United States EPA-600/2-84-194
Environmental Protection
A«encv _____ DECEMBER.1984
s>EPA Research and
Development
HAZARDOUS/TOXIC AIR
POLLUTANT CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY:
A LITERATURE REVIEW
•*>
Prepared for
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Prepared by
Industrial Environment?! Research
Laboratory
Research Tnangle Park NC 27711
-------
RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECH-
NOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and dem-
onstrate instrumentation, equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent en-
vironmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily
reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
-------
EPA-600/2-84-194
December 1984
HAZARDOUS/TOXIC AIR POLLUTANT
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
A LITERATURE REVIEW
by
Gunseli Sagun Shareef
Andrew J. Miles
Barbara K. Post
Radian Corporation
3200 Progress Center
Post Office Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3171
Work Assignment No. 87
Project Officer:
Bruce A. Tichenor
Industrial and Environmental Research Laboratory
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
Prepared for:
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology
Washington, DC 20460
-------
ABSTRACT
This report presents a summary of literature on hazardous/toxic air
pollutant (HAP) sources and control techniques employed in their reduction
and/or destruction. The information was abstracted from an extensive
computerized and manual literature search and data base development study.
The primary emphasis of the report is on HAP control technology. However, a
brief summary of major source categories that emit HAP's is also included.
There are about 70 hazardous/toxic compounds or groups of compounds
covered in this study with the majority being volatile organic compounds.
In the HAP control technology data base, a large proportion of the
information is for the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry
(SOCMI) source category. However, data also are available for the
combustion, solvent use, and metal processing industries.
The major add-on control techniques for volatile organic HAP's
discussed in this report are combustion, absorption, adsorption, and
condensation. Combustion techniques include thermal and catalytic
incineration, flaring, and disposal of waste streams in boilers and process
heaters. The add-on control devices identified in the literature for
control of particulate HAP emissions are electrostatic precipitators,
baghouses, wet scrubbers, and cyclones.
A listing of the references identified during this study along with
abstracts of those references are included in the Bibliography section.
ii
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 11
Tables iv
1. Introduction 1
2. Summary 6
3. Literature Search 8
4. Source Characterization 12
4.1 Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry (SOCMI) 13
4.2 Combustion 14
4.3 Solvent Use 17
4.4 Metal Processing 17
4.5 Mobile Sources 20
4.6 Other Sources 24
5. Control Technology 25
5.1 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emissions Control . . 29
5.1.1 Combustion Control Techniques 30
5.1.1.1 Thermal incineration 31
5.1.1.2 Catalytic incineration 41
5.1.1.3 Flaring 42
5.1.1.4 Boilers/process heaters 55
5.1.2 Adsorption 60
5.1.2.1 Introduction 60
5.1.2.2 Summary 62
5.1.3 Absorption 64
5.1.3.1 Introduction 64
5.1.3.2 Summary 65
5.1.4 Condensation 68
5.1.4.1 Introduction 68
5.1.4.2 Summary •• • 69
5.2 Particulate Emissions Control 69
5.2.1 Electrostatic precipitators 73
5.2.1.1 Introduction 73
5.2.1.2 Summary 74
5.2.2 Fabric filters 76
5.2.2.1. Introduction 76
5.2.2.2 Summary 76
5.2.3 Wet scrubbers 78
5.2.3.1 Introduction 78
5.2.3.2 Summary 79
5.2.4 Cyclones 81
5.2.4.1 Introduction 81
5.2.4.2 Summary 81
6. Bibliography 83
6.1 Annoted Citations 84
6.2 HAP Data Base Classification 138
Appendices
A Physical and chemical property data A-l
B Control technology information summary for HAP's B-l
iii
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
1-1 List of HAP's Included in This Study 2
1-2 EPA's List of 37 Potentially Toxic Substances 4
3-1 Summary of Computerized Literature Search 9
3-2 HAP Data Base Classification 11
4-1 Pollutants Emitted Primarily by the Synthetic
Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) 15
4-2 Pollutants Emitted from Stationary Fuel Combustion
Source Category 18
4-3 Pollutants Emitted from Solvent Use 19
4-4 Some Metal Processing Emission Sources 21
4-5 Pollutants Emitted from Metal Processing 22
4-6 Pollutants Emitted from Mobile Sources 23
5-1 Add-on Control Techniques for Hazardous Air Pollutants. . . 27
5-2 Summary of Thermal Incineration Data 33
5-3 Results of Destruction Efficiency Under Stated Conditi6ns . 39
5-4 Result Comparisons of Lab Incinerator Versus Rohm & Haas
Incinerator 40
5-5 Summary of Catalytic Incineration Data 43
5-6 Catalytic Incinerator Performance Data 45
5-7 Performance Data for Catalytic Incinerators 46
5-8 Summary of Flare Data 48
5-9 Survey of California Oil Refinery Flares
(California Air Resource Board, 1980) 52
5-10 Survey of Gases Flared in the Chemical Industry 54
5-11 Combustion Efficiency of Flare Flames 56
5-12 Flare Efficiency Test Conditions 57
5-13 Applications of Boilers/Process Heaters as Control Devices. 58
5-14 Summary of Adsorption Data 63
5-15 Summary of Absorption Data 66
5-16 Summary of Condensation Data 70
5-17 Summary of Information on ESP 75
5-18 Summary of Information on Fabric Filters : 77
5-19 Summary of Information on Wet Scrubbers 80
5-20 Summary of Information on Cyclones 82
iv
-------
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The initial objective of this study was to compile, organize, and
review scientific literature and Government publications relating to:
(a) hazardous/toxic air pollutant (HAP) sources and (b) control techniques
used in reducing and destroying HAP's. This objective was later narrowed
and the study was focused on HAP control technology. Table 1-1 lists the
HAP's for which controls have been identified in the literature search.
In this study, the term HAP's is used to designate noncriteria air
pollutants that are, or have, the potential to be hazardous or toxic to
humans. Since this definition is very broad and can encompass hundreds of
specific compounds, a preliminary screening of the literature resulted in a
very large number of references. Therefore, the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) list of 37 potentially toxic substances was chosen as the
basis for a compound-specific literature search. From this list (presented
in Table 1-2), 14 compounds/groups that are not well characterized in the
literature were selected for further study. A preliminary evaluation of the
references in the data base indicated that much of the data and literature
applies to control technology and covers several other pollutants in
addition to the 14 indicated in Table 1-2. Following review of the
classification of references by the Project Officer, a decision to focus on
evaluation of control technology literature was made.
This document is not a definitive study on HAP emissions or control
techniques but is an attempt to summarize the readily available literature
on HAP emissions and controls for the compounds studied. The document
should serve as an aid in identifying primary references for HAP studies.
It can also be used to indicate significant gaps in the existing HAP
literature. Since this study was a quick look at the existing HAP
literature, all of the references in the literature are not covered. A
-------
TABLE 1-1. LIST OF HAP's INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY
Pollutant CAS No.
Acetaldehyde 75-07-0
Acetic acid 64-19-7
Acetic anhydride 108-24-7
Acetone 67-64-1
Acrolein 107-02-8
Acrylic acid 79-10-7
Acrylonitrile 107-13-1
Adi pic acid 124-04-9
Allyl alcohol 107-18-6
Ally! chloride 107-05-1
Aniline 62-53-3
Benzene 71-43-2
Benzyl chloride3 100-44-7
1,3 Butadiene 106-99-0
Cadmium 7440-43-9
Caprolactam 105-60-2
Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5
Chlorobenzene 108-90-7
Chloroform 67-66-3
Chloroprene 126-99-8
Chromium 7440-47-3
Coke oven emissions
Copper 7440-50-8
m-Cresol 108-39-4
o-Cresol 95-48-7
p-Cresol 106-44-5
Cumene 98-82-8
Cyclohexane 110-82-7
Cyclohexanol 108-93-0
Cyclohexanone 108-94-1
Diethanolamine 111-42-2
Dimethyl nitrosamine 62-75-9
Dimethyl terephthalate 62-75-9
Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8
Ethyl benzene 100-41-4
Ethylene 74-85-1
Ethylene dichloride 107-06-2
Ethylene glycol 107-21-1
Ethylene oxide 75-21-8
Fluorocarbons
Formaldehyde 50-00-0
-------
TABLE I-1. LIST OF CHEMICALS INCLUDED IN THIS STUDY
(CONCLUDED)
Compound CAS No.
Hexachlorocyciopentadiene 77-47-4
Maleic anhydride 108-31-6
Methanol 67-56-1
Methyl chloride 74-87-3
Methyl chloroform 71-55-6
Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3
Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6
Methylene chloride 75-09-2
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3
Nitrosomorpholine 110-91-8
Perchloroethylene 127-18-4
Penol 108-95-2
Phosgene 75-44-5
Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9
Polychlorinated biphenyls 1336-36-3
Propylene oxide 75-56-9
Styrene 100-42-5
Terephthalic acid 100-21-0
Toluene 108-88-3
Toluene disocyanate 91-08-7
Trichloroethylene 79-01-6
Trichlorofluoromethane 75.59-4
Tri chlorotri f1uoroethane 76-13-1
Vinyl acetate 108-05-4
Vinyl chloride 75-01-4
Vinylidene chloride 75-35-4
m-Xylene 108-38-3
o-Xylene 95-47-6
p-Xylene 106-42-3
Zinc 7440-66-6
aNo specific control information was identified for this compound.
-------
TABLE 1-2. EPA'S LIST OF 37 POTENTIALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES
Acetaldebyde
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl Chloride
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium
Cadmium
Carbon Tetracbloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Coke Oven Emissions
o-,m-, p-Cresol
p-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl Nitrosamine
Dioxin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Hexachlorocy1opentadi ene
Maleic Anhydride
Manganese
Methyl Chioroform(1,1,1, Trichloroethane)
Methylene Chloride
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Ni trosomorphol i ne
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
Phosgene
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Propylene Oxide
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinylidene Chloride
o-, m-, p-Xylene
Included in compound-specific literature search.
