FINAL
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
FOR
COKING WASTES
m
KI41-K145, K147, AND K148
Richard Kiocb
Chief; Waste Treatment Branch
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Lisa Jones
Project Manager
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste
2SOO Crystal Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22202
July 1994
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DISCLAIMER ST,\TE.\!ENT
The technical and analytical findings and recommendations contained in this document
are those of the amhor(s) and should not be construed as an official EPA position,
policy, or decision. This disclaimer page may only be removed by EPA.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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30
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EXECUTE SUMMARY
Page
KS-1
INTRODUCTION 1-1
1 1 Regulatory Background ... .1-2
12 Summary . . .. 1-4
1.3 Contents of This Document 1-5
LAND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS FOR K141-K145. K147.
AND KUS WASTES ... 2-1
2 1 Summary of Basis for Listing of Coking Wastes 2-1
2 2 Key Points of Coking Waste Standards and How They
Reflect LDR Goals .... 2-3
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COKING V \H L
STREAMS 3-1
3 1 Description of the Coke By-Products Recovery and
Tar Refining Industries 3-1
3 1 1 Description of Coke By-Products Recovery and
Tar Refining Facilities 3-1
3 1 2 Size and Geographic Distribution of Coke By-
Products Recover)1 and Tar Refining Facilities 3-6
3 1 3 Raw Materials 3-7
3.1.4 Coke By-Products Recover) and Tar Refining
End-Products and Their Uses 3-7
3.2 Processes Generating KH1-K145, K147, and K148
Wastes 3-9
3 2.1 K141 Wastes 3-9
3.2.1 1 Overview of Process Generating
K141 Wastes 3-9
3.21.2 Feed Streams 3-10
3.2.1.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K141 Wastes 3-10
3.22 K142 Wastes 3-12
3.2.2 1 Overview of Process Generating
K142 Wastes 3-12
3 22.2 Feed Streams 3-12
3.2.2.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K142 Wastes 3-13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
323 KUSWaites . .3-13
3—3 1 Cherview of Process Generating
KI43 Wastes . 3-15
323.2 Feed Streams 3-15
3 2-3.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K143 Wastes 3-15
3.2 4 K144 Wastes 3-17
3.2.4.1 Overview of Process Generating
K144 Wastes 3-18
3J2.4 2 Feed Streams 3-18
3 2 4.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K144 Was'.es 3-18
3.2.5 K145 Wastes 3-18
3.Z5.1 Overview of Process Generating
K145 Wastes 3-20
3 2.5 2 Feed Streams 3-20
3-2-5.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K145 Wastes 3-20
3 2.6 K147 Wastes 3-22
32.6 \ Overview of Process Generating
K147 Waste 3-22
3.2.7 K14S Wastes 3-23
3.2 7.1 Overview of Process Generating
K148 Wastes 3-23
32.1.2 Feed Streams 3-23
3.2.7.3 Detailed Description of Process
Generating K148 Wastes 3-23
3 3 Waste Stream Characteristics 3-25
3J.I Waste Stream Status Under Other Regulations 3-25
3.3.2 Waste Stream Descriptions 3-26
3 3.3 Amenability of Wastes to Chemical Analysis 3-26
3.3.3.1 5W-846 Method Applicability 3-26
333.2 Sample Preparation Issues 3-27
3.4 Current Coke By-Products Recovery and Tar Refining
Waste Management Practices 3-28
3 4.1 Waste Management Practices for K141 Wastes 3-28
3.4 1.1 Description of K141 Waste
Management Practices 3-29
3.4.12 Discussion of K141 Waste
Management Practices 3-29
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TABLE OF CO.VItNTS (Continued)
Page
NW-071
342 Waste Management Practices for K142 Wastes .. . . 3-31
3.4 2.1 Description of K142 Waste
Management Practices .... 3-31
3 4.2 2 Discussion of KM2 Waste
Management Practices 3-32
3 4.2J Other Facility Specific Waste
Minimization, PoUutioa
Prevention, and Recycling and
Reuse Techniques 3-32
3 4.3 Waste Management Practices for K143 Wastes 3-32
3 4.3 1 Description of K143 Waste
Management Practices 3-33
3 43.2 C.scussion of Waste Management
Practices 3-33
344 Waste Management Practices for KI44 Wastes 3-34
3441 Description of Current K144
Waste Management Practices 3-34
3.4.4.2 Discussion of Waste Management
Practices 3-34
3.4.5 Waste Management Practices for K145 Wastes .. .. 3-35
3.4.5.1 Current K145 Waste Management
Practices 3-35
3 4.5.2 Discussion of Waste Management
Piaciices 3-35
3.4 6 Waste Management Practices for K147 Wastes 3-36
3461 Description of K147 Waste
Management Practices 3-36
3.4 6-2 ' Discussion of Waste Management
Practices 3-36
3.46.3 Other Facility-Specie Waste
Minimization, Pollution
Prevention, and Recycling and
Reuse Techniques 3-37
3.4.7 Waste Management Practices for K148 Wastes 3-37
3.4 7.1 Description of K148 Waste
Management Practices 3-37
3.412 Discussion of Waste Management
Practices 3-38
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR COKING
WASTES K141-K145, K147, AND K148 4-1
4.1 Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for
K141-K145.K147. and K148 Wastes 4-1
41.1 Selection of Constituents for Regulation ... .4-1
4.111 BOAT List Constituents Present
in K141-K145, K147, and K148
Wastes 4-1
4 1.1.2 Other Constituents Present in
K141-K145. K147, and K148
Wastes 4-2
4 1.1.3 Constituents Selected for
Regulation in K141-K145. K147,
and K148 Wastes 4-2
4.1.2 Identification of Best Demonstrated and
Available Technologies (BOAT) 4-3
4.1.2.1 Nonwasicwaiers 4-4
4 1.2.1 1 Applicable Treatment
Technologies 4-4
4 1 2.1.2 Demonstrated Treatment
Technologies 4-9
4.1 2.13 Identification of BOAT 4-10
4.1.2.2 Wastcwaters 4-11
4.1.2.2.1 Applicable Technologies 4-11
4 1.2.2.2 Demonstrated
Technologies 4-15
4 12 23 Identification of BOAT 4-15
4.13 Identification of BOAT Treatment Standards 4-17
4.13.1 Nonwastewatcrs 4-17
4.13.2 Wastewatcrs 4-18
4.2 Detailed Descriptions of Technologies Identified as
BOAT 4-19
4.2 1 Nocwastewaters 4-19
4 2.11 Incineration 4-19
4 2.1 1.1 Treatment Applicability 4-19
4 2.1.1.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-20
4 2 1.2.3 Process Constraints 4-21
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
4 2 1.2 Fuel Substitution 4-22
42121 Treatment Applicability 4-22
42122 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-23
4 2.1.2.3 Method Use in Industry
and Performance 4-23
4 2 1.2 4 Process Constraints 4-23
4.2 2 \Vasteuaiers 4-24
4 2 2.1 Biological Treatment 4-25
4 2.2 1 I Treatment Applicability 4-25
4 2.2 1 2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-25
4221.3 Process Constraints 4-27
4222 Chemically Assisted Clarification 4-27
4 2 2 2.1 Treatment Applicability 4-27
4 2 2.2 2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-27
4 2 2.2.3 Process Constraints 4-28
4 2.2.3 Steam Stripping 4-29
4 2 2 3.1 Treatment Applicability 4-29
4.2.2.3.2 Treatment Process
Parameters 4-29
4 2 2 3.3 Process Constraints 4-30
4 3 Reuse and Recycling Potential 4-30
4J 1 Stream Specific Reuse and Recycling
Opportunities 4-31
4.3.1 1 Potential Product Compounds and
Their Market Value 4-31
4.3 1-2 Means of Recovering Potential
Product Compounds 4-31
4 3.1 2.1 Conveyance to Storage or
Blending Unit 4-31
4J 1 2.2 Blending of Residuals With
CoaJ 4-32
4.3 1.2.3 Feeding the Coke Oven or
Mixing With CoaJ Tar 4-32
4 4 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention 4-33
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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4 4 1 Process Specific Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention Opportunities 4-33
4.4.1.1 K141 Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention
Opportunities 4-33
4 4 12 Kl-12 Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention
Opportunities 4-33
4 4 1_3 K145 Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention
Opportunities 4-33
4 4.1.4 K147 Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention
Opportunities 4-34
4.4.1.5 K14S Waste Minimization and
Pollution Prevention
Opportunities 4-34
5.0 REGULATORY HISTORY AND STATUS OF THESE
WASTES 5-1
5.1 Other Land Disposal Restrictions for These Wastes 5-1
5.2 Land Disposal Restrictions for Similar Wastes 5-1
5 J Effluent Guidelines 5-2
5.4 Clean Air Act Regulations and Other Process Controls 5-2
6.0 REFERENCES 6-1
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7-1
Appendix A Treatment Performance Database and Methodology for
Identifying Universal Standards for Constituents in
Nonwastewater Forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes A-l
Appendix B Treatment Performance Database and Methodology for
Identifying Universal Standards for Constituents in
Wastewater Forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes B-l
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LIST OF TABLES
Pdgc
ES-1 BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwasiewater Forms of
K141-K145. K147. and K14S WaMes ........... ES-4
ES-2 BD-XT Treatment Standards for Wasiewater Forms of K141-
K145, K147, and K14S Wastes .............. ES-5
1-1 BDAT Treatment Standards for Non».istewater Forms of
K141-K145, K147, and K14S Wastes .......... 1-7
1-2 BDAT Treatment Standards for Wasteuater Forms of K141-
K145, K147, and K148 Wastes ............. 1-8
3-i US. Coke B> -Product Recovery Facilities, 1992 .............. 3-39
3-2 U.S. Tar Refining Facilities, 19«2 ....................... 3-M)
3-3 List of Oiher Oiemical Products Manufactured at US Coke
By-Products Recovery Facilities ........................ 3-41
3-4 List of Products Manufactured at U S Tar Refining Facilities ..... 3-44
3-5 Waste Characterization Data for K141 Wastes .............. 3-46
3-6 Waste Characterization Data for K142 Wastes .................. 3-47
3-7 Waste Characterization Data for K143 Wastes ................. 3-48
3-8 Waste Characterization Data for K144 Wastes .............. 3-49
3-9 Waste Characterization Data for K145 Wastes ................ 3-50
3-10 Waste Characterization Data for KI47 Wastes .................. 3-51
3-11 Waste Characterization Data for K148 Wastes ................. 3-52
3-12 EPA- Approved Analytical Methods Applicable to
Constituents Selected for Regulation in K141-K145, K147,
and K14S Wastes ........................................ 3-53
3-13 Analytical Methods Instrumentation ...................... 3-54
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3-14
3-15
3-16
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-20
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
K141 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices
Page
3-55
K142 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices .......................................... 3-56
K143 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices
3-57
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K144 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices ............................................ 3-60
K145 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices ........................................... 3-61
K147 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices .............................................. 3-62
K148 Waste Generation Estimates and Management
Practices ............................................ 3-63
Constituents Selected for Regulation in K141-K145, K147,
and K14S Wastes ........................................ 4-35
Waste Characterization Data for K087 and K141-K145. K147,
and K148 Wastes ........................................ 4-36
Best Demonstrated Available Technologies (BDATs) for
Constituents Regulated in Nonwastewater Forms of K141-
K145. K147. and K148 Wastes .............................. 4-37
Best Demonstrated Available Technologies (BDATs) for
Constituents Regulated in Wasiewater Forms of K141-K145,
K147. and K148 Wastes ................................... 4-38
Determination of BDAT Treatment Standards for
Constituents in Nonwastewater Forms of K141-K145, K147,
and K148 Wastes ........................................ 4-39
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4-6
4-7
4-8
A-l
B-l
B-2
B-3
B-4
B-5
B-6
B-7
B-8
B-9
B-10
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwasteuaicr Forms of
K141-K145. K147, and K 148 Wastes
Page
Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for
Constituents in Wastewater Forms of K141-K145, K147, and
K148 Wastes ................................. 4-43
BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms of K141-
K145, K147. and K148 Wastes .......................... 4-44
Treatment Standards Data for Constituents Regulated in
Nonwastcwater Forms of K141-K145. K147. and K148 Wastes ..... A-7
Key to Data Sources for Wastewaters ...................... B-10
Key to Treatment Technologies .......................... B-l 1
Treatment Performance Data for Benzene in Wastewaters . . . B-13
Treatment Performance Data for Benz(a)amhracene in
Wasteuaiers ......................................... B-16
Treatment Performance Data for Benzo(a)pyrene in
Wastewaters ........................................ B-17
Treatment Performance Data for Benzo(b)fluoranthene in
Wastewaters ......................................... B-18
Treatment Performance Data for Benzo(k)fluorantbene in
Wastewaters ........................................ B-19
Treatment Performance Data for Chrysene in Wastewaters ....... B-20
Treatment Performance Data for Dibenz(a,h)anthiacene in
Wastewaters ......................................... B-21
Treatment Performance Data for Indeno(1.2,3-cd)pyrene in
Wastewaters .......................................... B-22
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
B-ll Treatment Performance Data for Naphthalene in
WaMewaters ....
B-12 Variability Factor Calculation for Base/Neutral Extractable
Semivolatde Organic Constituent;
Page
B-23
B-25
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LIST OF UGL'RES
Page
3-1 Coke By-Produc« Reco\ery and Tar Refining Processes 3-2
3-2 K141 Waste Generation Process 3-11
3-3 K142 and K147 Waste Generation Process 3-14
3-4 K143 Waste Generation Process 3-16
3-5 K144 Waste Generation Process 3-19
3-6 K14S Waste Generation Process 3-21
3-7 K148 Waste Generation Process 3-24
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The U S. Environmeaial Prelection Agency (EPA or the Agent}) is
establishing Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) treatment standards for
the regulation of listed hazardous wastes identified in Title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations. Section 26132 (40 CFR 261.32} as K141-K145. K147, and K148. These
BOAT treatment standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 enacted by the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8, 1984. Compliance
with the BDAT treatment standards would be a prerequisite for land disposal of
restricted wastes, as defined in 40 CFR Pan 26S. EPA ma) grant a variance from the
applicable treatment standards under 40 CFR 268 44 and under 40 CFR 268 6 may grant
waste- and site-specific waivers from the applicable treatment standards in 40 CFR
268.41-268 43.
K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are generated during the production,
recovery, and re Going of coke by-products and tar produced from coal (i c, coking
wastes). These hazardous wastes are defined as follows:
KM I - Process residues from the reco\ery of coal tar, including, but
not limited to, tar collecting sump residues from the production of
coke from coal or the recovery of coke b)-products produced from
coal. (This listing does not include K087 wastes - decanter tank tar
sludge from coking operations)
K142 - Tar storage tank residues from the production of coke from
coal or from the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
K143 - Process residues from the recovery of light oil, including, but
not limited to, those generated in stills, decanters, and wash oil
recovery units from the recovery of coke by-products produced from
coal.
NRJ-071
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K14-4 - WasteAattr treatment sludges from lijhl oil refir:'.;;,
ircl'.il'ng, b^i not limited to, intercepting or contamination sump
s'..J;es froci ihe recovery of coko bj-prodi:cts product from crsl
K.14S - Residues from naphthalene collection ar.d recovery
operation from the recovery of coke byproducts prodjcciJ from
coal
K147 - Tai storage tank residues from coal tai refining
KI4S - Residues from coal tar distillation, including, but not limned
to, still bo:to:ns
This baciijzrojnd document pro«des the Agenc\Js rationale and technical
support for developing BOAT treatment standards for K141-K145, K!47, and K14S
wastes under the Land Disposal Restnctions (LDR) program This document also
provides waste characterization data that may sene as a basis for determining whether a
vanance from the applicable treatment standards is warranted for a particular type of
coking waste that may bs more difficult to treat than the wastes on which the BOAT
treatment standards are based
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The Agency's legal authority and the petition process necessarj for
requesting a vanance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Fmal Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Quality
Assiirance/Qualir>' Coifol Procedures and Methodologies (19) The methodologies
used for establishing the nonuasieuatcr and wastewater treatment standards for the
constituents selected for regulation in K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes arc
summarized in Appendices A and B of this document, respectively.
The Agency selected the constituents for regulation in K141-K145, K'47,
and K14S wastes based on the August 1992 final rule (57 FR 37284) listing these wastes
as hazardous (2) The Agency is regulating the land disposal of both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes by establishing BOAT treatment
standards numerical!) equivalent to the universal treatment standards (universal
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standards) A universal standard is a single concentration limit established Tor a •specific
constituent regardless of the waste matrix in which it is present, i e , the same treatment
standard applies to a particular constituent in each waste code in which it is regulated.
The Agency is establishing two different sets of universal standards- one for
nonwastewater forms of waste and one for wastewater forms of waste These two sets
differ in the population of regulated constituents and the individual urmersa] standards
A more detailed discussion concerning the determination of these treatment standards is
provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background
Document for Universal Standards. Volume A* Universal Standards for Nonwastewater
Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (14) and EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology fBDAT) Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume B
Universal Standards for Wastewaier Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (18)
The universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K141-K145. K147. and K148 wastes are based on incineration
treatment performance data chat were used to piomulgate previous BOAT treatment
standards. The universal standards for wastewater forms of these wastes are based on
treatment performance data from several sources, includmg the BOAT database, the
NPDES database, the WERL database, EPA-collected WAD/PACT* data, the HAD
database, industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data, data submitted by the
Chemical Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulflde Task Force, data submitted by
the California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
pan of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT* treatment processes.
Table ES-1 presents the BOAT treatment standards for nonwastewater
forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes. Table ES-2 presents the BOAT treatment
standards for wastewater forms of these wastes. The standards shown on Tables ES-1
and ES-2 are numerically equivalent to the universal standards for those constituents
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Table t.S-l
BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms
of KM1-K145, K147, and KH8 Wastes
Rt(ul*tc4 Ceutitucat
Beauc;
Be u{a)aii (brace ae
Bcazo(i)p)Tcac
Bcc2o(b)Ciioruilhcnc'
Bcn2o(lc)riuotjnih:oc'
Chrysene
Dibenz(a.l>)aDlKracenc
Indeao (Ii3-cd)pyrcnt
.Njphlki^ai
Tolkl Oiinpoilom Ccanolrndaa (inj^l£)
Maximum for »nj Slcglc Crab Simple
K141
10
34
34
68
63
34
&2
34
NR
KM:
in
34
?4
68
OS
34
82
34
NR
KI43
10
34
34
6S
6£
34
NR
NR
NR
K144
10
34
34
6.3
63
34
8.2
NR
NR
K14S
10
34
34
NR
NR
34
s:
NR
SS
KJ47
10
34
34
68
&S
34
82
34
NR
K14J
NR
34
34
6.3
63
34
R2
34
NR
The (icalmcnt sticdard for (hue ocasuniuu u exprcueJ is s sum of ih:u concentrations to accouat for
uul)Ucal cooceres ID disuaguuhicj bcraren the f*o compounds
NR - Not Regulated.
Rcferecce (14)
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ES-4
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Table ES-2
BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastewater Forms
of K14I-KN5, Kl-47, and K148 Wastes
Regulated Coostllucnt
Benzene
Benz(*)uihiacene
Bcnzo(»)pjTene
Benzo(b)fluoranibene*
Benz^kjfluorinthenc1
Chr>seae
Dibcnz(i,h)anihriccoe
Indcno (1^3-cd)pyrtne
NapbtbilcDC
To««I Composition CoocrutrmUoa (mj/L)
Multaum for *uy 24-Hour Composite Sample
K141
014
005?
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
OOS5
00355
NR
K142
OK
0059
0051
Oil
on
0059
0055
00055
SR
KI4J
ON
0059
006!
Oil
Oil
0059
NT*
NTR
NR
K144
014
0059
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
0055
NR
NR
K145
0!4
0059
0061
NR
NR
0059
0055
NR
0059
K147
014
0059
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
0055
00055
NR
K14S
NR
0059
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
0055
00055
NR
The trcatmeal slaodard for ihese eonsutuenu u cxpreucd u a sum of iheir concentrations lo account for analytical
concerns in distinguishing beneen the r»x> coapouadi
NR « Not Regulated.
Reference: (IS)
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
The U S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) is
establishing Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BEAT) treatment standards for
the regulation of listed hazardous wastes identified in Title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations. Section 26132 (40 CFR 261J2) as K141-K145, K147. and KN3. These
BOAT treatment standards are being established in accordance with the amendments to
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 enacted by the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) of November 8. 1984 Compliance
with the BOAT treatment standards would be a prerequisite for land disposal of
restricted wastes, as defined in 40 CFR Part 268 EPA may grant a variance from the
applicable treatment standards under 40 CFR 268 44 and under 40 CFR 268 6. EPA
may grant waste- and site-specific waivers from the applicable treatment standards under
268.41-263.43. The BOAT treatment standards for these wastes are presented in Tables
1-1 and 1-2 of this document.
K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are generated during the production,
recovery, and refining of coke by-products and tar produced from coal (i e., coking
wastes). These hazardous wastes are defined as follows:
K141 - Process residues from the recovery of coal tar, including, but
not limited to, tar collecting sump residues from the production of
coke from coal or the recovery of coke b>-products produced from
coal. (This listing does not include K087 wastes - decanter tank tar
sludge from coking operations )
K142 - Tar storage tank residues from the production of coke from
coal or from the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal
K143 - Process residues from the recovery of light oil, including, but
not limited to, those generated in stills, decanters, and wash oil
recovery units from the recovery of coke by-products produced from
coal.
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K144 - \V3Slc«.:iitr ircjiment sludges from light oil refininc,
including, but not limned to. intercepting or contamination sump
sludges from ihe recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal
KI45 - Residues from naphthalene collection and recovery
operations from the recovers of coke by-products produced from
coal
KMT • Tar storage tank residues from coal tar refining
K14S • Residues from coal tax distillation, including, but not limited
to, still bottoms.
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This background document provides the Agency's rationale and technical
support for developing BOAT treatment standards for K141-K145, K147, and K148
wastes under the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program. This document also
provides waste characterization data that may serve as a basts for determining whether a
variance from the applicable treatment standards is warranted for a particular type of
coking waste that may be more difficult to treat than the wastes on which the BOAT
(reatment standards are based.
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The Agency's legal authority and the petition process necessary for
requesting a variance from the treatment standards are summarized in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Procedures and Methodologies (19) The methodologies
used for establishing the nonwastewater and wastewater (reatment standards for the
constituents selected for regulation in K14I-K14S, K147, and K148 wastes are
summarized in Appendices A and B of this document, respectively
1.1
Regulatory Background
On August 18, 1992 (57 FK 37284), the Agency promulgated a hazardous
waste listing rule for K141-KK5, KI47, and K148 wastes generated during the
production, recovery, and refining of coke by-products and tar produced from coal (i c ,
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coking wastes) me Ageni-v hsied r.'ne cunsiiiueiiu of concern ..: tht-se v»as cs
benzene, bsnz(a)a.ithraccne. btr^c(a)p..Tene. benzo(b)flbO'ar.ihene,
benzo(\)'~li'0ian'.hene, cfmr.7cne, and
naphthaJcnc Three aiJd'tionai war.cs generated by the coding industry, K035 KOfiO, ?rd
KOS7 wastes, were alre.ic!;. listed is hazardous wastes pnor to the August '992
rule making
Tne haiardo.ii v-as.s lifting program and the LDR prograri both define
Vastcwater" quantuanxe'y to mean 'O-TT.S of hazardous wastes with less than one percent
total orgaruc ca^oon (TOC) .ir.J less :i:a.n one percent total suspended solids (TSS) (see
40 CFR 2682 (f)) Althou^n Ki-::-Kl-5, KK7, ard KKS wastes meet t-e definition of
nonwastewaicrs as gencratvd, EPA establishes ircaitnent standa-'ds for bc:h wasiewaier
and nonwastewa'.er fornn of l-stsd was:es to eriiure that ac> waste streams that meet ths
definition of a wastcwa'cr arc oiso trea:ej 'o meet apprcpna'c treatment s:a:idards prior
to land disposal "Hie July 26, 1991 proposed rule and the August 1992 finjJ rule, Lisiinj
ihese -produc:s produced
flora coal meeting the dcfiru'ion o: was'-e^aters The bas.5 of this decs-en :s that
wastcwater forms of KN1-K14S. KK7. and K14S w?ites do not appear to contain
sigruOcant levels of toxic constiusr.ts Therefore, EPA chose not to lis: certain aqueous
process streams from coke production as haraidous wastes StreaTis generated from the
treatment of KU1-K145, K147, and K! iS wastes contamirig less than one percent TOC
and less than one percent TSS. however are defined as wastewatcr forms of these wastes
to which ibe wastcwatcr treatrasr.: stardards promulgated in ilus rule appl>
FoUoAing the July 26. J991 proposal for listing K141-K145. K147 and K148
wastes as hazardous wastes, the Agency published an Ad\ancc Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (ANPR.M) and request for comments in the October 24, 1991 Federal
Register (56 FR 55160) In this AVPRM. the Agency outlined its proposed approach for
the regulation of newly hMcd was es under the LDR program, including these coking
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wastes. The Agency requested comment on the approach and requested treatment or
recycling data on these wastes.
On June 22, 1992, the Agency amended the hazardous waste management
regulations (40 CFR 261.4(a)) to exclude certain recycled coke by-product residues from
the definition of solid waste. Those residues excluded are those recycled by being' (1)
returned to coke ovens as a feedstock to produce coke, (2) returned to the tar recwery
process as a feedstock to produce coal tar, or (3) mixed with coal tar prior to coal tar
refining or sale. As discussed in the August 18, 1992 final rule listing as hazardous the
coking wastes covered by this background document, this exclusion applies to K141-K145,
K147, and K14S waste streams when they are recycled, as specified.
1.2 Summary
The Agency is regulating the land disposal of both nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of K141-K145. K147, and K148 wastes by establishing BOAT treatment
standards numerically equivalent to the universal treatment standards (universal
standards). A universal standard is a single concentration limit established for a specific
constituent regardless of the waste raatru in which it is present (i.e., the same treatment
standard applies to a particular constituent in each waste code in which it is regulated)
The Agency is establishing two different sets of universal standards' one for
nonwastewater forms of waste and one for wastewater forms of waste. These two sets
differ in (he population of regulated constituents and in the individual universal
standards. A more detailed discussion concerning the determination of these treatment
standards is provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology CROAT}
Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume A' Universal Standards for
Nonwastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (14) and EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology fBDATi Background Document for Universal
Standards. Volume B: Universal Standard
Wastes (18).
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ns of Listed Hazardous
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The universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastewater forms of K141-KK5, K147, and K148 wastes are based on incineration
treatment performance data that were used to promulgate previous BOAT treatment
standards. The universal standards for uasteuater forms of these wastes are based on
treatment performance data from several sources, including the DDAT database, the
NPDES database, the WERL database. EPA-collected WAO/PACT* data, the HAD
database, industry-submitted leacbate treatment performance data, data submitted by the
Chemical Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by
the California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
part of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT* treatment processes.
