and H. R. Lukens,  Jr., "Nuclear Methods," in Trace
      Analysis. Physical Methods. G. H.  Morrison, editor,  Interscience
      Publishers, New York, 1965.

(68)  Bryan, D. E., Guinn, V. P., Hackleman, R. P., and Lukens  H. R.,
       "Development  of Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Oil Slick
       Identification", Phase I,  Gulf  General Atomic  Inc.,  San  Diego,
       California, January  21, 1970, U.S. Atomic  Energy  Commission
       Contract AT  (04-3)-l67. GA 9889.

-------
                                   - 149 -
 (69)  Lukens, H. R. , Bryan, D. E. , Hiatt, N. A., and Schlesinger, H. L. ,
        Development of Nuclear Analytical Techniques for Oil Slick
       Identification", Phase IIA, Final Report, Gulf Radiation Technology
        "                         u> 1971' u-s- Atomic Energy Co™ission
 (70)   Shah, K. R., Filby, R. H. , and Haller, W. A., "Determination of
       Trace Elements in Petroleum by Neutron Activation Analysis", J
       Radioanal.  Chem.  6^ 185-192 (1970).

 (71)   Shah, K. R., Filby, R. H., and Haller, W. A., "Determination of
       Irace Elements in Petroleum by Neutron Activation Analysis  II"
       J.  Radioanal Chem.  j[ 413-422 (1970).

 (72)   Veal, D. J., "Nondestructive Activation Analysis of Crude Oils
        ?r^rSe^u  t0.°ne  Part Per Billion>  and Simultaneous Determination
       ot  Five Other Trace Elements",  Anal.  Chem.  38(8),  1080-1083 (1966).

 (73)   Al-Shahristani, H.,  and Al-Atyia,  M.  J. ,  "Vertical Migration of
       Oil in Iraqi Oil  Fields:   Evidence Based on Vanadium and Nickel
       Concentrations",  Geochimica et' Cosmochijuica Acta J36, 929-938 (1972).

 (74)   G  V. Dinneen,  K. E.  Stanfield, G. L.  Cook and H.  W. Sohns,
 (82)   Gustafson,  R.  E.,  "Shale Oil" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
       Technology,  2nd Ed.,  Vol.  18, Interscience Publishers, New York

 (83)            ~             Miknis>  Bureau of
                                                 and  R.  L.  Hopkins,
                         .n^
      U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, 1966.
       heOiiaCen0\GeOCliemiCal Re^lariti" - the Distribution of
      the Oil-Bearing Regions of the World," Leningrad, 1965   Translated
      ^Russian,  Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem,
(8?)   S; F>  f dreev'  A'  Z'  ^gomalov,  A.  F.  Dobryanskii and A.  A
      and'"5  ™^°n °f rr°leUm ^  NatUre'" Tr.n-l.tion by R  B
      Science   vol   £'  (I^ant±Onal  S«i" of  Monographs on Earth
      science,  vol.  29).    Pergamon  Press, New York,  1968.

-------
                               - 150 -
(76)   H. M. Thome, W. I. R. Murphy, J. S. Barr, K. E. Stanfield and
      J. W. Home," Characteristics and Utilization of Oil Shale and
      Shale Oil," Ind. and Eng. Chem. , 43.  (1), 20-27  (1951).

(77)   Thorne, H. M. , Murphy, W. I. R. , Ball, J. S. , Stamfield, K. E. , and
      Home, J. W. , "Characteristics and Utilization  of Oil Shale and
      Shale Oil", Ind. and Eng. Chem., 4_3  (1)  20-27  (1951).

(78)   Stevens, R. F., Dinneen, G. U., and  Ball, J. S., "Analysis of
      Crude Shale Oil", U. S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations
      4898, August 1952.

(79)   Allbright, C. S., Van Meter, R. A.,  Dinneen, G. U., and Ball,  J. S.,
      "Analysis of Crude Shale Oil 2. Some Brazilian  and U.S.A. Oils",
      U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations  5286, December  1956.

(80)   Smith, J. W., "Analytical Method for Study of Thermal Degradation
      of Oil Shale", U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report  of  Investigations
      5932, 1962.

(81)   Smith, H. N., Smith, J. W., and Kommes, W. C.,  "Petrographic
      Examination and Chemical Analysis for Several Foreign Oil Shales!,1,
      U.S. Bureau of Mines, Report of Investigations  5504, U.S.
      Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1959.

-------
                                   - 151 -
                            E.   TABLE OF CONVERSION UNITS
     To Convert From




Barrels, oil




Barrels, oil/day




Feet




Gallons/ton




Square Miles




Tons
              To
Cubic meters, oil




Cubic meters, oil/day




Meters




Liters/metric ton




Square kilometers




Metric tons
Multiply by




0.15899




0.15899




0.30480




4.1726




2.5900




0.90719

-------
APPENDICES

-------
                                     1-1
    SPECTROCHEMICAL  ANALYSES OF  COAL  ASH FOR TRACE  ELEMENTS *
                                    ABSTRACT

      The Bureau of Mines made spectrochemical  analyses of ash from 827 U.S.
 commercial coals for barium,  beryllium,  boron,  chromium,  cobalt,  copper,  gal-
 lium, germanium, lanthanum,  lead,  lithium,  manganese,  molybdenum,  nickel,
 scandium, strontium, tin,  vanadium,  ytterbium,.yttrium,  zinc, and  zirconium.
 These 22 elements were detected in almost all  of the ash  samples  examined.   In
 addition, arsenic, bismuth,  cerium,  neodymium,  niobium (columbium),  rubidium,
 and thallium were detected in many samples.
                                 INTRODUCTION

     Interest in the trace element  content  of coal  ash has  resulted  in a num-
ber of investigations,  and a review of  the  literature  was published  in 1963  by
the Bureau of Mines.    The U.S.  Geological  Survey has  continued  to  issue
reports5  giving basic information on the  distribution  of minor elements in
various coal deposits of the United States, and Clark  and  Swaine13  investigated
trace elements in Australian coals.  Most of the work  cited consists of the
intensive study of column samples of coal.   The coal was  separated  from the
free mineral matter in order that the elements in  the  coal  could be  used for
geochemical evaluations.
 5Zubovic,  Peter,  Taisia  Stadnichcnko,  and  Nola  B.  Sheffey.   Geochemistry  of
    Minor Elements in Coals  of  the  Northern  Great  Plains  Coal  Province.  U.S.
    Geol. Survey Bull.  1117-A,  1961,  58 pp.
  Zubovic,  Peter,  Taisia  Stadnichenko,  and  Nola  B.  Sheffey.   Distribution  of
    Minor Elements in Coal Beds  of• the  Eastern  Interior  Region.   U.S.  Geol.
    Survey  Bull.  1117-B,  1964,  41 pp.
  Zubovic,  Peter,  Taisia  Stadnichenko,  and  Nola  B,  Sheffey.   Distribution  of
    Minor Elements in Coals  of  the  Appalachian  Region.   U.S.  Geol.  Survey  Bull.
    1117-C,  1966,  37  pp.
  Zubovic,  Peter,  Taisia  Stadnichenko,  and  Nola  B.  Sheffey.   Distribution  of
    Minor Elements in Some Coals  in the Western  and Southwestern  Regions of  the
    Interior  Coal  Province.   U.S. Gecl.  Survey Bull.  1117-D,  1967,  33  pp.
    Abernethy, R. F. et al.,  Bureau of  Mines,  R.  I.  7281; July,  1969-

-------
                                     1-2
     This study was made using coal as utilized in industry.  The first inter-
est by the Bureau in trace elements in coal was during the early years of
World War II.  Samples of coal ash were spectrographically examined for chro-
mium, cobalt, nickel, and vanadium.  These metals were scarce, and a source cf
supply was sought.  The results of the tests were discouraging and were never
published.  The use of germanium in electronics set off a search for this ele-
ment in coal.7  Boron, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and other elements have
been found in fireside .boiler tube deposits.  More recently air pollution
research has focused largely on sulfur and nitrogen oxides from the use of
coal.  In addition the presence of fluorine, chlorine, arsenic, beryllium,
lead, and selenium was suspected; these elements are being found in varying
amounts in the atmosphere.

     In a cooperative undertaking by the Pittsburgh Coal Research Center at
Pittsburgh, Pa., and the College Park Metallurgy Research Center at College
Park, Md., the Bureau of Mines investigated the trace element content in ash
of coals being used in industry.  This report summarizes the semiquantitati-vj
spectrochemical analyses that show the occurrence of 29 trace elements in' ash
of commercial coals.
                  METHOD OF SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS

     Tipple samples collected in connection with the purchase of coal by the
Government and channel samples obtained for studies of coal preparation and
coke making properties were selected for spectrochemical analysis of ash.  The
number of samples tested from each State is shown in figure 1, which gives the
approximate location of the Eastern and Interior coal provinces where many of
the samples were collected.  Samples collected in the Western States were from
three provinces, Northern Great Plains, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Coast.

     All laboratory samples of coal were prepared in accordance with the pro-
cedure described in Bureau of Mines Bulletin 638.8  The coal samples were
ashed at the Pittsburgh Coal Research Center by a low-temperature procedure
designed to minimize, loss of volatile elements.5  A 10-gram sample of
6Clark, Marie  C., and  D. J.  Swaine.  Trace  Elements  in Coal.   I.  New South
   Wales Coals.   II.   Origin,  Mode of Occurrence, and Economic  Importance.
   Commonwealth  Sci. and Ind.  Res. Org.  (Australia)  Rept. T.C.  45, July  1962,
   109 pp.
7Corey, R. C., J. W. Myers,  C.  H. Schwartz,  F. H. Gibson, and P. J.  Colbassani.
   Occurrence  and Determination of Germanium in Coal Ash From Powerplants.
   BuMines Bull.  575,  1959,  68  pp.
8Staff, Office of the  Director  of Coal Research.  Methods of Analyzing and
   Testing Coal  and Coke.  BuMines Bull. 638,  1967,  pp. 2-3.
9Page 49 of work cited in footnote 7.

-------
                                   1-3

pulverized coal was weighed into a flat-bottom dish 1.5 inches wide, 2 inches
long, and 0.5 inch deep, fabricated from 36-gage aluminum sheeL.  The coal
samples were ashed by heating slowly to 425° C in A hours and maintained at
this temperature for 16 hours.  The ash samples were transferred to small
plastic bottles and sent to the College Park Metallurgy Research Center, where
spectrochemical analyses were made according to the method described by
Peterson and Zink.10
                EXPLANATION OF TABLES AND DISCUSSION OF  RESULTS

      Semiquantitativc spectrochemical analyses for 29 elements  in  the  ash
 samples were coded on punch cards.  Source of the samples by State,  county,
 and bed was included.  Several sets of averages for trace element  content  of
 the coal ashes were computed; these data are summarized  in  tables  1-6.

      Table  1 gives  the averages  found for  the element contents  in  ash  of
  samples  from the  Eastern  Province,  the Interior Province, and  the  Western
  States.  The crustal  abundance and  the approximate  lower limit  of  detection
  are  included to help  interpret the  average results.   As some  elements  were
  not  detected in all  samples,  the percentage  frequency of detection is
  included.   The first  22 elements listed were detected in most  samples, and
  the  results give  an  average value for the  samples  in  which  the element was
  detected.   The last  seven elements  were not  detected  in many  ashes,  and a
  second  average, given in  parentheses, was  calculated  for the  total number  of
  samples  examined, using zero  for element content  for  the samples  in  which  the
  element  was not detected. The true average  should  be between  these  two
  values.

      The results  show that the average tr_ac.e_j&ljemaatL_c_ancen.tration In  coal	
 jjsh_,_with_a few exceptions,  is greater than  the crustal abundance,, indicating
 Jjtuit most of the  elements detected  are enriched in  coal ash.   An  exception is
  manganese,  which  shows an average concentration that  is less  than  the  crustal
  abundance in ashes  from all  three areas.   The average content  of  chromium,
  copper,  nickel, and  rubidium  in  ashes from the  Western  States  also is  less
  than the crustal  abundance,  but  these elements  are  enriched in  most  of the
  ashes  from  the Eastern and Interior Provinces.

      These  data for  20 elements  are shown  in figure 2.   The results  for bar-
  ium  and  strontium were omitted because some  of  their  averages  would  extend
  beyond  the  graph.
  :°Peterson,  M.  J.,  and J.  B.  Zink.   A Semiquantitative Spectrochemical Method
      for Analysis of Coal  Ash.   BuMines Kept,  of Inv.  6496, 1964, 15 pp.

-------
                                 1-4

     Table 2 gives by geographical area the percentage of samples having trace
elements in the various ranges of concentration.  Some elements, such as beryl-
lium, are found in a wide band of concentration covering six of 10 ranges,
while others, such as zirconium, are in a very narrow band found in only three
ranges.  The table also shows changes in percentages of concentration in
ranges by geographical area.  The nickel content of Western States coals is
less than that of Eastern and Interior Province coals.

     Average trace element content in the ash^of coals from each State is
given in tables 3, 4, and 5 for the Eastern Province, Interior Province, and
Western States, respectively.  Only the 22 elements most often detected in ash
are given in these three tables because the true average is uncertain for the
seven elements that were detected in only a fraction of the samples.

     The State averages for each area show considerable variation for some of
the elements and give an indication of the range in content of the various
elements detected in ash.  Stadnichenko, Zubovic, and Sheffey,11 in an inter-
esting study of beryllium accumulation in coal, reported relatively high val-
ues for this element in certain coal deposits in Kentucky and Indiana.  The
State averages show a similar trend.  The values for eastern and western
Kentucky and for Indiana, ranging from 0.0015 to 0.0020 percent beryllium, are
among the highest State averages found in the commercial coal ashes.

     Average ash analyses for coalbeds where five or more samples from the
same bed were analyzed are given for eight States in table 6.  The coalbeds
for each State are listed in descending geologic order.

     This table illustrates again the variability of trace element content of
coal ash.  Averages for the Pittsburgh bed in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West
Virginia are fairly similar for many of the elements and show a trend that is
slightly lower than the corresponding State average.  On the other hand, aver-
ages for the Lower Kittanning bed in Ohio show a trend to slightly higher val-
ues than the State average for many of the elements, but in Pennsylvania and
West Virginia this trend is not evident, and the bed average for an element
may be greater or less than the corresponding State average.

     To help interpret the average results, the tables show the number of
samples tested from each area, and the average ash content computed from ash
determinations made at 750° C according to ASTM specifications.12
  ^Stadnichenko,  Taisia,  Peter Zubovic,  and  Nola  B.  Sheffey.   Beryllium  Content
      of  American  Coals.   U.S.  Geol.  Survey Bull.  1084-K,  1961,  pp.  253-295.
  12 American  Society for  Testing and  Materials.   Standard  Methods  of  Laboratory
      Sampling and Analysis of  Coal and Coke.   D 271-68  in 1969 Book  of ASTM
      Standards:   Part 19,  Gaseous Fuels; Coal  and Coke.   Philadelphia, Pa.,
      1969, pp.  19-20.

-------
                                     1-5
       Individual  analyses  of  ash  for 25 elements  are shown  in  table 7 for 781
  samples  with the source of  coal  arranged  according to State,  county, and bed.
  Forty-six samples  included  in  the  averages  are omitted in  the table because
  they represent  either  mixtures of  coal from two  or more beds, or a duplicate
  sample from a minu.   Because of  space limitations  the individual determina-
  tions of bismuth,  cerium,  thallium, and ytterbium  are not  shown.  According to
  the data in tables 1  and  2,  bismuth,  cerium,  and thallium  are not detected in
  many samples, and  bismuth and  thallium, when  found, occur  in  relatively small
  quantities.  Cerium,  when detected, seldom  occurs  in amounts  greater than the
  limit of detection of  0.02  percent.  Ytterbium was detected in all ash samples
  tested,  but the amount present  rarely was greater  than 0.001  percent.

       In addition to the elements tabulated, silver was detected in all samples,
  and five other  elements were found in a few samples as follows:
                    Element
            Silver.
            Cadmium.,

            Antimony.

            Tungsten.

            Cesium...
    No.  of
    samples

      827

       70

       44

       19

       10
            Indium.
  Range, percent

<0.0001 to 0.0002

 0.0002 to 0.01

 0.002  to 0.01

 0.01   to 0.02

 0.005  to 0.01

 0.001
                                   SUMMARY
     Spectrochemical analyses of ash
elements occur in most of the samples
arsenic, bismuth, cerium, neodymium,
thallium--were detected in many sampl
of detection of 0.005 percent in ash,
from the Eastern Province, 41 percent
16 percent of the Western State ashes
0.001 percent, was found in all sampl
only 58 percent of the ashes from the
from commercial coals show that 22 trace
 tested.  Another seven elements--
niobium (columbium), rubidium, and
es.  For example, arsenic, with a limit
 was found in 67 percent of the samples
 of those  from the Interior Province, and
   Rubidium, with a limit of detection of
es from the Interior Province, but in
 Western States.
     All State averages for manganese content in ash are less than the
crustal abundance.  The average content of chromium, copper, nickel, and rubid-
ium in ash of the Western State coals usually is less than the crustal abun-
dance for each element; however, most of the ashes from the Eastern and
Interior Provinces are enriched in these elements.  Averages for the other
elements generally show some enrichment in the ash.

-------
                                        1-6
       TABLE 1.  - Average trace element concent in ash of coal  from three areas.1  percent
Element




Cobal t . . . .



Lanthanum 	
Lead 	 	 	 ,. ...

Manganese 	

Nickel 	


Tin 	

Ytterbium 	
Yttrium 	
Zinc 	

Arsenic. 	 	
Bismuth. . . x 	
Cerium . . .... 	


Rubidium. 	

Average ash.. pet of dry coal
Number of samples 	
Crustal
abun-
dance2
0.0425
.00028
.0010
.0100
.0025
.0055
.0015
.00015
.0030
.0013
.0020
.0950
.00015
.0075
.0022
.0375
.0002
.0135
.00034
.0033
.0070
.0165
.00018
.00002
.0060
.0028
.0020
.0090
.00005
Approx-
imate
lower
limit of
detec-
tion3
0.002
.0001
.0002
.0001
.0020
.0001
.0002
.0003
.01
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.002
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.001
.005
.005
.005
.0001
.02
.01
.001
.001
.0005
Eastern Province
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
92
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
98
100
67
82
31
29
73
97
43
Average
t race
element
content
of ash
0.0876
.0012
.0265
.0230
.0184
.0128
.0071
.0048
.0145
.0055
.0584
.0260
.0082
.0209
.0089
.1052
.0019
.0336
.0007
.0142
.0230
.0704
.0159
( .0107)
.0002
( .0002)
.0238
( .0074)
.0213
(.0062)
.0053
( .0039)
.0239
(.0232)
.0019
( .0008)
9.3
600
Interior Province
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
100
86
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
41
77
11
10
88
LOO
49
Average
trace
element
content
of ash
0.0399
.0014
.0731
.0224
.0193
.0089
.0039
.0104
.0131
.0131
.0235
.0325
.0073
.0262
.0069
.0658
.0019
.0325
.0005
.0118
.0743
.0825
.0119
( .0049)
.0001
(.0001)
.0214
(.0024)
.0183
( .0018)
.0055
( .0048)
.0276
( .0276)
.0008
( .0004)
10.5
123
Western States
Fre-
quency
of
detec-
tion
100
100
100
100
98
100
100
95
81
100
100
100
100
100
97
100
100
100
100
100
93
100
16
83
13
15
85
58
9
Average
trace
element
content
of ash
0.1467
.0006.
.0529
.0066
.0097
. .0047
.0033
.0017
.0128
.0029
.0168
.0212
.0020
.0054
.0052
.1456
.0017
.0152
.0003
.0076
.0258
.0850
.0073
(.0012)
.0001
( .0001)
.0238
( .0031)
.0295
( .0044)
.0053
( .0045)
.0064
(.0037)
.0005
( .00005)
9.8
104
1Averages calculated for number of  samples  in which element was detected, except that averages
   in parentheses were calculated for all of the samples tested using zero for element contents
   below  limit of detection.
2Mason, Brian.  Principles of Geochemistry.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 3d ed., 1966,
   pp. 45-46.
3Petc-rson, M. J., and J. B. Zink.   A Semiquantitative Spectrochemica1 Method for Analysis of
   Coal Ash.  BuMines Rept. of Inv. 6496, 1964, pp. 8-10.

-------
                                           1-7
           TABLE  2.  - Percentage of samples In each range of trace element content  of ash
Element and
area1
Analysis of ash, percent
Not
detected
<0.000l
0.0001 to
0.0002
0.0003 to
0.0007
0.0008 to
0.002
0.003 to
0.007
0.008 to
0.02
0.03 to
0.07
0.08 to
0.2
0.3 to
0.7
0.8 to
2.0
ELEMENTS OCCURRING IN MOST SAMPLES
Barium:
1 	
2
3 	
Beryllium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Boron:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Chromium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Cobal t :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Copper :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Gal 1 ium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Germanium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Lanthanum :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Lead :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Lithium:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Manganese :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Molybdenum :
1 	
2 	 •
3 	
Nickel :
1 	
2 	
3 . . . 	
Scandium :
1 	
2. .
3 . . 	
2
2
1
5
8
14
19
1
1
3
tt
z
13
10
3
25
2
2
2
I
2
I
5
7
30
26
42
1
1
4
2
7
30
2
1
4
2
17
1
50
60
17
1
1
1
19
1
1
3
9
33
13
33
48
38
13
51
27
31
56
2
10
2
1
7
27
16
65
25
I
6
14
1
2
5
8
2
12
2
7
3
1
38
8
9
33
21
29
39
48
56
43
29
24
10
41
21
35
6
40
36
13
5
20
24
41
9
4
6
38
40
59
63
13
40
9
1
1
1
55
10
33
72
72
40
77
77
61
72
62
22
38
9
7
24
60
3
88
81
75
29
38
6
35
39
34
59
53
49-
44
41
6
80
71
29
58
33
20
30
46
28
24
40
29
23
26
14
6
2
4
1
1
3
4
5
6
8
26
10
12
16
31
18
1
1
14
14
1
2
53
12
49
8
46
28
1
1
5
1
2
33
9
4
10
10
6
2
9
11
*
1
3
footnote at  end  of  table.

-------
                                     1-8
TABLE 2. - Percentage of samples in each range of trace element content of ash--Continued
Element and
area1
Analysis of ash, percent
Not
detected
--0.0001
0.0001 to
0.0002
0.0003 to
0.0007
0.0008 to
0.002
0.003 to
0.007
0.008 to
0.02
0.03 to
0.07
0.08 to
0.2
0.3 to
0.7
0.8 to
2.0
                      ELEMENTS OCCURRING LN MOST SAMPLES --Continued
Strontium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Tin:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Vanadium :
1 	
2 	
3 	
Ytterbium:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Yttrium:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Zinc:
1 	
2 	
3 	
Zirconium :
1 	
2 	
3 	




1










2

7


-



1






1
1








-



1
2
2



13
39
59








-



25
30
29



45
43
34








-



59
51
59


2
42
16
6
1
4
9





-
1
1

10
13
6
I
2
18

1

15
35
42
16
2
14


-
8
20
8
4
2
4
48
43
71



77
55
49
59
12
54
10
2
6
21
42
14

1

44
53
8



7
5

17
48
17
40
31
20
68
35
65



7
2
1




1

6
31
8
50
67
74
2
2
13














-------
TABLE 3. - Average trace element content in ash of coals from States
                      in Eastern Province, percent of ash
Element

Beryl 1 ium 	
Boron 	
Chromium 	
Cobal t 	
Copper 	
Gallium 	

Lanthanum 	
Lead 	 • 	
Lithium 	 	 	
Manganese. 	 	 	

Nickel 	


Tin 	
Vanadium 	 	 	
Ytterbium 	 '. . . .
Yttrium 	
Zinc 	

Average ash.. pet of dry coal
Number of samples 	
Alabama
0.1195
.0008
.0322
.0207
.0198
.0150
.0055
.0046
.0138
0040
0812
0208
.0117
.0186
.0078
. 1396
.0024
0338
.0005
.0126
.0243
.0607
9.2
47
Eastern
Kentucky
0.1077
.0020
.0255
.0260
.0212
.0156
.0099
.0064
.0175
0059
1064
.0361
.0071
.0217
.0131
. 1538
.0063
0400
.0009
.0217
.0203
.0823
7.3
26
Maryland
0.0450
.0007
.0140
.0140
0150
.0075
.0020
.0007
.0100
0010
0140
0030
.0017
.0125
.0065
.0900
.0005
0225
.0003
.0050
0200
.1100
9.5
2
Ohio
0.0438
.0009
.0561
.0235
0144
.0080
.0050
.0059
.0126
0043
0394
0207
.0057
.0203
.0058
.0511
.0013
0236
0007
.0150
0284
0805
11.8
85
Pennsylvania
0.0703
.0008
.0153
.0244
.0175
.0125
.0071
.0049
.0130
0052
0642
.0205
.0098
.0195
.0086
.0943
.0011
0330
0006
.0127
0222
.0680
10.0
117
Tennessee
0.1248
.0006
.0247
.0200
.0136
.0116
.0057
.0035
.0132
0050
0994
.0234
.0080
.0168
.0141
. 1368
0019
0354
0006
.0102
0242
0460
9.7
25
Virginia
0.1273
.0014
.0164
0253
.0182
.0171
.0085
.0041
0151
0078
0441
0540
.0106
0281
.0092
. 1240
0030
0417
0011
.0151
0291
0559
7.8
51
West
Virginia
0.0910
.0014
.0232
.0222
.0202
.0132
.0077
.0046
.0157
0058
0520
.0249
.0073
0212
.0093
1104
0017
0348
0007
.0145
.0201
.0738
8.5
247

-------
TABLE 4.
Average trace element content in ash of coals from States

           in Interior Province, percent of ash
Element
Barium 	
Beryl lium 	
Boron 	
Chromium 	
Cobalt 	
Copper 	
Gal lium 	
Germanium 	
Lanthanum 	
Lead 	
Lithium 	
Manganese 	

Nickel 	
Scandium 	

Tin 	
Vanadium 	

Yttrium 	
Zinc 	

Average ash 	 pet of dry coal
Number of samples 	
Arkansas
0 1 000
000^
0 1 7S
0300
OS SO
OOSS
00 ?S
0010
0^00
OO^S
0100
0150
0 1? S
0"39S
0040 '
9 SOO
00 1 ?
01SO
000^
0060
01 90
0600
ft ^
2
Illinois
0 OA.9^
U . UH i
007 1
001S
0116
01 OS
0?7Q
01R6
0691
007S
091 1
0077
0697
0099
0?Q7
000£
ooaq
1 1 Q1
07SS
1 1 7
29
Indiana
o 09 on
u . U£ yu
nn i (\
ORO^
018?
O9 96
. U^ ZD
00 Ql
nno c
. UVJ J J
0 1 7Q
n 1 A q
006R
no-5 1
094S
004Q
O^OR
0074
066O
0007
0^97
OOOA
OOQR
06 QO
HQAS
1 0 f\
31
Iowa
On ^rin
. U JUU
nn i n
. UU 1 U
np 7T
. uts J j
oAnn
m/i Q
. U J4J
Of>£ 7
. UUD /
O07O
01 "} 1
1 j j
n i T o
• U 1 J J
0900
n-jnn
04? T
0 1 00
OS67
OOSO '
066 7
OOO Q
nonn
OOO ft
01 00
1 ^IT
• ij-jj
066 7
1 S S
!->« J
3
Kansas
On i en
.U 1 j(J
nnn c
. UUUj
n o ^n
. UOU
n i <;n
. U 1 _)U
n/i <;n
. U4JU
n i en
. Ul ju
nn on
. uu zu
nntn
0 1 SO
• U 1 _}U
O 1 00
00 SO
0100
nn en
O S SO
• U3 jU
OOAO
OQOO
nn i n
0 1 SO
. U 1 JU
nnn ^
097S
07 SO
07 sn
in c
1U . J
2
Missouri

. Uloj
nn i n
. LXJ ID
r\/: /• -7
. (Job /
fW. O Q
. U4J J
n o o o
.U/d JJ
n t no
. U1U8
nn^ c
. UUoj
nn Q Q
n i nn
. U i UU
no A 7
. uzo /
Oi "*7
no en
. UJjU
01 ns
O7A 7
. u /o /
OOA7
n/i i 7
. um /
nn i A
. UVJ I O
O T7S
. U J /_>
nnno
0 1 A.9
OA oo
• Uu jiU
n7T T
. U / J J
1 O A
iz . 'f
6
Western
Kentucky

.0468
.UU1 5
n "7 c o
.0 /52
n i o *?
. Ul y /
n i £ *7
. Ulb /
nn n c
. Uuy5
nn /. n
. (JU4U
nn Q o
. Uuoz
n i i e
. U J. lj
nnA Q
. uuo ?
01 7 1
non i
. U^U 1
nmo
. uu / *t
01 7n
1 /U
OOA7
. uuo /
n c7n
. Uj JO
nno 7
. uuz /
no/, i
> u jm
nnn ^
O 1 A9
. U l^^C
n e i /.
. UJJ.H
n Q o /i
. UB/14
90
. J
50
                                                                                            I
                                                                                           I—'
                                                                                           o

-------
TABLE 5. - Average trace element content in ash of coals
                from Western States, percent of ash
Element




Cobalt 	
Copper 	
Gallium 	
Germanium 	 . 	


Lithium 	
Manganese 	
Molybdenum. •>. 	

Scandium 	 • 	

Tin 	

Ytterbium 	
Yttrium 	
Zinc 	

Average ash. .pet of dry coal.
Number of samples 	
Arizona
0.0400
.0010
.0500
.0100
0
.0050
.0050
.0050
0
.0040
.0200
.0100
.0010
.0050
.0010
. 1000
.0010
.0100
.0001
.0100
.0100
.0400
9.7
1
Colorado
0.0795
.0006
.0494
.0049
.0104
.0049
.0032
.0019
.0129
.0031
0095
.0216
0018
.0053
.0056
.0974
0023
.0125
.0003
.0083
0362
.0872
9.2
40
Montana
0.3000
.0012
.0475
.0024
.0061
.0025
0039
.0025
.0097
.0038
.0215
.0456
.0038
.0026
.0034
.2612
.0009
.0097
.0004
.0060
.0337
.0612
12.6
8
New
Mexico
0.2250
.0008
.0361
.0091
.0126
.0050
.0034
.0032
.0150
.0040
.0138
.0165
.0017
.0069
.0068
.0800
.0016
.0213
.0005
.0085
.0164
.0914
11.8
14
North
Dakota
0.2650
.0002
.0337
.0034
.0057
.0013
.0020
.0006
.0096
.0022
.0095
.0300
.0032
.0014
.0045
.2612
.0013
.0094
.0004
.0060
.0250
.0662
12.0
8
Utah
0.1122
.0003
.0861
.0088
.0066
.0038
.0030
.0008
.0131
.0024
.0283
.0157
0011
.0051
.0037
.1457
.0013
.0117
.0002
.0067
.0109
.0861
7.0
23
Washington
0.1714
.0004
.0314
.0121
.0217
.0121
.0059
.0009
.0133
.0025
.0277
.0121
.0026
.0114
.0089
.3071
.0009
.0429
.0004
' .0094
.0243
.1286
12.7
7
Wyoming
0.1967
.0028
.0417
.0067
.0060
.0050
.0017
.0018
.0050
.0007
.0217
.0160
.0025
.0047
.0040
.1167
.0012
.0167
.0003
.0053
.0425
.0450
8.7
3

-------
TABLE 6. - Av«r*Kf tr«c> aUxnt conttnt io iih of co*l  from cocr K l ; winning (No. 5)...
BrooXvl 1 U (So. 4) 	
Penruyl v«nli :
pltt* burgh. ... 	
Upper Frpcport 	
Lower Freepor t 	



Virginia:
Kennedy . ,

Vt*c Vlrglnle:



Uppir Kit tinning
Loui*r K 1 c tinning 	
StOfVton-Lewliton 	





Eagle 	
Sevcl 1 	
PocfthOfit*! "Jo It .

Average
• »h,
percent
o* coal
14.4
S 4
1 1 ft
13 I
9. 1
] i a

1 3 n
7.3
12 [
5 8
13.7
1 1 i
M.4
11. &
10. ^
10.6
10 8
10.1
10 1
8.6
8 6
6.7
6 6
6.9
8 3
8.0
10 6
n\
10 5
10.4
8 5
10.5
9 5
7 4
61
6 1
6.7
4.4
5 9

No.
of
• ••-
?!«•
6
1 1
t 3
I 0
;
16

19
18
1 2
g
1 1
20
23
9
7
12
29
10

30
g
a
5
6
1 5
43


9
22
1
i
7
7
1 1
19
1 J
13
j

B
0 0167
OS 00
0600
0590
0843
0694

0589
. 0894
0525
0867
0!)45
0565
.0548
.0631
.0621
0308
01 12
0074
0068
.0125
0431
021?
0200
.01 31
0363
.044&
OflflflJ
ni jf\
02 11
.01 56
0140
.01 30
0229
0200
n? SQ
0237
.01 38
.0133
0066

&«
0 1050-
1066
04&8
0368
0243
0290

QM 1
0406
0608
0400
Ob91
028 5
.0513
.0450
0443
0729
0755
0730

0607
Oil 1
1 100
1 J40
1667
108 7
0970
Oft Sfl

0444
085)
0440
0760
0900
07?l

1206
111)
.117?
0560

B«
0 0003
ooos
0009
0012
0013
00 1 2

0005
0012
0007
0047
0005
0006
.0009
.oo;o
0012
0006
0007
0007

0008
001 1
001 3
0012
0019
QOQ7
.0005
flpns

0011
001 1
0018
0010
0061
on? 7
nm ft
001 7
0038
.0017
001 2

Co
0 01 75
0218
01 71
0058
0157
01 50

01 22
Ot 53
01 19
0306
0085
0074
.0093
.0476
0236
01 32
0162
0225

01 64
0)47
01 56
0210
0167
0086
0112
(11 7S
01 AL
0183
0151
01 16
01 30
01 36
0? l/i
n? i j
0233
0333
.0454
0380

Cr
0 0183
0173
0262
021 0
0190
01 39

02 1 7
02?2
01 50
0187
0236
024 5
.0243
.0194
0200
0212
0252
0275

0250
11 SO
0350
0210
0367
0267
.0240
mi 7
n?s7
0302
0247
0120
0160
07S4
ni *\(\

0196
0204
.0220
0160

Cu
o.oos;
.01 75
0088
0035
0089
00 79

0081
0093
00 SB
01 S4
0055
0052
.0098
.0118
.0101
0067
01 14
01 33

.0133
nof>7
0160
01 70
0250
0079
,0061
OOflS
(inn?
0167
01 3 J
0120
.0110
02S7
n\ c j
(XI JA
0169
01 75
.0219
01 70

G*
0.0067
0046
0043
0020
0034
002 7

on 12
0045
0026
0048
00 j;
0039
.0055
.0057
0069
0042
0060
0075
fiitttf,
0005
no si
0097
00 '6
0103
006 1
0050
OHIO

01 22
0101
0056
0066
fll SI


0125
0085
.0125
0032

Gc
0 0027
.0036
0105
0125
0176
0081

002 5
0073
0062
01 56
0023
0036
.0065
.0096
.0084
0038
0054
0069

0043
f)017
0058
0045
0040
0046
0042
OflS 7
oni s
OOJfl
0025
001 7
001 ]
QOM
on si

0088
0063
.0115
0020

Li
0.0125
.01 18
0100
0093
01 29
0164

01 1 1
0106
0105
01 57
01 36
0105
.0118
.0175
.0133
0130
0106
0136

,0127
0125
01 75
0140
0133
0121
0106
01 SO
fll ft't
01 30
01 50
0160
01 60
0179
n i fth
ni on
01 55
0162
.0215
0190

LI
0.1242
.0485
0536
0198
01 71
Ot 76

01 78
0204
0054
0259
0645
0345
.0400
.0311
0246
0424
" 0666
0890

.0846
ni AS
0662
0400
0333
02 71
0367
fir ao
flAl L
0331
0518
0740
.1060
0743
nf. ji
pcfiQ
0809
0600
.0304
0548

Hn
0.0120
.0115
0685
0690
0471 •
01 74

0267
0189
0204
0182
0125
01 52
,0287
.0241
.0103
.0240
01 72
.0173
ni in
.0139
015 7
0277
0676
.091 7
0687
.0343
0328
01 L"}
0211
.0354
,0044
.0086
0104
ni ?ft
Ok 56
0?67
0202
0240
0046

HO
0 0048
.01 16
0080
0048
0026
0061

0043
0101
0067
0091
0023
0029
.0072
.0091
0069
0049
0124
01 5 j

0094
0025
0075
01 24
0150
0075
0080
01 1 S
nn 7 4
Oi?8
0078
0012
.0070
0041
00? S
OOS1
0101
0040
01 30
0050

NI
0 0175
.0182
0?65
01 30
01 71
0166

Oil 7
0169
• 0100
0312
0136
01 48
.0163
.0522
.0271
. 01 50
01 59
0750
O10O
0207
01 42
027S
0220
.0350
01 37
0135
01 58
ni it
0367
.0225
0200
.01 50
0429
07 S7
n? i ?
0290
0243
0392
0166

Pb
0.0028
.0054
01 78
0332
.0079
0047

0036
0034
002 fi
0235
0028
0029
.0046
.0071
.0060
.00^0
0055
,0038
no an
.0063
0057
.0087
.0066
.0105
0046
.0050
0040
flfll 7
0081
.0082
.0028
.0036
0143
0061
0062
0065
.0041
0066
0052

Sc
0 0080
.0075
0053
0121
0064
0069

OOJ2
0071
0047
0054
0071
0051
.0059
.0067
.0067
0078
0077
.0088
Ol 7fi
0091
0062
.0104
0052
.0097
0073
0058
Art 1 1
At I 1
01 28
.0105
0062
.0102
01 04
niOQ
0101
0107
.0108
0128
0096

Sn
0.0009
.0036
0025
001 5
.0010
0006

0028
0044
001 1
001 7
001 1
0014
.0011
.0008
.0021
.0013
0010
.0007
(win a
.0011
001 2
.0013
0023
.0055
001 5
.0017
OOOS
OAO?
001?
.0014
0010
.0009
0023
flfll 4
0024
0020
.0029
.0016
0026

Sr
0 1167
. 134S
0623
0660
0443
0522

07S6
0567
0425
0662
0492
0405
.0416
.0578
.0814
1 300
0934
.0780
0680
1057
0733
.1 337
1400
.1083
1 140
1126
0833
Oft SO
1056
.081 4
0760
. 1 100
1000
i ino
1217
1 51 1
1407
1462
0720

V
0 0300
.0245
0362
0190
.0329
0309

0289
0364
0375
0)12
0209
0240
.0270
.02S6
.0229
.0367
02 72
.0320
0?fiO
.0353
0208
.043?
0400
.0483
0260
0241
01 92
n&sn
0483
.0341
OJ80
.0500
0371
0161.
0403
0397
.0364
0600
0440

n
0 0005
flf¥!S
0004
0004
.0003
.0003

0003
.0004
.0003
0009
.0006
0006
.0008
.0009
.0008
0005
0005
.0007
OOfl 7
0007
0006
001 1
0009
.0012
0006
.0006
0004
0005
.0009
.0008
.0006
.0005
001 2
0010
0008
0009
.0006
0010
0006

T
0 0093
0111
0062
0072
.0064
.0060

0090
.0098
.OO5J
0410
.0049
0076
.01*0
.0256
.0217
0096
01 1 7
01 18
01 on
01 38
01 It
01 52
01 30
.018]
008)
.0098
0105
01 20
0108
.01 71
.01 30
.0036
0197
0400
01 96
0190
.01 59
0? 38
0200

£n
0 01? 5
03 73
0700
I960
.0457
.0607

.0300
.0411
.0604
.0487
.OUB
.0128
.0284
.0456
.0766
.014S
0234
0256
OLIO
0186
031 7
.0269
.0168
.0188
0119
.0116
01 ?5
0">32
.0238
.0191
.0084
.0070
0092
0193
0203
.0126
.0272
,0362
.0370

lr
0.0600
0582
0800
0T00
.0900
.0887

.0800
.0850
.0775
.0825
.0773
.0650
.0878
.0789
.0786
.0842
0572
0505
0500
07J7
0850
.06)0
.0620
.0383
0700
.0878
081 7
0786
.0589
.0530
.0720
.0620
0571
1093
0762
.0669
.0746
.0662
. 1 120

                                                                                                                                                             M

-------
   1-13
See Figure 1




Text Page 10

-------
  1-14
See Figure 2




Text Page 15

-------
                       APPENDIX
TABLE 7. - SpuctrochL-mlcal analy3e» of coal csh. percent of
              (0 • below Hmit of detection)
Scatc , councy.
and bed
Alabama:
Jefferson:
Clemen s ( top bench) 	
Cleren s (twiddle bench)..
Clent.-n s (bottom bench)..

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Marion:
Do 	

Do 	 	
r>o 	

Do 	

Shelby:

Tuscaloosa:

Do 	

Mi 1 Idale 	

Walker:

Black Creek 	




Do 	


Du
Winston;
Black Creek 	
Do 	
Arizona :
Arkansas:
Johnson: Lower Harcihorne.
Colorado:
Delta:


Do 	
Do 	
Ash,
per-
cent
of
Cry
COdl
5.6
11.2
13.6
8.5
6.9
1 ' .7
7.5
;.o
14.0
e.i
12.9
2.5
5.2
'0.0
4.0
2.5
2.7
'] ft
7.3
2.7
17.4
1 7.0
1 1.4
4.5
11.3
5.3
14.2
15,1
1 .7
5.5
10.5
1 1 0
14 5
15.8
16.3
15.1
12.7
9.2
3.2
9. 7
4.0
12.5
5.3
4.7
6.5
7.4
5.3
Ac
0.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
0
.02
.02
.02
0
.01
.01
.015
.01
.05
.02
.008
.005
005
.03
.005
0
.01
.01
.05
0
.03
,02
.01
.03
.005
01
0
0
.005
.01
0
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
o
0
0
0
0
• B
0.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.0'^
.1
.1
.05
.1
.1
. 1
. l
.008
.0?
.008
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.01
.05
.1
.1
.02
01
015
.02
.01
.03
.02
.01
.1
.05
.03
.005
.3
.! 5
.05
.1
.09
Ba
0.8
.1
.1
.1
.1
.Od
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.08
.1
.2
.15
.2
1
. l
.1
.OS
.08
.1
.1
.15
.2
.2
.1
.05
.1
2
, l
.1
.15
.1
, l
.015
.15
,04
.15
.05
2
.1
.1
.15
.07
Be
0.001
.001
.0001
.0003
.0005
.0005
.001
0
.0005
.0005
.0001
.001
.0001
.001
.001
.0001
.001
.0008
.0002
.001
.0001
.0001
.001
.002
.0002
.001
.001
,0005
.002
0005
.0003
003
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0005
0
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0001
o
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
Co
0.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.015
.002
.02
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.01
02
.01 5
.02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.02
0
.1
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.008
Cr
0.02
.02
.01
.015
.015
.02
.03
.002
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.04
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.01
.05
.01
.01
.002
.002
.005
.002
Cu
0.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
02
.008
.005
.005
.005
.1)03
.003
.03
.005
.001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.007
.002
Ca
0.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.008
.005
.000
.005
.005
.002
.01
.002
.005
.005
.008
.005
.008
.OOS
.OOB
.005
.008
.005
.008
.005
.ooa
.005
.003
.003
.005
.005
002
.01
.01
.005
.005
.002
.001
.005
.005
.003
.002
.01
.003
.005
.003
.003
Co
0.005
.005
.0005
.0008
.0015
.002
,005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.003
.005
.005
.nm
.002
.001
.001
.02
.001
0
.002
.01
.001
.005
.001
.002
.01
.005
.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.001
.001
.0005
.0015
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.001
,001
.001
.0005
La
0.02
.015
0
0
0
.01
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
0
.03
0
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
LI
0.008
.02
.1
.08
1 2
.015
.01
.2
.01
.2
.15
.02
.05
.005
.004
.05
.1
.08
.05
.01
.2
.15
.01
.1
.1
.08
.02
.03
.025
.02
.2
.15
.3
.2
.02
.01
.2
.005
.1
.02
.01
.01
.1
.005
.005
.005
.005
Mn
0.02
,01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.008
.015
.05
.03
.02
.02
.015
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.05

.02
.02
.05
.03
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
.005
.03
.015
.02
.015
.005
.01
.002
.003
.015
.01
.01
.02
.1
.01
.015
.01
.002
H»
0.005
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.005
.001
.01
.02
.01
.02
.015
.002
.005
.015
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.008
.05
.02
.015
.005
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.005
.002
.001
.001
.01
.001
.015
.001
.01
.015
.001
.002
.002
.005
.001
Nb
(Cb)
0.005
.005
0
0
0
.005
.005
0
.005
.002
0
0
0
.005
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.005
.005
0
0
0
.005
.005
.002
.01
0
.002
0
0
.005
.005
0
.003
0
.004
.007
0
0
.005
.007
.01
.005
Nd
0
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
.01
0
.03
0
.02
0
0
0
.02
.02
.02
.02
0
0
.03
0
.02
.02
.03
0
0
.05
0
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.02
0
0
.03
.03
0
0
0
0
Nl
0.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.03
.01
.005
.02
.03
.015
.03
.015
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.005
.02
.005
.05
.015
.01
.005
.002
.005
.001
Pb
0.004
.005
.0008
.0005
.0008
.001
.005
.001
.005
.008
. oooa
.008
.001
.003
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.008
.0003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.005
.003
.003
.02
.001
.0008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.001
.001
.005
.004
.005
.002
.OOS
.003
.004
.003
.004
Rb
0.05
.01
.08
.OS
.1
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.1
.015
.05
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.08
.02
.03
.05
.01
.08
.05
.005
.02
.05
.005
0
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
.008
.004
.005
.015
0
.005
0
.007
0
Sc
0.01
.005
.002
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.007
.01
.01
.01
.OOS
.005
.02
.003
.005
.005
.008
.003
.015
.01
.007
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.001
.007
.001
.005
.002
.01
.01
.008
Sn
0.002
,001
.0002
.0005
.0003
.0008
.001
.003
.001
.002
.0005
.01
.0005
.001
.003
.01
.001
.008
.002
.015
.0005
.002
.001
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.002
.0002
.01
.0008
.0003
.0008
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.oooa
.001
.02
.001
Sr
o.e
.08
.02
.05
.03
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.1
.2
.1
.15
.05
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
. 1
.1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.15
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.15
.1
.08
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
V
0.05
.05
.02
.03
.05
.05
.02
.015
.05
.1
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.03
.015
.03
.08
.05
.05
.03
.03
.02
.03
.05
.05
.03
.05
.03
.03
.02
.03
.02
.005
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.003
Y
0.02
.02
.005
.008
.01
.01
.02
.003
.02
.03
.01
.015
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.02
.002
.008
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.015
.01
.01
.002
.01
.005
.005
.009
.003
Zn
0.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.005
.02
.015
.02
.03
.02
.01
.06
.03
.01
.03
.08
.02
.01
,02
.005
.02
,08
.01
.02
.01
.05
.15
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.005
.005
.02
.01
.01
.03
.008
.015
.15
.005
.08
.005
Zr
0.1
.1
.03
.08
.02
.05
.1
.005
.09
. 1
.03
.05
.03
.1
.15
.02
.03
.03
.02
.03
.02
.06
.08
.02
.05
.03
.1
.1
.03
.1
.05
.03
.03
.03
.1
.1
.05
.05
.05
.04
.1
.02

.08
.1
.1
.1

-------
.
Prerwnt :

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	



Do 	
Ctrflcld:
Do 	
Do 	 	


L« Plica
Do 	


Do 	
Do 	


Lai Antmae:

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	 , 	
Mesa;
Do 	




HUnols:
Franklin:
No. 6 	

Fulton:











Peorla;
No 6 	

Randolph:



9.2
15.3
15.9
17.5
8.6
9. 1
7.8
12. '
10. 1
10.0
6.4
3.8
9.8
5.5
4. 3
8.4
5.2
6.0
8.2
5. 5
8.4
2.9
!. 3
6. /
19.4
1 '. 5
9.2
19.2
14.9
13.2
12.3
3.0
11.9
8. 5
6.1
13. 5
11.9
8.6
13.5
11.9
1 1.8
12.7
9.6
10.6
10.6
1 7. 1
7. 7
8.3
16.8
21.3
8.1
7.3
1 7.1
11.9
12.7
16.3
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.009
0
0
.005
0
0
0
.005
0
.005
0
0
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
0
0
0
.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.005
0
0
0
0
.008
.008
.01
.01
.005
0
0
0
.01
.005
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.04
.005
.02
.01
.01
,1
.03
.07
.3
.01
.05
.05
.05
.0?
.03
.0?
.05
.03
.008
.005
.005
.01
.01
.02
.03
.1
.02
.08
.05
.05
.05
.05
.04
.05
.1
.08
.07
.05
.08
.02
.1
. 1
.03
.03
.08
.1
.08
.1
.02
.1
.05
.08
.08
.1
.1
.05
.1
.05
.05
.05
.05
.15
.1
.1
.2
.15
.02
.06
.02
.02
.03
.05
.05
.05
.02
.15
.15
.02
.0!
.08
.07
.1
.02
.1
.1
.02
.08
.08
.03
.01
.02
.1
.008
.05
.01
.02
.04
.1
.05
.08
.008
.02
.02
.02
.08
.07
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.0005
.0015
.0001
.001
.0001
.002
.0015
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.005
.01
.008
.005
.002
.01
.01
.02
.015
.008
.01
.005
.002
.002
.015
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.01
.01
.02
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.004
.01
.02
.01
.003
.01
.01
.015
.005
.005
.002
.005
.007
.005
.02
0
.02
.02
.008
.015
.02
.02
.01
0
.015
.01
.003
.005
.005
.002
.002
.004
.005
.003
.003
.004
.002
.001
.001
.001
.02
.005
.002
.002
.015
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.003
.005
.005
.001
.005
.002
.003
.008
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.01
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.03
.001
.005
.001
.00)
.001
.005
.004
.001
.002
.002
.001
.003
.001
.001
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.004
.002
.015
.002
.008
.005
.015
.005
.005
,005
.002
.005
.005
.002
.004
.005
.005
.01
.004
.004
.003
.004
.005
.005
.01
.002
.01
.01
.002
.008
.015
.01
.004
.002
.008
.004
.002
.005
.002
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
.001
.005
.003
.003
.01
.005
.002
.003
.004
.003
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.001
.004
.002
.002
.005
.005
.002
.005
.002
.002
.002
.005
.005
.001
.002
.002
.003
.003
.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.001
.002
.004
.005
.002
.003
.005
.002
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.001
.002
.0005
.001
.001
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.004
.007
.002
.005
.015
.001
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.005
.002
.005
.005
.007
.02
.009
.02
.03
.015
.01
.02
.005
.005
.005
.02
.02
.002
.01
.008
.009
.01
.02
.02
0
.01
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.03
.008
.02
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
.008
0
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
,01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
0
.005
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.003
.002
.001
.001
.005
.01
.005
.02
.005
.006
.008
.005
.008
.003
.005
.01
.003
.05
.005
.01
.002
.04
.006
.006
.01
.005
.01
.002
.02
.1
.15
.02
.05
.02
.02
.003
.03
.009
.02
.009
.15
.02
.02
.008
.007
.004
.02
.05
.01
.05
.05
.08
.05
.02
.1
.05
.05
.01
.05
.008
.005
.008
.001
.03
.01
.002
.001
.002
.002
.005
.008
.005
.009
.02
.01
.01
.006
.02
.01
.004
.003
.005
.003
.03
.02
.1
.1
.05
.1
.1
.1
.02
.07
.05
.05
.02
.03
.05
.1
.05
.02
.05
.05
.02
.1
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.02
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.005
.005
.004
.004
.004
.004
.005
,002
.006
.01
.005
.015
.003
.02
.01
.005
.003
.01
.02
.01
.002
.002
.01
.001
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.002
.005
.005
.002
.002
0
.01
.005
.005
.005
,005
.005
.005
.01
,005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.002
0
0
.008
.005
.01
.005
.005
.008
.008
.004
.005
0
.008
0
.008
.005
.008
.004
0
.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.015
0
0
0
0
.015
0
.001
.003
.004
.001
.002
.005
.01
.003
.001
.005
.003
.002
.001
.001
.02
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.003
.01
.01
.0!
.01
.01
.005
.001
.01
.01
.002
.003
.008
.015
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.03
.01
.02
.03
.01
.01
.03
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.0015
.002
.002
.001
.005
.002
.002
.008
.003
.002
.002
.005
.002
.0015
.003
.003
.001
.002
.001
.004
.005
.002
.003
.003
.002
.007
.002
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.07
.02
.08
.01
.02
.01
.1
.05
.01
.001
.001
.01
.05
.001
.005
.08
.007
0
.002
0
.005
0
0
0
.002
0
0
0
0
.003
0
.005
.01
0
.002
0
.005
0
0
.02
0
.01
.01
.001
0
.003
.005
0
0
.01
0
.005
.02
.05
.05
.015
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.05
.015
.05
.02
.01
.01
.01
.08
.01
.01
.003
.01
.005
.015
.002
.002
.005
.01
.002
.002
.002
.006
.01
.005
.005
.003
.002
.003
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.004
.005
.005
.005
.001
.01
.01
.005
.007
.003
.003
.002
.003
.005
.002
.003
.005
.05
.005
.003
.008
.001
.005
.01
.002
.003
.008
.005
.005
.001
.003
.05
.005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
,002
.0005
.001
.001
.01
.0005
.002
.002
.0015
.005
.001
.0005
.001
.002
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.004
.0005
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.001
.002
.002
.008
.0005
.002
.0005
.005
.003
.0001
.0007
.004
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.002
.003
.0015
.0005
.0008
.002
,002
.0005
.002
.005
.005
.0)
.15
.05
.1
.08
.15
.15
.08
.08
.06
.03
.1
. 1
.1
.2
.15
.04
.07
.1
.1
.015
.02
.1
.02
.1
.1
.15
.01
.15
.05
.07
.1
.05
.1
.3
.3
,05
.1
.09
.03
.03
.05
.08
.15
.05
.04
.05
.08
.1
.08
.07
.02
.05
.04
.08
.02
.•a->
.015
.01
.008
.005
.015
.015
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.001
.03
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.005
.005
.02
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.005
.01
.02
.003
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.02
.02
.015
.05
.04
.02
.05
.01
.02
.05
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
•' •
.015
.01
.01
.005
.015
.015
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.015
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.02
.005
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.008
.02
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.002
.01
.005
.01
.008
.004
.005
.008
.008
.003
.008
.005
.005
.004
.005
.01

.01
.02
.01
.05
a
.1
.015
.08
.02
.03
.01
.01
.1
.015
.02
.03
.05
.04
0
.01
.02
.05
.02
.03
0
.005
.01
.004
. 15
.02
.02
.03
.03
.01
.1
.1
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.05
.05
.1
.05
.01
.08
.09
.1
.05
.07
.1
,1

.1
.1
.07
.08
.1
.05
.1
.1
.08
.06
.08
.07
.06
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
. 1
.09
.1
.1
.1
.)
.1
.08
.09
.1
.08
.04
.05
.05
.05
.05
.1
.1
. 1
.06
.05
.1
.04
.1
.1
.05
.05
.1
•'
.1
.02
.1
•'

-------
TABLE 7. - Sptfctrochetalcal  analyses of coil aih. percent j3f_a»h--Cotitlnucd
ScaCe . county,
• fid bed
Illinois—Con.