-------
bibliography recently compiled by Radian entitled "Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse: Bibliography of EPA Reports" can be used to supplement the
references reviewed in this study.
In Section 2, a summary of the report is presented. Section 3
describes the approach followed in generating the HAP data base and
summarizes the computerized and manual literature search efforts. Section 4
presents a short summary of data and literature on major source categories
identified in this study. Section 5 discusses the HAP control technology
information in the data base. This section forms the body of the report.
The first part of the discussion is based on the available data for HAP's
emitted as vapors. The second part discusses the available data for HAP's
emitted as particulates. Section 6 is the bibliography. A listing of the
references identified during this study along with abstracts of those
references are included in Section 6.1. The references are listed by
topical content in Section 6.2.
-------
SECTION 2
SUMMARY
This report describes a review of literature on sources of HAP's and
control techniques employed in reducing and destroying HAP's. The report
primarily focuses on HAP control technology. The information was abstracted
from an extensive computerized and manual literature search and data base
development study.
By definition, HAP's potentially can include thousands of compounds.
For this reason, the references reviewed in this study do not encompass all
the references in current HAP literature, rather they represent a small
subset of the total HAP population. A large proportion of these HAP's are
low-to-medium weight organic compounds with simple molecular structures.
High-molecular weight compounds with complex structures are not included.
In addition to organic compounds, the HAP's in this study include several
metals. Inorganic HAP's (with the exception of metals) are not included in
this study.
Major source categories of HAP emissions include the Synthetic Organic
Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI), combustion, mobile sources, metal
processing, and solvent use. Much of the emission source information
reviewed for this study lies in the SOCMI area; combustion, mobile sources,
metal processing, and solvent use source categories are not covered as
extensively. For the combustion and metal processing categories,
information was extracted from Radian in-house data bases.
From the literature review, it appears that point sources such as
reactor vents and furnace stacks in manufacturing operations are well
characterized with respect to emissions. But there are little data on
process fugitive sources except in the coating and metal processing
industries. Similarly, not much information is available on area sources
with the exception of storage tanks, pump seals, and valves.
-------
In the HAP control technology data base developed in this study, the
majority of the data are for SOCMI. However, information on combustion,
solvent use, and metal processing are also available. A large proportion of
the control technology information pertains to point sources within the
source categories and, therefore, add-on control technique applications are
extensively covered.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) add-on control techniques identified in
the literature are absorption, adsorption, combustion and condensation.
Combustion techniques include catalytic and thermal incineration, flaring,
and disposal of waste streams in boilers and process heaters. Based on the
literature review, thermal incineration is applicable to a wide variety of
compounds and is not very sensitive to HAP characteristics or waste stream
conditions. The other control techniques, however, are dependent on HAP
characteristics and process parameters.
The add-on control devices used for control of particulate HAP
emissions are electrostatic precipitators (ESP's), baghouses, cyclones, and
wet scrubbers. ESP's and baghouses have been widely used to control metal
emissions; very high removal efficiencies are obtained with these devices.
Wet scrubbers have been used, for controlling both metal and organic
particulate emissions.
Except for the solvent use source category, little data are available
in the references for process fugitive and area sources. With the exception
of SOCMI, work practices, process modifications, and material substitutions
are not well documented.
-------
SECTION 3
LITERATURE SEARCH
This section briefly describes the literature search methodology used
by Radian to generate the HAP data base and the classification of the
references in the data base.
Initially, a general literature search for HAP's was conducted. By
definition, HAP's can potentially encompass hundreds of specific compounds.
For this reason, the general HAP literature search produced a very large
number of references relating to HAP's and control technology. Therefore,
14 compounds from the EPA's list of 37 potentially toxic substances for
which Radian did not have in-house information were selected for a
compound-specific literature search. These compounds are listed in Table
1-2. The EPA's list was chosen because it is a well-known list containing
pollutants that are being studied by several organizations. Information on
the remaining 23 compounds was available in Radian in-house project files
from earlier studies. The literature search was supplemented by in-house
data and on-going programs. The data base generated from the computerized
and manual search efforts contains references that cover several other HAP's
in addition to the compounds in Table 1-2.
For the computerized literature search, Radian screened the Compendex,
Chemical Abstracts, and NTIS (National Technical Information Services) data
bases. Description of the search and the key words used in each case are
summarized in Table 3-1.
The list of references in the data base is presented in the
Bibliography, Section 6. This list is used as the master reference list in
the report. The numbers assigned to the references in the Bibliography
are used throughout the report when a particular reference is cited.
-------
TABLE 3-1. SUMMARY OF COMPUTERIZED LITERATURE SEARCH
COMPENDEX
CA (Chemical Abstracts)
COMPENOEX
NTIS
Description of the General literature search for
Search HAP's
Compound-specific search
Compound-specific search
Key Words Used
noncriteria. toxic, hazard,
chemical, gas, fume, emission,
air pollution control,
effluent, manufacture,
source, plant, flare,
condensation, carbon
adsorption, thermal oxidation,
incineration, hydrocarbon
(Several combinations were
used.)
acrolein, chlorobenzene, cresols.
phosgene, coke oven emissions,
PCB, benzyl chloride, chloroprene
acrolein, chlorobenzene
cresols, phosgene, toluene,
coke oven emissions,
manufacture, plant,
effluent
Compound-specific search
(Air Pollution and Control
and Pesticides Pollution and
Control Sections of the data
base were Included. Biological
and medical sciences and Water
Pollution and Control Sections
were excluded. The terms
monitor, measurement, analysis,
exposure, and occupational were
also excluded.)
acrolein, benzyl chloride.
chlorobenzene. cresol,
dimethyl nltrosamine,
hexachlorocyc1opentadi ene,
toluene, xylene, PCB,
trichloroethylene, coke
oven emissions, phosgene,
chloroprene, nitrosomorpholine
-------
Most of the references in the data base are Government publications,
journal articles, and papers presented at symposiums or conferences. All of
the references included in the Bibliography have been obtained and reviewed
to identify information pertaining to HAP emission sources and HAP control
technology. During the review process, the references were organized and
classified into six broad classifications (see Table 3-2).
A listing of the references within each of the six classification
groups is included in Section 6.2, HAP Data Base Classification. The first
group consists of references that provide data on the physical and chemical
properties of HAP's. The second group of references contain data on
manufacturers, production rate, and plant locations. References in the
third group are those containing information on manufacturing processes
and/or reactions associated with HAP emissions.
The fourth group includes references that contain HAP emission source
information and data on emission factors and emission rates. In the fifth
group of references under Emission Controls, information on actual plant
control practices and/or applicable control techniques for several HAP's is
available. These references contain data pertaining to HAP controls for
organic compounds. The last group contains general references such as
published literature searches.
10
-------
TABLE 3-2. HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
Physical/Chemical Properties 7, 8, 9, 10. 11. 31, 32. 33. 34. 39. 40. 41, 42, 43, 45, 52. 53,
54. 55. 74, 75, 77. /8. 81, 118. 139, 142, 146
Manufacturing Information9 2. 3, 7, 8, 9. 10. 11, 13. 14, 19. 26. 28. 29. 31. 32, 33. 36, 44,
45, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 78, 81. 84, 89. 97. 98. 114, 125. 130. 139
146
Reaction/Process/Industry Descriptions5 2, 3, 7, 8. 9. 10. 11. 13. 14. 17. 18, 19, 20. 26, 27, 29, 31. 32.
33. 45. 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 61, 74, 75, 77, 78. 81, 84, 97, 98, 102.
124, 127, 136, 137. 140. 142, 145. 146. 153, 154
Emission Sources/Rates/Factors0 2. 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19. 20. 22. 25, 26, 27.
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35. 49, 56. 61, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80,
81. 82, 83. 84, 85. 86. 87. 88, 90, 92. 95. 96. 101. 108. 110, 111.
113. 114, 115, 117, 120, 122, 124. 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 134,
135. 136, 139, 140, 141, 143. 144, 146, 153. 154. 155. 156
Emission Controls'1 2. 3. 4, 5, 6, 7. 8. 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 19, 20, 21, 22.
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32. 38, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58.
59. 60. 61. 62, 63. 64, 65, 66. 67, 68. 69, 70, 71. 73, 74, 75, 81.
82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 97, 100, 101, 103. 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110,
112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121. 125, 126. 131. 132, 135, 136. 137,
138. 140, 141. 143, 144. 145, 147, 148. 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154
General6 1. 46, 47. 48, 93, 99, 107. 116
aThis group includes references containing manufacturing data concerning producers, production rate, and
.plant location. Also included are the references that report HAP monitoring data at different locations.
n^his group includes references that contain information on reactions and/or processes associated with
HAP emissions. References that contain descriptions of industries emitting HAP's are also included in this
group.
This group contains references pertaining to emissions from production and/or consumption, storage and
handling, as well as fugitive and secondary emissions. References with information on actual and/or
.estimated emission rates and factors are included in this group.
In this group, the references relating to actual plant control practices and/or applicable control techniques
for HAP's are Included. This group also contains the references that have general information on control
technology.
This group Includes general references such as published literature searches, Chemical Activities Status
Report, etc.
-------
SECTION 4
SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION
This section briefly discusses the major source categories that emit
HAP's, based on a review of the references grouped under Emission
Sources/Rates/Factors in Table 3-2. The discussion includes a brief
description of emission sources, source types, and characteristics of HAP's
emitted from each source category. The key references pertaining to each
source category are indicated in the discussion. A recently completed Radian
study entitled "Air Toxics Clearinghouse: Bibliography of EPA Reports" can
provide additional references on the source categories.
For the purposes of this review, a source category is defined as a
general class of industries or activities. The source categories identified
as emitting HAP's can be divided into five groups: (1) SOCMI,
(2) combustion, (3) solvent use, (4) metals processing, (5) mobile sources,
35
and (6) others. The last group includes sources that do not fit in any of
the other categories.
The SOCMI, solvent use, and mobile source categories primarily emit
volatile organic HAP's. Metals and organic compounds are emitted from the
combustion and mobile sources. Metals are also emitted from the metal
processing sources.