Table 1-1 presents the BOAT treatment standards for nonwastewater forms
of K14I-K145, K147, and K14S wastes. Table 1-2 presents the BOAT treatment
standards for wastewater forms of these wastes. The standards shown on Tables 1-1 and
1-2 are numerically equivalent to the universal standards for those constituents.
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U Contents of This Document
Section 2.0 of this document summarizes the BDAT treatment standards,
the basis for listing coking wastes as hazardous, and bow the BDAT treatment standards
reflect the goals of the Land Disposal Restrictions program. Section 3.0 describes the
industry and processes generating K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes, and presents data
characterizing these wastes. Existing waste management practices for these wastes also
are described in Section 3 0. Section 4 0 explains the methodology and rationale for
selection of the regulated constituents, discusses the treatment technologies the Agency
has designated as "applicable" and "demonstrated" for these wastes, identifies BDAT for
wastewater and nonwastewater forms of these wastes, and presents the determination of
the BDAT treatment standards for these wastes. In addition, potential reuse and
recycling, source reduction, pollution prevention, and waste minimization alternatives for
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these wastes are discussed in Scctio-1 4 0 Section 5 0 details the regulatory history and
status of these waste streams under the LDR and other Agency programs References
arc listed in Section 6 0 and are cited numerical!} wtrun the document in parentheses
(eg., (1)). Acknowlcdgcmeo'j are provided in Sect,on 70 Tables are located at the
end of each section
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T ~::
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Table 1-1
BOAT Treatment Standards for Norwastcwater Forms
of K141-K145, Kl-17, and K148 Wastes
BOAT List CooiUtucDl
Benzene
Bcnz(a)iaLhraccne
Bcozo(a)pyreiie
Benzo(b)0uoraiilhcne'
Bcnzo(L)Ouoraathene*
Chryxut
Dibcnz(a,h)uihraccne
InilcDO (l,2^-cd)p>Tcnc
Naphthalene
T«ul Composition CooceacntloD (mj/kg)
Mailmuia for uj Single Grab Sample
Kltl
10
34
34
&8
&£
34
82
34
NR
fUU
10
34
34
6S
68
34
82
34
NR
Ki43
10
34
34
68
6.8
34
NR
NR
NR
K144
10
34
34
6.8
63
34
82
NR
NR
Kl«
10
34
34
NR
NR
34
8.2
NR
56
IU47
10
3.4
3.4
68
6S
34
82
34
NR
K14J
NR
34
}4
6S
6^
34
82
34
NR
The treatment standard for these cocstiruuts is expressed as a sun of their concentrations to account for
analytical concerns in distinguishing between the mo compounds.
NR - Not Regulated.
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Table 1-2
BOAT Treatment Standards for Wastewatcr Forms
of KU1-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
BOAT Uit Constituent
Benzene
Bcnz(i)aDlhriicene
Bcnzo(s)p)Tene
Bcnzo(b)fliioruilhecc>
Bcnzo(k)fluoranthenc'
Caryseae
Dibt az(a,b)*nihricene
ladcoo (1^3-«l)pyTcnc
NipMhalcoc
Total Cniapasllloo CaonnCnidoii (OfA-)
M ulrauni for u« 24-Hour Composite Sample
K141
OU
0059
0061
Oil
0.11
0059
0055
OCC55
NR
Kl«
014
OD59
00*1
Oil
Oil
0059
ObSS
OC055
.VR
K143
014
OOS9
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
NR
NR
NR
SI 44
014
OC59
0061
Oil
Oil
0059
0055
NR
NR
KJ4S
014
0059
0061
NR
NR
0059
0055
NR
0059
KJ47
014
0059
0061
011
Oil
0059
0055
00055
NR
U48
NR
0059
0061
on
Oil
0059
0055
00055
NR
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The treatment standard for lh:se constinjcats u expressed as a sum of their concentrations to account for analytical
concerns in distinguishing belwun the no coapouadi
NR - Not Regulated.
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2.0 1AND DISPOSAL RESTRICTIONS FOR KULKMS, KI-47, AND K148
WASTES
2.1 Summan of Basis for Listing of Coking Wastes
Section 3001(e)(2) of HSWA requires that EPA evaluate whether wastes
from the coke by-products industry should be listed as hazardous A wide variety of
materials fall within the scope of the term coke byproducts, including coal tar, creosote
and other refined tar products, light oil. naphthalene, phenol, and coke oven gas.
HSWA directed EPA to s:udy the production, recovery, and refining of these coke by-
products and determine whether these processes result in the generation of hazardous
waste according to the criteria in 40 CFR 261.11. The Agency performed an extensive
study of the coke by-products industry and made the determination, based on the
evaluation presented in the Listing Background Document for Coking Wastes (referred
to as the Listing Background Document) (1,2) and pursuant to the HSWA mandate, to
list as hazardous the following seven wastes associated with the production. rcco\cry, and
refining of coke by-products K141-K145. K147, and K148
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As presented in the Listing Background Document (1,2), the Agency
determined that certain residuals from the production, recovery, and refining of coke by-
products, listed as K141-K145. K147. and K148 wastes, typically contain constituents that,
when mismanaged, pose a substantial present or potential threat to human health and
the environment due to their carcinogenic or toxic properties. In addition, the Agency
compiled evidence that these wastes contain toxic constituents that are mobile and/or
persistent in the environment and therefore, are capable of reaching receptors in harmful
concentrations. The information that supports these findings is presented in the Listing
Background Document, and in the RCRA Docket supporting the listing of coking wastes
The coking wastes listed as K141-K14S, K147, and K148 (which are more
fully described in Section 3 0) include both process residues and storage tank residues.
This final listing, however, does not include uasteuaters from coke by-products recovery
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The Agency cliose not to Ijsi itiess w.:ycw..'.ters as hazardous unites since it iiia::c hvdrourbons (PAHs) arc typically and
frequently present at concentration of icj^laton, ccrcem However, tl'e ^e-'C)
believes that these wasteuaters mav exceed the Touciry Characteristic (TC) rcrjla'ory
level for benzene and. thereby, be identified as D01S wastes.
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The Agency also did not IIM process wasteuaters from the production of
creosote (tar refining operations) as hazardous Sludges generated from the treatment of
these wastewaters are already rcguliitd under Subtitle C of RCRA, since they are listed
as K03S wastes. According to the infnrmaiion available to the Agency, all units in which
these wasteuaters are managed are er.her (I) wasteuatcr treatment tanks, which are
excluded from permitting and iotenm status standards under 40 CFR 264 Hg)(6) and
265.1(c)(10); or (2) surface unpour.d-ncr.u that are already regulated under Subtitle C
due to the generation of K035 wastes frrun waite-.'.aters placed in the unit. The Agency
did not believe that any tar refining facility is land disposing wastewaters. Thus, the
Agency concluded that no additional environmental benefit uouJd be derived from listing
these wastewaters as hazardous.
Many of the coke by-products residues listed as hazardous wastes are
recycled by a substantial segment of the industry. Two recycling techniques are reported
as commonly used: (1) applying the residue to coal prior to or just after charging the
coal into the coke oven; and (2) mixing the residue with coal tar prior to its being sold
as product (1,2). On June 22, 1992 (57 FR 27880), EPA excluded wastes from the coke
by-products process from the definition of solid waste when they are recycled b> being
returned to coke ovens, placed into the tar recovery process, or mixed with coal tar,
provided there is no land disposal of ihc recycled materials.
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*??
12 Kev PomK of Coki.-.g Waslc Star.dards nr.d Ho* 'Hie/ Roflcct LD_'t__Cnpis
The LDR p-ogra.ii is ciesigrcd to pro:cc: h^nan ht?lth aad the
environment b> prohibit'ng the laud disposal of RCRA hazardous va^es uiiess specific
treatment standards are met.
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In RCRA SC~.:OQ 300* IT) Congress dircc'.ed the. Agency to
prornulcste 'e^ els or methods of treatment which
substantially diriinish ihc toviciw of the waste or . the
likelihood of rn.g:at.oa of hazardous coas^'ucnis . so :fcat
shon-tern and lonz-tsnn threats to hutr.an hcalin and the
environrncni are mi
Key provisions of the LDR program require iha: (1) treatment standards
are met prior to land disposal. (2) treairricp! .s not evaded b1- lor.g-term itorage, (3)
actual treatment occurs ra^er than dilution. (^) recordksepirg r.nd tracarg fol!o» a
waste from "cradle to grave" (i e , s-"eraf.on to d.sposal), anJ (5) certificanon »enfies
thai the specified treainnen: s'ar.dards ha\e been rre:
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The Agenc\ is establishing treatment s'.ajid.ircs for both conwastCA'a'.er aad
wastewater forms of inese Mas;es as concen'.ration-s nuniencally equivalent to the
uruvcisal standards for the cotinruenis selected for regulation in these wastes
Th» AgencA tieLeves that establishing treatment standards for the regulated
constituents in coking wastes as equivalent ;o the corresponding universal standards
meets its goal of minimizing threats to human health and the environment ton iacd
disposal since these standards arc based on treatment performance data representing the
treatment technology idor.t.fisa as "best" for coLng wastes. The universal s'andards for
nonwastewater and wastewater forms of wastes were developed based on treatment
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performance data used to promulgate previous BOAT treatment standards, and
therefore, have already been determined to meet the Agency's requirements of BOAT
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3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF COKING WASTE STREAMS - C = i
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This section describes the industries generating K141-K145, K147, and •* ? - •» [
K14S wastes, the facilities generating these wastes, the processes generating each waste, 3 ™ 7
the physical and chemical characterutics of these wastes, and waste management a * ™
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practices of facilities generating these wastes. •* ° 'i
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3.1 Description of the Coke Bv-Producls Recovery and Tar Refining Industries
K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are generated by the coke by-products
recovery and tar refining industries. This section includes a description of the coke by-
products recovery and tar refining facilities, the size and geographic distribution of coke ^")
by-products recovery and tar refining facilities, other manufacturing operations ("~
performed at coke by-produns recovery and tar refining facilities, raw materials used at r—i
coke by-products recovery and tar refining facilities, and coke by-products reco%er> and __
tar refining end-products and their uses. -sj
3.1.1 Description of Coke By-Products Recoerj and Tar Refining Facilities
Coke by-products recovery facilities are classified by the U.S. Office of
Management and Budget under Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code 3312, which
is under major heading 33, primary metal industries (10). The coke by-products recovery
industry includes both captive and merchant facilities. Iron and steelmaking facilities
own captive facilities and use nearly all their produced coke in the production of steel
(1). Merchant coke facilities generally produce blast furnace coke for sale to iron and
steel companies, and metallurgical coke for sale to iron and steel foundries and other
chemical facilities (2).
Figure 3-1 presents a flow diagram of typical coke by-products recovery
and tar refining processes and indicates where K141-K14S, K147, and K148 wastes
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NRJ-OM
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Coke By-Products Recovery and Tar Refining Processes
Reference: (1)
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are generated during these processes Most coke by-products recovery processes :
the recovery of light oil, coal tar, ammonia, naphthalene, and phenol (3) As shown on
Figure 3-1, and as described in the Listing Background Document (1,2), coal is conveyed
to the coke oven and heated in the absence of air to produce coke and coke oven gas
(COG). The coke is removed from the coke oven and sold as product The coke oven
gas exits the coke oven through the collecting main where it is sprayed with flushing
liquor. The flushing liquor primarily contains water, tar, light oils, and heavy
hydrocarbons. The flushing liquor cools the coke oven gas, causing precipitation of tar
and condensation of nonvolatde organics from the gas. The flushing liquor carries coal
tar, water, and ammonia to the tar decanter tank (1)
In the tar decanter tank, the material separates into three layers- the top
layer is flushing liquor, the middle layer is coal tar, and the bottom layer contains
carbonaceous deposits which were entrained in the tar and Liquor in the collecting main
(2). A portion of the flushing liquor is recycled to the collecting main or to the primary
cooler. The remaining portion, generally referred to as excess ammonia liquor, is routed
to the excess ammonia liquor tank, phenol extraction (used for sodium pbenolate
recovery), and the ammonia stills (used for ammonia recovery). The waste ammonia
liquor from the ammonia stills is routed to the wastewater treatment system. Tar is
drained from the middle layer, routed to tar dcwatering where it is dewatcred by gravity
separation, and collected in tar storage tanks. Over time a tar residue (K142 wastes at
coke by-products recovery facilities or K147 wastes at tar refining facilities) accumulates
at the bottom of the tar storage tanks and reportedly must be removed to maintain
storage capacity (1,2). Wastewater from tar dewatenng is discharged to the wastewater
treatment system.
The uncondensed coke oven gas flows from the collecting main to the
suction main, and enters the primary cooler. As the gas temperature is reduced in the
primary cooler, additional tar and liquor condense. Primary cooling can be performed
directly, by contacting the coke oven gas with flushing liquor in a baffled tower (shown in
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Figure 3-1), or indirectly, using a countercurrent v*a;er Clov, in a heal exchanger The
condtnsaie flows into a tar collecting sunp and is discharged to tar dewatenng Tar
residue (K141) collects at the bottom of the tar collecting sump and is periodically
removed. The coke oven gas that exits the primary cooler is compressed in an exhauster
and conveyed to an electrostatic prec-.pitator (ESP) to remove entrained coal tar. Once
removed, this coal tar is often rojted to the tar collecting sump (1,2).
Coke by-products recovery facilities often recover ammonia from coke oven
gas and excess ammonia liquor (1,2) Ammonia is recovered from the gas stream by
either the direct recovery process, involving contact of the entire gas stream with ?.
sulfunc acid solution in an absorber to produce ammonium sulfatc crystals, or the
indirect process, where the gas is scrubbed with cooling water to absorb ammonia. The
ammonium sulfate crystals from the direct process undergo drying. Condensed water
from the dryer is discharged to the uastcua:er treatment system. The scrubbing liquor
from Ihe indirect process is distilled with steam to yield ammonia vapors (1,2)
From Ihe ammonia absorber, coke oven gas is routed to the final cooler
for naphthalene removal, which is performed by using water as a cooling medium (shown
in Figure 3-1) or using wash oil as a cooling/collection medium (1,2). When using water
in the final cooler, naphthalene in the coke oven gas condenses and is removed from the
cooling water. The effluent stream from the final cooler is sent to the naphthalene
separator, where naphthalene is skimmed from the water surface. Naphthalene residue
(K145) accumulates at the bottom of the naphthalene separator over a period of lime, as
well as on the surfaces of the cooling tower (1,2)
After final cooling, the coke oven gas is conveyed to the light oil recovery
stage. In the light oil scrubber (also known as the benzol plant scrubber), the coke oven
gas is scrubbed with petroleum wash oil to absorb light oil. Light oil residues (K143)
accumulate in this scrubber over time. The light oil-containing wash oil is then routed to
a light oil stnpper for separation of the bght oil from the wash oil. Light oil residues
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also accumulate in the stnpper Recovered light oil is stored and subsequently sold, the
wash oil is recycled to the Light oil scrubber A high boiling point resin (K143)
eventually forms in the rec>c!ed wash oil through polymerization reactions This resin.
known as muck oil, reportedly degrades the wash oil and is separated using a wash oil
purifier, wash oil decanter, or a centrifuge (1,2,5) Facilities often use an intercepting
sump to collect wastewaters, including decanting water and equipment and floor wash
water, to provide residence time for the oil and water to separate. Oil is skimmed from
the sump and returned to the light oil recovery process (1,2) Sludge (K144)
accumulates in the bottom of the intercepting sump Wastewater from the intercepting
sump is discharged to the wastewater treatment system.
The coke oven gas that exits the light oil recovery process is used as fuel
for coke ovens and other steel plant operations or is sold (1,2). Many facilities practice
coke oven gas desulfurization to reduce sulfur oxide emissions (1,2). Wastewater from
the coke oven gas desulfurization operation is discharged to the wastewater treatment
system.
Tar refining operations are classified under SIC Code 3312, the same as for
coke by-products operations Historically, coal tar refining was performed at coke by-
products recovery facilities, however, the crude coal tar produced at most facilities is now
sold to independent tar refiners. Independent tar refiners may purchase coal tar from
one or several coke by-products recovery facilities (2). Coal tar is refined by either
batch or continuous distillation processes into products such as pitch, creosote,
naphthalene, and tar acids.
As described in the Listing Background Document (1,2), tar refining
involves heating crude coal tar in either a batch or continuous still. In a batch still,
vapors from the crude coal tar exit the lop and pass through a water-cooled condenser,
leaving tar pitch remaining at the bottom. The pitch is heated to its softening point,
discharged from the still, cooled, and stored. High boiling point residues (K148)
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accumulate on the fire tubes and the bottom of the still during the batch distillation
process (1,2,6). Wastewater from the condenser is discharged to wastewater treatment.
In the continuous distillation process, crude coal tar is heated in a
dehydration column and then flashed to separate its components. The heavy liquid
components are sent to a distillation column for further refining. Vapors from the flash
chambers and distillation columns arc discharged to a fractionating column where they
are further refined K14S residues are not generated from the continuous distillation
process (1,2). Wastewater from the distillation and fractionating columns is discharged
to wastewater treatment.
3.12 Size and Geographic Distribution of Coke By-Products Recotcrj and Tar
Refining Facilities
Table 3-1 lists the names and locations of the 32 coke by-product recovery
facilities known to be in operation in the United States as of 1992 (3). Of those 32
facilities, 22 axe captive and 10 are merchant. Coke by-products recovery facilities are
typically located near supplies of raw materials, markets for iron and steel products, and
rail and water transportation (1). The greatest concentration of coke by-products
recovery facilities are located in northern and mid-eastern states.
Table 3-2 lists the names and locations of the tar refining facilities known
to be in operation in the United States as of 1992 (3). In 1992, there were a total of 14
tar refining facilities in the U.S operated by six companies. These facilities are located
in ten states, many of which are also the leading states in ibe number of coke by-
products facilities. The o\crall production capacities of coke by-products recovery and
tar refining facilities in the U.S. are discussed in Section 3.1.5 below.
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3.IJ
Raw Materials
The primary raw .xa'.er.rls used in the manufacture of coke are -oal and a
fuel source The coke o\en gas generated from the cofcpg process is the pnmar> feed
stream for coke byproducts recj.ery processes Oiher process inputs required 10
complete coke byproduct recover, cpirations may include Pushing liquor, :u!func ccid
water, steam, and wash oil Tc; p-irnary raw materials us:d in tar refining processes are
cnide coal tar obtained from cc>.e byproducts recovery operations and fuel sources.
3.1.4 Coke By-Products Recovery and Tar Refining End-Products and Their
Uses
Thi major end-prodjct produced at coke by-products reco\cry facibr.es is
blast furnace coke About 90 percent nf the total coke produced is consumed in blast
furnaces in the production of iron and s:ee! About 5 percent is used by foundries,
where it is used to melt iron asd reduce iron o\ide to iron. Tnc renaming 5 percent is
coal tar that is unusable in bias: furnaces or foundries due to its particle size, hardness,
and other physical characteristics This coal tar is typical!) used to produce carbon black
or as boiler fuel (1).
Production levels of coke declined from 46 million metric tons in 19SO to
26 million metric tons in 19S6 Production levels increased to 32 million metric tons in
1988; however, the I9SS production le\cl was still less than 70 percent of the 19SO level
Most of the total coke production in 19S8 was attributed to captive facilities (SS
percent) The remaining 12 percent was produced at merchant facilities (3).
The coking process generates several by-products including coke oven gas,
coal tar, naphthalene, sodium phenolate, and light oils Coke oven gas is processed to
remove the by-products listed abo-.e and is then used as a fuel for heating coke ovens or
in other processes in coke or steel facilities Approximately 1 2 million Liters of coal tar,
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3.7 million luers of sodium phenoiate. 7/joo metric tons of naphthalene, and 5SO million
liters of light oil were prod-.csd h> coke facili:irs in 1^5 (I) In addition :o iron and
steel products manufactured at captive facilities Table 3-3 summarizes other products
manufactured at captive and merchant facilities
Refined products obtained from crude coal tar include coal tar puch,
creosote oil, light oils, and refined tar (2) Other products include naphthalene, solvent
naphtha, pyridmc bases, coumarone resins, tar acids, anthracene, phenanthrcne, and
carbazole (4). The major products produced by tar refiners are coal tar pitch and
creosote oil (S3 percent and 23 percent of 19S9 production, respectively) (2). Data for
the 14 tar refining facilities in operation in 19S4 show that the tar refining industry had a
crude tar refining capacity of 1,620 million liters, however, the amount processed was
approximately 977 million liters, or 60 percent of the o\erall production capacity (3)
Data for the 14 facilities m operation as of 1992 indicates an annual production capacity
of 1,271 million liters. The total production in 1992 was 1,188 million liters, about 93
percent of the overaJl production capacity (2)
The primary tar refining process involves a series of distillation steps to
separate the various products. These multiple distillations recover light oils, light,
middle, and heavy creosote oils, refined tar, and tar pitch from crude coal tar Processes
such as scrubbing or precipitation are u
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3.2
Processes Generating KI 11 -K14<. K147. and KI-J8 \Varies
As discussed in Section l 1. rijrjre ?-l presents a flow diagram of a rvpic.il
coke by-products recovers- ar.d tar rermmg process and indicates where in the process
K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes arc generated
This section descnhcs the processes gcr.srat'.ng K141-K145, K147. and
K148 wastes including feed streams, unit uper?uo.".s, thermodynamics and kinetics,
catalysis, and other quantifiable process parameters
3.2.1
KI41 Wastes
K141 wastes consist of process residues from the recovery of coal tar,
including, but not limited to, tar collecting sump residues from the production of coke
from coal or the recovery of coke byproducts produced from coal. This listing does not
include KOS7 wastes, decanter tank tar sludge from coking operations.
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Otemcw of Process Generating K141 Wastes
K141 wastes are generated in the first stages of coke by-products reco\cry
Coal is convened to th<. coke o\cn where it is heated to produce coke and coke o\en gas
The coke is remo\cd from the coke oven and sold as product as described in Section
3.11. The coke oven gas passes through the primary' cooler where temperature
reduction causes tar and flushing liquor to condense from the coke oven gas This
condensate is discharged to a tar collecting sump From the primary cooler, the coke
oven gas passes through an exhauster followed by an electrostatic precipitator (ESP),
which removes additional coal tar The tar and water removed in the ESP are then
routed to the tar collecting sump. Residues in the tar collecting sump are listed as K141
wastes (1,2)
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3.2.1.2
Feed Streams
There are wo 'riJ i!rc;.ins to the la' co "eciing sump where K!41 ua-ics
are generated, condensate fron the primary coo'ir w>-!ch contains coal tar and lushing
liquor, and the effluent from ir.t electrostatic prec:n.ta;or which contains cosl tar ard
water
3.2.1.3
Detailed Descnption of Process Generating K14I \\astcs
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Figure 3-2 is a ilo* diagram of the process generating K141 wastes
Blended coal is charged :o ths coke own where n .s heated to temperatures bsrween
100° and 900°C for 16 to 40 hours (5,7) The co'-urg terrpercturc and coking time
depend on the type of coal, the moisture content of the coal, and the desired coke ajid
coke by-products. To pre\eit aar infiltration, a slightK positive pressure (1 mm water) is
maintained in the coke o\ei (5) Meat is applied to the coal on both sides so that heat
travels toward the center, prodi.cir.g shorter and more so'id pieces of coke (1.2)
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Coke o\en gas exia the oven at temperatures ranging from 760" to 870°C
into the collecting mam In the collecting main, the coke o\en gas is sprayed with
flushing liquor, which consists primarily of water, lar, light oils, and heavy hyd-ocarbons
(1,2). The flushing liquor cools the coke oven gas to temperatures between SO" to
100°C (1,2,5) The lower temperatures cause tar to precipitate and nonvolatile organics
to condense from the gas. Tee flushing liquor carries coal tar, water, and ammonia to
the tar decanting tank where the material separates into layers The layers are decanted
for further processing, reocled back into the process, or sold as final products (1,2)
The uncondensfd gas effluent from the collecting mam is routed to the
primary cooler where the gas temperature is reduced to approximately 40°C, causing
additional coal tar and liquor to condense (1.2) Primar> cooling is accomplished directly
3-10
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COLLECTING
MAIN
TAR
REMOVAL
(ESP)
Flushing PRIMARY
U^-^ COOLER
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ESP)
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To Tar To Excaca Ammonia
Dewataitng Liquor Tank
Figure 3-2
KI4I Waste Generation Process
Reference: (1)
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by contacting the gas with cooling liquor in a baffled lousr. or indirect!), by using a
countercurrcr.t water flow in a hent exchanger (1.2 5) The condensate from ihe primary
cooler flows to a tor collecting sump and is discharged 10 tar dewatenng. A residue
(K141) collects at the bottom of the tar collecting sump and is removed periodically
The gas that exits the primary cooler is compressed in an exhauster and routed to an
electrostatic precipnator •.there entrained coal tar is removed The electrostatic
precipitate: uses electrical forces to mo\c paniculate matter (tar) from the coke oven
gas stream and on;o collector plates The tar accumulates on the plates and is rcmo\cd
by washing with water (S) Tne tar and wattr are typically discharged to the tar
collecting sump
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322
Kl-42 Wastes
K142 wastes consist of tar storage tar-k residues from the production of
coke from coal or from the recover)' of coke by-products produced from coal.
322.1 Overview of Process Generating KU2 Wastes
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Tar from the tar decanter tank and tar collecting sump are routed to tar
dcwatenng uhere gravity separation is used to accomplish deuatenng The dewatered
tar is then collected in tar storage tanks. K142 wastes are the residues that build up in
the tar storage tanks.
3222
Feed Streams
There are two feed streams to the tar dewatenng tank; the middle layer of
the tar decanter, which contains tar and water, and tar and water from the tar collecting
sump.
3-12
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3J.2.3
Detailed Description of Proccis Generating Kl-42 Wastes
Figure 3-3 is a flow diagram tjf the process generating K142 wastes.
Condensed tar and flushing liquor from the collecting main are discharged 10 the lar
decanter where the material separates into la>crs The top layer is Gushing liquor, the
middle laver is coal tar. and the bottom lcr consists of carbonaceous deposits which
were entrained in (he tar md liquor in the collecting main Residence times in the
decanter are npicaljy 10 minutes for liquor and 40 or more hours for tar and heavy
deposits (5) The temperature of the flushing liquor and tar in the tar decanter typically
ranges from 70° to 90°C (5) The flushing liquor is returned to the gas mams; the coal
tar is sent to tar dewatcnr.g. The tar de^.itenng tank also receives tar from the tar
collecting sump.
The tar dew-atcnng process further reduces the water content of the tar.
Tar destined for the market usually contains less than 1 percent water (5) The tor
deuatenng process may include gravity separation with or without chemical emulsion
breaking, centrifugal separation, steam heating in tar dchydrators, or a combination of
these methods (5)
After tar dewatenng, the coal tar is stored. Over time, a residue
accumulates at the bottom of the storage tank and is removed to maintain storage
capacity. If the tar is stored at the coke by-products recovery facility, this residue is
classified as K142 waste If the tar is stored at lar refining facilities, it is classified as
K147 waste (see Section 326 below).