Vcrnll ion;
No. 6 	
Ho. 7 	
Williamson:
Davis and DcKoven 	
No . 6 . . *
Indiana:
Clay:
Do 	
No, 3

Crecnu:
No. 4.
Mo. 5 	
Knox :
No. 6 	
Owen: Upper Brazil Block..
Pike:
No. 5 	
Do 	 	
Do 	
Da 	
Sullivan:
Ho. 5 	
Do 	
No. 6 	
Do 	
Do 	
No. 7 	
Vlgo:
No. 3 	
No. 5 	
Do. t
No. 6 	

Warriek:
No. 5 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	 	 	
Do 	
No. 6 	 , 	
Do. 	
Iowa :
Marlon;

Kaniaa:
Cherokee: Firming and
Mineral 	
Crawford: We I r -Pittsburgh.
Ash,
pcr-
cen:
of
dry
coal
10 1
6 °
19 1
9 1
11.2
7 o
19 &
ft 5





10 2
7.6
9 1
8 8
B 5
7 7
10 4
111
7 9
8 &
9 1
9 7
1 1 I
25 5

10 0
6 1
3 2
13 9
1 0
2 f»
2 3
3 0
9 2
0 8
6 U
9 7
9 2
1.7
As
o


o
0

o
o


Q


.01
01
Q
o
015
o





o
o

02



o



01
01
01


3
B
0 05

07

.05








.2

03







03





02









.02
Ba
0 01



.03








.07

























.02
Be
0 001



.001








.003

























.000)
Co
0 00



.02








.1

























.08
Cr




.03








.OS

























.02
Cu




.01








.02

























.02
Ca




.005








.005

























.002
Ce




.01




.01



.02

























.002
LA




.02




.01



.05



















0





.02
LI




.02




.007



.02

























,005
Hn




.01




.02
.01


.02

























.01
Ho




.01



.005
.005
.003


.007














.007









.005
.005
Nb
(Cb




0



.005
.005
.01
.004

.01




.005

.01







.01




.005





.005
Nd




.02



0
0
0


0





0
0
0


















Hi.



.1
.03
.02
.03

.02
.04
.05
.02
.02
.01
.1
.02

.01
.01
.02
.OS
.015
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
. 1
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.1
.01
.1
Pb


.05
.005
.05
.02
.004
.01
.002
.01
.01
.003
.005
.002
.02
.01
.002
.002
.02
.002
.005
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.002
.005
.01
.02
.001
.001
.005
.002
.oor
.005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
»b


.005
.01:
.02
.005
.05
.01
.002
.01
.003
.02
.02
.008
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.008
.03
.01
.007
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.02
.01
Sc

0.00
.00
.00
.01
.003
.008
.006
.01
.007
.01
.005
.004
.01
.008
.015
.005
.01
.01
.004
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.007
.01
.005
.005
.005
.015
.005
,005
.01
.002
.006
.004
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
Sn

0.0005
.01
.001
.003
.005
.001
.0003
.0007
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.QUO 5
.0005
.0007
.0008
.0015
.001
.0015
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.0008
.001
.001
.001
Sr

0.07
.02
.1
.5
.02
.1
.1
.2
.05
.1
.1
.02
.1
.05
.2
.1
.1
.08
.05
.02
.1
.05
.01
.1
.05
.15
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.005
.03
.05
.05
,05
.1
.08
.1
V

0.005
.OB
.05
.02
.05
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.02
.03
.02
.005
• 1
.05
.03
.05
,03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.01
.015
.05
.015
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
Y

0.005
.01
.01
.005
.03
.005
.005
.03
.03
.008
.01
.005
.02
.00?
.02
.01
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.007
.01
.007
.005
.01
.2
.002
.005
.01
.005
.003
.003
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.05
Zn

0.3
.05
.3
.05
.2
.05
.1
.04
.1
.15
.05
.04
.08
.04
.1
.2
.05
.04
.05
.05
.1
.01
.05
.07
.1
.03
.05
.05
.03
.2
.07
.05
.05
.05
.02
.07
.05
.2
.1
.0
.05
.1
Zr

0.05
.1
.07
.07
.08
.1
.2
.1
.08
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.07
.1
.1
.1
.08
.1
.1
.1
.08
.07
. 1
.1
.08
.1
.09
.08
.07
.05
.1
.05
.1
.05
.05
.1

-------
Kentucky:
Bell:




Butler • No. 6 	

Floyd- Elkhorn No. 3.
Hopklnft :
Ho, 6 	
Do 	 , 	
Bo 	


Do 	
No 9 	

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
No. 11 	
Do . .
Do 	

Do 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Do . ...
Do 	
No. 12. . . 	

Do 	
Knott :
Hazard No 7.
Do 	
Leccher:


Huhlcnbcrg:
No. 9 	
Do ....
No 11 	

Do 	
Do 	


Do . 	
No. 12 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	


No. 13 	
Ohio:

Do 	
No. 11 	

11.4
9 4
5.6
2.6
2.2
10.1
21.5
5.7
4 1
6.0
4.3
f. 9
4,0
1.9
11 6
9 4
16.0
9.4
7.9
7.4
16 9
5.9
6 6
7.0
5 3
6.7
6.4
6 9
6.3
135
13.3
15.6
8.6
4.4
9.1
6.2
4 5
8 4
12.2
119
6.5
7.4
6.8
7.6
6 4
5. 5
7. 7
15. 3
12.2
11 5
13 6
12.7
11.5
9.3
1 1 .0
8.3
17.2
9.3
9.5
0
015
.02
0
.01
.08
!005
01
.03
.01
.01
02
.02
015
005
0
0
0
0
o
o
0
o
o
o
o
0
o
0
o
0
0
.005
o
0
.01
01
01
.01
o
o
o
.005
0
o
o
o
o
.005
005
0
o
.005
.02
.01
n
0
.005
0
.02
01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.03
05
08
.1
. 1
1
. 1
15
07
05
.05
.05
. i
. i
06
. i
03
ilS
1
.07
. 1
1
. 1
06
.05
.05
,015
05
.02
.02
05
05
.08
.03
. i
.07






.05
07
.02
.05
.08
.08
03
.07
.03
. 1
.02
.05
.1
.1
.05
.1
.05
.02
1
05
.02
.02
03
.05
02
I
I
.15
.02
.02
.05
05
.05
.05
.05
03
.05
.03
.03
.08
.05
.08
.07

08
.15
.2
1
.1
.05
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.06
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.05
.07
.02
.05
.08
.03
.02
.03
.05
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
003
002
.003
.005
005
,005
.015
0005
0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
0002
.001
.001
.001
0005
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0008
.0015
.0015
.0008
.002
.0015
.002
.0005
.0005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.002
.0015
.0015
.0001
,0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0015
.001
.0005
.002
0
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.05
.01
.05
.01
.05
.015
02
.015
.07
.015
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.015
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.005
.015
.02
.015
.015
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.0?
.015
.01
.008
.01
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.03
.01
.02
.01
02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.04
.01
.03
.03
.015
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.03
.01
.02
.02
.005
.005
.02
.02
.02
.01
.001
.01
.015
.02
.01
0'
.02
.02
.005
.01
.005
.002
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.015
.015
.005
.005
.002
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.008
.02
.008
.005
.005
.01
.02
.003
.005
.02
,008
.01
.001
.003
.003
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.01
.002
.002
.002
.002
.003
.008
.002
.004
.002
.002
.005
.005
.003
.005
.002
.003
.002
.002
.03
.015
.005
.007
.005
.005
,005
.002
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.002
.003
.002
.002
.008
.005
.002
.002
.003
.004
.01
.0005
.001
.01
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.005
.005
.008
.01
.005
.002
.005
.003
.008
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.002
.002
.0015
.015
.01
.001
.002
.003
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.002
.002
.002
.001
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.01
.001
.01
.02'
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
0
.01
0
.01
,01
.03
.1
.02
.05
.015
.1
.005
.1
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.1
.01
.005
.005
.008
.005
.015
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.2
.15
.15
.1
.1
.1
,005
.005
.1
.02
.005
.005
.005
,005
.05
.1
.005
.005
.005
.005
.02
.03
.05
.005
.005
.01
.2
.01
.05
.1
.02
.05
.03
.01
.08
.008
.008
.05
.01
.01
.01
.05
.03
.01
.02
.01
.1
.01
.01
.005
.003
.02
.03
.02
.005
.02
.03
.04
.04
.02
.02
.05
,007
.007
.02
.02
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.01
.03
.01
.05
.01
.02
.01
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.001
.002
.01
.01
.05
.015
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.01
,03
.005
.01
.005
.007
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.002
.002
.002
.01
.001
.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
.02
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.015
.001
.002
.001
.001
.005
.01
.015
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
0
0
0
.015
.02
.05
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.2
.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
.02
,008
.02
.02
.02
.08
.02
.005
.03
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.03
.02
.01
.015
.02
.015
.01
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.005
.02
.01
.001
.005
.01
.008
.008
.01
.005
.005
.02
.02
.02
.07
.02
.02
.001
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.002
.003
.001
.002
.002
.005
.003
.005
.002
.001
.001
.005
.01
.008
.005
.003
.003
.001
.005
.001
.005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.008
.01
.001
.002
.001
.001
.01
.01
.008
.002
.001
.005
.005
,01
.05
.02
.005
.008
.05
.01
.01
.1
.02
.02
.05
.05
.005
.05
.1
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.02
.1
.02
.02
.08
.05
.1
.1
.03
.005
.007
.01
.01
.01
,02
.02
.08
.02
.05
.03
.1
.02
.005
.05
.08
, 1
.1
.08
.005
.05
1.0
.05
.01
.02
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.05
.005
.005
.01
.005
,008
.005
.005
.002
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.002
.008
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.01
.007
.01
.009
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
,01
.008
.008
.01
.02
.005
.005
.001
.005
.005
.0005
.0015
.005
.02
.1
.005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
.001
.0005
.05
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.003
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.005
.005
.001
.005
.002
.001
.001
.005
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.002
.002
.002
.003
.01
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.005
.002
.0008
.0015
.0005
.0005
.003
.05
.1
.2
.1
.1
.02
.02
.3
.15
.05
.05
1
.1
.01
.05
.1
,05
.01
.02
.08
.05
.05
.02
.1
.05
.1
.1
.08
.05
.08
.1
.1
.15
.15
.15
.2
.2
.1
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.03
.08
.05
.01
.05
.08
.1
.02
.1
.05
.07
.05
.07
.03
.05
.2
.02
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.01
.07
.03
.05
.02
.03
.05
.02
.05
.08
.03
.05
.02
.03
.02
.03
.03
.02
.05
.05
.04
.015
.02
.03
.03
.02
.05
.05
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.05
.05
.07
.02
,05
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
.03
.02
.01
.03
.02
.005
.03
.02
.02
.05
.008
.005
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.2
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.003
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.003
.02
.02
.01
.05
.05
.02
.01
.005
.008
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.001
.003
.01
.005
.01
.02
.05
.05
.05
.1
.05
.01
.02
.15
.08
.05
.03
.2
.05
.03
.1
.03
.08
.08
.05
.05
.03
.03
.01
.03
.02
.07
.04
.03
.02
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.1
.05
.08
.05
,04
.04
.02
.02
.05
.08
.04
.01
.02
.02
.03
.05
.08
.02
.1
.03
.015
.05
.15
.as
.05
.1
.1
.05
.1
.09
.1
.1
.1
.07
.05
.1
.08
.08
.07
.09
.08
.09
.05
.08
.07
.09
.1
.1
.07
.08
.06
.08
.08
.1
.05
.08
.2
.15
.1
.09
.07
.




.08
.08
.1
.08
.08
.07
.07
.08
.08
.05
.07
.06
.06
.0)
1-H

I—1
00

-------
TABLE 7. - Spectrochcmlcal  analyses  of  coal  ash,  pcrcenc of aah--Contlnued

and bed
Kentucky-Con.
Pike:



3o. . - . , 	
Elkhorn No. 3 	

Ullllamson (cop bench)...
Do 	
Union :
Do 	
Webster;

Maryland:
Allc^any: Pittsburgh and
Carri/cc: Upper and Lower
Missouri:

St. Cl air • Tfibo 	
Vernon:

Montana :

Daws on:
0,0 	

Pork:


New Mu-xlco:
Colfax:
Yankee 	 	

Do 	
Do 	

Rio Arribo:
Do 	

Ash.
per-.
of
dry
8. 1
0. 1
8.3
6 9
6.S
4.6
9.rt
8.0
6.?
5.2
6.0
9. 5
9.8
9.0
7. 5
10. 4
B.b
11.8
10. 1
12.8
12.2
14 5
4.2
12.8
16.9
19.3
16. B
13.6
7.2
10.0
18.1
23.3
15.3
12.6
12.9
16.3
10.9
14.3
5.9


0.005
.01
.01
n
.005
.15
.005
.01
.005
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
o
o
0
o
0
0
0
0
o
.006
0
0
0
0
0
0
.005
0


0.01
.02
.02
.005
.0'.
.05
.OU8
.01
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
. 1
. 1
.008
.02
.1
. i
.05
.05
.05
.02
.1
.08
.08
.05
.01
,01
.03
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.07


0.1
.1
.06
^
.2
.06
. !
.1
.2
.1
.1
. 1
.1
.02
.03
.05
.04
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.5
.5
.2
.5
. 1
.2
.2
2.0
.02
.8
.03
.8
.2
.05
.05
.1
.1


0.0015
.001
.002
.0001
.001
.002
.0001
.003
.001
.005
.01
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0015
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0001
.002
.0005
.0005
.0005
.005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0001
.0005
.001
.0005


0.03
.02
.015
.015
.01
.015
.015
.02
.03
.02
.05
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.08
.01
.01
.005
.007
.005
.01
.002
.008
.008
.001
.005
.02
.01
.005
.02
.008
.01
.015
.005


0.02
.03
.05
.01
.02
.05
.015
.U2
.05
.01
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.008
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.002
.005
.001
.002
.005
.002
.002
.001
.0}
.01
.005
.02
.01
.015
.01
.01
.DOS


0.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.015
.002
.004
.001
.002
.005
.001
.005
.001
.005
.003
.003
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.001


0.005
.01
.02
.005
.01
.02
.005
.(JOB
.01
.01
.02
.002
.003
.01
.003
.002
.002
.005
.02
.003
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.001
.004
.002
.003
.005
.004
.008
.002
.003
.001


0.003
.005
.01
.002
.01
.02
.0015
.002
.01
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.01
.0005
.001
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.0005
0
0
.002
.001
.001
0
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.002
.00]
.002
.OOU4


0.015
.02
,02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.03
.04
.01
.01
.02
.01


0.2
.2
.03
.1
.02
.02
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.005
.005
.005
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.005
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.005
.002
.02
.001
.001
.005
.002
.015
.005
.005
.005


0.008
.02
.05
.02
.1
.03
.02
.02
.1
.01
.1
.005
.05
.01
.02
.001
.005
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.01
.2
.02
.05
.05
.005
.01
.02
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.01


0.002
.01
.002
.002
.01
.015
.002
.015
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.003
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.001
.001
.001
.01
.002
.01
.001
.002
.003
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002

(Cb)
0.01
.005
.005
0
.005
.01
0
0
.005
0
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.005
.005
.002
.002
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.002
.01
0
.005
.005
.005


0
.05
0
.02
.02
0
.02
.02
.08
.03
.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
.03
0
.02
0
0
0


0.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.05
.01
.01
.03
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.005
,02
.1
.05
.1
.1
.1
.002
.004
.001
.001
.01
.002
.002
.001
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.005
.005
.005
Pb

0.002
.008
.01
.002
.01
.01
.0008
.008
.008
.003
.01
.002
.005
.015
.002
.001
.001
.02
.01
.02
.05
.05
.008
.004
.005
.005
.005
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.002
.02
.004
.008
.001
.002
.0005
Rb

0.01
.08
.06
.2
.01
,02
.15
.08
.02
.008
,01
.01
.02
.005
.015
.005
.02
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.001
.001
.005
0
.003
0
.001
.005
0
.005
.01
.008
0
0
0
Sc

0.01
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
.005
.015
.008
.02
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.004
0
.005
.005
.003
.002
.002
.008
.005
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.002
Sn

0.0015
.0005
.003
.0008
.001
.005
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.002
.001
.002
.003
.001
.0008
.0007
.002
.001
.0015
.001
.0005
.0008
.008
.002
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
Sr

0.1
.15
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.15
.1
.02
.03
.05
.08
.1
.05
.02
.05
.05
.03
.09
.7
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.02
.05
.08
.03
.1
.05
.02
.01
.08
V

o.oz
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.015
.03
.07
.03
.05
.05
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.02
.008
.01
.005
.05
.02
.02
.04
.05
.02
.01
.01
.003
Y

0.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.05
.005
.005
.02
.02
.005
.005
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.DOS
.005
,01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
Zn

0.02
.01
.015
.01
.05
.02
.008
.005
.01
.005
.005
.05
.07
.05
.02
0
.02
.05
.005
.2
.75
.05
.05
.1
.01
.02
.05
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.007
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.05
it

O.I
.05
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.08
.1
.1
.1
.07
.1
.1
.1
,07
.15
.08
.08
.08
.05
.1
.02
.1
.07
.1
.1
.02
.02
.06
.1
.09
.1
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.06

-------
San Juan:

Do 	 	


North Dakota:
Burke:
Do 	
Mercer :

Dr> 	
Wnrd:
Do 	
Ohio:
Athens: Middle KUtannlng
Bclmont :

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	


Do 	 , 	
On 	


Carroll:
Lower Fri'cport (No. 7)...
Columbians:
Middle Klttnnnlng
( t,'0 £ ) 	


Coshoc ton :
Lower Klctannlng (No. 5).
Middle Kittannlng
(No. 6) 	




Call la:
Lower Klttannlng (No. 5).

Guernsey:
Pittsburgh (No. fl) 	
Harrison:
Middle KUcannlng
(No 6) 	 	





Jackson : Brookvl ! le
CNo. 4) 	
2.9
5.3
7.3
5.5
14.6
16.9
14.4
12.6
12.1
9.3
10.6
7.5
12.4
14.6
10.8
15.4
12.9
9.0
11.1
10.6
1 1,8
11.3
11 .6
12.3
12.4
12.0
10.2
9.6
9. 1
9.4
7.7
4.5
5.9
7.B
12.6
12. 7
17.1
12.6
12.0
11.7
11.3
11.1
12.6
12.0
12.0
12.7
1 3. 7
10.0

.01

.02
.004


0
o
0
0
0
0
.007
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.01
o
0
0
0
.008
.01
.03
.08
.05
.05
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
.03
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.005
.08
.05
.08
.06
.02
.08
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.05
.02
,05
.05
.1
.05
.1
.02
.1
.05
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.1
.15
.1
.08
..07
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.03
.03
.1
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.8
.05
.08
.09
.5
.5
.5
.1
.3
.05
.03
.02
.1
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.08
.05
.05
.02
.03
.02
.1
.05
.1
.08
.1
,1
.005
.03
.05
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.01
.0001
.0005
.0005
.001
.003
.0002
.0005
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.002
.0002
.0007
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.001
.008
.015
.01
.015
.03
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.004
.004
.003
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.008
.01
.005
,01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.008
.01
.003
.01
.015
.04
.005
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.004
.005
.003
.01
.01
.002
.005
.001
.005
,005
.005
.002
.002
.015
.02
.02
.03
.05
.05
.03
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.03
.03
.03
.05
.02
.01
.03
.02
.01
.05
.01
.005
.01
.002
.01
.003
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.02
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.002
.002
.005
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.003
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.0005
.005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.005
.001
.008
.01
.005
.001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0008
.002
.003
.005
.01
.02
.005
.008
.005
.01
.0007
.003
.007
.0005
.003
.005
.015
.008
.002
.001
.002
.0008
.001
.002
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01


.01
.008

.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.005
.05
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.1
.03
.05
.1
.05
.05
.05
.1
.08
.03
.05
.05
.05
.02
.08
.02
.08
.03
.05
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.02
.03
.03
.05
.2
.05
.002
.008
.01
.015
.02
.08
.02
.03
.05
.01
.01
.04
.03
.05
.02
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.008
.01
.01
.008
.02
.02
.1
.008
.02
.02
.02
.05
.007
.02
.01
.02
.05
.1
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.004
.005
.001
.01
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.001
.002
.005
.003
.003
.002
.002
.001
.002
.003
.003
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.007
.002
.01
.005
.02
.003
.005
.001
.005
.001
.001
.001
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
0
0
0
.002
.002
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
0
0
.002
.008
.003
.01
.02
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
.0003
.003
.005
.002
.001
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.0015
.003
.001
.003
.005
.003
.005
.003
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.01
.001
.001
.002
.001
.003
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.005
.001
.001
.005
.002
0
.005
.002
.005
.01
0
.005
.005
.01
0
.002
0
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.003
.01
.008
.008
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.03
.05
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
,007
.02
.003
.01
.005
.005
.005
.004
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005

.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
,005
.01
.008
,007
.005
.005
.005
.005
.007
.003
.003
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.002
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0007
.002
.0005
.002

.001
.002
.001
.001 5
.0005
.002
.002
.0005
.001
.0008
.0015
.001
.001
.0008

.0005
.0015
.0007
.0005
.005
.002
.002
.002
.0005
.0003
.0008
.0002
.0005
.0015
.001
.1
.1
.08
.1
.3
.1
.1
.09
.5
.5
.3
.3
.2
.05
.05
.05
.02




.1
,02

.1
.05
.1
.03
.05
.03
.05
.05

.05
.05
.03
.1
.02
.05
.,
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.005
.02
.01

.02
.002
.02
.005
.01
.005
.02
.008
.005
.02
.01
.01





.01


.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.02

.02
.02
.02
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.007
.005
.005

.01
.005
.OOB
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003








.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03

.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.00
.01
.00
.008
.01
.02
I
.in

„.
,
u 1
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.05
.003
.01










.01
.03
.08
.05

.02
.02



.03
.02
.02
.01
.02
,02
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.08
.1
.1


.08
.08
.09
.05


.05

.1
.05










.08
.05
.1


.1
.08



. 15
.1
.05
.1
.1
.06
.0}
.08
.06

.1
•'
rO
O

-------
tABLE 7. - Spectlochemlol  analyse) of co«l «»h,  percent  of  nh--Contlnu«d

and bed
Ohio --Con.
Jef ftr son;
H.-ir lv-i 	
Lower Frecpor t (No. 6A). .
Lower KUcannirw (No. 5).
Middle KLliannLnj
/MJ. 6) 	
Pit'.iburph (No. 5) 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Lawronvr-:
Lo'-fer Ktttannlng (No. 5).
•.'ili^u* 	
Kahon ing:
Bro.i'"v] 1 !e (So. t) 	
[)„ 	
DJ 	
Do 	
Do 	
Mcigs:

Mo r Run:
Suwlcklcy (No. 9) 	
Do 	
Muskingun:
Middle Kltcannlng
(f,*o. 6) 	
Do 	
Do 	
Upper Frceport (No. 7)...
Noble:
Dt> 	
Ptrry:
LO-JCT Kittanning (No. 5).
Do 	
Middle Klttanning
(No. 6) 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Portage : Brookvi lie
fNo. 4) 	
ScarJt:
Kiddle KilCanning
(No 6)
Do 	
TufliTdrawas:
Lower KittJiinlng (No. S).
Do 	
Do 	
HitJdl c Ki tcannlng
(No. 6) 	
Do 	
Ash.
pcr-
of
dry
coal
i 1 .?
10.4
15.1
6.6
M .4
Ki i

6.8
1 7 6
1 1 i
9. 7
1 5 0
1 1 9
t.b
1 5. 5
3 S
7.3
It. 7
1 5, |
5 0
8.7
9 S
1&. 7
1 4 9
1 \ o
2tt 1
IS 1
15. t
tg 3

9.5
12 9
12.3
6 S
10 6
8. 7
11.3
K 9
22 6
10.8
9, 3
19.6
10 1
8.0


0 02
0
.01
Oi
.01

DOS
o
o
O"1
00 i

.(>>
ij)
0
.08
02
01
0^
.01
01
01


o
01
0
01
.005
02
o
01
01

.015
01
COS
.OOb
,OQS
Ul
0)
.01


0 03
.OS
.0!5
O'1
.05
O1

[

05
05
OS

.1
05
OS
1
0-j
005
1
.05
OS
05
05

03
05
.05
03
.08
08
1


05
. 08

03
.05
08
05
08
. 1


0 05
.02
.03
OS
.c:

01

02
02


.Oj
05

02
IP
02
2
03
03
I
02



.1

.05
05


05
02

02
.1
05
02

.03



.0005
.0005
noi
.0005

001

0005
0008


.002

00"*
0(105
0003
002
001
0005
000 S



001
.001

.0015



0001
001


.002
001

.002



.008
.0!
01
.005

01

OOi
01


.02

0°
01

01
01
02
01




.01

.07



01
1


.05
O1

.DOS



.01
.02
0°
.01

03

01
O1


.02

fp
03
02
02
03
03
02



Q->.
.02

.015



01



.02


.0?



.02
.01
01
.005







.02


008


01
01
007




.005

.005



005



.01


_ons



.001
.003
oos
.00.'







.01


OOj


003
005
OO1




.003

.005



01



.ona


.mis



.0003
.002
008
.0015



003



.03


005


002
02
005




.005

.005







.01


_m



.02
.02
O1
.01







0






02
02




.01

.02







.01


.ni



.05
.05
05
.02



05



.1


02









.02

.02







.02


.n?



.008
.01
008
.008







.01







02




.02

.03







.05


.03



.005
.003
005
.001







.03












.005

.005







.01


.onfl

(Cb)

..005
.005
005
,005







0












0

.002







.005






0
0
o
0







.02












0

0






°
)


n



.02
.01
O1
.01







.02












.01

.05







.05


.n?



.0008
.005
008
.002







.008












.OOOi

.005







.005


.ons



.005
.008
003
.005







.005












.02

.009







.005
01

.ons



.005
.008
008
.005







.01












.00)

.007



005



.ooa


.ons



0
.0005
.OOOi







.0008












.0005

.0007







.001


_nn?



.08
.05
05
.02







.08












.05

.05







.02


n?



.05
.01
Q1
.02







.OJ












.01

.02







.02


n?



.02
.01
0?
.005







.0?












.005

.03







.02
02


_m



.02
.02
05
.01







.05












.02

.02




3


.05


.02



.07
.08
08
.05




06


.05







08




.05

.1



05
08


.08
08
02

.OS

-------
Vint on: Kiddle KUCannlng
<».*0. 6) 	
Washing con: Sevlckley
(So. 9) 	
Penniy! v*nl« :
Al Icgheny:
Do 	

Do 	
Do 	


Armncrong:

Do 	

Do 	 » . . . .
Do 	

Do 	
Do 	
Beaver :


Bedford: Lower Klctannlng.
Bu tl cr :
Do 	
Middle Klctanning 	

Ombr la :

Do 	
Do, . , 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	 	
Do. .

Do 	
Do 	 ...

Do 	

Do 	

Do 	
Clarion:

CUirUeld:
Do 	

Do 	


Do 	
7 g
12 2
9. 3
9.S
7 9
26.1
9.9
7.6

10 3
'0 1
8, 7
10.9
1 1 i
6 7
1 0 0
19. i*
10 5
5 9
6* 1
7.8
10.2
8. 9
8.3
13. i
1 2 4
9 6
9. 5
6. 5
7. 7
7 8
7 $
7.3
8.4
7 9
9 3
7 5
8. 7
10 9
B 2
fl. 3
1 2 4
12.0
13.2
9.3
10. 7
$ 3
10.3
9.9
7.2
1 3 2
9 2
9 9
8 5
12 6
10.9
9.5
005
o
.01
.02-
02
ooe
005
.02

02
o
o
.005
005
.08
01
.02
DOS
.02
.01 5
02
0
o
02
.05
05
03
.02
0
0
005
01
.005
.03
005
01
005
.02
o
02
0
01
.02
.01
.03


.01
.01
n

05

01

003
.01
.1
.07
.05
.03
.02
.01
.02
.03
.01
.015
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.03
.05
.015
.002
.05
.05
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.01
.007
.003
.003
.01
.003
.01
.005
.008
.008
.005
.008
.05
.015
.01
.005
.003
.003
.003
.005
.005
.02
•'
.2
.2
.005
.05
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
.1
.08
.01
.05
.05
.07
, i
.03
.04
.05
.03
.02
.08
.05
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.02
.05
.02
.08
.05
.05
.05
.1
.05
.02
.]
.09
.05
.05
.09
.1
.02
.02
.05
.1
.08
.05
.1
.03
.1
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0001
.001
.002
.00!
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0001
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0008
.0005
.0008
.001
.0001
0
.001
.0001
.001
.0001
.001
.0005
.0008
.0001
.0008
.0005
.001
.0008
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.0008
.02
.01
.02
.02
.003
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.008
,01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.015
.02
.015
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.008
.02
.03
.015
.015
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.05
.02
.01
.015
.05
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.02
.05
.03
.02
.02
.01
.015
.01
.02
.01
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.015
.05
.01
.03
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02 .
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02'
.03
.05
.01
.05
.02
.01
.015
.01
.02
.02
.01
.007
.004
.004
.004
.007
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.015
.008
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
.005
.05
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.015
.01
.01
.005
.01
.008
.01
.008
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
.002
.008
.008
.005
.01
.01
.002
.004
.002
.004
.003
.005
.005
.004
.005
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.008
.004
.003
.002
.005
.008
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.00-i
.01
.008
.005
.01
.03
,01
.03
.005
.002
.002
.002
.005
.01
.007
.005
.01
.001
.001
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.002
.003
.002
.005
.001
.001
.02
.01
.002
.001
.008
.005
.005
.01
.008
.0005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.003
.005
.003
.0015
.007
.001
.01
.01
.0005
.002
.0015
.005
.005
.002
.008
.003
.01
.005
.008
.008
.003
.001
.001
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02.
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
0
0
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
0
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.02
.01
0
0
0
0
.01
.02
.02
.004
.004
.005
.008
.008
.05
.005
.05
.15
.15
.1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.05
.005
.03
.003
.1
.01
.005
.002
.01
.15
.2
.1
,1
.02
.09
.08
.1
. i
.2
.15
.03
.1
.08
.02
.1
.1
.05
.05
.15
.09
.15
.02
.1
.1
.08
.03
.08
.05
.1
.02
.01
.01
.0)
.01
.01
.04
.008
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.005
.003
.005
.05
.008
.1
.008
.005
.01
.01
.005
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.05
.005
.01
.01
.005
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.03
.01
.02
.01
,015
.015
.01
.02
.01
.003
.005
.002
.004
.003
.002
.001
.005
.002
.015
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.005
.015
.01
.003
.008
.005
.003
.002
.003
.008
.01
.015
.015
.003
.015
.01
.005
.002
.015
.02
.015
.015
.002
.005
.015
.01
.005
.015
.015
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.015
.005
.01
.015
.002
.008
.01
.01
.002
.005
.005
.005
.008
0
0
0
0
0
0
.005
0
0
.005
'.005
.005
.004
.005
.01
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
0
0
0
0
.005
0
0
0
.003
0
0
.005
0
0
0
.003
0
0
0
.005
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.02
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.05
0
.02
.01
.01
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
0
.03
.02
.02
0
0
.02
.01
0
.05
.03
0
.02
0
.01
.02
.02
0
.01
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.005
.02
.015
.015
.01
.03
.015
.015
.01
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.015
.02
.005
.02
.01
.02
.05
.02
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.05
.03
.03
.03
.02
,02
.02
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
.02
.003
.002
.004
.002
.01
.002
.003
.005
.008
.005
.0008
.002
.001
.0008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.006
.01
.004
.003
.005
.01
.005
.008
.008
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.01
.008
.005
.007
.001
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.01
.008
.008
.008
.005
.002
.01
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.008
.001
.01
.05
.02
.01
.05
.02
.005
.02
.008
.02
.01
.05
.05
.05
.005
.1
.03
.01
.01
.002
.01
.001
.005
0
.01
.008
.01
.005
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.1
.1
.01
.05
.09
.02
.03
.09
.05
.005
.005
.005
.01
.1
.05
.05
.01
.02
.007
.008
.01
.01
.005
.008
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.015
.005
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.008
.01
.005
.003
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.015
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.015
.015
.015
.002
.007
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.008
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.003
.005
.01
.0007
.0008
.001
.0005
.002
.0008
.001
.001
.0008
.0008
.0005
.002
.0005
.0008
.0008
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0002
.001
.0005
.0015
.0005
.001
.001
.0008
.002
.0005
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
.0008
.0003
.0005
.0008
.0005
.001
.001
,0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0005
.002
.07
.02
.2
.2
.1
.09
.02
.1
.1
.1
.1





.15
.1
.08
.15
.05
.04
.02
.03
.01
.05
.02
.1
.1
.1
.1
.09
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.05
. 1
.1
.03
.02
.1
.09
.05
.05
.09
.1
.1
.08
.,
.1
.08
.08
.1
.08
.15
.02
.02
.05
.04
.02
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
.02
.05
.03
.03
.03
.05
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.03
.02
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.01
.03
.05
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.007
.01
.01
.008
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.03
.015
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.0)
.015
.008
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
.02
.008
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.015
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.03
.01
.005
.01
.08
.05
.05
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.08
.01
.02
.03
.005
.015
.08
.005
.01
.01
.08
.05
.015
.05
.01
.01
.08
.01
.008
.008
.005
.01
.02
.:
.01
a
.1
.08
.1
.08
.01
.1
.05
.03
.05
.05
.02
.03
.08
.03
.03
.07
.08
.07
.08
.1
.1
.1
.1
.05
.1
.05
. 1
.05
.09
.03
.1
.1
.1
.15
.15
.1
.08
.05
.03
.03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.05
.1
.02
.08
.08
.015
.02
.03
.08
.05

-------
TABLE 7. - SpeccrochefBJcal analyse* of coal aah. percent of a»h--Contlnued
Scoce , county,
and bed
Pennsylvania --Can.
Cltarfleld"Con.

Do 	

Do 	
Upper Klttannlng 	
Elk1 Clarion 	
Fay otic- :

Redstone ( bo C Com bunch) . .
Redstone (cor bench) 	
Greene:
Do 	


Indlnnj :
Do 	

Ou 	




Do 	

Do 	


Do 	

Jefferson: Lower
Lawrence:


Do 	

Mercer:
Do 	
Northumberland;

ScliuylUll:
Mamroch and Buck

IKJ 	 , , . .
Somerset :

U«bliint'ton:
Do 	
Ash,
pisr-
cenc
of
dry
11.0
n.5
ii.i
15.2
12.5
11.9
9.7
9.5
9.2
10.8
10. 4
11.2
9.1
13.0
7.4
9 4
11.3
8 7
11.3
8.0
8.t)
10.9
8.9
9.E
10.2
8.8
10 9
a. 2
7.2
10. 1
7 6
10.1
10.3
5.1
11.2
12.8
5.7
8.4
13.8
11.1
10.6
11 0
13.7
6.0
6 7
8.0
9.3
As
0.01
.01
.08
.08
.OS
.01
.0! 5
,n07
.0!5
.02
.008
.004
.O"1
.01
.02
01 5
.02
01
.01
0
0
0
,005
0
.08
.015
08
.01
0
008
01
.02
.02
.02
.05
o
.005
0
0
.005
,00"i
0
0
.02
005
.02
0
'
0.003
.005
.01
.008
.01
.005
.01
.05
.02
.05
.05
.05
.03
.01
.003
005
.01
01
.005
.003
.01
.005
.005
.002
.01
.005
002
.005
.005
01
01
.03
.03
.08
03
.003
.05
05
.005
.004
.005
007
.003
.01
01
.05
.02
Bo
0.05
.15
.3
.2
.08
.02
.5
.05
.05
.05
.05
,1
.05
.02
.02
1
.08
02
.15
.02
.02
.05
.08
.2
.05
.05
05
.02
.05
05
1
.07
.07
.04
1
.04
.02
.02
.02
.08
.1
1
.05
.15
08
.02
.05
Be
0.0001
.0015
.001
.0008
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.001
,001
.0001
.0001
.001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0005
.001
000!
.0005
.0001
0001
002
.002
.00?
.003
002
.0005
.0005
.0008
0005
.001
.0005
0005
.0005
.0005
001
.0005
.0008
Co
0.01
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.015
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.004
.015
.015
.05
.02
.015
.015
.015
.02
.008
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
01
03
.015
,02
.03
01 5
.02
.01
.008
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.015
05
.01
.01
Cr
0.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.001
.02
05
.01
.02
.02
01
.04
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
03
.05
.02
Cu
0.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.OS
.015
.005
.005
.01
.01
.003
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.00)
.008
05
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.003
.002
.002
.02
.03
.01
.015
.015
01 5
.005
.008
Ca
0.002
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.003
.01
.02
.004
.01
.002
.02
.005
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.002
.002
02
.005
.01
.01
01
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
.01
.002
. 005
005
.002
.005
Ce
0.0015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.005
.002
.007
.01
.005
.002
.005
.0005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.002
.0005
.001
.02
.008
.002
.002
.0005
DOS
.01
,001
.001
.01
.0015
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.0008
.003
.0005
.0008
001
.005
.002
L.
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
,01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
LI
0.03
.005
.1
.05
.02
.1
.005
.05
.08
.02
,05
.05
.05
.02
.04
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.05
.2
.1
.1
.05
. 1
.008
.08
. 1
.02
.03
.05
.008
.005
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.05
.01
.1
.02
.01
,1
.05
Mn
0.01
.03
.015
.1
.02
.01
.005
.04
.02
.1
.1
.02
.05
.02
.01
.05
.008
.01
.015
.015
.01
.02
.01
.005
.03
.005
.01
.005
.01
.02
.01
.005
.001
.002
.01
.05
.05
.05
.005
.02
.01
.009
.05
.008
.005
.02
.02
Ho
0.01
.005
.02
.03
.03
.005
.005
.004
.007
.015
.01
.003
.01
.002
.01
.015
.02
.01
.02
.015
.015
.015
.015
.001
.02
.005
.03
.002
.001
.015
.01
.005
.002
.01
.005
,002
.002
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.001
.003
.002
.01
.008
Kb

-------
Veitmoreland;


Do 	 , *
Do 	
Tennessee:
Andcr ton:

Campbcl 1 :
Jel lico ...
Do 	

Do 	
Claiborne:
jcllico 	
Do 	



Do 	
Grundy :




Pulnan; Bon Air ^o- 2 	
Scott:
Do 	


UHh:
Carbon :
Do 	
Do 	


Do 	

Do 	 • 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

Entry:
F.Tron "A" 	

til fl'jath* 	
!>i 	

:>, 	

[. 	

V 1 1 1 ; - : .
r.,i, 	
8.1
11.9
7.6
8.2
12.1
16.5
7.7
n.9
13 5
2.8
10.0
t>.8
4.8
5.1
t>.2
10. 7
8.2
12.5
Q 6
9 .9
9. 7
10.0
6.1
13.1
5.6
9.6
17,2

8.1
9.6
6.6
6.4
6.2
6.1
5.8
6.0
5. 7
7.0
6.7
5.9
6.8
6.3
8.2
7.6
8.0
b 2
6.9
9 6
7.2



0
.01
o
.01
.02
.005
3
D
0
,o:


.02
.01

.02
.01

005

.02

.03
.005
.003
.03











.005







Q
0
0
!)


• n.'
.02
.008
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.o->
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.015
.02
.008
.015
.Olb
.01
.01
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.015
.05
.0*.
.02
.1
.08
.1
_ 1
.08
.05

.08
.1
.08
.08
.03
.09
.08
.1
.3
.08
.09
. 1
.01
.01
.05
.2
.05
.05
.02
.2
.1
.08
.08
.1
,1
.08
.15
.15
.05






.22
.1
.08
.4
.08
.05
.1
.12
.12
.2
.2
.03
.1
.1
.03
.05
.1
.05
.1
.08
.08
.2
.1
.3
.3
.1
.05
.02
.1
.1
.1
.0003
.0005
.0001
.001
.005
.0002
.0005
.0002
.0002
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.0001
.0001
.0008
.001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.OOOS
.0002
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0002
0
.0002
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0002
.0005
0
.001
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.008
.015
.005
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.008
.005
.015
.014
.01
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.02
.01
.003
.005
.005
.008
.008
.005
.001
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.008
.0118
.008
.01
.01
.003
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.05
.02
.015
.015
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.03
.015
.02
.05
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.008
.008
.008
.01
.005
.02
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.008
.008
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.008
.002
.002
.001
.005
.002
.005
.005
.003
.005
.01
.005
.01
.OU!
.002
.002
.005
.003
.004
.002
.005
.005
.002
.02
.02
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.002
.002
.01
.01
.005
.001
.008
.01
.002
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.005
.008
.002
.008
.002
.003
.01
.005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.003
.002
.003
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.002
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.002
.001
.002
.015
.01
0
.002
.001
.005
.005
.0002
.003
.0005
.001
.003
.001
.005
.01
.002
.005
.0015
.001
.001
.008
.008
.002
.002
.0008
.001
.008
.01
.0008
.0015
0
.0005
.0005
.002
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
.01
.005
.008
0
0
0
.01
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.01
.01
.005
.015
.01
.01
.015
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
0
.015
.02
.1
.08
.02
.05
.05
.2
.1
.05
.1
.03
.05
.02
.05
.01
.05
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.015
.02
.1
.1
.2
.05
.2
.1
.003
.003
.005
.015
.005
.005
.01
.008
.05
.02
.005
.008
.01
.008
.1
.05
.02
.05
,15
.01
.01
.005
.1
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.03
.1
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.015
.01
.02
.01
.008
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.03
.02
.007
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.05
.002
.01
.008
.005
.01
.02
.008
.02
.02
.03
.005
.005
.1
.03
.1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.015
.008
.01
.015
.01
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.001
.002
.02
.02
.002
0
0
0
.005
0
0
.002
.002
.005
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.005
0
.005
0
0
.005
0
0
0
0
0
.002
0
.005
.005
0
0
.005
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.002
.001.
.008
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.02
.015
.01
0
0
0
.02
.01
.02
0
.02
.03
.03
.02
.02
0
0
0
.03
.03
0
.01
0
.01
.03
0
.01
.01
0
0
.01
.015
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
.05
0
0
.01
0
0
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.005
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.03
.015
.01
.015
.001
.002
.002
.008
.005
.002
.003
.015
.005
.002
.006
.008
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.003
.008
,005
.01
.001
.05
.1
.003
.0008
.0008
.005
.01
.0008
.0008
.008
.008
.003
.005
.01
.01
.0008
.01
.005
.005
.0003
.008
.008
.002
.0008
.0008
.01
.0008
.0008
.005
.0008
.001
.001
.001
.002
.001
.005
.001
.002
.0008
.002
.003
.002
.004
.003
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
.001
.001
.0008
.01
.01
.05
.05
.05
.02
.005
.1
.1
.01
.05
0
.05
.02
.015
.1
.1
.05
.005
.01
.2
.?
.08
.03
.02
.1
.05
.008
.08
.08
0
.008
0
.005
.01
.002
.002
0
0
.005
.002
.005
0
0
0
0
0
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.02
.05
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.03
.005
.01
.007
.01
.008
.02
.01
.01
.005
.003
.015
.01
.015
.007
.005
.008
.005
.03
.005
.005
.01
.002
.002
.002
.003
.002
.002
.002
.005
.002
.005
.001
.005
.005
.002
.003
.005
.004
.005
.008
.005
.005
.003
.01
.02
.0008
.003
.0005
.001
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.0008
.002
.0008
.005
.002
.0005
.01
.0005
.001
.0008
.0005
.0008
,001
.0008
.0008
.008
.0008
.0008
.0008
.0008
.001
.001
.001
.005
.001
.001
.0002
.0005
.0008
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0008
.0015
.005
.002
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.002
.005
.1
.15
.1
.15
.02
,
.2
.1
.1
.15
.05
.1
.1
.2
.02
.OS
.15
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.3
.2
,1
. 1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.1
.1
.3
.1
.3
. 1
.1
.1
.2
.15
.1
.2
.2
.15
.1
.1
.15
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.05
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.02
.02
.03
.015
.08
.02
.03
.03
.005
.01
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.015
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
.01
.005
.008
.01
.02
.005
.01
.005
.01
.05
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.008
.01
,01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.001
.005
.008
.008
.01
.008
.003
.003
.002
.01
.01
.008
.015
.01
.002
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.002
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.0:
.02
.015
.005
.05
.02
.01
.01
.08
.02
.05
.03
.01
.005
.02
.03
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.005
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.005
.015
.02
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.015
.005
.01
.005
.02
.«»
.08
.08
.08
.02
.1
.03
.015
.05
.05
.1
.02
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.03
.03
.02
.015
.0?
.0.'
.02
.05
.03 ,_,
.2 1
.05 N)
.02 *-
.06
.07
.05
.03
.1
.1
.1
.1
.02
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
''
.05
.05

-------
TABLE 7. - Spjctrochtmlcal an»ly«e« of coil »lh. pc.icent of ash—Continued
Stacc, county. .
and bed
Virginia—Con.
Buchanan—Con.
Hi.gy 	
D,i 	
Jewel 1 . 	