HAP emissions from the SOCMI source category include emissions from
production, feedstock use, indirect production (a by-product or
contaminant), storage and handling, and waste disposal. The combustion
source category produces emissions from boilers and furnaces used in power
and heat generation in industrial, commercial/Institutional, and residential
sectors. The metal emissions from this source category are a result of the
12
-------
presence of metal impurities in coal or other fuels. Emissions from the
solvent use source category are caused by use of organic chemicals as
solvents in processes such as surface coating or graphic printing. The
metal processing source category produces emissions from mining, refining,
and production of alloys and other metal products. The HAP emissions occur
during the recovery of the metal and during its use in manufacturing end
products. The emissions from the mobile sources category are due to
incomplete combustion or presence of impurities in the fuel used in gasoline
or diesel-powered vehicles.
Source type refers to whether a pollutant is emitted from a point
(process) source, process fugitive source or an area/fugitive source. Point
sources are generally large and individually defined. Reactors, distil-
lation column condenser vents, furnaces, and boilers are typical point
sources which discharge emissions to the atmosphere through a vent-pipe or
stack. Like point sources, process fugitive sources are individually
defined. In order to control emissions from process fugitive sources, the
emissions have to be captured by hooding or enclosure and transferred to a
control device. Solvent use operations like degreasing and dry cleaning are
process fugitive sources. Area sources are large and undefined. The
emissions from these sources are difficult to capture and transfer to a
control device. Examples of area sources include pump seals, valves, and
waste treatment lagoons.
In the following sections, the HAP characteristics and source types for
each source category are discussed in more detail.
4.1 SOCMI
The SOCMI source category is a significant source of potential HAP's
and most of the existing HAP lists contain a large proportion of organic
chemicals. The key references reviewed for information on SOCMI include
13
-------
References 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 81, 97, 124,
131, and 135.
Major emission sources in this category are reactor vents, distillation
column condenser vents, storage tanks, pressure relief valves, pump seals,
waste treatment lagoons, accumulators, hot wells, and oil-water
2 3
separators. ' Reactor and condenser vents are point sources whereas waste
treatment lagoons, valves, and seals are considered fugitive emissions
sources. Process fugitive sources include oil-water separators and
accumulators.
Table 4-1 lists pollutants primarily emitted by the SOCMI source
category. The emissions from this category are mainly associated with
manufacturing processes. Also included in the table is an estimated
percentage of national emissions of each SOCMI compound that is concentrated
in SOCMI category as presented in Reference 35. In general, the emissions
from this category are volatile compounds that are liquids or gases at
ambient conditions; only very small percentage of the emissions are
particulates. Most information in this category pertains to emissions from
point sources. Emissions from process fugitive and area sources are not
well characterized.
4.2 COMBUSTION
This source category includes utility, industrial, and institutional
boilers; commercial and residential combustion units; process heaters; and
furnaces. The key reference reviewed in this section is Reference 73.
References 35, 72, 80, and 115 were also reviewed.
Most combustion units burn coal, oil, natural gas, or wood to generate
heat or power. Other emission sources within this source category include
cooling towers, coal storage piles, and ash handling systems. In general,
combustion units are considered point sources since their emissions are
discharged to the atmosphere through a stack. On the other hand, coal
storage piles are area sources and ash handling operations are considered to
14
-------
TABLE 4-1. POLLUTANTS EMITTED PRIMARILY BY THE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 3'3
Pollutant
Estimated Percentage
of National Emissions
Concentrated in SOCMI Category
Acetonitrile
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Barium carbonate
Carbonyl sulfide
Chloroacetic acid
Chloroethane
Chloroprene
Cumen
1,2-Dibromoethane
1-2-Di chloroethy1ene
Dioctylphthalate
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether
Ethylene oxide
Hexachlorocyclopentadi ene
Hexahydro-2H-azepi n-2-one
Isopropyl alcohol
4,4-Isopropylidenediphenol
Maleic anhydride
Mel amine
Methyl chlorine
Methyl methacrylate
4,4-Methylenedianiline
Naphthalene
Phenol
Phosgene
Phthalic anhydride
Propene
Propylene oxide
Styrene
Terephthalic acid
Toluene diisocyanate
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
Ammonia
1,3-Butadiene
100
99.9
99.9
15
-------
TABLE 4-1. POLLUTANTS EMITTED PRIMARILY BY THE SYNTHETIC ORGANIC
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY (SOCMir°'a
Estimated Percentage
of National Emissions
Pollutant Concentrated in SOCMI Category
Benzyl chloride
Ethyl ene
Methanol
Acryl amide
Dimethyl nitrosamine
Ethyl ene di chloride
99.0
98.6
98.6
97.4
93.4
90.0
aln Reference 35, the study was based on 87 HAP. Therefore, the list of
compounds in the table may not be considered complete.
16
-------
be process fugitive sources. Emissions from coal storage piles are
significant only in the utility sector.
HAP's from this source category are emitted as vapors or solid
particles. The particulate emissions contain metals and organic species;
gaseous emissions generally consist of volatile organic and inorganic
compounds. Table 4-2 presents a list of compounds known to be emitted by
combustion sources. Also indicated in the table is an estimated
percentage of national emissions of each pollutant concentrated in the
combustion category as presented in Reference 35. Beryllium, chromium, and
nickel account for large percentages, since they are present as impurities
in the combustion fuel.
4.3 SOLVENT USE
Hazardous emissions from evaporation of organic solvents used in
operations such as surface coating, dry cleaning, degreasing, and graphic
arts are included in the solvent use category. The key references reviewed
in this section are References 21, 27, 28, 29, 35, 61, 140, 143, and 144.
The emission sources within this category are considered process
fugitive sources. Table 4-3 presents a list of compounds emitted'from
solvent use. Most of these emissions consist of VOC's, such as aromatics,
substituted aromatics, cyclic compounds, ketones, and chlorinated compounds.
The table also contains estimates of the percentage of national emissions of
each pollutant in the solvent use category as presented in Reference 35.
4.4 METAL PROCESSING
The metal processing source category includes emissions from mining,
refining, and production of alloys and metal products. The key references
reviewed in this section include References 35, 49, 74, 75, 77, 84, and 115.
17
-------
TABLE "4-2.
POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORY35'73'3
Pollutant
Estimated Percentage
of National Emissions
Concentrated 1n Stationary
Fuel Combustion Category
Chlorine
Chromium
98.2
89.6
Beryllium
Nickel
Acetic acid
POMD
84.4
84.2
64.2
51.8
Acetaldehyde
Copper
Cadmium
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Zinc
Acrylamide
Ethylene
Ammonia
42.0
24.2
23.9
17.5
15.8
3.7
2.6
1.1
0.1
Arsenic
Dioxin
Mercury
Vanadium
aln Reference 35, the study was based on 87 MAP'S. Therefore, the list of
compounds in the table may not be considered complete.
POM is polycylic organic matter composed of compounds with two or more
fused rings. Benzo(a)pyrene is a major constituent in POM emissions.
cNot included in Reference 35.
18
-------
TABLE 4-3. POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM SOLVENT USE27'35'117'3
Estimated Percentage
of National Emissions
Pollutant Concentrated in Solvent Use Category
Cyclohexane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Chlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Methyl chloroform
p-Cresol
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
Acrolein
Methylene chloride
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Chloroform
Acetaldehyde
Ethylene dichloride
Methanol
Toluene
A ** «* ^ M M *«
100.0
100.0
99.2
96.0
93.6
91.4
78.6
69.3
68.3
60.8
58.2
56.1
54.0
52.3
48.5
47.5
36.0
5.0
1.4
0.1
b
Carbon tetrachloride "
Ethanol
Isopropanol "
Methyl chloride "
Methyl isobutyl ketone "
Naphthalene "
Phenol
Trichlorotrifluoroethane "
aln Reference 35, the study was based on 87 HAPs. Therefore, the list of
compounds in the table may not be considered complete.
Not included in Reference 35.
19
-------
Primary and secondary metal smelting operations, steel manufacturing,
and ferroalloy reduction are some of the processes included in this
category. The emission sources within this category are process, process
fugitive, and area/fugitive type and are listed in Table 4-4 by source type
for a number of industries. The major process emission sources are
furnaces. Process fugitive emissions generally occur during furnace
operations, charge preparation, casting, and refining operations.
Area/fugitive emissions sources include leakage during furnace operations
and other operations such as raw material handling and storage.
Table 4-5 lists some of the pollutants emitted from this category and
their respective estimated percentages of national emissions as presented in
Reference 35. Gaseous emissions include cyanides, acid mists, arsenic, and
hydrogen sulfide. Evaporation of compounds such as cresols also result in
gaseous emissions when they are used as flotation agents.
4.5 MOBILE SOURCES
In general, mobile sources include gasoline- and diesel-powered
vehicles and aircraft. The references reviewed for this section are
References 35, 86, 87, 88, and 140.
Mobile sources are considered area sources since they are broadly
dispersed and small, mobile point sources. The emissions from this source
category are mainly organic vapors resulting from incomplete combustion or
thermal cracking of fuel. Table 4-6 presents several HAP's emitted from
this source category and their respective estimated percentages of national
emissions as presented in Reference 35. Most emissions from this category
consist of aromatics including benzene, toluene, and xylene. Particulate
emissions include POM and metals such as beryllium, nickel, and manganese.