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323
K143 Wastes
K143 wastes consist of process residues from the recovery of light oil,
including, but not limited to, those generated in stills, decanters, and wash oil recovery
units from the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal.
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CondoraadTar Tar and Malar
and Flushing Liquor from Primary Cooler and
from Collecting Main Eletrostette PradpUator
Flushing Liquor
toQuMahw
Tar and Water
Wattewatarlo
Waatawalar Treatment
• Tar to
TarRaflnlng
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Figure 3-3
K142 and K147 Wasle Generation Process
Reference: (I)
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3J.3.1
Overview of Process Generating K143 Wastes
K145 wastes are generated from the light oil recovery process After final
cooling, the coke o-.en gas is routed to the light oil recovery process In the lirhi oil
scrubber (benzol plant scrubber), the gas is scrubbed countercurrently with petroleum
wash oil to absorb the light oil. Residues that build up in this scrubber oxer time are
K143 Bastes. From the scrubber, the wash oil/light oil mixture is routed to the light oil
stripper to separate the wash oil from the light oil Residues accumulating in this still
are also classified as K143 wastes. The recovered light oil is stored and subsequently
sold. The vsash oil is recycled to the light oil scrubber. A portion of the wash oil is
continuously removed and treated in a decanter to separate polymerized resins, which
accumulate O'.er time These resins are known as muck oil and are classified as K143
u-astes (1,2).
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The feed streams to the light oil scrubber are the coke oven gas containing
light oil and the petroleum wash oil. The feed streams to the light oil stripper are the
Mash oil from the light oil scrubber containing light oil and steam. The feed stream to
the wash oil treatment tank (decanter) is the recycled wash oil which may contain some
light oil.
3.2.3.3 ' Detailed Description of Process Generating K143 Wastes
Figure 3-4 is a flow diagram of the process generating K143 wastes. Light
oil is a clear, yellow-brown oil consisting of benzene (60-85 percent), toluene (6 to 17
percent), xylenes (1 to 7 percent), solvent naphtha (0.5 to 3 percent), and other minor
constituents. The amount of light oil recovered in the light oil recovery process averages
slightly less than 1 percent of the coal charged to the coke oven. Light oil is recovered
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LIGHT OIL
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Storaoa
Sludge
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SkknnwdlJghtOII
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Figure 3-4
K143 Waste Generation Process
Reference: (1)
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from ihe coke oven gas in :\: light oil •.ciuWer Wash nil, consisting of petroleum straw
oil with a boiling point above 2!>J'C, is i:scJ 10 scrjb the light oil fro^i the coke oven
gas coumercurrenily in the scrobbirg tower The high boiling point of the wash o;l
facilitates separation of the vvrsh oil from ihe light oil. Additionally, the wash oil
reponedly does not degrade easily, has a high absorptive capacity for light o'l. has a low
specific gravity (088). which aids in water separation, and is not reactive with the coke
oven gas. The scruhbirg towers are eithtr tray, packed, or gravity spray towers and arc
operated as a single unit or with two or more in series Maintaining the wash oil
temperature above the coke oven gas temperature is reported to prevent water
condensation and emuUmca:io~ problems 'Hie wash oil renrculates at 1 5 to 2.5 L/m'
of gas. Approximately 95 percent of the light oil is removed by the wash oil (5)
The wash oil/light oil mixture is separated by steam stopping (light oil
stripping) Steam is injected into the bottom of a plate towe; and the light oil is stripped
overhead The wash oil is recvc'.ed to the light oil scrubber. The recovered crude light
oil is stored and sold As the wash oil recycles through the light oil recovery process, a
high boiling point resin is iomed through polymerization reactions This resin degrades
the quality of the wash oil, therefore, a portion of the wash oil is continuously removed
and treated to separate the resin. The separation can be performed thermally in a wash
oil purifier, gravitational!) in a wash oil decanter, or by centnfuging based on the
difference in density between the resin and wash oil (1,2). The cleaned wash oil is
recycled to the light oil recovery cycle via the wash oil storage tank Residues
accumulating in the wash oil purifier, decanter, centrifuge, or storage lanx are classified
as K143 wastes (1,2).
3.2.4
K144 \VastfS
K144 wastes consist of wasiewaier treatment sludges from light oil refining,
including, but not limited to, intercepting or contamination sump sludges from the
recovery of coke by-products produced from coal
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3.2.4.1
Overview of Process Generating KI-M Wastes
rrM f
K.144 uas'.e is the sludge in::i accumulates in the intercepting sump in the
light oil processing area. The intercepting
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and ROOT Washing
1 WashOI
1 Decantaf
Wash Oil
Realn
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Intercepting Sump
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to Wash Oil Storage
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K144 Waste Generation Process
Reference: (1)
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3.2.5.1
Ovenicn of Proce« C
K14S Wasles
Kl-SS uutes are generated in the final coo!:r.g ana naphthalcr.e recovery
process Coke o-.ea gis frcm the animoru.i absorber » sent to the final coc.er Coke by-
products rcco-.tr> facilities typically use one of two processes fur fin.J coj.::g The mmi
common method is direct contact cooling using water as a coohng medium ( passing the fm.J cooler water through tar in the bottom of ;he fir.al
cooler, where the naphtf-Jcne d:s$olics in ihc lar (5). The alternatee cooling process
involves a countc'curreai f.ow of wash oil to cool the coke oven gas and collect
naphthalene (1.2.5) When water is the cooling medium, naphthalene in the coke oven
gas condenses and is removed from the recirculatmg cooling water. The effluent from
the final cooling tower ;s discharged to the napnthalesc separator sump where
naphthalene is mechanically skimmed from the water surface. Naphthalene residue
(K145) accumulates over tine on the bottom of the naphthalene separator sump and on
the walls of the cooling tower The naphthalene skimmed from the water in the
naphthalene separator S'JTip is dewatered by graviry separation or drying and then sold
(1,2,5). The water is recvcled to the cooling lower.
3.2.5.2
Feed Streams
The feed stream tn the naphthalene separator sump is the effluent from
the final cooler, which contains water and naphthalene The feed stream to the cooling
tower is the wastewater from the naphthalene separator sump, which also contains water
and naphthalene.
3.2.5.3
Detailed De.tcriptlon of Process Generating K14S Wastes
Figure 3-6 is a flow diagram of the process generating K14S wastes. In the
final coo'er, the temperature of the coke oven gas is reduced from approximately
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FINAL
COOLER
COG from Ammonia
Absorber'
COG to Light ON
Scrubber
Skimmed
Naphthaleno
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Naphthalene
Figure 3-6
K145 Waste Generation Process
Reference: (1)
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40'C to approximatslv 25 "C (5). Plus reported!} impro\es light oil absorption in the
light oil scrubber (5) As the gas is cooled, w.-.tcr ar.d naphthalene in the coke oven gas
are condensed into the cooling medium
Of the cooling J".d naphthalene reco'.ery methods discussed in Section
3.2 S.I, direct cooling with uatsr and naphthalene recovery by condensation is reportedly
used by most facilities (1,2) Water from the cooling tower enters the top of (he final
cooler and contacts the coke o^en gas After contacting the coke o\en gas. the water is
pumped 10 the naphthalene separator sump, where naphthalene and water are separated
by gravity; naphthalene is then skimmed from the surface of the water. This
naphthalene is considered impure and contains a high percentage of water (SO to 60
percent) (S). Therefore, the naphthalene is deuatered for 24 hours in a naphthalene
dehydrator, yielding naphthalene with a crystallization point greater than 7S°C (S).
Alternatively, the crude naphthalene from the naphthalene separation sump may also be
dissolved in coal tar and sold (S) Water from the naphthalene separator sump is
discharged to the cooling tower and recirculated to the final cooler.
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3.2.6
K147 Wastes
3.2.6.1
K147 wastes consist of tar storage tank residues from coal tar refining
Overview or Process Generating K147 Waste
The process generating K147 wastes is identical to the process generating
K142 wastes (see Section 3.4). K147 wastes are the residues from tar storage tanks at
tar refining facilities and K142 wastes arc the residues from tar storage tanks at coke by-
products recovery facilities A flow diagram of the process generating K147 wastes is
presented in Figure 3-3.
NRJ-07T
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3J.7
K148 Wastes
K148 wastes consist of residues from coal tar distillation, including, but not
hnuted to, still bottoms
3.2.7.1
Overview of Process Generating K14S Wastes
K14S wastes are generated in tar refining processes Crude coal tarns
refined by either batch or continuous distillation High boiling point residues (K148)
accumulate on the fire tubes and on the bottom of the still in the batch distillation
process. Residues are cot generated in the continuous distillation process.
3.2.7.2
Feed Streams
The feed stream to the distillation process is crude coal tar, typically
obtained from coiling facilities, with various compositions. As discussed in Section 213,
approximately 1.2 million liters of crude coal tar were produced in 1985 The average
cost of crude coal tar m 1992 was 51.00 per gallon (3).
3.2.7.3
Detailed Description of Process Generating K148 Wastes
Figure 3-7 is a flow diagram of the process generating K148 wastes Crude
coal tar is refined by batch or continuous distillation. In the batch distillation process,
crude coal tar is heated in a horizontal tank (batch still). The heat is often supplied by
pressurized steam (6). The process commonly takes place at temperatures lower than
340°C when the pressure in the distillation unit equals atmospheric pressure (6) During
the process, vapors from the crude coal tar leave the top of the tank and pass through a
water-cooled condenser. The pitch at the bottom of the tank is heated until it reaches
its softening point, and is then discharged from the still, cooled, and stored.
3-23
o
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dude Coal
Tar '
Chemfcata/
0«
• To Chemical or
ON Storage
Pitch
RoDned Coal Tar
Creosote
Waatewater tTo Wastewatar
Treatment
LEGEND
COQ
NRJ-OM
OTIMIlll)
Figure 3-7
K148 Waste Generation Process.
Reference: (1)
3-24
i
zzo aino
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juaumoop «m jo /.;ncnb
si
psuip;
-------
In the continuous distillation process, crude coal tar is heated in a
dehydration column, and routed to flash chambers where its components are separat:d.
Heavy liquid components, including pitch and creosote, are further refined in distillation
columns. Vapors produced in the Dash chambers and distillation columns are discharged
to a fractionating column where additional products are recovered. Finished commercial
products include naphtha, naphthalene, creosote, and anthracene oil (1,2). However, as
stated in Section 32 7.1, residues are not generated in the continuous distillation process,
therefore, K148 wastes are not generated by this process.
Q Q. ^ W
"5 1 .—
•
3J Waste Stream Characteristics
3J.I Waste Stream Status Under Other Regulations
Under the Gean Water Act (CWA), the discharge of pollutants into
surface* waters and Publicly-Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) from coke by-product
recovery facilities is regulated under the Iron and Steel Point Source Category (40 CFR
420, Subpart A). This subpart includes effluent limitations and standards for ammonia,
cyanide, phenols (4-AAP), benzene, naphthalene, benzo(a)pyrene, oil and grease, pH,
and total suspended solids for wastewaters discharged from certain coke production
sources.
Of the rune constituents selected for regulation for coking wastes under the
LOR program, only benzene and naphthalene are also regulated under Section 313 of
the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). Under Section
313, facilities that manufacture, process, or otherwise use these chemicals, and that meet
certain other criteria, must report the releases and transfers of these chemicals.
Under the dean Air Act (CAA), Section 112, National Emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) program, coke by-product recovery facilities are
listed by EPA as a source category scheduled for rulcmaking by November IS, 2000 A
o
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MU-G71
MKMMJUJ
3-25
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NESHAP for coke oven baitenes was promulgated under 40 CFR 271, Subpan L, and
became effective October 27, 1993. A NCSHAP for benzene (coke by-product recovery
plants) was promulgated under 40 CFR 271. Subpan L, and became effect AC September
14, 1989. These NESHAP rules, once promulgated, are intended to limit the emissions
of hazardous air pollutants from certain facilities.
!
5 K 3
-- f a
R s: a
=3 S '"
3.3.2
Waste Slrcam Descriptions
Waste characterization data for K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes were
obtained during EPA-conducted sampling activities at ten coke by-products facilities and
two tar-re fining facilities. These are documented in the Listing Background Document
(1,2) for these wastes. Tables 3-5 through 3-11 present the waste characterization data
available to the Agency for K141-K14S, K147, and K14S wastes. The BOAT List
constituents generally found in these wastes consist primarily of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons. Two non-BDAT List constituents, 1-mtthyl naphthalene and 2-methyl
naphthalene, were also detected in these wastes.
CD
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3JJ
Amenability of Wastes to Chemical Analysis
3JJ.1
SW-846 Method Applicability
EPA-approved methods for the analysis of BOAT List constituents in
noDwastewater and wastewater forms of wastes are presented in the Agency's SW-846
Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (17). Each BDAT List constituent selected for
regulation in coking wastes is listed as a target analyte by at least one SW-846 method.
Table 3-12 lists the SW-846 methods applicable to the analysis of each constituent
selected for regulation in coking wastes SW-846 Methods 8240 and 8020 are used to
quantify benzene in waste matrices. Benz(a)amhracene, benzo(b)fJuorantbene,
benzo(k)Suorantbene, benzo(a)pyrene, and chrysene are analyzed using SW-846 Methods
8270, 8250, 8100, and 8310. SW-846 Methods 8270 and 8100 are used to analyze for
MU-071
061MMJU]
3-26
-JC.
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dibenz(a,h)anthracens and mdeno(l,2,3-cd)p>Tene Naphthalene is analyzed using SW-
846 Methods 8270, 8250, and SI00 (17).
The Ager.cy is regulating beo2o(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)rluoramhcnc
as a sura in KMI-KK4, K147, a-nd KN8 wastes The Agency recommends the use of
SW-846, Method S270, fcbuch requires the use of a gas chroraatograph (GC)/mass
spectrometer, for measurement of the concentration of these compounds When
analyzing for these compounds using this method, these two stereo-isomcrs co-elute.
Since the two constituent may no; be accurately quantified separately, the Agency is
regulating these constituents as a sum in both nonwastewater and wastewatcr forms of
wastes.
The first method listed in Table 3-12 for each constituent is the most
common method of analysis Additional guidance on which method is appropriate for a
specific sample is found in the appropriate SW-846 method (17) Table 3-13 lists the
instrumentation used for each method. The most common methods of analysis for each
constituent (S240 for benzene and 8270 for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) use gas
chromatograpliy/mass spectromeuy (GC/MS) to analyze samples. Method 8020 uses gas
chromatography with a pbotoionization detector. Method 8100 uses gas chromatography
with a flame icruzaiion detector. Method 8250 uses GC/MS. Method 8310 uses high
performance liquid chrociatography/ultraviolet spectroscopy (17).
3332
Sample Preparation Issues
Many of the methods listed in Table 3-12 require extraction of high
concentration samples using methylene chloride. Coking wastes typically are not soluble
in methylene chloride; therefore, other solvents must be used to extract coking wastes
(17). Common interferences inherent with gas chromatographic analyses include
crossover contamination, which may occur when low concentration samples are analyzed
immediately after high concentration samples, contamination from glassware,
3-27
061064.UJ
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contamination fro=i the diffusion of volatile orga/iics through sample containers during
shipment and storage, and degradation of mahtes due to soap residue on glassware
3.4 Current CoV.e Bv-Prodiicts Recovery and Tar Refining Waste Management
Practices
Th.s section describes current waste management practices at cuke by-
products and tar refining facilities including routing and mixing of wastes, treatment units
and practices, disposal of treatment residues, and waste minimization, pollution
prevention, and reocling practices (1,2,3,12)
_
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'-
The pnncple information sources available for waste generation rates and
waste management practices are 1985 RCRA 3007 questionnaires and 19S7 clarification
responses for coVisg wastes provided by facilities in the coking industry (1,2,3,12)
Where a facility did not report information, the Agency used best engineering judgement
to determine a waste management practice (3). The majority of the facility-specific
waste generation rates presented in this section were estimated by the Agency- using
production based waste generation factors developed by the Agency (3)
3.4. L
Waste Management Practices for K141 Wastes
K141 wastes consist of process residues from the recovery of coal tar,
including, but not limited to, tar collecting sump residues from the production of coke
from coal or the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal. K141 wastes do not
include KOS7 wastes, decanter tank tar sludge from coking operations (2)
NTU-071
3-28
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3.4.1.1
Description or K141 Waste Management Practices
K141 wastes are managed primarily through recycling to the coke oven or
tar decanter, or via land disposal. In 1984, one facility reported disposing of K 141
residues at a commercial sanitary landfill (2,3,12).
a a - »
The Agcacy estimated a waste generation rate of 3,102 mcmc tons per
year (MT/yr) for K141 wastes in calendar year 19S4 (3). Table 3-14 presents faciuty-
specific waste generation estimates and management practices for those coke plants
which reponed generation of K141 wastes The Agency used a weighted-average based
on annual coke production to generate facility-specific K141 waste generation rates for
facilities which generated K141 wastes but did not report the actual quantities generated
(3,2,12).
3.4.1.2
Discussion of K141 Waste Management Practices
Recycled K141 residues are processed and used as raw material feed to
coking ovens. Alternatively, some plants discharge the tar from the primary cooler and
the electrostatic precipitator directly to the tar decanter tank, thus eliminating the tar
collecting sump and point of generation of K141 wastes (2,3,12).
•
K141 residues which are disposed of are not treated prior to disposal.
K141 residues which are recycled are generally processed into a homogeneous material
prior to recycling (IS). Recycling of coking industry K-wastes has been encouraged by
the Agency excluding from the definition of solid waste those coke by-product residues
which are returned to the coke oven as a feedstock to produce coke, returned to the tar
recovery processes as a feedstock for the production of coal tar, or mixed with coal tar
prior to coal tar refining or sale (16).
NJU-071
3-29
CD
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r y
•> i ~
Residues that are re-introduced into the cuke o\ens or mixed uiih coal tar
often require additional processing in order to generate a homogeneous material for
recycling purposes .As described in the Federal ReeiMer notice for the exclusion (16),
13 of the 32 domestic coking facilities utilize one patented recycling technology, while
other facilities use various homogeruzation techniques, such as ball mills.
In the rending process employed most often in the coking industry, steel
hoppers with capacities of one to two cubic yards are used to collect by-product residues
The hoppers arc transported using forklifts or trucks and are placed in "beater huts"
(metal sheds heated by steam pipes) prior to processing The residues are then added,
along with a homogenizing agent, to heated batch tanks where grinding and blending
occur. The homogeneous liquid if pumped to a building where it is blended with or
sprayed on coal as it moves along a conveyor belt to the coke ovens. Up to one gallon
of finished product may be applied per ton of coal to add bulk density to the material,
which reportedly enhances its performance in the coke oven (16). This recycled material
directly replaces the use of No 2 fuel oil that would otherwise be used for the same
purpose (IS).
The same type of homogenizaiion and blending principles are used at
facilities equipped with ball mills. At these facilities, the residues are transferred by
truck or pips to a homogeruzation tank or ball null. Subsequent holding or mixing tanks
arc used to incorporate additional coke by-product residues into the homogenized
mixture. The mixture is then applied to the coal as it travels along a conveyor (16).
One commenter to the coke by-products waste listing rule (IS) claims to be
responsible for the recycling of 70% of the total K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes
generated in 1991. This commenter operates the recycling process described above.
o
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061041 oq
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3 ?
For those facilities which recycle K141 residues using the process described
above, the processed residues are recycled via blending with or spraying on coal as it
moves along a convenor belt to the coke ovens (15)
3.42
Waste Management Practices for KH2 Wastes
K142 wastes consist of tar storage tank residues from the production of
coke from coal or the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal (2).
3.4 J.I
Description of K142 Waste Management Practices
K142 residues are removed from tar storage tanks with a frequency ranging
from Eve times per year to once every five to ten years, depending on facility-specific
management practices (2,3,12).
Seven coke plants reported management of K142 residues by landfilluig,
two of which dispose on-site and five of which dispose of at commercial sanitary landfills.
It is believed that the remaining facilities recycle the residues back to the coke oven
(23,12).
r
The Agency estimated a waste generation rate of 10,023 MT/yr for K142
wastes in calendar jear 1984 (3). Table 3-15 presents facility-specific waste generation
estimates and management practices for those coke plants which reported generation of
K142 wastes. The Agency used a weighted-average based on annual coke production to
generate facility-specific K142 waste generation rates for facilities which generated K142
wastes but did not report the actual quantities generated (2,3,12).
3-31
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3-2.
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3.4.2J
Discussion of KI4Z Waste Management Practices
o »C-
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Recycled K142 residues are processed and used as a raw material feed to
the coking ovens (2,3,12,15).
KI42 residues which are disposed of are not treated prior to disposal The
Agency belie* cs that K142 residues which are recycled are processed into a
homogeneous material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue
recycling) (15).
5 '* « _ n
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3^7
Is8
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For those faolitics which recycle K142 residues using the process descnbed
in Section 3412. the processed residues arc recycled via blending with or spraying on
coal as it moves along a conveyor belt to the coke ovens (IS)
3.4.2.3 Other Facility Specific Waste Minimization, Pollution Prevention, and
Recj cling and Reuse Techniques
o
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According 10 the Background Document supporting the final listing of
K142 wastes, some facilities have installed agitators in the storage tank to prevent build-
up of K142 residues (2). The suspended residues remain in the refining process and
become pan of the final products. This source reduction activity may be viewed as a
waste minimization technique.
3.4.3
Waste Management Practices for K143 Wastes
K143 wastes consist of process residues from the recovery of light oil,
including, but not limited to, those residues generated in stills, decanters, and wash oil
recovery units from the recovery of coke-by products produced from coal (2).
NIUO7I
3-32
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CD
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3.4J.1
Description of K143 Waste Management Practices
K143 uastes. including benzol plant scrubber residues, wash oil purifiers
residues, and decanter muck are currently being managed in a variety of ways These
residues are recycled to the coke oven, to the tar decanter, or to the tar sump, burned as
a fuel in an on-site burner or blast furnace; or sent off-sile for reclamation (12). One
plant reported disposing of benzol plant scrubber residues at a commercial sanitary
landfill (12).
?-"".»
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The Agency estimated a waste generation rate of 452 tons per year for
K143 scrubber residues from light oil processing and 3,617 MT/yr from wash oil residues
from light oil processing in calendar year 1984. Table 3-16 presents facility-specific
waste generation estimates and management practices for those coke plants which
reported generation of K143 wastes. The Agency used a weighted average based on
annual coke production to generate facility-specific K143 waste generation rates for
facilities which generated K143 wastes but did not report the actual quantities generated
(2,3.12).
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3.4.3.2
Discussion of Waste Management Practices
K143 residues may be recycled back to the coke oven, to the tar decanter,
or to the tar sump. K143 residues recycled back to the tar sump are mixed with K141
residues (2,3.12,15).
K143 residues which are disposed of are not treated prior to disposal. It is
believed that K143 residues which are recycled are processed into a homogeneous
material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue recycling) (IS).
NRJ-071
0610-04 an
3-33
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For those facilities uh:cb reticle K143 ret,dues using the process described
w Section 3 -41.2, the processed residues arc recycled via blending with or spraying on
coa! as it moves along a convenor belt to the coke ovens (15)
3.4.4
\Vasie Management Practices for K144 Wastes
K144 wastes consist of uaitc water treatment sludges from light oil : (.filing
including, but not limited to, intercepting or contamination siinip sludges from ihe
recoverj- of coke bj -products produced from coal (6).
3.4.4.1
Description of Current K144 Waste Management Practices
Th;ce plants reported management of K144 residues by disposal at a
commercial sanitary landfill, one pi ant reported that these residues arc not remcned
from the intercepting suirp (2,3,12) The remaining plants are believed to recycle K144
residues (2,3,12)
C
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The Agency1 estimated a waste generation rate of 870 NfT/>7 for K144
wastes in calendar >ear 1984 (3) Table 3-17 presents facility-specific waste generation
estimates and management practices for those cckc plants which reported generation of
K144 wastes. The Ageccy used a weighted average based on annual coke production to
generate facility-specific K144 waste generation rates for facilities which generated K144
but did not report the actual quantities generated (3,12,13).
3.4.42
Discussion of Waste Management Practices
Recycled K144 residues are processed and used as raw ma'cnal feed to
coking ovens (2,3,12,15)
VRJ-C71
OolMd t-
3-34
-------
K144 residues which are disposed of are not ireaied prior 10 disposal. It is
believed (hat K144 residues which are recjcled are processed into a homogeneous
material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue reading) (1)
Recycling is described in Section 3412
3.4.5
Waste Management Practices for K145 Wastes
K145 wastes consist of residues from naphthalene collection and recovery
operations from the recovery of coke by-products produced from coal (2).
Current K14S Waste Management Practices
K.145 residues are currently managed by recycling to the tar decanter, the
coke oven, or the tar storage tank (2,3,12).
The Agency estimated a waste generation rate of 453 MT/yr for K145
wastes in calendar year 1984 (3). Table 3-18 presents facility-specific waste generation
estimates and management practices for those coke plants which reported generation of
K145 wastes. The Agency used a weighted average based on annual coke production to
generate facility-specific K145 waste generation rates for facilities which generated K14S
wastes but did not report the actual quantities generated (2.3,12).
3.4.5.2
Discussion of Waste Management Practices
Recycled K145 residues which arc routed through the tar storage tank are
mixed with K142 residues prior to recycle to the coke oven or disposal (2,3,12).
K145 residues which are disposed of are not treated prior to disposal. It is
believed that K145 residues wuch are recycled are processed into a homogeneous
material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue recycling) (IS).
MU-071
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For those facilities which rccvcle K145 residues using the process described
in Section 3412, the processed residues are recycled via blending with or spraying on
coal as it KO\K along a comeyor bell ro the coke o\ens (15)
3.4.6
Waste Management Practices for KI47 Wastes
K147 wastes consist of tar storage tank residues from coal tar refining.
The tar storage tank residues generated from coal tar refining arc the same as the K142
residues generated by th: coking industry (2)
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3.4.6.1
Description of K147 Waste Managernenl Practices
K147 residues are removed from tar storage tanks with a frequency ranging
from Gve times per >ear to once every 5-10 years, depending on ibe plant's management
systems (2,3,12).
K.147 residues are managed through recycling back to the coke oven and
landfilling both on-silc and at a commercial sanitary landfill (2,3,12).
The Agency estimated a waste generation rate of 2,516 MT/yr for K147
wastes For calendar >ear 19S4 (3). No facility-specific waste generation rates for K147
wastes were estimated by the Agency. Table 3-19 presents the total waste generation
rate for K147 (3).
3.4.6.2 Discussion of Waste Management Practices
Recycled K147 residues are processed and fed into the coking oven
(2J.12.15).