Do 	

Do 	
Sp! J>h Dan 	
Do 	
Do 	



Do
Do 	
Diet cns.in:
H,>gv 	


Do 	

D0 	
Let:

Montgomery:
' Russell :

Do 	


Ti 1 li:r

DJ 	
HJ 	
Tajrufl 1:

Widu:
U,, 	





D.- 	
Ash,
per-
cent
of
dry
CL>.ll
6.3
5.5
8.0
2.8
4.0
7 7
I i l
6.0
4.*
2.7
7.1
10.4
5.7
5. J
6.8
6.9
6.8
6 J
5.5
8.8

6.3
13.1
10. (1
b.t>
7.9
2.8
11. 7
1 1. 0
1 ? 5
6.2
9.9
13.3
\'i 9

5.e
11.1
; 7
6.2
5. 7
;.4
6 2

8.5
5.4
5.5
4.4
1 .8
As
0.005
.05
0
.01
.0:
01 5
01 S
.05
. or
.01
.015
.COS
.005
0
.01
.0'
0
02
.01
.02

.01
0
0
.005
.005
0
0
0
02
.03
0
.005
DOS

0
0
o
.01
0
.01
01

02
.01
.02
."1
.01
B
0.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
0"*
01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
0'
.01
.01

.01
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
00'
01
.06
.02
.01
005

.1103
.005
01
.OOS
.015
.01
02

.015
.02
.02
.02
.04
Bo
0.08
.1
.1
.15
.1
1
1
. 1
.2
,1
. |
2
.1
.07
. 1
. l
.1 5
.06
.1
.1

.1
.05
,1
.1
.3
.2
102
i
. i
.1
.1
.2
.1

. |
. |
3
.1
.2
.06
.2

.03
.15
1 2
.2
.2
Be
0.001
.002
.0005
.002
,002
0005
0005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0008
.002
.002
.001

.0005
.0003
.001
.0008
.002
.005
.0002
0005
0005
.001
.0005
.0005
.0005
001
.001
.0005
001
.001
.00:
.002
.001

.001
.1)01
.001
.002
.005
Co
0.01
.05
.01
.05
.05
01 5
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.005
.02
.02
.01
O7
.015
.01
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
01
.01
.01
02
.015
.03
.02
.02
01 5
.015
.02
.1)1
.03
.07
Cr
0.02
.01
.02
.01
.05
V
.01
.05
.05
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.08
.05
.01
.05
.0)
.01
005
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
01
.01
.02
02
.01
.02
.02
.03
05
.03
.05
.02
.02
.01
Cu
0.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01 5
.015
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.005
.005
.03
.02
.008
.02
.02
.02
(12
.01
.02
.01
.008
.02
.02
.005
.003
.015
.015
.01
.02
.015
.01
.005
.01
02
.01
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.112
.02
.02
.03
Co
0.005
.002
.005
.003
.02
.003
.005
.02
.01
.002
.01
.01
.003
.005
.02
.01
.005
.01
.015
.01
.002
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.002
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.1)02
.005
01
.005
.01
.01
.01
01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.005
Ce
0.005
.005
.001
.002
.008
.001
.0005
.008
.005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.002
.01
.008
.0005
.01
.01
.01
.005
.0005
.0008
.005
.002
.002
.005
.001
.0005
.008
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.0005
.01)05
.0005
.005
.001
.002
.005
.005
005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
Li
0.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
LI
0.05
.01
,15
.02
.02
.1
.03
.02
.05
.01
.02
.1
.Oi
.1
.05
.05
.1
.03
.05
.05
.01
.01
.05
.05
.02
.02
.01
.1
.03
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
.01
.08
.15
.05
. 1
.02
.02
.01
.03
.03
.02
.03
.02
.02
Hn
0.05
.01
.1
.05
.1
.05
.01
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.02
.007
.01
.05
.05
.005
.05
.03
.02
.008
.1
.1
. 1
.1
.1
.01
.03
.01
.08
,1
.1
.05
.05
.05
.005
.02
.1
.02
.112
.08
.OJ
.OJ
.05
.05
.03
.08
.01
Ho
0.01
.005
.001
.01
.02
.007
.001
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.00)
.001
.015
.01
.001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.003
.01
,00i
.02
.01
.01
.001
.001
.02
.01
.01
.01
.002
.002
.002
.002
.01
.001
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.015
.02
.02
.01
Nb
(Cb>
0.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.00)
.005
0
.002
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
Nd
0.01
0
0
0
.01
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
.02
.02
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.02
.02
0
.02
0
0
.02
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
0
Nl
0.02
.02
.01
.05
.05
.02
.01
.05
.05
.05
.03
.02
.01
.01
.05
.05
.01
,02
.05
.03
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.05
.02
.05
.02
.05
.03
.05
.02
.05
Pb
0.00}
.003
.005
.005
.01
.005
.002
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.002
.007
.02
.008
.003
.01
.01
.008
.003
,003
.008
.01
.01
.008
.005
.02
.001
.01
.005
.008
.008
.005
.003
.001
.003
.01
.005
.008
.01
.008
,01
.01
.02
.005
.01
.005
ab
0.01
.002
.008
.005
.01
.02
.03
.02
.01
0
.02
.3
.007
.005
.01
.01
.005
.07
.02
.01
.005
.001
.02
.01
.06
.02
.01
0
.01
.03
.015
.01
.3
.02
.02
.005
.005
.05
.01
.02
.05
.005
.03
.02
.06
.02
.03
.002
Sc
0.005
.005
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.005
.015
.005
.01
.003
.02
.015
.005
.01
.015
.01
.003
.007
.01
.01
.005
.006
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.005
,005
.01
.008
.005
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.007
Sn
0,0008
.0005
.002
.001
.005
.0005
.001
.01
.01
.OOi
.005
.0008
.0005
.001
.008
.002
.001
.008
.005
.002
.0005
.001
.005
.002
.005
.001
.005
.001
.0005
.005
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0015
.005
.003
.005
.008
.003
.005
.002
.005
.001
Sr
0.05
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.05
.1
.1
.1
.3
.07
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
,1
.1
.1
.12
.1
.1
.06
.2
.2
.005
.15
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.15
.2
.J
.2
.04
.2
.1
.04
.06
.2
.04
.2
V
0.05
.05
.05
.02
.08
.05
.015
.1
.05
.03
.03
.05
.02
.02
.02
.1
.02
.02
.1
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
.02
.02
.01
.03
.02
.05
.03
.03
.02
.03
.05
.05
.02
.1
.OS
.03
.05
.1
.08
.05
.OS
.02
T
0.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.015
.007
.02
.0?
.01
.02
.0:
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.015
.02
.015
,02
Zn
0.02
.01
.02
.005
.OS
.01
.005
.01
.05
.005
.02
.005
0
.005
.OS
.02
.008
.02
.08
,0d
.007
.005
.005
.05
.015
.01
.05
.1
0
.01
.007
.1
.02
.02
.005
0
.005
,008
.01
.05
.05
.02
.015
.03
.05
.02
.1
.02
Zr
O.OS
.1
.OS
.OS
.OS
.07
.08
.0)
.05
.05
.02
.05
.1
.07
.1
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.07
.1
.05
.02
.05
.03
.02
.05
.07
.05
.07
.03
.05
.09
.1
.05
.OB
.03
.05
.05
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
.02
.05
.1
                                                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                                                             N>
                                                                                                                                             i-n

-------
Washington:
King:

Pierce:

•It,. 7 	
No 8 	
So 1 1 .... ....
West VURinla:
Barbour :


Do 	


Do 	





Boone :






Do 	






Mini f rede 	
Do 	


Braxton:



Cloy:
Do 	

Pnyeccc:





C 1 1 tnu r :
Do 	


Crecnhr Icr:
Scud 1 	
9.5
22.4
12.4
11.2
6.1
14.2
13.0
10. b
12.4
6.8
9.0
8.8
9.1
9.8
7.1
8.5
16.2
14.2
13.3
8.5
11.6
5.2
).3
8.6
5.2
6.!
6.3
6.0
14.3
4.5
27.9
10.7
11.0
13.0
8.2
8.5
14.7
5.9
6.0
7.6
4.8
12.1
10.8
7.1
6.3
7.5
5.3
6.4
6.0
5.9
11.6
9.7
5.6
7. 7
5.6
4.6
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.008
0
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
.015
.005
.03
0
.008
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.1
.05
.005
.01
.03
.01
.015
.02
.02
.03
.1*5
.05
.07
.08
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
. 05
.03
t ]
.01
.01
,02
.05
.05
.01
.1)1
.005
.01
. 01
.02
.02
. 01
,01
.03
.05
.015
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
. 01 5
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.05
.05
.01
.02
.15
.05
.1
.1
, 5
.15
.15
.03
. i
. i
. 1
.1
, i
.2
.1
f 1
.03
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
. |
.05
.05
. i
.05
.15
.1
.05
.05
.02
.05
.08
.05
f 1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.05
.66
.2
.03
. 1
.2
.1
.08
•

.0003
.0003
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0002
.0005
.001
.001
.0005
.0002
.0005
.0003
.0003
.002
.001
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.002
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.005
.0002
.0008
.002
.0005
.0005
.02
.0005
.0008
.001
.0003
.0015
.0001
.001
.0008
.0005
0
.002
.001
.002
.001
.0002
.0001
.001
.0002
.002
.001
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.015
.008
.01
.005
.005
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.02
.04
.05
.02
.015
.02
.02
.05
.01
.015
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.015
.03
,01
.02
.02
.015
.008
.02
.02
.05
.05
.03
.02
.01
.01
.03
.00
.05
.05
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.01
.01
.05
.08
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.008
.01
.02
..015
.05
.015
.015
.03
,02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.05
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
,005
.01
.01
.01
.015
.006
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.0!
.02
.05
.02
.02
.015
.01
.02
.02
.005
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.003
.015
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.003
.005
.007
.01
.02
.02
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.02
.02
.004
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.005
.005
.005
.02
.005
.005
.003
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.008
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.005
.002
.005
.002
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.002
.003
.02
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.005
.001
.001
.001
.0007
.001
.0007
.001
.005
.005
.002
.00!
.003
.0008
.001
.01
.005
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.001
.002
.01
.003
.001
.005
.005
.001
.001
.002
.0005
.002
.001
.0005
.01
.005
.00)
.001
.001
.0015
.002
.001
.002
.005
.02
.0008
.002
.005
.01
.001
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
-.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
1
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
,01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
.01
0
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.03
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.015
.01
.03
.02
.02
.02
.004
.05
.03
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.03
.05
.03
.03
.05
.15
.02
.05
.05
.01
.1
.007
.05
.08
.01
.01
.15
.2
.2
.05
.1
' .1
.1
.15
.05
.02
.1
.08
.05
.05
.)
.2
.05
.1
.1
.1
.05
.01
.05
,1
.1
.02
.007
.05
.008
.005
.01
.005
.005
.03
.02
.01
.005
.03
.03
.02
.05
.02
.1
.05
.08
.05
.02
.01
.05
.005
.008
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.008
.008
.005
.002
.008
.001
.003
.01
.005
.01
.008
.03
.1
.02
.02
.005
.02
.015
.05
.02
.007
.02
.02
.05
.02
.1
.05
.05
.01
.05
.001
.001
.003
.002
.005
.002
.005
.02
.01
.002
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.003
.01
.001
.003
.005
.015
.003
.001
.005
.001
.002
.002
.001
.001
.003
.001
.001
.001
0
.001
.015
.01
.02
.015
.015
.005
.002
.003
.01
.01
.007
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.02
.007
.01
.002
.005
.005

.005
.005
.005
.005
i
.005
.005
.003
.008
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
0
.005
0
0
.005
0
0
0
0
.01
.005
.01
0
0
.002
.007
.002
.005
.005






„
0
0
o
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
0
.01
.01
0
.03
.03
.02
0
0
0
.005
.02
0
.01
0
.01
0
0
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.03
.03
.01
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.015
.02
.02
.015
.015
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.01
.015
.02
.02
.01
.03
,05
.005
.005
.002
.001
.0015
.0015
.0015
.01
.01
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.01
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.005
.003
.002
.002
.005
.005
.001
.003
.005
.0005
.005
.0005
.008
.002
.001
.008
.008
.005
.002
.001
.008
.008
.0008
.01
.002
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.02
.001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.06
.008
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.005
.001
.007
.02
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.001
.02
.003
.008
.008
0
.008
.005
.002
.02
.003
.003
.01
.1
.007
.08
.05
.02
.01
.03
.05
.008
.007
.02
.02
.005
.01
.01
.05
.01
.05
.02
.01
.005
.002
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.004
.005
.005
.005
.008
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.003
.008
.015
.008
.003
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.005
.008
.002
.005
.008
.015
.015
.01
.01
.015
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.008
.005
.005
.01
.015
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.0015
.0007
.0007
.0008
.002
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0005
.0008
.002
.001
.001
.001
.002
.005
.002
.002
.005
.003
.002
.001
.0005
.001
.001
.002
.001
.0008
.001
.0003
.001
.0008
.0008
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0015
.0005
.002
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.008
.001
.001
.1
.05
.3
.5
.5
.2
.5
.02
.06
.15
.15
.15
.2
.1
.2
.2
.07
.1
.1
.1
. 1
,1
.2
.1
.1
.15
.15
.15
.2
.1
.02
.05
.01
.1
.05
.07
.2
.2
.15
.1
.3
.05
.1
.1
.2
.1
.05
.1
.1
.15
.1
.1
.1
.15
.1
.02
.05
.08
.03
.07
.02
.03
.05
.05
.02
.02
.01
.05
.05
.02
.05
.01
.02
.03
.01
.05
.02
.1
.08
.02
.03
.03
.02
.05
.02
.02
.05
. .03
.05
.02
.01
.03
.02
.02
.02
.1
.03
.03
.03
.03
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.02
.05
.008
.003
.01
.01
.02
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.03
.015
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.003
.01
.005
.01
.005
.01
.005
.008
.01
.00]
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
.02
.02
.02
.01
.008
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.0)
.01
.05
.03
.005
.01
.005
.01
.01
.01
.03
.01
.01
.005
.02
0
.01
.02
.02
.05
.01
.02
.01
.005
.005
.01
.005
.02
.005
0
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.005
.005
.01
.015
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.008
.01
.02
.01
.07
.05
.1
.1
.1
.7
.2
.1
.1
.05
.03
• 1
.1
.08
.2
•'
. 1
.1
.1
.1
.08
.07
. 1
, 1
. 1
.1
. 1
.08
.07
.1
.08
.05
.08
.05
.08
.05
.07
.08
.05
.08
.1
.03
.05
.03
.08
.015
.03
.03
.1
. 1
.02
.03
.2
.05
.1
.05
.1
.1

-------
TABLE 1. - Spcctroclieinlcul  analyses  nf coil  ash, ptrcenc of Jsh— Continued

and bed
Vett Virginia --Con.
Horrl son:




Do
Do 	


Redstone 	







Do 	
Do, 	 	

Do 	






Eagle 	



Do 	
Do ...




Do ......




D)



Do 	
Lewis:
Do 	
Do 	

Do 	
Ash,
p«r-
of

-------
Logan:

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Chi 1 con 	
Do.
Do. 	
Do 	
Do 	
Eflglc 	



Mar ion;
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Dn.
Do 	

Mason:

McDowell;

Mercer: Pocahontas No. 3..
Ming,;
Do 	
Do 	


Eagle 	


Monunga! i J:
Do 	
Do 	
Do



Du
On

Do 	 ..


IVj 	
DM 	 	
NUli -1.it:
C*ryl>i 1 1 Cr?ch 	

f\.. . . , , . t . . t 4 ,
C l^iUlt1 	


[• 	 	
;> . 	



7 9
7.8
7.2
6. i
5 9
8.6
9.6
5 6
1 3 9
2 9
5 2
5 0
**. \
6 2
S. 1
9. 5
7 7
7.5
10,0
7.5
5 fl
10. b
1 1 7
1 *• 9
1 7 0
£, 0
6 7
6.5
10 9
3 9
3 3
5. 7
3.4
4 3
5. 1
5. 3
9 0
0 0
q 2
7 7
1 1 0
1 \ 9
12.0
10 1
1 1 5
1 *• 3
U. )
1.8
li. *>
1 7.6
1 7 4
<. 9

3 3
t> 8

7 8
'* 5
; ^
«, •»


o
Q
.02
.01
005
.05
.015
o
o
015
0
o
0
0
.005
0
005
.005
.01
0
o
0
o
01
01
02
o
0
007
005
0 1
.01
005
03
.008
.01
o
Qftf>
OU5
o
o
01
o
o
o
o
.01
.01
.005
0
o
.03
p

o

005
0

(


02
005
.01
02
01
.02
02
02
01
02
02
01
.03
008
01
01
05
05
05
.02
05
.02
03
03
02
005
01
.005
01
03
07
.01
03
01
. Ob
.02
05
05
03
02
01
005
.03
03
O*1
008
.01
.01
.03
,02
01
.02

02
02

01
005



.
1
05
.1
1
07
.05
05
05
1
005
05
05
. 1
1
1
08
1
08
07
.1
1
05
08
1

1
08
.1
1
07





.15
05
1
1
08
08
02

2
05
03
.05
.02
.08
. |
07
2

2



08

OS


003
0005
0015
002
001
.001
002
001
001
005
003
008
.002
001 5
005
0001
0005
0002
0005
0001
0002
.0002
0005
001

005
001
.001
001
001
00"*
.0005
001
001
.001
.0015
.0005
.001
.0002
0005
0005
001
.0003
.0005
001
0005
.0002
.0005
0002
.001
0005
002

OOt 5
001


0001




05
01
005
01 5
02
.01
.02
02
Ot 5
02
02
03
.03
015
05
01
01 5
005
008
01

008
01
01

05
02
.02
03
04
02
.02
.02
02
.05
.05
.005
.01
.01
.005
.02
01
.015
.005
01
01
.008
.02
.01
.01
015
01 5

05
01 5


01 5




02
008
002
02
01
.02
03
02
005
02
01
01
.02
01
0"*
01
01
005
01
.02
01
005
02
02
02
02
05
.01
01 5
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.n?
.01
.02
.02
.02
.03
.03
02
01
.01
.007
. 05 •
.02
01
02

02
02







01
008
01
02
01
.01
.02
02
005
015
02
02
.01
01
.02
01
005
002
003
.008
001
002
005
008

U2
03
.02
01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.03
.005
.002
.005
.003
.002
.01
.009
,008
.00*.
02
002
.005
.005
008
.005
002
02










005
005
005
01
005
.015
.01
.02
005
007
.008
01
.008
005
.01
005
005
001
003
.002
002
002
005
005

008
01
.005
001
.008
.001
.002
.003
.005
.005
.005
.004
.005
.002
.005
.003
005
.01
003
005
004
002
005
01
01
003
02










003
001
002
01
002
.01
.005
008
001 5
.007
005
01
.005
002
.005
001
003
0005
001
.005
01
.002
001
008

02
002
.0015
002
.002
.005
.0005
.0005
.001
.005
.005
.001
.005
.0005
.002
.002
004
.002
005
005
001
0005
OO1
001
005
0005
008










02
01
o
01
02
.01 5
.02
.03
02
01
.03
02
.02
01
03
01
01
01
o
01
01
.01
01
01

02
01
.02
0?
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
,01
0
.01
.01
.02
01
,015
01
01
01
01
01
02
01
02
02










2

1
05
005
.02
.01
02
03
.06
.05
03
.1
1
.007
08
01
.005
005
.15
03
005
005
2

005
2
.1
1
.01
.05
.08
.005
.02
.05-
.1
.007
.05
.005
.01
008
02
.08
008
05
006
005
008
05
05
01











01
01
002
02
008
.03
.02
.03
01
.01
.005
005
.005
02
.01
005
01
008
02
01
005
.008
05
08

01
1
.01
02
.008
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.007
.02
.01
.005
,01
01
02
.02
02
01
004
005
001
02
01
005
05










001
001
D
005
001
,01
.01
.01
001
.001
.001
001
.001
002
002
005
00 1
.001
002
01
003
.001
001
005

003
01
.003
001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.005
.002
.005
.002
.002
.002
.002
.002
002
.015
002
005
001
002
.002
01
005
001
o?










003
005
o
005
005
*02
.01
03
007
002
.005
005
.005
o
01
o
005
005
005
0
005
.005
005
o

005
o
.005
005
.005
.01
.005
.008
.005
.01
.01
.005
.005
.003
.005
.005
005
0
002
005
005
.002
.005
005
002
001
002











o
o
.01
o
.005
.005
002
o
o
o
o
o
02
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
02
03
o
o
0
0
0
0
0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
.02
o
o
o
o
o
01
01











o


005
02
02
.02
.03
05
01
05
.02
02
.02
015
02
01 5
01
008
01
.01
01
002
01
01

02
02
.02
01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.005
.01
.005
.02
.015
01 5
.01
02
01 5
01
01
02
05
01
005













002
008
003
.01
.01
01
005
003
.005
005
.005
0008
01
005
005
002
005
0008
01
002
002
008

005
008
.005
001
.005
.01
.0005
.005
.00?
.005
,005
.008
.02
. 002
01
002
001 5
.001
01
005

002
01

005
002













007
01
01
.01
.01
002
o
.007
0
o
,005
01
02
005
01
01
005
02
02
005
02
01

1
02
.015
06
.01
001
.008
001
.01
.01
.01
.005
.005
02
005
02
005
.03
008
01

01 5
002

05
01













003
02

.01
015
02
005
015
.008
008
.008
01
01
01 5
005
003
005
01
005
002
003
01

01
01
.008
005
.008
.01
.008
008
.01
.01 5
.015
.002
002
002
01
01
01
.01
005
008

008
005



















. 001
002
005
001 5
0005
001 5
001
.001
0005
002
0006
001
0005
001
0008

001
002
0005

003
OOOB
.0008
001
001
001
.0005
001
002
001
.001
.002
001
0005
001
001
002
.0008
001


0005
001



















1
08

05
2
1 5

2
2
1 5
05


05
1

1
1
I

1 5
2
.1
2
1 5
2
. 15
05
is
2
.2
3
1
I
1
1

1



1
02













.15





05
02

01 5
05
02

02
03
05
03



02

002
03
03

03
OJ
.03
02
03
02
.02
02
03
05
.03
01
02

02
02

03



03
01 5













.03





02
02


05
05

02
01
02




005

002

01 5

015
01
.02
005
02
02
.02
02
01
02
03
008
05

01
01

01



004
01













.015





005
08


01
05

08
005
08




01

005

01

06
02
.01
02
005
05
.005
005
03
0?
03
005
02


02

02
02
01

01
03



















05
05


2
1

08
08





02

03

02

]
03
.07
01
1
.08
1
07


08
1


08

08



08
05














 I
to
00

-------
TABLE 7. - Spectroctiemlcal «naly»e» of coal  ath.  percent  of  ash—Continued
State, county.
and bed
West Virglnla'-Con.
Nlcholaa--Con.
Do 	

Do 	

Do 	


Do 	



Vint f rtid<; 	
Ohio: Pittsburgh 	
Pres ton :


Do 	








Do 	
Do 	
Do ....
Do 	

Do 	



Raleigh:

D«. 	



Do ...

Si_MOl 1 . . 	
Rjodol ph:
Do 	

Si-ktl 1 	
Tuck IT:
D,i 	
Ash.
per-
cent:
of
dry
coal
7.9
8.7
4.8
10.2
4.2
4.3
2.3
6.3
3.7
3.2
2 4
9.5
8.4
6.7
4.9
10.6
17.3
9.9
7.3
8.0
10 6
15. 7
9.6
9.5
11 .1
17.4
13.8
8.0
11.2
16.2
22.2
6 6
22.6
7.8
9.3
7.7
8.5
7.4
8.1
5.9
5.6
6.0
5.7
6.0
6.1
3 5
2.1
9.9
3.9
10.6
12.8
AS
0
.005
.008
.0!
.01
0
0
.03
0
0
0
0
0
.02
0
.02
.05
.01
.01
.03
0'
.015
.005
0
.005
0
.02
.005
.009
.015
.01

0
0
.02
.005
.02
.01
0
0
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
002
0
0
0
.01
0
B
.02
.02
.03
.008
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.008
,02
.01
.2
.02
.02
.005
.OOS
.005
.005
005
.008
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.005
.005
.02

.01
.01
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.01
.003
.005
.01
.005
.01
02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.008
Ba
.08
.1
.08
.05
.1
i
.2
. I
.1
,0ft
.1
.1
.15
.05
•>
.1
.05
.1
.01
.05
.08
.09
.2
.02
,05
.04
.05
.03
.03
.02
.02
05
.05
.05
.02
.05
. l
. 1
OR
.05
.02
.04
. 1
.02
.1
3
.02
.05
.1
.03
.1
Be
.0001
.0005
.002
.0008
.001
.001
.002
.001
.002
.001
.0015
.002
.001
.001
.005
.0007
.0005
.0001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0002
.001
.0008
,001
.0005
.0005
.0008
.0005
.0005
.0005
0005
.0005
.0005
.002
.0001
.001
.001
.0005
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.003
.001
.002
.001
.001
.001
.0008
Co
.015
.015
.02
.01
.02
.04
.1
.02
.05
.08
.03
.015
.015
.01
.05
.02
.02
.01
.015
.03
.01
.008
.015
.02
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.015
.01
03
.02
.02
.03
.008
.015
.01
.005
.02
.01
.02
.05
.06
.03
.05
.03
.01
.03
.015
.015
Cr
,02
.03
.02
.005
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.005
.001
.02
.02
.1
.03
.05
.04
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.015
.02
.005
.05
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.02
.02
.08
.03
Cu
.02
.02
.02
.008
.05
.02
.02
.05
.01
,02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.003
.008
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.015
.01
.01
.005
.015
.01
.003
.007
.01
.005
.005
.02
.008
.01
.01
.02
.03
.01
.02
.02
.015
.015
.01
.02
.01
.01
.02
.008
Co
.01
.01
.01
.004
.008
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
,003
.002
.001
.003
.005
.004
.002
.008
.005
.02
.003
.005
.01
.005
.003
.002
.005
.005
.005
.02
.005
.008
.002
.005
.01
.002
.002
.005
.004
.005
.001
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
Ce
.OOI
.0008
.002
.0005
.002
.003
.05
.01
.02
.01
.01
.002
.001
.005
.001
.01
.002
.005
.002
.005
.01
.001
.0015
.001
.01
.001
.0015
.001
.001
.0005
.0007
,001
.001
.002
.01
.0005
.002
.002
.001
.01
.002
.003
.002
.002
.005
.01
.008
.005
.008
.001
.no 3
La
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.05
.02
.02
0
.01
.01
.015
0
.015
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.0!
.01
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
Lt
.02
.05
.02
.01
.05
.005
.02
.OS
.02
.005
.05
.02
.1
.01
.01
.02
.1
. 15
.008
.007
.008
.1
.1
.01
.01
.02
.1
.01
.008
.03
.1
.07
.1
.01
.015
.05
.015
.02
.02
.2
.008
.003
.1
.008
.01
.1
.01
.02
.02
.02
.08
Mn
.3
.1
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.008
.002
.01
.01
.1
.1
.1
.007
.01
.01
.02
.05
.01
.1
.001
.1
.005
.02
.05
.01
.006
.007
.008
.007
.007
.02
.03
.005
.01
.00)
.02
.001
.002
.005
.008
.02
.02
.01
.005
.015
.02
.015
Mo
.015
.015
.015
.002
.015
.01
.02
.02
.015
.002
.002
.015
.01
.01
.02
.01
.015
.02
.004
.01
.01
.02
.015
.002
.02
.002
.005
.02
.005
.002
.005
.004
.002
.003
.02
.015
.001
.003
.001
.01
.003
.005
.01
.004
.005
.015
.02
.01
.015
.01
.015
Nb
(Cb)
0
.005
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
.003
.005
.01
.002
.005
.001
0
.003
.005
.005
0
.002
.008
.004
0
0
.01
.005
.004
.002
.005
.01
.005
.005
.002
.002
.002
.005
0
.005
.01
.005
0
.002
.002
.005
.002
.003
0
0
.005
.002
.002
.008
Kd
.01
.02
0
0
.02
0
.05
.01
.03
0
.03
.01
0
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
.015
.03
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.01
.03
.02
.03
0
.03
Nl
.01
.02
.05
.01
.02
.02
.1
.05
.1
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
.01
.01
.01
.02
.015
.015
.02
.01
.05
.01
.005
.05
.03
.02
.01
.02
.01
.015
.1
.02
.01
.01
.005
.02
.008
.015
.02
.02
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
Pb
.005
.01
.008
.004
.005
.003
.01
.01
.01
.01
.001
.005
.001
.01
.005
.007
.002
.0008
.0015
.008
.005
.0005
.002
.004
.01
.001
.002
,01
.003
.002
.0005
.003
.002
.002
.01
.0008
.01
.001
.002
.008
.003
.005
.01
.005
.004
.008
.005
.01
.008
.01
.005
Kb
.05
.02
.02
.005
.08
.01
.005
.05
.01
.008
.008
.0!
.008
.01
.01
.001
.01
.01
0
.003
.01
.05
.05
.005
.005
.02
.01
.03
.015
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.002
.02
.01
.02
.005
.02
.02
.1
.005
.005
.05
.02
.05
Sc
.005
.01
.01
.008
.008
.01 -
.02
.02
.003
.005
.01
.02
.015
.01
.01
.003
.01
.008
.01
.01
.003
.005
.01
.01
.02
.003
.01
.02
.015
.007
.005
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.005
.005
.005
.01
.01
.01
.008
.005
.02
0
.008
.02
.015
.01
.01
Sn
.005
.001
.001
.001
.002
.002
.005
.002
.001
.001
.001
.001
.0005
.01
.0005
.0007
.0005
.0005
.001
.001
.001
.0003
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.0007
.002
.0005
.0005
.0002
.0005
.001
.0005
.001
.0005
.002
. 00(18
.001
.001
.0005
.001
.01
.001
.001
.0008
.0005
.001
.0008
.0008
.0005
Sr
.1
.1
.2
.1
.15
.15
.1
.1
.3
. 1
.2
.2
.08
.1
.2
.02
.1
.1
.05
.08
.15
. 1
.1
.1
.05
.07
. 1
.06
.15
.02
.05
.08
.1
.1
.02
.1
.05
.12
.05
.1
.1
.1
.05
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.06
.1
V
.02
.03
.05
.02
.03
.04
.1
.1
.1
.02
.03
.02
.03
.05
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.02
.03
.02
.05
.02
.05
.08
.09
.02
.02
.05
.05
.08
.02
.03
.005
.02
.01
.05
.02
.02
.05
.03
.1
.05
.03
.05
.03
.05
.03
Y
.008
.01
.02
.005
.01
.015
.05
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.008
.015
.05
.015
.01
.008
.005
.01
.015
.005
.015
.01
.02
.005
.003
.02
.015
.03
.005
.02
.01
.015
.01
.008
.01
.003
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.015
.02
.01
.015
.008
.015
Zn
.015
.01
.02
.04
.02
.04
.05
.08
.08
.05
.02
0
.005
.05
.01
.03
.01
.01
.02
.015
.02
.02
.02
. 1
.05
.01
.005
.05
.03
.005
.005
.015
,005
.03
.05
.005
.05
.004
0
.01
.03
. 1
.01
.04
.015
.02
.01
.005
.015
.05
.02
Zr
.05
.05
.05
.07
.03
.08
.05
.05
.05
.1
.02
.05
.02
.05
.05
.1
.1
.02
.07
.1
.1
.015
.05
. 1
.02
.08
.1
.03
.1
.1
.1
.08
. 1
.09
.03
.05
.08
.15
.1
.03
.09
.09
.1
.08
.08
.05
.03
.02
.05
.05
.08

-------
Upshur ;
Do 	 * .

Do 	
Do 	 . .
Do 	


Do . 	
Webster;

Do . . 	
Wyoirlng:


Ea£ Ic 	


Wyorting :
Carbon:
Do 	

10.2
8.7
8.3
6.2
7.7
8 7
12 2
8 It
15.0
8.0
5 4
6.4
7.5
1 3.1
4.6
4.9
6.3
6.5
6.4
14.4
5.4
.02
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
02
.005
.005
.005
0
.01
.005
0
.015
0
.01
0
0
0
0
.02
.02
.02
.05
.02
.03
02
.02
.02
.02
02
.02
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.005
.02
.1
.03
.05
.1
.2
.05
.1
. I
.02
.02
.02
2
.05
.07
.1
.15
.15
.1
.15
.09
.2
.3
.0005
.0005
.0003
.0008
.0008
.0003
.0005
.001
.0005
.005
002
.001
.0008
.0001
.005
.003
.002
.001
.0001
.0002
.008
.01
.005
.005
.008
.008
.01
.01
.02
.01
.1
04
.05
.02
.01
.01
.07
.05
.01
.005
.008
,005
.05
.02
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.05
.05
.02
.05
.02
.01
.01
.015
.02
.01
.005
.005
.01
.01
.008
.01
.01
.005
.007
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.002
.01
.003
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.01
.02
.01
.02
.03
.002
.005
.005
.005
.003
.005
.002
.001
.002
.005
.005
.01
.008
.01
.001
.005
.005
.005
.015
.01
.01
.001
.001
.01
.002
.001
.002
.0002
.0002
.005
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
.02
.05
.03
.03
.05
.01
.01
.02
.015
.01
0
.005
0
.006
.02
.01
.008
.01
.05
.02
.02
.06
.1
.1
.05
.008
.1
.05
.05
.15
.1
.005
.01
.05
.1
.05
.15
.OS
.1
.01
.02
,01
.02
,01
.007
.03
.005
.02
.008
.01
.007
.02
.02
.008
.02
.05
.005
.01
.02
.015
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
.015
.02
.01
.002
.002
.002
.003
.02
.001
.005
.002
0
,001
0
.002
.002
.005
.005
,005
.005
.005
.01
.005
.004
0
.005
.01
.002
0
0
.002
0
.01
0
0
0
.01
0
.02
.02
0
.01
0
.02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.02
.02
.1
.02
.02
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.02
.01
.002
.002
.01
.01
.008
.005
.01
.005
.003
.005
.005
.01
.01
.005
.01
.004
.005
.003
.01
.003
.005
.0008
.0002
.001
.006
.002
.05
.02
.01
.02
.01
.01
.04
0
.005
.005
.008
.15
.008
.01
0
.08
.01
.003
.02
.DOS
.DOS
.008
.01
.005
.005
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.02
.02
.01
.005
.01
.015
.008
0
.003
.005
.001
.005
.0015
.002
.002
.002
.0005
.0008
.002
.002
.001
.002
.0005
.0005
.001
.02
.0005
.0005
.001
.0005
.002
.0)
.05
.05
.06
.1
.1
.1
.1
.06
.05
,1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.05
.2
.1
.03
.02
.05
.05
.02
.01
.05
.08
.1
.1
.05
.1
.04
.03
.05
.03
.1
.02
.01
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.003
.01
.02
.002
.05
.0:
.05
.02
.01
.02
.02
.03
.01
.001
.005
.01
.DOS
.005
.02
.015
.02
.005
.05
.005
.02
.01
.02
.02
.04
.01
.02
.05
.005
.01
.005
0
.08
.1
.OS
.1
.02
.05
.07
.02
.07
.05
.1
.1
.1
.,
.015
.08
.1
.2
.02
.015
.02
.1
 I
<_0
o

-------
 >
 cr
 to
 >t
 a
 CD
 rt
 rr
 01

 a.

 o
 h1-
 tr
 en
 O
 3
CO
c
n
CD
03
c
s
CD
CO
O

00
                                1.  -  Rare elements in ashes of coal  and in the earth's crust

                                            [Compiled by Goldschraidt (.47)]
Element
Beryllium 	
Boron 	

Cobalt 	

Zinc 	
Gallium 	
Germanium 	
Arsenic 	 » . .
Yttrium 	
Zirconium. .....
Molybdenum 	
Antimony 	
Tin 	

Bismuth 	
Silver 	
Gold 	

Palladium 	

Symbol
Be
B
Sc
Co
Ni
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Y
Zr
Mo
Sb
Sn
Pb
Bi
Ag
Au
Rh
Pd
Pt
Maximum
percentage
in coal ashes
0.1
0.3
0.04
0.15
0.8
1.
0.04
1.1
0.8
0.08
0.5
0.05
0.1
0.05
0.1
0.003
0.0005 to 0.001
0.00002 to 0.00005
0.000002
0.00002
0.00007
Average
percentage
of "rich" ashes
0.03
.06
.006
.03
.07
.01
.05
.05
.01
.02
.02
.02
.0002
•V
Percentage in
earth1 s crust
0.0002 to 0.001
0.0003
0.0003 to 0.0006
0.004
0.01
0.02
0.001 to 0.0015
0.0004 to 0.0007
0.0005
0.001
0.02
0.0015
0.005
0.0016
0.00001
0.0000005
Factor of enrichment
Maximum in
coal ashes
100 to 500
1,000
70 to 130
40
80
50
30 to 40
1,600 to 2,800
1,600
80
25
30
10
70
50 to 100
40 to 100
Average of
"rich" ashes
30 to 150
200
10 to 20
8
7
7 to 10
70 to 120
100
10
13
4
20
                                                                                                                   tn
                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                   &
                                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                                   CO
                                                                                                    n

                                                                                                    §
TABLE 2. - Enrichment  of elements during decay  of  oak and beech humus: p<

                                   [Goldschmidt  (47)1

Mineral soil (sand) 	
Ash from fresh oak leaves...
Ash from oak humus 	
Ash from beech humus 	
B2°3
0.0007
0.5 to 1.0
0.02
0.003 j
MnO
0.04
^.00
.24
.14
NiO
0.002
.005
.01
.01
GeOa
0.0005
.0005
.007
.007
As2oB
0.05
Ag
0.0001
.0005
Au
0.00002
Ash from fresh beech leaves; in weathered leaves from previous year, 0.77 'percent MnO. 	 ' 	
                  (47) Goldschmidt,  V. M.,  Ind.  Eng.  chem. 27, 1100-1102 (19355.

-------
                                 II-2

                  RARE ELEMENTS IN ANALYSES OF ASH

Typical limits of coal-ash analyses of United States bituminous coals
     Constituent
                                                        Percent
     Silica (Si03)	    20
     Aluminum oxide (A1S03)	    10
     Ferric oxide (FegCL)	     5
     Calcium oxide (CaO)	     1
     Magnesium oxide (MgO)....	   0.3
     Titanium oxide (Ti02)	   0.5
     Alkalies (Na20 4- 1^0)	     !
     Sulfur trioxide (S03)	   0.1
60
35
35
20
4
2.5
4
12
     Selvig,  W.  A.  and Gibson, F.  H., Bureau of Mines, B 567; 1956.
      TABLE 3. - Chemical analysis of ash of lignite char from
                           Lehigh. N. Dak., lignite
Constituent
Si02 	
Ti02 	
ALO, 	
4 
-------
                                II-3
                   COMPOSITION OF WEST VIRGINIA  COAL ASH
Column analysis
Oxide
LigO
NaaO
V
R&ao
CaO
SrO
BaO
MgO
A^3°3
Si03
Fe3^3
TiOa
AggO
BS0°3

BeO3
Bia03
CbaOs
CoO
Cra03
CuO
GaO
GeOs
HgO
L^ Og
MnO
Mo03
NiO
Pa°5
p!o5
sba°3
SnOs
VgOg
wo3
ZnO
Zr03
Average,
percent
0.075
1.78
1.60
.030
2.76
.38
.22
.98
29.9
43.9
15.9
1.52
.0010
<.07
.12
.008
<.004
.010
.010
.023
.061
.022
.011
.011
.030
.046
.016
.047
.35
.048
<.005
.020
.050
<.01
.053
.029
Maxi-
mum,
percent
0.14
3.66
2.50
.055
12
1.05
.49
1.71
38.7
55.5
37.8
2.30
.003
.075
.31
.030
.007
.012
.023
.029
.13
.032
.026
.021
.051
.23
.040
.10
1.21
.14
<.005
.070
.069
.019
.11
.046
Mini-
mum,
percent
0.024
.82
.89
<.03
.81
.11
.059
.58
21.8
29.2
3.87
1.00
<.0005
<.07
.027
.002
<.004
<.007
.006
.016
.028
.015
<.005
<.008
<.035
.016
.005
.016
<.20
.020
<.005
<,01
.032
<.01
<.05
.019
Vari-
ance
ratio
5
4
3
>2
15
10
8
3
2
2
9
2
>6
>1
11
15
>2
>2
4
2
5
2
>5
>3
>2
15
8
7
>6
7
>1
>7
2
>2
>2
2
Cube analysis
Maxi-
mum,
percent
0.66
9.13
4.86
.12
36.3
12
1.80
3.20
53.3
82.6
91.9
5.73
.009
.22
.66
.14
.10
.022
.096
.053
.53
.124
.250
.059
.096
1.16
.140
.57
8.35
.27
.028
.190
.15
.056
.24
.089
Mini-
mum,
percent
<0.005
.30
.36
<.03
.12
<.01
.02
.10
2.8
2.0
1.10
.17
<.0005
<.07
.017
<.0005
<.004
<.007
<.005
.010
.006
.005
<.005
<.008
<.035
.006
<.006
<.005
<. 2
<.015
<.005
<.01
.014
<.01
<.05
.009
Vari-
ance
ratio
>13
30
13
>4
300
>1200
90
32
19
41
94
34
>18
>3
39
>280
>3
>3
>19
5
90
25
>50
>7
>3
193
>23
>11
>42
>28
>6
>19
11
>6
>5
10
Enrichment
ratio of
coal ash to
earth1 s crust
5
.47
.51
.88
.53
7
5
.28
1.85
.75
2.19
1.47
100
<100
133
4
<200
3
2
.79
5
12
11
157
13
.38
6
3.6
1.9
28
<50
4.4
2.8
<2
10
12
Earth ' s
crust ,
percent as
oxide (48)
0.014
3.81
3.11
.034
5.07
.050
.043
3.48
16.7
59.0
7.26
1.03
.00001
.0007
.0009
.0019
.00002
.0034
.0050
.029
.012
.0019
.0010
.00007
.0023
.120
.0025
.0127
.180
.0017
.0001
.0045
.018
.0087
.0050
.0025
Headlee, A. J. W. and  Hunter, R. G.,  West  Virginia Geological Survey
13A,  36-122 (1955).
                                                                OS  P

-------
                                     II-4

     Range of concentration of minor and trace  elements1  in anthra-
           cite ash and burning bank samples, percent  of  ash
                     Element or oxide
                                                               Minimum Maximum
Titanium  oxide  (Ti02) .........................................   ^5     20

Magnesium oxide (MgO) .......................................... 4

Calcium oxide (CaO) ............................................ 2       4

Vanadium  oxide  (V.,05) ............................ .............. 02     .04

Germanium oxide (Ge02) ........................................   Trace    .02

Manganese oxide (MnO) .......................................... 006    .008

Arsenic (As) ..................................................   Trace

Copper (Cu) [[[ 001    >Q1

Chromium  (Cr) .................................................. 001

Uad  [[[ 001    .01

Lithium (Li) ..................................................   Trace

Phosphorus (P) ........................                           _
                                              ***********•'•'•

Gallium (Ga), nickel (Ni), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn).... ........    -        .Ox

Beryllium (Be),  cobalt (Co), tungsten (W),  and molybdenum (Mo)    -        .OOx

 Some trace elements (Ag, B, Bi ,  Cd, Hg, La,  Sb,  Te,  Zr)  reported by  other
   investigators were not detected in these preliminary  studies.  More spe-
   cific  examination of the samples for those particular  elements may show
   their  presence, but in general the concentration will  probably not exceed
   O.OOx.
 x denotes order of magnitude of  the element  concentration for which  the  spec-

-------
                                                                                                      province
 Element
 Be	
 B	
 Ti	
 V	
 Cr ••»..
 Co	
 Ni	
 Cu	
 Zn	
 Ga
 ***» • • • •«
 Ge	
Mo.....
 Sn.....
Y	
La	
 Number
of deter'
mination;
   221
   154
   159
   221
   221
   221
   221
   221
   221
   221
   222
   221
   166
   208
   206
r
er-
ons














Detections
	 	
197
154
159
220
212
204
220
221
21
214
95
139
47
189
152
Percent
— ^^-~^~~_
89.1
100
100
99.5
95.9
92.3
99.5
100
9.5
96.8
42.8
62.9
::.3
90.9
73.7
Individua
Element in ash.
Average
— i ^— ^^—
0.0025
.15
.59
.065
.02
.004
.0087
.015
.018
.01
.074
.0025
.0027
.021
Maximum
0.03
1.0
3.5
2.5
.74
.05
.24
.12
.7
.32
4.7
.03
.14
.2
.012 .07
1 analys
percent
Minimum
<0.0001
.002
.01
•c.OOl
<.0001
•C.0005
•C.0005
.001
<.02
<.001
<.001
<.0005
<.002
<.001
<.003
                                                        -^™«^—^^^Bi^^
                                                        Maximum

                                                        minimum
       Averages
[Element in ash
                       of
  >300
   500
   350
>2,500
>7,400
  >100
  >480
   120
   >35
  >320
>4,700
   >60
   >70
  >200
   >23
Average
0.0018
.19
.65
.015
.007
.0021
.0064
.013
.08
.0047
.0022
.0016
.0016
.013
Maximum
0.013
.65
2.6
.058
.03
.009
.059
.07
.7
.016
.02
.0065
.01
.052
.011 .036
1
Minimum
<0.0001
.005
.15
<.001
•c.OOOl
<.0005
.0003
.002
<.02
<.001
•c.OOl
<.0005
<.002
<.001
<.003
^___ 	
                              Maximum
                                                                             minimum
                                             Averages of
Zubovic,  P., et  al.,  U.S.  Survey,  Bull.  1117-A, 1961, 58  pp.
Element in coal, ppm
Average
•-^^— •— ^— ^
1.5
116
591
16
7
2.7
7.2
15
59
5.5
1.6
1.7
.9
13
9.5
•^^— — ^B,
Maximum
••««-«— ^__
8.2
356
2,320
59
21
12
40
185
1,000
23
16
4.9
5.6
49
40
	
Minimu

<0.1
15
95
<1.4
<. 1
<.4
.42
2.6
<9
<1.4
<.4
<.7
<.l
<.l
<1.5
••^"^•— ^^»^— •
Maximum

minimum
>82
24
24
>42
210
>30
95
71
>111
>16
>40
>7
>56
>490
>27
                                                                  I
                                                                  Ui

-------
                         Maximum concentration of minor elements detected  in samples of coal ash examined
Number of
samples
151
59
26
4
35
48

Locality

Harding County, S. Dak...
Perkins County, S. Dak...
Bowman County, N. Dak....
McKenzie County, N. Dak..
Jefferson County, Colo...
Milam County, Tex 	


10-1

-
-
-
p


1.0 - 0.1
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti , Mo,
Co, Ni, Zn, As, Pb,
Zr, Be, U.
B, Ba, Sr, P, Ti, Mo,
Zr, U.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti , As,
Pb, V, Zr.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Pb.
B, Ba, Sr, Mn, Ti,
Mo, Y.
B Ba Sr Mn Ti
Ni, Sn.
Range of concentration
0.1 - 0.01
Cu, Cr, V, Li, Y, La,
Ga, Ge, Sc.
Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Co, Pb,
Mn, Ga, Ge, Zn, La.
Cu, Cr, Mo, Ni, Co,
Ga, Ge, U.
Ti, V, Cu, Li, Sn,
La, Zr, Co.
Cu, Cr, V, Ni, Co,
Zr, Pb.
Cu Cr V Co Pb
Zr, Zn, Y.
, percent
0.01 - 0.001
Sn
Y, Sc, Sn.
Y, Sc, Sn.
Y, Mo, Ga, Ge, Ni,
Cr.
Sn, Sc, Ga, U, Ge,
La, Yb, Be.
Mo Sc Ga Gfi Be
Yb.

0.001 - 0.0001
Yb, Ag.
Be, Yb, Ag.
Be, Yb.
Be, Yb.
~

Deul, M.  and Annell, C. S.,  U.S. Geol.  Survey,  Bull. 1036-H-,  1956,  pp.  155-172.

-------
                                      II-7
                    Average content of each minor element: in coals from
                      three major coal producing areas of the United
                            States, parts per million in coal
Elements
Be 	
B 	
Ti 	
V 	
Cr 	
Co 	
Ni 	


Ga 	 	 	 	 	

Mo 	
Sn 	
Y 	
La 	

Northern Great
Plains province
(avg. of 46 bed
samples)
1.5
116
590
16
7
2 7
7.2
15
59
5.5
1.6
1.7
.9
13
9.5

Eastern Interior
region (avg. of
47 bed samples)
9 1
Of.
4SO
^S
70
1 R
is

44
4 1
1 1
4 3
1 5
7 7
5 1

Appalachian region
(avg. of 65 bed
samples)
2C
. _>
1 ^
Zj
'i/.n
JH\J
1 1
e. 1
1 •!
1 J
51
. 1
1 A
It
1 c
13
7 A
/ . D
/. Q
H . 7
50
. O
3C
. J
/.
• *+
1 A
J.H
9 A
i H
  Zubovic, P., et al., U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 400-B, 1960,  pp B87-B88.
                                  Ant imony

     In  a  study of ash composition of 31 column samples of coal from 15 beds
in West  Virginia, Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that antimony was below the
limit of detection of 0.004 percent.  Certain parts of the beds contained some
antimony,  usually at the top or bottom; the greatest amount found was 0.023
percent.
*  For references on this and  following  pages, refer to Bureau of Mines
   1C 8163; 1963.
                                                                              e»(=

-------
                                  II-8
                         ARSENIC IN COAL AND COAL ASH
     Source of coal
United States,  13 samples..
United States,  1 sample....
Pennsylvania, Anthracite...
          Do	
North and South Dakota	
West Virginia	
                                  Researchers
Hertzog.
  do	
Hall and Lovell	
Nunn, Lovell, and Wright
Duel and Anne 11	
Headlee and Hunter	
Refer-
 ence*
  (.63)
  (63)
 (1Z)
(127)
 (61)
       Percentage of As
            in coal	
      0.00008 to 0.0016
      0.0106
                                                             Percentage of As
                                                               in coal ash
       0.0021  to 0.0055
       Up      to 0.01
       0.1      to 1.0
       Up      to 0.057
                               BARIUM IN COAL ASH
Source of coal
North Dakota 	

Researchers
Headlee and Hunter 	
Rrewf-T ^nH R\/,3i- c ,*\r-\

Refer-
ence
(61)
/ 1 f \
( 16)
Percentage of Ba
in ash
0.05 to 0.44
. j
 For references,see Bureau of Mines 1C 8163.
                                                                         ._  ~ a

-------
                                    11-9


                                  Beryllium

     Stadnichenko,  Zubovic,  and Sheffey  (153,  154)  studied  the  geochemistry  of
beryllium in American coals  and results  for maximum and minimum averages  of
beryllium content of coal beds  are given in table 14.   Their  conclusions  of
the investigation were:

          The study of 1385  samples of coal from most  of the  coal-
          producing regions  of  the United  States shows a wide variation
          in beryllium content.  The areal distribution of  the  sample
          localities shows beryllium-rich  and  beryllium-poor  regions.
          The rich and the poor distribution of  beryllium in  coal beds
          depends upon the availability  of beryllium to the swamps  at
          the time of deposition of the  coal.  This availability was
          dependent upon the type of rock  being  eroded in the surrounding
          borderlands.

               There is  also a  pattern in  the  distribution  of beryllium
          in coal in a basin.   Coal sampled near the edge of  a  basin has
          a higher beryllium content than  that sampled in the center.
          Coal that was  deposited near eroding rocks rich in  beryllium,
          or that had access to water  from such  areas  is also high  in
          beryllium.

               In sink-float experiments,  beryllium is consistently
          associated with the lighter  organic-rich  fractions.   The  beryl-
          lium content of the sink fractions,  particularly  those with a
          high percentage of ash, consistently is below the average for
          that of the earth's crust.  The  analysis  of  petrographic  con-
          stituents of coal  shows that beryllium is most often  associated
          with vitrain and least with  fusain.

               The accumulation of beryllium in  coal is concluded to be a
          syngenetic process.   The beryllium now present in the coal
          probably is a  result  of accumulation by plants and  (or) by the
          adsorption from solution by  the  organic matter in the coal-
          forming swamps to  form metallo-organic complexes.   Although
          some of the original  beryllium may have been lost,  there  is
          no possible way to ascertain this.   Further  studies should be
          made of coal beds  which contain  large  amounts of  beryllium.
          The economic aspects  of the  beryllium  in  coal are not
          predictable.