20
-------
TABLE 4-4. SOME METAL PROCESSING EMISSION SOURCES
Source
Process Type
Primary Copper
Smelting
Point
Roaster
Smel ter
Converter
Process-Fugitive
Slag tapping
Matte tapping
Calcine transfer
Sinter handling
Fugitive/Area
Ore concentrate
unloading and handling
Flue dust handling
Slag dumping
Leakage
Primary Zinc
Smelting
Secondary Zinc
Smelting
Iron and Steel
Production
Primary Cadmium
Production
Primary Lead
Smelting
Roaster
Sinter machine
Electrothermal
furnace
Sweat furnaces
Pot furnaces
Distillation
retort
Sinter plant
Blast furnace
Steel furnace
Coke oven
Retort furnace
Smelter
Sinter machine
Blast furnace
Dross furnace
Secondary Lead
Smelting
Blast furnace
Smelting furnace
Pot furnaces
Sinter preparation
and recovery
Furnace charging
Sinter sizing and
crushing
Charge preparation
Charge preparation
Furnace operations
Coal charging
Charge preparation
Furnace operations
Slag tapping
Handling, treating,
and charging of
sinter into the
sinter machine
Casting
Furnace charging and
blowing
Charge preparation
Furnace charging
Slag tapping
Lead tapping
Casting
Ore concentrate
unloading, handling
and storage
Raw material handling
and transfer
Leakage
Raw material handling
and transfer
Leakage
Raw material
handling and
transfer
Handling and transfer
of lead or concentrate
Zinc fuming furnace
Leakage
Raw material storage
Charge preparation area
Product scrap materials
handling
Paved/unpaved roads
'References 49, 74, 75, 84.
21
-------
TABLE 4-5. POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM METAL PROCESSING35'77'3
Pollutant
Estimated Percentage of
National Emissions Concentrated
In Metal Processing Category
Zinc
Manganese
Copper
Cadmium
p-Cresol
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
Nickel
Beryllium
Zinc Oxide
96.3
76.2
75.8
66.0
10.4
10.2
9.1
7.3
3.8
1.7
Chromium
0.2
Arsenic
ln Reference 35, the study was based on 87 HAP's. Therefore, the list of
compounds in the table may not be considered complete.
Not included in Reference 35.
22
-------
TABLE 4-6. POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM MOBILE SOURCES35'2
Estimated Percentage of
National Emissions Concentrated
Pollutant In Mobile Source Category
Benzene 70.2
Toluene 61.6
p-Xylene 47.7
o-Xylene 45.9
m-Xylene 45.2
POM 42.6
Formaldehyde 32.6
Nickel 8.0
Ethylene dichloride 2
Beryllium 1.4
Acetaldehyde Trace
Ammonia "
Dioxin "
Ethylene "
Ethylene dibromide "
Isobutyraldehyde "
Manganese "
Methyl ethyl ketone "
Phenol
Propene "
aln Reference 35, the study was based on 87 HAfs. Therefore, the list of
compounds in the table may not be considered complete.
23
-------
4.6 OTHER SOURCES
Other HAP sources do not readily fit in the first five source
categories. Some of these sources are petroleum refining, distribution, and
marketing; plastics, rubber, and resins production; waste incineration;
paint, varnish, and printing inks manufacture; pesticide applications; coke
production; and Pharmaceuticals production. For a discussion of these
sources, the reader is referred to References 14, 30, 37, 46, 82, 93, 96,
101, 111, 122, and 133. Additional references can also be found in "Air
Toxics Clearinghouse: Bibliography of EPA Reports".
24
-------
SECTION 5
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
This section presents a review and summary of the information contained
in the references grouped under Emission Controls in Table 3-2.
The control techniques applicable for reducing or destroying emissions
of a specific pollutant are generally dependent upon the characteristics of
both the source and the pollutant. For example, point sources can readily
be controlled by add-on control devices. Pollutant characteristics such as
molecular weight, vapor pressure, molecular structure, and form (vapor or
solid) are important factors in determining the type of control to be
employed. Physical and chemical property data for several HAP's are
summarized in Appendix A.
The majority of the references on control technology contain
information for the SOCMI source category. In addition, data on controlling
emissions from combustion, metal processing, and solvent use also are
available.
Control information for the SOCMI, combustion, and metal processing
categories pertains primarily to point sources. Much of the literature on
the SOCMI category is associated with controls applied to manufacturing
processes. Hence the major point sources are reactors and distillation
column condenser vents. Within the combustion source category, the stacks
from the boilers and furnaces constitute the point sources. In metal
processing, the control information is based on emissions from furnaces,
smelters, and sinter machines. For the solvent use category, most of the
information is on process fugitive emissions control. These sources are
concentrated in surface coating, dry cleaning, degreasing, and printing
industries.
25
-------
Many major point sources within several source categories have been
studied as part of the EPA's Control Technique Guidelines (CTG), New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS), and NESHAP development efforts. However,
there is little information available on controls for area/fugitive emission
sources with the exception of pump seals, valves, storage tanks, and surface
coating operations.
Table 5-1 presents a summary of the add-on control devices employed in
HAP emissions control, based on the literature review. Application of a
particular control technique for a particular HAP, as shown in the table,
indicates that the technique is used for controlling emissions from:
(1) manufacture of the HAP, (2) processes where the HAP is used as a raw
material or solvent, or (3) combustion sources where the fuel used contains
the HAP as an impurity.
For SOCMI, control efficiency data are available for VOC removal in
several references. However, there is very little information available on
compound-specific removal efficiencies. In contrast, data from combustion,
metal processing, and solvent use source categories do contain compound-
specific information. Detailed control technology information for most of
the HAP's in the table is summarized in Appendix B.
The HAP's in Table 5-1 are contained in several HAP lists and represent
a subset of the total HAP population. The table contains a preponderance of
VOC's characterized by low- to medium- molecular weight and simple molecular
structure. High-molecular weight compounds with complex molecular
structures are not included, although several HAP's fall in this group.
The majority of the organic HAP's in the table are liquids or gases at
ambient conditions. Many of them are aromatics, olefins, aldehydes,
ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, and cyclic compounds. Some of these
26
-------
TABLE 5-1. ADD-ON CONTROL TECHNIQUES USED FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS OF
HAZARDOUS/TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
COMBUSTION
Catalytic Incineration
thermal Incineration
Boilers/Process Heaters
Mares
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrlle
Benzene .
Butadiene3>D
Caprolactam
Cumene
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Maleic anhydride
Phthallc anhydride
Phenol
Vinyl acetate
Acetic anhydride
Acrolein
Acrylonitrlle
Aniline
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Butadiene
Dimethyl terephthalate
Eplchlorohydrin
Ethylene dichlorlde
Ethylene glycol
Formaldehyde
Maleic anhydride
Methyl chloroform
Perchloroethylene/Trichloroethylene
Phthalic anhydride
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Terephthalic acid
Toluene
Toluene dlisocyanate
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
Acetic anhydride
Acetone/Phenol
Adipic acid
Butadiene9
Caprolactam
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol/Cychlohexanone
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethylbenzene/Styrene
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
Methanol
Propylene oxide
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonltrile
Ally! alcohol
Allyl chloride
Butadiene .
Chloromethanes
Chloroprene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol/
Cyclohexanone
Ethylbenzene/Styrene
Ethylene
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
Methanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Propylene oxide
Vinyl acetate
-------
TABLE 5-1. ADD-ON CONTROL TECHNIQUES USED FOR REDUCING EMISSIONS OF
HAZARDOUS/TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS (CONTINUED)
Absorption
Adsorption
Condensation
Fabric Filters
Wet Scrubbing
Electrostatic
Precipltators (ESP)
ro
CD
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone/Phenol
Acrylonitrile
Acrylic acid
Ally! alcohol
Ally! chloride
Aniline
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Butadiene
Caprolactam
Carbon tetrachloride/
Perchloroethylene
Chlorobenzene .
Chloromethanes
Chloroprene
Chioroprene/Neoprene
Cyclohexanol/Cyclohexanone
Dimethyl terephthalate
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylbenzene/Sty rene
Ethylene dlchloride
Ethylene oxide
Fluorocarbons
Maleic anhydride
Methanol
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ethyl.ketone
N1trobenzene
Perchloroethy1ene/
Trlchloroethylene
Phosgene
Phthalic anhydride
Propylene oxide
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene
Acetone/Phenol
Aceylonltrile
Adlpic acid
Aniline
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Carbon terephthalate/
Perchloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cyclohexane
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethylene dlchloride
Maleic anhydride
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene chloride
Phosgene
Styrene
Terephthalic acid
Toluene
Toluene diisocyanate
Vinyl chloride'
Xylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone/Phenol
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Benzene
Benzyl chloride0
Butadiene
Caprolactam
Carbon tetrachloride
Chioroprene/Neoprene
Chlorobenzene .
Chloromethanes
Chloroprene
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethylbenzene/Styrene
Ethylene dichlorlde
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene glycol
Fluorocarbons
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
Methyl chloroform
Methyl chloride
Methyl methacrylate
Ni trobenzene
Perchloroethy1ene/
Trichloroethylene
Toluene
Toluene diisocyanate
Vinyl idene chloride
Xylene
Adlpic acid
Cadmium
Caprolactam
Chromium
Copper
Dimethyl
terephthalate
Manganese
Nickel
Terephthalic acid
Zinc
Adipic acid
Cadmium
Chlorobenzene
Chromium
Dimethyl
terephthalate
Maleic anhydride
Nickel
Toluene diisocyanate
Phthalic anhydride
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Zinc
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
aln this report, butadiene refers to 1,3 butadiene.
Not currently used.
cPossible control technique.
Chloromethanes include methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. Individual compound is
listed whenever specific Information is available.
-------
compounds contain nitrogen, and several are chlorinated hydrocarbons; only a
small percentage of the HAP's are participates. With the exception of
metals, no inorganic compounds are included in the table.
In the following sections, control technology information compiled from
the literature review is summarized. Section 5.1 presents the information
for VOC emissions, and Section 5.2 presents the information for particulate
emissions. In each section, factors affecting control device selection and
performance are also discussed.
The reader is cautioned to view the control efficiency data reported in
this study with a critical eye. The data are presented as contained in the
literature, and no judgment regarding the accuracy is made. For more
details on specific data, the reader is encouraged to consult the
references.
5.1 VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND EMISSIONS CONTROL
This section summarizes information available in the data base
pertaining to control of HAP's that are emitted as gases and vapors. Most
of this information applies to the SOCMI, but some data on controlling VOC
emissions from the solvent use source category are also available.
Emissions from SOCMI are primarily VOC's. Much of the literature in
this area pertains to actual controls employed to reduce/recover VOC
emissions during manufacturing processes. Therefore, the information is
focused on point source controls for most of the SOCMI compounds. Although
control efficiency data are available for overall VOC removal in most of the
references, very little information is available for compound-specific
removal efficiencies.