MU47I
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3-36
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K147 residues which are disposed of are not treated pnor to disposal It is
believed that K147 residues which are reocled are processed into a homogeneous
material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue recycling) (IS)
For those facilities vvhich reticle K147 residues using the process described
in Section 3.4 1 2, the processed residues are recycled via blending with or spraying on
coal as it moves along a conveyor belt to the coke ovens (IS)
3.4.6.3 Other Facility-Specific Waste Minimization, Pollution Prevention, and
Recycling and Reuse Techniques
According to the Background Document supporting the final listing of
K147 wastes (2), some facilities have installed agitators in the storage tank to prevent
build-up of K147 residues. The suspended residues remain in the refining process and
become pan of the final products This source reduction activity may be viewed as a
waste minimization technique.
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3.4.7
Waste Management Practices for K148 Wastes
K148 wastes consist of residues from coal tar distillation including, but not
limited to, stiil bottoms (2). If continuous distillation is used for tax refining, K148
wastes arc not generated
3.4.7.1
Description of K148 Waste Management Practices
K148 residues are managed through recycling back to the coke oven and
landfilling both on-site and at commercial sanitary landfills (2,3,12)
The Agency estimated a waste generation rate of 242 MT/yr for K148
wastes in calendar year 1984 (3). No facility-specific waste generation rates for K148
NRMrn
0610O4U]
3-37
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wastes were estimated by the Agency. Table 3-20 presents the total waste generation
rate for K148 wastes.
3.4.7.2
(2.3.12.15).
Discussion of Waste Management Practices
Recycled K148 residues are processed and fed into the coking o\en
K148 residues which are disposed of are not treated prior to disposal. It is
believed that K148 residues which are recycled are processed into a homogeneous
material prior to being added to the coking oven (similar to K141 residue recycling) (IS).
For (hose facilities which recycle K148 residues using the process described
in Section 3.4.12, the processed residues arc recycled via blending with or spraying on
coal as it moves along a conveyor belt to the coke ovens (IS).
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Table 3-1
U.S. Coke B>-Product Recovery Facilities, 1992
Company
1. ABC Coke
2. Empire Coke Co
3. Sloss Industries
4. Koppers Co , Inc.
5. Gulf States
6. Acme, Inc.
7. LTV Sieel Co., Inc.
8. National Steel Corp.
9. Bethlehem Steel
10. Citizens Gas & Coke Utility
11. Inland Steel, t2
12. Inland Steel. #11
13. USX
14. Armco Inc.
15. Bethlehem Steel Corp. If
16. National Steel 21
17. Bethlehem Steel Corp.
18. Tonawanda Coke Corp.
19. Arraco Inc.
20. Toledo Coke Corp.
21. LTV Steel Co.. #1
22. LTV Steel Co., #2
23. LTV Steel Co.
24. New Boston Coke Corp.
25. Bethlehem Steel
26. Erie Coke
27. LTV Steel Co.
28. Shenango
29. USX
30. Sharon Steel
31. Geneva Steel
32. Wheeling-Pitt
City
Tarram
Moll
Birmingham
Dolomite
Gndsden
Chicago
Chicago
Granite City
Burns Harbor
Indianapolis
East Chicago
East Chicago
Gary
Ashland
Sparrows Point
Ecorsc
Lackawanna
Tonawanda
Middleiown
Toledo
Cle\ eland
Cleveland
Warren
New Boston
Bethlehem
Erie
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Clairton
Monessen
Provo
Follansbee
State
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
IL
EL
IL
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
KY
MD
Ml
NY
NY
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
PA
UT
WV
Merchant/
Capthe
M
M
M
M
C
C
C
C
C
M
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
M
C
M
C
C
C
M
C
M
C
M
C
C
C
C
Reference: (3).
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Table 3-2
U.S. Tar Refining Facilities, 1992
Tor Refining Company
1. Allied-S'gnal Inc.
2. Koppers Industnes. Inc.
3. Koppers Industries, Inc.
4. Reilly Industnes. Inc.
S. Western Tar Products Corporation
6. Allied-Signal IDC.
7. Allied-Signal Inc.
8. Reilly Industries, Inc.
9. Aristech Chemical Corporation
10. Coopers Creek Chemical Corporation
11. Western Tar
12. Koppers Industries, Inc
13. Reilly Industnes, Inc.
14. Koppers Industnes, Inc.
Qty
Birmingham
Wooduard
Chicago
Granite City
Terre Haute
Detroit
Ironton
Cleveland
Gairton
West Conshohocken
Memphis
Houston
Pro\o
Follansbee
Slate
AL
AL
IL
IL
IN
MI
OH
OH
PA
PA
TN
TX
UT
WV
Reference: (3).
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Table 3-3
List of Other Chemical Products' Manufactured at U.S.
Coke By-Products Recovery Facilities
Facility
Empire CcVs Co
Koppen Co, Inc.
Acme, loc
LTV Sieel Co, Inc
Cliy
Holt
Dolomite
Chicago
Chicago
Cleveland
Wureo
Pittsburgh
Suit
AL
AL
IL
n.
OH
OH
PA
Products
Ammonium sulfale
Carbolic oils
Crude coal tar
Light oils
Seacoal. pipe blacking
Coke
Creosote oil distillate
Creosote oil in coal-tar solution
Pitch of tar, bard, medium and soft
Ruiz coaled foundry sand (shell)
AmmooiuD sulfate
Coal tar, crude
Coke breeze
Crude light oil of coal
Ammonium sulfale
Sodium phcnolate
Coal lar, crude
Coke breeze
Crude light oil of coal
Molten sulfur
Ammonium sulfale
Coal lar, crude
Coke breeze
Crude light oil of coal
Molten sulfur
Ammonium sulfale
Coal ur, crude
Coke breeze
Crude light oil of coal
Molten sulfur
Tar adds, crude
o
c
a"
o
•Iron and steel products are typically manufactured at uplive facilities
Reference. (11)
NRI-071
061IWXJU)
3-41
CO
LO
-------
Tnblc 3-3
(Continued)
Fadlity
Nitiooal Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel
Inland Sled
USX
City
Granite City
Econe
Bums Harbor
SpLTOW! Pout
Lactmona
Bethlehem
EJS Chicago
Guy
dainon
Slate
IL
MI
IN
MO
NY
PA
IN
IN
PA
Product!
Ammonium sul/aie
Coke breeze
Crude coal tar
Light oJ
Ammonium sulfate
Sodium phenolate
Crude coal tar
latermedjaie light oil
Light oil
Ammonium sul/ale
Tar. cnid:
Ammonium lulfate
Benzene
Biphcn)1
Sulfur, elemental
Toluene
Biphenyl, crude
Tart crude
Ammonium sulfate
Sulfur, elemental
Light oil, crude
Tar, crude
Ammonium sulfate
Sulfur, elemental
Light oil, crude
Naphthalene, crude
Tar, crude
Ammonium sulfate
Sulfur, elemental
Crude coal tar
Crude primary and secondary light oils
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium sulfate
o 5
•» S _ n
. a - '
o
c
o
o
'Iron and steel products are typically manufactured at capuie facilities
Reference. (11).
NTU-071
3-42
LQ
-------
3- y Z.
'' '-, *
Table 3-3
(Continued)
F»dUty
AnDCOlnc
Sbenango
NVbccling-Pill
Oty
A&hlacd
Stidiileloun
Piiuburgh
FoIUubcc
Suit
KY
OH
PA
WV
Produrtj
Aqueous vnmcau
Coke breeze
Light oil
Tu
Sulfunc aad
' Coal chemical]
Ammonium sulfale
Sodium phtnoUle
Crude coal car
Crude bgbt oil
Sulfur, molten
Ammonium sulfjtc
Sulfunc lad
Coal tar
Crude metiUurgicaJ coke
Light oil
maaufactuicd at capmx faoliucs.
Reference (II)
NRJ-071
061M4U)
3-43
-------
Table 3-4
List of Products Manufactured at U.S.
Tar Refining Facilities
F»efllly
Koppers Industries, Inc.
Reilly Industries, Inc
at,
Chicago
HoitJlCn
FoUansbce
Gruuie City
Qevelud
Provo
Suit
1L
TX
WV
n.
OH
UT
Product!
PhlliLc inh)dndc
PbiUcs aod Ruins
Po!) ester rums, unsaturiled
Cnal lit pilch emulsion, pavement sealer
Coal tar pitch emulsion, protective
coating fBitumastic*)
Creosote oil distillate
Creosote oil in coal-tar solution
Pitch of tar
Creosote oil distillate
Creosote oil in coal-tar solution
Petroleum pitch
Pipeline enamels and preners
(Bituaastic*)
Pitch of tar
1-Mclhyi naphthalene
Naphthalene
Quinoline
Creosote od distillate
Creosote oil in coil-tar solution
Cresvbc acid blends
Crude tar-acid oils having a tar-aad
content of 24% to 32%
Other distillate products
Pipeline enamels and pruncrs
(Bitumastic*)
Pitch of tar
Solvent naphtha
Tar crudes
Tar crudes
Tar crudes
?. -
a a - '
o * —
0 n '>
C •* '/i
O
c
a
o
Reference (11).
NBJ-071
06KMMJU]
3-44
UQ
-------
-2
J
Table 3-4
(Continued)
Fadbl}
Allied-Signal Inc.
Qty
Deiioil
Iroolon
Stale
Ml
OH
Produrti
Creosote oils
Induunal pitches
Naphthalene
Refined Ian
Roofing pitch
Ntphlhakoe
Creosote oik
lodu&lnal pitches
Refined un
Road un
c 8
3 J - l
It '* r. „
aa - »
g d „
" n. •»
o
CD
C
D
o
Refcrcocc- (11).
MU-071
3^5
UQ
UU
-------
Table 3-5
Waste Characterization Data Tor K141 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrcne
Benzo(b and k)0uoramhenc
Benzo(g,b,i)perylenc
Chrysene
Dibenz(a,h)amhracene
2,4-Dimeihylphenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Elhylbenzene
Fluoranthens
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrer.e
2-Mcthyl phenol (o-cresol)
4-Methyl phenol (p-crcsol)
Naphthalene
Phcnamhrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
m-Xylene
o- and p-Xylene
Non-BDAT List Constituent
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Meth)l naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
NR
~ NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
21-26
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
ND - 1.500
340 - 420
210 - 290
A\erage
21,000
800
10,000
3.900
7,900
8,500
5,500
6,700
8.000
1,800
200
2,000
24
25,000
8,100
6,200
200
5,500
95,000
36,000
5,900
21,000
750
380
250
Measured Concentration of Constituents (nig/kg)
Range
NR
NR
Average
4,700
8,500
NR - No Range Reported.
ND - Not Detected
Reference, (2)
NRMTi
MlMMaq
a :r s; 1
n „ .1
Q
C
a
o
3-46
LO
-JC
-------
Table 3-6
Waste Characterization Data for K142 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Accnaphihalene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b and k)fluorambeae
Benzo(g,h,i)peryleGc
Chrysenc
Dibenz(a,h)antnracene
2,4-Dimelhylphcnol
2,4-Diniirotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Fluorantbene
Huoreoe
IndencK l,2^-cd)pyrene
2-MeibyI phenol (o-crcsol)
4-Methyl phenol (p-cresol)
Naphthalene
Phenanihrene
Phenol
Pyr-ne
Toluene
m-Xylene
o- and p-Xylene
Non-BDAT List Coastituent
1-VfeibyI naphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (rag/kg)
Range
1,500 • 9,300
690 - 1.200
3,200 - 7,700
230 - 290
5,400 - 7,400
4,500 - 8,300
5,200 - 10,000
1,800 - 4,500
4,000 - 7,400
720 - 1,600
140 - 1,400
<200- <1000
4.9 - <40
17,000 - 21,000
8,500 - 14,000
2,000-4,100
360 - 1,200
1,200 - 2,900
32,000 - 84.000
23,000 - 35,000
1,500 - 3.500
10,000 • 17,000
130 - 270
66-210
59-160
Aterage
6,400
1.000
5,800
260
6,600
6,500
7,500
3.000
6,000
1,000
600
500
13
19.000
10,000
2,900
780
2,000
55,000
30.000
2,900
14,000
170
120
90
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
3,600 - 4,900
6,400-11,000
Average
4,200
8,600
Reference (2)
NRJ-071
061WM no
347
s?
• ~ r. 3
'2. "
3 •*-
-------
Table 3-7
Waste Characterization Data for K143 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphthenc
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b and k)fluorantbene
Benzo(g,h,i)per>lecc
Cbiysene
Dibenz(a,h)amhrare ae
2,4-Dimeth>lphenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Elhylbenzene
Fluoranihene
Fluorene
Indeno( l,2,3-cd)p>7cne
2-Methyl phenol (o-cresol)
4-Methyl phenol (p-crcsol)
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
ra-Xylene
o- and p-X)lene
Non-BDAT List Constituent
l-Meih>l naphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
200 - 5.700
ND - 370
<40 • 340
39 - 8,500
ND - 320
< 10 - 130
<5-230
ND- <500
<5- <250
ND - <500
ND - < 100
<30- < 1.000
<2-68
ND - 1,500
31 - 340
ND - <500
ND - < 100
ND-78
1,400 - 480,000
130 - 2,000
ND - 320
34-800
15 - 4,700
31-2,000
22 - 1,300
A\eragc
950
57
100
1,600
69
34
59
45
59
38
7
130
18
290
140
40
11
20
52,000
580
59
200
920
460
310
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
190- 11,000
190 - 23,000
Average
2,000
2,800
ND • Not Delected.
Reference. (2).
NRM71
061044m)
CD
C
O
•o
UQ
cn
-------
Table 3-8
Waste Characterization Data for K144 Wastes
755
•Q »
BOAT List Constituent
Acenaphthalene
Acenaphihene
Anthracene
Benzene
Be nz(a)am brace ne
Benzo(a)pyrene
Beozo(b and k)fluoramhene
Benzo(g,b,i)per)lene
Chi)-sene
Dibenz(a,h)anihracene
2,4-Dimethylpbenol
2,4-DinitrotolueDC
Ethylbeozene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)p)Tenc
2-Nfethyl phenol (o-aesol)
4-Meibyl phenol (p-cresol)
Naphthalene
Phenanthfcne
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
m-Xylene
o- and p-Xyleoe
Non-BDAT List Constituent
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-MethyI naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
190 - 490
ND - 30
48 - 160
200 - 14,000
< 15 • 140
<20-130
< 15 • 220
< 15 - 80
15 - 120
<7-22
ND - 24
<10- <100
<1 -44
110-410
ND- 160
<15-77
ND-57
ND-78
360 - 53,000
210 - 620
ND-84
89-250
120 - 4,200
52 - 1.100
34 - 790
Average
350
16
90
3,000
68
65
75
40
97
15
7.8
33
17
190
79
36
17
28
27,000
350
32
130
1,100
350
240
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
60 - 380
97 - 1,200
Average
260
790
ND • Not Detected
Reference: (2).
NW-07I
061004111]
3-49
Z"l
o
c
a
o
UD
-------
Table 3-9
Waste Characterization Data for K14S Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Acenaphihalenc
Acenaphtbcne
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b and k)Duoraathene
Benzo(g,h,i)per>Iene
Chryscne
Dibenz(a,h)anthracen:
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,4-Dinitrotolucne
Ethylbenzene
Fluorantbene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1.2,3-cd)pyrene
2-Meth>l phenol (o-cresol)
4-MethyI phenol (p-cresol)
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
m-X)lene
o- and p-Xylene
Non-BDAT List Constituent
l-Meth>l naphthalene
2-Methvl naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Consl ilucnts (mg/kg)
Range
8 9 - 2,600
01 - 1,100
09-230
120 • 3,000
<3-48
NT) - 22
2.3 - 48
ND - 4,600
27- <96
ND-5
ND-250
<10- <20
49-46
0.2 - 140
08-690
ND - 9.9
6.5 • 96
11-230
5.7 - 300,000
2.6 - 750
14-210
21-79
120 - 2,000
79 - 1,000
77 - 860
Average
1.800
47
120
1,100
22
7
26
1,200
22
1.3
73
75
20
87
340
4
54
100
140.000
350
120
53
760
410
360
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
<4 - 3,300
08-6,700
Average
1.700
3,000
Reference: (2)
NRJ-C71
^- - I
-------
Table 3-10
Waste Characterization Data for K147 Wastes
BOAT List Constituent
Ace naphthalene
Acenaphthene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthraceoe
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b and k)fluorantbene
Benzo(g,li,i)per)'lene
Chiysene
Dibenz(a,h)amhracene
2,4-Diffiethylphenol
2,4-Diniiroioluene
Eth)lb«nzene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)p>Tene
2-Methyl phenol (o-cresol)
4- Methyl phenol (p-crcsol)
Naphthalene
Phenasihrene
Phenol
Pyrene
Toluene
m-Xylene
o- and p-X)Iene
Non-BDAT List Constituent
1-MethyI naphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
1,500 - 9,300
690 - 1,200
3.200 - 7,700
230 - 290
5,400 - 7,400
4.500 • 8,300
5,200 - 10,000
1,800 - 4,500
4,000 - 7,400
720 - 1,600
140 - 1,400
<200- <2,000
49- <40
17,000 - 21,000
8,500 - 14,000
2,000 - 4,100
360 - 1,200
1,200 - 2,900
32,000 - 84,000
23,000 • 35,000
1,500 - 3,500
10,000 - 17,000
130 - 270
66 - 210
59 - 160
Average
6,400
1,000
5,800
260
6,600
6,500
7.500
3,000
6,000
1,000
600
500
13
19,000
10,000
2,900
780
2,000
55,000
30,000
2,900
14,000
170
120
90
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
3.600 - 4,900
6,400-11,000
Average
4,200
8,600
Reference. (2).
MU-on
UIOO4U]
3-51
I
O
c
o
-------
Table 3-11
Waste Characterization Data for K148 Wastes
BOAT List Conslituent
Acenaphthalene
Acenaptuhene
Anthracene
Benz(a)amhracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b and k)Quorauthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Cluysene
Dibeoz(a,h)3Bthracenc
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2.4-Dinitrotoluene
Fluoranthcne
Fluorene
lndeno( 1 ,2,3Tenc
2- Methyl phenol (o-crcsol)
4-Meibyl phenol (p-crcsol)
Naphthalene
Phenanthiene
Phenol
F>Tene
Non-BDAT Ust Consliluent
1-Methyl naphthalene
2-Methyl naphthalene
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
ND - <5
66- 1,500
24 - 3.600
160 - 10,000
330 - 7,300
150 - 13,000
130 - 3,200
240 - 7,900
36 - 1,400
ND- <5
<15
310- 15,000
66-2,100
110-3,300
ND- <5
ND- <200
17 - 2,400
130 - 12,000
ND- <200
580 - 12,000
A>erage
25
610
1,500
4,500
3,600
6,100
1,800
3,800
800
25
7.5
7,300
1,000
1,700
2.5
51
850
5,300
51
5,900
Measured Concentration of Constituents (mg/kg)
Range
NR
4-540
Average
2
270
NR - No Raoge Reported.
Reference. (2).
NRJ-cm
0
C
o
o
3-52
-------
ill
Table 3-12
EPA-4ppro\ed Analytical Methods Applicable to Constituents
Selected for Regulation in K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
a a ;: n
BOAT Ust Conslitucnt
Benzene
Beoz(a)acthracenc
Benzo(a)p>Tene
Benzo(b and k)nuoraiuhene
Chrysene
Dibenz(alb)anihracene
Indeno(l>2,3-cd)p)Tene
Napbthalene
Analytical Method
8240, 8020
8270, 82SO, 8100, 8310
8270, 8250, 8100, 8310
8270, 8250, 8100, 8310
8270, 8250, 8100, 8310
8270, 8100
8270. 8100
8270, 8250, 8100
Rsfereocc; (17).
CD
C
O
o
STU-C71
961&O4JU]
3-53
-------
Table 3-13
Analytical Methods
Instrumentation
=r ~J r.
;«?.
.« ri
J •-
Melbod Number
8020
8100
8240
SIM
8270
S3 10
Method [vtnuncnution
Gas Chroaacography/Tbolo-ioiiizatioa Detector
Gas Chromalography/Flamc locizatioo Detector
Gas Chromalograph}/Mau Specuomctry
Gii Chioraalograpby/Mau Spectromstry
Gas Chromatograpby/Mass Spectromelry
High Performance Liquid Cliromalography/Ultrawlet Spectroscopy
Reference. (17).
1 n '•
iM
SS.T
Q
C
O
o
MU071
3-54
-------
Table 3-14
K141 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
FucUltr ID"
?2
31
10
y>
24
8
15
1
9
11
20
2s
30
4
2
25
16
3
27
7
50
52
Aggregated CB1
FicUities
Total
Colu Prodncdoo
(MT/vrt*
moon
22i«29
411.700
490.291
49V522
S93J62
5V4S33
840 2S3
924.000
544.800
983.448
861.702
8S6.COO
1.258.900
1.104.437
797.891
1.700.000
1.673.161
1J3R.711
3.004.000
1.320.284
1.W2J001
2,916.177
24.924.C31
Estimated
Residual (MT/yri*
22
28
51
61
62
74
67
IDS
115
68
122
107
no
157
137
99
212
208
192
374
164
204
363
3.102
Waitc Management
Practice
Recycle lo oven
Rcnde lo oven
Off site lim'JUl
Rccvclc (o oven
Recvclc to c«n
Recycle lo decanter
Rccvde lo oven
Recvclc lo oven
Rer.cle lo oven
Recvde (o oven
Recycle lo oven
Recvcls to decanter
Rccvcle lo oven
Recycle to oven
Recvde la oven
Recvde to decanter
Rccvcle lo oven
Recvclc lo oven
Recvde to oven
Recvclc to cnen
Rccvcle to oven
Rccvcle to oven
Recycle to oven
•Fitility ID's vere excerpted bora Reference 3.
'1984 production data except »htic noted.
•EPA bai estimated a nationwide quantity for K14L, (used, in part, oa an esuaialed nrigbted average for
rich facUily generating the vailc.
Manmuio production capacity, actual production data not available.
Reference: (3)
3-55
-------
Table 3-15
K142 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
Ficil.rr UY
3:
31
10
M
24
22
8
13
13
1
9
20
30
4
i
25
16
3
27
7
50
32
Aggregated CBI
Faabliei
Total
Coke Production
fMT/yri*
1SO.OOO
2H.6N
411.700
490.29]
495522
538.181
593.^62
534.833
58I.5S7
840.283
924.000
983.448
886000
1.258,900
1.104.437
797.891
1.700.000
1,673.161
1.538.711
3.004000
I.320.2A4
1.M2J001
2,916,177
24.637.897
Residual
-------
Table 3-16
K143 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
P«rlllr» ID*
31
10
24
26
22
8
IS
23
1
9
11
20
28
SpKiflc Waifc Strom CencnllM K14J
b. Wash oil decanter muck
a. Bcn/ol pl«nt scrulibcr residue
b Wuh oil decanter muck
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
b. Wash oil decanter muck
b Wuh oil purifier reuduc and decanter muck
a Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter muck
a Benzol plant scrubber residue
b. Wish oil purifier residue and decanter muck
a Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter muck
b. Wash oil purifier residue
a Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter murk
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil decanter muck
a Bcn?ol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter muck
Coke Production
(MT/yr)'
221.629
411,700
495,522
490.291
538,181
593.362
534.833
581,587
840,283
924,000
544,800
983,448
861.702
Rnldiul
.•!•»• r:
-------
Table 3-16
(Continued)
Facility ID-
30
4
4
2
25
16
3
27
X
Si
Aggregated CBI
facilities
Specific Wute Slmm Gmcnilng KI43
L Bcn/ol plant scrubber residue
b Wuh oil decanter muck
a. Benntl plant icrubhcr residue
b. Wash oil purifier reudne and drctnier mock
b W«ih oil decanter muck
a. Beo7ol plant scrubber residue
b Wuh oil purifier residue and decanter muck
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil decanter muck
a. Den/ol plant scrubber residue
b Wuh oil punflcr residue and ilecanler muck
b. Wash oil decanter inuck
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter muck
a. Benzol plant scrubber residue
b Wash oil purifier residue and decanter muck
Coke Production
(MT/yr)'
R.%,000
I.25S.4GO
1.104.4*7
Tf)jsr>i
i.7no,(xn
1,(.73,161
1,538,711
U20.2S4
IjMTJttr
2,916.177
Knldual
(MT/yrT
21
143
04'
6?
1W
901
2291
41
270
37
5021
209*
408
54
392
Wrult Minagrmrnt
Prncllu
Recycle to decanter
l:uel blast furnace
Burned in hoilcr
limned in (viler
OIT titc rfdimjiion
OIT-sile rerlamalion
OfT-sile reclamation
Boiler fuel
Rruse .11 fuel
Recycle In oven
Burned in Uiilrrt
Reuse as fuel
Burned in furnace
Recycle to oven
Recycle to oven
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3-58
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zzo amo
onp '^i ii conoti
-------
Table 3-16
(Continued)
Facility ID*
Total Coke
Production
Total Dcnzol Plant
Residue
Total Wash OU
Residue and
Decanter Mod
Specific Wule Sunn Counting K1O
Cokt Production
(MT/yr)'
22,S60,3W
Knldoal
(MT/yir
4J2
3.617
Waste Minasraenl
Practice
•Facility ID's were excerpted from Reference 3
'1984 production data except where noted
'Assumes a specific gravity of 0.9, 10, and 10 for benzol plant scrubber residue, wash oil purifier residue, and wash oil decanter muck.
'Reported residual generation (MT/ycar)
'Maximum production capacity, actual production data not available.
Reference: (3).
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zzo aino
;usiunocp a\u ;o
o; onp oi :; J3I3O
si ,.6ciui pauip; a in j;
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Table 3-17
K144 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
Facllitv ID*
26
24
22
3
15
a
1
9
20
28
30
4
25
27
50
52
Aggregated CBI
ifacillUCJ!
Tolal
Coke Production
(MT/w)*
401291
«SS22
S3R.ISI
593.362
534,83.1
581387
R40.2S3
924.000
033. WS
Ml 702
886000
1253.900
797.891
1 ,538.711
1.320284
1.6J2J001
2,010^L2
16297.707
Rtlidail
(MT/iTl'
25
25
1*
23'
1?
29
42
14?
49
43
44
63
lltf
77
I'
82
101
807
Wuu MaBtgriant
Practice
Reocle lo oven
Rervcle lo o^en
Recycle to oven
Rervcle to &ump
Recvcl: 10 dccuier
RecvcJe lo oten
OtT-s.tc landmi
Reod: (o oven
Off-site lardfiU
Reoxle (o dcetnter
Reocle to dicuter
LUK ID pit
Off-site IrmJfiU
Recvcl: lo oven
Rccvrle lo oven
Recvcl: lo oven
Recycle lo ovea
'Facility ID's excerpted from Reference 3
19S4 producuon data except at:rc noted.
'Aisiuces a specific gratify of 1.1.