     The average beryllium content in  coal for three major  coal producing
areas in the United States (181) were:

                                                     ppm
                      Northern  Great Plains	 1.5
                      Eastern,  Interior	 2.5
                      Appalachian region	 2,5

-------
                  11-10
Summary of maximum and minimum averages  of
      beryllium content of coal beds
  [Stadnichenko, Zubovic, and Sheffey (154)]

Coal


Maxi-
mum
beryl-
lium
in ash
Aver-
age
ash
of
coal
Mini-
mum
beryl-
lium
in ash
Ash
aver-
age
of
coal

Percent


Beryllium
in coal,
ppm

Maxi-
mum

Mini-
mum

Number of
Bed
aver-
ages
Indi-
vidual
sam-
ples
    Eastern province, Appalachian region
Northern part :
Lower Kittanning bed 	
Middle Kittanning bed 	
Southern part :


Virginia and West Virginia
0.0041
.014
.015
.11
.0046
.0072
6.06
3.02
1.71
2.85
8.91
4.99
0.0016
.0016
0011
001
.0005
.0007
9.85
11 07
4 31
4 31
2 39
6.60
4 1
4 2
4 6
31
11
3.6
1 6
1 <;
<5
A
1
.2
14
f.
?"*.
1Q
7
11
10A
L(\
fift
87
70
30
             Interior province
Eastern region:
Illinois (all samples)....
Bed 5 	
Bed 6 	

Western Kentucky
Bed 9 	
Western region:
All other 	

0.011
.011
.0044
.017
.0093
.0057
.003
.011

5.72
3.20
6.28
5.25
10.18
5.87
5.02
2.72

0.0004
.0011
.0004
.0032
.0004
.0013
.0001
.0003

16.21
9 59
16 21
6.30
13.05
13.28
4.40
16.98

6.3
3 2
4
12
9 5
4 3
2.9
5 i

0.7
l
7
1 5
5
1 7
< i
5

35
12
1 ?
10
17
10
18
12

253
90
7A
83
96
47
44
110

       Northern Great Plains province

Paleocene and Eocene. 	 	

0.0094
.013

5.95
7 01

0.0015
< 0001

18 25
3 45

5 8
9 i

2 7
< i

5
43

SR


           Rocky Mountain province



0.038
.062

1.72
4 95

0.0003
< 0001

3 38
5 20

13
31

0 1
< i

7
53

17


                                                        I Jf\
i tZ

-------
                                   II-11
                          Beryllium in coal ash
     Source of coal
                                  Researchers
                         Refer-
                          ence
       Percentage of Be
       	  in ash
United States:
  Pennsylvania,
   anthracite.
  Texas, Colorado,  North
   and South Dakota.
  West Virginia	
Nunn and others...,

Deul and Anne11....

Headlee and Hunter,
(127)

 C32)

 (61)
0.001  to 0.009

0.1    to 1.0 max.

0.0007 to 0.0108
                                   Bismuth

      Headlee  and Hunter  (61) reported  from  less  than  0.0036  to  0.0063  percent
 bismuth  in  ash  of West Virginia coals.   Variation  of  bismuth content in  the
 ash  from various parts of  the coal beds  ranged from  less  than 0.0036 to  0.09
 percent.

-------
                                     TT- 12

                                     Boron

      Deul and Annell (32) noted that the boron contents of the coals they
 examined were high  averaging more than 0.1 percent boron in the ash which
 tested rhS rr   raMe enrichment over that - the earth's crust.   They sug-
 fttrib , M  b0r°\LS Perhaps the onlV  elem*nt in coal ash which is directly
 attributable to the plants from which the  coal was formed.  Goldschmidt (5 )
 noted some enrichment of boron in coal ash,                    ascnmiat <_M;
 United  States:
  Northern  Great  Plains...
  West  Virginia.
  North Dakota. .
                             Boron in ash,  percent
Zubovic and others	
Headlee and Hunter	
           Ryerson	
                                                      (JL6)
United States:
                        Boron  in  coal, parts per million
Northern Great Plains...
Eastern Interior	
Appalachian	
                           Zubovic and others .....
                                   do
                                   do
                          Oil)
                          (181)
                          (181)
0.005  to 0.65
0.008  to 0.096
0.21 '
116
 96
 25
                                   Chlorine

     Parr and Wheeler  Q30)  determined chlorine in 49 samples of Illinois coal
by digesting pulverized coal with water and titrating with standard silver
nitrate  solution.  The chlorine contents of 32 samples ranged from 0.03 to
0.56 percent, and none was detected in 17 samples.

     Selvig and Gibson (JL45) determined total halogen content by igniting the
coal in an oxygen bomb and titrating the chlorine in the bomb washings.  The
chlorine in 21 coals from various states ranged from 0.01 to 0.46 percent- no
chlorine, was detected in 3 coals from Western States.

-------
                                   11-13

                                  CHROMIUM
   Chromium contents  reported  by  various  investigators are shown in the
   following table.
       Source of coal
    Researchers
                                                    Reference.
                            Chromium in ash,  percent
United States:
  Northern Great Plains	
  North Caroline,  peat	
  Pennsylvania, anthracite..
  Pennsylvania:
    Cambria County	
    Washington County	
  Texas, Colorado, North
   and South Dakota.
  West Virginia	
                              Zubovic  and others...
                              Baskerville	
                              Nunn and others	

                              Gibson and  Selvig....
                                    do	
                              Deul and Anne11	

                              Headlee  and Hunter...
                        (184)
                         
-------
                                    II-LA

                                    Copper

     The average parts per million of copper reported in coal from three  areas
of the United States (181) were Northern Great Plains, 15;  Eastern Interior,
11; and Appalachian Region, 15.
     Source of coal
    Researchers
Reference
                                                            Cu in ash, percent
United States:
  Northern Great Plains....
  North  Dakota	
  Pennsylvania, anthracite.
          Do	
  Texas, Colorado, North
   and South Dakota.
  West Virginia	
Zubovic and others..
Brewer and Ryerson..
Nunn and others	
Jones and Buller....
Deul and Annell	

Headlee and Hunter..
  (127)

   (32)

   (61)
0.002 to 0.07
0.020
0.001 to 0.01
0.03  to 0.07
0.01  to 0.1

0.022 to 0.10
                                   Fluorine

     A sample of southern Illinois coal and a sample of western Pennsylvania
coal analyzed by Churchill, Rowley, and Martin (22) contained 167 and 85 parts
per million fluorine, respectively.  The authors also reported fluorine
determinations of six coal samples taken in Vancouver, Washington.  Four of
the coals were from Utah and the source was not given for two samples; the
range of fluorine was 145 to 295 parts per million.

     Bradford (12) found 40 to 132 parts per million of fluorine in six
western coals used in Utah.

-------
                                    II-15

                                      Gold

      According to Jenney (76)  gold  has often  been  reported  in  the  ash  of
 Cretaceous coals of western United  States.  An average  value of  $0.60  to  $0.80
 gold per ton of ash was  recorded for  coals  from Pleasant  Valley, Utah,  and
 Kemmerer, Wyo.  Chance (21) and Stone (155) mentioned the occurrence of gold
 in coal from Cambria,  Wyo.   The gold  content  of some of the coal in this  area
 attained a value of $2.00 per  ton.  Gold was  found also in  the coke, in ash
 and soot from the boilers,  and in the sandstone roof of the coal bed.   In
 1896, when coke made at  Cambria was selling for $3.50 per ton, samples  were
 taken from 31 cars during a period  of 3  weeks and  were  assayed by  the  coal
 company's chemist.  The  samples showed an average  value of  $2.46 per ton  in
 gold and $0.28 in silver, calculated  with gold at  $20 per ounce and silver at
 $0.65 per ounce.   Smelters  at  Deadwood,  S,  Dak., that used  this coke recovered
 the gold from the coke and  the gold from the  ores.  Distribution of the gold
 in the coal was never  determined, but it was  observed that  the splint  and bony
 coal showed a higher gold content than coal having a lower  ash content.   The
 gold in the coal was believed  to have come  from the sandstone  roof of  the bed,
 which carried some gold.
                                  Lanthanum

     The lanthanum content of 31 column samples of West Virginia  coals  ana-
lyzed by Headlee and Hunter (61) ranged from less than 0.030,  the lower limit
of detection, to 0.043 percent in the ash.   Lanthanum was the  only  rare earth
that could be detected but it was noted that several others may be  present  in
similar concentrations.  The maximum concentration in a part of one bed was
0.082 percent lanthanum in the ash.

     Deul and Annell (32) reported that lanthanum was not present in percent-
ages high enough to be detected in most of  the western coals tested.  The
maximum concentration detected by a  semiquantitative method was in  the  range
of 0.01 to 0.1 percent lanthanum in  the ash.   De Brito (18) reported a  similar
maximum concentration in ash of Portuguese  anthracites.   Butler (19)  detected
lanthanum in the ash of Svalbard coals.   Zubovic, Stadnichenko, and Sheffey
(184) reported from less than 0.003  to 0.036 percent lanthanum in ash of coals
of the Northern Great Plains coal province.   The average content  in coals of
the Northern Great Plains, Eastern Interior,  and Appalachian region was given
as 9.5, 5.1, and 9.4 parts per million lanthanum, respectively (181).

-------
                                    II-16
                                  Lead

 Small quantities of lead detected in coal ash are listed in  the  following
 table.                                                                 6
SotllTCP nF r-nal
United States:
West Virginia 	
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
Pennsylvania, anthracite..


Researchers
i ic a u a.et: cinu nuncer..
Deul and Annell 	
Nunn and others 	


Reference j
M2?
(127}
\ L*-f J

Pb in ash. percen_t-
0.019 to 0.13
On i 4-« n i
•Ui to U. 1
Onn i *-« f\ f\i
• UU I tO U. 01
                                    Lithium

          lithium  content  of  representative West  Virginia  coal  beds  (61)  calcu-
to 0 06 S  PerC6ntage  °f  lithiu»  in  the  ash, averaged 0.035 with a ranf^ of  0.01
to 0.065  percent.  The  concentration in ash from various  parts of the beds
arshSoef PeT Y1™111 °,f  l£SS than  °-°°2  to a maximum of  0.31  percent.
Uthium (S?)     "  anthracltes "ntained  from a trace to 0.01 percent
ent
 "
                thw"tern coal
                                       tested, the lithium (32) was not pres-
                                                            -centra t ion was

-------
                                     II-17
                                  Manganese

     Small quantities of manganese occur in all coal ashes.   Manganese  is
shown qualitatively by the bluish-green color  of the sodium  carbonate fusion
noted frequently in analyses of ash by wet  chemical methods.   Manganese is  a
relatively common element, its crustal abundance being 0.10  percent  (42).
Several determinations of manganese in ash  of  coals from the  United  States  and
other countries that have been reported are shown in the following table.
Source of coal
United States:
Pennsylvania ,
anthracite.
Do 	


Alabama, 2 analyses....
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
Researchers
Headlee and Hunter.. .
Nunn, Love 11 and Wright
Jones and Buller
Brewer and Ryerson. ....
do 	
Gibson and Selvig 	


Reference
( 61")
V u LJ
(127)
(77")
\ ' * J
( 16)
V *-v J
( 16}
\ LV J
(46)
(32)

Mn in ash, percent
0 01? fn 0 18
0.005 to 0.006
00?' f-n 0 DQ
0 15
0 11
0.04 to 0 05
01 to 1 0

                                    Mercury

      Headlee and Hunter (61) found that the amount of mercury was below the
 limits of detection (0.007 percent) in the ashes of most coal from beds in
 northern West Virginia.  The range for all column samples was <0.007 to 0.019
 percent mercury in ash with an average of 0.010 percent.   Maximum concentra-
 tion in parts of a bed was 0.055 percent.

      The amount of mercury was below the limit of detection (0.1 percent)  in
 ash of western coals tested by Deiil and Annell (32).

-------
                                    11-18
                                 Molybdenum

     Molybdenum contents  of  coal ash reported by various investigators  are
shown in the  following  table.
Source of coal
i
ITnit'pri ^faf-/ie •
Northern Great Plains...
Texas, Colorado, North
and South Dakota.
South Dakota, Harding
County.
West Virginia 	
Pennsylvania, anthracite

^olybdenum in ash, percei
Zubovic and others 	
do 	

ncduiee ana nunter. ....
Nunn, Love 11 and Wright

Reference
it
(184)
( W\
\->£J
32)
(127)
T 	 -~
1 	
<0.0005
\f-i v n i
Max. u. i
01 e
• lj
0.003
0.001


to 0.0065
to 1.0

to 0.027
to 0.009
                    Molybdenum in  coal, parts per million
United States:
Northern Great Plains...
Eastern Interior 	
Appalachian Area 	

	 • 	 — 	 ^ 	 .
Zubovic and others...
do...
do 	

~M-«^.^BW-M^-«,
/ 1 Q 1 \
(.ioi;
(• J-Q-l. J
i 7
1. /
.3
.5

                                  NICKEL
                                           «««>»  t"v.«i*t.r.
	Source  of  coal
United  States:
  Northern Great Plains..
  Texas, Colorado, North
   and  South Dakota.
  South Dakota	
  West Virginia	
  Pennsylvania,
   anthracite.
      .Researchers

Zubovic and others.
Deul and Annell	
     do.
Headlee and Hunter	
Nunn, Lovell and Wright
 Q2)
 (61)
(.127)
Ni in ash, percent-

0.0003 to 0.059
0.01   to 1.0

0.12
0.013  to 0.079
0.01   to 0.09

-------
                                      11-19


                                   Phosphorus

      Geer, Davis, and Yancey (_45) investigated the manner in which phosphorus
 occurs in coking coals of Washington and found that the phosphorus content of
 coal from two beds could be reduced greatly by coal-washing methods.   Coal
 from the west No. 3 bed at Wilkeson, Pierce County, containing 32.6 percent
 ash and 0.132 percent phosphorus could be washed to produce a product contain-
 ing 12.1 percent ash and 0.043 percent phosphorus.  This result was accom-
 plished with a full-sized coal-washing table,  a refuse product containing 59 3
 percent ash and 0.358 phosphorus being removed.  Coal from the east No  2 bed
 at Wilkeson, containing 22.6 percent ash and 0.206 percent phosphorus, was
 difficult to wash because it contained a large amount of intermediate-density
 material.  By discarding a middling as well as a refuse product, a washed coal
 was produced that contained 12.0 percent ash and 0.068 percent phosphorus.
 The phosphorus in coal from five other beds examined could not be reduced
 appreciably by washing,  because it  was associated with the clean coal rather
 than with impurities.

      Two phosphorus  minerals,  evansite (3 A1203. P30q . 18 H-0)  and wavellite
 (J A1203.  2 PS0R.  13 H20)  were identified in shale from the middle parting  of
 the Roslyn bed by a  petrographic  examination.   About  12 percent  of the total
 phosphorus in the shale  occurred  in the form of these  minerals,  but the  form
 in which the remaining 88  percent of  the phosphorus  occurred  could not be
 determined petrographically.   Selvig  and Seaman (146)  investigated the distri-
 bution  of  ash-forming  mineral  matter  in coal from the  Pittsburgh  bed,  Fayette
 County,  Pa.   They reported  that  the  top  10  inches  of coal  contained relatively
 large amounts of  phosphorus  compared  to the  other  benches  of  the  bed.  A  recal-
 culation  of  their  data to  the  percentage  of  phosphorus  in  the  coal  shows  that
 bed samples  from  four  locations in a  mine contained 0.012  to 0.020 percent
 phosphorus.   In comparison,  four samples  of  the  top  10  inches  of  coal  con-
 tained  0.024  to 0.092  percent  phosphorus.

          Phosphorus  content  of  several  coals is given in the table of
the next page to  show the wide  variation  in percentage of this  element
in various  coals.

-------
11-20
  Phosphorus in coal
laboratory
number
4*0/9
36233
49301
37911
38121
39092
37532
49460
37792
38085
37599
40047
41895
37607
37558
38622
38638
40044
40045
37530
37559
38237
38293
42663
42664
49459
49382
49383
49373
37983
37984
38105
• 	
State


do 	
do 	


North Dakota..
Ohio 	
do 	
do 	
Pennsylvania. .
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	

Utah 	
do 	
Washington. . . .
West Virginia.
do 	
do 	
County
Lower Matanuska
District.
Tuscaloosa 	
Christian. . .
Williamson 	
do 	



Belmont . .
Jefferson 	


do 	
Cambr ia
Clearfield 	

do 	
do 	
do 	
Somerset
do. .
do. .
Westmoreland. . . .
do 	
do 	
Mi lam. ......
Carbon.
do. ..

Ra leigh 	
Bed
Mil Ida le
WO. O. ............
do
Hi ffh 9n 1 i n (-
Big Vein
Pittsburgh No. 8..
do
R £*H ^ f~on f*
Pittsburgh
Hn
Lower Kittanning..
Hn
Pi t~t Qhnr-crV»
do
do
Hn
Lower Kittanning. .
Upper Kittanning..
lower Kittanning..
Pi t" t" C Hi 1 T- O-Vl
Ho
do
Wi Ikeson
New River coal). .
Pocahontas coal).
Phosphorus,
percentage of
coal as received
0. 143
.034
.016
.007
.002
.002
.017
.005
.006
.009
.009
.010
.006
.003
.005
.012
.020
.016
.014
.122
.004
.012
.018
.009
.007
.004
.003
.015
.052
.004
.002
.006

-------
                                    i \.~f-
                                   Rubidium

     Little information is available on the rubidium content of  coal.   Headlee
••nd Hunter (61) found that the ash of column samples of  West Virginia  coals
vontnined from a minimum of less than 0.027 percent rubidium,  the lower limit
°f detection, to a maximum of 0.050 percent with an average of 0.027  percent.
Maximum content found in ash of cube samples from the coal columns was 0.11
Percent.
                                    Silver

     Deposits of silver ore at Silver Reef, Washington County,  Utah,  according
to Jenney (76) were mainly due to the reducing action of wood and plant
remains more or less altered to lignite.   These ores were mined extensively  in
1877-79.  In places, the ore was very rich, and small deposits  of lignite were
found in the soft sandstone with native silver in thin scales on the  joints  of
the coal.

     Silver was detected in only a  few coal ashes from western  coals  examined
by Deul and Annell (.32); the maximum amount found was 0.0001  to 0.001 percent.

     Headlee and Hunter (61) found  more silver in northern than in southern
coals of West Virginia; they reported an  average of  0.0009 percent silver in
ash with a range from <0.0005 to 0.0028 percent.   Maximum concentration
reported in the ash of coal cubes from the columns was 0.0084 percent.
                                   Strontium

      Headlee and Hunter (61) found the strontium content of ash from 31 column
 samples of West Virginia coals ranged from 0.09 to 0.89 percent, and averaged
 0.32 percent.  Individual cube samples cut from the columns showed strontium
 contents ranging from <0.008 to 10.1 percent of ash.

      Semiquantitative spectrographic analyses by Deul and Annell (32) of
 western coals showed a maximum concentration of 0.1 to 1.0 percent strontium
 in the ash.  Chemical analysis of one sample of lignite ash from Harding
 County, S. Dak., showed 0.45 percent strontium.

-------
                                      11-22
                                       Tin

  Patterninrh         ^  ™P°Ttcd  that tin  showed an erratic distribution
  pattern  in the  coals  they  examined.   It was  detected in only 7 of 151 samples
  from Harding County, S. Dak., but vas found in all 48 samples collected in
 Milam County, Tex., and 5 of these samples contained from 0.1 to  1.0 percent.

      Headlee and Hunter (61) found that tin content in  ash from 7  of the 31
 column samples examined from West Virginia was less than the limit of detec-
 tnTnorrh     'T^ *?'  ^ ^  thc southe™ coals  were richer in tin than
 tin in the Lh    *      av*rages ranged from less than  0.008 to 0.055 percent


      Average amounts of tin found in coals from the Northern Great Plains
 Eastern Interior, and Appalachian regions  were 0.9,  1.5, and 0.4 parts per
 million respectively (181).                                     p«ts per

      Other analyses of coal ash  are  shown  in  the  following table.
Source of coal
United States:
Northern Great Plains....
Pennsylvania, anthracite.
1 	 ' 	 1
Researchers
Zubovic and others...
Nunn and others 	

Reference
(184)
C127")

Sn in ash, percent
<0.002 to 0.01
o.m «-n n no
                                    Titanium

      Titanium is widely distributed in the earth's crust and according to
      M7^(—}> St!n ^ nlnth ^ °rder °f abundanc*> °r below magnesium.
 Wait (.170) reported the occurrence of titanium in the ash of some vegetable
 matters and in coal ash.  He found from 0.006 percent titanium in the ash of
 cow peas to 0.19 percent in the ash of oak wood and from 0.41 to 1.55 percent
 in five coal ashes.  Baskerville (4) reported analyses of three samples of
 ash from North Carolina peat ranging from 0.20 to 0.29 percent titanium.

      Analyses of ash from United States coals published by the Bureau of
 Mines Q44) included the determination of titanium in 116 samples.   All of
 the results calculated as titanium were within the range of  0.3 to  1.5 percent
 except  for 5 samples that had a slightly higher content ranging up  to 22
 ofrSen^\rHeadlee ^i  HUnter (^  obtained sim^r values for titanium in  ash
 of West Virginia coals, the average being 0.91 percent with  a range of 0.60  to
 1.38 percent.   Analyses of ash  of  cubes  from column samples  of coal showed a
 wider range, the minimum being  0.10 percent  and the maximum  3.44 percent

  ea?h ^    l-l f°Und titanlUm WaS  PreS6nt in the ash of wes^rn "o^ls  in
      frlT?  ?""*?** 3S in  the earth's «ust,  the  maximum concentration
      from 0.1  to  1.0  percent Ti.   Zubovic,  Stadnichenko,  and Sheffey (184)
reported from 0 15 to 2.6 percent titanium in ash of coals from the  NortTTrn
Great Plains.  Jones and Buller (77) reported 0.58 to 1.09 percent titanium in

T2 paerc1enetatSitfr0m P?nM^"1"  """' ^^ ^ ^^^'(127) found ^  "
1.2 percent titanium in ash from Pennsylvania anthracites.   	

-------
                                   11-23

                                   Tungsten

     Little information is available  on the amount  of tungsten in coal ash.
Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that tungsten was  below the limit of detec-
tion (0.008 percent) in ash from the  southern and several of the northern
West Virginia coals they tested.  The maximum bed average detected was 0.015
percent tungsten in the ash.   Analyses of cube samples from a column of the
Lower Kittanning bed gave the maximum of 0.044 percent tungsten in the ash.

     Nunn, Lovell, and Wright (127) found that the  tungsten content in ash
from Pennsylvania anthracites ranged  from 0.001 to  0.009 percent.   In tests
of western coals Deul and Annell (32) reported that the tungsten content of
ash was below the sensitivity of the  method (0.1 percent).
                                  Vanadium
          Ash of two Pennsylvania anthracites were analyzed for vanadium
by the Bureau of Mines with results as follows.
               Source of coal
     United States:  Pennsylvania:
       Schuylkill County:
        Buck Mountain bed	,
        Diamond bed	
                                          Ash.
                      16.0
                      10.2
                                                        .V in ash, percent
            0.11
             .09
                        Vanadium  in coal and coal ash
     Source of coal
      Researchers
I ReferenceJ
                           Vanadium in ash,  percent
United States:
  Northern Great Plains.
  Texas, Colorado,  North
   and South Dakota.
  West Virginia	
  Pennsylvania,
   anthracite.
  North Carolina, peat..
Zubovic and others.
Deul and Annell....
Headlee and Hunter	
Nunn, Lovell, and Wright.
Baskerville,
   (184)
    (32)

    CM)
   (127)
<0.001  to 0.058
 0.01   to 0.1

 0.018  to 0.039
 0.01   to 0.02

 0.0006 to 0.0017
Vanadium in
United States :
Northern Great Plains.
Eastern Interior
region.
Appalachian region....
Zubovic
coa
and
do
do
1, parts per miLlion



(181)
(181)
(181)
16
35
21

-------
                                   11-24

                                   Yttrium

     From less than 0.001 to 0.052 percent yttrium was reported  in  ash  of
coals from the Northern Great Plains (184).  Deul and Annell  (32) detected  a
maximum of more than 0.1 percent in the ash of certain western coals, but the
range was usually 0.001 to  0.01  percent.
                                     Zinc
     Although  zinc  is  considered a minor constituent of coal ash, a sample of
coal from  Crittenden County,  Ky., analyzed by the Bureau of Mines (144)
contained  1.6  percent  zinc in the ash.  The ash of another sample from Hopkins
County, Ky., contained 0.16 percent zinc.  Headlee and Hunter (61) in their
examination of ash  constituents of West Virginia coals reported an average of
0.043 percent  zinc  in  the ash with a maximum of 0.19 percent.  Examination of
the ash of western  coals (32) showed that zinc was not present in percentages
high enough to be detected (0.01 percent).   Zinc was detected in 21 out of 221
coal ash samples tested from Northern Great Plains (184).   The limit  of detec-
tion was 0.02  percent  and up to 0.7 percent zinc in ash was reported.


     Zinc  sulfide was  reported to be associated with certain coal deposits in
Missouri (66.  76).  The large amounts found show that the coal had been miner-
alized by  ore  bearing  fluids,  A zinc-bearing peat deposit in New York was
described  (_20).  Sphalerite (ZnS) was identified (33) in nodules of pyrite-
marcasite  in shale  immediately above the coal in the No. 6 bed at Bichnell,
Ind. ; the  pyrite-marcasite was estimated to contain 0.27 percent sphalerite.
Sphalerite was identified also in an English coal from Leicestershire
                                  Zirconium

     Goldschmidt (47) reported that some coal ashes may contain as much as 0.5
percent zirconium.  The zirconium content of ashes examined by Deul and
Annell (32) was highly variable, ranging from less than 0.001 to more than 0.1
percent.  A sample of South Dakota lignite ash analyzed chemically contained
0.20 percent zirconium.  Headlee and Hunter (61) reported that ash from column
samples of West Virginia coals contained from 0.014 to 0.034 percent zirconium
with a maximum of 0.066 percent zirconium in ash from cube samples cut from
the columns.

-------
                                 TT-25


                OCCURRENCE OF GERMANIUM AND  GALLIUM
     Development of germanium transistors by  the  electronics industry in 1948
increased demand for the metal and created almost  a  world-wide interest in
coal as a possible new source of germanium.   Although, most  of . the production
of germanium was from by-products of smelting zinc ore ( 106) small quantities
were known to occur in coal (23, 70).  In the United States the Geological
Survey (99. 101) tested ash samples from about  700 coals  and detected germa-
nium in more than half of the samples.  The richest  commercial coal,  which
contained up to 0.2 percent germanium  in the  ash,  was found in the bottom
layer of the Lower Kittanning bed in Ohio.

     Some evidence was found of distribution  by coal components, the  bright
woody coal (vitrain) often containing  more germanium than the fusain.  Coali-
fied logs and pieces of woody coal occurring  in isolated  sediments from the
District of Columbia and vicinity contained 2 to  9 percent  germanium  ( 100)
along with vanadium, chromium, copper  and 0.03  to  0.2 percent gallium.   How-
ever, some coal beds in Western States contained  very little germanium in
spite of being rich in woody coal which suggests  there may  be some regional
variations in abundance of germanium.


     Breger and Schopf (Ji) reported up to 4  percent germanium in the ash of
coalified logs found in the Chattanooga shale  in Tennessee and in the  Ohio
shale.  A related occurrence was reported in Japan where lignitic logs asso-
ciated with lignite beds contained more germanium than the beds.  One  sample
of  lignitic log from the Tsukidote area was  reported  to contain 1,970  parts
per million germanium on the ash-free,  dry basis (78. 79).  Bed samples  of
lignite contained a maximum of 357 parts per million  (77).

     Headlee and Hunter (40, 39) ,  used a  quantitative spectrographic method,
and determined germanium in 35 column samples  of West Virginia coals repre-
senting 16 coal beds.   The germanium content of  ash in cubes cut from  the
column samples ranged from less than 0.003 percent, the lower limit of detec-
tion, to 0.17 percent in ash from the top  1-inch cube of a column from the
Sewell bed.  Average Ge03  content  of the coal  columns computed as parts  per
million in ash-free coal ranged from 0.4  to  31 or  0.3 to 22  parts per  million
of  germanium.  Top and bottom layers of most of  the column samples contained
more germanium than the remainder  of the  bed.  Other  investigators (59.  92,
101) noted a similar preferential  distribution of  germanium in coal liedsT"
     The Bureau of Mines (14. 15) .  investigated the  occurrence  and  distribu-
 tion of germanium in the stoker ash and fly  ash from coal-fired steam  boilers.
 Thirteen boilers were tested that included slag tap  and  dry  bottom  pulverized
 coal furnaces, cyclone-fired furnaces,  and those having  underfeed and  travel-
 ing grate stokers.  Results showed  that much of the  germanium present  in  the
 coal is concentrated in the fine fly ash leaving the boiler.  Usually  no  ger-
 manium was found in the slag or refuse  from  the furnaces or  in  the  stoker ash.
 In those tests where samples were obtained from the  dust-collector  hoppers,
 the germanium content of the fly ash ranged  from 15  to 60 parts per million,
 whereas the germanium content of the coal fired ranged from  2.4 to  9 parts per
 million.  A sample of fly ash from  a cyclone furnace contained  290  parts  per

-------
                                    11-26
 million of germanium and one from a furnace fired with a chain-grace stoker
 contained 530 parts per million.  The concentration of germanium in these two
 samples was ascribed to the relatively small proportion of ash discharged as
 fly dust.  Although a considerable quantity of germanium is potentially avail-
 able from the fly ash from some furnaces, the Bureau researchers concluded at
 the time of the investigation that the concentration generally was too low for
 fly ash to be considered a commercial source of germanium.  They suggested
 that attention be directed toward methods of coal utilization that tend to
 concentrate the germanium in the products of combustion.  Work in England (25,
 41) also indicated that more enrichment of germanium in flue dust may occur  in
 traveling-grate and stoker-fired furnaces than with pulverized-coal firing.
 Recirculation of  fly ash in traveling-grate furnaces was studied in
 Czechoslovakia as a means of producing a product enriched in germanium (17).

      Analyses by the Illinois Geological Survey (71) of 34 samples of fly ash
 from public utility power plants ranged from 28 to 319 parts per million ger-
 manium.  Spectrographic analyses of ashes from 24 samples of Kansas coals (94)
 ranged from 36 to 680 parts per million germanium in the ash or 7 to 48 parts
 per million in the coal.  A second series of 117 samples of ash from Kansas
 coals (93) showed a maximum of  1,070 parts per million germanium in the ash
 (116 parts per million in coal) but only 27 of these samples contained more
 than 200 parts per million germanium in the ash.


      Germanium contents reported in coal  or  in coal ash from various sources,
 expressed as parts  per million, are shown in the following table.
      Source of coal
     Researchers
I Reference|   Amount,  ppm
                                 Germanium in coal
 United  States:
   Northern Great Plains.
   Eastern Interior	
   Appalachian Region....
   Kansas.	
   West  Virginia	
Zubovic  and others.
      do	
      do	
Schleicher	
Head lee  and Hunter.
  i(JL81)
    (13)
    (40)
 1.6
 13
 5.8
 116 max.
 0.3   to  22
                                 Germanium in ash
 United  States:
   Northern Great Plains....
   Colorado, Texas, North
    and  South Dakota.
   Kansas	
   Ohio	
   Pennsylvania, anthracite.
   West  Virginia	
Zubovic  and others.
Deul and Annell....
Schleicher	
Stadnichenko and others.
Nunn and  others	
Headlee and Hunter	
   (184)
    (93)
   (101)
  M127)
           10
       to  200
       to  100
 1,070 max.
 2,000 max.
 Trace to  139
<35 to 180
     From the extensive studies of  germanium in coal, Fisher (22) suggested
several  conclusions as follows:

     1.   Coals with a high vitrain  (woody  coal) content are much richer in
germanium than coal with a low-vitrain content.

     2.   Low-ash coals are richer in germanium than coals with a high-ash
content.

-------
                                 11-27
     3.  Geologically older coals usually have a lower germanium content than
more recent coals.

     4.  Germanium is believed to be associated with the organic matter and
not the mineral matter in coal.

     5.  Germanium is usually concentrated in the top or bottom few inches of
coal beds.

-------
                                   11-28
                             OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM

      Uranium in association with western United States  coals  was first  identi-
 fied in a mineralized section of a coal mine near Denver,  Colo., by  Berthoud
 in 1875 (2.)-7   He reported the coal contained from 0.2  to  2 percent  uranium.
 Later in 1922,  Wilson (77) found some carnotite in fractured  and partly silici-
 fied coal on a  dump at the cite of the old workings,  but unsilicified coal
 from a bed nearby contained only 0.064 percent uranium.  Six  core samples  from
 the coal bed analyzed by Dude and McKeown (30) in 1953  showed a  range of 0.001
 to 0.10 percent uranium in five of the cores and slightly  more than  0.1 per-
 cent in one sample.   The mineralized coal containing  uranium  apparently
 occurred in only specimen amounts.

      From measurements of gamma activity, the content of radioactive elements
 in coal generally is less than in common sedimentary  rocks (17,  18).  Davidson
 and Ponsford (19) mentioned the low radioactivity of  most  coals  and  reviewed
 the occurrence  of uranium in some exceptional, more highly radioactive  coals
 found in the United States and in Europe.

      Search for new sources of uranium led to the discovery that it  occurred
 in certain coals in the Rocky Mountain region (20,  21,  46),   According  to  Kehn
 (.37.)»  some of these coal deposits contain from 0.005  to about 0.01 percent
 uranium,  and local areas may contain larger quantities.  Investigations by  the
 U.S.  Geological Survey suggest that lignites may contain the  most uranium,  and
 subbituminous B and C coals the next largest concentration.   Uranium-bearing
 lignite occurs  in the Northern Great Plains, southern Idaho,  Nevada, and
 southern California.   Uranium-bearing coal is present in Wyoming, Colorado,
 New Mexico,  and southeastern Idaho.   The higher  rank  bituminous  coals and
 anthracite of the central and eastern United States rarely contain more than
 0.001  percent uranium.

      Some data  from the literature  with concentrations  expressed as  percent
 uranium in coal are given in the  table  on  page  29.

     A number of investigations in  the United States  were  reported on the
 geochemistry of uranium in coal (£,  10,  11,  12,  22. 73).   U.S. Geological
 Survey  Bulletin 1055,  containing 10 chapters by  various authors,  gives  data
 on  uranium content  of  coals of different  ages,  estimates of the  known
 reserves  of  uranium-bearing coals,  and describes  geologic  features of the
 coal beds.
     Three hypotheses advanced to  explain the occurrence of uranium in some
coals were described by Denson (.20), as follows:

          1.  Syngenetic.  -  Uranium was deposited from surface waters  by
     living plants or in dead organic matter in swamps prior to
     coalification.

          2.  Diagenetic.  -  Uranium was introduced into the coal during
     coalification by waters bringing the uranium from areas marginal  to
     the coal deposits or  from the consolidating enclosing sediments.

-------
Uranium in coal
Source of coal
United States:
Idaho:
Do 	

Do 	
Illinois 	


Do 	
Nevada :

New Mexico, Sandoval
County .
Do 	
Ohio 	


Pennsylvania, anthracite.

Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Utah 	
Northern West Virginia...
Southern West Virginia
and Eastern Kentucky.
Southern West Virginia
and Southwestern
Virginia.
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Researchers
Moore and Stephens. ........
Vine 	 	 	
Vine and Moore. ............

Mapel and Hail. ............

Snider. ...... .
Gill 	
Hail and Gill 	
Moore and Stephens. ........


Moore, Melin, and Kepferle.
Berg strom. .................

Ferm. ......................

We Ich 	
King and Young. ............
Den son, Bachman, and Zeller
Zeller and Schopf. .........
Gill, Zeller, and Schopf...
Zeller 	

Welch 	 , 	
Snider 	
Masursky. ..................
Breger and others .
Pipir ingos. ...............
Masursky and Pipiringos. . . .

Wyant , Sharp, and Sheridan.
Refer-
ence
(49)

(72)
V-i'
(29)
(42)
(55)
(61}
( 27}
\±J_)
(31)
(49)
(41)
(5, 4)

76}
(60)
(25)
(53)
(75)
(39)
(22)
(82)
(28)
(81)
-(54)
(76)
\J_V_J
(62)
(44)
( 11)
(57)
(45)
(40)
(80)
Percentage of U
in coal
0.02 max 1 ^ *?)
00? avo I 6T 7 0
0 13 max 1 1 b (?
0 0 to 0 1
0097 max
<0.001 to 0 008
0 001 1 *t fo *»
0 001 to 0 0^4 1
0 013 max \ °t 7/
0 003
0 059
0.001 to 0.62
0 045 max
0 14 max \ ^
0 001
0 002 to 0 014
0 019 max
0.001
0 08 to 0 73
0.005 to 0.02
0.01
0 005 avg
0.002
<0.001 to 0.003
0.001
<0.001
0.001 to 0 051
0 0022
0 003 to 0 016
0.001 to 0.014
0. 10 max.
0.002 to 0.007

-------
                                   11-30
           3.   Epigenetic.  - Uranium was introduced in the coal after coal-
      ification and after consolidation of the enclosing sediments by ground
      water deriving uranium from hydrothermal sources or from unconformably
      overlying volcanic rocks.

      The  accumulation of uranium in coal may vary markedly from place to place,
and  the occurrence of uranium in each deposit should be interpreted in rela-
tion to the geologic history of the region.   Field evidence favors the epige-
netic hypothesis  of origin of uranium in western coals.   Secondary concentra-
tion of uranium in coal may occur when solution of small quantities of uranium
by ground water from overlying volcanic rocks is followed by downward percola-
tion of these  waters through pervious strata until the uranium is taken up and
retained  by the highest of the underlying lignite beds (22, 23).   Application
of this theory led to the  discovery of uranium-bearing coal in Wyoming (40).
Montana (j27) ,  Idaho (42. 71) , and New Mexico (_5).  In general, the uranium-
bearing coal in each of these areas forms the topmost coal bed of a sequence
overlain  unconformably by  layers of silicic  volcanic materials or other strata
from which uranium may have been leached by  ground waters.   The uranium con-
tent of succeeding lower coal beds decreases to the vanishing point.  The
enrichment of  uranium in coals which lie near the erosion zone of granite
mountains was  noted also in Hungary (26, 66).

      Uranium-bearing coal  classified as subbituminous B occurs in the Red
Desert area, Sweetwater County,  Wyo.  (_44, 47).   Masursky and Pipiringos (45)
note that the  greatest concentration of uranium in the coal occurs locally
where the beds are overlain by conglomerate  of  Miocene age.  Widespread but
lesser concentrations of uranium occur in coal  that is in proximity to perme-
able sandstone strata.   The close relationship  between uranium concentration
in the coal and permeability of  adjacent rocks  indicate that the  uranium is of
epigenetic origin.

      Several investigations showed that uranium in coal  occurs as an organo-
uranium complex soluble at a pH  less  than 2.18, that distinct uranium minerals
rarely are present,  and that little of the element is retained by ion exchange
(_!!> .11) •   Organic  material may  serve as a reducing agent converting the solu-
ble  uranyl ion to  an insoluble uranous form,  sulfide ion associated with car-
bonaceous substances may act as  a reducing agent,  and uranium may be precipi-
tated as  insoluble  humates.   Szalay (64,  65)  concluded that humic acids are
important  agents responsible for the  enrichment of uranium in peat and found
that  a pH of less  than three was required to  liberate uranium from Hungarian
brown coal.  Almassy (_1) also suggested that  uranium in  coal is bound by the
humic acids.   Humic  acids  and humic matter readily remove uranium from solu-
tion  (63,  73).  and Moore (47)  found that  subbituminous coal,  lignite,  and  peat
readily  absorb  uranium from solution.   Tolmachov (68) demonstrated that activated
charcoal and carbonaceous shale remove  uranium from uranyl nitrate solution.
Extraction of uranium from coal by different solutions and the reaction of humic
acid with  uranyl salts was investigated by Voskresenskaya (.74.)•  Work in Japan
showed that the capacity of lignite for absorbing uranium was increased by prolonged
oxidation  (.36).  Hoffman (33) found that  the uranium content of slightly petrified
plants was the  same as for living  plants.

-------
                                    11-31
     Preliminary study of the occurrence and distribution of other elements in
uranium-bearing coals indicates that only molybdenum shows a consistent relationship
to uranium (82).

     Denson (20) mentioned that several uranium minerals including autunite, zeuner-
ite, torbernite, carnotite, becquerelite, and coffinite have been identified in some
coals that had relatively high contents of uranium, but much of the uranium is incon-
spicuously disseminated in the carbonaceous material.  Individual uranium minerals
have not been identified in the more abundant and usual types of uranium-bearing
coals.  Nekrasova (51, 52) found that certain coals contain uranium partly in the
form of typical oxides and partly in a finely dispersed unidentifiable form.

     Petrographic study (59. 29) of uraniferous coals in the United States did not
establish any correlation between uranium content and the coal components, but did
indicate a relationship between high-uranium content and samples rich in humic mat-
ter.  Some vitrains from coalified wood containing uranium showed chemical and phys-
ical properties that differed from normal vitrinites (24).

     Botanical prospecting in New Mexico indicated certain areas should be explored
further for uranium-bearing coal deposits (15, 16).  Breger and his coworkers (13)
investigated the effect of dry distillation on uranium associated with coal and
other carbonaceous substances and concluded that distillation at 800° C caused no
appreciable loss of uranium by volatilization. •

     These investigations show that uraniferous coals and lignites in the Western
States are a potential reserve of large quantities of uranium, although most of the
deposits are of low grade with respect to uranium content.  Denson (20) noted that
recovery of uranium as a byproduct from ash depends on the coals'  suitability for
use as fuel in competition with other coals.  The higher grade uraniferous coals
often have greater ash content and lower heating value than nonuraniferous coals.
However, many of the known coal deposits containing uranium are suited to strip
mining methods.

    _A_local deposit of lignite in Harding_Cp..un.ty_J_S. Dak'., (8, J8,  39) contained
enough_uranium _to_b.e considered an ore rather than a fuel.  The uranium content  of
600 tons_shipped_from HardjLng County ranged from 0.08 to 0.73 percent uranium and
averaged 0.3.3 per.cent.  Other^dep.osits of lignitfir containing more than 0.1 percent
uranium have been found in the Dakotas, indicating that uranium-bearing coal or
lignite of comparable grade may^ occur at other _ip_c_alities in the Western States.

     Methods of recovering uranium from lignite were investigated (43, 58, 79).
Processes studied included acid-leaching of ash,  roasting with a sulfide of iron,
copper, or zinc followed by leaching with water or dilute acid and recovery of
uranium from solution by precipitation, ion exchange, or solvent extraction.  Acid-
leaching of lignite followed by solvent extraction with bis (2-ethylhexyl) phos-
phoric acid showed promise for samples containing a minimum of acid-soluble organic
compounds.
                                                                          I I

-------
                                    III-l
                               MERCURY IN  COAL
                  TABLE  1.  -  "Best" values  of  coals  analyzed
                                                            (1)
Coal
Source
Type of
mine
Treatment
Best value
(ug Hg/g coal)
Number of values
averaged
                                 EASTERN  COALS
Belmont County, Ohio,

No. 9.
Harrison County, Ohio,
No. 6-A.
Jefferson County, Ohio,
Pgh. No. 8.
Kanawha County, W. Va.,
Hernshaw .
Washington County, Pa.,
Pittsburgh seam.
Clay County, Ind.,
Ind. No. 3.
Muhlenberg County, ' Ky . ,
W. Ky. No. 9.
Strip . .


Deep. . .

Strip. .

Deep. . .

. . do. . .

Strip. .

. .do. . .

Raw 	


. . . .do ....

Washed ....

• . . .do ....

. . . .do. . . .

. . . .do. ...



0.1-5 ±0.03


.41 ± .06

.24 ± .04

.07 ± .02

.12 ± .04

.07 ± .02

.19 ± .03

32


28

30

27

29

23

30

                                 WESTERN  COALS
Rosebud County Mont.
Rosebud .
Henry County,- Mo.,
Tebo/Weir . .
Montrose County Colo.
Nucla.
Mavajo County, Ariz.,
Red Seam.
Strip. .
..do...
. .do. . .
Raw .......
Washed/raw
Raw 	
... .do. ...
0.061+0
.16 ±
.05 +
.06 ±
.007
.06
.01
.01
22
37
29
26
(1)   Schlesinger, M. D. and SchulCz, H., Bureau of Mines,  RI 7609;
     1972.

-------
           III-2
TABLE 2. - Evaluation of data
Method
A. Dissolution and atomic
absorption 	
B. Combustion and atomic
absorption 	

D-l. Single Ag amalgamation
and atomic absorption...
D-2. Double Au amalgamation
and atomic absorption. . .
Total
values
submitted

128

95
100

44

*!!
Total
values
rejected

23

31
3

8

0
Percent
of total
rejected

18

33
3

18

0
Percent
rejected
as high

9 6.

29 5
1

6.8

0
Percent
rejected
as low

R f>

T 9
2

11.3

0
1 Each value is an average of at least 4 determinations.

-------
                                  III-3

                                   ABSTRACT

      Mercury  exists  in coal  in minute  quantities, but the  large  tonnages of
 coal  consumed  could  represent relatively  large amounts of  mercury entering the
 environment.   Limits have now been placed  on  the emission  of mercury, and it
 is important  that  reliable analytical  methods be available to  the chemist.

      The  Bureau  of Mines has evaluated analytical techniques used by a number
 of laboratories; most used vapor  phase atomic absorption as the  final detec-
 tion  method.   Neutron activation  was used  by  some of the laboratories.  All of
 the methods described could  be applied, but they require careful manipulation
 to prevent  loss  or mercury contamination.  In the samples  analyzed  the mercury
 content  ranged between O.QStO.Ol  and 0.A 1+0.06 part per million.
                      COAL SAMPLING AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

      Eleven samples of coal were obtained from active coal mines that deliver
 large tonnages of coal to powerplants.  Most of the sources had sampling
 devices so that the 100-pound sample obtained from each mine represented thou-
 sands of tons shipped out over a period of time.

     The 11 samples were packed in plastic bags at the sampling point, placed
in containers,  and shipped to the Coal Preparation Laboratory at the U.S. Bureau
of Mines, Pittsburgh Energy  Research Center.   This laboratory is isolated from
the main research areas,  and contamination by mercury from laboratory air was
thus minimized.  A sample was taken from each coal shipment and crushed to
minus 60 mesh.   It was then  split into 20 samples of about 1 pound each.  To
prevent contamination from sample bottles,  new plastic bottles were used; they
vere washed with a 2:1 mixture of concentrated HN03:HC1,  rinsed with distilled
water, then rinsed with acetone, and finally  air-dried and capped.

     The samples were sent to the 20 cooperating laboratories with no instruc-
tions as to how to analyze them.  Thus,  each laboratory employed its own tech-
niques and reported the results to the Bureau of Mines.  Accompanying many of
the analyses was the analytical method used.   These are described in a later
section.

     Many types of laboratories participated,  including coal companies, power
companies,  State geological  surveys, universities,  pollution control agencies,
other Government laboratories, and commercial laboratories.

-------
                                    III-4


                            TYPES OF COALS ANALYZED

     The  11 coals came  from a wide  area; seven were Eastern Region and Appa-
 lachian coals, and  four were from mines west of the Mississippi River.
 Besides the analyses  for mercury, a sample of each coal underwent proximate
 and ultimate analyses by the Bureau of Mines'.  These determinations were of
 only general interest in relation to the subject study but were needed for a
 combustion program  that is in progress to determine the distribution of trace
 elements  in the product gas and ash from pulverized-fuel furnaces.

     The  Eastern coals were mostly high-volatile A bituminous coals (one was a
high-volatile B bituminous coal) with free-swelling index (FSI) numbers
between 5 and 8.5.  Total sulfur in the coals,  as- received,  ranged from 0.9 to
3.7 percent; two washed samples from deep mines had 0.9 and 1.3 percent sulfur
The Indiana sample was a high-volatile B coal containing 3.7 percent sulfur.

     Coals from the Western mines ranged from high-volatile A to subbituminous
B.  They  contained  less than 1 percent of total sulfur except for one sample
that had  over 6.4 percent.   This high-sulfur coal indicated no other anomalies,
either in the proximate and ultimate analyses or in mercury content.   These
Western coals were noncaking or poorly caking.   The highest free swelling
index was 3.
                              ANALYTICAL RESULTS

     Although only  14 of  the 20 participating laboratories reported, the data
received were sufficient  to study statistically so that some suggestion may be
made as to  the preferred  analytical methods and the extent of the mercury con-
tent of coals in selected areas.  Because the coals represent a wide geographi-
cal area, some inference  may also be drawn concerning the extent of mercury in
coal.  Discussed first  is an analysis of the data, followed by detailed
procedures.
      The participating laboratories were requested to submit the results of
 individual analyses rather than averages where replicate analyses were made.
 In almost all cases this request was complied with.

      To evaluate the submitted data, it was first necessary to obtain a value
 for the mercury content of the coals.   As the true mercury content was unknown,
 an average value was used as the best  approximation of the true value.  This
 "best"  value was obtained by eliminating values that differed from the average
 by more than two standard deviations (at the 95-percent confidence level).
 The averages and the standard deviations used for the comparison of values
 were calculated without inclusion of the values that were eliminated.

-------
                                III-5

a
     Table 1 shows the 11 coals used in the analyses, their sources, and the
 best  values obtained for each.  Also indicated is whether the coal was
strip- or deep-mined,  and if it is as-mined (raw),  washed, or, as in one case
a mixture.  For each best value between 22 and 37 individual determinations  '
oeJ^nSnf'  ThiS Procedure indicated mercury contents between 0.05±0.01 and
0.41±0.06 ug of mercury per gram of coal (ppm).


                      °f  •»"""  ««-«y  fr«  the  parent  coa      ereafter,
                                                          ". Purification,
                                               ble
                                                          a
       for their eercur  content   Any of th   °    P  yed " a"aly2e the
                               '        °
                                      o
                        °"'   """^""lon  of  Sub-micrceram Quantities  of
                                                              ICC

-------
                                  III-6


                           EVALUATION OF  PROCEDURES
      A;  Dissolution  and Atomic Absorption. --The percentage of rejected values
 for  this method  is much  lower  than  for direct combustion methods but is still
 fairly high.   The rejections do not  show a  bias toward either high or low
 values, which  indicates  several potential sources of error (loss of mercury
 during dissolution, retention  of ultraviolet absorbing species that are
 released with  the mercury, etc.).   The method is not recommended but may be
 used with appropriate care and a willingness to accept a fairly high percent-
 age  of inaccurate results.                                       '6  Peit-ent

      B-  Combustion and Atomic Absorption. --One- third of the results obtained
 by direct combustion  methods were rejected.   In addition almost all the
 rejected values were  rejected as too high.  The high results were probably due
 to incomplete  combustion leaving aromatic hydrocarbons in the vapor stream-
 these compounds absorb strongly in the ultraviolet.   The presence of such mate-
 rials in fairly small amounts would lead to a false absorption signal at the
 wavelength that mercury atoms absorb and hence to an erroneously  high mercury
 value.   This method is not recommended for general use unless extreme care is
 taken to eliminate this major source of error.