The literature on control of emissions from the solvent use category
concentrates on process fugitive sources. Compound-specific control
29
-------
Information is available for some compounds, but very little information was
found for compound-specific control efficiencies.
The following is a discussion of the major add-on VOC control
techniques identified in the literature search: combustion, adsorption,
absorption, and condensation. In each part, the findings from the
literature review are summarized, preceded by a brief description of the
control technique. The description is intended only to familiarize the
reader with the control technique; hence, it may not be complete. For more
information, the reader is referred to the references cited within each
section.
5.1.1 Combustion Control Techniques
Combustion control techniques are the most universally applicable
control methods for volatile organic HAP's. Organic gaseous or particulate
air emissions are destroyed by oxidation to carbon dioxide and water vapor.
A properly designed and operated combustion device is capable of destroying
28
any organic compound. Emission control by combustion results in the
destruction of the pollutants in the waste stream. Although the process
materials cannot be recovered, this method offers the potential for recovery
25
of heat released during combustion.
When used as a control technique, the combustion process is usually
carried out in thermal or catalytic incinerators with the use of
oo
supplemental fuel. Under proper conditions, the firebox of a process
125
heater or boiler can also serve as an emission control device. Another
combustion control technique practiced in industry is flaring.
Based on the literature search, the combustion techniques used for
controlling volatile organic HAP's include incineration (thermal and
catalytic), use of waste gas as supplementary fuel, and flaring.
30
-------
5.1.1.1 Thermal Incineration--
Introduction—The combustion process in a thermal incinerator is mainly
influenced by three factors: chamber temperature, residence time, and
5 22 23 125
turbulence. » ' » The chamber temperature in an efficient thermal
oxidizer should be high enough for complete oxidation of the combustibles.
The residence time at the chamber temperature should be long enough to
ensure completion of the combustion process. At a constant residence time,
the destruction efficiency in a thermal incinerator increases with
28
temperature. When operating at a constant temperature, the destruction
28
efficiency in a thermal incinerator increases with residence time.
Turbulence and adequate mixing between the combustion products from the
burner, combustion air, and the waste gas stream is essential for efficient
combustion control. At temperatures over 1,400°F, the oxidation rate is
much faster than the rate at which mixing takes place. Therefore, VOC
destruction efficiency becomes more dependent on fluid mechanics at high
temperatures.
In addition to temperature, residence time, and mixing effects, the VOC
125
destruction efficiency is affected by the inlet pollutant type. Although
destruction of most VOC's occur rapidly at temperatures above 1,400°F,
higher chamber temperatures are required when burning compounds such as
halogenated hydrocarbons.
Thermal incineration as an emission control technique is much less
dependent on HAP characteristics and waste stream conditions than the other
control techniques such as absorption, adsorption, condensation, and
19K
catalytic oxidation. This technique is not as sensitive to the physical
and chemical properties of HAP's, HAP concentration, waste stream flow rate,
composition, and waste stream contaminants as the other control techniques.
However, costs of thermal oxidation systems are affected by the composition
of the waste stream. For example, waste gases containing sulfur or halogens
require flue gas scrubbing after incineration to remove the noxious gases
formed during oxidation. The heat content of the waste stream is a major
31
-------
factor in determining supplementary fuel requirements, hence its effect on
the operating costs.
Summary—Based on the literature search, Table 5-2 summarizes the
applications of thermal incineration as an emission control technique in
industry. This information has been compiled from the 15 references
indicated in the table. In addition, 12 other references in the data base
were reviewed. These include References 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 57, 61, 65, 67,
69, 132, and 137.
Review of the references has indicated that thermal incineration is the
most universally applicable control technique. As shown in Table 5-2,
compounds controlled by thermal incineration include saturated and
unsaturated alkyl halides, aldehydes, esters, nitro-compounds, carboxylic
acids, and aromatics. Very high control efficiencies (up to 100 percent)
are obtained by using this method. Of the 42 reported control efficiencies
in Table 5-2, 37 are in the 90-100 percent range.
The data are generally reported for VOC's as a group. Hence, no
compound-specific thermal incineration data could be identified from the
literature search. Since the overall removal efficiency is not necessarily
equivalent to compound-specific removal efficiency, the data should be used
with caution.
In addition to the data compiled in Table 5-2 for industrial thermal
incinerators, test data from a laboratory scale incinerator are
i /"?
available. Some of the results are shown in Table 5-3. Since the lab
unit was designed for optimum mixing, the results represent the upper limit
of incinerator efficiency. The results of complete backmixing would be more
comparable to those obtained from large scale units. Table 5-4 illustrates
the effect of mixing by comparing the performance of a commercial
incinerator with that of a laboratory unit.
32
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA"
OJ
00
Compound
Acetic anhydride
Acrylic acid"*6
Acroleln*
Acrylonitrlle9
Aniline"
Benzene
Butadiene
Tenp.
(°F)
1.425C
1.5109
l,545h
1.1601
1.475k
Confi-
dential
1,400
1.400
1,400
1,400
1,400
1.300
inlet
cone.
(ppmv)
20. 7a
2.580*1
11.6006
2,600^
12.8006
?.410J
12,200e
11,900
11.900
Confi-
dential
10.300
10,650
10,650
10.300
10.300
0.4d
Outlet
cone. Conpo-B
(ppnv} sltlon
Y
1.330
150
25
243
10
25
47
1,400
215
215
10
10
Flow rate
seta
91
52,500f
52.500f
52.500f
20.600
20,600
75.000
(average)
75.000
(average)
7,250
15.617
20.750
15,867
12,500
23,500f
Residence
time
(sec)
1.0
1.0
1.0
2-3
2-3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
control n
Heat c efficiency"
recovery (I) References
Yb 11
82.6 5. 61. 125
98.3
99.7
V* 96. 1
YJ 99.9
5. 11. 125
>99 5, 125
>99
>99.9b 8
5. 7, 8. 62.
125
Y5 70. 3C 5, 62, 12t>
94.1
94.1
99.6
99.6
vb.e ,3g
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA3 (CONTINUED)
CO
Temp.
Compound (°f)
Dimethyl b
terephtha1atea>D
Epichlorohydrin
tthylene
dichloride
Ethylene glycol*
Formaldehyde 2.000
Maleic anhydride <2,000
<2.ooo
1,400
1,400
1,400
1,400
1,350
1,500
1,400
Methyl
chloroform
Nitrobenzene9
Inlet Outlet ' Residence Control „
cone. cone. Compo-R Flow rate time Heat . efficiency
(ppmv) (ppmv) sition scfm (sec) recovery (X) References
Vc MOO 8
11
29a Y 500b 9
56a V 700b
10
0.87a Y Yb 1UO 10, 125
100
98.8
834 7 Y 33,200 0.6 Yc 98.96 5, 7. 62,
125
834 8 Y 24,200 0.6 98.96
950 • 13 33,000 0.6 Y 98.5
950 13 33,000 0.6 98.5
950 13 33,000 0.6 98.5
0.7
0.7 911*
0.7 96d
0.25e ; 220,000b 0.7 93d
>98b 9
8
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA3 (CONTINUED)
CO
en
Inlet Outlet Residence
Temp. cone. cone. Conpo-R Flow rate tine
Compound (*F) (ppnv) (ppnv) sltion" scfai (sec)
Perchloroethylene/ 1,425 Y 0.4
Trlchloroethylene
Phthallc l,700b 6,000°
anhydride
1.2009
1,400
1.2001
l,200j
1,200,
1.6003
293C,1
Terephthalic acid9
Toluene9
Toluene
dilsocyanate
Vinyl acetate 0.3 Y 600b
VI ny 11 dene
chloride
Control n
Heat c efficiency"
recovery (X) References
>99 9
96d>e 97, 131
A US
Y 90d
Yh 97d f
99. 5T
95d
99d
>99d
23*
851
801
8
91 144
8
10
98 9
£ Footnotes for each compound are numbered separately in alphabetical order on the next page.
!:Y Indicates that data on waste stream composition are available. These data are presented In Appendix B.
JjY Indicates that heat is recovered from the thermal incinerator flue gases.
"Control efficiencies are reported as VOC destruction efficiencies. VOC concentrations are expressed as weight percent and do not
include methane or ethane. Data where the efficiencies are reported In terms of other criteria are indicated In the footnotes.
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA3 (CONTINUED)
Acetic anhydride
?20.7 mole percent VOC.
A waste heat boiler Is used to produce steam.
Acrylic acid
aThe first three sets of data were taken at Rohm and Haas's acrylic acid and ester production facility at Deer Park, TX. The last
.two sets of data were collected at Union Carbide's acroleln, acrylic acid, and ester manufacturing site at Taft, LA.
DThe Installed capital cost of the incinerator at Rohm and Haas's facility is $4.7 million. The estimated annual operating cost
due to supplemental fuel is $0.9 Billion. The Installed capital cost of the Union Carbide Incinerator Is $3 million. The annual
operating cost In 1976 excluding capital depreciation is $287,000.
.Three tests were performed at these conditions.
Concentration of the tank farm vent.
.Concentration of the oxidizer vent.
*52,500 scfn = 12,500 scfm (tank farm vent) + 40,000 scfm (oxidizer vent).
j-Four tests were performed at these conditions.
.One test was performed at these conditions.
•Six tests were performed at these conditions.
rThe incinerator system Is equipped with a heat recovery unit that produces process steam at 600 pslg.
Three tests were performed at these conditions.
Acroleln
"Refer to information given for acrylonitrlle.
Acrylonitrile
c*> a
Ot The data were collected at Monsanto Chemical Intermediates Company, Alvin, TX.
Aniline
aThermal incineration is employed to control benzene emissions from the reactor purge vent. It Is also used for treatment of
.catalyst and other wet and solid wastes.
This 1s the overall efficiency reported for the combined process and secondary sources.
Benzene
aBenzene emissions due to impurities in the feedstock in aniline production and from maleic acid production where benzene Is used
as a raw material are controlled by thermal incineration. Refer to aniline and maleic anhydride In this table for more
information.