'Reported residual £ene»Uoa (!.(T/>t»l)
'Manmum pruducuoo capaat), actual produoioa data not available
Reference- (3).
p S 3
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Table 3-18
Kl-15 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
Facility ID"
32
:6
8
IS
0
a
20
4
2
15
16
7
Aggregated CBI
Ton)
Coke Production
(MT/wi1
180.0.10
490.211
WI.V2
5V.81.1
024.000
861.702
&W.001
I.2JJ.9GO
1.104.437
T;7.ff)l
1.700.000
3.C04000
2,916.177
W.Ul.S'M
Residual
(MTAn-
5
10"
31'
16
IS*
26
27
33
33
24
51
90
87
453
Wute MaouasHt
Pnicllct
Recveie (o d:«fltc-
Recycle loosen
Recvde lo decuier
Rcoclc 10 decider
Recveie to oven
Recycle lo lar tank
Recveie :o decacier
Recvde to deeaatef
Recycle lo decider
Recvde to decanter
Recvde lo decanter
Recvde to deeaater
Recyd: lo oven
•Facility ID's excerpted from Reference 3
'19S4 production diu
'Auumcs a specific grevirj of 10
•Reported residual generation (MT/year)
Rcfcreact: (3).
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Table 3-19
K147 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
F.dLrv ID*
Agscgllcd CBI
Tjcibtics
TV frocnscd
»MT/yr»x
178,368.000
Rnldiul (MT/trr
V16
Wulc Muugemcm
Pniclirc
Lindtl) 01 rcqde
•Fiality ID'S cxccrp(&J from RC!:;CBCC 3
19SI productioa datt.
'Assumes « speafic giJ"!)' of 1 J3'5
Reference: (3).
o S = o
~ n £ H
°" a H
0 r,
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-4
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Table 3-20
K148 Waste Generation Estimates and Management Practices
DPR.\ ID
^Kl"'
Tar Practised
(VfT/vr)1
• 175.928,000
Residual
(MT/jT)1
242
Wulc Minaeemeol
Prmciic*
Landfill or recycle
•1984 production dala.
'Aisiimu a ipcciCc ffivn of 15
Refereoce (3).
•3'??.
''" 3 »
•2 ,. .«
3 •» *: i
a a - «
o w _
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06KMMU)
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4.0 BDVT TREATMENT STANDARDS FOR COKING WASTES KUI-KU5,
K147, AND KNS
4.1 Determination nf BOAT Treatment Standards for K141-KM5. KM7. and
K148 Uasics
o , T
4.1.1
Selection of Constituents for Regulation
This section presents (he methodology and rational* for selecting
constituents for regulation m nonv.aMew.iter and wastewater forms of coking wastes
Generally, constituents selected for regulation must satisfy the following cniena
(1) They m-j?i be on the BOAT List of constituents Presence on the
BOAT LSI means that EPA-approved methods exist for analysis of
the coasicuent in treated Haste matrices.
(2) Thev rr.'jst be present in. or be suspected of being present in. the
untreated uaste. For example, anal>iical difficulties may prevent a
constituent from being identified in the untreated waste, but its
ider.tificai:on in a treatment residual may lead the Agency to
conclude that it is present m th; untreated waste
4.1.1.1 BOAT List Constituents Present in K141-K145, K147, and KI48 Wastes
Constituents present in K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are presented
in the waste characterization data tables in Section 33 (Tables 3-5 through 3-11).
The coking uastes were analyzed for the following BOAT Ust constituents
.acenapbthene, acenaphtbalene, anthracene, benzene, benz(a)anthracene, bcnzo(a)pyrene,
benzo(b and k)fJuorantbenc, benzo(g.h,i)perylene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)amhracenc, 2,4-
dimetbjlpbenol, 2,4-dimiroto!uene, ethylbenzene, Quorantbene, fluorene, indeno(l,2r3-
cd)pyrene, 2-methyl phenol, 4-methjl phenol, naphthalene, phenanthrene, phenol,
pyrene, toluene, m-v\lene, and o- and p-.vylene.
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'Vasics ciicrcctcr.^ij
BDAT List const: t-jsr/j JweJ Z^C
of the BOAT bsi cor.5'..;_:!:r;< i. ;
x>!en2, and o- c_nd p-\\lenc
£j KN1-KI45 ana Ki-»7 v>...stf. cc
V%^s-es chi-ac'ir.zeJ P.S ji'.-JS
£ j'^\e e\w,--t b,..-.:'.'-c, L:h>;cc.
nt.-.ir.d rll of liie
.r., ; • •- v. rr.
4.1.
Other Consiifjtnls Present in K141-!CI-,5, f,"I47, ;.rd U14r V.
Wav.es cnar^cu:n^ed as K14I-K145 K147, aiui tvl-'.S whites \serc alsu
anal\7ed fcr scvcr.il non-BDAT List constiiusnu Each of these \.os:es contaiaed
sigmfitint quantities o: two constituents not present on the BOAT List, l-x;*h>l
tnphthaJene and 2-raeihjl naphthalene LT addition, wastes charsctcr.red 15 K142, KH3
KKS, aad K147 -.v^st-s also cor.ta>acd it)Tenc, a third co-st.:i!cnt v-hich does not appear
on the BOAT List.
4.1.1.3 Constituents Selected for Regulation in KK'l-KI-t5, IU47, and K148
Wastes
a
c
0
o
-si
Lists of tnc condiments selected for regulation in each of the coking wastes
arc presented in Tab'e 4-1 These constituents *ere se!:cted based on waste
composition d?:a presented in the Coking Waste Listing Background Document (1,2)
from sampling and analssis of streams at various coke plants and tar refineries. All of
the constituents selected for regulation \serc found in concentrations of regulatory
concern (i e., under plausible improper management scenanos, the constituent
concentrations likely to be present in groundwaters are expected to b: Significantly
higher than their health-based !e\eis of concern).
Several of the BOAT List constituents detected in these wastes were not
selected for regulation because they were not present in concentrations of regulatory
concern or they do not have an EPA-cstabhshed health-based number
4-2
-------
The Ager.c) is re^i-Iiiirg bi;rui>(bjnLOr.in:henc and benzoikjfKoranihcnc
as a sum in K141-KI44. K147, and K148 waitcv The Agency recommends the u
-------
The Agenc) next determines which of ihe applicable technologies are
"dtmoastrated" for treatment of the wastes To be designated as demonstrated, a
technology must be used in a Full-scale operation for treatment of the waste of interest
or a similar waste Technologies that are available only at pilot- or bench-scale
operations are not cor.sic!erid dcmonMra'ed technologies
3 •<• -- z
The Agency determines which of the demonstrated technologies is "best"
based on a thorough review of all of the performance data available on treatment of the
waste of concern or wastes judged to be similar, and determines whether this "best"
demonstrated technology is also commercially "available.* If the "best" demonstrated
technology1 is "available." then the technology is determined to represent BOAT.
4.1
N'onwastcwaters
This section presents the Agency's determination of applicable and
demonstrated technologies, and BOAT for treatment of nonwastewater forms of K141-
K145, K147, and KKS wastes.
o
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4.1J.1.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies '
Because noawastewatcr forms of these coking wastes contain organic
constituents at treatable concentrations, applicable treatment technologies include those
that destroy or reduce the total amount of various organic compounds in the waste. The
Agency has identified the following technologies as being applicable for treatment of
nonwastewater.forms of these coking wastes:
Critical fluid extraction;
Fuel substitution;
High-temperature thermal distillation;
Incineration;
Pressure filtration;
Solvent extraction,
VTU-OTl
06HVMU]
4-4
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Thermal de'orp'.ion and
Total recycle or
The concentration and t)pc(s) of constituents present in the waste
generally deierm::ie which technology is mo«t applicable A bnef discussion of each of
the technologies idenufied as applicable for treatment of the constituents in
nonwastewater forms of coking wastes is given below (6)
3 r
Cntical Fluid Extraction
Critical fluid extraction is a separation and recovery technology in which a
solvent is brought to us critical state (a therrnodynainicaiiy unique equilibrium state
between liquid and gas at high pressure and temperature) to extract organic constituents
from a waste. The sokents used are usually gaseous when at ambient conditions. In the
extraction procedure, the solvent is pressurized, thus converting it from a gas to a liquid
As a liquid, it dissolves the organic constituents and removes them from the waste
matrix. After the extraction, the sohent is returned to its gaseous state, a small volume
of extract remains that contains a high concentration of organic constituents. This
technology generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract.
Fuel Substitution
Fuel substitution is a destruction technology in which beat is transferred to
a waste to destabilize chemical bonds and destroy organic constituents. Fuel substitution
involves of using hazardous waste as fuel in industrial furnaces and boilers The
hazardous waste that is substituted for fuel ma> be blended with other nonbazardous
wastes (e g., municipal sludge) and/or fossil fuels. EPA does not consider fuel
substitution appropriate if the waste contains substances whose molecular structures
include atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Fuel substitution has been used
in the treatment of industrial waste solvent.*, refinery wastes, synthetic fibers/
CD
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061Ct04ni,
4-5
Cn
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iX.
peirochcmjcal wastes, waste oils, and uastes produced dunng the manufacture of
Pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, and pesticides. Fuel substitution generates two
residuals: ash and scrubber water.
High-Temperature Thermal Distillation
,»•»«_ c-i
ao. - i
High-temperature thermal distillation is a separation and recovery
technology that subjects wastes to indirect, electrically generated heat in an inert
atmosphere. The process removes volatile hydrocarbon constituents from a waste; these
constituents can subsequendy be recovered in a reusable form by cooling the
hydrocarbon-bearing men gases at high pressure. This process generates two residuals:
a treated waste residual and an extract.
Incineration
Incineration is a high-temperature thermal destruction technology in which
heat is transferred to a waste to destabilize chemical bonds and destroy hazardous
organic constituents. Three incineration technologies are applicable for the treatment
of organic constituents in nonwastewater forms of these coking wastes: liquid injection,
rotary kiln, and fluidized bed.
In a liquid injection incinerator, liquid wastes are atomized and injected
into the incinerator, where additional heat is supplied to destabilize chemical bonds in
the presence of air or oxygen. Once the chemical bonds are broken, these constituents
react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor. Liquid injection is applicable
to wastes with low viscosity values, small panicle size, and low suspended solids content.
In a rotary kiln incinerator, solid and/or semi-solid wastes are fed into the
higher end of a sloping kiln. The rotation of the kiln mixes the waste with hot gases.
Eventually, the waste reaches its ignition temperature, and is convened to gas and ash
NRMTl
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through volatilization and combustion reactions Ash is removed from the lower slope-
end of the loin. Combustion gases from the lain, containing volatilized and partially
combusted waste constituents, enter an afterburner for further combustion to complete
the destruction of the organic waste constituents
u o P. = O
<• Z '
In a Quidized-bed incinerator, solid and/or semi-solid wastes are injected
into a Quidized material (generally sand and/or incinerator ash), where they are heated
to their ignition temperature In the incinerator, the waste is converted to gas and ash
through volatilization and combustion reactions. Heat energy from the combustion
reaction is then transferred back to the fluidized bed. The velocity of the combustion
gases is reduced in a wider space above the bed, known as the freeboard, allowing larger
ash and waste particles which were not combusted to fall back into the bed. Ash is
removed periodically during both operation and bed change-outs.
Combustion gases from incineration are fed into a scrubber system for
cooling' and removal of any entrained panicles and and gases. la general, with the
exception of liquid injection incineration, two residuals are generated by the incineration
process: ash and scrubber water. Since only wastes with low or negligible solids content
are amenable to liquid injection incineration, this technology does not normally generate
an ash residual, but does generate a scrubber water residual.
Pressure Filtration
Pressure filtration, also known as sludge filtration, sludge deuatenng, or
cake-formation filtration, is a separation and recovery technology used for wastes that
contain high concentrations (>1%) of suspended sohds. Filtration separates particles
from a fluid/panicle mixture by passing the fluid through a medium that permits the
flow of the fluid but retains tbe particles. Sludge filtration is commonly applied to waste
sludges such as those from a clanfier; typically, these sludges can be dewatered to 20 to
3-2.
S o .1
NRJ-071
06IOO4Q1]
4-7
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50% solids using this technology Pressure filtration generates two residuals, dewatered
sludge and water.
Solvent Extraction
Solvent extraction is a sepaiaiion and recovery technology in which
hazardous organic constituents ar* removed from the waste due to greater solubility in
the solvent phase than in the waste phase Wastes commonly treated by this technology
have a broad range of total organic content. Selection of an appropriate solvent is
dependent on the relative solubilities of the constituents to be removed and the other
organic compounds in the waste. Solvent extraction generates two residuals: a treated
residual and an extract.
Thermal Desorpiion
Thermal desorption is a separation and recovery technology in which heat
is used to volatilize organic constituents from wastes. Thermal desorption has been
defined as a thermal treatment that uses direct or indirect heat exchange to elevate the
temperature of a waste, thereby volatilizing the organic constituents. Thermal desorption
differs from thermal destruction (incineration) in the way in which the organic
constituents are treated. The objective of thermal desorption is to sufficiently elevate
the temperature of the organic constituents to effect a phase separation to a gaseous
state without combustion; the objective of incineration is to combust the organic
constituents. Thermal desorption units function by creating steam from the volatilization
of the moisture in the waste from healing. The steam tends to strip organic compounds
from the waste and aids in the volatilization of organic compounds. Generally, this
technology generates two residuals: a treated waste residual and an extract.
r* o •> ""
f?;?rr
111- 5 J
* a!
3S "
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4-8
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To:il rcr.c'ij or rci.se of a uasie rr.atir.al within ihc s^-ns process or an
etternil process ei.rrurj'.e* the generation of a was-e for treatment ard d' nc: be a feasible option for all coke
byproduct recovery and tar refirurg facilities The Agency does not ha\e an) evidence
indicating ±at ar.v of the other tcchno!og:es identified as applicable are being used on
coking wastes.
o
c
o
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The Af.ency has identified incineration and fuel substirution as
demonstrated technologies for treatment of a surjjar uaste, KOS7, which is generated by
the coking industry m the tar dccantenng process KOS7 wastes result from the
processing of similar materials (i e., coke by-producs) to those processed in the
production of K141-K14S, K147. and KJ4g wastes The Agency believes that K087 and
K141-K145, K147, and K14S wastes are sufficiently similar based on their waste
characterization data (summarized in Table 4-2), and can be treated to similar
constituent concentrations using identical technologies Therefore, the Agency bclict'cs
that ihs treatment technologies \vhich arc demonstrated for KOS7 wastes may also be
considered demonstrated for K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes
4-9
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4.1J.1J Ideniificaiion of BOAT ->-;"'
-i '
The Agenc> cstemi-nes the Best Demonstrated Available Tec'nrology •;_ '„ '~
(BOAT) based on a thorough review of all data on the treatment of the w.-jt. of concern '; ~~
or wastes judged :o be suzJar The "Pest" performing dcniortitrated technology :s :. .,
evaluated to determine whether this treatment technology is available To bi "Bailable."
a technologj (1) must prov.de substantial treatment, and (2) must be commercially
available If the "best" demonstrated technology is 'available," then the (eclmolog) is
determined to represent BDVT
The Agenc) has determined that incineral-on and fuel substitution provide
substantial trea'.raent of KOS7 uasies, based on the reduction of all BOAT List organic u '
constiruents in KOS7 wastes to nondetectable concentrations. In add.tion to achieving ^°~
substamial treatment, incineration and fuel substitution are commercially available, LJ
meeting the second cntenoa of "availability." Therefore, incineration and fuel tO
substitution represent BOAT for nonwastcwater forms of K141-K145, K147, ar.d K14S "^
wastes, as presented in Table 4-3
The Ager.cv cotes, however, that when it establishes concentration-based
treatment standards, the regulated community may use any non-prohibited technology to
treat the waste to meet the treatment standards Compliance with a concentration-based
treatment standard requires only that the effluent concentration be achieved, once
achieved, the waste mav be land disposed The waste need not be treated by the
technology identified as BOAT, in fact, concentration-based treatment standards provide
flexibility in the choice of a treatment technology Any treatment, including recycling or
any combination of treatment technologies, unless prohibited (e g, impermissible
dilution) or unless defined as land disposal (e g, land treatment), can be used to achieve
these standards
MU-071
4-10
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•4.1.2.2
\Yasteuaters
This s-ction presents ihe Ager.cj's determination of applicab'e and
demonstrated technologies, and BOAT for ireatir.cct of wastewater forms of K141-K145.
KI47, and KI4S
- — I
a ~~ " i
~"ss3
4.1.2.2.1 Applicable Technologies
Applicable treatment technologies for organic; in uasteuater forms of
coking wastes include those that destroy or reduce the total amount of various organic
compounds in the waste The Agency has identified the following technologies as being
applicable for treatment of wastewater forms of these coking wastes:
Biological ireatcicct (including aerobic fixed film, aerobic lagoon,
activated sludge, filtration, anaerobic fixed film, rotating biological
contactor, sequential batch reactor, and melding filter technologies);
Carbon adsorption (including activated carbon and granular
actuated carbon technologies);
Chemical oxidation,
Chemically assisted clarification (including chemical precipitation
technology);
PACT* treatment (including powdered activated carbon addition to
activated sludge and biological granular activated carbon
technologies);
Reverse osmosis;
SoNem extraction;
Stripping treatment (including steam stripping and air stripping
technologies);
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061&O4 vj
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• Total recycle or reuse, and 3 .•:
tj o
• Wei ajr oxidation (including supercritical oxidation technology)
? » z "
p. a - i-
The concentration and type(s) of waste constituents present in the
wastewaters generally determine which technology is most applicable A br.ef discussion
of each of the technologies identified as applicable for the treatment of constituents in '
waste water forms of coking wastes is given below (6).
Biolopcal Treatment
Biological treatment includes aerobic fixed film, aerobic lagoons, activated
sludge, anaerobic fixed film, rotating biological contactor, sequential batch reactor, and « '
trickling filler technologies. Biological treatment is a destruction technology in which _^
organic constituents in wastewatcrs arc biodegraded This technology generates two LJ
treatment residuals, a treated effluent and a waste biosludge Waste biosludgc may be O
land disposed without further treatment if (he concentrations of its regulated constituents ^j
are equal to or below their BOAT treatment standards.
Carbon Adsorption
Carbon adsorption is a separation technology in which hazardous organic
constituents in wastewaters are selectively adsorbed onto activated carbon. This
technology generates two treatment residuals: a treated effluent and spent activated
carbon. Spent activated carbon is often reactivated, recycled, or incinerated.
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical oxidation is a destruction technology in which some dissolved
organic compounds are chemically oxidized to yield carbon dioxide, water, salts, simple
Ml&Mcq 4-12
uu
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organic acids, and sulfates This technology1 generates on: treatment residual- treated ij-^a
_ t> o 2
effluent. ~ ~ 5
^ * *~
Q. a -
Chemically As?i
-------
Solvent Extraction
Sc.ver.t ex.ractioa K a separation ana recover) technology in which
hazardous organic coiisunienu are removed from a waste due to greater solubility in the
solvent phase tha;i ir. tfe wast: phase Wastes commonly treated by th,s technology have
a broad range of lots! o;ga:nc content Selection of oji appropriate soi\c.it ,s dependent
on the rclatiNS solubilities of the constituents to be removed aud the oilier organic
compounds in the waste Solvent extraction generates two residuaL a treated residual
and an extract.
Stripping Treatment
Stripping treatment is a separation technology in which volatile organic
constituents Li a liquid waste are physically transferred to a flowing gas or vapor. In
steam stripping, steam contacts the waste, strips it of volatile organic constituents, and
carries them to a condenser, where the mixture of organic vapors and steam is
condensed and collected in an accumulator tank In air stripping, air contacts the waste
and strips it of volatile organic constituents This technology generates one treatment
residual, the treated effluent.
Total Recycle or Reuse
Total recycle or reuse of a waste material within the same process or an
external process eliminates the generation of a waste for treatment uid disposal and
subsequently generates no treatment residuals
Wet Air CKidalion
Wet air oxidation is a destruction technology in which organic constituents
in wastes are oxidized at elevated temperatures and pressures in the presence of
siu-on
0610-Wtltl
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.Q
f~ 7
dissolved ox>gen. This tcc'-.nolog) is npD''cab'c for wastes comprised primarily c>f water ~£ fj V
and up to lO^i total organic constituents Wet air ovdation generates one treatment Ji o £
residual- treated effloent The treated effluent may require further ireatrrent for j j "» '
hazardous 0'ganic constituents by carbon adsorption or PACT* treatment p- a -
3 c
4.1.2.2.2 Demonstrated Technologies = ,7
Demor-stratcd treatment technologies are those which ha\e been
demonstrated in full-scale operation for treatment of the wastes of interest or a similar
waste The Agency has identified all of the applicable treatment technologies for
uastewater for.T.s of these coking wastes as demonstrated from an evaluation of the
available treatment performance data in Appendix B These technologies have been x-v
demonstrated on & full-scale operational basis for wastcvtaters containing the constituents *—
of concern or constituents similar to those of concern in these wastes Treatment ——
performance data, presented in Appendix B. include data from bench-, pilot-, and full- ^"^
scale treatment using these technologies ^-*!
4.1.2JJ Identification of BOAT
The procedure used '.o identify BOAT for the wastewatcr forms of KI41-
K14S, K147, and K148 wastes follows the methodology described in EPA's Final Best
Demonstrated Available Technology (BDATl Background Document for Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Procedures and Methodology (19) All applicable and
demonstrated treatment technologies arc idcr-.ified for the regulated constituents in the
wastes of interest, and the treatment performance data are then examined to identify the
technologies that perform "best." The treatment performance data arc evaluated to
determine.
• Whether the data represent operation of a well-designed and well-
operated treatment s)Stem,
4-15
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• Whether sufficient analytical quality assurance/quality control
the performance of the particular treatment technology. j» ' "
'2 &
The Agency then determines whether the best demonstrated technology is "available " »' *
To be "available,* a technology (1) must provide substantial treatment and (2) must be
commercially available.
The Agency determined the best demonstrated technology for each
constituent in K141-K145, KI47, and K14S wastes by thoroughly reviewing all of the
treatment performance data available for each constituent, presented in Appendix B of
this document. VJ J
c
The demonstrated technologies identified in Section 41222 and O
determined to be 'best* for each constituent are all commercially available. In addition, Q
treatment performance data included in Appendix B show substantial treatment of each ">
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any combination of treatment technologies, unless prohibited (e ij, impe:m.ssible
dilution) or unless defined ^ land disposal (e g, land treatment), can be used to achieve
these standards
4.1.3
Identification of BOAT Treatment Standards
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in nonwastcwater and wastewatcr forms of K141-KI45, K147, and K148
A universal standard is a single concentration limn established for a specific constituent
regardless of the waste matrix in which it is present. Universal standards are intended to
be used to replace treatment standards in previously promulgated waste codes and as the
treatment standards for listed hazardous waste codes in the future.
This section presents the universal standards that were transferred to the
constituents selected for regulation in nonwastewater and wastewater forms of K141-
K14S, K147, and K14S wastes, and the specific data used to determine these treatment
standards.
4.IJ.1
Nonnaslewalers
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in nonwastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes Table 4-5
presents the specific treatment performance data used to determine the universal
standards for the constituents regulated in these coking wastes.
Universal standards for the constituents selected for regulation in K141-
K145, K147, and K148 wastes were based upon incineration treatment performance data.
These data represent BOAT for was'.es included m previous nilemakmgs, and, therefore,
have been judged to meet the Agency's requirements of BOAT Thus, incineration was
determined to be BOAT for the constituents of interest in universal standards Because
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incineration has also been identified as BOAT for coking wastes, the Agency feels it is
appropriate to transfer the universal .standards for nonuastewaters to the constituents
selected for regulation in ncnwastewatcr forms of K141-K145, K147, and K14S wastes.
Table 4-6 presents the treatment standards for nonwasteuater forms of
coking waste by waste code. The treatment standards database and tlie methodology for
identifying universal standards for constituents in nonwastewater forms of K141-K145,
K147, and K148 wastes are presented in Appendix A of this document. A more detailed
discussion concerning the determination of universal standards for nonwastewater forms
of listed hazardous wastes is "provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology fBDAT) Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume A*
Universal Standards for N'onwaMewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (14).
4.1.3.2
Wastewaters
The Agency is transferring universal standards to the constituents selected
for regulation in wastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and K14S wastes. Table 4-7
presents the specific treatment performance data used as the basis of the universal
standards for the constituents regulated in these coking wastes.
Universal standards in wastewater forms of wastes are based on treatment
performance data from several sources including the BOAT database, the NPDES
database, the \VERL database, EPA-colIected WAO/PACT" data, the EAD database,
industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data, data submitted by the Chemical
Manufacturers Association's Carbon Disulfide Task Force, data submitted by the
California Toxic Substances Control Division, data in literature that were not already
pan of the WERL database, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO
and PACT* treatment processes. Since these standards reflect the performance of
numerous industrial wastewater treatment s>stems, the Agency believes it is appropriate
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to transfer the universal standards for wastewaters to the constituent* selected for
regulation in wastewater forms of K141-K145, KI47, and K14S wastes,
Table 4-8 presents the treatment standards for uastewater forms of coking
waste by waste code The treatment performance datable and the methodology for
identifying universal standards for constituents in wastewater forms of K141-K14S, KI47,
and KI4S wastes are presented in Appendix B of this document A more detailed
discussion concerning the determination of the universal standards for waslcwater forms
of listed hazardous wastes is provided ui EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available
Technology (BOAT) Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume B:
Universal Standards for Wastcwatcr Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (13)
•12 Detailed Descriptions of Technologies Identified as BDAT
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4.2.1
Nonwasteualers
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The detailed descriptions of treatment technologies that are presented in
the following subsections are summarized from information provided in EPA's
Treatment Technology Background Document (6).
4J.1.1
Incineration
4.2.1.1.1 Treatment Applicability
Incineration is used to treat wastes containing a wide variety of organic
constituents. Incineration is applicable to wastes that contain low concentrations of
water, metals, and other inorganics. The types of incineration applicable for the
treatment of organics in nonwastewater forms of coking wastes are. liquid injection,
rotary kiln, and fluidized bed. Liquid injection is applicable to wastes with viscosity
values less than 750 Sajbolt Seconds Universal (SSU) Rotary kiln and fluidized bed
4-19
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incineration are used to treat wastes with a wide range of viscosity, panicle size, and
suspended solids concentration (6).
4.2.1.1.2 Treatment Process Parameters
Incineration treats wastes through thermal decomposition of organic
compounds. The thermal decomposition is performed via. cracking and oxidation
reactions at temperatures in the range of 760° to 1,650°C. These reactions convert
organic constituents into carbon dioxide and water vapor. Depending upon the physical
form of the waste, the waste is fed to the incineration system by pumping through
nozzles or atomizing burners, positive displacement pumps and water cooled injection
ports, rams, gravity feeds, air lock feeders, vibratory, screw, or belt feeders (6).
The wast: heat content can be as low as 2,230 Iccal/kg to maintain
combustion; however, wastes are typically blended to a net heat content of 4,450 kcal/kg.
A liquid injection incineration system consists of a single combustion
chamber. A burner or nozzle is used to atomize the waste and inject it into the
combustion chamber, where it is incinerated m the presence of air. Air is introduced
into the combustion chamber via a forced draft svstera. The forced draft system also
provides turbulence for mixing. The combustion chamber is a cylinder typically lined
with refractory brick. The incinerator is fired horizontally or vertically.