      C*  Activation Analysis . --Activate on analysis produced good  results
 Activation analysis requires the use of a nuclear reactor,  expensive equipment
 and facilities, and experts in the field.   In addition,  the time  required  from
 sampling to results is relatively  long and may  be expensive.   If  none of the
 above considerations  are objectionable,  activation analysis is  a  recommended
 procedure  for the analysis  of  mercury in  coal.   It  should be  added  that  acti-
 vation  analysis has  the advantage  of being able  to  identify and quantify a
 number  of  other elements in the same sample.
      D"1'   Single Silver Amalgamation and  Atomic  Absorption . --The  single  sil
 ver  amalgamation method produced  the same  percentage  of  rejected values as  the
 dissolution methods.   Apparently  the silver  surface becomes  slowly  poisoned by
 the  reactive components of the combustion  gases from  the coal  and must be peri-
 odically discarded.   This method  seems  to  produce a bias toward low results
 possibly because the  mercury  vapor  does  not  all amalgamate on  a partially poi-
 soned  surface and  is  lost.  The same recommendations  apply to  this  method as
 to the dissolution methods  (paragraph A).

  ,. D"!'.,D°U^1! G°ld Amal^mation  and  Atomic Absorpt ion. --Douhl P  gold amalga-
mation followed  by flameless  atomic  absorption probably  is the method of
 choice for  most  laboratories.  This  method employs two gdld amalgamation steps
 to eliminate. the errors  noted  previously for the  direct  combustion method.  L
 indicated in  table 2,  the double gold amalgamation and atomic absorption
method appears to be  accurate  and precise; no values were rejected.  The equip-
ment used is  fairly simple and the operator need not be an expert,  although
some manipulative experience  is necessary to demonstrate operability of the
system.  A  sample of  coal can be analyzed for trace mercury content in less

-------
                                   1 I 1-7
than 15 minutes with little interference.  The method requires some care in
the original setup, particularly when setting flow rates and heating rates
but once completed, samples can be processed on a routine basis provided the
gold surface is periodically cleaned with nitric acid.
,  t
train.
         J on.these "suits,  the Bureau constructed a double amalgamation
        The first amalgamation cell can be easily removed from the system and
another inserted.  This second cell would come from the sampling train on
equipment being used to study the release of mercury into a gas stream.

-------
                                      III-8


                            DETAILED ANALYTICAL METHODS

       As mentioned earlier, each laboratory analyzed its samples by its own
  preferred methods.  Each approach was found to be different in some respect
  Typical of the methods used were--

       1.  Acid digestion (dissolution) followed by flameless atomic absorption.

       2.  Combustion,, followed by amalgamation or absorption,  followed by flame-
  less atomic absorption.

       3.  Neutron activation.

       The nine methods described below are abstracted  from those submitted  by
  the 14 cooperating laboratories.  An attempt  has been made to reword  the
  methods in a  reasonably uniform format.   Details of equipment size, arrange-
  ment,  etc., are given when they were included  in the  method submitted.

                           Combustion-Atomic  Absorption

      A 0.5- to 1.0-gram sample is  burned  at 700° to 800°  C, and  the evolved'
  gases  are  passed through a hot zone  containing  platinum metal  to  oxidize any
  organic material not completely burned in the  first combustion  tube.   The mer-
  cury vapor is  passed through  a portable  (Le Maire)  atomic  absorption  unit.
  Mercury concentration  is determined  by comparison to  standard  samples  run"in
  the same manner.   This  method  was  reported  during the mercury-in-coal  study
  but none of the comparative data were obtained  using  it.                   '

                   Combustion-Acid Absorption-Atomic Absorption

      Weigh 1 gram of the coal  sample  into a platinum boat.  Introduce  the sam-
  ple slowly over  a period of about  5 minutes into a 36-inch-long by 1-inch-OD
 Vycor  tube furnace heated  to 800°  C.  No visible smoke should appear between
  the sample and  the first absorber.  This time will vary from sample to sample
 depending  on the  type of coal  being analyzed.   Air is used  for combustion and
  is drawn through  the apparatus by  a vacuum  pump  or water aspirator.  A trap
  should  be  placed  between the second absorption bottle and  the pump in case the
 acid permanganate  is accidently  drawn out of the sparger.

      Combustion gases are scrubbed in two 250-ml bottles connected in series
 and fitted with medium-fritted  dip tubes.  Each bottle contains 10 ml  of
 IN  KMn04 solution, 40 ml of IN HgSO^  and  50 ml  of water.   Allow the sample  to
 combust  about  10 minutes.   If  unburned black particles  remain,  stir the ash
with a  stainless steel  spatula  and  return  the boat to  the  hot  portion  of the
 tube for an additional  10 minutes.

     Run a  blank by sparging air through  the same reagent  solutions for the
 same length of  time used  for the sample.   Deduct  the nanograms  of  mercury in
 the blank from  the nanograms in the sample before calculating  the  mercury con-
tent of  the coal.   Determination of the blank should be made close to  the time
for the  combustion, since the mercury  content of  the air in  one  laboratory was
observed  to vary with the time  of day.  Mercury  in the solutions was measured
using a  Beckman  K-23  mercury meter.

-------
                                      III-9
                   Acid  Digestion-Reduction-Atomic Absorption

       Digest  a  1-gram  sample  in  20 ml  of  a  15:5  HgS04:HN03  solution.   The diges-
  tion is  carried  out in  a  two-neck distilling  flask  fitted  with  a  400-mm allihn
  condenser.   Allow acid  solution to  react with sample  for approximately  30 min-
  utes before  applying  heat.   Then, gradually heat the  flask until  all  the
  organic  matter is destroyed, as indicated by  the sample becoming  straw  colored.
  Continue boiling for  2  hours and then cool.   Wash the condenser at  least three
  times.

       Mix the sample and washings with the condenser in place.   Recool and
  transfer the sample to  a  200-ml volumetric flask.   Mix well and remove  a
  100-ml aliquot for analysis.  Add 2 ml of 6 percent KMn04 .  Excess KMn04
  should remain after 15 minutes;  if not,,  add more 6 .percent  KMn04  until  excess
  KMn04 remains 15 minutes.  Next add 2 ml of saturated  K3S208.   Wait 30  minutes
  and  reduce the excess KMn04 with hydroxylamine  hydrochloride.   Reduce the mer-
  curic ion with 2 ml SnCls.  Vaporize  the mercury with  air  flowing at about
  1  liter  per  minute, and pass the flow through a 10-cm cell placed in  the  opti-
  cal  path of  the  atomic absorption analyzer.   The air  rate must  be checked for
  maximum  sensitivity.

                          Wet Ashing-Atomic Absorption

       Transfer 1 gram of powdered coal to a 250-ml volumetric flask and  add
  approximately 20 mg of KgCr207 .  Then add 10 ml of concentrated HN03 and  swirl
  until the reaction subsides.  Affix an asbestos-jacketed air condenser  to the
  top  of the flask and reflux for 30 minutes at 180° C  (hotplate  surface  temper-
  ature).  Add 15 ml of concentrated KC104  and heat for  30 minutes at 250°  C;
  then heat at 280° C until the color of the solution turns from  green to orange-
  red, usually 15  to 30 minutes.   Allow the solution to  cool to 150° C or  lower
  and  add  approximately 75 ml of  water and  boil the solution for  10 minutes.
  Cool the  solution to room temperature, dilute to the mark,,  and determine mer-
  cury as  soon as possible by cold vapor atomic absorption.

                Combust ion-Silver Amalgamation-Atomic Absorption

      In a graphite crucible place 0.2 gram of coal mixed with 0.2  gram of a
  1:1 mixture of CuO:CaC(X, that has been fired overnight at 750° C.   Burn the
sample for 5 minutes  in an induction furnace with an oxygen  flow of 1 liter
per minute.  The mercury is trapped on silver foil.

     Heat the foil at 400° to 450° C to transfer  the mercury vapor  into the
optical path of the atomic absorption spectrophotometer using a hollow cathode
mercury lamp.   The cell is 12 cm long by 60 mm in OD.  Readout  is obtained on
a 10-mv strip chart recorder.

-------
                                  Ill- 10
            Digestion  or Combust ion -Amalgamation -Atomic Absorption
     The sample  is digested  in an HgSC^-HClC^ solution or volatilized in a
quartz-graphite  crucible  in  an induction  furnace with subsequent collection in
an acidic permanganate  solution.  The  solutions are  then reduced and aerated,
and the mercury  is amalgamated on silver  foil.  Mercury is then volatilized
off the silver foil  in  an  induction  furnace and carried by an air stream
through the quartz cell of an atomic absorption unit.

               .  Combustion-Gold Amalgamation -Atomic  Absorption

     A 10- to 200-mg  sample  is placed  in  a nickel boat and burned in a labora-
tory furnace through  which oxygen is flowing at 1.25 cu ft/hr.  The vapors are
passed over silver wire coils heated to 500° C to complete the oxidation.  The
vapors are next  passed  through a gold wire trap to remove mercury.  To insure
complete removal of contaminants that might absorb in the mercury range, the
mercury is driven off the  gold by heating at 600° to 700° C and reamalgamating
the mercury in a second gold wire trap.   The mercury is finally released from
the second amalgamator  by  heating' and passed through an 18-cm vapor cell in
the optical path of  the atomic absorption unit.  A sharp peak is obtained on
the strip chart  recorder.  Calibration is obtained by abstraction of mercury
vapor with a syringe  from  a  plastic bottle fitted with a septum.  The contents
of the syringe are passed  through the entire analytical train.  A second sam-
ple can be injected at  the entrance  of the analyzer  cell to check the opera-
tion of the train.   Identical peaks  should be obtained.

                             Comb us t ion -Pi thi zone

     None of the samples in  the series was analyzed  using the dithizone
method.  However, this  method was used in the initial series of tests with
good results and is detailed here for  laboratories desiring to use this
procedure .

     A 1.0-gram  sample  of  coal is placed  in a boat and placed in a combustion
tube maintained  in part at 900° C.  The air rate is 400 to 500 ml per minute.
The boat is initially about  4 inches from the hot zone and is advanced at a
rate of 0.25 inch per minute for the first 16 inches, then 0.5 inch per minute
for 16 inches.   Combustion is continued for 30 minutes.  The products of com-
bustion are sparged through  two absorption bottles in series, each containing
20 ml of acidified KMnO^ (30 ml of H,, S04  in 1 liter  of H,0,  then add 3.2 grams
KMn04
     These solutions containing absorbed mercury are decolorized with an
excess of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and transferred to a separatory funnel.
Exactly 5 ml of 0.0005 percent dithizone in chloroform is added to extract the
mercury.  The extract is  transferred to a spectrophotometer cell and the
absorbance at 490 mu is measured against chloroform.  Reagent blanks are deter-
mined by adding known amounts of mercury to 40 ml of the absorbing solution,
and reducing, extracting, and measuring the absorbance.

-------
                                   III-ll

                              Neutron Activation
     Detailed procedures for the analysis of coal by activation analysis were
not submitted by any of the cooperating laboratories.   However, one of the
laboratories submitted data obtained in both a low-flux and a high-flux reac-
tor.  Sufficient activity could not be obtained in the low-flux system to give
reliable results and so these data were not used in this study.
                            SOME ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS

      During informal discussions with analysts  who have been working on mer-
 cury analysis,  several  comments were  made  concerning pitfalls that  were experi-
 enced.   These are somewhat  random but they may  be  helpful to an analyst
 approaching these procedures  for the  first time.

      Mercury vapor is present  in most laboratory atmospheres.   Therefore,  sam-
 ple storage,  exposure of  analytical glassware,  and the  use of combustion air
 should  be  considered carefully.

      Mercury has  been lost  when  Teflon-coated stirring  bars  are used in diges-
 tion apparatus.

      Complete combustion  of the  sample is  important  because  aromatic  compounds
 absorb  energy at  2,536.5 A, the  mercury resonance  absorption wavelength   The
 combustion rate should  be controlled  so that the coal does not  flash, particu-
 larly when tank oxygen  is used.  When  the  combustion  is  too  rapid,  smoke  is
 evident  in the combustion tube  or  the absorption bottles.  Large amounts  of
 water vapor  will  also affect the normally  sharp peak  for mercury by  giving a
 broad absorption  signal at  the base of the mercury peak.
                    LABORATORIES INVOLVED IN THE ANALYSES
    Allied  Chemical Co.                National Bureau of Standards
    American  Electric Power            Oak Ridge National Laboratories
    Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.     Office of Air Programs  (EPA)
    Consolidation Coal Co.             Ohio Geological Survey
    Detroit Edison                     Pennsylvania State University
    Illinois  Geological Survey         Tradet, Inc.
    Kennecott Copper Co.
                                                                   il

-------
                                    111-12
                                  CONCLUS IONS
     Several analytical procedures can be used for the determination  of mer-
appearL'to- ei ^l*"*1* *°ld -^"-ticn techni.ue used by one  "bora try
appeared to give the most consistent results.   To verify  the  reliability of
this method  it would be advisable for other laboratories to  set up a  similar
apparatus and to compare data.  The Bureau of  Mines  now has such a'uni  in
operation   Several other analytical procedures are  applicable with equivalent
accuracy, but care must be taken to avoid gain or loss of mercury   e«Ulvalent
H*/* of^Jr5 f°r ^ C°alS Sampled  ranged  from 0-05±0.01 to 0.41±0.06 ug
Hg/g of coal 
-------
                                      IV-1
             TABLE 1.  - Determinations of arsenic in coal by three
                               methods, percent of dry coal
Source
State
Alabama 	
Illinois 	

Do 	
Do 	
Pennsylvania.
Do 	
Do 	
Virginia 	
Do 	
Do 	
West Virginia
Do 	
Do 	
1*O •••••••••
Do 	

County
Walker. . .
Stark 	
Bell 	
Butler. . .
Pike 	
Al legheny
. do
Greene. . .
Buchanan.
Dickenson
Wise
Boone. . . .
Kanawha. .
. .do 	
. . do 	
Lewis. . . .
ISO
recommendation
Indi-
vidual
0.0046
.0055
.0009
.0007
.0004
.0003
.0045
.0049
.0023
.0024
.0032
.0027
.0021
.0019
.0018
.0016
.0057
.0054
.0003
.0002
.0012
.0012
.0006
.0006
.0009
.0008
.0121
.0116
.0009
.0007
.0041
.0040
Average
0.0051
.0008
.0004
.0047
.0024
.0030
.0020
.0017
.0056
.0003
.0012
.0006
.0009
.0119
.0008
.0041
MgO-ashing
at 6500 C
Indi-
vidual
0.0049
.0050
.0008
.0308
.0003
.0003
.0045
.0044
.0022
.0022
.0030
.0029
.0017
.0018
.0017
.0019.
.0057
.0061
.0003
.0003
.0013
.0014
.0007
.0008
.0009
.0009
.0106
.0111
.0010
.0011
.0038
.0037
Average
0.0050
.0008
.0003
.0045
.0022
.0030
.0018
.0018
.0059
.0003
.0014
.0008
.0009
.0109
.0011
.0038
Dilute HN03
extraction
Indi-
vidual
0.0053
.0053
.0009
.0009
.0004
.0003
.0043
.0042
.0023
.0024
.0031
.0032
.0020
.0019
.0021
.0021
.0062
.0061
.0003
.0003
.0016
.0016
.0009
.0009
.0009
.0309
.0114
.0112
.0011
.0311
.0038
.0040
Average
0.0053
.0009
.0004
.0043
.0024
.0032
.0020
.0021
.0062
.0003
.0016
.0009
.0009
.01 13
.001 1
.0039
(1)   Abernethy,  R. F. and Gibson, F. H. Bureau of Mines R.I. 7184;
     Oct.  1968.

-------
                                    TV-2

                                   PROCEDURES

                            ISO Recommendation No. 601

                                    Reagents

      Zinc, granular, 20 mesh.

      Hydrazine sulfate solution, 0.15 percent.  Dissolve 0.15 gram in 100 ml
 of water.

      Stannous chloride solution, 40 percent.  Dissolve 20 grams of SnCl2-2H20
 in concentrated HC1 and dilute to 50 mi with concentrated HC1.

      Potassium iodide solution,  15 percent.  Dissolve 7.5 grams of KI in 50 ml
 of water.  Prepare fresh daily.

      Lead acetate solution, saturated.  Prepare fresh daily.

      Sulfuric acid solution, approximately 7 N.   Add 200 ml of  concentrated
 H2S04>  cautiously, to about 700  ml of water, cool  and dilute to 1,000 ml.

      Sulfuric acid solution, 5 N.   Add 140 ml of concentrated H2SO ,  cautiously,
 to about 500  ml  of water,  cool and dilute to 1,000 ml.   Standardize against
 sodium  carbonate using methyl orange  as indicator  and adjust to 5.0 N.
      Ammonium molybdate solution,  1  percent in 5 N H2S04 .   Dissolve 1 gram
 (NH4)6Mo7024-4H20 in about 80 ml  of  5 N H2SO,  and dilute  to 100 ml  with the
        . -i                                    ^
                                                                           of
                                         _  _                           the
same acid.
      Stock iodine solution,  approximately 0.02 N.   Dissolve 2.54 grams of
 iodine  in  25 ml  of water containing 8 grams of KI.   Dilute to 1,000 ml and
 store in a dark  glass bottle.

      Working iodine solution,  approximately 0.001  N.   Dilute 5 ml  of the  stock
'iodine  solution  to 100 ml.   Prepare fresh daily.

      Stock arsenic solution  (1  ml  equals  1  mg  As).   Weigh  0.1320 gram of
 arsenious  oxide, 'previously  dried  at  110° C for  2  hours, and dissolve in  50
 ml of water containing 0.5 ml  of  70 percent NaOH.   Add  2 ml  of the 5 N H2SO
 and dilute to 100  ml.                                                 ~~    4

      Working arsenic  solution  (1 ml equals  10  micrograms As).   Dilute 1 ml of
 the stock  arsenic  solution to  100  ml.
                             Wet Oxidation Procedure

       Transfer a 1-gram sample of coal, crushed to pass a No.  60 sieve  to a
  300 ml  Kjeldahl flask and mix with 7.0 ml of HSS04 .   Then add 3.5 ml of HNO
  slowly  through a dropping funnel to avoid excessive  frothing; after the ini3
  tial reaction subsides,  heat the mixture gently over a gas burner.   When white
  fumes of S03  only are being evolved,  add 0.2 to 0.4  ml of HNO,  by drops into
  the flask.   Brown fumes  will be evolved for several  minutes.   Continue these
  additions of  HN03  until  all visible carbonaceous matter has been  oxidized
  This will require about  1-1/2 hours.   After cooling,  wash the walls of the

-------
                                    IV-3
 flask with about 10 ml of water, add a few drops of HN03 , and heat the solu-
 tion agatn to complete the oxidation of organic matter.' Wash the walls of the
 flask with water and heat the solution to fumes of S03, repeating the addition

       "         in  ^ "" °f S°                  "
 of HNO                             3                   em°ve the last traces
 of HN03, after the last addition of water transfer the solution and any resi-
 due to an evolution flask keeping the final volume about 35 ml.

                           Colorimetric Determination
 of rhUIn?? "™ *vol"cion of arsine>  «dd 2.0 .ml of the KI solution and 0.5 ml
 each Ld?t 2   2*n     i°n ^ ^ Sample iP the evoluti°n flask,  mixing after
 each addition   Allow the solution to stand for 15 minutes.   During this time
 set up the evolution  apparatus shown in figure 1.   Add 5 ml of 0.00? N  od ne
 ton n       V TPet ^ ^ absorPtion tub* containing the  helix.  Place cot-
 ton plugs in both cones of the delivery tube,  moistening the larger one with

 ev'ottio^fl sSk°lUti°n'  "I Weif °Ut  5 gramS °f 2inc-   ^ ^e zfnc to the
 evolution flask and  assemble the apparatus.

      Note:   Some tests  may give  excessive  evolution  of hydrogen and froth-
       ing that  carries  over  into the  absorption tube.   If  this occurs
       repeat the experiment  adding  about half  of  the zinc  at  first.   After
       about  20  minutes  when  gas  evolution  has  nearly ceased,  add  the
       remainder of the  zinc  and  complete the test.

      After evolution  has  taken place  for 1 hour,  disconnect  the absorption tube
 and remove the  helix    Add 0.5 ml of  ammonium  molybdate  solution  and 0.2  ml  of
 hydrazine sulfate solution to the absorption tube  from burets,  closing  the
 tube  with a  No.  19 glass  stopper and  mixing  after  each addition.   Suspend the
 tube  in boiling  water for  10 minutes,  then cool to 'room  temperature, transfer
 the blue-colored solution  to a 1-cm cell and measure absorbance at 835 milli-
 procedure!    """ "  reference'  <*«* * b^nk determination through tne


     Prepare a calibration curve using 0.0 to  1.6 ml of  the standard working

              "   *  " ^
tioando                     ~        ^^ ^ ^St thr°Ugh the
tion and colorimetric procedures.   Use the absorbance reading for the 0.0
                  °rKa bUnk  C0rrection'   The calibration curve is nearly a
              with the absorbance ranging from 0  to 0.87 for 0 to 16 micro-
              ic.
grams of arsenic.
                       Percent arsenic = 
-------
                                          IV-4
Standard
  taper
                                                          Note: All dimensions in millimeters
                                                                unless noted otherwise.
                                                                 Standard
                                                                   taper
                                                                 o
                                                                 CO
                                                                                  11 id
                            FIGURE  1. - Evolution Apparatus.

-------
                                    IV-5
                                  MgO  Ashing


     Mix a 1-gram sample of coal  in a  porcelain  crucible with 1 gram of ME0
and moisten with 2 to 3 ml of limewater.. Heat the  crucible and contents

slowly to 650° C in a ventilated  muffle  furnace  and maintain this temperature
for 1 hour.


     After cooling,  add 15 ml of  7 N HaS04  to the contents of the crucible

   "SfeJ the solution and any residue  to an evolution  flask,  using about 20 ml
   7 N H-SO. .   Determine arspm'r  hv cho  ,~,-.i /-.•^•.•m«*- _,• „ —.-i	>
of 7 N H2S04.  Determine arsenic by  the  colorimetric method
                              Nitric Acid Extrar<-ir-m



 all the HN03
 «.

-------
                                    IV-6


                                   RESULTS

                         Comparison of Three Methods

oxida^on1^ ?h arSG?iC de^erminations of 16 coals by the ISO method with wet
oxidation of the coal sample are given in table 1.  Arsenic determinations of
the same coals by the modified methods using MgO-ashing and HNO, extraction
are included  in the  table  for  comparison.   Average results by the ISO wet
dation and the two modified methods
that
                     coal.
      To estimate completeness of the extraction of arsenic by HN03 in these
 tests, the coal residue and filter paper were ashed in a porcelain crucible at
 750° C and tested for arsenic.  The ashes contained only small quantities of
 arsenic ranging from 0.1 to 3 micrograms.  The proportion of these small
 amounts to the arsenic found in the acid extract indicated that the acid
 extraction method averaged 96 percent recovery of arsenic in the 16 coals
 tested.

      Because several coal samples with unusually high arsenic content were
 used for these comparative tests, the results in table 1 are generally higher
 than the average arsenic content of coals from the sources shown.

-------
                                   IV-7
                     Arsenic in Float- and Sink-Fractions
a wide range of ash content.   The  coals were  from  Tennessee, West Virginia
and Pennsylvania.   Arsenic  was determined  by  the MgO-ashing'method.       '
are
                                 fracti°ns> and  the «" and arsenic contents


               the  colonmetric method for determining small quantities of
TABLE 2.
Specific
- Arsenic
of three

gravi ty
in float
coals,
- and sink
percent of
-fractions
dry coal

Yield
1 Ash
Arsenic
                                  COUNTY
Float 1.33 	
Float 1 .38 	

Sink 1.33 	
Sink 1.38 	
27.9
f, Q /,

T) 1
/ f. . l
30.6
2.9
. 5
1U .U
2 . 6
19.6
0.00013
.00022
.00063
.00077
.00147
                         WASHINGTON COUNTY
Float 1.30 	 1
Float 1 .33 	

Sink 1.30 	
Sink 1.33 	
23.1
Ao c
HZ . J
7A Q
/o . y
57.5
2.0
. 7
It *5
4. 3
7.5
22.6
0.00009
.00011
.00049
.00057
.00071
Float 1 .33 	
Float 1 .38 	

Sink 1 .33 	
Sink 1 .38 	
59.9
Q tr r\

An i
15.0
3.9
. 0
90
. o
18.8
36.9
0.00009
.00013
.00031
.00058
.00106
                                                                 1-7.

-------
                                    IV-8
                        High-Temperature  Ashing Tests

     The  ISO  colorimetric  method was used to determine  the  loss of arsenic
when ashes  are  heated  to  temperatures  corresponding  to  those attained during
combustion  of coal  in  a boiler  furnace.   One-gram  samples of coal were ashed
at 750° C in  porcelain capsules according to the ASTM method for determining
ash content.    The  ashes were treated  with 7 N H2S04 and arsenic was deter-
mined by  the  ISO  colorimetric method.  Tests were  continued at higher tempera-
tures, first  preparing an  ash sample at 750° C, then transferring it to a
platinum  capsule  and heating  it in  a ventilated platinum wound electric fur-
nace for  1  hour at  1,000°  C.  Arsenic  content of the heated ash was determined;
similar tests of  ash samples  from each coal were made at 1,100°, 1,200°, and
1,300° C.

     Average  results for  16 coals given in table 3 show that only a small
quantity  of arsenic is lost below 1,000°  C.  At higher  temperatures an appre-
ciable amount of  it is volatilized; virtually all  of it is  removed at 1,300° C.
Although  the  tests  indicate that most  of  the arsenic in coal is volatilized
during combustion,  it  is probable that, because of the high temperature
required, some  arsenic may remain in the  cooler parts of the furnace and not
escape with the flue gas.

            TABLE 3. - Arsenic  remaining  after heating coal ash at
                        various temperatures, percent of dry coal
Source
State
Alabama 	
Illinois 	
Kentucky 	
Do 	
Do 	
Pennsylvania.
Do 	
Do 	
Virginia 	
Do 	
Do 	
West Virginia
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

County
Walker. . .
Stark. . . .
Bel 1 ...
Butler. . .
Pike 	
Allegheny
.. do ....'.
Greene. . .
Buchanan.
Dickenson
Wi se 	
Boone ....
Kanawha. .
. .do 	
. .do 	
Lewis ....
Total
arsenic
in coal
0.0051
.0008
.0004
.0045
.0023
.0031
.0019
.0019
.0059
.0003
.0014
.0008
.0009
.0114
.0010
.0039
Arsenic found after heating at
various temperatures
750° C
0.0043
.0007
.0003
.0042
.0022
.0028
.0016
.0017
.0055
.0003
.0013
.0008
.0008
.0105
.0010
.0035
1,000° C
0.0044
.0007
.0003
.0037
.0021
.0027
.0018
.0019
.0054
.0003
.0013
.0008
.0008
.0083
.0010
.0036
1,100° C
0.0014
.0007
.0001
.0010
.0019
.0023
.0017
.0019
,0020
.0003
.0006
.0008
.0006
.0021
.0010
.0035
1,200° C
0.0001
.0001
<.0001
<.0001
.0003
.0002
.0006
.0003
.0004
.0003
<.0001
.0001
.0002
.0001
<.0001
.0004
1,300° C
O.0001
<".0001
.0000
.0000
<^.0001
<-0001
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
.0000
Average by 3 methods from table 1.
SAmerican Society for Testing and Materials.  Standard Methods of Laboratory
   Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke.  D 271-64 in 1968 Book of ASTM Stan-
   dards: Part 19, Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke.  Philadelphia, Pa., 1968,
   pp. 22-23.

-------
                                    IV-9
                                  CONCLUSIONS
 satisfactory  *:suUse?datl°n ^ ^  ^  dete™ination  <*  «..nic  in  coal  gives
     2.  A modification, using furnace ashing of  the  coal  sample mixed  with


              "11 "'  iV6S reS
     3.  A second modification, in which the arsenic is extracted from  the


                     *""*
     4   Determinations of arsenic in float- and sink-fractions of coal indi
cate that the arsenic is associated mainly with mineral matter in the three
coals t es ted .
     5        teatUre  S     t6StS Sh°W that very little arsenic is lost
uo to   nnnrK
up to 1,0000 C,  but virtually all of it is removed from the ash at 1,300° C.

-------
                                    V-l

             COLORIMETRIC  DETERMINATION OF BERYLLIUM IN COAL*

                                       by

                       Roy F. Abernethy ' and Elizabeth A. Hattman2
                                    ABSTRACT

      This  report  describes a  method developed  by  the  Bureau  of  Mines  for  the
 determination  of  beryllium in coal  ash.   Samples  are  put  into solution  by
 standard wet chemical  procedures.   Interfering elements are  complexed with
 NagEDTA, and the  beryllium is separated  by extraction of  its acetyl acetone
 complex  with chloroform  or carbon  tetrachloride.   Final determination is  made
 with  Beryllon  II.

                                 INTRODUCTION

      Although  coal contains only trace amounts  of  beryllium, air pollution
 from  this very toxic element  is a possibility  in areas where large amounts of
 coal  are burned.  A spectrographic  survey of trace elements  in  the ash  from
 U.S.  commercial coals  detected beryllium  in all coals  tested.3  The approxi-
 mate  lower limit  of detection was 0.0001  percent beryllium,  reported  as the
 metal.   Some samples contained as much as 0.02  percent beryllium but  the  aver-
 age values for the three provinces were 0.0012  for the Eastern Province,
 0.0014 for the Interior Province, and 0.0006 for the Western Province.

      Spectrometry is most often used to determine trace quantities of beryl-
 lium.   However, an accurate chemical method is desirable since small  labora-
 tories mny not  have access to spectrographic  equipment.  Such a  method could
also serve as an independent  check.

     Several  spectrophotometric methods have  sufficient sensitivity for  the
determination of the microgram quantities of  beryllium present  in coal ash.
The procedure using morin is  the most sensitive but requires  a  fluorphotometer.


former project coordinator,  Pittsburgh Energy  Research Center,  Bureau of
   Mines, Pittsburgh,  Pa.  (now retired).
Research chemist, Pittsburgh  Energy Research Center.  Bureau  of  Mines
   Pittsburgh,  Pa.                                                    '
3Abernethy,  R.  F., M.  J.  Peterson,  and  F.  H.  Gibson.   Spectrochemical  Analyses
   of  Coal  Ash  for Trace  Elements.   BuMines Rept.  of Inv.  7281,  1969,  30 pp.

'*  Bureau of Mines, RI 7452;  Nov. 1970.

-------
                                 V-2


 Procedures have been developed by McCloskey4 and by Crawley5 which use
 Aluminon as the colorimetric reagent.

      Acetyl acetone has been used both for the isolation of beryllium and for
 its final determination.  Adam, Booth, and Strickland0 determined beryllium by
 first isolating it with an acetyl acetone-chloroform extraction; destroying
 the complex by wet oxidation; and rcextracting the acetyl acetone complex.
 Since the absorbance of the beryllium acetonate-chloroform solution is strong-
 est at 295 my,, an ultraviolet spectrophotometer must be used.

      Others  also isolated beryllium with acetyl acetone but used the reagent
 Beryllon II for the final determination.   The sensitivity of this method is
 good and the beryllium-Berylion II complex is stable; however, the complex
 does not follow Beer's law.  The Bureau of Mines selected this two-step proce-
 dure for trial as a'method for the determination of beryllium in coal ash.

                               EXPERIMENTAL WORK

                             Description of Method

                                    Reagents

      Standard beryllium solution (1 ml =  2.0 y,g Be).   Dissolve 0.1965 g
 BeS04-4Fl,0 in 25 ml HC1.   Dilute to 1 liter and mix.   Transfer 200 ml to a
 1-liter volumetric flask.   Dilute to the  mark with 0.1 percent HC1 and mix.
 Store  in a plastic bottle.

      Na3EDTA solution,  10 percent aqueous.   Adjust to a pH of  6.0 with 10 per-
 cent NaOH solution.

      Sodium hydroxide solution,  10 percent  aqueous.

     Beryllon  II solution,  0.1  percent aqueous.   Make fresh weekly.

     Acetyl  acetone  solution,  5  percent aqueous.

                        Preparation of  Calibration Curve

     Aliquot 2-,  4-,  6-, and  8-y.g  quantities  of  standard  beryllium solution
 into 50-ml  beakers.   Dilute to about  15 ml  and add  2  ml of  10  percent  Na^EDTA.

4McCloskey, J.  P.   Specific Spectrophotometric Microdetermination  of  Beryllium.
   Microchemical J.,  v.  12, 1967,  pp.  32-39.
 Crawley, R. H.  A.   Spectrophotometry  of Beryllium.   Anal.  Chim. Acta, v.  22
   1960,  pp. 413-442.                                                        '
6Adam, J. A.,  E. Booth, and J. D.  H. Strickland.  The Determination of Micro-
   gram Amounts  of Beryllium Using  Acetyl Acetone.  Anal. Chim. Acta, v. 6
   1952,  pp. 462-471.                                               '      '
 Dushina, J. K.  (Spectrophotometric Determination of Beryllium in  Rocks With
   Beryllon II.)  Vop.  Prikl. Geochim., No. 1, 1966,  pp.  125-128.
 Rubtsov, A. F.  (Isolation and Determination of Beryllium  in the  Study of
   Corpses.)  Sb. Tr. po Sudebn. Med.  i Sudebn. Khim.,  Perm, 1961, pp. 236-240.

-------
                                    V-3


 Adjust the pH of the solution to 12.05 ±0.05 using 10 percent NaOH.  Since
 this value is very critical, a PH meter should be used.   Add I ml of
 Beryllon II solution, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask, and dilute to the
 mark using water which has been adjusted to a PH of 12.05.   Prepare a blank
 using water,  and 2 ml of 10 percent NasEDTA.   Adjust the pH to 12.05 ±0 05
 transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask and dilute to the mark.   After 5 minutes
 measure the absorbancies of the standards at  625 i^, using the blank solution
 as a reference.   The complex is stable for at least 4 hours but does not  obev
 Beer s law.                                                                 J

                               Preparation of  Ash

      Spread 100  g of the coal, ground to pass a No.  60 sieve,  in a fire clay
 roasting dish.   Place in a cold muffle furnace equipped  with  an air aspirator
 and heat to 500° C.   After 1 hour raise the temperature  to  750° C.   Ignite
 until  most  of the carbon is burned  off.   Transfer the ash  to  a  silica dish and
 continue heating until  the weight is  constant.   Grind the ash in an agate
 mortar to pass through  a No.  100 sieve.

                                  Procedure

     Weigh  a  0.500-g sample of coal ash,  transfer to a  100-ml beaker,  and
 digest  with 10 ml  concentrated HC1  for  10  to  15  minutes.  Add  10 ml  of  water
 and filter  through a retentive paper  into  a 250-ml  beaker.  Wash the paper and
 precipitate several  times with hot water.   Reserve  the filtrate  and  ignite the
 filter  paper and precipitate  in  a platinum  crucible  in a muffle  furnace at
 750 C.   When the carbon has  been burned off,  cool  the crucible  and  contents
 and add 1 or 2 ml of water,  5  drops of  1:1  HSS04, and 2  to  3 ml  of HF.  Fume
 to  dryness  and fuse  the  residue  in 3  to 5 g of potassium pyrosulfate.  Cool
 and place crucible and  lid  in  the reserved  filtrate.  Heat, and when  the melt
 is  dissolved, remove and rinse the crucible and  lid.  Add A g Na,,EDTA, adjust
 the  pH  to approximately 6 with 10 percent NaOH, and boil until the Fe(OH)
 precipitate dissolves and the volume of the solution is about 60 ml.  Adjust
 the  PH  to 6.0 ±0.1 and boil again if a precipitate forms.  Cool, add 5 ml   of
 5 percent acetyl  acetone solution, and let stand for 5 minutes.   Transfer  to a
 125-ml  separatory funnel and extract three times with 25-ml, 10-ml, and 5-ml
 portions of CC14, collecting the CC14  layers in a 100-ml  beaker.   To the com-
 bined extracts add 10 ml concentrated HN03  and evaporate to dryness   Add  2
 drops concentrated HC1 and 10 ml water,  and heat to dissolve the residue
Cool, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask and adjust to volume.   Pipet a
 10-ml aliquot  into a 50-ml  beaker, dilute to 15 ml, and add  2  ml of 10 percent
 Na-,EDTA.  Adjust  the PH  of  the solution to 12.05 ±0.05 using a PH meter   Add
 1 ml of Beryllon  II solution, transfer to a 25-ml volumetric flask,  and'dilute
 to the  mark using water  which has been adjusted to a pH of  12.05.   Prepare a
 blank using water and 2  ml  of 10 percent Na^DTA.   Adjust the  pH to 12 05
 ±0.05,  transfer to a  25-ml  volumetric  flask, and dilute  to  the mark.   After
 5 minutes  measure the absorbance at  625  m^,  using the blank  solution  as  a
 reference.

     The sample weight and  aliquot specified is  suitable  for ash  samples con-
 taining up to  0.0020  percent beryllium.   Smaller  aliquots can  extend  the range.

-------
                                V-4
When the sample is known to contain less than 0.0010 percent beryllium, the
entire solution of the residue can be used for color development, omitting the
use of an aliquot.  The optimum concentration for color development is from
1 to 6 u-g of beryllium in the final 25-ml volume.

                          Effect of pH on Absorbance

     The influence of pi I on the JnLrnnily of the bcryll i uin-lit:ry lion 11 complex
was investigated.  As shown in table 1, the pll range for maximum color devel-
opment is very narrow.  Solutions which have pH values between 12.0 and 12.1
have the highest absorbancies.  Since this value is very critical, a pH meter
should be used for adjustment.

                    TABLE 1.  - Effect of pH on__a_b_sorba_n_ce
PH
11.70
11.80
11.85
11.90
11.95
12.00
Absorbance1
0.290
.305
.311
.318
.322
.324
PH
12.05
12. 10
12. 15
12.20
12.30

Absorbance1
0.325
.325
.323
.317
.310

               1 Absorbance measurements made at 625 mo-, using
                   1-cm cuvettes, with a beryllium concentra-
                   tion of 6 ^g/25 ml.

                            Recovery of Beryllium

     In  initial tests two separations were used to free the beryllium from1
interfering  ions.  Various amounts of beryllium were added to base solutions
containing 250 mg  of aluminum oxide and 140 mg of ferric oxide.  Interfering
ions were complexed with Na3EDTA.  The pH was adjusted to 6.0, acetyl acetone
was added, and the solution was extracted with carbon  tetrachloride.  Nitric
acid was added, and the extract was evaporated to dryness.  The residue was
dissolved in hydrochloric acid, diluted, and extracted as before.  After evap-
oration  of the organic layer, beryllium was determined using Beryllon II.

     Since this procedure using two extraction steps was time consuming, tests
were made to determine if a single extraction would suffice.  Synthetic ash
samples  containing 400 mg of aluminum oxide, 140 mg of ferric oxide, and vary-
ing amounts of beryllium were tested.  Table 2 shows satisfactory recoveries
for both procedures.  This table also shows the sensitivity of the method
since as little as 0.5 ng of beryllium can be recovered.

     Beryllium was determined on several coal ashes, using both single and
double separations to isolate the beryllium.  As table 3 indicates, the
results  show no significant difference and the use of a double separation
appears  unnecessary.

-------
                      V-5
TABLE 2.  - Recoveries  of  beryllium from basr
Beryllium
added, p,g
0.5
.5
2
2
6
6
8
8
10
10
10
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
Double separation
Beryl 1 ium
found, M.R

-
2.0
2. 1
5.7
6.3
7.3
7.7
10.0
9.8"
-
20.5
30.0
28.5
-
-
-
-
Recovery,
percent
-
-
100
105
95
105
91
96
100
98
-
103
100
95
-
-
-
-
	 Single sepq ra 1 1 on
Beryllium
found, uft
0.4
.5
_
_
_
.
.
_
10.0
9.8
10.1
-
30.3
31.0
30.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
Recovery,
percent
80
100



.
.
_
100
98
101
_
101
103
100
100
100
100
TABLE 3.  -.Comparison  of  results  for beryllium in coal
             ash  using single and double separations
Sample
number
  1
                     Beryllium, percent of ash
             Single  separation
               0.0014
                .0013
                .0013
                .0013  (avg)
                .0072
                .0073
                .0073
                .0073  (avg)
                .0083
                .0081
                .0082
                .0055
                .0053
                .0054 (avg)
                .0068
                .0068
                .0068 (avg)
                .0094
                .0094
               .0094 (avg)
Double separation
                                         0.0015
                                          .0076
                                          .0082
                                          .0054
                                          .0067
                                          .0095

-------
                                    V-6
                           Rcproducibi1ity of Method

     Ten  replicate determinations were made on each of two coal ash samples to
obtain  data on  precision.  The  first  sample averaged 0.0082 percent beryllium
and showed a relative standard  deviation of 3.7 percent.  On the second ash,
averaging 0.0178  percent beryllium, the relative standard deviation was 2.2
percent.

     For  comparison, beryllium  was determined by atomic absorption spectropho-
tometry on two  of the coal ash  samples.  These results are given below:
Source
Fulton County, 111 	
Do 	
Average 	
Greene County, Ind. 	
Do 	
Average 	
Atomic
absorption
0.0015
.0014
.0015
.0075
.0076
.0076
Beryllon II
0.0015
.0015
.0015
.0083
.0081
.0082
                                Interferences

     The extraction  of  the beryllium acetyl acetone complex in the presence of
Na2EDTA eliminates virtually all  interferences in the determination.  Coextrac-
tion of iron.and aluminum could cause a positive error in the beryllium deter-
mination.  When 0.2  mg  of aluminum was added to 6 ^8 of beryllium, the rela-
tive error was 2.5 percent.  Similarly, 0..5 mg of iron caused a relative error
of 1.7 percent.  However, analysis of the extract of a 0.5-g ash sample con-
taining 28 percent aluminum oxide showed that less than 0.1 mg of aluminum was
carried over with the beryllium.  Determination of iron on the extract from a
0.5-g sample containing 25 percent ferric oxide showed less than 0.1 mg of
iron in the extract.  These amounts would not interfere with the determination.

     It was found that  alkali salts enhance the intensity of the beryllium-
Beryllon II complex.  Therefore,  the concentration of salts in both standards
and sample must be constant.  Readings obtained when beryllium was added to
the extracts from synthetic ash solutions were no higher than those for stan-
dards run directly.  This indicates no appreciable carryover of salts.

     To investigate  the possibility of loss of beryllium in the ashing process,
samples of a high-beryllium coal were ignited in an oxygen bomb.   The beryl-
lium contents of these  samples were not significantly higher than those
obtained on the 750° C ash from the muffle furnace.

               BERYLLIUM DETERMINATION ON THE ASH OF U.S.  COALS

     Beryllium was determined on the ash of 34 coals by the procedure previously
described.   The percent of ash in the coals ranged from 1.9 to 31.7; and these
ashes contained 0.0005  to 0.020 percent beryllium.   Duplicate determinations
agreed very well,  and the varied composition of  the ashes  caused no difficulty.
The results of these determinations are given in table 4.

-------
                 V-7
TABLE 4. - Beryllium in ash of U.S. coals
State and county
Alabama :
Do 	
Colorado:
Fremont 	
Do 	
Moffat 	
Illinois:

L'eoria 	
Indiana :
Clay 	

Sul livan 	


Kentucky :
Floyd 	

Do 	

Ohio 	
Ohio:
Do 	


Pennsylvania :
Virginia:
Buchanan 	
Montgomery 	
Wise 	
West Virginia:
Boone 	
Fayette 	
Harrison 	
Kanawha 	
Do 	
Do 	
Logan 	
Preston 	
Bed
Cobb 	
Black Creek. . . .

. .do 	
. .do 	
No. 5 	
. .do 	
No. 6 	
Upper Brazil Block...
No. 4 	
No . 5 	
. .do. . . . 	
..do 	 ' 	
Elkhorn No. 3.
No. 6 	
. .do 	
Elkhorn No. 3. . .
No. 9 	
Middle Kittanning 	
. .do 	
Pittsburgh. . .
. .do 	
Lower Kittanning
Lower Banner 	
Brushy Mountain. . . .
TaEEart . . . .
Winif rede 	
Coalburg. 	 	
Pittsburgh.
Campbell Creek.
Eaele A.
Peerless. .......
Chilton. .
Upper Freeport 	
Ash,
percent of
air-dried
co&l
10.9
1.7
16.7
9.5
3.0
11.6
16.8
8. 1
4.3
7.8
11. 1
25.5
12.4
5.7 •
1.9
4.1
6.2
17.2
5.9
7.8
15.4
12.6
5.4
14.3
31.7
1.7
7.7
7.3
13. 1
4.5
3.6
3.2
5.0
22.6
Beryllium, percent
of ash
Test 1
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0005
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0067
.0081
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0056
.0203
.0077
.0036
.0009
.0038
.0012
.0008
.0051
.0074
.0010
.0006
.0060
.0067
.0009
.0009
.0051
.0183
.0033
.0115
.0008
Test 2
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0004
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0069
.0083
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0058
.0205
.0074
.0036
.0009
.0040
.0012
.0008
.0057
.0072
.0010
.0006
.0063
.0068
.0009
.0009
.0053
.0175
.0037
.0121
.0008
Average
0.0018
.0048
.0013
.0016
.0005
.0015
.0010
.0030
.0068
.0082
.0025
.0009
.0016
.0057
.0204
.0076
.0036
.0009
.0039
.0012
.0008
.0054
.0073
.0010
.0006
.0062
.0068
.0009
.0009
.0052
.0177
.0035
.0118
.0008
                                  \

-------
                                  V-8
                    BERYLLIUM IN FLOAT AND SINK FRACTIONS

     Float and sink tests were made on three coals, and beryllium was deter-
mined on the ash of the various fractions.  A mixture of benzene and carbon
tetrachloride was used to provide a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.35,
and carbon tetrachloride alone was used for the 1.58 specific gravity liquid.
As table 5 shows, the beryllium content of the coal increased as the percent
of ash decreased, indicating that the beryllium is mainly associated with the
organic fraction of the coal.

       TABLE 5. - Beryllium in float and sink fractions of three coals

Float at 1.35 	
Float at 1.58 	
Whole coal 	
Sink at 1. 35 	
Sink at 1. 58 	
Float at 1.35 	

Sink at 1. 35 	
Float at 1. 35 	
Float at 1.58 	

Sink at 1. 35 	
Sink at 1.58 	
Yield
65. 1
97.8

34.9
2.2
86.8

13.2
22.6
89.9

77.4
10.1
Ash,
percent
3.6
6.4
7.6
15.0
51.4
1.7
3.6
17.0
3.4
8.5
11.8
14.7
41.6
Beryllium in
ash, percent
0.0188
.0098
.0082
. 0037
.0007
. 0400
.0178
.0036
.0063
. 0023
.0016
.0012
.0003
Beryllium in
coalj percent
0. 00068
.00063
.00062
.00056
.00036
00068
00064
00061
.00021
00020
. 00019
.00018
.00013
                                 CONCLUSIONS

     1.  The described method is suitable for the determination of beryllium
in coal ash, and only usual analytical equipment is needed.

     2.  Beryllium can be separated from interfering ions by a single extrac-
tion of its acetyl acetone complex.

     3.  Tests of float and sink fractions of three coals showed that in these
coals the beryllium was associated with the organic fraction.

-------
                                  VI-1

           Chemical analysis for germanium and gallium in
                head samples of fly ash and flue dust*
Source
Peoria, 111., powerplant 	
Do 	
Do 	
University of Missouri at Rolla (stack
hopper) .
Do 	
Do 	
University of Missouri at Rolla (boiler
hopper).
Springfield powerplant (cyclone collec-
tor hopper) .
Do 	
Do 	
Phosphorus furnace, Monsanto, Tenn.
(precipitator) .
Do 	
Do 	
Type of firing
Stoker- fired ... ...
	 do 	
Pulverized fuel....
	 do 	
	 do 	
	 do 	
Pulverized fuel....
	 do 	
Cyclone- fired. . . . . .
Electric furnace...
	 do 	
	 do 	
Analysis, pet
Ge
0.053
.025
.008
.050
.022
.039
.018
.003
.002
.003
.010
.015
.007
Ga
0.010
.006
.003
.017
.005
.003
.004
.003
.002
.004
.021
.069
.015
                                                            -1^
           Chemical analysis of phosphorus  furnace  flue  dust
Material
cjiO 	
v_0 	
p O 	
*2 ue 	
Cf>() 	
c 	
A ] O 	

	
Naa 0 	
Percent
25.13
19.28
18.89
9.51
8.81
4.06
3.78
2.09
Material
SO . . . .' 	 	 	
Fe0 00 	
MeO 	
Cl 	

MnO 	
PbO 	
Total1 	
Percent
1.00
.97
.73
.72
.50
.28
.25
96.00
^•Carbonates, combined water,  and volatile organic matter could easily account
   for the remaining 4 percent.
 *  Waters,  R. F. and Kenworthy, H., Bureau of Mines,  RI 6940;  April,  1967.

-------
                                  vir-i
                   SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF COAL ASH*
                 Comparison of spectrochemical values with results
                              from other methods
Sample
1 	



2 	



3 	 	



4 	



5 	



6 	



7 	



8 	



9 	



10 	



Method^
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
SiOa
44
42.4
_
50.4
40
39.8
_
47.5
33
31.3
_
32.2
46
42.4
_
42.8
35
36.1
_
37.0
43
39.3
.
42.8
42
40.3
_
42.0
43
42.0
_
45.8
58
60.1
_
68.0
54
51.8

57.0
A1203
25
27.4
_
30.5
22
26.2
_
28.3
16
12.8
_
13.5
31
33.9
_
33.2
20
21.9
_
22.5
20
19.5
_
20.0
18
320.0
_
19.5
19
322.0
_
21.5
14
14.3
_
15.5
22
23.1
—
26.0
Fe203
24
23.1
_
23.5
24
23.0
_
24.0
9.2
9.4
_
11.0
20
18.8
_
18.5
32
31.1
_
33.8
5.1
4.7
-
5.4
37
33.7
_
36.0
28
26.2
_
28.3
5.6
5.2
_
6.5
4.0
3.3
_
4.0
CaO
1.2
1.3
1.1
1.3
2.7
3.2
2.9
2.8
22
20.8
20.1
20.7
1.3
1.4
1.2
1.4
3.1
3.2
2.9
2.8
13
12.4
12.1
13.2
2.7
2.2
2.4
2.4
4.0
4.1
3.9
4.1
6.9
7.0
6.4
7.2
9.8
9.9
9.9
11.0
MgO
0.6
.8
.5
-
.8
.8
.8
-
5.5
5.0
4.6
-
0.5
.4
.4
-
.9
1.0
.9
-
2.8
3.0
2.4
-
.5
.5
.5
-
.7
.9
.7
-
1.1
1.3
1.1
-
2.4
2.2
2.1
-
Ti02
"T74"
1.5
-
1.6
.9
1.0
-
1.0
.7
.7
-
.7
1.1
1.0
-
1.3
.8
.9
-
.9
1.0
.7
-
.9
.8
.
-
.9
.9
_
-
.7
.8
.7
-
.8
.9
.7
-
.9
Na20
-
.6
.4
-
_
.8
.5
-
_
5.4
5.2
-
to
.5
.6
-
.
.7
.4
-

7.8
7.3
-
.
.3
.4
-
.
.5
.5
-
_
1.2
1.2
-
.
.7
.7
-
K,0
-
1.8
2.0
-
-
1.8
1.8
-
.
.4
.4
-
_
.9
.9
-
.
1.1
1.0
-

.8
.8
-
.
1.1
1.1
-
—
1.5
1.4
-
_
1.5
1.4
-
.
.6
.7
-
so3
20.6
.7
-
-
32.6
2.8
-
-
S13.2
13.7
-
-
2.9
.9
-
-
33.4
3.4
-
-
ail. 2
10.8
-
-
21.4
1.3
-
-
S2.3
2.3
-
-
'8.5
8.2
-
-
= 7.1
6.8
-
-
*  Zink, J. B., et al  Bureau  of  Mines,  RI 6985; July,  1967.