Butadiene
*A11 the data were taken at Petro-tex Chemical Corporation's butadiene manufacturing facility in Houston, TX.
.The Installed capital cost of the Incinerator system is reported as $2.5 million based on 1976 dollars.
The incinerator design Incorporates flue gas recirculation and a waste heat boiler. With variable waste gas flow, a constant
100,000 Ibs/hr of 750 psi steam is generated.
This reduction efficiency refers to the data taken prior to adjustments made to the incinerator. The specific adjustments
.involved changes in mixing Induced by retrofit baffles.
The Inlet concentration is reported In terms of weight percent of hydrocarbons.
fHeat efficiency Is reported as B2 percent.
'Flowrate is reported In Ib/hr.
9The reduction efficiency with respect to hydrocarbon emissions Is 93 percent.
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA3 (CONTINUED)
Dimethyl terephthalate
aThe wastewater for dimethyl terephthalate production containing methane), formic acid, acetic acid, and formaldehyde are
incinerated. Undesirable products formed during the esterification process such as dimethyl ether, methyl acetate, methyl
.p-toluate and benzoate and methyl p-formyl benzoate are also incinerated.
"The Installed capital cost of the incinerator system is reported as 3.97 $/M Ib of product. The annual operating cost is
0.88 $/N Ib of product. These cost figures are based on 1973 dollars.
A waste heat boiler is used to produce steam.
Ethylene dichloride
flnlet concentration is expressed as VOC.
°VOC emission rate in Ib/hr.
Ethylene glycol
aGases from vent condensers In ethylene glycol production are routed to the thermal oxidizer.
Formaldehyde
ulnlet concentration Is expressed as VOC.
A waste heat boiler is used to produce steam.
Haleic anhydride
aThe first two sets of data were taken at the maleic anhydride manufacturing facility of (Coppers Company, Inc. in Brldgeville. PA.
The next six data sets were collected at Denka's facility in Houston, TX. The data from Denka's facility show normal operating
conditions and the change in efficiency when the temperature is varied. The last data point is from Petro-Tex Chemical Corp.,
.Houston, TX.
°The Installed capital cost of the Petro-Tex Incinerator is reported as $1.75 million based on 1975 dollars.
jjA waste heat boiler is used to produce steam.
The efficiency figure refers to hydrocarbon reduction.
flnlet concentration is expressed as hydrocarbon weight percent.
Flowrate Is reported in Ib/hr.
Methyl chloroform
aThe emissions are recycled to the ethylene dichloride process where the VOC's are either consumed or combined with other process
emissions and eventually Incinerated.
"Estimated efficiency.
Nitrobenzene
aStreams containing oxides of nitrogen and benzene are destroyed by incineration.
Phthalic anhydride
aThe installed capital cost of two incinerator systems are reported as $280,000 and $250,000 based on 1968 and 1972 dollars.
respectively. The annual operating costs are reported as $292.000 and $55.000 based on 1969 and 1972 dollars, respectively.
An oil-fired thermal incinerator is used to Incinerate the solution bled from the scrubber.
jjFlowrate is in Ib/hr.
Efficiency is reported for total organics.
^Estimated efficiency.
Efficiency is reported for carbon monoxide.
[{Process vent gas is burned in an incinerator that was originally desioned tp burn waste water and hydrocarbons.
The waste heat boilers produce steam at 750°F and gage pressure of 650 psi.
-------
TABLE 5-2. SUMMARY OF THERMAL INCINERATOR DATA3 (CONTINUED)
;The data are for a small thermal incinerator processing phthalic anhydride unit vent gas (naphthalene feedstock).
jjThis unit Incinerates eject exhaust and reject hydrocarbons from product fractionation.
.The efficiency Is reported as destruction of reactive hydrocarbons.
The data are for units burning emissions from naphthalene feedstock based process.
Terephthalic acid
'Byproducts, residues from the reaction and distillation columns, the unrecoverable portions of the product, and inorganic
portions of the catalyst are disposed of In a rotary kiln incinerator.
Toluene
aThe information Is based on rubber manufacturing where toluene is used as a solvent.
Toluene diisocyanate
aThe light ends from toluene diamine vacuum distillation columns are condensed and burned in a liquid Incinerator.
Vinyl acetate
?Inlet concentration is 0.3 weight percent ethylene.
"Flow rate is in Ib/hr.
to
00
-------
TABLE 5-3. RESULTS OF DESTRUCTION EFFICIENCY UNDER STATED CONDITIONS
(UNION CARBIDE TESTS)
125
OJ
UD
Residence Time/ Compound
Flow .
Regime
Two-stage
Backmixing
Complete
Backmixing
Plug Flow
Temperature
(°F)
1300
1400
1500
1600
1300
1400
1500
1600
1300
1400
1500 '
1600
Ethyl
Aery late
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
98.9
99.7
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
Ethanol
94.6
99.6
99.9
99.9
86.8
96.8
99.0
99.7
99.9
99.9
99.9
99.9
0.75 Sec
Ethyl ene
92.6
99.3
99.9
99.9
84.4
95.6
98.7
99.6
99.5
99.9
99.9
99.9
Vinyl
Chloride
78.6
99.0
99.9
99.9
69.9
93.1
98.4
99.6
90.2
99.9
99.9
99.9
0.5/1.5 bee
Ethyl ene
87.2/27.6
98.6/99.8
99.9/99.9
99.9/99.9
78.2/91.5
93.7/97.8
98.0/99.0
99.4/99.8
97.3/99.9
99.9/99.9
99.9/99.9
99.9/99.9
The results of the Union Carbide work are presented as a series of equations. These equations
relate destruction efficiency to temperature, residence time, and flow regime for each of the
15 compounds. The efficiencies In this table were calculated from these equations.
JThree flow regimes are presented: two-stage backmlxlng, complete backmixing, and plug flow.
Two-stage backmixing is considered a reasonable approximation of actual field units, with
complete backmixing and plug flow representing the extremes.
-------
TABLE 5-4. RESULT COMPARISONS OF LAB,INCITERATOR VERSUS
ROHM AND HAAS INCINERATOR1"' a
Rohm & Haas incinerator
Compound
Propane
Propylene
Ethane
Ethylene
TOTAL
% VOC Destruction
Inlet
(Ibs/hr)
900
l,800b
10
30
2,740
Outlet
(Ibs/hr)
150
150b
375
190
865
68.4?
Union Carbide Lab
Inlet
(Ibs/hr)
71.4
142.9
0.8
2.4
217.5
93.8%
Incinerator
Outlet
(Ibs/hr)
0.64
5.6
3.9
3.4
13. .54
Rohm & Haas (R&H) field and Union Carbide (UC) lab incinerators. The R&H
results are measured; the UC results are calculated. Both sets of results
are based on 1425 F combustion temperature and one second residence time.
In addition, the UC results are based on complete backmixing and a four-
step combustion sequence consisting of propane to propylene to ethane to
ethylene to C02 and H-O. These last two items are worst case assumptions.
Not actual values. Actual values are confidential.
actual values give similar results.
Calculations with
40
-------
References 8, 62, 97, and 125 provide actual thermal incinerator cost
data for seven units as indicated in Table 5-2. General thermal incinerator
cost data based on design considerations are available in several EPA
Background Information Documents. References 5, 21, 22, 23, 28, and 132
also contain such information.
5.1.1.2 Catalytic Incineration—
Introduction—Catalytic incineration is a combustion control technique
in which the oxidation reaction occurs at lower temperatures than thermal
incineration with the help of a catalyst. The waste stream is contacted
with a catalyst bed (or catalyst matrix structure) to allow oxidation
reactions to occur rapidly in the temperature range 700 - 900°F.. By
contrast, a range of 1300 - 1500°F is required for practical oxidation rates
141
in thermal incinerators. Thus, significant energy savings are possible
5 28
using catalytic incineration. ' Combustion catalysts include platinum,
125
palladium alloys, copper oxide, chromium and cobalt.
The steps involved in the catalytic combustion process include:
(1) mass transfer of combustibles and oxygen to the external catalyst
surface (2) diffusion of combustibles and oxygen into the pores of the
catalyst, (3) adsorption of combustibles and/or oxygen on the active
catalytic sites, (4) reaction (oxidation) at the active site, (5) desorption
of products from the catalyst sites, (6) diffusion of products through the
pores of the external catalyst surface, and (7) mass transfer of products
from the catalyst surface into the waste gas stream. ' •
Catalytic incineration is more sensitive to process conditions and
pollutant characteristics than thermal incineration. The catalytic
incinerator destruction efficiency is dependent on several parameters
including the type and amount of catalyst used per unit volume of gas
41
-------
processed, incinerator temperature, residence time, and waste stream
5 125
concentration and composition. Greater efficiencies can be achieved by
increasing the amount of catalyst used, although this may not be
125
economical.
Because of safety considerations, it is the general practice to keep
the concentration of VOC's at less than 25-30 percent of the lower explosive
level (LEL). Dilution of waste streams with high heat content might be
necessary to prevent catalyst deactivation and melting of catalytic support.
Other factors that influence the performance of a catalytic incinerator are
accumulation of deposits such as carbon on active sites and poisoning of the
catalyst by sulfur, chloride, lead, zinc, and antimony containing compounds.
Summary—Tables 5-5, 5-6, and 5-7 summarize the information on
applications of catalytic incineration as an emission control technique. In
Table 5-5, the majority of the data is for manufacturing emissions of SOCMI
compounds. The data in Tables 5-6 and 5-7 pertain to solvent use operations
such as coating and printing industries. In addition to the references
reviewed in compiling the data in the tables, other references containing
information related to catalytic incineration were reviewed. These include
References 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 57, 69, 132, and 138.
The literature review has indicated that catalytic incineration is not
as widely used as thermal incineration. Catalytic incineration has been
applied in controlling emissions of mainly nonchlorinated compounds such as
olefins, aromatics, oxygen and nitrogen-containing compounds.
General catalytic incinerator cost data based on design are available
in References 5, 21, 22, 23, 32, and 47.