Rotary kiln incineration systems consist of a slowly rotating, refractory-
lined cylinder mounted at a slight incline. Rotary Ijlns typically include a secondary
combustion chamber (afterburner) for further combustion of volatilized waste
constituents. Solid wastes axe introduced to the high end of the kfln, while liquid wastes
generally enter through atomizing nozzles in the afterburner. As with the liquid injection
system, air is supplied to the rotary kiln through a forced draft system. Additionally, the
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rotation of the kiln enhances the exposure of solids 10 heat, provides mixing, and causes
ash to move to the lower end of the kiln for removal (6)
A fljidized bed incineration system consists of a column containing an
men matenal such as sand. The area abo\e the sand in the column is referred to as the
"freeboard " A blower forces air up through the end, fluidizing it. This air provides
oxygen for combustion and promotes rapid mixing of the injected waste The Quidized
sand has a high heat capacity uhjch causes the injected waste incineration temperature
to be reached quickly The freeboard provides additional time for combustion of volatile
constituents. Fluidized bed incinerators can operate at lower temperatures more
effectively than other incinerators due to the excellent mixing properties associated with
fluidized bed incinerators (6).
"
42.UJ
Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of incineration include the
thermal conductivity of the waste, the constituent boiling points, the constituent bond
dissociation energies, the heating value of the waste, the1 concentration of explosive
constituents, and the concentration of noncombustible constituents (6).
Incineration systems transfer heat through the waste by radiation,
convection, and conduction. Heat flow by conduction is proportional to the temperature
gradient across the waste. The proportionality constant is referred to as thermal
conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a property of the waste being incinerated If the
thermal conductivity of the waste is low, heat transfer across the matenal is not effective,
and the effectiveness of the incineration process is decreased (6)
The volatility of waste constituents is inversely proportional to the boiling
points of the waste constituents. If the boiling points of the waste constituents are high,
higher temperatures may be required to volatilize less volatile constituents (6)
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Activation energ) n the amount of heat energy needed to destabilize
molecular bonds so that exothermic combustion reactions can occur Bond dissociation
energ)1 is the energ)' needed to break individual bones in a molecule Actuation energy
and bond dissociation energ) are theoretically equal, however, interactions between
different molecular bonds may influence activation cncigy, making activation energy
difficult to quantify. Bond dissociation energies are quantifiable. If the bond
dissociation energies of waste constituents ere high, higher temperatures may be
necessary for combustion to proceed (6)
The heating value of a waste is the amount of heat released from the
exothermic combustion reactions of the waste. The heating value of the waste must be
sufficient to heat inootiLr.g waste to the temperature required for incineration and to
maintain combustion. Wastes with low heating values generally contain high
concentrations of water or halogenatcd compounds Auxiliary fuel may be required
when incinerating these wastes to provide (he necessary heat to maintain combustion (6)
Water, metals, and other inorganics are noncombustible constituents.
Wastes containing high concentrations of these constituents generally have low heating
values and require auxiliary fuel. Additionally, volatile metals may fuse to the walls of
the combustion chamber inhibiting effective operation of the incinerators (6)
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4.2.1.2
Fuel Substitution
4.2.1.2.1 Treatment Applicability
Fuel substitution is applicable to both solid and liquid forms of wastes
containing a wide range of organic constituent concentrations. However, wastes treated
in fuel substitution sjstems should not contain high concentrations of halogens, sulfur,
metals, water, or inorganic solids (6)
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4J.1J.2
Treatment Proie<* Parameter*
Fuel surM:".:.(jri ir.\o!\es ihc use of a hazardous v»a>-:c as a fjsl m
industrial furnaces or boi'ers Hazardous wastes nuj be blended with r.iin'-.i^irdoas
wastes prior 10 fuel ie which
volatilizes various waste constituents Additional heat is then applied to ihe^e volatilized
consiituents causing combustion (0)
A cerac.i: k'ln may use hazardoJS wastes as a fuel Cement ki'ns are
rotary furnaces with refractory-lined steel shells The primary fuel used in cement kilns
is coal or oil Temperatures in the kiln typically reach between 1,380° and l,540eC (6).
Industrial boilers arc closed vessels which utilize heat to transform water
into steam. The heat is .lonnaJJy supplied by combustion of coal, fuel oil, or gas.
Hazardous waste can be burned as auxiliary fuel. The fuels are introduced into the
combustion chamber through nozzles and burners that provide air mixing Ash,
containing residual ortanics from the blended waste, is normally generated in solid-fired
boilers (6).
4.2.1.2.3 Method U'se in Industry and Performance
Fuel substitution has been used to treat waste solvents, refiner}' wastes,
synthetic fibers, petrochemical wastes, and waste oils It has also been used to treat
wastes generated in the pharmaceutical*, pulp and paper, and pesticides industries (6).
4.2.1.2.4 Process Constraints
Waste chaiactcnst.es affecting the performance of fuel substitution include
the waste constituent boiling points, the thermal conductivity of the waste, and the
constituent bond dissociation energies (6).
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In fuel subsmiMiuo, heat is transferred through the waste by radiation,
convection, and conduction Heal flow by conduction is proportional to the temperature " ~ " 3
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gradient across the waste. The proportionality constant is referred to as thermal •* f - '•
conductivity. Thermal conductivity is a propert) of the waste beiug combusted If the • ,/_" y
thermal conductivity of the heat is low, heat transfer across the material is not effective, f •" f_
3 r* »i
and the treatment effectiveness of the fuel substitution process is decreased (6) "I
The volatility of waste constituents is inversely proportional to the boiling
points of the waste constituents. If the boiling points of the waste constituents are high,
higher temperatures may be required to volatilize less volatile constituents and improve
treatment performance (6)
o
Activation energy is the amount of heat energy needed to destabilize ("~
molecular bonds so that exothermic combustion reactions can occur. Bond dissociation r~i
energy is the energy needed to break individual bonds in a molecule Activation energy _.
and bond dissociation energy are theoretically equal; however, interactions between ->J
different molecular bonds may influence activation energy, making activation energy ^^
difficult to quantify. Bond dissociation energy is quantifiable. If the bond dissociation
energies of the waste constituents are high, higher temperatures may be necessary for
combustion to proceed (6).
422 Wastcwatcrs
Of the ten technologies identified as applicable and demonstrated for
treatment of vvastewater forms of coking wastes, three were identified as BOAT for
constituents selected for regulation in K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes These
technologies are as follows, each of which is described below-
• Biological Treatment,
• Chemically Assisted Clarification, and
• Steam Stripping
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4.2.2.1
Biologir.il Treatment
The four most common biological treatment technologies are activated
sludge, aerated lagoon, trickling filter, and rotating biological contactor (RBC) (6).
These technologies are discussed below
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4.2.2.1.1 Treatment Applicability
treatment technologies ire applicable to waste*aters that
contain biodegradable orgarucs (6).
42.2.13. Treatment Process Parameters
A typical activated sludge svstcm includes an equalization basin, a settling
tank, an aeration basin, a clanfier. and a sludge recycle line. Waste* ater enters the
system in the equalization basin, where it is homogenized to prevent process upsets. The
wastewatcr then enters a settling tank where settleable solids are removed. From the
settling tank, the wastewater u discharged to an aeration basin, where aerobic bacteria
are maintained in suspension. Mechanical or diffused aeration is used to supply oxygen
to the aeration basin The wastewater containing the aerobic bacteria is continuously
discharged from the aeration basin into a clanGer. In the clanGer, the biomass is
separated from the treated wastewater The treated wastewater and a portion of the
biomass are discharged. This portion may be dewatcred by sludge filtration or on sludge
drying beds pnor to discharge. The remainder of the biomass is returned to the aeration
basin to maintain the bacterial population (6).
An aerated lagoon system is similar to an activated sludge sjstem in that
suspended aerobic bacteria are used to degrade organic compounds in wastewater
However, an aerated lagoon initially contains a smaller population of microorganisms
since there is no sludge recycle. As a result, water must remain in the aerated lagoon
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system longer to achieve similar effluent quality Process upsets due to feed variations
are less likely m aerated lagoon than in activated sludge sjsiems due to the larger tank
volumes and longer residence time used in aerated lagoon treatment The longer
residence time also provides time for additional degradation of complex organic
chermcals. The effluent from the aerated lagoon s>stem can be discharged to a settling
tank for solids removal or the mechanical aerators used in the aerated lagoon may he
shut down to allow settling of solids in the treatment tank or pond. The settled solids
are often dewatered pr .\ to disposal (6)
A trickling filter system consists of an equalization basin, a settling tank, a
filter, medium, an influent wastewater distribution system, an under drain svstem, a
clanfier, and a recirculatioa line. The wastewaier enters the equalization basin where it
,s homogenized. The equalization basin effluent is d.scharged to the settling tank where
solids are removed. From the settling tank, the wastewaier is distributed over the filter
medium with a rotating distribution arm or a fued distribution system. The filter
medium consists of rocks or plastic rings with microorganisms attached to their surfaces.
The wastewatcr forms on this layer as it flows down through the filter medium. Oxygen
reaches the microorganisms through spaces in the media'promoting aerobic biological
decomposition. A biomass is produced wh.ch is separated from the wastewater in a
clanfier (6)
A rotating biological contactor is a scries of closely spaced, parallel disks
made of polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or similar materials The disks are partly
submerged in a tank containing wastewatcr and rotated at an average rate of 2 to 5
revolutions per minute. The disks are covered with a biological slime that degrades
dissolved organic*. As the disk rotates out of the water, oxygen is available, promoting
biological decomposition. A biomass is produced which sloughs off the disk. The
biomass is separated from the treated effluent in a clanfier (6).
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422.13
Process Constraints
Several waste characteristics affect the performance of aerobic biological
treatments including ratio of biological ox>gcn demand (BOD) to total organic carbon
content (TOC), concentration of surfactants, and concentration of louc constituents of
the wastes The wastes' ratio of BOD to TOC content provide: an estimation of the
percentage of biodegradable organics in the waste If the percentage of biodegradable
organics is low, aerobic biological treatment systems may not effectively treat the waste
Surfactants can affect biological treatment performance by forming a film on organic
constituents, thereby establishing a barrier to ox>gen transfer and effective
biodegradation (6).
A number of constituents and waste characteristics have been identified as
potentially toxic to the microorganisms used in aerobic biological treatments These
include metals and oil and grease, as well as high concentrations of total dissolved sobds,
ammonia, and phenols (6). Presence of these toxic constituents in a waste, therefore,
may reduce the effectiveness of aerobic biological treatment.
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4223.
Chemical!) Assisted Clarification
4.2.2.2.1 Treatment Applicability
Chemically assisted clarification is applicable to the treatment of
wasteyvaterc containing suspended solids, colloidal solids, or dissolved solids that are not
removed by simple sedimentation (21).
4.2.2.2.2
Treatment Process Parameters
Coagulants are added to chemically assisted clanfiers to enhance liquid-
solid separation, permitting solids denser than water to settle to the bottom and
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materials less dense than water (including oil and grease) to flow to the surface. Various ? T " .1
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coagulants and coagulant aids such as alum, feme chloride, sodium sulfide, ferrous 10 o_ 2 =
**> T 5
sulfide, organic polymers, and sodium hydroxide are used depending on the specific §• 5- * ^
waste matcnal to be removed The coagulants are rapidly mixed with the waste water a £ 5 •
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and the colloidal particles allowed to agglomerate into a large enough floe to be § c «
removed by clarification (21). 5 3 jj
Clanfiers are designed to let the wastewater flow slowly and quiescently,
providing an adequate retention time to permit most solids more dense than water to
settle to the bottom. The settling solids form a sludge at the bottom of the clanfier and v
are usually pumped out continuously or intermittently (21) Oil and grease and other
floating materials may be skimmed off the surface (21) /—\
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Chemically assisted clarification may be used alone or as pan of a more JZZ!
complex treatment process. It may also be used as (21).
The first process applied to wastewater containing high levels of
settleable suspended solids.
The second stage of most biological treatment processes to remove
the settleable materials, including microorganisms, from the
wastewater; the microorganisms can then be either recycled to the
biological reactor or discharged to the plant's sludge handling
facilities.
The final stage of most chemical precipitation (coagulation/
decollation) processes to remove the inorganic Goes from the
wastewater.
42223 Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting performance include chemical interactions,
temperature, pH, solubility variances, and mixing effects (21).
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Mar) CL..i;ulat.o'i Ructions occ'-r vcrj r..p:dlv, during which inme soluble '7 •"-; "
kinetic intermediates can he adsorbed nn the cn!!iudai surfaces For thc^c reasons, rapid u r. £
and complete dispersion of coagulants is nccissar} Failure to provide adequate
coagulant distribution rr.av cause localised pH or inn concentrations ihjt c..n hinder tin- \
colloid desiabilization to the point of requiring mure coagulant additi.in (21)
Adequate retention time and a quiescent flow rate fa\urch!\ impact the
efficiency of solids settling within a clanficr (21)
4223 Steam Stripping
422.3.1 Treatment Applicability y->
c
Steam stripping is applicable to the treatment of wastes containing volatile ~
organics. Steam stripping is typically applicable when the waste contains less than one
percent volatile orcaiucs (6) ^!
42232 Treatment Process Parameters
The apparatus required for steam stripping includes a boiler, a stripping
column, a condenser, and a collection tank. The stripping column consists of vertical
columns filled with trays or packing Liquid uaste enters the top of (be column. The
boiler is located at tbe bottom of the column The boiler produces vapor which nscs
through the column and meets the falling liquid As the vapor and liquid come into
contact at each equilibrium stage, volatile constituents are removed from the liquid
phase into the vapor phase. Equilibrium stages are produced by the trays or packing in
the column. The steam containing volatile compounds exits the top of the column and is
condensed. The cop.densate is discharged to the collection lank and the non-condensed
vapors are vented to an air pollution control system or to the atmosphere. The
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remaining liquid in the column is discharged to the noiler and recycled to (he
stopper (6)
4J.2JJ
Process Constraints
Waste characteristics affecting the performance of steam stripping include
the constituent boiling points, the conccntr.ition of suspended solids, the surface tension,
and the concentration of oil and grease.
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If the boiling points of the lower volatile and higher volatile constituents in
the waste are similar, then the system may not treat the waste effectively If the waste
contains high concentrations of suspended solids or oil and grease, the solids and/or oil
and grease may clog the column or coat heat transfer surfaces, inhibiting transfer of
constituents from the bquid phase to the vapor phase. These wastes may require
filtration prior to steam stripping treatment If a waste has a high surface tension, it is
more likely to foam. Dcfoanung compounds can be added to the waste to prevent
foaming. Packed columns also reduce foaming (6)
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4.3
Reuse and Recycling Potential
EPA's progress in improving environmental quality through us media-
specific pollution control programs has been substantial. Over the past two decades,
standard industrial practice for pollution control concentrated to a large extent on "end
of pipe" treatment and disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes However. EPA
realizes that there are limits to the degree of environmental improvement that can be
achieved under these programs by emphasizing management after pollutants have been
generated. EPA believes that eliminating or reducing discharges and/or emissions to the
environment through the implementation of cost effective source reduction and
environmentally sound recycling practices can provide additional environmental
improvements.
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Cn June 22, 1992, ihe Ae<.ncy cvcliiilcd certain recycled coke hy-product
residi.cs from the definition r.f KI41-KI45, K147. and K148 wastes (57 FR 27SSO)
Through ihe development of these exclusions, the Agency determined that a number of
facilities wiil-ia ihc cnkir.g indjstry recycle and reu^e the>c wastes ihro'jj,h two recycling
techniques- (1) uMng Ti^tures of the wastes and coal to charge coke c\cns and (2)
mixing ihe residues with coal tar prior to its sale Trie cokir^ waste reckling process is
summarized in the following sections A more detailed description can be found in
Section 3 4 1.2 2.
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Stream Specific Reuse and Reocling Opportunities
43.1.1 Potential Product Compounds and Their Market Value
K141-K14S, K147, and K148 wastes can be processed and recycled as teed
to coking otens or mixed with coal tar prior to its sale
4J.1.2
Means of Recovering Potential Product Compounds
4.3.U.I Ccntevance to Storage or Blending Unit
K141-KK5. K147, and K148 wastes can be transported from their point of
generation to a storage or b'ending site m trucks or hopper cars. Fork lifts or trucks can
be used to transport the hopper cais or tanks from the point of generation to the
blending site In some cases, these wastes may be directly transported through pipes to
prevent spillage. Interim management practices could include storage of the residuals
and mixing with coal. Wastes recycled on sue can be stored without a permit, as long as
the terms of the reo. cling exclusion (57 FR 27SSO) are met
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Some of these wastes could also be transported from one facility to £ if "
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another. Such transportation may occur across a property boundary of adjacent facilities ^ 2. §
or o\er several hundred miles and across state lines. 3 J !!
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The blending of KI41-KI45, K147, and K148 wastes with a portion of the
coal feed is typically practiced to make the recyclable material physically similar to the
coal feed (i.e., to give the feedstock blend a solid consistency as opposed to the semi-
solid form in which some of the residuals are generated) Most of the processing steps
involved in preparing the residual/coal mixture are earned out to avoid 'hot spots" in the
coke oven, operational problems that may be encountered, and any long-term damage to £7)
the coke o\en as a result of using these residuals as a pan of the feedstock. The C
recycling process also is carried out in a way such that the quality of coke manufactured r—i
is unaffected. After blending, subsequent holding or mixing tanks may be used to _
(*_*
incorporate additional coke by-product residues into the mixture. A homogenizing agent -~x
may be added during the blending process. "**»
From the point of generation, hoppers may be transported to "heater huts"
(metal sheds heated by steam pipes) prior to blending. The coking wastes can then be
added to heated batch tanks where grinding and blending occur or to such units as ball
nulls.
n.
•4.3.123 Feeding the Coke Oven or Mixing With Coal Tar
The final step of the recycling process for K141-K145, K147, and K148
wastes is feeding the coke oven or combining the homogenized mixture with coal tar
When used as coke oven feed, the mixture is put on the conveyor that feeds the coke
oven or sprayed on the coal as it ascends a conveyor belt.
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4.4
Was|e_Miniini/.iriiin_:iiiri Pnlliilum Prevention
•4.4.1 Process Specific \\jsic Minimization and Pollution Prevention
Opportunities
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4.4.1.1 KI41 Waste Minimisation and Pollution Prevention Oppi rfumiies
r: fjci.itics Oinharge waste streams d:rectl> irom the primary crvler
and ESP dirtc;l> to the ILJ c'cc.mtcr tank, thus eliminating the tar collecting
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4.4.1.4
KI47 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Opportunities
Stirring devices can be installed in tar storage tanks to prevent build-up of
K147 residues Since the residues remain in suspension, they continue through the
refining process and become part of the products at the facility
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4.4.1.5
K143 Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Opportunities
Batch and continuous distillation processes may be used to refine tars.
K.14S wastes arc generated during the batch distillation process but not dunng the
continuous distillation process.
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Table J-l
Constituents Selected for Regulation in K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
BOAT U»l Coutilurnl
Benzene
Benz(a)anthricene
Benzo(i1p)Tece
Bcnzo(b)fluorinilicac
Bcnzo(k)fluoranllieac
Clvyjen:
Dibcn7(a,b)aatjir«ene
lQdcao(1.23-cd^pyrcDc
NiphlhVlcne
Constituents Selected Tor Regulation
Kill
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
KI«
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
KJ43
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
K144
X
X
X
X
X
:<
X
-
-
K145
X
X
X
.
.
X
X
-
X
KI47
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
K14.1
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
Note: X io6cales that (he constituent is selected for regulation in the individual uaste stream
References. (1.2).
MU-071
06KMMOQ
10 °
10 ? 3
EcSi
a S- 5 '
c
D
f^
4-35
cn
-------
Table 4-2
Waste Characterization Data for K087 and K141-K145, K147,
and K148 Wastes
•
BOAT Uil Coutltunl
Aceniphihilcne
Acecaphlhene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)ani]iraecnc
Beozo(a)p)Tcnc
Benzo(b and kjfluoranlhene
Benzo(s.h.i)pen.1ene
Chi)*eae
Dibcnz(a,h)anlhrace3e
2,4-Diaielh)1pheaol
2,4-Dinjtiotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Fluoranthen:
Fluor ene
!odeno(l,23-cd)p)Tene
2-Melh>1 phenol (c-Cruol)
4-Melh)1 phiaol (p-Quol)
Naphthalene
PheDandireae
Phenol
PjTene
Toluene
Xylcocs (total)
Huge of Conctnlratlons la L'amaltd Waste (my/kg)
KOS7 (a)
10,000 - 24,200
-------
Table 4-3
Best Demonstrated Available Technologies (BDATs)
for the Constituents Regulated in Nonwastevrater Forms of
K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
•2 .. •«
?^M'
5 -: z a-
°aS5
If^
.5 * f „
Regulate J Constituent
Benzene
Beoz(a)anih»ccn:
Benzo(a)p\Tcnc
Beozo(b md L)flunruthene
Chiyiene
Dibenz(i,h)jmhricene
lndcno{ 1 ,2^-cd)p%Tcce
Naphthalcoe
BDVT
lsor.:raiion and Fuel Substilutipn
Incineration and fuel Substitution
luciaerauoD and Fuel Sub&lutmn
lnoa:ration and Fuel Substitution
Igon:ratjoa and Fuel Substitution
Incineration cud Fuel Substitution
Iccmcrauon azd Fuel Substituuon
Incineration and Fuel Substitution
Reference: (14).
CD
C
D
o
NRM71
0610-O4 B!
4-37
HJ
CO
-------
Table 4-4
Best Demonstrated Available Technologies (BDATs)
for the Constituents Regulated in Wastewater Forms of
K1-41-K145, K147, and Kl-48 Wastes
Rcguliud CoaitllucDt
Bcazeuc
Benz(a)anihraccne
Bcazo(a)p)Tcnc
Beazo(b)fluoraatlieiie
Benzo(k)fluor»jiihcoc
Chrysene
Dibenz(a.h)anthracca:
Indc oo( 1 ,2,3-cd)p)Tene
Naphthalene
BOAT
Stc-aa Stripping (SS)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Activated Sludge Biological Treaucer.l (AS)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Biological Treatment (BT)
Chemically Assisted Clarification (CAC)
Activated Sludge Biological Treatment (AS)
Bio'ogical Treatment (BT)
10 « a i
a a - i
• o r" _
O - .1
c, £• n
3 ,- -'
4 ~ S.
o
C
o
o
Reference (IS)
4-38
-------
Table 4-5
Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards for Constituents in Nonwastcwatcr
Forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
RrfgbUd CoaslkMl
Deiucnc
ncni(a)aMhnccnc
lknzo(i)|iyrenc
Sum o( Ucnzo(b)nuoranthcnc
ind Oenu(k)nuoraiiihcnc'
Chiyunc
I)iben2(a,h)an!hneene
lm]cno(1.2.J-o»pyrtiic
Naphthalene
Tpaacai«al TNI
frwWkfcklka
r«foraUKc.il)pyirnc
Niph-hilcne
Avrt«f*
C«K0inilMla
TraMnlttuli
tafflvl
<20
<10
>UWtraTivarrnTll
IVnrcr.c
lteiu(«)tnthniccnc
Dciuii(i)pyrene
llcnio(b)niH)ranlhene ind
Dciuu(kjnuuiMihene
Oiiyvne
l-yrtnt
lnilenii(i: V.d)ryirnc
Niphthilene
Aamcj
Conclio
TxUr
IMMm Sti.
% RKarvry)
imias)'
i:2 (Ml
I23(BJ)
I22(S2)
I 72 02)
2'H(1I)>
i :: («2)
1(103)
VarkULl;
Id lor
211
:»
2X
2«
2h
2H
M
21
BOAT
TmUMM
Siuilinl
(C« i
ALfi
Ml
(mi 1*1
111
1J
14
f.T
14
Hi
14
M,
< • Indicates a dtlecliun limit value
•Performance data caniul of the conccnlralion in treated mule, accuracy correction factor, and variability factor
This number reprucnu a conililucnl-ipenric malm ipike
Ilie treatment ttandard for these constiluenu is ciprestcd u a lum of their concentrations to account (or analytical problems in d
int, bftnten the mo compouBik.
Reference (14)
NRJ-071
06l(MMnr|
4-39
5
zzo amo
-------
Table 4-6
BOAT Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater Forms
of KM1-K145, KI47, and KM8 Wastes
5 ~: z'
•Q o S •
MU-011
06UM4HI]
Wulr Code
Kill
1042
K143
Rrgulitcd Constituent
Beaune
Benz(a)an[!iraccD=
Ben:o(a)p}Teae
Sum of Beozo(b)fluorjfl[henc
and
Bcnzo^fiuorutlKnc'
Chrjiene
D>beD2(ii.b)anlhrauce
tDdeno(l,2,3-cd)pvTene
nenzeae
Beiu(j)»nlhra«nc
Bcozo(a)|i>Tcne
Sum of Bcnzo(b}fluoranthene
ud
Bcn2c(li)nuorJcthrnc'
Chrjicoe
Oibeaz(a,b)acthraccDe
lndcDo(I,23-cd)p>Tcne
Benzene
Benz(a)anUirftcene
Bcnzo(i)p)Tcne
Sum of Ben2o(b)(Iuo»oihene
ud
Bcnzo(L)fluaracthcnc'
Chn^eoc
Trralmrnl Standard (ingAc)
10
3-i
34
5-ff
34
8.2
34
10
34
34
6.S"
34
32
34
10
34
34
6S-
34
US:
o
c
o
o
4-40
-------
Table 4-6
(Continued)
WisK Code
K144
K145
K147
Rejfulaled Conslltuenl
Beazenc
Bro/(i)ulhr4ceoe
Benro(a1p>TCne
Sum of Bcn7o(b)flu3raDthene
aaJ
BciucKklfluoraniieni:1
Chri'scnc
Dibeu(a,h)uithr3ccac
Bcofenc
Bea7(a)anlhnceae
Bcnzo(a)p\7CDt
Chn-senc
Dibca:(a,h)aulhraccoc
N»phlhi!cnc
Benzene '
Bcnz(t)aiitiiraceD:
Beozo(a)p>Tcac
Sum of Benzo(b)(luoranUiCDC
ud
Bco7o(lc)fluorui[licne>
QUTSCOC
Dibcoz(a,b)3nlliraccoe
lndeno(l,2J-cd)p)Tene
Tmlmcot SltnC d (aig/kgl
10
34
34
6?
34
S2
!0
34
34
34
8.2
56
10
34
34
6S-
34
82
34
•3 - •
t •» o 5 •
g^s'.:
a3-5!L
^ c
3 .^
.» o
3 « ST
O
c
o
o
NRJ-071
4-41
LTi
O)
-------
Table 4-6
(Continued)
Wule Code
K148
REgvlKtd Conslllncnt
Bciu(j)anLhraceab
Bca.v(d)p)Tene
Sum of Bea70(b)fluofanlhcnc
ind
BcD7o(k)nuoranthcac'
Chrj^cnc
Dibca2(l,Mirlhrj«QC
[ndcno( l.i3-cd)p;Ttnc
Trauaenl Slaniljrd (mg/k^)
34
3-1
6ff
3-1
8J
34
The treatment ilandorJ for ihue couliturnts is uprcued as a S'un of ibeir conccnuatioos to account for
analytical concerns in ^ipinjuuMng between the no compounds
Reference: (14).