-------
                                    VII-2
11 	



12 	



OES
we
AA
XRS
OES
we
AA
XRS
43
39.7
_
44.0
40
40.7
_
42.2
17
18.2
.
20.0
21
24.0
_
25.4
11
10.9
_
12.6
19
18.5
_
20.5
13
13.2
12.3
14-. 0
5.9
5.8
5.4
6.0
2.8
2.3
2.3
-
1.0
1.2
1.1
-
1.1
.9
-
1.0
.9
.7
-
1.0

.5
.6
-

1.3
1.2
-

.1
.1
-
.
1.4
1.3

314
13.1
-
-
= 4.5
4.6
-
-
aOES --optical emission spectrochemical.
 WC--wet chemical.
 AA--atomic absorption spectrometric.
 XRS--X-ray spectrometric.
2Determined by a combustion method.
3Includes Ti02 and P205 that may be present.

-------
                   VIII-1
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION
OF FLUORINE IN COAC
By R. F. Abernethy and F. H. Gibson


    TABLE 6. -  Fluorine, phosphorus, and ash content of U.S. coals,
                        percent of dry coal
State and county
Alabama :
Jefferson 	
Walker 	
Colorado :
Las Animas 	
Mpsa 	 	
Illinois :
Stark 	

Indiana : Pike 	

Kentucky :
Bell 	

Do 	

Webster 	
Missouri :
Macon 	 	 	
Montana :
Dawson 	
Garfield 	
Park 	
Do 	
Ohio:
Belmont 	
Do 	
Jefferson 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Perry 	

Bed
Mary Lee 	 	
Cobb 	

_
No. 5 	
No . 6 	

No . V 	 	

Mason 	
No . 9 	
No. 12 	
	 do 	
No. 14 	
Tebo 	 	
Bevier 	 	

_
—
—
Pi t tsburgh 	
Sewickley 	
Middle Kittanning 	
Pittsburgh 	
	 do 	
	 do 	
Lower Kittanning...

Phosphorus
0.021
.006
.111
A'nr
.015
.006
.013
.007
.039
.001
.008
.009
.024
.005
.007
.001
.058
.004
.024
.001
007
.004
.034
018
.012
008
029

Ash
11 7
11.0
9.2
13.2
16.3
8.9
11.2
9.1
16.0
2 .2
7.9
15.6
11.5
9.0
11.8
10.1
19.3
16.8
7 .2
13.6
10 8
11 3
8 6
15 0
11 5
10 4
12 9

Fluorine
0 010
.007
.012
/\ i r\
.007
.007
.012
.005
.012
.003
.010
Oil
.008
.006
.008
005
007
.006
.007
.006
007
.007
Oil
012
008
006
006

Laboratory
number
H12330
H12657
G37545
G2 7534
G18167
G90361
G89597
G28991
G93238
Hl?379
G38995
G40652
G88941
G32933
G91907
G92316
G41359
G99643
H170
H171
G85000
G83233
G73855
G73931
G73404
G76188
G57464

   U.S. Bureau of Mines, RI 7054 (1967).

-------
                    VIII-2
TABLE 6.  - Fluorine, phosphorus,  and ash content of U.S.  coals,
                      percent of  dry coal--Confinued
State and county
Pennsylvania :
Butler 	
Greene 	
Indiana 	
Jefferson 	
Lawrence 	
Mercer 	
Washington 	

Tennessee :
Anderson 	

Grundy 	
Do 	
Marion 	


Virginia :
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Dickinson 	

Washington :
King 	
Do 	
Pierce 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
West Virginia :
Barbour 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Boone 	
Harrison 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

Bed
Upper Freeport 	 	
Pittsburgh 	
Upper Freeport 	
Lower Kittanning.
Brookville 	
	 do 	
Pittsburgh 	
	 do 	
Dean 	 	 ....
Jellico 	 	 	
Sewanee 	
Upper Sewanee. 	 	
Sewanee 	
	 do. 	

Haey 	
Kennedy. . . .-,.....
Sp lash Dam 	
	 do 	
	 do 	
Lower Banner 	
Imboden 	
Black Knight 	
	 do 	
Wi Ik in son 	 	 	
Wi Ikinson No . 3 	
Wilkinson No. 8.. 	
Wilkinson No. 7. 	
Wilkinson No. 11
Pittsburgh 	
Redstone 	
Upper Freeport 	 	
Upper Kittanning
Coalburg 	
Pittsburgh 	
	 do 	
	 do 	
	 do 	
Redstone 	
	 do

Phosphorus
0 029
003
038
097
.055
.015
010
.005
026
017
.047
069
.068
.092
023
.006
.005
014
.008
.004
.005
.017
.069
.018
.052
.078
.092
.066
148
014
054
077
020
032
043
017
.010
.002
041
009

Ash
12 4
9 1
8.2
7 6
10.3
5.7
9 8
8.1
16 5
5 2
9 6
9 7
10.0
11.8
9 6
5.5
7 7
5 7
5 3
6.3
6.3
8.3
9.5
22.4
12.4
11.2
14 2
6 1
13 0
8 8
7 i
16 2
14 2
14 3
10 2
9 2
9.9
7.8
7 4
5 9

Fluorine
0 007
003
010
019
.014
.006
006
004
Oil
005
013
015
Oil
.017
008
003
006
005
004
.005
.004
006
.009
.016
.007
.009
Oil
006
010
005
010
007
010
014
007
006
005
004
010
005

Laboratory
number
G34907
H6814
G36005
G96138
G42749
G41526
H9707
H12540
H10935
H10541
H12001
G47455
H11585
H11590
G33242
G47547
G50488
(:512 ii
G51232
H1003
G46967
H1874
G92979
G92980
G20856
G49862
G49863
G49864
G49865
G9716S
P97164
H94094
pQA 7Q7
r»9QOS
P79QA1
O6608?
fi64fif>7
fi706?S
f^S^l 7
P71Q6Q


-------
                      VIII-3
TABLE 6. - Fluorine,  phosphorus,  andLashcontent of  U.S.  coals.
                      percent of  dry coal—Continued
State and county
West Virginia—Con :
Kanawha 	
Do 	
Do.. 	 	
Do 	


Do 	
Monongalia .......
Do 	

Do 	 	

Pres ton 	 	
Do 	
Do 	
Wyoming: Carbon...
Bed
Campbell Creek 	

	 do 	 	
Stockton- Lewis ton 	
Pittsburgh 	
Campbell Creek 	
Eagle 	
Redstone 	

Campbell Creek 	
	 do 	
Sewell 	
Baker s town 	 	 	
Lower Kittanning. 	
Upper Freeport 	

Phosphorus
0.059
.001
.003
.064
.022
.011
.002
.039
.003
.034
.016
.023
.004
.034
.041
.032
Ash
4.5
4.5
5.3
8.1
9.2
5.7
4.3
11.0
9.8
4.9
3.3
4.9
8.0
9.5
22.6
14.4
Fluorine
0.012
.001
.003
.011
.006
.004
.002
.015
.005
.008
.004
.004
.002
.009
.019
.007
Laboratory
number
H212
G71933
G71118
G71117
H5634
G73437
G45812
G27569
G29432
H301
G99354
G98810
G24779
G26543
G57099
H22

-------
                                 IX-1



                  SULFUR  CONTENT  OF UNITED STATES COALS*

                                      by

                       Joseph A. DeCarlo,' Eugene T. Sheridan,2
                               and Zone E. Murphy3
                                 INTRODUCTION

      Coal  is one of our basic sources of energy (heat, power, light) and an
 essential  raw material for most metallurgical processing.  More than two-
 thirds  of  the electricity currently produced by thermal powerplants in the
 United  States is generated by coal, and it is expected that coal will continue
 to  be the  major fuel used for this application at least through the 1970's.
 Coke  produced from bituminous coking coal is the principal fuel of iron blast
 furnaces,  and unless ironmaking methods change greatly, coal will continue to
 maintain a dominant role in iron-ore processing and steel manufacturing for
 many years.  Export markets are expected to increase also, adding to the over-
 all increased demand for coal.  Accompanying the increased total requirement
 however, will be an ever-increasing demand for higher quality coals, specifi-
 cally, coals of low sulfur content.
                                   RESERVES

     The United States is fortunate in having tremendous reserves of coal.   In
 terms of energy equivalents, known recoverable reserves of coal comprise over
 83 percent of the total for all fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, natural-
 gas  liquids, oil in bituminous rock, and shale oil).  Remaining reserves of
 coal of all ranks as of January 1, 1965, are estimated at 1,576,167 million
 tons, based on U.S. Geological Survey data, and are shown in table A-l.
 Approximately two-thirds of the estimated reserve may be considered low-sulfur
 coals largely because more than one-half of the total is composed of low-rank
 coals (subbituroinous and lignite) which generally contain 1 percent or less
 sulfur.  Most of these reserves are in areas in the Western United States
 which are not highly industrialized, and original reserves of these coals,
 unlike those in the East, remain virtually intact.
1 Supervisory chemical engineer.
sMineral specialist.
3Chemical engineer.
 All authors are with the Division of Bituminous Coal, Bureau of Mines,
   Washington, D. C.
Work on manuscript completed May 1966.
   Bureau of Mines,  1C 8312  (1966)

-------
                                  IX-2
 JanuarvY^r^s Ori8i"al coal "serves,  and  estimated  remaining reserves on
 1.  Tne estimatedreCtte^ort^rTh'T  ""t"'  S""hl«'^  ^ £iSure
  ^  •, ,                °<-xvc pLuporuions or nign-, medium-, and  low-sul fur riia 1 =
 of all  ranks rpmaim'nn ,-„ *-u  IT • _  j  r-                           iuiiur coals
    dj.i.  ranKs remaining in the United  States  on January  1, 1965  are shown in
 rigure  2.   Estimated remaining coal reserves, by rank and sulfur level  for
 States  east of the Mississippi River,  are shown  in figure 3.

                                  PRODUCTION
 rank Ind  H?   *         "  produced  in  the United States in 1964, according to
 rank and  sulfur  content,  are  summarized  in tables A-2 and A-3 and figures 4
 of  aU  ranks     £?  ^  ^ ^^^^ " Percent of the total output

 £=
 only  ^9 mil J°7     /I'*  ™*&™* > Production of lignitic coals is s^U ;
        kor   T T*       §nite WaS  Produced in ^e United States in 1964.
        tota' WhLCh haS consistently  produced more  than 2 million tons of
        per year, supplied  about 90 percent of the  1964 total.
                                    SUMMARY

      The coal reserves of the United  States  occur  in  thousands of different
 seams that have widely varying sulfur contents.  Sulfur, however, has not been
 a  significant factor in the development  of the coal industry.  Both high- and
 low-sulfur coals have been mined  for  many years, with  the production of coals
 of various sulfur contents depending  chiefly upon  their end use.  The wide-
 spread  distribution of our coal deposits, the ease in mining them, and good
 transportation systems also make  available virtually all types of coals to
 practically all areas of the country.

      Nearly two-thirds of the total remaining coal reserve of the United
 States  is  low-sulfur coal.   Roughly,  three-fourths of this low-sulfur coal is
 low rank (subbituminous and lignite),  and the balance is bituminous and
 anthracite.   Although low-sulfur  coals may be found in virtually all parts of
 the United States,  the preponderance,  on a tonnage basis,  occurs west of the
 Mississippi  River.   Of significance is the fact that when only high-rank coals
 (bituminous  and  anthracite)  are considered,   the States east of the Mississippi
 River contain 40 percent of the coals classified as "low sulfur" in the afore-
 mentioned  definitions.

     The bulk of the production of bituminous coal (roughly 95 percent) is
 mined in States  east of the  Mississippi River.   The sulfur content of these
 coals varies  considerably.   In 1964, 36 percent,  approximately 166 million
 tons, of the  total  bituminous coal mined in these States was  low-sulfur coal.
Approximately  the same  proportion of the total  produced in these States could
 be considered medium-sulfur  coal,  while the  remaining  balance  of about  28

-------
ANTHRACITE :
Pennsylvonio... _
Other States 	
BITUMINOUS :
Illinois 	
West Virginia 	
Missouri 	
Pennsylvania 	
Colorado 	

Ohio 	

Indiana 	

Utah 	 .

Alaska 	

Kansas 	

Alabama 	 	

Wyoming 	
Virginia. 	 	

New Mexico 	

Other States 	
SUB8ITUMINOUS:
Montana 	 	
Alaska 	
New Mexico 	
Colorado 	
Washington ..
Other States..
LIGNITE :
North Dakota 	
Montana 	 	
Other States 	

2
Y/////////////////////////////W
y7/7/////yyyy//y//y////y///////yy/y/^
^////////////y//y//y//y//////y///////^^^
y//y////77/yy//y//y///y/////y//y//yyy///////y/y/y///^ i
wmw/ws//w^^

{/////////////////////////y///////////.^ j

KEY

y///////////y///////////\ mm pm^i-tir
< i,,,,, ntu^L. HBDB rroauctiort ana mining losses
•7/7//7/////////7//\ [777771 0mrT1
""""••""i" Y/s/j'A Kemominq reserves
y7/^///l'/f/////y/\

//7/'////y/yj\

*?ZBZSZZZ!)L
v///////*\

'///7/5y7/\

yy/y//y///y/7/y//^y^Y^t^

'//////////.* f^/////////yyy/y//y/////////////y////////y///yy/yy/^y^^Y^ Ytfyjyjffly////jyjW/y//y///JA

V/////////////M/////^^^
~ '///////////////\
^
^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

'Ty/T/sTA II
	 1 	 1— 	 1 	 1 	 1 	 1 	 i 	 7 Z 	
              20
                           40
60           80            100
RESERVES, billion short tons
                                                                                 120
140
FIGURE  1. - Estimated Original and Remaining Coal Reserves by Rank, in the United States, Jan. 1,  1965.
350.9

-------
                                          IX-4
        Low-sulfur coals
        (I.Opct or less)
  1,023,634 million tons
High-sulfur coals
(over  3.0 pet)
314,159  million tons
                                                                     Medium-sulfur coals
                                                                     (I.I to 3.0 pet )
                                                                     238,374  million tons
  FIGURE 2. - Estimated Remaining Coal Reserves of All Ranks, by Sulfur Content,  in the
               United States, Jan. 1, 1965.
  High-sulfur  cools
  (over  3.0 pet)
  206,495 million tons
                      M,si*v.r**i t"/ C-i.v >•;-•••- \«r'.- **•*' •. ;:.SM:-> / s  / * * / * ^^    , /
                      3&&&&&?M..'&£:*?,&*#>• //;/'/'37 pet'
                                               9^^%
                      •T^-iX'-ir?* -..-.---. ..,..jjv••. :*<• !.' .^i. -*• •!.•/' sf ' tS ' s/ r */
 Medium-sulfur  coals
 (I.I  to  3.0 pet)
 177,281 million  tons
                                                            Low -sulfur coals
                                                            (1.0 pet  or  less)
                                                            95,281  million tons

FIGURE 3. - Estimated Remaining Coal Reserves of All Ranks, by  Sulfur Content, in States
              East of the Mississippi River, Jan. 1, 1965.

-------
                                      IX-5
Low-sulfur  coals
(1.0 pet or *less)
202,565,561 tons
High-sulfur coals
(over 3.0 pet)
133,153,827 Ions
                                                              Medium-sulfur coals
                                                              (I.I to 3.0 pet)
                                                              168,462,815  tons
          FIGURE 4. - Production of Coals of All Ranks, by Sulfur Content, in 1964.

-------

West Virginia.-

Pennsylvania...

Kentucky 	
Illinois 	
Ohio 	 ___
Virginia 	
Indiana
Alabama 	
Tennessee 	
Other States. _

ry.v v
jSjViv
S6»?
<§|ffi

m
JHi»9
*'.' ,X'*

i l^MM^



v ^M^^^^
^^^^^^Sl / • SSNSS^SN^^^

',/'.'/'.,'',.

?P^^1!PPH^ ' '/ '
feiiMia^-/^

r^
/''^


^
ii

;/
t/

r. 7" "
.:•/ , s
•. ' x\

??TS
i1?-?*
^
\*'/,\
* "" rr^^trT*
f s / s vi*v^ Hinh -cnlfur rnnlc TnwPr ^Oorti
r/^>«r.v' myii ouiiui uuuis \uvc s^.v yv»i /

'///.Medium -sulfur coals (1.0 to 3.0 pet)
\.\\.\ —*
§§$§ Low -sulfur coals (1.0 pet or less)

^11111
1 I 1 L 	 1 	 1 	 1 	
20
40
120
140
                                    60         80         100
                                  PRODUCTION, million tons

FIGURE 5. • Total Cool Production of All Ranks, by State and Sulfur Content, in the United States, in 1964.
                                                                                         I
160

-------
                                    IX-7
East of  the
Mississippi  River
461,313,116 tons
                                                                West of the
                                                                Mississippi  River
                                                                22,735,144 tons
         FIGURE  6. - Production of Bituminous Coals by Geographic Area, in 1964.

-------
                                                               IX-8
                            TA BLE A - 1 .  -  _Es_t ir.n.f d
                                                              c^oa 1  re\"rvi's nf tN> Uni tcd^ _S_ta_tc s , by rank.
                                                                                         ^
                                                     sulfur  conic nt,  and  Si«i_te_,_ on l''n i .  1 ,  1965

                                                          (Mill Ion short  tons)
Coal rank and State
Bituminous coa 1 :
Alaska 	


Georgia 	
Illinois3
Indiana 	 	


Kentucky :
West. .
Ease 	

Michigan 	


New Mexico 	

Ohio 	





Utah 	
Virginia

West Virginia

Other States3 	
Total 	
Percent of total 	
Subbi luminous coa I :
Alaska




Utah . .


Other States4 	
Tota 1 	

Lignite :






Other States'" 	
Total 	
Percent of tota 1 	
Anthracite :
Alaska . 	




Virgin fa 	
Washington 	
Total 	
Percent of total 	
Grand tot* 1 	
Percent of total 	
1 From U.S. Coo lo^icd 1 Surve
0.7 or less
689 2
20 287 4

25 178 3


197 5



13 639 9



51 2
5,212,0


250 6

44 0
3 3

8 551 4
1 981 5
898.9
20 761 0
6 222 2

104,168.4
14.4
71 1156
13 320 8
94 084 6
38,735 0
87.0

3 693 8
35 579 7

256,616.3
66.0


280.0
60 214 5
284 129 1



-
344,623.6
77.0
2 101.0



12 .211.0
3J5.0
5.0
14,652.0
96.5
720,060. 3
45.7
,- Bui lee in 1
0.8 - 1 .0
1 189 3
1 100 0

37 237 2
76 0
573 7
173 0



8 491 9



2182
5 474 0

611 0
772 2
14 0
1 1 54 4


13 584 0
6 077 5
672 I
26 710 6
6 596 6
616.0
111,502.6
15.4

4 908 7
36 728 0
1 2 000 0
87 0

500 0
72 315 6
4,047 .0
130,586.3
33 6


70 0
24 141 6
34 967 3
2 031 0

1 16 6
42.0
61.388.5
13.7


90 0
6 0


.
96.0
0-6
303,573.4
19.3
36 supple?
1.1 - 1.5
54217

I 128 4



3 645 2


1 1196
2 286 8



205 0


369 0


7 624 4



I 637 I

71 819 7

-
52,260.1
7.2


0 5


1 50 0


-
150.5
0 1

20 0




6 902 0

-
41 ,164.5
9.2






_
~
93.575.1
5.9
xinted by c
1 .6 - 2.0
5 182 8

293 1



4 248 8


162 0
1 658 8



397 2








1 524 9


13 290 6

-
45,179.5
6.2


1 303 7






1,303.7
0 3








.
.

145 5




_
145.5
0.9
46,628.7
3.0
La ta from V>
2.1 - 2.5


1 54 0



3 543 4


336 3
1 1 58 3













123 9

8 496 1

-
47 ,307.0
6.5








_
-








_
-

286 3




_
286.3
2.0
47.593.3
3.0
a sh inzton
2.6 - 3.0






41105









1 10 0









2 491 8

.
50.111 .9
6.9








-
-








_
464.7
0.1






_
-
50,576.6
3.2
Division c
3.1 - 3.5


40 3



10 872 8





















_
67, 505.1
12.1








.
-








_
.






_
~
87 , 50 5 . 1
5.5
f Mines an
3.6 - 4.0




























_
122,957. 1
17.0








.
-








.
.






.
~
122.957. 1
7.8
d Ceoloev
Over 4 0





























103,688.5
14. 3









8-6
/ex








.
-






_
-
103,697.1
6.6
Bulletin 4
Total




























616.0
724,630.2
100 0








4,047. 0
388.665.4








42.0
447,641. 3
100. 0






5 0
15,179.8
100.0
1,576, 166.7
100-0
7 and Iowa
   Geological Survey  Technical Paper 4, uith adjustments for production and  losses  in Dining  through 1964.
'Sulfur  levels assigned principally from data published in Illinois Geological Survey Report  of  Investigations No. 35.  New study
   now In  preparation indicates substantially lover tonnages of coals  in  the  sulfur  range  oC  2  percent  or less than arc shown in
   thls  re port.
*Ar1zona,  California, Idaho.  Ncbra ska,  Nevada.
4Aricona,  California, Idaho.
'Less than 0.1 percent.
'California, Idaho, Louts tana , Nevada .

-------
                          TABLE A-2.  -  Production of coal tn the United States in 1964.  by rank,  sulfur  content, and State

                                                                   (Short tons)
Coal rank and State

Bituminous coal :
Alaska 	
Arkansas 	 	
Colorado 	

Illinois 	



Kentucky:
East 	
Vest 	 , 	
Maryland 	
Missouri 	
Montana 	
Mew Mexico 	
Ohio 	
Oklahoma 	

Tennessee 	
Utah 	
Virginia 	
Washington 	 	
West Virginia 	
Wyoming 	
Total 	
Percent of total 	
Cumulative production4
Percent of total. . .
Lignite:
North Dakota 	
South Dakota 	
To ta 1 	 1
Anthracite: Pennsylvania


0.7 and under
421 254
744 942

4 347 oil


112 032


32 666 124



45 906
2 969 672
(3\
266 099

762 023
2 248 566
15 278 639
68 058
63 674 637
3,101,314
ri26,706,077
26 2
126,706,077
26.2
299 941
I 204 534
13,000
1,517,475
17,184,251
145,407 ,803

0.8 - 1.0
ft 4^7 fl7 S


fl 234
T ono

>z \
\ )

1 733 985

Rft Q17




155 120

754 724
2 416 309
10 752 823

25 1fi7 HSO

55,737,757
11 5
182,443,834
37.7

1 420 001

1 ,420,001
57,157,758

1.1 - 1.5
(. 7 CO /.A •>

10 550


6 177 Q7fi
3 con A2Q


2 077 of.-)
i a-j n*>o
1 1R RS7




m41 fl
•)*. •)«;"! SIR
2 1 "V) S4P

S fi7? 07?

1 fi "ill 77R

67,093,380
13 9
249,537,214
51.6

17 71fi

12,216
67,105,596
Sulfur
1.6 - 2,0
i 7QA 007

ct a ft A


1 rt /.l a ATC
x^ \
( )

1 IflO 1*>7

i an AQ a





in oftn 10 T
T Aft 71 ft
i o 071


6 7 on i i q

52,302,769
i n A
301,839,983
62.4


_
-
52,302,769
content , pec
2.1 - 2.5


mODC


/I \
1 )


7 T-J oil

TOA CAQ





6rjCQ QQ i
Sftl 7AQ



1 9 7ns An/i

24,741,965
S 1
326,581,948
67.5


_
~
24,7A1,965
cent
2.6 - 3.0





L 9 1A &Qfl



'Oo.Hb/
J"3 \
I ^






7 i ^c ^70
1 A7 O7A



8/1/.O OA7

2A, 312, 685
5 0
350.894,433
72.5


_
-
24,312,485

3.1 - 3 5





14 r 1 1 Ort/L



MDO ,467






/U,9b4 ,03o

1 /i,70*




« ,/ Ji ,120
54,418,343
461,163,052
95.3


_
~
54,418,343

4.1 or more






,olu ,2oO
864,554
973,214


5,600,065


"
"
2 ,846,156
JJ J,09i
586,780
"
35 ,747

"

22,885,208
.7
484,048,260
100.0


„
•
22,885,208
Total


14,435 ,*o4
744,942
212,3.5
4 , 355 ,2^5
3.900
55 ,022 ,602
1 5,074,521
973,214
1 ,263, i-09

37 ,855 , SIS
1,135,52-,

45,906
2 ,969 ,4/2
37 ,310, 377

7 6 , 5 ? 0 , > > -


31 ,653 ,<--.->
63,05",
3,101,3:-
484,046,2'iO
100 . 0

291? ,9«'.
,b J6 ,/ 5i
V3.000
2 ,949,692
17,184,251
504,182,203
2Included with "1.1 - 1,5" to avoid disclosing individual  company  data.
Included with "1.6 - 2.0" to avoid disclosing individual  company  data.
*By sulfur content; for example, the totals of columns 1 and 2  are  added  to
give 182,443,834.

-------
TABLE A-3. - Production of bituminous c:>al and lignite In the United States In 1956,
                  according to sulfur content  and producing district--Centinued
                                    (Short  tons)
Producing district1
District 3:
Vest Virginia :
Barbour 	
Eray.ton 	
CMiror 	
Harrison 	
Lewis 	
Marion 	
Monongal la 	
Nicholas 	
Preston 	
Randolph 	
T;iylor 	
U^shur 	
Webs tcr 	
Undistributed 	
District total 	
District 4:
Ohio :
Athens 	

Carroll 	
Columbians .,,,.,
Coshoc ton 	
Call Is 	
Guernsey 	

Hocking 	
Holmes 	
Jackson 	
Jefferson 	
Lawrence 	

Melgs 	
Morgan 	

Noble 	
Perry 	
Portage 	
Stark 	
Tuscnrnvas 	
Vinton 	
Way no 	
Undistributed 	
District total 	
District 6:
West Virginia :
3rookc 	
Hancock 	
Marshall 	


0.7 and ur.d'.-r
3,852,564
507,636
)
1,304,055
1,241 ,685
0
1 241 685
1,030,011
34,620
2.5 - 3.0
(")
4,049,191
169,759
3,813,793
104,700
100,952
228,237
614,674
2,404,121
15.967
O
131,632

364,049
(=>
(3)
201 ,909

3.1 - 3.5
4,026,191
7,834,638
170,737
59,623
304,904
5,258,626
(")
4,115,736
(r)
243,279
41,679
10,425
101,694
62,628
73,010
2,414,234
52.062
220,763

3.6 - 4.0
(=)
2,302,211
(2)
34,440
205,020
17,875
(2)
(=)
929,825
(*)
966,938
?•)
306,903
41,057
2,249,375
(=)
4 . 1 or moro
133,783
929,824
1.755.496
27.053


2,327,634
C?)
(=)
8,309,564
169,759
11,767.813
8,527,333
5.554,274
3,534,306
1.051 ,067
429,750
391 ,7 3i
825,26'.
1^304,055
134,690
7,834,638
271,589
1,529,545
2,302,211
614,674
304,904
7,662,747
50,407
205,020
427,356
4,297,368
(')
778.598
405,728
1,870,074
101 ,694
2,722,434
(s)
62,628
406,966
2,414,234
41,057
52,062
2,819^153
1 ,030,011
34,620
C'?)

-------
                                                                            TABLE A-3 Continued
       Ohio	
       Undistributed	
          District  total.
   District 7:
     Virginia :
       Bjchar.an	
      Xontgcoery.
      Tazcvell. . .
         Total...
    West ''irginic;
      Fayette	
      Crecnbr icr	
      Me Doue 11	
      Mercer	
      Pocahontfis	
      Raleigh	' ]
      Wyoming	
         Total	\ ]\
         District  total..
  District  8:
    Kentucky:
      Boll	
      Boyd	
      Breathltt	
      Carter	
      Clay	\\\
      Clinton	
      Elliott	'"
      Floyd	_'
      Ha r 1 a n	
      Jackson	
      Johnson	
      Knott	
     Knox	
     Laurel	
     Lawrence	
     Lee	'.'.'.'.'.'.
     Leslie	!!.'!.'.'
     Letcher	
     McCreary	
     Magoffin	
     Martin	
     Morgan	
     Owslcy	' .'"
     Perry	
     PI'KC	\\'m\]
     Pulaskl	''
    Rockcascle	
    Wayne	
    Whitley	
    Wolfe	
       Total	'.'.'.'.'.'.'.

JAs established under  the Bit
Included with "Undistributed
4Included with "Harrison Coun
•Included with "1.6 - 2.0" to
'Included with "0.8 - 1.0" to

-
-
2.835,800
~
2 ,835,500
2, 354,119
944,542
16, 340,117
1,462,394
5,979,139
7.259.552
34,339,963


_~
-
94,424
-
207,550
880,870

_
-
("•>
219.422
1,100,292


*
•^•^
164,170
7,845

116,256


-
~

116,256
288,272 I

-
»«^^Mb_

_




-
*



     1,397,100

       260,164
        27,006
       538,073

        13,832
    4,679,505
    3,537,911

       196,246
    1,484,059
       27,121
    1.806,531
    4,334,400
       33,012
       14,534
    3,219,332
   11,097,278
   444,439
    41,164
    13,801
2,103,945

   65,340
    9,693
  128,162

    8,789
   61,105

1,230,390
  432,697
                2,360,932
                  158,212
                    1,100
                   52,500
                  603,972
                    8,744
              946,71
44,631
                               111,655
                               135,651
           1,377,837
              34,291
           5S4.910
                                           81,271
                           9,200
                         724,786
                                                      196,525
                                                       36,687
'ucunous Coal Act of 1935.
1" to avoid disclosing individual company die a
ty  to avoid disclosing individual  company  d.-i-a.
 avoid disclosing Individual  company data
 avoid disclosing individual  company data.
                                 7Included  with
                                    data .
                                 eIncluded  with
                                    data .
                                 "Included  with
  2 .067,620
     41 ,164
    260,164
     27,006
  1,434,790
     i3,eci
     13,852
  4.679,505
  5.641,856
     44,531
    261,580
  2,058.662
   .266,938
    136,651
     8,7?9
    6! .105
  1,806,531
  5,573.790
   465,709
    95,805
   196,526
    36,687
     9,200
 3.944,1; g
14,836,047
   158,212
     1,100
    52.500
                                 "Columbiana County" to avoid disclosing individual  cor.

                                 Vyomins County" to avoid disclosing individual company

                                 1-1 - 1.5" to avoid disclosing  individual company  data.

-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Producing district1
District 8: (Con.)
Tennessee :

Clalborne 	

Fcntrcss 	 	
Morgan 	 , ,


Scott 	
Undistributed 	
Total 	
Virginia :
Buchanan 	
Dickcnson 	
Lee 	
Russell 	
Scott 	

Wise 	
Total 	
West Virginia :
Clay 	
Faycttc 	
Ka na vha 	




Mtngo 	
Nicholas 	




Tota 1 	
District total 	
Dl'strict 9:
Kentucky :
Butler 	
Christian 	






0.7 ar.d under
188,815
C2)
(2)
18,764
207,579
2,766,249
4,955,030
115,098
1,438,015
29,037
3J39..410
12,442,839
2,576,423
2,055,195
2,005,635
8,666,534
148,179
1,090,595
1,129,661
1,678,180
5,624,072
24,974,474
70,291,015
-
0.8 - i.O
633,167
121 ,557
(10)
754,724
4,875,121
1,585,926
356,192
453,976
(10)
3,179,634
iO, 450, 649
5,148,503
(9)
331,920
5,607,284
3,310,953
789,135
4,517,950
1,162,483
30,389
533,315
21,431,937
40,371,495
-
S1. If'-.'.r content, oercenc
L.I - 1.5
1,055,570
186,073
240,503
21,897
238,071
1,742,119
3,765.841
1,187 ,525
7,587
4.3CO
484,733
5,450,006
868,565
72,811
3.388,898
18,363
3,908,140
32,5L7
8,289,294
13,359,282
187,038
1.6 - 2.0
166,718
16f ,718
-
-
4,880
4,330
1,55:. ,765
-
2.1-2.5 !:.6 - 3.0
50,328
177,437
227,765

-
457,871
457,871
918,849
13,573
147,974
147,974
-
-
-
-
147,974
-
3.1 - 3.5 3.6 - 4.0
726,820
38.423
477.776
214,609
1,457,628
-
-
-
-
1,457,628
!0, 263,253
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.1 or more
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
876,601
1,000
155,227
Total
1.782,390
1. DOS, 060
362.060
(?)
30,328
366.05:
38.423
4/7 ,776
600.654
\S .Id-'-
4, 70-, SO?
11,407,21 1
7.728.4S1
471,290
1,899,578
4,300
29,037
6,3C3,797
L2S. 343.6'".
8.593,496
72,811
2,387.115
11 ,001,317
18,363
15.835,627
457.871
969,831
5,608,545
2,292,144
4,880
1,678,180
30,389
6,157,337
55,158.456
1 33,093,00?
187, 033
13.573
876.601
1 ,000
155, 221
10,263.233

-------
                                                                         TABLE A-3  Continued
McLean 	
Xuhlenberg. ...
Ohio 	
L'nior 	
Webster 	
District total 	
District 10:
Illinois :
A^ans 	
Bureau 	
Christ ian 	
Doug In s 	
Franklin 	
Fulton 	
Ca 11 a t : n 	
Croc ni; 	
Crundy 	
Henry 	
Jackson 	
Jiif ferson 	
Knox 	
Logan 	

Madison 	
Mcnard 	
Kercor 	

Pcoria 	
Perry 	
Randolph 	
St. Clnlr 	
Saline 	
Sangamon 	

Stark 	
Vermilion 	
Va basi> 	
Washington 	
Will 	
V.1 i 1 L iamson 	
Undistributed 	
District total 	

-
==±

-

i K7 ms
(=)
(r)
6^127,976
6,127,976
-
(2)
I
(c)
10,418.025
10,418,025

-
13,573
(->
F)

-
(2)
(.=")
<2)
1,667,110
(s)
C3)
2,567,578
4,234,638

-
I 10,263,253
28,!09
(2)
6,934,660
56.835
3,102
(2)
(2)
(2)
21,899
(=)
694,816
1,909,245
3,833,330
13 531 996

s •
18,498
17,634,685
4,067,691
70,985
21,791,860
(a)
126,822
('•)
(3)
5,770,464
2,360,501
(2)
1,103
3,840,767

4,567,237
5,600,065
1
<3>
(s)
373,937
('-)
(•")
79,286
(c)
(3)
8,157,037

18,498
17, 634,666
4,567,237
4,067.591
70,985
37,855,819
=====
28,109
(2)
C)
O
(2)
6,984,660
56,835
3,102
(=)
(=)
(=)
(=)
(=)
21,899
373,937
126,622
(=)
(°)
(?)
694.816
(=)
(=)
5,770,46^
4,027,611
79,286
(3)
(a)
(z)
1.103
(2)
(r)
1,909,245
34,944.713

^Inch:oed with   Undistributed" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
 Ine uded «lth   2.6 - 3.0" to avoid  disclosing individual company data.
 Ine uded vuth  '1.1 - 1.5" to avoid  disclosing indificual company data.
 Included with  '0.7 and under" to avoia disclosing individual cowanv ^
                                                                                                                                                                 U)
                                                              pany data

-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Hrodiicir.g district-

Disrr ic t 11:
Indiana :
. Clay 	

Bubo is

Gibson 	
Gr<;i;ne 	

Ovc n 	
Parkc 	 	
Pike 	
j pencor ....

V'c r IT. i 1 1 1 u n 	
V igo 	 	
War r ick 	
Undistributed .

District toial 	
District 12:
Iowa :
Lucas 	 	

Ma r ion 	
Monroe 	

W.Tpello 	
District to La 1 	
Distr ict 13 :
A liT barrj :
Bibb 	
bl ount 	

Etowal;

Jefferson 	

St. Clair 	
Shelby 	
Tuscaloosa 	 -..
Va 1 kc r 	
V ins ton 	
Total 	



0.5 and ur.dcr
100,932


.













112,032



-

1
-





421 ,254





-
421,254



0.6 - 1.0



.



,s .
_








(B)



-

_
-
230 073




5 302 435


686,879

2 238 488

8,457,875
3 900


l.l - 1.5





1 552 712

.2 .



,- .

,2 ,

' 037 116

3,569,828



-

_
-

2 596
8 452
126 560
163 809
1 581 S50
319 888

,
1 101 488
801 300
153,500
4,259,443


Sulfur
1.6 - 2.0













,9 )



(- ) I



-

..
-





149 777

4 000


1,143.105

1,296,832


rontant, ucr
2.1 - 2.5








7 4ie

70 44C



3 013 41'J,


3,091 ,27',



-

_
-










.
-
L


:enc
2.6 - 3.0



.


64 899





4 991




69,890



-

_
-




,


.



-
-



3.1 - 3.5

















-



-

_
-


.

.


.
.
^
,
-
-



3.6 - 4.0


10 500

561 ,329



.
2 268 465

784,848

378, 193
3 343 716


7,347,053

_

-

.
-


—


.

.
_

_
-
-
.


4.1 or r.orc
864,554



.
_





.
(13)




864,554
39,582
49,723
318 4S6
397,687
94,515
16,931
56,290
973,214


,


f
_
_
„
.
„
-
-


Total

965, iir
n • • ^


561 ,3:>;
1 552 "i:

C1 )
7 - ' ti
2 265 -6i
7C,--,i

4 c<-'
37S 113
6 357 IV:
2,037 , i :6

15,074,63:
39. 5S.1

JlS.iSi
397, 6S7
94..V. 5
16,031
56.2-50
973,214
230,073
2,596
3,452
126,560
163,i09
7, 455. 315
319, 8?S
4,000
666,879
1,101,488
4,182,593
153,500
14,435,454
3.9CO

                                                                   I
                                                                   H1
                                                                   4>

-------
                                                                        TABLE  A-3 Continued
   Tennessee:
     Bledsoe....
     Grundy	
     Hamilton. . .
     Marlon	
     Rhea	
     Sequatchle.
     Von B'jren. .
       Total ...
       District total.
District  14:1*
  Arkansas :
    Fr.ir.lcl in	
    Johnson	
    Sebastian	
       District total.
District  IS:
  Kansas :
    Bourbon, Cherokee,
     Crawford	
  Missouri:
    Adcir	
    Boonc	
    Callauay	
    Clark	
    Dado	
    Henry	
    Macon	
    Putnam........
    St. Clair	
    Vernon	
    Undistributed.
       Total	
  Oklahoma ;
    Craig	
    Muskogee	
    Otanulgee	
    Haskcll ,>«  LeFlore,1'
     Rogers	
       Total	
       District total.
District 16:ls
  Colorado:   Weld.
 IAS established under the Bituminous Coal Act  of  1935.
 Included with "Undistributed" to avoid disclosing  individual company data.
 'Included with "1.I - 1.5" to avoid disclosing individual company data.
^Included with "Gibson County" to avoid disclosing  individual company data.
13Included with "Clay County" to avoid disclosing  individual company data.
13Includcd with "Crundy County" to avoid disclosing  individual company data.
"Haskell and LcFlorc Counties, Okla., are  in District  14 but arc included with "District  15:
15E1 Paso County is included with "District  17,  Colorado:  Undistributed" to cvoid disclosing
_
530,064
24,600
•
-
554,444
975,698
_
~
~


-


"


"
"
"
"
"

-
*
™
266,099
266,099
266,099
765,647
_
-
-
-
-
8,661,775
.
-
-


-
"
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
-
*
"
155,120
155,120
155,120
-
9,719
28,018
8,200
67,161
286,352
397, i30
6,650,573

-
10,550
10,550

-
~
-
~
•
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,700
273,718
275,418
275,416
-

-
-
-

334,024
(-.3)
-
-
334,024
1 ,296, £82
86,680
-
-
86,630
6,258
-
~
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6,258
-
334,024

114,885
-
114,835

.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
458,467
_
•
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
458,467
-
-

-
-
-
458,467
„
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
m
1.350
-
6,917
8,267
466,734
-

-
_
.
-
-

.
-
-
340,217
_
-
-
-
17,000
-
-
-
191,090
-
-
208,050

-
-
.
-
548,307
-

-
_
.
-
-

.
-
-

27,415
(2)
27,957
(2)
-
(=)
(=)
136,754
-
52,966
2,800,250
3,045,340
323,092
.
-
_
323,092
3,368,632
-
9,719
336,024
28,013
538,266
26,600
67 ,161
266,352
1,285. W^

86,830
114,865
10,550
212,315

27,415
<=)
27,957
Ca)
17,000
(2)
(2)
125,754
191,090
52,966
2,800,250
3,253,430
323.092
1,350
1.700
701 ,S56
1.027,996
5.566,635
765,447
                                                                                                                                                                 X
                                                                                                                                                                 I
                                                                                                     " to avoid disclosing  individual company data.
                                                                                            individual cor.pany data.

-------
TABLE A-3 Continued
Producing district*
District 1 7 ;-:-
Colc-rado :
Del tn 	
Fre-ont 	
Garf Icld 	


LaPlata 	
Las Anicras 	
Mesa 	
Mof fat 	
Moncrose 	
Pitkin 	
Rio Blanco 	
RoutL 	
Undistributed 	

Total 	
New Mexico: Colfax 	
District total 	
District 18:
Ncv Mexico: McKlnley,
Rio Arriba , Sandoval,
San Juan 	
District 19:
Wyoming:
Campbell 	
Carbon 	
Converse 	
Hot Springs 	
Linco In ....
Sheridan 	
Svcctuater 	
Undistributed 	

District, total 	
District 20:
Utah :
Carbon 	
Emery 	
Iron 	
Kane 	
Sev icr 	
Summltt 	

District total 	 F

0.7 and unde r
62,576
292,704
662,985
69,921
26,780
801,684
(=)
(=)
(p)
(8)
('}
(")
1,885,116
3,581,566

3,983,801
2,567,235
488,846
466,509
(3)
11 ,788
(2)
431,521
(2)
1,722,650
3,101,314
1,591,489
592,077
18.000
47,000
2,248,566

0.8 - 1 .0
8,234
8,234
-
8,234
.
•
-
2,416,309
(18)
2,416,309

I.I - 1.5
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
S'jlfur content, percent
1.6 - 2.0
-
-
-

-
-
1,883
17,238
19,221
2.1 - 2.5
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
2.6 - 3.0
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
3.1 - 3.5
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
3.6 - 4.0
-
-
.

-
-
-
-
6.1 or mo r c
-
-
_

-
.
35,747
35,747
Tota 1
62,576
292,704
8,234
462,935
49,921
26,780
80 1 ,'.84
(=)
(')

-------
TABLE A-3  Continued
District 21:
North Dakota (lignite):
Adnns 	
Bowman 	

Bur leigh 	
Dunn 	
Grant 	
licttinger 	
McLean 	
Xcrccr 	

Oliver 	
Stark 	
Wcrd 	
Willians 	
Undistributed 	
Trtf-l 1
South Dakota (lignite)...
District total 	
District 22:
Montana :
Bituminous coal..
Lignite 	

District total 	
District 23:
Washington: King, Lewis,
Thurston 	
Alaska 	
District total 	
JAs established uiider the B
2 Included with "Undistribute
15E1 PaSO Toiinrv ic 1nrlf*4A«1
(*>
7,988
2,809
2,919
47,842
88,848
(2)
1,867
1,052,261
1 ,204 ,534
	 " "
13,000
1,217,534
45,906
299,941
345,847
68,058
744,942
813,000
128,223,552
ICurainous Coal A
:d" to avoid dis
15,637
139,867
19,930
e-->
(=)
1,244,567
1,420,001
•====
1,420,001
-
-
-
57,157,758
ct of 1935.
closing indii
12,216
12,216
=====
12,215
-
-
-
67,105,596
ifidual compc
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ny i^ata.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
============
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
55,350,276
_
==============
-
-
_
-
54,418,343
-
========
_
-

-
22,885,208
15,637
139,867
(2)
7,988
2,609
19,930
2,919
47,842
(B)
12,216
(3)
88,848
<=)
1,867
2,296,828
2,636.751
13, CCO
2,640,751
45,906
299 ,941

63,058
744,942
486,997,952
                                                           I
                                                           M
                                                           ~^J
      «--'-

-------
                                                ANALrjES OF TIPPLE AMD DELIVERED SAMPLES *



                                         TABLE I. • AnolyMt o( (ippl. pad ifali»«i»d lomplti diritf lh» litcol fx» IM6
Stitc, county, bnm. art nine
1
Bed
2
Si a of co* -^
3
Appioiimne loni
sampled
4
^
1
1
ic
$
Proximate, percent | . Ultluti, pec*rt
Moisiuie,
ivieceived coil
e
Oyoal
Is
£3
7
si
u. w
1
5
9
1
10
1
^
z
11
u
12
§.
13
B-
o
U
CtlvlDt vatin
1
•I
si!
IS
.1
25
16
I!
u
u.
n
as
if
IS
]fl
SHE
!ti
19
f|
b. .6
20
..*
If5*
rl|
x & S
21
                                                               ALABAMA
Vnlkcr County
Ja.3per:
Druwtoiid 	
Do 	
Toviiiey: Tovnley 	

Blark Cn-ek 	
.do 	




7- by 3- Inch. . .

66 "*<-''

12 03J











-iL r





Q









































1


'
"•«-')
>d;
5i(M


•


                                                            ALASKA-S«e pagg 31

                                                               ARKANSAS
Frnnk] in County
Charles too: Charleston 	
Jolinacn County
Ciarkovllle:

Do 	
Hilton Ho. 1* 	 	 	
Do 	
Johru on 	
rch:.otlan County



Charlea'.un 	




Upptrr HortchorDL' 	
HnrLohurne 	

do 	


Run-ol'-mloe, crushed to 6-tnch..,.


• hi • /L, "
Inch (AC).
Pun-of-mlne, crushed to 2-inch....
Ruu-of-mine, gruohed to 3/U-lnch. .




500




100
80
00
60




T




T
T



,
•> r




fc.]





16. C




11..
12.9




h




80. 9
78^0




M t










* 1



J<<
3-7
1.7









-








dj.l

-










-










-
-




800


Ijj &00
13,850
13, 590
U,690


U, 330

Ik 160



111,520
U,KX
U.06C
13.B5C







1
1
1








2,190
2,^30



2,230





1
1
1


1

9(1 1


-
'
-
.


9(1)




80
82
82
75
75
78


111
                                                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                                                              I
                                                               COLORADO
IVfltij County
Buxle: King 	
Fremont Count/
FJorenrc:
Corley Strip 	
Pioneer Canon 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Dy 	
Vento 	
GunnlBOD County
Scneroel.:
Be«r 	
Do 	
Do 	















1-lA- by 3/8-lnch (tf) 	
Modified 2-locn by 0 (W) {1-1/k-
by 3/8-liwrh removed).
8- by 3-lnch 	
1-lA- by lA-luch 	
C-lnch lunp 	
1-1/lt. by 5/16-lnch (OT) 	
Modified l-1/Z-lnch by 0 (6- by
1-1/2-lnch, crunhed to 1-J/s-
Inch, l-'l/U- by 5/16. loch
reoovcU).
1,890
290
50
9,999
65
lit, 279
100
"•,9?;
1,008
150
1W
too
D
D
T
D
T
D
T
r
D
T
T
T
4.0
9.1.
11.0
10.6
11.5
12.0
11.9
11.1
11.3
«, fl
5-9
6.9
1.1.2
36.7
38.1
37. J
37.2
36.9
36.3
37.3
36.5
t>l. i)
1.0.0
39.6
52.5
!>7.5
50.3
53-0
1.7.0
1.9. i<
1.8.1
5">.T
1.9.8
J1-'^
51-9
51-5
6.]
15. B
11.5
9-V
15.8
13-7
15. £
8.0
13-7
1 f<
8.1
8.9
.6
.U
.14
.14
t
.1.
.U
.1,
.U
.u
.5
.5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,190
10.320
10,590
10,900
10, CCO
10,230
9,880
11,110
10,390
13,130
12,1*80
12,170
13.7W
11,390
11,900
12,190
11,320
11,630
11,220
12,5110
11,720
13,9*0
13,260
13,070
12
2
1
12
1
38
1
9
3
1
1
1
2,860
2,390
2.1.30
2, MX)
2,390
2,360
2,300
2,520
2,570
3
1
1
11
1
2
1
1
1
3(1)
1.6
U
*   Aresco,  A.  J. and  Janus,  J.  B.,  Bureau  of  Mines  RI  6904,   1967.

-------
Hucrfano Co'inty
Vmlseoturg:


Hr_a«^ County
PnlUbir:

Do 	
V.'jffB*. County
Crulo:





Rout I County
0* CrceK:
Ednit 	

Do


Weld Coiinly
ErL«:


p*.







.do 	

















-'

1-1/U- by l/lt-lnch (3- by 1-lA-
Inch, crushed to 1-lA-loch).
1 /l» -Inch by 0, 	


1- by 1/li-lnch (OT) 	


3- by 2-1 A- Inch 	
1-1/U- by lA-lnch (OT) (2-lA- by
l-lA-l'»cl», crushed to 1-lA-
Inch).


1-lA- ^ lA-inch (OT) {Riio-of-
imne, nucficJ to 1-lA-tnch.