5.1.1.3 Flaring—
Introduction—Flares are used to safely destroy waste gases by
combusting them when: (1) the heating value cannot be recovered
42
-------
TABLE 5-5. SUMMARY OF CATALYTIC INCINERATION DATA3
Acrylic add*
AcrylonitHle
Benzene
a
Butadiene
Caprolactam
Cumene
Ethylene
dlchloHde
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Operating Inlet
Temperature Concen.
CF)
750 4327b
115 0.5b
1.37a
1000 2000*
800
1000
940
950
D
Compo- Residence
sltlon Flowrate Time
(Ib/hr) (sec)
Y
76.115C
900,000 0.3
(total)
13,000
(Puff
reactor)
1.000b
3,000b
l,740b
2,400
2,700
Heat - Control D
Recovery u Efficiency
(*)
24a
Y 42.5
YC 9,d
50e
99.7
(wrt CO,^C?H4)
(wrt C.H.CIJ
<60S (wrt
vinyl chloride)
97.9 •
98.5
98.3
97.9
98.3
98.0
Reference
11
11,
151
7
11, 62
5
5
5, 9
5, 10
5, 125 151
Malelc anhydride 7
Phenol3
Phthallc
anhydride
Vinyl acetate
625b
725b
825b
800-1000
23-27, 000/hrc
11
It
92b
94b
98b
42-606
97.5
63
5, 97,
141, 145
10
^Footnotes for each compound are numbered separately 1n alphabetical order on the next page.
?Y Indicates that data on waste stream composition are available. These data are presented in Appendix B.
JjY Indicates that heat 1s recovered from the Incinerator flue gases.
Control efficiencies are generally reported as VOC destruction efficiencies. VOC concentrations are
expressed as weight percent and do not Include methane or ethane. Data where the efficiencies are reported
1n terms of other criteria are Indicated 1n the footnotes.
43
-------
TABLE 5-5. SUMMARY OF CATALYTIC INCINERATION DATA3
Acrylic add
aCatalyt1c Incineration 1s used for destroying acrylic add emissions from product handling.
AcrylonltHle
^Propane destruction efficiency.
?Inlet concentration Is 1n Ib/hr VOC.
Flowrate 1s expressed as scfm.
Butadiene
aThe data are for Petro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. The emissions from Houdry manufacturing process were
.controlled by catalytic Incineration. However, the process was shut down 1n 1977.
Concentration Is expressed as percent hydrocarbon.
Waste heat boilers are used for steam generation. Energy recovery efficiency from combustion gases 1s
d80 percent.
Efficiency expressed as hydrocarbon destruction.
The reported efficiency 1s for the ARCO plant in Channelvlew, Texas. This plant was shut down In 1976.
Ethylene d1chloride
Concentration 1s expressed as VOC.
Formaldehyde
Jlnlet concentration 1s expressed as ppen.
Flow rate Is expressed as scfm.
Phenol
4The data are from pilot studies using Econ-Acat catalyst at a phenol production plant. The amount of
bcata1yst used was 225 Ibs.
The temperature and efficiency figures are read from a graph of catalyst outlet temperature versus conversion
efficiency.
Space velocity.
Phthallc anhydride
?The data are for phthallc manufacturing process using naphthalene feedstock.
Combustion efficiency.
44
-------
TABLE 5-6. CATALYTIC INCINERATOR PERFORMANCE DATA3
Operating
Temperature
Process ("F)
Printing Press
Drying oven
Drying oven
Drying oven
Drying oven
Drying oven
Drying oven
Drying oven
Lltho oven
Lit ho oven
Lltho oven
Coating line
Coating line
Coating line
Paint line
Post dry ovens
2 spreader ovens
Spreader/oven
Lltho oven
Lltho oven
Lltho oven
Printing press
Lithographic press
810
650
680
700
800
750
850
650
1035
1H5
300
730
735
720
520
980
1050
1030
1170
850
Heat h
Recovery
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Flow
Inlet
(scfm)
8,000
18,892
15,335
2,371
1,939
3,800
3,800
3,900
3,320
3,320
2,600
12,600
5,480
1,300
6,200
5,956
1,530
1,410
1,410
1,423
2,190
Rates
Outlet
(scfm)
8,800
18,892
15,335
2,371
1,939
3,800
3,800
3,900
3,290
3,290
2,600
6,293
5,585
3,987
23,400
7,319
1,410
1,270
1,370
1,400
2,300
VOC Concentration
Inlet Outl et
(ppm) (ppm)
728
1.800
2,700
4,?00
5,000
2,293
3,121
3,045
6,390
6,800
3,920
530
227
478
244d
2,800
13,270
1,350
14,265
9,390
21,000
3,835
602
39
160
160
300
320
122
90
200
318
530
346
15
15
20
19d
115
511
673
180
370
99
Control Energy
Efficiency5 Usage
(%} (Btu/hr)
94
91
94
93
94
94.7
97.1
91.6
87
90
91
97.1
93.4
95.8
92.2
90.6
97 -
94
99
90.5
86
2.800.000
2.800.000
4,200
.
6.400,000
960,000
?Reference 151.
Y Indicates that heat 1s recovered from the Incinerator flue gases.
N Indicates that heat is not recovered from the incinerator flue gases.
^Efficiency is reported in terms of VOC concentration.
Concentrations are expressed as Ib/hr VOC.
45
-------
TABLE 5-7. PERFORMANCE DATA FOR CATALYTIC INCINERATORS4
Process
Can coating
Can coating
Can coating
Can coating
Graphic Arts
Printing
Graphic Arts
Printing
Graphic Arts
Printing
Magnet Wire
Coil Coating
Major Solvents
Identified0
toluene, xylenes,
ethyl benzenes
MIBK. xylenes.
methyl and ethyl
benzenes
MIBK, xylenes.
methyl and ethyl
benzenes
MIBK, cellosolve.
xylenes. ethyl -
benzene
C., to C]8
hyarocarBons
C12 to C18
hyOrocarBons
C12 to C18
hydrocarbons
phenol , cresols
MEK, toluene
Average
Temperatures
Catalyst
Inlet/Outlet
(I)
685/745
600-770
600-770
630/740
920/820
701/713
667-774
740/945
545/800
Average
Energy
VOC Concentrations Flowrate Heat Usage Catalyst
Inlet (ppmv) Outlet (ppmv) (scfn) Recovery (Btu/scf) Type
4000-5810 181-275 7600 Y 7.2 ceramic
honeycomb
2840-7760 173-321 6780 Y 6.1 ceramic
honeycomb
2270-5755 46-341 6780 Y 6.1 ceramic
honeycomb
5480-7560 385-687 5330 N 6.9 ceramic
honeycomb
1020 169 2000 N 21 ceramic
honeycomb
1240 241 2660 Y 4.3 ceramic
spherical
pellets
1370-4030 90-165 4670 Y 2.1 ceramic
spherical
pellets
8720 1590 603 N 6.4 netal
ribbons
6220-12,860 272-305 11300 Y 3.9 ceramic
honeycomb
Destruction
Efficiency
95.4-96.4
93.4-95.9
96.3-98.6
88.7/94.0
81.2
80.1
93.4-95.9
80.6
96.5-97.5
?Reference 152.
DMIBK •= methyl Isobutyl ketone.
MEK = methyl ethyl ketone.
Y indicates that heat is recovered from incinerator flue gases.
.N indicates that heat is not recovered from Incinerator flue gases.
Efficiency is expressed in terms of VOC concentration.
-------
economically because of intermittent and uncertain flow, or (2) when process
7 22 148 149
upsets occur. * • • . Flares are used extensively to burn purged and
waste gases from refineries, petroleum production, chemical plants, coke
149
ovens, and blast furnances.
If the waste gas to be flared does not have sufficient heating value to
sustain combustion, auxiliary fuel may be added. Most large flares are the
natural draft type with optional steam injection to enhance fuel and air
mixing. Water spray, high pressure gas or air may also be employed to
improve mixing. Small flares may use fans to promote mixing before
injection.
There are two major types of flare configurations: elevated and ground
70 149
flares. w»-w Elevated flares have larger capacities than ground flares.
They typically consist of a flare stack and one or more elevated flare tips
which stabilize the flame. A ground flare consists of an enclosure which
confines the flame. The number of burner heads in a ground flare varies
with the capacity of the ground flare. Since the flame is enclosed, it is
not affected by wind or precipitation. Ground flares are typically used to
dispose of small amounts of gas continuously while elevated flares are used
to dispose of large amounts of gas released in emergencies.
Summary—The literature review has indicated that flares are commonly
used as emission control devices. Table 5-8 summarizes the information
found in the data base on flare applications in the SOCMI industry.
Table 5-9 summarizes the results of a survey conducted by California Air
Resources Board (ARB) on oil refinery flares. In Table 5-10, the results of
a survey on flare applications in the chemical industry is presented. In
addition to the references indicated in the tables, other references
containing general information on flares were reviewed. These include
References 5, 22, 23, 25, 29, 70, 141, 148, and 150.
47
-------
TABLE 5-8. SUMMARY OF FLARE DATA
Compound
Composition
Data3
Comments
Control Efficiency
<*)
Reference
00
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acrolein
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Absorber emissions
are controlled by
f1 ares.
Various vents are
controlled by flares.
Acrylic acid and
acrolein containing
streams are flared.
A 16-inch flare is
used for emergency
and shutdown periods.
A 6-inch flare is
used for controlling
emissions from HCN
storage tanks. In one
plant, various vents are
controlled by a flare
with a stack consis-
ting of a 24-inch pipe
above, the ground.
Light stripper column
vents are flared.
95 c
98.5C
10
11
11
11
11
11
-------
TABLE 5-8. (CONTINUED)
Compound
Composition
Data3
Comments
Control Efficiency
(*)
Reference
IO
Ally! chloride
Butadiene
Chloroprene
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol/
Cyclohexanone
Chloromethanes
Absorber and distil-
lation column vents
are sent to flares.
Various column vents
are routed to flares.
Butadiene dryer vent
is controlled by a
flare.