Ill
.
u a -
"
CD
C
D
o
4-42
\f
l\
-------
Table 4-7
Determination of BOAT Treatment Standards Tor Constituents in Wastewatcr
Forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 Wastes
Ktgulnlcd Conslltucol
Benzene
Bcnz(i)anlhraccnc
I)cn7o(a)pyrcne
Sum of
Bcnza(h)fluo»n(hene
and
BcnzoOOfluoranlhcnc1
Chrysenc
Diben7(a,h)anlhracene
lndcno(l,2,3-cd)pyrenc
Naphthalene
Treatment
Tcchnolnior
SS
BT
BT
AS/BT
BT
CAC
AS
BT
DiUbue
Keferenct
EAD
EAD
HAD
WURL/EAD
EAD
WERL
WERL
EAD
Avenge
Concentration In
Tretted Waste
(nc/L)
0010
0010
00103
0010/0010
0010
0010
00010
0010
Vurkblllly
Factor
14
59
59
55/59
59
55
55
59
Unlvmal
Trritmtiil
Standard
(mi/l.l
OM
0059
(1061
Oil
0059
0055
00055
0(W
AS - Activated Sludge Biological Treatment
BT • Biological Treatment
CAC - Chemically Assisted Clarification
RAD - engineering Analysis Division
SS - Steam Stripping
WERL * Water Engineering Research Ldb
The treatment standard for these constituents is expressed as a sum to account for analytical problems in distinguishing liclween the (wo compounds
Reference. (18)
NIU-071
OMtMM ng 4-43
h c-
zzo aino
cj snp j: j-
ip ST*; »i o
H snj; 'ji ^.
psu.;;; ii,1-. ;;
-------
Table -4-8
.c
c '.
BOAT Treatment Standards Tor \Vastcnatcr Forms of K141-KM5,
KI47, and KMS Wastes
NRJ-071
06I(MMni)
Wu(e Code
KI41
KU2
K143
Reflated Coasillucnt
Benzene
Bcnz(a)anlhiaccoc
Bcnzo(a)p>Tcae
Sum of B:nza(b)fl'Jor.inlhen:
and Becro(V)fluor2slhenc'
Chrj^tnc
Dibcnz(a,h).inlhr3ccnc
lndcno(l,23-oi)p>Tcnc
Beoftae
Bcnz(a)aalhnc:ae
Bcnzo(a)p>Tcac
Sum of Bcnzo(b}nuorulbcne
and Bcnzo(k)nuoranibcne'
Chryseoe
Oibenz(a,h)afilliracene
Indeno(l,Z3-cd)p>Teac
Benrcnc
Bcnz(a)aaihraccnc
Benzo(a)p)Tene
Sum of Bcnzo(b)fluoianlhcnc
and Bcnzo(k)nuoraDihenc'
Chryjcnc
Tnitnitcl Standard (mg/L)
OM
0059
0061
Oil'
0039
0055
00055
014
OOS9
0061
Oil*
0059
0053
00053
014
0059
0061
on-
0059
4-44
\
i
-n
SI
o
c
o
o
'L
LT
LT
-------
T:iblc 4-8
(Continued)
\Vi5U Cod*
K144
K145
KU7
•
RrguI.iirJ Canjiltucnt
Bcn/coc
Benz(*)2uthraccnc
Dci7n«ne
Diben/(alh)AnlhraceDC
Benzene
Bcc/(a)aDthrircne
Beczo(a)p)Tcnr
Cbnvoc
Dibcn<(a,h)an(hraccnc
Nipblhalene
Beucnc
Bcn/fjJ.imhraccnc
Beiuo(a)p)Tcne
Sun of Dcn/o(b)nuorinihcne
and Bcn7o(V)(1uoranlhene'
Chr^-scoc
Diben7(a,h)uihraccoe
IaJ:no(1.2.3-cd)p)Tcnc
Treatment Standard (mg/L)
014
OOS»
0061
Oil'
0059
OOS5
014
OOS9
0061
OOS9
OC5S
0059
014
0059
0061
oir
0059
0055
00055
•< •= z
iJ r> 3 3 o
"
HI ' rt _ PI
a u - i
o
c
D
o
MU-071
06I04M o
•t-45
-------
Table 4-S
(Continued)
Waste Code
K.143
Krgvibttd Con.slllutnt
Bcazra)aa[L-ai.cac
Bcoro(a^|<)Tcnc
Sum or ncn/o(b}Huoran'hciie
and Bcnu(k)(1'JoiaiilheDc'
Oiryienc
Dibcnz(a,h)aailir3ccne
lodc.io( 1 ,2,3-cd)p\Tcne
Trtatcint Similar d ImfJL)
0059
OObl
Oil*
0059
0055
00055
The ireitmcBl standard for ibcsc couutuenu a ctprcjscd u a sura of ihcu conccntrnjoss to iccoaat for
aoal)tical problems in duiLigushuig betutcn ihe l» j compounds
Reference. (IS)
o
c
o
o
MU-071
4-46
-------
S.O
REGULATORY HISTORY AND STATUS OF THESE WASTES
•a o ?, 5 o
M •_ J
5.1
Other Land Disposal Keslriciions for These Wattes
No other land disposal restrictions for K141-K145, K147, and K14S wastes
exist at this time.
5.2 Land Disposal Restrictions for Similar Wastes
There are three wastes generated at coke by-product recovery and :ar
reCning facilities that are already regulated under Subtitle C of RCRA. These wastes
include:
K035: Wastcwater treatment sludges generated in the production of
creosote;
K060: Ammonia still lime sludge from addition of lime during
ammonia stripping; and
K087: Decanter tank tar sludge from coking operations.
Treatment standards have been de\ doped for the following constituents
identified as constituents of concern in each of these wastes
K03S (Noowastewater Forms). Acenaphthcne, anthracene,
benz(a)anthraccne, benzo(a)pyrenc, chr)-sene,
dibenz(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthenc, fluorenc, indeoo(l,2,3-
cd)pyicne, naphthalene, phenanthrene, p>T«ne;
K03S (Wastewaicr Forms) Phenol. benz(a)anthracene, chr>'sene, o-
cresol, m,p-cresol, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, and
pyrene;
K060 (Nonwastcwaier and Wastcwater Forms): Benzene,
benzo(a)pyrene, naphthalene, phenol, and total cyanides; and
C
O
O
NRMT1
5-1
Oj
un
CD
-------
K087 (Nonwasicwatcr and Wastewater Forms) Benzene, toluene,
xylenes, acenaphtlialcne, chnsene, fluoramhene, mdeno(l,2,3-
cd)p>Tcne, naphthalene, phcnamhrene, and lead.
I**
n S 5 o
5.3
Effluent Guidelines
Effluent guidelines, limitations and standards for coking wastes arc
discussed m Section 3J.I of this Background Document.
] .s IJ1
'cJY
S.-4
Clean Air Act Regulations and Other Process Controls
Clean Air Act regulations for these waste streams are discussed m Section
3.3.1 of this Background Document.
o
c
a
o
NRJ471
0610Olnq
5-2
Oi
-------
•T?
6.0
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
S.
9.
10.
REFKRENCES
U S. Enviroiraental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Background
Document Supporting the Proposed l.i Produced from Coal
Washington, D C. August, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Cost and
Economic Impact Analysis of Listing Additional Hazardous Wastes from
the CoVe B\-Products (Coking and Tar Refining) Industry Washington,
D C. July, 1992
McNeil, D. Tar and Pitch. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. 2nd ed , Vol. 19. New York. John Wiley and Sons 1969.
U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Benzene Emissions from Coke Bv-Prodiict Recovery Plants -
Background Information for Proposed Standards Research Triangle Park,
NC. May 19S4.
U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Final
Treatment Technology Background Document. Washington, D C. May,
1990
Collin. G. and Lohnert, C Carbonization and Coking In Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed Supplement Volume. New
York: John Wiley and Sons 1979.
Turner, J, Lawless, P., Yamamoto, T., Coy, D., Creiner, G, McKenna, J ,
and Vaiavuk, W Electrostatic Precipitators. In Air Pollution Engineering
Manual. New York- Van Nostrand Remhold. 1992
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 40 CFR Pans 261, 266, and 271
111 ?. § 3
U.S. Office of Management and Budget
Manual Washington, D.C. 1987.
6-1
Standard Industrial Classification
O * n « PI
Q T, - 1
H
O
c
a
o
CD
-------
11.
12.
13.
14.
IS.
16.
17.
IS.
19.
20.
Stanford Research Institute International. Directory of Chemical
Producers SRI International, MenJo Park, CA. 19S7.
U S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste Draft Final
Report. Cost and Economic Impact Analysis of Listing Additional
Hazardous Wastes from the Coke Bv-Prodiicis fCoke and Tar Refinmp)
industry. U S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D C, June
1990.
U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development Facility Pollution Prevention Guide. U S. Environmental
Protection Ageno., Washington, D.C, May, 1992
U S Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Final Be
-------
Ji
21. US. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Regulations and
Standards Final DevelopmenLDncuniem for Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and Standards for the Organic Chemicals. Plastics, and
Synthetic Fiber? Point Source Cntcpory U.S Environmental Protection
Agency, Wcslungton, D.C.. October, 19S7.
o
an..- ui
o M _
° n. '*
CD
C
O
o
NRJ-071
WKWMnr,
6-3
-------
7.0
ACKNCW LCDGEMF. NTS
Radian Corporation provided technical support for the development of thi".
document for the U S Er.vi.-onmen'.al Protection Agency, Office of Solid \Va5tc under
Contract Numbers 6S-\VQ-C172. 6S-\VO-0025, nd 6S-W3-0001 This document vv.tS
prepared under the direction of Richard Kinch, Chief, \Vaste Treatment Brand:, Lirry
Rosengrant, Section Chief, Treatment Tecrmoloj-y Section, and Angela V.'ilkes ard David
Levy, Project Officers L;sa Jones served as the Propel Manager Steve Silverman
served as EP>\ legal adwor
The followg personnel from Radian Corporation supported the
development of this document* To*n Ferguson and Ga\!e Kline Program Managers,
Richard Weisman and Man Vxlleu, Project Directors, and the Radia'i engineering team,
Tarua Ashrran-AIlam, Julia.1 Btntlcy, Jennifer Dann, Chnsand Harctos, Timothy Nfeeks,
Tim McLaugnlm, Robert Sha.-k, Grace Shield*;, and Nancy Johnson
CD
C
a
o
-vl
-si
MU-on
0610-Worj
7-1
Uj
-------
- il l
IT s * s
«» R!
D. Q. - M
O W _
Appendix A
Treatment Performance Database and
Methodology for Identifying Universal Standards
for Constituents in Nonuasteuater Forms of
K141-K145, K147, and K14S Wastes
O
c
O
O
MU«7I
061(V04u]
-------
This appendix presents the development of the universal treatment
standards (i e . universal standards) for the constituents selected for regulation in
nonwastcwater forms of K141-KI45. KI47, and K148 wastes. Section A.1 presents the
methodology for determining nonwastewater universal standards and introduces the
universal standards database. Section A.2 presents a constttuent-ty-constiruent
discussion of the determination of the universal standards for each constituent selected
for regulation.
•a
I- v c.
A.1
Methodology for Determining BOAT Universal Standards
The performance data presented in Appendix A represent the universal
standards database for the constituents regulated in K141-K145, K147, and K14S wastes
These data consist of the treatment performance data used to develop aonwastewater
treatment standards in the First, Second, and Third Thirds and Phase I Land Disposal
Restrictions Program rulenalong efforts In order to determine the universal standard,
the Agency examined the treatment performance data used in calculating each treatment
standard applicable to a specific constituent.
CD
C
o
o
The Agency chose which treatment standards to transfer as the universal
standard on a cooMitueat-by-coostiruent basis. Six factors were considered in selecting
the "best" standard from the available treatment standard performance data:
(1) Where possible, the Agency preferred performance data (i c. the
matrix spike recovery data, detection limit, and variability factor
(according to Table A-l)) for the same constituent.
(2) The matrix spike recovery data were evaluated to determine
whether acceptable recoveries were obtained according to EPA's
quality assurance/quality control guidelines.
(3) When performance data from the same constituent were
unavailable, the Agency used performance data from a constituent
with similar composition and functional groups.
MU-071
06KXMDI)
A-l
en
un
-------
(4) When evaluating the iiutnx spike recovery data, the Agency
preferred ID use a m.imx spike recosery for a specific constituent
instead of a value .itcraged om a group of constituents (c g,
volatile organic*)
(5) The method detection limit was examined to dcternur.c if it could
be met routinely by industry.
(6) The treatment standard corresponding to the "best" data >\as
compared to the detection limits used to calculate other treatment
standards to determine if the constituent could be treated to similar
le\els in similar waste codes
u. a -
o "* M.
•
A2 Determination of Universal Standards for Constituents in N
Forms of K141-K14S. Kl-47. nnd K148 Wastes
Treatment standard data for the constituents regulated in nonwasicwater
forms of K141-KI4S. K147, and K143 wastes are presented in Table A-l. A constituent-
by-constituent discussion of (he determination of the universal standard for each of these
constituents is given below. The universal standards and corresponding performance
data for each constituent regulated in K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are also
presented in Table 4-5. A more detailed discussion of the determination of the universal
standards u provided in EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT1
Background Document for Universal Standards. Volume A' Universal Standards for
Nonwastewater Forms of Listed Hazardous Wastes (14)
Benzene
The um%ersal standard for benzene was determined to be 10 mg/kg, based
upon (he K.OS3 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K083 treatment
standard data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and
detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern. The universal
standard was noi transferred from the F039 and U019 treatment standards because the
detection limit was considered to be an outlier compared to the magnitude of the
c
a
o
MU-071
061044 uj
A-2
-------
'IS
detection limits from other incineration tests The universal standard was established at
10 mg/kg in order (hat (he treatment standard could be routinely met by industry,
considering the detection limits reported For benzene in other waste codes
Benz(a)anlhracene
(9 rt _ PI
a a. - w
• o " _
r> n .»
c ?• w
The universal standard for benz(a)amhracenc was determined to be 34
mg/kg, based upon the K035 treatment standard. The Agency chose to use the K035
treatment standard data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction
factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the constituent of concern The
Agency believes that a universal standard of 3 4 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved
based on detection limits reported for benz(a)anthraceae in other waste codes
Benzo(a)p>Tcnc
The universal standard for bcnzo(a)pyrene was determined to be 3.4
mg/kg, based upon the K03S and K060 treatment standards. The Agency chose to use
the KQ35 and K060 treatment standard data since these -data represent the use of both
an accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the same constituent as the
constituent of concern. The Agency believes that a universal standard of 3.4 mg/kg may
be reasonably achieved based on the detection limits reported for benzo(a)pyrcne in
other waste codes.
Bciuo(b)fluoranlhene and Bcnzo(k)f1uorantbene
The universal standard for (he sum of benzo(b)fluoraothenc and
benzo(k)fluoramhenc was determined to be 6.8 mg/kg, based upon the sum of the F039
treatment standards for beazo(b)fluoranthcne and benzo(k)fluoranthene. As explained
in Section 3.3.3.1, these constituents are regulated as a sum to account for analytical
problems in distinguishing between the two compounds in nonwastewater matrices.
NRJ-071
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Chnssne
The jnn.ersa! s't-dr-'d for clirycne was determined to be 34 m£/kg,
based upon the K'>3~ and KC>3£ treatment -it.nid.ird data The Agency chose to use the
KOS7 and K03S treatment s:ariJa.-d data since these data represent the use of both an
accuracy correction factor and dfccwui limit fioin the sarr.e constituent as the
constituent of concern. The Agency belic\cs irui a uni\ersaJ standard of 3 4 mg/kg may
be reasonably achieved basod jpon detection limits reported for chrysenc in other waste
codes.
•-- •< z. ^ z
:. a • '
'? " .-
.' i •
Dibenz(a.h)anthracene
The U"j\crsaJ star.card fur dibciv(a,h)^nihracene v.as determined to be 82
mg/kg, based upon the F039 ani L0b3 ireatnicni standards The Agency chose to use
the F039 and U063 treatment standard data since these data represent (he use of an
actual matrix spike recovery- The Agency believes that a universal standard of 8.2
mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on detection limits reported for
dibeaz(a,h)anthracene in other waste codes.
IndenoiI^J-cdlpyrene
The uniNersal siacdard for indcno(l,2,3-cd)p)Tene was determined to be
3.4 mg/kg, based upon the KQ35 and K087 treatment standards The Agcnc>- chose to
use the K03S and KOS7 trea:n:=t standard d.nla standard data since these data represent
the use of both an accuracy correction factor and detection limit from the sar-.c
constituent. The Agency bebe\es that a universal standard of 3 4 mg/kg may be
reasonably achieved based on detection limns reported for mdeno(1.2,3-cd)pyrene in
other waste codes.
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Naphthalene
The unncrsal standard for naphthalene was determined to be 56 mg/kg,
based upon the K019 treatment standard. The Ager .-/ chose to use the K019 treatment
standard data since these data represent the use of an accuracy correction factor and
detection limit from the same constituent. The Agency believes that a umicrsaJ standard
of S 6 mg/kg may be reasonably achieved based on detection limits reported for
naphthalene in other waste codes.
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Table A-l
Treatment Standards Data fur Constituents Regulated in Nomvnstcwnter Forms of
K141-KI45, KI47, and K148 Wastes
Kefulalcd CoanhiNot
Bcn/cnc
Ben/(a)anthraccnc
Bcn/o(a)pyrcnc
SimtMtt
(Cone, i
ACKtvn
(e>lA|>
0071
4.4
60
66
36
3.4
8.2
36'
34
82
WouCeftU)
KOCO. K087
KOS5. KIOJ
K103. K104
K083
F039. U019
KQ35
F039, U018
K060
K033
RB9. U022
Coormntloo
hTraud
Wuli
(•IAD
<0025
«})
1 0: (98)'
47(,(2I)'
106(94)
1 18 (85)'
I 28 (78)'
122(82)
294 (34)'
1 29 (82)
122(82)
294(J4)'
1
VtfUkdU, I
Fvur
2fl
28
2J<
28
28
28
28
2.8
2S
28 U
< !".jtcalu • delcclion limit vilue
•Pcifomince dm consul of ihc conccnlnlion in miled wulc, utuncy rantmon ficlor. mil vmUnlily factor
Thi! number rcprucnu a mutiluenl ipcnHc mttni ipike
•Sten«tl
•Vhu icu rcprucnlcd ihc innncniion ol wulc code UI27
Reference (14)
NRJ-071
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Table A-l
(Continued)
Rifuliud CMlblml
Dcn/»(li)fluorin(licne
Dcn7o(lt)fluorinlhenc
Chryscne
Dibcnz(a,h)anlhraccnc
•
lndcno( l,2,3-c,d)pyrcnc
Trwlmi
Mwtard
(COM. I
ACFlVn
(•ifti)
34
3.4
34
8.2
34
82
34
82
WMtoC«Mi)
TOW. K015
FD39, KOI5
K035. KOS7
F039, U050
K035
n>39. U063
K035, KOS7
F039. UI37
Coounntin
biTmif4
WMI«
(«|A|)
«1.0
<10
)lluin •nlhcnc
Ucnzo(L)nu»rinlhcnc
Chrysenc
Chryscnc
1 ndcno( 1 ,2,3-cil)p)Tcne
Dihcn/(j,h)anlhraccne
lndcnn(l,2,3-cd)pyrcne
lndcno(ll2,1-c.il)p)iCRC
CiHMilinil Inm Wkirh DM
Accuracy C«mrUin flala
WM Truurrmd
licn/'i(b)fluoranlheiie
llen;n(k)fluoranllicnc
Cho'icnc
P>Ttne
Indcno(1^3-cd)pyrcne
Pyrcnc
lndcn»( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrcne
l"yrcnc
AcrarKr
CtmcilM
Firur
(MMriiSfUi
* Rvintjl
1 22 (X?)
1 2? (H2)
1 22 (S:)
204 (M)'
122(82)
2W(T4)k
1 22 (HI)
2.W (M)'
Vlliibiiil;
1-^lur
IK
2K
:R
:s
u
2K
2K
2«
< - Infc.uci i dcicction limn nlue
TcM.iniuncc dm conin of the conccmralion in ircilcd wuic. icruncy common (mar, ind vtnabilily fictor
*11iu number rcpicicnu • raiuuiucni ipccific mitru ipike
•S«e nolci.
This lui rcprescnud the memcnlioo of waste code U127
Retcnnce (U)
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Table A-l
(Continued)
Rinbitd CMIUMI
Naphthalene
Tratfm*
a^iut
(CMC.!
ACFiVn
(•S/k|)
1.5
3.1
3.4
56
UT.rt.O6iO)
K001. UOSI
K086, P039.
U165
K03S, KOGO.
KOS7
K019
C««traiMi
hTnttd
Wuu
bilAl)
<05
<10
rimd
Naplilhalciic
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
Naphlhakne
CmUMM tnm WMck IW
Atnrarj CMTKMB DiU
Wu Tn«rim])'
122(82)
1 (10')
VimMl;
FvMr
2X
2X
2H
2* .
Nolcs
Bcn/o(a)pjTcnc
The accuracy correction factor used in the K060 treatment standard was transferred incoricclly from the K087 treatrncnl lest The accuracy
correction factor was incorrectly transferred from phenol (1.29) instead of from the average of the scmrvolaiilc coiulilucnls (1 21) The correct
K060 treatment standard should have Iwcn 3 4 mg/kg
< • lndV4lei • detection limn viluc
•|'e.:«muncc d«i consul of the conccmnlion in liuietf wilt, iceunry contclnn Ueloc. ind nmtnhty ficior
This number reprcMnu • constituent specific nutru spike
•Sec notes
This test represented (he incineration of wine code UI21
Reference (14)
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S
Appendix B
Treatment Performance Database and
Methodology for Identifying Universal Standards
for Constituents in Wastewater Forms of
K141-K145, K147, and K14S Wastes
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This appendix presents the development of the universal standard* for the
constituents selected for regulation in wasiewater forms of K141-K145, K147. and K148
wastes. Section B I presents the methodolog) far determining the wastevater universal
standards and introduces the wastewater treatment database. Section B 2 presents a
constituent-by-coiutilucnt discussion of the determination of the universal standards for
each constituent selected for regulation
;: -. a
iU r, f> =
-• '* 5 b
B.I
Methodology for Determining >Vasleivaler BOAT Universal Standards
The 13DAT universal standards for regulated constituents m wastewater
forms of K141-K145, K147, and KI4S wastes are based on treatment performance data
from several sources, including the BOAT treatment performance data, the NPDES data,
the WERL data, WAO/PACT* data, the EAD data, industry-submitted leachate
treatment performance data, data in literature that were not already pan of the WERL
data, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO and PACT* treatment
process. This appendix presents the waste water treatment performance data and
discusses use of the data to determine BOAT and to calculate the universal standards for
the constituents regulated in wastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and KMS wastes
Table B-l and Table B-2 are data source and treatment technology keys,
respectively, for the data tables presented in this appendix. Tables B-3 through B-l I in
this appendix present the available waste* atcr treatment performance data for each
constituent regulated in K141-K145, K147, and K.148 wastes. The data used to
determine the universal standards arc indicated with a footnote. A discussion of the
determination of the universal standards for each of the constituents regulated in K141-
K14S, K147, and K14S wastes is presented in Section B2.
The calculation of the universal standards involved three steps These were
(1) identification of best demonstrated technologies and treatment performance data; (2)
determination of a variability factor specific to each constituent in a treatment
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This apperdix presents the development of the universal sta.-.dards for the
constituents selected for regulation in wasteuater forms of KI41-KK5, K147, and K14S
wastes. Section B.I presents the methodology for deterrrjiv.r.g :;,e v-aitev a:e: universal
standards and introduces the wastewater treatment database Section B2 presents a
conjtituent-by-const:iucnt discussion of the determination of the un.versal standards for
each constituent selected for regulation
B.I
Methodology for Determining Was'e^aier BDAT C'»i\ersal Standard?
The BDAT universal standards for regulated ccnsiitucriis in uastewatcr
forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are based on treatment performance data
from several sources, including the BDAT treatment performance data, the NPDES data.
the WERL data, WAO/PACT* data, the EAD daia, indust:y<,i.b:nii:ed !ea:ha:e
treatment performance data, data in literature that were not already pan of the \VERL
data, and data in literature submitted by industry on the WAO and PACT* treatment
process. This appendix presents the wastcwater treatment performance data and
discusses use of the data to determine BDAT arid to calculate the universal siar.dirds for
the constituents regulated in wastewatcr forms of K141-K145, K147, ar.d Kl-S uas'cs
Table B-l and Table B-2 are data source and treatment technology J:c>s,
respectively, for the data tables presented in this appendix. Tables B-3 ih;o'j£h B-l 1 in
this appendix present the available uasteuater treatment performance data for each
constituent regulated in K14L-KN5, K147, and K148 wastes. The data used to
determine the universal standards are indicated with a footnote. A discussion of the
determination of the universal standards for each of the (.ORMituents regi'latei in Kl-i-
K14S, K147, and K14S wastes is presented in Section B2
The calculation of the universal standards involved three steps These ucrc
(1) identification of best demonstrated technologies and treatment performance data; (2)
determination of a variability factor specific to each constituent in a treatment
B-l
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performance data set to correct for normal variation in the performance of a particular
technology, over time; and (3) calculation of the treatment standard, which is equal to
the average effluent concentration multiplied by the variability factor. The universal
standards and specific treatment performance data used to determine the treatment
standards for the constituents regulated in wastcwaicr forms of K141-K145, K147, and
K148 wastes are presented in Table 4-7.
a ~ 2
*=
p. a - "
Identification of Best Demonstrated Technologies and Treatment
Performance Data
To determine the best demonstrated technology for each BOAT List
organic constituent, the Agency examined the universal standards wastewater treatment
performance database. To determine "best," a hierarchy was established to evaluate the
wastewater treatment performance data. The following outlines the methodology used to
determine "best" for wastewater constituents that are included in this document:
(1) For any organic* with EAD performance data and a promulgated
HAD effluent limitation, the EAD data were used to calculate the
BOAT treatment standard for that constituent. The data
representing EAD Option 1 (18) were used in all cases
(2) For any constituent for which promulgated EAD standards (based
on actual treatment performance data) do not exist, data from an
Agency-sponsored BOAT wastewater treatment test were used to
determine the BOAT treatment standard for that constituent (when
it was available).
(3) For any constituent with industry-submitted leachate treatment
performance data, where the data showed substantial treatment and
the data were considered better or more representative of treatment
performance than Agency data, the Agency used the industry-
submitted leachate data to calculate the BDAT concentration-based
standard.