1 -J.A- Inch by 0 	




y>
X
10
35
5
15
10
22
38
70
10O
170

3-5
180
1,900
1,003
2,101
1,612
31,271
557
3,657


T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

T
r
T
n
n
i,
n
n
n


fi.fi
6.1
6.5
B.?
9-1
6.1.
12. 1
n.C
U.3
12. <•
Ik. 7
16.1'

9- '
11 .IP
10.7
9-1-
3.7
XI. li
21.7
21. t
22.0


Ul.?
U0.7
W.Y
18.^
39-3
38.1
u.3
1. 1..1,
iif..i
Wi.'j
143.9
39. ""

i.5.5
"•3.9
Ll.5
I.G.2
W.I
38.'.,
18.".
ifl.s
3ft. 7


w.a
ug.o
l-ft.-i
1.8.1
51.1.
1.7.2
51.5
5?..-
50.6
51.9
52.0
51.. I)

50. li
51.6
ltd. 6
52-7
1.9.3
56.1
S6.1
Vi.S
Sli.c


fl.O
10.1
10. fl
1V1
•>•!
lk.7
I..'
1 1
1-1
t.r.
ii,i
5.8

i..i
I..1,
9.7
7 1
fl.h
•i.n
5. •>
S.o
h.7


.7
.8
.8
.8
f y
.9
.3
. i,
.1.
.1.
•. •?
.5

: -5
?.">
.0
.6
.S
. ^
. ^
^
i



.


5.0



.


5.1





_


.
_



.


73-2



„
.

72.8



_
.
.

.
_
„



.


1.5



.
_

1.^



.
.
.


.




.


10.1


_
.
.

U-1




.
.

.




12,01.0
11.820
11,530
11,230
ll,6iO
10.92C
11, k«
11,61.0
ll.TW
11,570
11,110
10,630

ll,9tVj
n, £70
11/00
n.5W>
11,14 MO
10,080
9,B'0
9.&30
9,690


12,890
12,590
12,330
18,2X>
12,810
11,920
13,061.'
i 3, 170
U.sio
13,180
' 13,031'
1^,660

13.270
13,110
12,3^
i?,75r
12,570
1^,660
12,58t,
12,61.0
12,1.20


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1.
1
1

1
1
1
U
7
12
k5
1.
8


2,lillO
2,350
2,280
2,910*
2,550
2,790
2,500
2,510
2,520
2,520
2,270
2,?60

.',050
1,990
P.690
-
2,850
2,100
2,07C

2,130


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
-
2
1
6
-
1



-
.
ii(0
-


.
-
-

-

.
!(0

-
-

-
-
_



»3
.
5»
-


-
53


-

.

i»7
-

X
i
ro
-

.

                                                                           ILLINOIS
P"ul'



30


2.0=0
2.090

2,100



2,C'.0


c
6

7



9


30
3i(M

I!:'!
2(1)
?fcP}


2(2)
3(k)

-
-

-



•

I/ S*. Eiplu«M
(p. }).
                           tton 1 lidieut 
-------
TABLE I. - *relrt<» o( t.ppl. ant W,,,,^ tompln jj.r^ ikp Cnul r«0t
Slile. cmnty. town, nil mrt
1
M
2
,.,.,
1
Approiim»tf loni
sampled
4
!
S
Prousae. peictm [ Uliitaie. poceu
Moiiluie.
avietemd coil
6
Dryad
~= s
II
»
If
B
<
9
|
10
1
11
£
12
S
B
£
13
£
o
14
Ciloiific ntue
Blu.
aviece>vt<*
basis
IS
VI
i-5
is
if
I?
u.
n
— n
1!
it
}\\
a
S
If
Z)
i
III
21
Kiik»J.« Ccuatv.-Cii-. '.I'jei
S-•Jl^ wiijLiDgicL {^r^rtj
CDunty) (Continued):
Kjrtftero Illlacli
(Ccotlnurt).
Peorl« Couzr^
G^ Afford: Bacoer 	
Perry Cou^-.v
?jquoln: Fidelity 	
Rfcodclph Cyiz-y
Ptrcy:
Ptrr tnl 1 nff 	
Do 	
Sptrta:
S^ruui 	
Do 	
S»lct Cl«lr Co-jcry
Bclirvllle:
B»Ue Valley 	
Do 	
HJdveat. 	
Do 	
Do 	
rreecjrg: River KLs< 	
Saline Couf./
RArrLiburB:
S«h»rm »o. 5 (
3.2

J-:
-
J-b
3-5
5-j

1-5

J.o












"


-
-







-



-




'


-








'



-
"



"


-
-







-



•
'






-
-






11,370
11,910

11,520

11,51.0
11,650
11,160
11,300

u,ii;;
11,1>00
Ll,j50
11,070
11,290
11,260

1?,570

10,550


13,350
13,7%

12,760

12,610
12,360
1J.72C
1?,6W

«,S1'-
12,:5C
:a,e;c
U.coo
12.66C
12,7?J

13,6:0

13,220


52
:



i;
£

12

;
f
'"
1
i

It

X


2,050
2, -3-

;,:6c

-
;.:»c
^ , --*
c,-K


~c,^f.
i.-y.
-
e..f.

-',!£

?,:ra


3
2

5

-
2
5
6

3
9
b
-
I

2

7


*!
»(i>
aid)
3(1)

i»(l)
3(a)
3t(2)

.
k(2)
?'1'
3i(2
"•:ii
••J(l)
*}<<•)
3j(a)

2(1
3J(2
;(6
3J<3
SJ<1)
3J(O
KD
-
3i(3)

"

2(2)
2* 3)
3(2)



^
1


.
"



*
~

-
' -

"



-------
Vrmll Ion County

Do 	
VDoy
Do 	
Po 	
Vllliamsoa County
Caabrla: Big Muddy....
Forcyth-Energy 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Marlon:
Orient Ko. k 	
Do 	
Do 	
Utility
Do 	
Utility (dock cool) 	 	
Do 	
Will Scarlet 	
Do 	
Do 	
Da 	
Do 	
Zie&ier (FranKlin Ccur.'.v):
Zieijlei- No. 3 	 ". 	

Ho . 7 	
.do 	
Ko. 6 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do
-do. . .
.do 	
.do 	

.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Davis and DeKoven.....
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
No. 6 	


3/k-lach by 28-MSh (U)

7- ry 3-l=cn (U) 	
:-l -- Sry lA-lnch (AC) 	
l-l-'.-inch ty lO-oea!-. (V 121 AC)
(3- cy 1-1/k-inch, crushed :o
l-l'l-lDch).

:-: -- ty 3A-loch (W) 	
(6- ty 1-1 A- inch, crushed to
1-1/b-lneh, y$ of 3A- by lA-
inch renoved).



3A-!=ch by 3 (w) 	
i-1/-- ty :A-inch (W) 	
l-:;--lscn ty 0 (w) 	

1-1 '2-l.nch by I0-oesh (v) 	
1-1,3-loch by 28-aesn (w) 	
3/1— loch fcy 28-cesh (w) 	




11,995
k7,750
22
22
20
110
750
75k
156
300
2Jk
156
701
3,70?
16, 67k
1,309
5,080
2,939
29,062
3,699
10,013
l.kCO
60
17,kk3
D 11.
r 13.
r ii.
Ik.
r it.
r 7.
r 8.
r 9.
r 7.7
9-3
11.5
7.5
8.9
7.6
6.2
6.6
5.6
7.8
5.7
5.5
k-3
3.9
6.1
k.2
9.1
k6.
kl.
H.
kl.
17
39.
38.6
37. k
36. k
36.8
37.J
ko.l
1.0.0
39.9
kO.G
kl.6
kl.5
k'l.l
k2.1
kO.6
37.9
kk.
50.
50.
5C.7
53-1
5k. 5
51.2
53-8
5k. 2
5k. L
55.5
5k. 1
50.7
51.1
50.9
51- k
1.8. E
kg. 2
k9.k
1-9.3
50.0
52.7
8.
9.
8.
8.
10.
10.
11.
9.
7.6
8.k
9.2
7.7
8.6
o.l
6.9
8.6
9-k
9.3
9.0
9.2
8.6
S-k
9-k
2. v
3-C
l.f
l.<
1.7
l.£
3-
2.
2.
2.0
2.5
l.k
1.6
2.7
2.6
2.9
2.6
3.6
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-k
3.6
2.3
.

-
.
-
-
.
-
-
.
-
-
11, 62^
H.33C
11,2k
11,15
10, £7-
12,0;:
12,.'CC
12,160
12,n 1 i*4cur cW uaber
                                                                             of deliveries a
                                                                                                                NBBbcri ia pareathraei iadirwe ike avatar of dncmiaauoaa Made.

-------
TABLE
              lyMol tippU ond d*li*«f«d tonplti during thg fiscal year 1966-ConTJnirtd
5*1. CM*y. tnn. «M line
1
BoS
1
Jiaertcoil-y
1
AgpraiiuK loni
unplcd
4
^l
§
0
•8
£
i
Pnjxinate. percent
Moisture,
ivieceived coil
6
Ultimate, pecent
ftycMl
«
«»
53
;
Ji
8
5
s
a
ji
10
1
a
E
11
!
u
u
X
13
e
1
14
Cllorific »rfu»
Btu,
IV [KIIVC4
tuiil
IS
.1
sS
IS
'^s
If
17
Alh-sollenllll
l«ap«id(ui«,«F
It
Nurteiol
iirvullcnint
iMpeHuin*
13
|f
K
H
a
Ih
r a 5
n
                                INDIANA-Cwitinmd
Grecaa Ccuaty --Com tJiL^d
Sudborn (KDOI County)
(Cootlmwd):

1 t J



Pike County
Oakland City (Gibson County):

Do

Do 	
Ulmlox:


Do 	

3ullir>o Counly
She 1 burn:



Do.
71 go County














.do 	

.do 	



.do 	















to 1-1/2-lnch (Portion of 1-1/2-
by 3/3- Ucb renoved).
1-1/2- by 3/8- loch (U) 	
3/8- Inch by ?6-De«h (V) 	


1-1/2-loch ty 10-meah (w) 	


1-lnch ty 10-neiH (w »nd OT) 	



1-lA- bj lA-loch (w) 	



1. 1 np h 1 >0n

i-l/lt- by I/I.-IDC& 	








1,000


600


1.008
7,830
11,108
977
23,839

26 075

17,052
9,71.3


18

22
18

9 892
506




T


T
T

r>

t)

D

n

D
n


T
T
T
T

n





13-'


13. t
15-C

S.I
11. C
10. (
10. c
10.;

10.1

10. 1.
10.'


11."
13.1

13.C

17. C





1.1 *


w.. •
1.3.1

1.2. li
1-2.7
U3.C

1.3.1,

W..C

U..J
!>3 "


1.3. (

39. f
37.1

Uo.t
1*5 '




1.6.5


W..5
U6.C

W l
1.8.3
U8.C
1.7.9
U7.8

1.7.3

1.6. e
1.7.5


U7 C
1.5.1
tt.'
1*2.3

U9 2
1*5 C




10. C


9.;
in. c

9 1
9.C
q.c
H f
8.f

H 1

8.;
8 f


H •
11 fl
15 <
?o.c

in I
9 •




3.=


1.1.
l.F

3-5
3-5


3.J

3. ;

3-1
3.-


3-1
3-1
3-!
3-1

1. •
3 j







_




^

-









_
_










.
.


.
.

-









.
_










.
_


.
.

-









.
.










_



.
.

-









.
_







11,250


ll.JSC
10.92C

U.91C
11,080
11.750
11.7TC
11,330

1 1 QV

11.32C
11.7SC


1 ' 73C
10.SOC
10.1.7C
9.25C

10.73C
U 66C




13,01:


1 ',1*^
12, sy.

13.C5C
13, iy
13.15C

13, IX

13,2T£

i3,i?<:
13, lot


13.26C
12.I.J
12,OoC


12.92C
13 09t




-


;
i

f-
17
15

23

35

3°
11


1
1
1
1

16
3




:-,260


2, -~^,
2,150


2, 1C-:
2.15C

S.J10

^ ' »C

2,190
2,:9C


i,C30

2,150
2.130

2.190
2,050




1


1
;


;
1



• -

•5
3


J
1
1
1

1





-


• . ,
'•' . j


"* • ' '
~ C ]
~ "
*-* ' f

W'
-?: .

7( ;
'

.
_
.
3(* -

vi'i)
;? • J




.


-
.


-


•

-

-
_


-
.
^U
-

_
,

                                      IOWA
Itej-lon County









13.308

D

17.;

"?';

1.1.6

15- S

7.1.

-

-

-

-

9.60C

U.59C

31

a..r»

4

2(1)


KANSAS
Cherokee Countjr
Ballowll:
P ud M lo. 19 	





1-lA- by 1/h-laeh (U) 	


1.961.
k, 008

D
D

*l . <
5.C

39.C
39.:

51.1.

10.5

3-1
3-1

-

•

•

-

12, 95C

13.5?:

3
&

->,OCO

3

.

'

-------
00 	
Do 	
Crawford _ Com:ty_
Mulberry: Clenen* Ho. 22 	




Welr-Pltlsburg 	








69,133
71?









6.1*
5-11


39.;
kl.l
36.2


WJ.9
1-9-7
53.?


11.;
9.;
10.6


J.<
3-2
k.l


-

-


.

-




•


.

-


12,670
12,750
12,660



13. 63C
i3.":c



2
6



2.000
2.020



1
1



9}(1)
-


Bell Couoty
BrovDlei Creek No. 1...

Kettle IiUnd:
Adventure Bo. 1 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Adventure Ho. 3 	
Do 	
Do 	
Adventure Bo. 5 	
Do 	
Nl&Lleiboro:
A»ru Bo. 2 	
Do 	
Pinnacle 	
Hou-ln* rork 	
Do 	
Plnerllle: Bell HI 	
Caj-ter Counly
HUclllm:
Moore Branch Bo. 6 	
Do
Bo 	
Do 	
Villa rd:
Lo»t Creek 	
Do 	


MBSC.G
.do 	
.do 	
Bigti Splint (Bottcai
Bench).
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Lov Splint (Bottcat
Bench).
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
IXTV Splint (Top Bench)
.do 	
fiance (Bottom Bench}. .
Haflre (Tvo Top
BeDchei).

.do 	
.do 	
Hlllem Creek 	
.do 	
B»t*rd Bo. 7 	
do 	
do 	

Run-of-oioe, crushed to2-loch..




Run-of-aiw, crushed 	
1-1/k- by 1/lt-ioch.. .
1- by 1/VlncM 	
Rufl-or-Dl:.e, crmhed 	
Run-of-aine, cruahed to 3- lech....
P-m-of-olD«, crushed *»o ?-inch....
3-lnch lunp 	
3-lcch by 0 	
1-lA- by 1/U-iach (Run-or-oloe,
crushed to l-1/t-Ioch).
Run-of-nlw, cruihed to2-lnch 	
3- inch Ivnp 	
1-1/2- by 1-lnch, crushed to 3/L.
Inch (3-Inch by 0, crushed to
1- by lA-loch 	
1/k-lnch by 0 	
2- by 7/S-inch (Bun-of-nlne,
crushed to ?-lnch).
7/8- Inch by 0 	
Run-oT-aloe, cruahrJ

ioa
«.S»4
233
to
•5C
50
55
20
i;
3. ';:

2
3
5
3
3
3
u.
u.
5.
5-
3-9
3-9
5.9
It. 2
2.2
2.6
2-3
2.5
6.' 7
0.7
6.6
8.6
9.0
37
32
y-
33
38
38
38
36
37
38.0
37.9
36.1
35.5
38.k
35.1
39.6
35.5
39-3
36.9
39 2
U2.0
1.0.7
39- '"
35-7
«c.o
36-9
53
5>
55
55
53
53
5".
*"•-
5"..
5*.
5k. 2
511.8
52.7
51.2
55-5
54.3
52.6
51.1
55.0
5">.6
52.5
50.7
3-1"
2.9
e
5
5
8
7
8
7.1
7-9
s.e
11. k
o.;
k.C
5-3
6.1.
0.5
9.7
3-c
7.8
3.6
6.6
.2
2
1

1.0
l.C
f c
1.1
.£
1.5
2.6
..2
.9
• 9
• 7

5.


.2
1
76.


S.i.
14.4
9-6
.1
2.


2
7
5
5


o.O
5-1-
9,2
.0
13isW
13,1A
13,56<-
1J.19C
13,250
12,97
12,320
13, let
12, ft-.
12,17;
13.2CC
12,330
12.31C
:-,ooc
13, uo
13,290
13.220
12.96C
13,530
11,380
1J.3JO
51,530
l-,2
1-,:
1-1,:
13,5-
1!,51
12!?;:
13!-;:
13,':T-'
12,-5:
13.--:

-5
•f.
1
1
J.300
2,280
3,670
i, = 30
2|:50
'."50
,3*

<*
1
1
1
1
1
fi
C 4 •
cj\ • .
1(3'
5?'. •
"I- '
59
'5
55
>-»).
*/ N«Vrr. >Wn
                         i >uWr W dclinritl
                                                                                   wi i*tctn lk«

-------
TABLE I. • Anal|rl«l of I.pp.'. cnj j«l(.«.ed IcupUl Juin; ih» lueol f«c» I
a«e. courty. tnn. nd a*
1
Bud
2
...-»
3
i!
<
]
s
PrauaiJe, pn:cnt j Ultimtt, (WCtrt
Moistuii.
•s-receivcd coil
S
Iky oul
Is
> 1
J
I!
i
s
9
1
10
I
11
1
12
£
13
S
1
14
Ciloiilic valgt
Blu.
as icceind
oasis
IS
•A
.1
If
IS
i)
»
Aih-sotleiuni
Icupciami. o f
!3
Nuxtwi ol
iitnoltcniu.
InpnJuin'
19
r
K
n
a
ft
21
                                    (Eo«)-Conunve,,.«,
-'


^
Em

^'~
**i T
12.6
uo.u



J5-3
39.2






J7-

3^-3
^o.'
to.c
37 -










•"" "

ii.?
52.".



S3-3






*~-5
y-*O
55-6
55-3
H ; G










u *
s'fl
f, ••
7.2


vft
7.5






5-1

3.1
I*. 6
5-C
V"



3-1









2.3


• ii
:.9






1.0

l.C
.7
1.0


• ^










•



"




(

-
"
V3







,
J'



"

'










'
"
70 7



"







"


•










-
*
' t











'
'

-










-

,,








i- J


1 j, . K
13i22

13,;-:

-~ i - -
. _.
12, TIC




*"*•**-•*
-*.32-
13.97C
It . cC
13, "W
:.J,2io


* - , 3 >W



•*• •


-•• • ^.
- - . ---


Ij.r.'i.

.^ . ,-_
•u ^
lJ,5i*C
13iC>




»- . ,-
lU.il?
13.1 '
13,-"
iu.it:
13, ?j-'


l-f •
lU.tV
U,3-c

' '
1 r&,\

-

*
1




1








1
1
1











- i J - *1




-t .
.
2. -40




- • "^
- . a-
'•^
- . ^
.\-8c


- . ..X
- • >*^
....
t,-5-
- . ."J
~ ' ' ,
.,-00



-

:

-







•
1
'
1
1



'






~ ^
. \-

-ii:i










-

3>C)
-f 1 1




uju>




"
"


•

""-
X
1





3
"
-

1.6
-

"
-»-4






-------

Knoi County
BarbourvlUe:
Rlchland orcp. plant 	
Do 	
Laurel County
London:
Load oo Tipple'. 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	 '.'.'.'.'.'.
Lee County
Beattyvllle:
Do 	 '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 	
Do 	
Do 	 '
Letcher County
Cumberland (Haxlan Ccumy):
Scotia 	
Do 	
Do 	 	 •'"
Do 	
Priailun: Highland Tipple 	
Wiltetburg:
Lorraine Tipple 	
Do 	
Nayklag Tipple 	
Sapphire 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
nm Tipple 	
«all« Tipple 	
McCrenry Coumv
Slcaj-M:
Stearna Hos. 21 and 2P
Perry County
Bulu:
Indian bad Tipple 	
JaXes fork Tipple 	
Do. . .
Coibi:
Big Creek 	


. Blue Oe» 	
. .do 	
. B=.-se Creek 	 	
. .do 	 • 	
• .do 	
Hazard Flo. ". 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
labcden 	

Elkhorn No. 3 and
Vr4tesburg.
.do 	
El>.hOro ffo. 3 and
Elkhorn Rider.
Elllhm-n No. 3 	
.do 	
.do 	
WM-.eoburj 	
.do 	
HD. 2. .
Raz«rd No.. 5-A and 7.
.do 	
Hazard lit.. 7 	
.'lo 	


7/3- by lA-lach (W and 31) (pun-
of-nlne, crushed to 7/3-lnch).
7-loch licp 	
7- by 3-Uch 	
1- by 3/S-1CC.1 (07)
Mcdlfled 3-inrh ty :, =ru.hed to
2- Inch (50* of 1- :y 3/3-incS
removed).
".-Inch 1-jop 	
"1- by 3- Inch 	
2- by lA-Inc.1 	 ." ' "
3A- by l/U-'.rcb (3-.3:b ly 0,
eruihed to 3/i-l:;i).
lA-loch by C 	
1-lA- ty l/l-'a-'- (v)
1-1/2-lnch l-y 0 fw) 	
1-lA-Inch ty 0 [tfj 	
3A-lnch by 0 (w) 	
Run-of -TI. ne, cruBhed to 2-lnch....
Modified ftu-i-of -il-e, cr-ahed to
2-lnch (50t cf 1-1/4- ty 3/8-
Inch reooved).
Run-of-zinc, crua.'-.ed *.o 1-1/2- lech
6-lnch lu-p 	
6- by U-lnch (w) 	
1-lnch, cruihed to 1-lach).
3/8-lnch ty 0 	
Run-or-E'.ne, cr-^.ed to 1-lA-lnch
..do 	
P"o-of-Elnr, crushed til 3-lrch. . . .
6-lnch by C, cr'.s^etf to ^-Inch
8-lnch -u-p....
8-lnoh t-y 0, cru«heJ to 2-lnch 	
6-lnch lump 	
6-lnch by 0, crjhtxl to 1-1/2-loch

170
210
10
15
15
50
10
10
10
20
8
27,339
736 D
1,71.1 D
lie D
270 T
210 T
50 T
270 T
60 T
to T
210 T
130 r
115 T
370 T
"•50 T
50 T
215 T
LO T
275 T
15 r
85 T
T 5
T 7.
T 8.
I 3.
T 5-
r s.c
1..9
r 5.8
r 5.6
r 10 o
2.8
2.7
3-6
9-5
2.3
5.7
5.3
2.1
2-5
3-3
ii.\
3-7
li.O
-.6
3 36.0 56.7 7.3
0 "tl.3 56.0 2.7
3 36.9 57.2 5.0
3 "0-2 5 -j 5-5
I - I :; -
-1-3 5 .i i.:
^•2 52.5 3-3
M.O 31.1 5.£
"•0-9 50.5 3.6
"^>.6 1.3.0 10.".
36.
36.
3"-.
35-
35.
3fi!i
10.6
M.fl
35.7
37.0
37.7
-0.2
33.3
36. 6
33.6
36.3
A.l

<\ 57.; 5.7
7! 5^ a <: 3
5 5>. 9 5.6
' 59.9 5.7 1
' i-6.2 13.4 3
55-7 8.3 i
53-1 8.1 i
56.0 7.0 i
55-6 3.8 1
5">. 3 3-9 1.
52.9 11.1. 1.
;3-3 3.2 i.
57.3 5.0 1.
17.1 is;u t.
5J.6 6.1 .
5.'. 3 9.6 .-
;-.- 7.0 .c
55.J 3.1. .6
i-.l 7.1 .6
5-- 9 5-0 .6
1.0 - -
1.2 - -
1.2 - -
3- • -
3-9 - - '.
1-3 5.6 79'. T 1.7
i.3 - - -

•9 - - -
. 0 -
6 - -
5 -
l - -
1 5-5 81.5 1.6
3 - -
5 - -
o - -
0 - .
r ...
-
-
.
13, U
13,61
12,94
13,73<
13,55
13,36<
12,90C
3.". 13,780
13,360
12,750
11,310
r
H,060
13,730
12,910
11,730
12,'seo
6.5 lu,170
12,550
13,210
13,1.10
12,1.60
13,010
13,350
12, '^P
•0 13,£50
o U.630
> 1»*,»10
3 H,l8c
3 li.DCC
J 13.95C
' 13,^90
l"i,500
H.,CjO
13,5-0
13,2*:
I1-, 3i: 5
1".,L«0
J"i,'2-3
12,07=
13.1-2C
Ij!tl3 1
i*,56c :
jit ,1*70 ]
13!5X :
11,-r-C 1
13.. '50 i
13, -i-C
1 3! 56C 1
1 2,U«
1 2,090
1 2,200
1 S^IO
1 2,090
1 2,250
1 2,060
i 2,310
1 2,200
1 2.5CO
6 S.91C*
2 2,910.
2,1-30
r.iiO
-=,"•33
2!i?3
3,300
2 '61.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6(1
5(1
-(1
.1(1)
of.)
715)
7}J3>
3(1)
,6u)
-(I)
5(1)
)
)
i-
.
X
1
00
41*
1,
39
1.6
33
37
• Uf W 4fU*«fi«
                                                      Ht lx«c«. l
                                                                         ,1 fc.mi.MJo.. «.j,.

-------
TABLE 1. • AralrUI ol >i°pl* °"d dtliwid lampltl duinj lh* f.icol inor 1966-ConliniM4
SMI. aafi. tnm. nl rin
1
Bo)
2
Siaofco*^
3
Appreiinatt tons
sampled
4

Kind ol SJmolt-'
S
Pro>i=jte. oweas
u
Uoiituit.
•vieceived
6
KENTUCKY-Cont,
Perry County — Continued
Bu«li

Lemthervood:

Scuddy Tipple 	
Do 	
Stoker Tipple 	
Do 	
Do 	
VI ceo:

me County
Blggi:
KrotlMd no. 1 	
Do 	
Do 	

EUHoro City:

Preeburo: Vulcan Tipple 	
LecUevllle:

Lookout:


NcCarr:

LlttJe Uop 	
HI Hard: Clark no. X 	
(touthcmrd: Cllatwood Tipple.
Pbclpa:


H*z*rd He*. 5-A ud 7-

.do 	
Biurt Ko>. 1 «nd 7-- •
-do 	
Hazard Ho. 1 	
.do 	
fUurd Bo. 9 	
Lover Elihorn 	
.do 	
.do 	



Cedar Grove and Pood
Creek.



tUhom Ito«. 1, 2 and
3-

Pood Creek 	
ElUioro No. 3 	
Cllnivood, Rsugr, Co&ie
*od Lower Elkjiorn.



6-inch by b, crushed to 1-1/U-iach
6- by 3-inch (w) 	
5- by 3-1D--H (tf) 	
6-Lncb lunp 	
U-inch by 0, erujhed to 2-lcch...-

li-lr.cn by 0, .-rushed to 1-lA-lcch
(or).
6-loch lurp 	
6-loch by 0, crushsd to 2-lr.rh....
Run-or-nloe, crushed to2-lnch 	
6- by 1-1 A- Inch (") (crujhed to
1-lA-lacn).
Middlings, cr-ashed to 1-1/1-incb
(w).
1/1-lBCh by 0 (U) 	
Ruo-of-a*ae, crushed to 2-tnch....
Run-of-Biae, crushed to 2-1/2-lnch
Run-of-=lDe, crushed to ?-kflCh....
Run-of-sice, .rushed to 1-1/1-tnch
1-1/1- by lA-lo<=h («) (Run-of-
»lac, crushed to l-lA-'nch).
1-lA- >>y 3/8-ln;h (Ruq-of-ndne,
crushed to 1-1/1-loch).
3/8- Inch by 0 	
Run-of-aLne, crushed to 2-lncn...
Run-of-iloe. crushed to 2-loch
RuB-of-BkOv, crulhed to 2-loch
(•te&a cc&l ).
Run-of-iloe, crushed to 2-lnch. ..
Run-of-Qlat. cruahed to 2-tnch
(2- by 3/3-lnch (»)}-
. .do 	

70
7,316
1,921
35
50
350
50
250
1,160
170
515
390
830
650
130
275
170
150
260
200
155
180
160
500
260
180
i
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
3-P
2.S
3-0
3-1
U.l
2.3
3-0
3-1
3-5
2.7
3-3
3-5
1-5
3.6
2.-
2.7
3-'
3-3
5-3
2.8
&.-
2.8
3-8
2.
3-0
3-
3-6
2.C
Ultioite. percent
Dry con
O
if
7
™.d
d
39.=
34- -
10.;
39-5
39.1
39-;
39- ""
oO.i
35-2
Jl-S
35.2
29.2
33-3
31. -
33-0
30.5
33-3
12.6
31.2
33-3
32.:
J3.C
35.1
33-7
}1-'
y.
jo.
11
U. u
8

53-i
52-5
55-9
56.7
56.7
5«':
57. i
r--
52.1
52.1
55.9
59-9
59.8
61.3
57.0
57-9
55-9
59.1
52.1
16.6
55.3
57.1
59-1
5fi.:
53. :
58.5
5>.0
53.o
5
9

6.6
1.2
U.J
8.3
2.2
i!s
6.3
9-3
12.3
5.2
5.0
1.9
11.6
9.1
13.6
6.7
5.0
19.2
11.1
12.1
10.6
5.5
8.1
13-2
7-5
8.-
13-7
10.
s
3
10

.3
1.0
.6
-5
.6
.6
.c
.6
.7
.3
2.1
2.5
.6
.6
.6
<
.6
.6
1.1
.<
1.6
1-9
.a
.1
. i
.8
1-5
2.0
a.i
I
X
11

5.1
5-2
1.7
5.0
u
a

92-5
73-9
•".3
71.1
75-9

£
13

1.5
1-5
1.1

S
I
U

6.0
6.5
5.5
5-3
Cilaiftc v*u«
Blu.
avieciivtd
b»»
IS

13.370
12,600
13,910
13,920
13,920
13.310
13,010
11,380
13laoC
12^320
13,030
ll>, 160
U. 0*0
11,1.50
11,070
13,180
13,590
12,650
13,160
13.86-j
11.370
13,050
12,650
13,?50
11,000
13,150
12, 020
13,580
13,o5O
12,660
11,310
.Z
at
IE

13.9CC
13.19C
1U.HC
11,3^
l~',TX
H, Tic
1-,32C
13.95C
13,390
11,573
U.99C
13!550
13,970
ll!l50
U.35C
12,0:0
13,130
13,270
13,630
11,550
13,760
13.150
ll.iXO
13.130

A
17

1
i
3
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

u.
c n
13

2,310+
2,910+
2,910+
2,310*
09C
2^320
2,570
J.5M
2,590
2.91O+
2,910+
2./10*
2,910+
2,670
2.710
2,710
2,360
2,620
2,680
2,680
2,760
2,910+
2.910+
2,670
.',150
2.91O+

if!
19

1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
i
I
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
i
1
1

f
If
B

1(1)
JKD
5J1)
6(1)
M
9(1]
51(0
'sill
7(1
8(1
6(1
9(1
6(1

ft
71

38
11
15
X
39 1
UD
50
56
56
58
57
5".
56
53
1.6
1.6
52
53
19

-------
(•DOLT lo. 1 	
Do 	
PlkevUle;
P. tad P 	
JjUnd Creel Dock 	
Rtgla:
Southern llihorrj Tipple 	
Vlrjle:
Icotucky lo. 1 Tipple 	
Pulukl Count/
SoKriet:
Ikerd ud Budy Ho. 1 	
HMUey County
Cortln: Woodbine Tipple 	
HllllwDiirf : S«vay Tipple. .
Pond Creek 	
.do 	
Blkhorn Ho. 2 	
UUiorn Ho. 3 (Upper
Split).
Blkhorn Ho. 3 	
Rlkhorn Hot. 1 tod 2.
Elkhorn Ho. 2 	
Ho. 3 	
JeLltco 	
.do 	
6- by 1-1 A- Inch (w) (crmSed to
1-lA-lnch).
1-lA- by lA-lncb, (w) 	
Run-or-Blne, cruthed to ?-lnch...
Run-of-Bloe, crushed to 1-1/b-lac
Run-of-Blne, crushed to 2-lnch...
..do 	
..do 	


. .do 	

365
">55
275
150
170
tio
too
300
110
135

T k.
T U.
T 5.
T 5.
T U.
I 2.
T 7.1
• k.5

38.
33-
32.
35.
36. i
36.1
1

51* •
55.
ta.
51.
55.1
56.9
53-5


i-
7.
11 .
17.
16.
9.
6-5
9-c


1.
1.

l.(
1.1
1.6


5.3
5.1
l. 6

-


77-5
68.7

-


1.5
1.0
1.2

•


5.
7.
7-


U.kl
It, 16
13,2}
12,3?
11,56<
L2,97t
12, '&.
1 3,2^0
^2,300
lit, Bk
H-,85
13,80
13,09
12,19
12,50
13,36(
13.19C
13.36C
13.39C
1
1
1
1
1
J
1
1
1
1
2,910
2,910
2,910.
2,91-
2,600
2,660
2,7TC
2.2SC
i
i
i
i
i
-X:
"«":!
W,
5)
57
50
41
KENTUCKY 	 ' 	 ' 	 ' 	
(«•»)
Hopklni Couty
Colonl&l 	
Pie. 	
Do 	
Do 	
Ple« (dock co»l) 	
hint Ourlei:
Bufr&lo Creek 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
NuhleotMrg County
Central City:
Creicent (Brier Cretk) 	
Do 	
Greenville:
Cfcney Creek ....
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
fedUonvllle (Bopkln* Cour.'.y):
Vocue 	
Do 	
Vogue (dock coU) 	

Ho. 11 	
.do 	 	
.do 	
.do. . .

Ho. 6
.do. . .
.do 	
Ho. 1! 	
.do 	
.di, 	
.do 	

.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	

3A-loch by 28-de3i; (w) 	
1-1/2- Inch by 2S-cr:ti (w) 	
1-lA- by lA-lnch (W) 	
1-lA- by 1/li-lnch (W) 	
1-lA- by 1-lnch (w) iRua-of-«lne,
cruBhed to 1-lA-lccli).
1/2- by lA-lnch (w) 	
1-1/2-Lnch by .?&-»• jh (w) 	
7- by 2-Inch (w) 	
5- by 2-locn (u) 	

l-l/2-lnch by 0 (u) 	
3- by 3A-inch (W) 	
7- by 2-lnch (u) 	
1-lA-lnch by 28-aesh (W und OT;..
l-l/Ii. by 1/lt-lnch (W)

1.503 D
1,580 D
1-55 D
1.652 D
150 T
1-50 T
200 T
1 , 761 D
10t D
Ik, 023 D
30,81.2 D
5,372 D
5,506 D
207 D
22,580 D
203 D
kOl D
7.
7.1
8.0
S-3
9.6
10.3
12. C
13.5
9-6
6.'
i.2
7.5
8.5
9-1.
7.9
10.1.
7.1.


fcj.fc
1.2.9
kl.8
1.1.
1.3-0
I-3-2
"•3^1
M.7
"-J.8
1.2.3
Ujii.
13.6


50.8
50. ii
50.5
50. J.
55.8
1.9.9
1.9.5
50.0
1.9.9
I.9-6
1*9.2
i.S.9
1.9. 1.
U8.6
50.H


6.
6.2
6.1.
6.-
3-8
3-(
3-7
7.1
7-3
7-3
7.0
6.7
6.7
6-9
8.6
5.-"
6.0
6.1.


3-
3-1
3-3
3-2
1-9
1-9
1.8
3-1
3-1
3-5
3.6
3-5
3.1
3-i
3.1
3-C
3.1


-

-



-

-



-





•

-


12, 5C
itf.SOC
12, ~3C
12 ,'396
12,230
1^,550
12,3OO
l«. 5O-
12,1-90
1-.33C
12,650
i.'.cac

13,5*
13,550
13,650
13,olO
13.61C
ll.cyo
13.9--0
11., 090
13,5^:
13,'^>-
13,1-90
13, t be
13,170
13,660
13.6.T

10
5
3
7
1
1
1
1
3
i
17
12
0
1
1
1

>, 1.C
2,1?:
..IOC
i
i
k
-*?. '
3JU'|
X
r— -
o
5;
i/ Naaken «k>r« 1 Udiru* iW >uWH W Mi
                                                             ^ "••Wri '• f«n>iW«« ladcoc I
                                                                                                t of T—rr»imin«i BU>.

-------
TABLE I. • kno\r*** ol lipdl. and o.liorx) tomplll Ji»iA8 ill. t\ ft*
Slate, county, toon, and Bine
1
StO
J
Sinofcoal-y
3
AppraiinlU toni
sampled
4
Kind ol i»ol»y 1
S
Praiinjtf. percM
Moidiue.
ayteceived coal
0
UltiBJtt. patent
On/ coal
*2
£1
;
11
u- u
j
s
9
3
J)
10
c
*
z
11
o
12
g
X
13
I
14
CllVlflC lt\A
\ Blu.
as itccivcd
tUSIS
IS
*1
.1
J£
IS
A
11
17
Ash-solteninf.
Mpnatut. ° F
11
•ft
11!
13
?
K
li
3
III
21
                            KENTUCKY-Gxitinutd
                              (WtiO-Conl.fiutd
Union Ccun'.y
StUTRls :
Do 	
Whtatcrof; (Vebtter Cau='.y):







3- by 1-1/2-ln-fl (•') CR- --c*-- ie
crushed tD 3-incii).



> 300




T




3 2









50 5




































































                                  MISSOURI
fccoo County
Excello: Bee Veer 	



' -l/l*- ty 1 l*-1 acr (w)

2 915

ft

13 6



























i

                                  VONTAMA
                                                                                                                                                    X
Carbon County
Red loagt:
(taokcleia and Sootless 	
Do 	
Ite 	
Do 	
ttuaselshsll County
Roxindup:
Bin 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
(Vl'^ri' Prill .....
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
RicMtnd Couc'.y


.10. i 	
.do 	
.do 	



.do 	
.do 	

,do, 	








5- by 2-lnch (tf) 	
1-1/1*- by 3/&-ii;ch (w) (?- by
1-1/U-locb, crushed to l-l/k-
inch).


12- by 7-lnch 	
7- by U-:ocJi 	
4- by l-l/2-icch 	









28
18



3
6
a
6
g
Q







T
T



T
T
T
T









10.9
9 3

18 I*

12. U
X2.0
!?.!»
12.6

LI S



12 6



37 fi
39 5
V 6
vi «;

V».5
1*. "*
1-.6
35.5



^- fi





= 6 *
e' 6

f,f, C

11.3
55.7
5'. 3
r-9
^2 6





S •)


5 6

5 6


10."
*•€




. ", " I





1 0

l 8



.u

g





g


5 0





-
-









"*3 3






-









' Q






-









* 3 5





-
-














. :(~cc

_!,c-:
I'~^X
Z'lx "
-.
'•' • -\

• ' -~~~








\2,2K
12.-2C
• - = V
-i.'-;*
.3,^20














1
1
-
•
1

*
*




2*06C



2,330
i,3a:
^,J-:
3, r
-------
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

.do 	
.do 	


1-lA- ty 1/lt-lneh 	
lA-lnch ^y C 	 .' 	


30
15


T
T


13.5
15.?


U.I.
M.5
1*3.9

<"7.5
W..9
"•9.?

« i
13.6
b-'J
7.6
1.0
1.2
.;
.8

.
•


.
-


.
-
"

.

'

10, op
11,810
11,330

11,930
13, in
12,760

1
8
11

2, 550
•2,320
2,3=0
2,5°:

1
1
3
.*

I.'.,



53

-
                                                                                             NORTH
Burke County
Lar«on:
Do 	
Mercer County
Bcul&h:
Beulah 	
Do 	
Haien: DokoU Star 	
Zap: Indian Hrtrt 	
jfcrd County
Velv« (McHeory County):
Velva 	












1-1/2- by l/l*-iDch

..do 	
l-l/?-L=ch by C 	
. .do





; fl?i

27, 1.61
5.259


U,?53




p
D





33-9

15 3
35- B

33-9
37-9


33-5

1*0 6
LI.:


^3-1


51-3
;c.3
-a 5
1*3.2

17.3
50.1


9.2
".!>

9.7
9-8
10.1
6. a


.&


• J

.3
• i


•


.
-




•


-
-




•



-







.





7,UO
7.590

0-93°
7. i*~
7, CIO
~,29C
f.,^OC


11,360
11.300

10,790
10,550
.1,000
U.OiO
11,110


1
15

jo
20
1
5
53


2,'UC
2,:3C

2,r;
_
2,210
?,510


1
7

?
_
2
:2



-

•
.

•


•
-

•



                                                                                                  OHIO
Colu-.blana County
Ueboo;
Sneid Bo. 1 	

Snrui »•_. 2 	
Ellen: Julliord 	

Coshocton County
Ccuhocton: Broken Aro 	
Jefferson County
t**l Springfield: Jeosle 	

telthfleld: Burvay Ho. 1 	
Perry County
Hev Lexington:
Sidwell Ho. 2 	


Sunn/hill prep, plant 	


Do 	

Do 	

Shawner: St*r
Scner«et; Old Ml. Perry 	



Middle Kltuuinlng (No.
6) -

Middle Klllonniiu (Ho
6).

.do 	

Lover lUttAnnlog (Ho.
5)-
Pittsburgh (Ro. 3) 	


Middle Kltt*nning (Ko.
6).

.do 	


^



do
do •



R r -< -
	
do
do


1-1/2- by lA-inch (W) 	

1-1/1*- fcy lyl*-loch (W)...

Run-or-mlne, crjched 10 b-inch....


1-1/U- Inch by 0 fw)


1-1/it- by 1/1*- Inch (W) 	




1-1/b- loch by C1 fw)


Run-of-si oe, crushed to 1- 1/2* loch
on o -aloe, cruitied to 1-Uch (W)



150

75
U9

V689


' "
3£o



25 i 630

16 630



it, 896

20,056

100
1*20



T

T
T

D

j

T



)














5-1

11.6
6.3

7-3

3r
• y
7.8



9-0


i'*


9-1

7-5

9-'>
y.6



36."

J1.6
3d. 5

1.5.6


141.0
36.6



^3-7


2-3


1.1. 5

Ii2.li

10. 1
1.6.2



1.9.2

53.'
5k. 0

1.9. u


51. 3
51.0



1.3.0


^.7. 1


1.7.6

1*7.1.

1.8. 6
1.7.7



11*. 1

15.0
7.5

5.1


7.7
12.1



8.3





0.3

0.2

1-3
6.1



1. .!.

. |
2.8

2-9


^- -
2.1.



3-1


3.0


2.8

2.9

?.l
3-1



-

-





•
.



"





"

"


•



-


"

_


•




'









-
-





-





-
.



*





-



-
-



-


-

.



_



~









-




12,0?:

10,510
12, -1*0

1^,5*


-'3,260
11,61.0



11,920


Jl.djO


11,5^0

11,550

11.1._0
12,0i'-0



12,6"0

.1,3?:
13/CC

13,5^


13, Sco
17,610



13, IX


12, 'SO


1-.690

13. *X

!C,l-!.'
l3lj-J



i

1
i

8


a
i



1,6


S3


6

:5

1
1



2,?i^:

".5 — '
:,'ooc

2,11?


2,i^C
2. 11C



2,150


3,?"0


2,21.0

-'!*

J.c .'
J . . -V






-




,'
,



!i


5


3

-J


:



=!(-,


-}<-;

( ^


^\ ' *
=••''•!



-,|;J
-U1,'

.\ . 1 '
-' J \ 5 /
^ * " ^
-'1-'
•*\ .
1 1 1 . *

->-)
• ^ r '
-,.'



c:

X
1
"' r- '
N)



.




-


-


-

-

^^
-J
ll SM EpluuiM •( Sr.boli (f. )).           i/ Natan iten 1 iidicut lU tubtr .1 Mimiei ».
                                                                                                                           « tadicuc i

-------
TABLE 1. - Anolrmot tippl.md J«li««»«d iampl«i ji»injih« liual ,xn 19M-Caiimu««l
fc*», aunty, torn, ml nine
1
fed
1 :
,.,.,
3
AppiaxiniK loni
MBpiri
«
Kind ol jwole/ 1
S
Praiinute. peicnt
Uoisluie,
iviKtived coil
6

il
> e
7
ll
8
Ultimate, peccnt
DtycoK
<
9
J
10
|
1
11
!
12
S
g
£
13
S
o
11
Calwific v4v*
III
15
_.a
s«
16
z S
17
Astvwllcninj
Icnpemme. • F
18
•ggs
111
z S S
13
L
n
2J
111
21
                             OHIO-Conlinunl
Tuscarawaa County
MldraJe:
MJdvaJe 	
Do 	

Do 	



6).
do .





1-lA- by lA-ioch (U)




75
U 29^*

180



n




5 3

c G










50 0





6 7



































































.^(:'







                                OKLAHOMA
Craig County
Welch:
Ffctch 	
Do 	
Badkell County

Stlftler: Garland 	
Le Plore County
Poteau:

Do 	 	 	
Roger a County



Do 	
Do 	
Do 	







S*lgler














Run of mio« crushed to 2 lach


•



3 1 n/-h 1 imm


Modified Fun of aloe crushed to
1-1/fc-locb (1/2-Loch by 0
reaoved).







fis


6^0








600



























6 6






7 **




ft 7







26 2



21 8














69 7



67 3

sfl I


cQ L





3 5


c Q










































































































"










Q


















i 1 in








13,230






*














-1 .«-v^














~
2,230



"






'





*
"



3' • \



- -





..
"J(-J



"




















                                                                                                                                             X
                                                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                                                             U)
PENNSYLVANIA
(Anttinxitt)
Pauphlo County
l^rkejiB:
Do 	
lAckAwuuiA Coudly
TVlor: Taylor (Kaff>t) 	







. ,do 	

91.2
1,^7
296
D
D
0
3-3
7.1
e.u
7.9
7.6
6.7
TT.7
77.3
71.1
1UA
15.1
19-2
.6
.6
.6
-
-
-
-
15,550
11,950
11,110
12,060
12,3oO
12,130
2
10
1
2,580
2,700
2,880
2
tl
1
-
-

-------
1— W~T Tri-z-.y
Aanley :
Do. 	 , .
Do


Svcryeravil_le:
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
De 	
W!l*i-K-«^— *• t*T"«V—
HorthiAberlud Ca^.:/
Btmmolla:
Do 	
Do.
Do . .
Do 	

rrcvorton:
Do 	
Do 	
gchqrUUJ CCUE-.J
DonaJdjoo:
Do 	
Do 	
Mloerivllle:
Do. .

PolUvllle:
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Do
Do 	
Do. .
Shennndoah:
Bo*« 	
Do. . . .
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	

Tutqva:
Do 	
Do 	 , 	

Valley V!«:
Hoc her
Do 	
Do
Do 	 , .
Do 	









*















































pea 	



Pt& 	


Pea 	

Rice 	
Barley 	



Egg 	






Rice 	







Pea 	


Pea 	






pea 	









pice 	




Fice 	 4 	 ...

^k
\ JT'<
20 J*jl
50
1 603

150
70
100
70
50
50
50
5 779

1,215
6311

767
22 UWj
8*
1 688
39^


759
597
7i?s3
601
3 162
?S


25
30
2O
2O
15
50
50
50
6O
6O
50
5°
50
3 U06
U88
692
11,233
7,253
780
1 "^67
a to^
1*1* 016
3. 60S

n
r>
r>
D
r>

f

T

T
T
n

n
p





n



r>
n

"i



T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
p

T

T
n
n

n
n
n
n
n
p
D

3 8
3 5
8 c

U c
U j
fc.6
:* A
j.e
3-5
>,7
j 9
9 7

3-5
3 5

l, g
6 l*
3 6
i e
i 5
6 o

3 1»
k-5
8.9
2 6
3 3
5-0

5 8
5-?
6.0
6 o
5-5
5-7
5-1
5 7
5 8
6.?

7 2
9 **
5.1*
3-0
5.0

7-6
3- 3
3.1
u.o
3-7
b.3
5-0

5 ^
5 c


6 '

5 •
^ 7

5- *
^ •
J £
6 2

6.3


6 ^






6 ^
7 7
6.6
6 2
6 :
£.6

It 5
5' 1
5- Q
5 it
6-5
6.2
11.3
t*."5
ti L
li.5
t* 3
i* "-

5-?
7.6
t.3
b ^
b.c
7.1
7 "
7.C
7- >*
7. j
7.1

32 5

53 0
a2 9
2l ^
35 '
= > c
3- -
-, '-.
= j-3
:'; ' i
^ ,
DO '

52.5
32 1
31 L

31 1


35 "


3.0 7

30.0

Si' •
32.-
ao t
56 t
5^ 9
=1 a
8i 5
60. 0
oo.o
37.2
?7.1
67 1
ti.S
86 7
a3 l
31 j
51.6
"1 "1
57. 3
P- -
35. u
3i.it
83.1
£3-2
=2.9
£2.6
£2.Q


'4 d





9 «
.0 'S

lj-2
1 ? i*
1 3 7

! ' 0
LO 9
11 1*



6 2
6 1


13 6
li $
il.2

1 3 3
U . r
fi 7
0 C
i .1 -
l£. 3
'0 1
13 5
'? ^
fl s
P 7
q 5
9 -



12.0
11 2
R N
* ?
10.0
11.5
9 l
T S
9 7
10. 3
10.0

8
g




5
r,
t
fi

7
6

e
c,



3
0
n



5
. 5


.6

6
5
6
6
5

.5
5

. 5

t,

.^
6
. 5,

. 5
.t,
G
.6
.7
.6











































































































































































































































1Z.7JO
i?,3'^















11 OTC

13 13-
1 2 55C





11 •"**

1-3 550







13 06C


1 J XC
i ?,96c
1 l HC
1 i 070

12 5^0
1^.930










13,loO
12,5-0
'2 70
2,9KH
J?,5tO

2. ^X)
risso
2.1-70
2,t,,V
1
2
16
1
2
1
1
i
1
1

i
1
13
1
2
2
1.
11
•
1
.
"
3

13
1
6

.
1

1
1

.

1

l
l
1
1
1C
.
1-
15
0
.
I
:.
!3
1
•/).£*<.

-------
TABLE  1. - AftojyM« of tipple endjUli»«r«
If
a
4
Kind el samjIfrV
5
Piwinite. peicent | Ultinae, percent
Moisluie.
avieteived coal
6
Dry cod
9>
si
7
Ji
B
<
'
1
10
1
11
J
12
z
13
d
14
taloiific viuo
Blu.
js received
basis
IS
.1
3 >.
03-5
16
J|
z S
17
AsJvsollcnjnj
leapeiHuit, ° F
18
•3 B 3
|1|
19
K
H
a
III
ZI
                            PENNSYLVANIA-Continued
                               (Anthrocito)-Coniinued
Schnylklll County --Cont Uizd
Valley Vlev (Continued):
TJK be- Svntarn







17,286
1,002
D
D
U 6
3.1
7- 3
6.8
81 1
80.3
' l -
12.9

•'







-



13.C1C
zt
u
2,770
2.5JC
2
:

PENNSYLVANIA
(Biruminouj)
Allegheny County

Champion No. 1 (dock coal)
Vlldvood:
vlldvood 	
Do 	
Armstrong County
Avonoore (Uestooreland
Coujoty ) :
Do 	
Do 	

EdBOn:
Do 	
Klttanalog:
Decker 	

Sallna (Weitaorelaod County):
Do 	


.±3 	
T^li-k Preeport 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Lover Kit tunning (B)..