(4) For any constituent without EAD data, BDAT wastewater treatment
test data, or industry-submitted leachate treatment performance data
showing substantial treatment, other available treatment
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performance data were evaluated to determine BOAT and were
used to calculate the BOAT concentration-based standard.
Considered in this evaluation were the treatment technology for
which data were available, whether the data represented a full-,
pilot-, or bench-scale :<:chnolo£y, the concentration of the
constituent of intereM in the influent to treatment, the average
concentration of the constituent of interest in the effluent from
treatment, &nd the removal efficiency of the treatment technology.
Full-scale treatment data with an influent concentration range
greater than 100 ppb were preferred over pilot- or bench-scale data
and preferred over data with a low (i e., 0-100 ppb) influent
concentration roage. If several sets of data met these criteria (i e ,
full-scale available technologies with high influent concentrations),
they were compared by examination of their average effluent values
and percent removals to determine the data set(s) which had the
lowest effluent values and the technology wiih the highest percent
removal.
(5) For any constituent where treatment performance data were not
available from any of the examined sources, data were transferred
for calculation of a BOAT treatment standard from a similar
constituent in a waste judged to be similar.
Details regarding the development of BOAT for the constituents regulated
in the wastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are presented in the
EPA's Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BOAT) Background Document
for Universal Standards. Volume B' Universal Standards for WaMevvater Forms of
Listed Hazardous Wastes (18).
For most constituents regulated in K141-K14S, K147, and K148 wastes, the
Agency had treatment performance data from the Engineering acd Analysis Division
(formerly ITD) database. The Agency believes that these data represent the best
demonstrated treatment performance for the following reasons:
The HAD data are comprised of treatment performance data from
Organic Chemical Plastics ?nd Synthetic Fiber (OCPSF) sampling
episodes. These episodes included long-term sampling of several
B-3
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industries and the data arc therefore a good reflection of ihe
treatment of orgxnics in industrial wasteuutcrs
"Die EAD data were carefully screened prior to inclusion in the
OCFSF database and were used in determining an EAD
promulgated limit.
A promulgated EAD limit represents data that have undergone both
EPA and industry review and acceptance
o- -L-
* -
f- "
Variability Factors
A variability factor accounts for the variability inherent in the treatment
system performance, treatment residual collection, and analysis of the treated waste
samples. Variability factors are calculated as descnbcd in EPA's \fethodnlnpv for
Developing BOAT Treatment Standards (1)
Due to (he nature of the data gathered from various data sources
presented in this appendix, variability factors for most of the constituents regulated in
K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes are not calculated as described in Reference 1. In
many cases, original effluent points were not available.
The variability factor calculated dunng the EAD regulation effort was used
for those constituents for which a treatment standard was based on an EAD effluent
limitation (i.e., selected \olatile and semivolatile organic constituents).
For constituents where a variability factor was unknown or could not be
calculated, an average variability factor was used. The average variability factors were
generated from the EAD variability factors and arc specific to the type of constituent
under consideration (i e., volatile organic or semivolatile organic). The average
variability factor for semivolatile organics is the average of the variability factors shown
in Table B-12. Determination of these asercge variability factors is similar to the
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procedure used by El'A in previous BOAT rulcmakings 10 determine average accuracy
correction factors
For all constituents regulated in K141-K.145, K147, and K148 wastes, an
EAJD variability factor was used in the determination of the treatment standard. In these
cases, an accuracy correction factor was not used because it Mould lead to over-
correcting the data.
:r £- = f
fHis
a a - •
Treatment Standard Calculation
A constitucnt-by-constituent discussion of the determination of the
universal treatment standards for v.astewaters is presented in Section B2.
B.2 DclciTnlnntlon of Unhcrsnl Standards for Constituents in Waste^nter
Forms of K141-K145. K147. and K14S Wastes
Wastcwater treatment performance data for the constituents regulated in
K141-K145, K147, and KI48 wastes are presented in Tables B-3 through B-ll. A
constituent-by-constituent discussion of the data used to calculate the uni\ersal standards
for the constituents regulated in \vastewater forms of K141-K145, K147, and K148 wastes
is given below.
Benzene
BOAT for bcruene was identiGcd as steam stripping (SS). Steun stripping
was selected as BOAT because it represents treatment performance data from the EAJD
database. The universal standard was calculated using the HAD median long-term
average of 10 ppb and the F.AD variability factor for benzene 'The determination of the
resulting universal standard for benzene (0.14 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
NRJ-OTl
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Benz(a)anthraccnc
BOAT for ber-.z(a)amhr3cene was identified as biological treatment (BT).
Biological treatment was selected as BOAT because it represents treatment performance
data from the HAD database. The universal standard" was calculated using the HAD
median long-term average of 10 ppb and the HAD variability factor for
benz(a)anthracene. The determination of the resulting universal standard for
benz(a)anthracene (0.059 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
Ben2o(a)pyrcne
BDAT for benzo(a)pyrene was identified as biological treatment (BT).
The biological treatment was selected as BDAT because it represents treairasnt
performance data from the EAD database. The universal standard was calculated using
the EAD median long-term average of 10.3 ppb and the EAD variability factor for
benzo(a)pyrene. The determination of the resulting universal standard for
benzo(a)pyrene (0.061 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
Benzo(b)fluoranthene and Benzo(k)nuoranthene
As explained.in Section 3.33.1 of this document, the Agency is proposing
to regulate benzo(b)fluoramhene and benzo(k)fluoranthene as a sura in coking wastes,
since these two constituents.may not be accurately quantified separately in wastewater
forms of wastes. The universal standard for the sum of benzo(b)fluorambene and
benzo(k)fluoranthene was determined based upon the sum of the individual
concentration limits developed for each constituent.
BDAT for benzo(b)fluoramhene was identified as activated sludge
biological treatment (AS). Activated sludge was selected as BDAT because it represents
full-scale data with a high influent-concentration range and a high removal efficiency.
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The concentration limit for benzo(b)fluoranthene (OOSS mg/L) was calculated using the
effluent concentration of 10 ppb and the average of the HAD variability factors for
semivolatile constituents. BOAT for benzo(k)fluorantbene was identified as biological
treatment (BT). Biological tieatment was s.lcctcd as BOAT because it represents
treatment performance data from the HAD database The concentration limit for
benzo(k)fluoranlhene (O.OS9 mg/L) was calculated using the HAD median long-term
average of 10 ppb and the EAD variability factor for benzo(k)fluoranthene.
The universal standard for the sum of benzo(b)fluoranihenc and
benzo(k)fluoranthene was determined to be 0.11 mg/L based upon the sum of the
-•<«••*
individually-determined concentration limits for these constituents, and is shown in Table
4-7.
Chrysene
BOAT for chrysene was identified as biological treatment (BT). Biological
treatment was selected as BOAT because it represents treatment performance data from
the EAD database. The universal standard was calculated using the EAD median long-
term average of 10 ppb and tbe EAD variability factor for chrysene. The determination
of the resulting universal standard for chrysene (O.OS9 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
Dibenz(a,h)anlhracene
BDAT for dibenz(a,b)anthracene was identified as chemically-assisted
clarification (CAC). CAC was selected as BDAT because it represents a demonstrated
technology with high influent concentrations and a high removal efficiency. The
universal standard for dibcnz(a,h)anthracene was calculated using an effluent
concentration of 10 ppb and the average of the EAD variability factors for semivolatile
constituents. The determination of the resulting universal standard for
dibenz(a,h)anthracene (0.055 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
B-7
? 5
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rndcno(l,2>3-cri)p>Tcnc
BOAT for mdeno(l,2>cd)pyrcnc was identified u> activated sludge
biological treatment (AS) Activated sludge was selected as BOAT since it represents
full-scale treatment performance with a high removal efficiency Tne universal standard
Tor indcno(l,2,3-cd)pyrcne was calculated using an effluent concentration of 1 ppb
(which represents the detection limit for mdeno(1.2,3-cd)pyTCiie) and the average of the
KAD variability factors for semivolatUe coastiruents The determination of the resulting
universal standard for mdeno(1.2,3-cd) pyrcne (00055 mg/L) is shown in Table 4-7.
^ fi ~ E '•"
H^rid "
3 : _ •» ^
» * S _ PI
Q. Q •- W
Naphthalene
BOAT for naphthalene v..ti identified .is biolog:c.il trcatncr.t (BT).
Biological treatment was i.elccted as BOAT because it represerts irca'msat pcrfcrmance
data from the EA.D database. The universal standard was calculated using the HAD
median long-term average of 10.0 ppb and the EAD variability factor for naphthalene
The determination of the resulting universal Mandard for naphthalene (0059 mg/L) is
shown in Table 4-7.
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Table B-l
Key to Data Sources for WRStewatcrs
Code
BOAT
CAD
NPDES
WAO
WERL
OCPSF
LEACHATE
Database
Best Demonstrated Available Technology
Engineering Analysis Division
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Wet Air Oxidation
Water Engineering Research Laboratory
Organic Chemicals. Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers
Leachate Treatment Performance Data Submitted
by Industry
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Table B-2
Key to Treatment Technologies
Code
AC
AfF
AL
API
AS
AirS
AnFF
BGAC
BT
CAC
ChOx
Chred
DAF
Fil
GAC
KPEG
LL
PACT*
RBC
RO
SCOx
SExt
SS
Technology
Activated Carbon
Aerobic Fixed Film
Aerobic Lagoons
API Oil/Water Separator
Activated Sludge
Air Stripping
Anaerobic Fixed Film
Biological Granular Activated Carbon
Biological Treatment
Chemically Assisted Clarification
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical Reduction
Dissolved Air Flotation
Filtration
Activated Caibon (Granular)
Dechlorination Using Alkoxide
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Powdered Activated Carbon Addition to Activated Sludge
Rotating Biological Contactor
Reverse Osmosis
Super Critical Oxidation
Solvent Extraction
Stream Stripping
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Table B-2
(Continued)
Code
TF
UF
UV
WOx
Technology
Trickling Filter
Ult-aol'.rauon
Ultrav-.o'.ei Radiation
Wet Air Oxidation
r >
Addition codes included in Tables B-3 through B-l I:
"_ + _" - Indicates ihat the Erst process unii is followed in the process train by the
second, i.e., AS + Fit - Activated Sludge followed by Filtration.
"_w + _" - Indicates that the two units are used together, i.e., UFwPAC -*
Ultrafiltration using Powdered Activated Car be a
Indicates batch instead of continuous flow.
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Table B-3
Trcstmcnt Peiformance Data
fur Oun/cnc in Waste-waters
TKhMbfr
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL'AS
ATI* DAT* AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
ASiFil
TKtorUD
Salt
Bench
Pi.ll
Pull
full
Rill
rui
Pull
Btnrt
llcnch
Fun
Pull
Full
Fu'l
Full
FuU
Ik nth
Full
Full
Pull
Full
Bea:h
fi.ll
FuU
Full
Full
Pilot
Full
Full
F«ciblr
371 n
tn
ID
(B
U'O
NMD
(D
WB
XOB
in
dO
in
tn
«D
10
X!D
CO
68
l>D
6B
201B
63
Wrt
2010
in
2«.B
Z34A
00
D«<«ioo
Unt
..ft»)
i-n-i'Wl
\Jir\QU
\n-- ifl
n>uv
. f-ip^1
ITO-l V
100.1JV
1 >MW>
lawo-ioaojo
IXO-1»M
')».3wa
iXXMoro)
0-1(0
O-KO
ivo-icmu
laviojj
o-i n
ft-irc1
aiig
o-icn
UVt»IOX>00
Vo gf
O.a
PUJU
NR
2
S
:
21
«
7
li
S
6
U
6
i<
3
6
SR
3
:•
3
A»m(<
FT^iC
Cwxtu^tova
JWLI
6.'yo
IOVJ3
:' -o
1 t'O
i3'/n
1 -»Y
Rteorcrr
(*)
NR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
nan SR
Oft'O
1«0
;ni)
>5"UC
i ^i
pmo
:cyo
:TM
« an
13EKIU
11X0
100X)
S \ 100CC
16
U
NR
1C
ti*
1CCUI
0600
£5»
6 | lt»3
20
.SR
3
C2CO
OTC
X30
S-R
SR
VR
SR
NR
SR
SR
SR
S-R
SR
S-R
S-R
S-R
S-R
SR
S-R
S-R
SR
SR
NR
VR
BtBM.*!
1*1
VS
9SP
044
«1
W9
W««
»«
WJ
WSJ
»
917
79 il
OT7
956
7!
K09
»j
W71
!9S
»7J
M7T
99£3
tl
M
9973
77 4
9999
RrfffOBCf
»TR1
U-EU.
WIRL
•ALRL
VfCfU.
W.-ERL
WERL
V.-ERJ.
ȣRL
HEW.
»EHl
«F.rx
WERI
WEW.
*•£!«.
Vl-ERL
WERL
*-ERL
w-nia
M-ERL
W^PI.
WEPl
UTU
WERL
WERL
VL-ERL
*•£«.
«•£«.
o
c
o
o
r™
B-12
co
tn
-------
Table B-3
(Continued)
TechMiofr
AiiS
AiiS
AiiS
AirS
AiiS
AirSUE
229A
24511
KIM
KI01
K1C]/
KIM
K103/
KI04
241E
2KB
Zitrfro
Zinpio
2MB
2SCD
313D
2MB
2MB
04U
26EO
I4M
14T212
239-2008310
r^OOWIJOM
1MX<^IKPKOO
10CCO«.1MX»W
lOCQ&lQOOQQ
No. e/
Diu
Pofaj
5
22
I
t)
)
19
1
i
S
i
4
NR
12
1
1
Nil
N-R
1
NR
NX
4
10
11
3
3
i:
2
Average
Cflfcm
CoacestreDuo
(ftV
TOO 00
C<43
CSOO
KXQO
1000
iota
10 000
UW30CO
JJM-..O
5«0
19JOM
5W>
0700
1503
saxj
143000
3KO
31000
90000
67 CO)
3SiM
10900
44 SOU)
rojoo
roaoo
45 000
10DOO
Recflvevy
(*)
VR
Ml
NR
NR
NR
NR
N-R
160
76 0
760
760
NR
SR
NR
VR
NR
NR
VR
VR
NR
NR
SR
NR
NR
NR
NR
VR
Reoo'd
««)
m
9974
»967
K7
7909
909
9923
NR
NR
NR
NR
U
99M
997
U
92J
931
19
7S
92.7
NR
NR
NR
NR
99 94
9999
9997
Re/trace
WERL
WERL
M-ERL
WERL
W.-ERJ.
V.-ERL
V.TRL
BOAT
BOAT
BOAT
BOAT
WIRL
W.-ERL
WAO
V.AO
WERL
•A-ERL
M.-ERL
V.-ERL
WERL
GAD1
EAD-
EAD-
EAD-
WERL
V/ERL
V.TRL
NRI-071
B-13
c S-n
3 S •'
CD
C
D
o
Oi
CQ
-------
Table B-3
(Continued)
?IM
Tuckacioo
SS
S3
rr
TF«AS
w -
WOl
WO. |B|
WOl(D|
T«chialofT
Suit
FvD
Full
F»n
FUI
POM
Full
Bench
Bench
FKflKy
«B
aiB
IB
(B
250B
242C
IOME
IOS4E
Dc
-------
Table B-4
Treatment Performance Data
Tor Benz(a)anthracenc in \Vastewatcrs
Ttcbaaiafj
AS
AS
AS
ASfFd
Fil
BTP
TrchnctetT
Sulf
Fyll
IMol
Full
Full
Pull
Pull
FViStj
20IB
HMA
60
6B
TWE
1291
Dtitrfja
LinU
(rt.1.)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
10
Rmttcf
Conentfiluel
WU
0-100
0-100
101-10U)
itno-iKno
1000-100CO
13-614
No. of
OtU
Pcfcu
1
>
12
3
4
11
Avtnct
EfRced
Coacounftca
(rtO.)
ICO)
0630
1C WO
S60CC
3000
1?9»
BlDO'il
(S)
933
ni
97
96J
99 TS
NR
Kstmaet
»TRL
WT.RL
Wl-RL
UCKL
WERL
BAD-
•Dili vuf in Ucvtloping ircilmcnl tunJi-d
NR • Not re|xiiud
Rcfena
(IB)
Q
C
a
o
->NJ
NRJ-071
061(M>lnq
B-1S
Hj
CO
CO
-------
Table B-5
Treatment Performance Data for Ikn/.o(a)p\rene in Wastcuaters
"Data uicd in dmlapng ireairetit suodird
NR • No! rtpoiud
Rcfi
(is:
NRW71
MlO-Mrq
B-16
Ittbxtaa
AS
AS
Ai
AS
AS
CAC
QOi(-Oi>3
MCO
lyviooa
O-IW
:cy»ioono
•,rM:6
friw
0-1W
0-1CQ
(MCO
N» ef
DAIA
Perm
7
7
7
7
10
S
NR
4
S
E
13
NR
N-R
7
7
AvefCC*
Efljunl
Casffttrr
OOlfjtlTJ
0027
ona
CC16
0021
1C 000
33003
1000
17CO
10 KO
sro
I?JM
«^c
o:n
0015
CM
Rrao.J
1%)
E6
C3
774
OS
«S2
«2
•6
WS1
M
9S2
NR
37
iS
936
n
Rc/KTXVC
WERL 1
WCRL 1
MTHJ. 1
UTR1. |
V.T.RL
»IRL
W^RI.
WCRI.
WERL
VLTRL
CAD-
UTRL
^•ERL t
UTRL P
WERL ['
o
c
D
o
co
-------
Table B-6
Treatment Performance Data for Benzo(b)(1uoranthenc
in Wastewaters
TccbuIctT
Nil
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
AS*
AS
AS
AS
AS
BT
BT
RO
TF
TF
TKknolOB
Sin
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
Full
full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
FuU
Pull
FioUy
LAC0662U
MDOUOM
VYCC00281
NTOX03S1
ILOM1627
MDOX/134I
KYOCVMG)
KY00015I4
WVBOM-40
LA 0065501
6B
37SE
375E
373B
37SE
IAOOJ3M5
KYOC02M9
16MB
37SB
37S8
Dftfcbon
Leah
b»'l.)
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
VR
NR
NR
NR
NR
VR
NR
NR
NR
H^jlof
tiifliunl
Cowaxradea
toOJ
NR
Nil
NR
NR
NR
VR
NR
NR
NR
NR
w>im
0-100
o-ioa
0-I90
o-ioa
NR
0-IM
0-100
0-IM
No. of
Dtt*
Faba
U
1
1
9
9
t
1
1
1
«
10
J
7
7
7
33
1
NR
7
7
Atntt
Cflhn*
CencKtmioa
ball
1C 000
::(no
5.000
4.M4
10 111
icxa
10 yt)
10000
10000
10000
10JW
oni
0014
0
-------
Table B-7
Treatment Perfoi mance Data Tor Benzo(k)fluoranthcnc
in Wastcivatcrs
TKbwIofj
AS
AS
AS
AS
OT
RO
TT
IT
Tecfaoabfir
Sax
Full
Pull
Full
Full
Pull
Pilot
Full
Full
TtcZAt
fB
me
37SE
J7SE
1273
16WE
JT5C
J7SE
DftKtna
Lunrt
0*'M
NR
SR
NR
N'R
10
NR
VR
NR
lUnjcef
IcDxa.
danmraoou
0*1)
iso-iun
0-100
(MM
o-:w
10-352
0-1(0
0-100
0-1)3
Kg cf
Ditt
PeuAl
1?
7
7
7
15
VR
7
7
Aren^t
EffittM
CftXenlnMi
!^.U
139C
OM2
c:i;
cr.j
10 OM
0001
CCI5
OC14
R«oM«J
(*)
M7
IT<
966
a
NR
X
S^t
so
Rcfcmm
U.TRL
UT.RL
•AERL
WTRL
EAD-
W-ERL
MTRL
WtRL
•Dm uMd in drxlop-Df Itu'Tiirl lU
NR - Not rcponrf
Reference. (IB)
3 -' -'
M
CD
C
O
o
NRJ-071
0610-04 jin
B-18
__ 1
UQ
-------
Table B-8
Treatment Performance Data for Chrjsene
in Wastewaters
TKkMbzr
AS
AS
AS
AStFd
n
BP
TcduaVw
Sn
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
F«uh^
2MA
6B
6R
iD
792G
itn
Ocucma
Liaut
bcU
Ml
NR
SR
NK
NR
13
Raotcof
Ubtct
CoocoitmioBS
O.&T.)
0-130
1GXMOOO
100-1000
ICOO-IKOO
100-lKO
1047
No. of
n«u
Poua
s
4
11*
3
4
15
* Aicnft
EJUccEl
COBCWtTEtlOO
(«TJ
liM
13 KC
10(00
10X00
1000
1C*»
Racifry
rt)
.NR
NR
NR
N'R
VR
NR
Rnooul
l*>
969
99
968
9904
99 T6
Refract
tt-ERl.
WERL
»"ERL
WERL
WERL
EAD-
f •"
Ji
Q.O. -
c "• a
3 '
"°S
rl
•Dm uicd m iJrreJoptnj iiuineni n»dirtf
NR - Noi icponcd
Rtfinocc (U).
Q
C
o
o
NRJ-071
0610-04 J1IJ
B-19
Oi
uo
-------
Table B-9
Treatment Performance Data for Dibenz(a,h)anthracene
in Was'e«aters
T«i»nbo
m.
m
OT
CAO
ToJuuloi/
Si*
NR
NR
Fun
Pdul
F«tifitj
LAOC<»214
LAOOUSOI
LA0033245
1KB
Dcucttti
Ua.t
UtO)
NR
NR
NR
.NR
Rutcgf
laflnoit
ta'U
SR
SR
NR
ico-ion
l\t.tl
Dot
U
6
38
>
Eflbncl
(*)>» nili iuon
(0.1)
10000
10009
10066
10009
HI
.NR
NR
NR
N"R
Rmonl
(V
.NR
NR
NR
fU
tUKm
NFDES
NPDES
STDES
Vk-ERL-
3 ?-
ft * " _ t
a a — «
• o a _
•Diu vied la dfvctopia| trutmeoi tun4ird
NR • Not reported
Refenux: (H).
O
c
a
o
061001 nq
B-20
-------
Table B-10
Treatment Performance Data for Indeno(l,2r3-cd)p}renc
in \Yiistcuatcrs
T«kMto|)r
NR
NR
A?
AS
AS'
AS*
BT
QiO>(Q)
Fil
TT
IT
TtdMolrtr
Sin
NR
VR
r.i:
FL.|
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Fall
Full
TxHitj
I.A'/«S ']
LAVnUM
375E
I:SE
USE
j-'r:
LAOOMMS
mm
It'lD
37JH
J-JE
DHutmn
Lunil
IM.-D
SR
SR
NR
SK
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NP
NR
Ru(<-«r
lUIpcM
CobCMCnMOl
(WU
NR
N"n
0-IW
0-l\>
cvico
CM CO
NR
MOO
0-1CO
0-109
0-1CO
No «(
Dm
Fttfltl
6
U
7
7
7
7
38
SR
NR
7
7
ATOtfr
emucM
CoacMtnao*
(M
-------
Table B-ll
Treatment Performance Data
for Naphthalene in Wastewaters
Teclnoto
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL
AL*AL
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AS
AW
DP
CAC
Tccbultgr
Su
Pilot
Benin
Pilot
Pilot
Mot
Pull
Full
Fill
Bench
Pilot
Not
Full
Pilot
Bench
Film
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Fill
Pilot
Full
Full
Full
Pilot
Bench
Full
Pilot
Pteuiljr
1920
371 D
1KD
203A
20 JA
2310
MID
6D
IOSOE
241B
MID
•ma
2MA
2020
20JA
UOA
IB
ID
6B
6B
I92O
IB
6B
6B
192D
..•JSE
1293
203A
Dtussaa
Umit
b«/U
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
VR
NR
NR
10
NR
Raascof
loDuea
CoixtnlntioM
WU
0-ICO
100-1000
109-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
0--.00
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1000
100-1(00
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
0-100
100-1000
loooo-ioocno
100-1000
0-100
0-100
1000-10000
100-1000
100-1000
10000-100000
112T7-37145
loo-iooo
No. of
DlU
NR
NR
NR
11
11
21
11
2
5
11
5
NR
8
-MR
11
12
5
5
14
13
NR
4
7
3
NR
i
U
11
Atcnft
Effluent
CoBunlittaa
(n/U
10000
23000
2SCOO
13000
MOOO
It 000
5 CCO
14000
1.000
8X0
10000
1000
0700
10000
4000
6000
9000
10.000
10000
10000
10000
3000
10 000
10000
25000
6*00000
10000
79000
Kennd
I*)
S2
917
M.S
88
67
98J
r>
959
WJ
979
93
9917
9959
99J6
96J
93
M
954
9995
99
82
9L9
99 J6
96
9&5
74
NT«
27
RcTmce
M-ERL
UTRL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
VERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
EAD-
WERL
!=r?
gSE
r?;S!
a. a ~ 'fl
" O "
ga.S
o
c
o
o
NRJ-071
0610-04 nn
B-22
-------
Table B-ll
(Continued)
TirbuloiT
CMJi
PACT*
RDC
RO
IT
If
TP
WOi
TcckaaloKr
Su
Bench
Buck
Pivx
PJol
Pikx
Fun
Pilot
Fi.,1
FKfllt?
975B
Zirapro
171D
1SOA
MOA
ID
MiA
Zinpro
DctccriM
Uom
(not
MR
>R
NR
NR
NR
NR
.NR
6
Rwfr^l
UTaul
Coutuuim
(M.IL)
0-100
191
0-100
D-100
ia>-iixx>
0-100
itn-tivo
12:0
No. o/
O>t>
FamU
NR
1
N-R
SR
11
6
11
I
Attract
CffiBCBt
Coaeotmxo
toU
MXX
1MO
ISOOO
0"M
14 «0
101)
74000
210300
Rw»l
(*)
SJ
»»»
n
so
0
19
32
S*
Rrfmncc
WERL
WrtO
uniu.
WERL
WERL
WERL
WERL
WAO
'Diu used in devrlopiai truimcai
J
-------
Table B-12
Variability Factor Calculation Tor Base/Neutral
Extractablc Scmivolatile Organic Constituents
Sonltolatllti
Acenaphlbalcne
Acenaphibeoe
Anthracene
Beoz{a)anlliracene
Benzo(a)p>Tcne
Benzo(k)fluorulheoe
bis(2-Elbylbcx>1)phlha!ate
Chiyscoc
Dicthyl pbthalale
Duaelhyl phlhalale
Di-n-bulyl phthalate
Flttorontheoe
Fluorene
Napbihaleae
Nitrobenzene
Phenaolhrene
Pyrene
AVERAGE -
EAD VariablUty Factor
S3) US
5.S9125
5S9125
5JSS125
539125
5391Z5
591768
5^9125
475961
463S33
323768
SJ9125
5^9125
5^9125
4^3045
5^9125
539 125
SJ340
ScmnolalUes VT « SJ340
_
EXO. »-«
- o o —
IS
Q
C
O
Reference: (18).
MU-on
OilMMni)
B-24
Oi
UQ
—r
------- |