Lover tit tanning (B)..
.do 	

1-1/li- ty 3/16-lnch (w and OT) 	
1- by 1/U-i-c.l 61
13,819
6,896
3,280
726
200
100,695
8,153
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
T
0
0
1.6
U.li
U.6
2.9
2.1-
1.6
2.8
2.8
2.2
2.7
U.O
2.5
2.0
39-9
37.6
37.2
37-3
35.1
37.8
33-?
3M
30.5
36.0
37-3
51.3
51 6

57-6
57.0
56.3
53-9
55-9
57.8
5V6
55. k
3.2
6. 6

7-3
7.6
9-0
8.3
11 5
10.9
7.7
21.0
7-3
2.5
1-5
I 5

1.5
1.6
1-9
3.1
1.0
1.5
2.1-
2.1
-

-
:,



-
66.3



-
1.2



-
5.6
13. 5i:
1 • 6 ' "
13,330
13,91:
.13.52C
13.5^0
13.06C
13,290
13,610
11.3OC
13,560
13.990
13, -SC

li.,130
13,510
13,930
13,500
13,550
13,7?C
13, 9W
1U.270
1
22
1
36
1?
10
19
22
10
6
!.
1
13
i, ro
2,300
2,.'3c
2.->y
i, OP
6
3
1
_=-(!)
_?(i)
111
1:1
X
i
f—
5?

-------
Tatesboro:
Margare t 	
Do 	
Butler County
PorterivlUe:
Ueftero Rlcior/ Tip;-"-* 	
Do 	
Caabrla Covuuv
BakerLon:
Laneaahlr* Ho. IS-- — 	
Do
Baroeiboro.
C. I. Ho. 2 	
Lula fey
Carroll town:
Carroll tovn Ho- 1 	
Baat LDAB:
Drlicoll Wo. -2 Tipple 	
Do 	
Do 	
Johnstown:
Do 	
Man teller:
DrlBcoIl Ho. 5 Tipple 	
Spookier:
Do 	
Do 	 , 	
Centre County

Clarion County
ffuMervllle (Jefferson
County ) :
Way land 	
Clearfleld County
Blftler:
Do 	
Do 	
Coal port:
Apple No. & 	 , 	
Eartiiaus: Hoffman Ho. 3 	
Lutherabur?:
UtAhvllle: Cross Road a 1. . 2-
TJpper Freeport (E)....
Middle JUttaanlfig (C).
Lover Kittarjilng ,(B)..
Kiddle Kltt*nnlng (c).
Upper Freeport (B)....
.do 	


Upper Kit. tana log (C
prioc).
.do 	
Lover Freeport, (D)....



.do 	
Lower Preeport (D) 	


Lover Freeport (D)..,.
Hiddl- lUttannlng (C)
anl Lover Freeport (D)
Upper Klttannlng (C
prlne).
'Jpp-r Fr""por-. (E)....
Ru.-.-of-'alDe. crushed to \-lfi-lnc.
(w and AC).

..do 	
l-l/2-ia:h ty 0 (W ar*i AC'-
1-1'li-iach by 0 (W asd AC) 	

Rua-of-aloe, crashed LO 3/^- lach. .
1-1/t-lnch by 0 	
1 -1 'I*- 'och ^uco (CT)


I*- Sy 1/2-inch 	
Ruu-or-a.'ne, crested to t-iach




..do 	
1-1/1*- ty 3/3-ir.ch (W) 	

3/U-is-!, by C 	
11/1* by 3/!*-in"h (W)
Run-of-r.lne , crushed to 2-ia?h..,,
Riii-of-nin*, crushed -.0 3/--inch
(AC).
U6o
62,592
1.8
t6
•>8o
-7,789
150
275
22,306
1C1
491
376
1.595
790
6
56
60
19?
13
899
2 V*9
760
W
600
28?
T
D
T
T
D
D
I
T
T
n
T
T
D
D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
D
n
D
r
D

3-
6.3
4.9
3.7
3."
4.3
4-5
2.6
3.5
2.7
1-5
1.2
3-1
3.9
5.1-
2.5
2.8
1.9
1 y
2.E
3.0
c
L.l.
It. 3

35- c
37.5
21.6
21.3
24 !c


16.7
16.3
2«.5
23.7
22.9
22.6
22.5
22. 4
35.«
24.0
25.2
24.2
23.4

57.2
57.0
1-7.3
53-6
71.7
70.6
62.7
63.1
62.1
65.6
6t 6
66 3
72.9
74 c
65.9
67.9
71.5
71-5
56.8
5C.5
61.9
67.2

65.3
61.. 5
56.2
6c.l

7.
8.
11.9
6.7
7.6
12. It
12.9
13.0
9-5

10. 1
9.6
8.-
5.6
11.6
20.9
lu.l
7-6

O.C
~ c
C 5

1.6
1-5
6.2
1-9
2.1
2.2
.8
.6
2.8
2.3

1.1
l.U
1.2
1-3
2.0
1.1
1.7
1 2

2.3
2.7
1.8
2.7
7

4.6


-
4.5

U.6
u.u

77.7
76.6
75-9

-
80*9
71. »

73.1
77.2

1.2
1.0
1.1

-
l.»
l.k

.4
.ll

L.U
2.6


3-5
0.0

S.7

13,600
11,730
12,5U>
14,130
i4,ooo
13,11*
13,»9C
13,43C
'-3.9W
13,610
:3.59C
11,550
12,600
12,950

13.4;:
13.XC
U,i?o

Ik, 040
13,970
12,590
13,190
14,670
13,560
13,380
;«,o3c
13.60C
14.J5C
14.05C
14,200
14,790
14,790
13,350
12,180
I", 960
13. 2K
13,840
'-3,610
14,30.
12,870
13,940
I
1
67
1
1
1
61
1
1
1
25
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
i
i
3
i
1
1
1
1
1
•2,550
2,500
2,130
2,3:--
2,9:0+
2,290
2,290
~ t ~-*~
2.910-*
2.350
2,710
I-"-
                                                                                                                                                                5(1)
                                                                                                                                                                        62
                                                                                                                                                                        53
                                                                                                                                                                        3"
                                                                                                                                                                        81
                                                                                                                                                                        93
                                                                                                                                                                      •lOli
                                                                                                                                                                        53
I/ Sm E^l-.d«. ol Sr.bc). (p. 5).
Naaber* *bevc 1 udicu* (S« aaaker of deli»»rie» Awraf
                                                                  A/ NuWrt !• pw
                                                                                         i tftdicue itc
                                                                                                            of detcn

-------
TABLE 1. - Ajwlym of lippl. am) dili.«f«d lamplM iforlng tt<« fiteol r— lM6-Co>ii>M^
ftja. aatj. tgm, mb mint
1
Bid
2
,.„,
3
Agpmiaiti toni
inpltd
4
Kind ol «m>l»V |
5
Prouojte. certrt
Moislme,
•V-IKtKCd COII
'

55
£3
J
**• u
I
Ultioati. p«unt
dry cad
•5
9
J
10
1
x"
11
J
u
|
z
U
g
o
U
(Uonficrtut
Ulu.
•i-itcilnd
b»li
:s
.1
5t
16
ff
17
u.
fir
1!
19
^
•8 g 3
Hi
U
S
K
U
a
!ti
:i
                          PENNSYLVANIA-Confinwd
Clinton County
Pottertd&le (Cle&rfleld
County):
Indiana County
CXy*er:
Imperial Keyttooe 	

Pele» Bo. 2. . .
DlxooviLie:
Mernr* Tipple 	
Do 	
Do 	

bcahbcn:
Do 	
Do 	 , 	
Do 	
Robinson: PYlel 3o. 6 	
StArford: Cleulde I*o. 2....
Hercer Couatr
Perry-Boti Tipple 	
Do 	
SoJKnet Count j
Co*i JuDctloo prrp. pL&at..
Central City:
Relit Bo. 3-B 	
ftelti Bo. d 	
VcoanAO Coucty
Crore City (Hercer County):



and Middle Kit Hum ing
(C).
Lover KLttAnnlog (D)..


do
.do 	

.do 	

.do 	
.do 	
do.

Lower Kit Canning (B)
aod Lov«r fY report 0))
Brookvllle (A) . . .


Lower Kit tanning (B)
aod Middle Kltt&tuUag
(c).

and Upper Xlttannlog
(C prLne},
Brookville (X)




1-iA- fcy 3A-incb (u) 	






(AC).
1-3/U-lnch (K-jo-of-aice, crushed
to 3-lnch).
1-lA- by lA-lneh (uj 	
J-LA-inch ty 0 	
5/16-incti ty 0

thuj-of-niue, c rustled to 1-lnch....


Ruo-or-bine, crushed to 3A"i£ch
(50* AC).





1*^2




5^9


165

1,25*
&2Z
k?9
il S"5!
906
71*


1CJ6


Ifik




n







D
D
p
T


T





1) ±

1.7


2 £
2 6

2*2

i-9





6.3
2 6


k 7




2fl,2


33 C
27 -
23 1


au.L

34 5
xR <;


17-3
16 E

Tfl 1














c: '
ec.7


69-3
-Q g







a



~* •






3 -


13-i











" "






3.1


1.9


















•








•












•













""


. .




•
















. .




•


-











-_ .-->-

r^'^j^


:-,ifc

13.2W
_-f,Ci?J

U.UO











A3'^°



1*1,330
U.270

13.710


13.260















6
3

i


1










..000
2,100
e^i /.


2,2^0
2. 250

2.300


2,570











-
•
-

2

*
1


1








i
**\

• *

.•*• ,



•' ' i '
i/ , \


5(1)
I ' \
*U
k













•

•







                                                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                                                               I

-------
WeitDor*laDtl County
Fr««port (Amc-.roog Couaty):




S-vlUburg (lodltoa Count/):















do 	


2- by 3/8-loch (OT) 	

1- by 1/fc-lnch 	



Ruo-cr-nlne, crushed to 2-incb (W
and AC).
1-1/fc- ty 3/&-tncb (w) 	
1-1/2- in'-h by 0 (U and AC) 	


69M

1), 620



330

1*87
181


n

n



-

n
n


2.7

1.5



14 J

1.2
1.5


VII

36.6



ys.z

33. t
33.0


52.6

51* 5



57.8

59.1*
60.1


II 1

fl •)



10. C

7.2
6 9


2.0

2.3



2.2

1.1.
2.2








1.9

.









77-1











1.3

_









d c





13,050

13,61*0



13,260

'1* 090
1U,120


13,klO

13,850



13,830

1U,270
1U,3I*0


22

,„,



1

2
1


2,360

2,250



2,2W>

_



6

6



1

.



7i(2)
ofe
m
62
01/1 \
8jU)
9(1)

8(0

.









_

_
.

                                                                                              TENNESSEE
Caapbel 1 County
Sat* re ha*.

Do



Do 	


Grundy County




Isia M ntAtn













1-1/2-Inch by 0 	



lil/Li- inch by 0 	







6,278
2,772



8,967



30, 291*



n
D



n



r>



3-1
5-7



5.5



3-1



fcl 1
36.2



38.2



29-7



56.5
511.5



55.7



59-3



2.1"
9.3



f< 1



ll. n



n
1.1



1.0



.fl








_












,












_












_







1U 120




13,090



12,990



la, 570
13,300



13,850



13,1*10



9
15



20



31




2.U60



2,1*)



2,650




5



7



7




li
J

5
H<
3
h

6
7



1)
1)
2)
1
li
2)
[2!

M
3)


,
_







.



Cvboo County

Bclper:
Carboo Fuel 	

Uavmtha:
Klna






Wellington:




Kfcery County
Dra^ertoo (Carbon County):

Do 	




Castle Gate B 	









•'*' 	 " 	 ' 	






.do 	




1-5/8- Inch by 0 	

1-5/8- by 3/16-loch 	




1- by 3/16-loch (OT) 	



1-5/6- by 3/16-lnch 	





1-5/8- by 3/16- Inch 	



5,647

763
951*
10,529

633
ll* 1*19
5,98?
18,505

6,23".
2,Wi7

390


30
7,575

UT

p
D
T>
n
n

r>
r>
n
n


r>

n
n


T
D

AH

h.li

It 7
b.8

5.9
3.5
k.O
It. 2


3-5
5.1
>*.o
5-7

6 >.
6-3
5.5



1.3.8
I.5.S
• 5.7
l>5.6
1*7.0
1.5.9
1*6.1
1*6.9
1.5.0
i*i*.6
1*5.0

1*0.°
UO."1
1*0.8
to. 5

1.0 U
1*0.8
•0.6



1*8 0
1.7.3
1*7.1*
117.3
1.6.9
U8.1.
1.7.7
1*6.9
1*7'. 2
>>6.9
U6.8
51* 1
51*. o
51*. 1
5l4.ll


51 5
51.0
51-9



n •>
6.9
A 9
7.1
6.1
5-7
6.2
fi ?
n B
fl 1
fl '

5.1
5-2
1. H
<, 1.

8 1
fl i
7.5



.ll
•3
.3
.3
.5
.5
.5
,1
.7
.7
.8

.li

.li
.1.

1 0
F
.7




-





















-










„





_




-
















.




-
















.



12,720
12,370
12,810
12 780
12,990
12,8SO
12,350
13,2UO
13 ooo
12,720
12,630

13, 350
13,100
13,280
12,000


l-'.liOO
12,580



13 300
13,1*80
13,1*50
13,1*10
13.650
13,7^0
13,660
13,720
13 5W
13,28n
13,230
13 860
13,31*0
13,600
13,830
13,600


13,130
13,3-V



72
60
70
11
1
U
5
U
17
ll
33

ll
16
1
5


1
)0




2,250
2,270

2,060



^,190
2,200
2,180

o 2-o
2.2OO



2 350

^(UJO




2

1
5


2
li
a

U
15



L
1
10




3(1)
.

.
.

.
.


.
lid)

_

3(1)

3(1
X
1
I—1
00


-
_


.

.
^
_

.
.
.
.


.
.
/ SM E^luuio* of Sfmboli >. 3V
                                        2/ Noibcn thev* 1 iwEcv* iW

-------
TABLE  1. • AnolySM of tippU and dlliv«r«d MRiplw during tfo fiical y*or 1966-Conlin
Slate, county, lo«m. and mine
1
Bed
2
-.-v
3
Aoptoumjte Ions
sampled
4
Kind of sample^ II
S
Piuinute. peicent | Ultimate, poccnt
Moisluie.
axeceived coal
e
Dry coal
ii
55
7
11
8
,9CB
D
5.9
W.5
52. C
7.5
,




12,560
13, 3W
15
2,1.53
5
.
.
VIRGINIA
Buchanan Coupty
roo&vay:
UUle B«ftr Tipple Ro. 2-.-
Do 	
Do 	
Star Tipple 	
Thorn* Tipple 	
Gruody:










_ .. ^ .
Rockhouse prep, plant 	


Uolfpeo Bo. 2 Tipple 	
Barou:
Cllntvood Tipple 	
HarBttn 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Karmao Spur Tipple 	
Hurley:


Keen Mountain:
K*en Mount* ID 	
En&le and Hagy 	
Hagy 	
Splash Dam and Kennedy



	
K d





Sple-sh Dam 	
Cllatuood 	
Splash DOB 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Cllntwood 	
Splash Daa, Hngy and
Blair.

Love r Banne r 	 	
Rua-of-cine. crushed to 1-lA-lnch
(W axd CT}.
6- — i l-l/--'acr (w) 	
l-l/!t- by 1/w-inch (w) 	
I/1*- inch ty 0* 	
Run-of-21 ac, :• rushed la 1-1/Vioch
R-ja-of-s. -.-, .-.-\j:hed '.o 2- Ir.c-i. . - .
RuD-of-niDe, cr'jshed f. 1-1/2-inch
Modified Run-of-r.iae, crushed to
l-l.!*-iOCh (SO* Of 1-1/1*- fcy
1. It-iach removed) (w).
1-lA- by lA-laeh (y) 	
3- ty 3/3-lcch (w) {Rus-of-aUe,
crushed *o 3*4-r-c."i).
3/3-l±ch fcy 0 (AC) 	
Run-of-nioe, ,-.-ushed *.o 1-1/2-inch
w.
Rua-of-ninc, crujh«J to l-l/--ln;h
i- by 1-inch 	
1-ltth by 0 	
Rua-cf-m:ae, crushed to 1-1/2-lcch
Rur-o:''Cine, rrush?d to 1-lA-Lach
5- by 3/16-lach (U) (Run-of-iine,
crushed to 5'l°ch)-
3/16'lcch by 0 	
1-1/3- by 1/li-lnch (w) (Run-of-
mlne, crushed to 1-1/2-iach).
Run-of-rioe. crushed to 1-1/J-lnch
Run-of-Eice, crushed '-3 J-lnch 	
6- by J.ln,-h (w) 	
3- ty 2-l^rh (tf) 	
2- by 1-1/4-lcch («) 	
l-l,li-lncll by 0 (W) 	
Hun-of-3:ne, cruahrd to l-l/l»-lncl
Rua-of-mine, crushed to l-l/t*-loch
(1-1/1.- cy 3/8-lnch (U)).
Run-of-alne, crushed to 1-1/2-loch
do 	
3/l»- by lA-lnch (w).._ 	
5=0
50
165
U8o
U60
75
HO
520
125
150
250
310
520
70
70
430
22O
230
200
200
180
120
150
9=5
20
25
70
615
250
610
255
1.90
2,830
T
T
T
T
T
T
r
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
0
3-0
3-1
5.3
U.C
3.1
3.2
M
5.1
3.8
i».S
3.6
U.3
3-0
1.9
1-9
2.1
2.1
2.9
6.6
5.0
3-7
3-2
2.3
2.1
2.6
2.1
2.6
< t
'l.O
>t.5
3.1-
2.6
2.2
30.7
i?.:
32-"
310
50.?
30.9
30.1
27.3
23. li
31. c
3C.2
29."
Jl.J
30.2
30.3
31..
25.6
iQ.T
30.6
29. c
33-3
29.7
30.1
32.6
29.-
S9.5
29.-
31. c
30.1
31.6
30. e
31.3
22.5
6C.7
51.2
60.9
59-2
cC.2
62. J
60.1'
61.5
DO.''
61.5
60.2
52.5
59.9
62.6
61.7
62. S
6^.1
67.5
6^.5
62.6
62.5
sfl «,
53.7
6C.2
-5.6
c5.6
65.-
6-. 5
62.6
61. 3
59.6
56.7
69.2
3.6
6.7
c.-
9-3
e.3
0.2
9.5
7. ~
5.2
7.5
9.C
n P
~< . S
e.c
5.;
5.3
?•-
a ~
Vs
11-5
n.:
7.2
•* • "*
^.2
c< c
7.0
7- 1
9-6
12.C
8-3
a
Q
3
.7
.7
• r
• r*
Q
-9
1 . e,
1 . ?
-7
l.l
-5
.5
- 6
.c
1.2
1.2
-
'
-
-
-

-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
13,660
13,960
13,080
13, WO
13,700
lit, 070
13.J10
13,560
U.110
13,'2C
13,oiO
ljj,5;C
13,600
li.,120
13,990
H, 300
11, USD
1^,280
13,670
13,520
ll»,290
13,150
13,290
13,960
l^jUoO
1^,5W
H,WO
13,730
12,290
13, "30
13,390
13,170
11,030
1U.OSO
H,i<3C
lU,i50
13,960
11-,1-C
:i*,5^o
13,910
H, 290
•A, 670
Ik,l4i0
H,130
U.,200
U,020
It. 390
11.260
I1*, 650
11,760
It. 710
U,WO
lit, 230
H.Si'O
13,580
13.67C
H, JOO
11,850
1-.05C
1U,"3O
iu.710
13,3oO
l".,3^o
13,8u3
1J.5--U
11,350
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
It
2,530
2,730
2,-jC
z.yjz
2. -20
2, -11-
2,9i:-
2,6?-
2,T=C
2,5cC
2,6?0
--,63:
S.^IC
2.^3C
2,"ji
2,730
2,i'^
2,'--
2,&50
2.650
2,ri;->
2.5--C
-',"3C
2, 'X
2 , 3 1 "-•
2,i^
2.3W
2.7JC
".u."O
J, o>."
2,750
1
1
1
1
1
- J • \
:}> - .
'•(:'•
HO
=;•->
-• /
-' • i
• i • i
f-»<. ;
•jdi
-x
^2
,=C
--J
3'
1-*
£O
*
'U
46
c J

-------

O&kuoal:
Do. . .
Do. .
Do 	
Do 	

pltnt.
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do ... .
Dlcluoson County
Cocburo (Vlie County):
Moil Ha. 1 	
Barm:
Cusell Tvpple 	
Boney Branch Tipple 	
Lubert Tipple 	
Le* Caul y
Saint Charles:
Do 	
Do 	
Ruisell County
Dante:
Mo*s to. 2 	
MM! lix 2-A 	
No*f Mo. 3 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	

Do 	
*•• He. 3-A 	
Do 	
Do 	





do
do .
Jewell . • .
do




Cllntwood 	 	
Upper Banner 	
Upper and Lover Banner
Lover Banner 	


.do 	

Tiller 	
do 	
Thick Tiller 	
.do 	
do 	

.do 	
.do 	
.do 	 *.


1-lA-lncn by 0 	



1-3/U- by 1-lnch (tf and OT) 	


U- by 2-lnch (U and OT)


3/8- inch by C (W and AC)

3- by 2-lnch [w) 	
Run-of-Qloe, crushed to 2-lacb. . . .
..do 	
Run-of-aine, crushed to 1-1/2-lncfc

1-lnch (6- by It-inch and lA-
inch by 0 renewed) (OT).


1-lA- by 1/U -inch (w) 	
1-1/fc-lnch by 0 (w) 	
1-lA- by lA-lneh (W aM OT) 	
3A- by lA-inch (U) 	
2-lnch by 0 (U) 	

3 A* Inch by 0 (w) 	

1-lA- by lA-loch (V) 	


1*1,795
10

,,
JO
295
110
11*3
190
270
690

120
150
fcy>
80
10
6O

(19,009
U36
10 351
509
1*2 396
26 327
16,527

929


p
T
T
T
T

.



T

D
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

D
p
D
n
n
n

n
n
n


U.2
1.9
1 9
2.8
3 0
a 7
2 2

3.C
3.7
8 5

2.9
l i*
2.2
2.0
2-3
3-7
2- 5
2.6
3.1

1.5
2. 3
2*8
1. 3
a.fc
2 3
2.0
2.^
2.0


22.1*

22 9
23 u
23 3
23 9
'2- *
2] 2
2'.C
23.5


33-2
26 S
31.7
31-5
31.0
37 7

t»o 2
36. U

31.1
29.6
30.:*
30 2
30.2
29 3

29-5
?9.li
30 i


66. f

T> -

73


.
-,
-,
-,,

i<.i
55-?
59'-''
51 5

57 •
57. j

63-t
59 u

63 -

6i* 9
63 =


. . -

9.0



-. f
t ,



^ .
,

_.:
B
.

^ £

5-5
5.2

» •

f. -


, _

1.2



^



i
3


.6
• 3
• 3


,

.=
-5




.5















_
-




-





















.
-

a2 5


-





















.
-




-





















.
-




-









13 560

It* 5>to
lU 830
1U 7^0




ll*'6?0


iu,Lia
13 760
13,13C
13,910
13,51?


13 6';

13 360
H*,u50

1U U"1


1*4 1-C

L ' • ' "*

14 160

15 230

15 210

15 250
15 260

15 ISO
U 83^

Hi,350
13 96C
13,^30
1^,190


1 1*' IT

1U(65C
13 67C


lit 60^


U i*6C
1^ -«"


ua



i


i

i


2





5
^3





526



2,650

2 i*-*

2 U6C
2 6O"

2 1£-"

2,2""


2 2^-
2,62C
2,3~:


.' .: .

z f- -•'.


5'' \~




.' s

e












;


.

-


.






7*(2)
6j(3)
5(1)



- , . i




= t )

*(' )
-}(1)
'(1)


'' )

-'=)

"!")
,/ , i
= (2)
-;(• )
_-(3)
"( j)
"T!
' "l ' )
-j(:)
                                                                                                                                                                          -e

                                                                                                                                                                          53
                                                                                                                                                                          63
                                                                                                                                                                                 X

                                                                                                                                                                                 ro
                                                                                                                                                                                 O
*/ NwtWr« tW*« 1
                           i «i«Wf of dclitvfiet
                                                                                                       ••M^«I of JriemiD

-------
TABLE  I. - Anolyui o< ti>pl« and d»l.»>n4 n>»pl«i du..nj lh« (itcal r«o. I
Suit, duty. Inn, ml iiint
1
B«
2
~-r
3
Appioiinititoni
smiled
4
]
S
Prsnsule, pnun) | Ullitatt. pucenl
Moiviuie
inKtivrt con
6
fry Orf
0
If
'
II
1
•5
9
J»
10
!
11
j
12
X
11
0
11
UlCHlflC V









&1 6



59-2
55-9
58.6
















S.
-------
Do 	
Boone County
Clothier tLoem County):
Do. .
Do 	
Do
Do 	
Barton Bo. * (dock coal)...
Do 	
Gorrlion:
Dorothy No. 2 	
Jeffrey:
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Twilight: PreEiua 	
Van: Van {dock coal) 	
Fiyette County
Be&rdj Pork:
Do 	

C&ooeltoa:
Ladjr Dunn Ho. 2 prep. plant.
Crovn Rill (Kanavha County);
Baniford: Hllburn 	
Kingston:
Do
Montgomery {Kanavha County):
Etflle Tipple 	
PMC:
Do ....
Do 	
Robtoa:
Do 	
do


do
.do . . 	

do
.do 	
Ho . 2 Gaa 	
.do 	 	 	



do 	
Uloifrede 	
Coal burg 	



Povrlltoo, Ulnifrede
and Ho. 2 Gaa.
Ho. 2 CM 	
Big Eagle

Ho. 5 Bloc* 	

Ho. 2 Cai 	

Ho. 2 Gaa 	
1-lnch by 0 (u) 	

5- by 2-inch (w) 	
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w)
1- by lA-Loco. Cv) 	 * 	
1-1/2- Inch by 0 (w) 	
1-lA-lnch by 0 (w) 	
1-lA- by 1 A- inch (W) 	
1- by lA-loch (w) 	
Run-of-nlne, crushed to 2- inch....
6- by 3-inch (v) 	

l-l/l*- by 1 A- Inch (u) 	
lA-lnch by 0 	
Run-cr-Qifle, crushed to 1-1/2-lceh
L-l/U- by lA-lnch («) 	

(w).
.do 	 •. 	

Run-of-oine, crushed to 3*''DC^ (w)
ftun-of-alne, erushwl to 1-1/2-tnc^
tw).


Run-or-islrw, crushed to 2- loch....
do 	 	



..do 	
5 920

2 1^5




9,138
80
150
75
360
2/0
1' 5
3W
2, CIS
9oo

200
l.SCC
100

100
150

260

3o
135
1.7
1.3
3-2
? i
3-2
1 fl
3.8
2.6
2.6
2-9
ll •>
"••5
5-3
1 f<
2.9
3.1
3.k
2.2
k.O
u.o
? f-
2.5
5 3
li ?

3-5
2.1
2.7
2.1
3-2
33.1
37. k
36.9
37.2
36.7
37. C
36.2
35-3
3k. 6
39.2
38 9
38.7
33-5
31.9
37.3
32.2
31.6
20.k
36.6
31-1
32.7
33.0
31.3
3O.2

29.7
32.7
33-5
3k. 7
30.6
57.5
57.7
57 6
58.1
57. k
57.6
57.8
58.1
55.8
56.1
55.9
56 5
56.5
53-0
58.2
56.2
61.5
60.5
66.1
58.3
6k. 6
59.3
62.2
61.1

61. k
59.6
60.J
57.5
59- 1
9-k
k-9
5.0
5-7
5.2
5.7
8-9
9-3
k-9
k 6
k.B
13-5
9-c
ft S
6-3
7.9
13-5
5-1
k-3
fl r
8.6
6.5
fl 7

8.9
7.7
6.2
7.{

1-3
.7
1.1
1.0
1.0
.9
1.0
2.6
2.7
.6

.6
.7
.7
.7
-9
.9
1.0
.7
.6
1.9
.8
.6
.6

.6
.8
• 9
2.2

-



-
5.0
5.0

k!7

5.1
-
4.1

k.8
-


-

'
-
_

-
-
77- k
77.1

72.3

82.0
-
77.1
-
31.2
-


-
-
•
-
.

-
-
1-3
1.2

.7

1-7
-
1.0
-
1.5
-


-
-
•
-
_

-
-
k.T

7.6

k.O
-
3.3
-
7.6
-


-
-
•
-13,690
Ik, 270
Ik 03C
Ik 13C
13.96C
13,310
13, ice
:3,5


-\--V

2,760

2,710



2,660
2,720

2,6kC





2, 'SO


j,Si:

2,230
2,29C
3|;;0*
-3i9K*
2, ?10+
2,':^0
2,5I>
2,5eO
2, -90
2, ""3O


2 , ?: c*
3,913»
2, -1C*
3 6^0
3 w' "".+
2,9i:-t
2,-OC
2,^'.^.
.',!!.%
-' . - 1 -^»
J,'^>
'.--V
:^uv
3

25



3
a

23





10


li

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
6


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TI|!
«{
-
7(8
•7J(6
W7
5( 3
6(1
6j(3
k| 1
5 1
J(2
7(3
7K6
8(3
5i\i
7(1
8(2
7(1
0(2J
8(1)
8(1)
_
-
-
6^( 1
7(1
fa
e(0
7 I
7j k
e 2
8 1
7J(D
2 1
7} 1
6(1)
7i 1
: i
0(1)
8(1
61
9(l
ei 1)
3 1)
•

-



.
.







-


-

56
55

Uk
-
.
k2
72
6k


87
.6
61
66
58
73
71
U
fco
01
59
na
bl
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      X




                                                                                                                                                                                                                      t-o
W Srmboli (f. 3X

-------
TABLE  1. • Anely«»l tt lin>'» r-g :«  urtd lon;l«i during iS« 'ncjl ;»or l9M-Conlinu«J
vtlto. County, town, ind nno
i
Bat
J
SiBOlCO*-1'
1
ApproilBiti tout
imvM
4
;-«|a«J |0 pull)
5
Ptaiitute. ptrtert
Moiuuie.
ivieciivtd coil
6

a
Is
53
J
Jl
S
Ullioale. parant
by a*
«
«
3
3
10
I
X
1)
I
1}
1
13
1
14
Cjlorificviue
Blu.
js-ieccived
b»ii
IS
2
is
1C
i!
17
[Aih-wltounj
IMpatute. * F
18
•863
*1I
z a S
19
f
£ s
20
Ifv,
f*S
21
                           TEST  VIRGINIA-C
Ffcgfctt* County --Cas^laiied

Bnrriioo County
DoU:
Do 	
KADAvha County
Burcwll:
Do 	
Cedar Grove:
Crovn BUI: Rlvertoa Tipple..
Oecota:
Do 	

Olcoxt:
Do 	
Pood Gap:
BftH Crrrk Ifo. 3 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Quick:
B«U Creek No 5

Do 	
Do
Ulnifrede:
Do 	




.do 	



do 	

Block.
Peerless 	


Wlolfrrde 	
.do 	
do. 	
Bo. 5 Block 	

.do 	
.do 	
.do 	



.do . . 	


Vial frede .
do ...



1-1/U- by lA-lnch (tf ifrd AC) 	
5- by 2-lneh (u) 	
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w) 	


2-Lnch (3^ °* i/-*-inch by 0
rcanved) 


« •> i


, .




9.2
5 1
5 2

6.7
9.7

6 a

7-5
7 5

'6 0
9 i
a r>
3 '
6 6

5 3




3.^


I 7
5 "»

3-S
i 0
l.C

.6
.7
.6
.6

.3
.7
8
.3

9
8
.6


a


1* 2




5 i


-


-




•










9&. 1




73 6


-


-



.
*





79 i*












-


-



.
•





1 t*












-


-



.
-
















12 SlC




1J 030
13 6oc
13 590

ij.uSo
13,5^-0
13 »'o



1 * 100


13 Sao




13 35-





13,880
l1* 630


13,900
13 630

13,960

13,830
13,370
13 ''60
13 9"T0



1 3 710


1** 200




2



1

i
^


i
i

e

6
1
3



1





2 "80




2 32-'
2 "rC

2,170


2,910*
2 91O




2,910*


















L


1




1
,




,






?

~

^

a
7

7i
9}
5}
i




,
t,«
5}



-i




i }
'
a

I
«

l)
[i
D
i

i
f
i)





,
i



i \









57


61


>*1


W)

•


k






                                                                                                                                                      x:

                                                                                                                                                      N3
                                                                                                                                                      UJ

-------
Do 	
Logan Count v
ABheritdale:
OQTU Ho. 1 	
Do 	
Ear It 03:
SUay 	
Do 	
Kllcay (dock coal) 	
tanett: Island CreeK Bo. 10
Kelly:
Ouymn Ho. 5 	
Do 	
Do 	
OUJTM Ho. 5 (dock coal) 	
Do 	
Do 	
Lorado:
Lomdo So. 5 prep, plant 	
Do 	
Rlla:
Charm Mo. 2 	
Do 	
Do 	
Sharpies:
Boone Ho. 2-C 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Boooe No. 2-C (dock coal)...
Boone Bo. j 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
i/ SM EipluuiM of Sjmtali (p. 3).
d
.do 	
Cedar Grove 	
.do 	

.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Cedar Grove 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	


Lover Chilton 	
Cedar Grove 	
.do 	
.do 	
Chilton 	
.do 	
.do. . .
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
Bo. 5 Bloci 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do 	
do
i/ Nubm akoi
1-lA- by lA-luch (w) 	
2-loch by 0 (u) 	
6- by 2-lnch (w) 	
l-l/i-lcch by 0 (W) 	
1-lA- by lA-lnch (w) 	
1-1/U-lnch by 0 	
1-lA- by lA-Uch (W) 	

6- by 2-loch (u) 	
1-lA-lDcb ty 2S-ne»h (w) 	
1- by lA-lnch (W and OT) 	
1-lA-lnch by 0 (W)

1-lA- by l/4-:och (W) 	
1-lA-lnch by 26-ra-Bli (w and OT)..
1-iA- by lA-icch (w) 	
1-lA-lnch by 28-»esh (w) 	
5- by 2-loch (V) 	
2- ty 1-lA-lnch (U) 	
8- by 5-loch (u) 	
5- by 3-lDch (W) 	
2- by 1-lA-lnch (w) 	
1-1/1,- by lA-lnch (u) 	
lA-lnch ty 0 («) 	
1-lA- by 1/li-loch (W)
5- by 3-lnch (W) 	
Modified ?-lach by 0 (10* of lA-
loch by 0 re=oved) (w).
lA-l"ch by 0 (w) 	
7- by 2-loch (u) 	
6- by 2-loch (u) 	
3- by 2-lech (u) 	


• t iuljcvi (bt n.Ur ol d«linri» iTenfn
ucc
560
l-,999
1,170
33k
^96
23,566
30,283
519
6,136
1,111
5,750
6,938 r
2,398 D
103 D
£, -*c3 E
4,81.3 D
1,851* D
90 T
L10 T
650 T
25 T
50 T
50 T
1*0 T
260 T
60 T
5,099 D
155 T
180 T
900 T
ICO T
lilO D
3,0514 D
7,297 D
3, 2-7 D
8,136 D
L
k.
ll.
1.
3-
3-
2.
2.7
1.6
Jj ]
2.1
3.3
1.7
5.5
2.5
2.7
2.3
3.0
3-3
1-9
3-8
3.7
«.c
6.U
3-2
2.7
2.5
3-5
3-7
5.1
I/It

9 37.
i 37.
Ifi
36.:
37.-
jc.;
36.8
37.2
37.1
36. u
36.9
37.3
r.3
3^.9
3-.S
35-5
35.5
35.3
37.1
37.7
Tl'.l
37.2
37.5
37.0
35.5
35.6
35.1
30.8
35.?
3 5. '6
.'5-5
5 58
0 57.
? 56.
56.
57.
56.
55.:
56.0
56.3
53.1
57.1
57.0
57.'
«:=
59.9
K.'.
57.2
56.7
57. i
56.0
56.3
56-3
56.2
56.5
56.8
56.3
53-1
55.0
5*. 8
55.2
5!-. 3
5-* 3
3C.O
55-2
55.-
i* parci

3 5-
' 6.
! 6.
J -,.
5.'
7-2
6.5
7.3
5-3
6.6
5.1*
5.
5.2
5.6
7-3
7-5
6.8
6-9
6.0
5-7
5.:
5.7
5.6
6.:
3.3
9.2
9.2
9.6
5.7
6.1
3. c
9-2
p. i
•tfcvtv
,
1.
1.
I.'
i.:
1-3
.9
1.2
-5
1.
1.
1.
1.1
. i
.7
.7
.7
> ;•*

.


.2
ncr ik


-
-
"9- ;
* •«*


-
-
: .6
..u
not d


-
-
7.3
7-1
13, ki
IJ-'J
^,oy
13,77
13,9-
13,9«
I3,33c
13,8OC
13,610
isieoo
13,630
13,770
1-.1SC
13,770
13,8iO
13,530
13, f>V
13.62C
13,62C
u!;oc
13,7^0
13,530
13,500
13,630
13.25C
13,070
12,320
12,600
13,030
13.39C
13,350
13,270
13,0?0
12,810
0 U.O9
5 U,^
J li,?&
j lli.W
li>,21
Ik, 01.
H,3oc
lk,20C
Ik, 310
11,030
Ik, 130
1^,1-7:
i-!ooc
l-,OcC
1-.C2C
l'-',22*
is'si;
13,550
13,^60
U.^fc
13,' 710
13.750
13.53C
13,500
0 i
0 1
D 26
; 2
2
37
55
3
12
2
23
3=
9
21
Q
1
35
1
1
1
1
1
17
6
23
12
2,910
2,910
2, -50
2,5SC
2,330
2.69C
sl'-o
2, "90
2! 720
2.U6C
2]91-V
2.51J*
2,910*
2,360
2.J10*
» 1
» 1
2
10
13
8
9
2
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
J
3
1
6(1
8(1
7i i
II
7 2
21
i
i
7} 2,
6} ~i
7 1
3(3)
7i(0
7 1
A! ~l}
7 *
'is
6(1)
5}(D
'•(3)
0(1
7(1
-
X
I
1.9 £-
tl

-------
TABLE 1. - AM|;H. of tippl. mi i.li«,«) u^i., du,in, lh. t;mt ,„, |»M_Coni;nu«)
Do. oxnrj. tnn. n) ain«
1
-
J
«-
3
i
jf
1
0
5
PTBJJMH. cerart
HnUuie,
4i-ir»ived coil
(
Ullizate, pacent
Iky out
15 v
7
-i
9
1
9
|
10
|
,,
I
u
1
13
|
14

Cllorific vriia
Illu.
is-ieceivtd
lusis
IS

_.l
IS

I!
17

u,
f
18

Nut&ei of
•ih- ullejiiu
lwpoi«uin*
U

JT
h
a

lh
a

WEST  YIRGINIA-Cont.nmd
Lofam County - -Con u nuen
Snarplei (ContlBueo):
Boooe Bo. 3 (Continued)...
Do 	 -. 	
Boooe Bo. 3 (dock coal)...
Stlrrmt: O»r 	
Store:
Ouyan Ho. li 	
Do 	
Do 	
Oxran Bo. It (dock coal) 	
VerdunrtLle:
Bmtlonal Co^l Bo. 28 	
McPorell County
laeger:
I«Str Pocahcotaj Tipple 	
Do 	
Do 	
Do
Do 	
Do 	
Superior:
Poubaatu Hot. 3 aal >>..
Do 	
Do. . .
Mfcrioo County
Four Btatei:
O'Doooell Bo. 1 	
Do 	
Do 	
!Ueh*l: Jo^lne (dock c 0*1). ..
Miimo County
DilD«rtoo: Adumc Tlppl« 	
No. 5 Block 	
.do 	
.40 	
Upper and Lover CedAr
Grove.
Cedar Grove 	
.do 	
.do 	
.do 	
Eagle 	
Gilbert and Beo Creek.
.do 	
Dougl&i (Red Aih) 	
.do 	
PocohontA* Hoa. 3 and
Pltt«burgh 	
.do 	
.do 	
do 	
Upper C«d*r Grove 	


..do 	

6- by 2-lnch (w) 	
1-1/2- by 1/1*- Inch (u)
1-lA- by lA-lncli (W) 	
1-1/2-lnch by 26-oesh (w) 	
1-1/2-lneb by 0 (w) 	

1-1/li-lnch by 0 	
5-lnch liop 	
5- by 1-lA-lnch, crushed to
1-lA-lnch (W).
1-1 A- by 3/S-lnch (w) 	
Run-of-aloe, crushed to 3- Inch
(7- by l/U-Ulch (H)).
7- by 1-1/U-lnch (u) 	
1-lA- by lA-lnch (W) 	
5- by 2-incn (w) 	
1-lA- by 1/k-lnch (wj 	
Ruo-of-aine, cru.h»d to 1-lA-lncn
31.906
5*. 016
2*, 023
6, Hi
206
1,973
7, 7^5
136
263
15
W
220
35
70
85
220
580
60
120
1.703
?57
22,965
2,017
180
D 3
D k
D U.
D 2.
D 1.
O ?.
D 2.
D 2.
> 3-9
' 2-3
2.2
3-5
1.6
2.1
3-8
6 0
6.6
3-1
li.l
1.8
1.8
2.1
1.7
2.5
35
35
36
36.
3*.
36.
36.
37-
24.5
25.1
5k. 6
26.6
23.2
S9.0
27.3
16.3
16.1
15.6
itl.O
to.a
io.e
39.9
36.2
55
55
55-
57.
56.
57.
57.
56.
68.1
66.2
61.3
69 3
66.9
f.7 fl
65.6
78.3
79. L
77.9
51-5
51.8
53.2
52.6
51.3
9
9
8
5-
6.
5-
5.
6.

8.';
fc.i
2.9
3.2
7.1
5,t
i» 6
iS 1
7-5
7.t
'.0
7.k
.5

1.
1.
I


l.l
l.n
.8
1.0

.6
2.5
2.6
2.5
2.b
.5
-
-

-
-


-

-
-

-
-


-
-
-

-
-




.
-

-
-


-
12.96C
12.81C
13,080
u.ooc
H.060
114,090
11, LI
13,85
13,930
11,110
13,870
12,830
lfc.930
l',8SO
H", 550
13,620
13,920
Ik, 520
It, 090
13,700
13,700
13,720
13,700
12,820
13,5
13,">9C
13,75
1">,37
H,3?0
1U.IOC
Il",l4l
1^,200
Ik, 500
11., UO
li-,l5o
13,300
15,170
15,210
15,120
114,1.90
11., 900
Ik, 980
111,690
13.950
13,950
H.020
13,930
13,150
37
63
26
17
2
3
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
i
1
1
1
3
3
59
k
1
2,910-
•2,9ia
2,91Cn
2,773
2,:6c
2. 3U3
2.310*
2,?90
2,-Jo
2,5=0
2.UOO
2,520
2,5oO
2.520
Z,^iO
2,730
2,130
,?*0
,700
1
1
6
. 5
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
19
2
1
5(1
5M5
f
5(5
1(1
i
1
:»
-------
Eerut:
Do 	
D»TU Bo. i 	

Nalew):
Balfry Tipple 	



Do 	
Do 	
fetiocml Coal Bo 25
Do

Bed Jacket;

Nonoo^al 1 a Coun ty
Norgaatovn:
Arkvrlsht Bo. 1 	
JO 	
IflcholflJ County
Dclva (PVettc County):

Drenoco:

Radar Bfc&le Bo. 2 	
axMsBcrvvLUe: Peerlett, no. 7.
Pr*itoc County

Raleigh County
Pr1_oce (Fajrette County):
Royal Ttpple 	
(fym hur ' C loumty
Adrian: Adrian 	
Scott Wo. U Tipple 	

Bo. 2 Gu 	



do ...

Aim


.do 	
do

Alna 	



Pittsburgh 	
.do 	






Peerless 	
'

Fire Creek 	
Upper freepcrt 	


crushed to 1-lnch) (U aod OT).




. .do 	

3- by 2* Inch (w) 	
1/fc-lnch by 0 (W) 	
3- by 2-lnch (U) 	





1-1/b- by lA-lnch («) 	
1-1/2-lnch by 0 (U anJ AC) 	






Run-of-aloe, crushed to 3- Inch....

(W art AC}.
Run- of -ml DC, crushed to 1-1/2-lnch
(5- by 1/2-inch (W».
RuD-of-olae, eniihed to 2-lnch (w)

130

29G
215
?sc
205


3 772

19 i£o
2 605
JOJ
76 200
19 750

12, 571
ito

250
513

120
150
850


150
150

T


T

*
T

n
n
n

T
n


D
n

T
T)

T
T
T


T
T



3- -



3.-

2 *

2 ;

, ;
3 i


l.h
2. '

2.5




2.6


5.1
2.~
2-5

il =
13 i

f- 3

V^ -
; - .

"•i '

: - .
i- -
i ''
T* t


39-t
^3 ;
•x) a

35 1
29 t.
ii a

J2.6



.3. 7
r~ •
S-J 2

52 6


56 5

'_ .
:= i


"£ ^
. . -
= - -
>2 :
"6 2


53-1
!»g 3

5^ 8
66 U


6l.it
56. b


73-9

5 6

7 3
5 0


* Q

5 i
7 9
3 3


6 5
8 8

7-3
10 a

11 i

3 5

6.0
9.3


6.8
C.6







5

c
g
e

5

1 6

2.U


g



.7
1.1


.8
1.5

















-






5 0
5.0


5-2



77 6













-




79 0
79 6
6l 1
76.7


75-7

















-





1 6
1 6
1-5


l.U

















-






i 6
5-9


5-6






"^'




j^'rTT





13.890


13 060



' 1 31*0
13,300


13,790
13.250

Ik, 160
lli, 020
13,850
It, WE
13,720
13,5^C
11,570
U.liSO
U,'uiO
13,9^
lii, 790
11*, 710
:-,59c
11,210





13,810

lli,090

13,1-90


13.U30
13,klO
U.700
lli, 000
IS 270
1-.330
13.^50
lli,090
H-,530
13,620
It.lUO
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
9
k
32
It
'
9*





21

20

19


2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2.820
2,270
2,660
2,910+
2,910+
2,700
2,910+
.
2,3to
2,820
-
2,530
2,780
2,320





2.5OO

2,230

2,li90


"
2,910+
2,570
2,590
2,910+
2,910+
2,280
2,510
2,790
2,180
2,O8O
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
2
-
3
1
23





6

6

7


"
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
6(1'
6(1
Till)
7j<1!
6j( l
7J(1,
.
7i(l '
0(2!
.
8(l J
7}(D
5i(')
6(2
64(3




8(3
?
Tii
7 D
7} 0
5 3
^3 '
"
7(1)
7«D
ji n
5j 1 1
5*( 1 j
3JC)
*"
9(1)
8(1)
7}(1)
.
^6
U?
•
U.
-5
•
.
.

-
.
1.6
.





•




X
to
°"
.3
-
52
51*
55
5-
78
99
55
55
(p. 5X
                                             i ck. «>Wi of a»li>
                                                                                                                                         of 4>
-------
TABLE  I. • Analy**! of tippl* and 





63 8
62 1
61 3

59 £

5? 5




6 0
3 b
u o



6 3
6 6
U f-


1 2

6



~6
f


























































14 620










(|





1*7




2 5oC

2 53C








.





. -





7(1
-' dj

f •
* )'\
\*,:)

_-{'*>}












                                                                                                                                                             X
                                                                                                                                                              I
                                    •YOKING
Crnrboo County
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	
Lincoln County
^^r:

Sh«rld*n County
SbttTldAA!

Bwe«tv*ter County
.•oc.aprl^,
Do 	















1£>- by 2-1/2- loch 	













175
260






10 1*68


Vo


T










•f


13 o





23 6

21 6
22 6

9 9


1*2 2
1*2 I







1*2 1*









Sit S









6 4

6 6







I 8


a










3



























79 j













I 3







































































2,. .

"
~
~


"


*


*
™









"



















-------
Do 	
Do 	
Do 	





1-5/8- by 1'1/u-incn (AC) (3- by
1-5/8-Lach, cruahed to 1-5/8-
loch).
1-1/1*- by 3/16-ioch (AC ftfld OT).
3/16- Inch by 0 	

?5
160
65

T

T

^ S

11 S

t>2 6
hi 1
1*2.1

55 0

52 7


2 g


e
g








































in \





                                                                                                        ALASKA
Mtt*mi»k* Field
8uttoo: Jooevvllle 	
fcnaos Held
Healy Fork:
Uilteill 	






-










iQo, 355





p


8 it

















1**






























































*













                                                                                                                                                                                                                            X

                                                                                                                                                                                                                            ro
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            00
If fa. Kiyl^.rio. oJ SyaM • (f.  ».
I/ Nubrti ii pwnititiri iodic

-------
                                      X-29
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
 SHEET
1. Ropcm No.
  EPA-R2-73-249
4. Title and Subtitle
 Potential Pollutants in Fossil  Fuels
                         3. Recipient's Accession No.
                                             5. Report Date
                                                  June 1973
                                                                 6.
7. Author(s)
 E.M.Magee, H.J.Hall.  and G. M. Varga. Jr.
                                             8. Performing Organization Kept.
                                               No GRU.2DJ.73
9- Performing Organization Name and Address
 Esso Research and Engineering Co.
 P. O. Box 8
 Linden,  New Jersey  07036
                                              10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
                                              11. Contract/Grant No.
                                               68-02-0629
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
 EPA, Office of Research and Monitoring
 NERC/RTP, Control Systems Laboratory
 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
                                              13* Type of Report & Period
                                                Covered
                                                  Final
                                              14.
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
          The report presents and analyzes data obtained from the literature on
 sulfur, nitrogen, and other potential pollutants in fossil fuels consumed in the
 United States. The data are categorized according to the location of the raw fuels,
 and are analyzed for geographic effects on composition. The trace element infor-
 mation available for coal is significantly greater than for  oil; however, additional
 data are needed for both coal and oil on all potential pollutants in order to allow
 complete characterization of the pollution potential of a fuel.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.  17a. Descriptors
Air pollution       Trace elements
 Fossil fuels        Ashes
 Chemical analysis Lignite
 Coal
 Oils
 Oil shale
 Contaminants
 Sulfur
 Nitrogen
 17b. Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
 Mineral matter
 Coal analysis
 Crude oil
 Manganese
 Zirconium
 Tin
 Barium
 Beryllium
Fluorine
Arsenic
Selenium
Cadmium
Mercury
Lead
Boron
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Molybdenum
Lanthanum
                                                Uranium
                                                Lithium
17c. COSATI Field/Group    7C   13B
18. Availability Statement
                  Unlimited
                                  19. Security Class (This
                                     Report)
                                  	UNCLASSIFIED
                                  20. Security Class (This
                                     Page
                                       UNCLASSIFIED
                                  21. No. of Pages

                                      293
                                  22. Price
FORM NTIS-33 (REV. 3-72)
                                                                          USCOMM-DC I49S2-P72

-------