Benzene recovery
system vent and
distillation column
vent are sent to
a flare.
Smokeless flares are
used for off-gases
from column reboilers.
Scrubber off-gas is
sent to a flare.
At a methyl chloride
plant, emergency
releases are control-
led by flares.
100
11
11
11, 31
8
7
9
-------
TABLE 5-8. (CONTINUED)
Compound
Composition
Data3
Comments
Control Efficiency
(%) Reference
en
o
Ethylbenzene/btyrene
Ethylene
Ethylene glycol
bthylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
(LAB)
Flares are used for
controlling process
emissions.
Elevated flares and
horizontal ground-
level flares are used
for intermittent and
and lube-oil vent
emissions. Storage
emissions are also
flared. In some appli-
cations, steam-
assisted flares are
used.
Uncondensed gases
from vent condensers
are flared.
Process and storage
emissions are flared.
Vent gases are flared.
70
10
10
10
10
10
8
-------
TABLE 5-8. (CONCLUDED)
Compound
Methanol
Composition
Data3
Comments
Flares are used only
Control Efficiency5
U)
Reference
10
Methyl ethyl ketone
(MEK)
Methyl methacrylate
Propylene oxide
Vinyl acetate
when the purge gases
can not be used as
fuel.
Smokeless flares are
used for burning vent
gases from s-butanol
recovery and MEK
hydration columns.
Reactor off-gas Is
sent to a flare.
Ethyl benzene and
styrene emissions
are controlled by
flares.
Emissions of ethy-
lene, ethane, acetal-
dehyde, acetic acid,
and vinyl acetate are
controlled by flaring
11
99+
11
11
100, 100
10
PY Indicates that composition data are available and presented in Appendix D.
^Efficiencies are reported as VOC destruction. All data are estimated values.
Vendor estimate for acetic acid destruction.
-------
TABLE 5-9. SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA OIL REFINERY FLARES6
(CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCE BOARD, 1980)
Refinery
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
6
7
8
9
9
10
11
11
11
11
12
13
14
15
15
15
15
16
Flare
Type
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
...
Elevated
Elevated
Diameter
(In)
30
24
24
—
30
30
8
—
30
8
10
--
—
16
20
10
30
--
8
8
12
36
36
36
10
18
31
6
48
48
30
16
36
Smoke
Suppression
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Venturl
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Forced Draft
Steam
Steam
Service
Emergency
Emergecy
Emergency
Continuous
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Con't & Enter.
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Con't 4 Emer.
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Flowrate
scf/yr Fuel
... ...
—
—
... —
— H£, CO, Ng,
1 3
—
—
...
••• Cjt C^, S
LP6
180M
—
—
— —
—
36M
...
...
50M H2, C2-Cg, H20
3.5M H2, Cj-Cg, H20
0.9M
—
—
—
—
547M HC, H2S, RSR
HC, H2S, RSR
3.9M Cj-Cj, H2
111
293
1.2
27.6
f!l' ?2« .2' N2'
bteam
Fuel
-0.35
-0.35
-0.35
...
—
...
...
0.40
0.38
0.30
...
—
—
—
...
...
...
-0.5
1.7 -
1.7
0.5
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
-0.3
0.33
0.43
0.3-0.4
0.3-0.4
—
0.2-0.35
-0.2
16
Elevated
36
Steam
Emergency
-0.2
52
-------
TABLE 5-9. SURVEY OF CALIFORNIA OIL REFINERY FLARES
-(CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCE BOARD, 1980) (CONTINUED)
Ref 1 nery
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
21
Flare
lype
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Ground
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Elevated
Ground
Diameter
(In)
»„
36
36
42
42
48
—
70
—
~
~
42/100
36
—
48/72
12
12
__
42
36
--
«
~
--
~
«
""•
Smoke
Suppression
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
--
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Venturf
Self-
Insplratlon
bervlce
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Emergency
Flowrate ' Steam
scf/yr Fuel Fuel
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
10.740 Jl-0? NH3 • C02 _-jj;f
' — — -0.3
-0.3
0
—
—
—
0.25M Cj-Cj 0
Reference 149.
53
-------
TABLE 5-10. SURVEY OF GASES FLARED IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY3
Process
Ethyl ene
Ethyl ene
Ethyl en*
Ethyl ene
Ethyl ene
Ethyl ene
Acetylene
Aromatlcs
Petrochemicals
Petrochemicals
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Butyl Rubber
Acetic Add
Acetic Add
Acetic Anhydride
Acetic Anhydride
Ad1p1c Acid
Acrylon1tr1le
AcrylonltHle
Ammonia
Ammonia
Ammonia
Alcohols
Carbon Black
Phosphorus
CgS and S Recovery
NaHS
Aldlcarb
CO for Phosgene
011 Additive
Ethyl ene Loading
Ethyl ene Storage
Butadiene Storage
Ammonia Storage
HCN Storage
Tank Car Loading
Agodrln
NudHn
Nudrln
Hydro-
Carbon
100.0
89.3
89.69
100.0
97.77
100.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
—
73.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
10.0
35.9
59.9
...
—
—
75.0
—
...
100.0
0.77
0.18
81.1
—
86.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.9
—
—
90.0
100.0
46.9
...
Composition
1,, H,0
CO H2 ^COj*
00 0
2.2 3.34 5.16
3.6
—
2.23
—
—
...
—
—
26.6
—
— ... ...
— ... ...
25.0 50.1 15.0
45.3 — 18.75
26.0 0.26 13.86
—
100.0
100.0
24.95
... .— —
—
—
6.48 0.62 92.0
96.84 0.35 2.22
—
—
—
...
—
—
—
—
—
10.0
—
21.9
75.0
Other
0
—
6.7
...
—
—
—
...
...
—
—
—
—
...
—
—
...
100.0
—
—
...
100.0
100.0
...
0.139
18.9
100.0
14.67
—
—
—
—
—
100.0
100.0
—
...
31.25
25.0
1 of
Combustible
Capacity Flared
0.39
2.75
1.37
0.49
1.18
2.26
0.19
0.38
1.75
0.02
7.75
0.83
6.57
2.89
22.30 •
3.56
26.25
...
0.0016
0.03
3.59
0.01
0.22
2.77
5.61
42.18
0.22
0.01
2.48
0.75
1.16
0.50
0.28
74.9
0.87
87.6
—
0.29
0.19
0.04
"Reference 149.
54
-------
As pointed out in Reference 70, there are little data on control
efficiencies achieved by flares. In the absence of direct emissions
measurements on operating flare flames, measurements have been made on pilot
scale and small commercial flare heads. Table 5-11 summarizes these data.
Recently combustion efficiencies were measured for a wide variety of
operating conditions typical of commercial flares. The test conditions and
the measured efficiencies are presented in Table 5-12.
No information was found in the references on actual flare costs.
However, general cost data based on design considerations are available in
References 5, 22, and 23.
5.1.1.4 Boilers/Process Heaters—
Introduction—Fireboxes of boilers and fired heaters can be useful as
emission control devices if the temperature, turbulence, and residence time
22
are adequate to burn the combustible contaminants. In addition, the waste
gas stream must have a sufficiently high heating value to be used a"s part of
the fuel input to the combustion device. Furthermore, the off-gas volume
flow should not be large enough to upset the combustion process in the
boiler or heater. Waste streams with large flows and low heating values can
125
adversely affect the operation of the combustion device. By lowering
furnace temperatures, they can cause incomplete combustion and reduce stream
production. For the combuster to serve as an effective control device, the
firing cycle of the combustion device must coincide with the operation of
the pollution source generating the waste stream.
Summary "-Information on use of boilers and process heaters as emission
control devices is presented in Table 5-13. This information is based on a
review of the references indicated in the table. Other references reviewed
include References 5, 6, and 125.
55
-------
TABLE 5-11. COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY OF FLARE FLAMES*
in
Flare Size
Study (in) Design
Palmer (1.10) 0.5
Lee & Whipple (1.11) 2.0
Siegel (1.12) 27 b
Howes, et al (1.8) 6 d
Howes, et al (1.8) 3 at 4e
McDaniel (1.13) 8
McDaniel (1.13) 6d
Experimental Nozzle
Holes in 2" Cap
Comnercial Flare gas
Coanda FS-6
Commercial Air
Assist. Zink LH
Commercial H.P. Zink
LRGO
Commercial Zink
STF-S-8
Commercial Air
Assist.
Zink STF-LH-457-5
Velocity
(ft/sec)
50-250
1.8
0.7-16
40-60
Near Sonic
(estimate)
0.03-62
1.4-218
Measured
Efficiency
Gas Flared (%)
Ethyl ene
Propane
Refinery Gasc
Propane
Natural Gas
Propyl ene/Ni trogen
Propy 1 ene/Ni trogerr
>97.8
96-100
97->99
92-100
>99
67-100
55-100
rReference 148.
Opening of a cone on an FS-6 Coanda flare head.
,50 percent hydrogen plus light hydrocarbons. 2
Supplied through spiders; high Btu gas through area of 5.30 fn and low Btu gas through 11.24 in
/Three Spiders, each with an open area of 1.3 in".
^Heating value was varied from 209 to 2,183 Btu/scf.
9Heating value was varied from 83 to 2,183 Btu/scf.
-------
TABLE 5-12." COMBUSTION EFFICIENCIES OF VARIOUS FLARE HEADS (%)'
Gasb
100% Propane
77% Propane
56% Propane
50% Propane
Low-Btu
(<5% Propane)9
3-in^»
EERd
—
—
98.37-
98.95
—
90.19-
99. 929
3-in.
EER .
Hi-Vele
99.74
99.87
99.73
99.88
97.27-
99.33
99.72
99.87
—
6-in.
EER
—
—
98.47-
99.76
—
92.24-
99.36
12-in.
EER
—
—
98.29-
99.50
—
94.89-
99.73
12-in..
Indus AT
—
--
99.12-
99.78
—
98.49-
12-in..-
Indus BT
—
—
99.48-
99.65
—
99.21-
99.72
12-in..
Indus CT
—
—
99.08
99.65
—
91.16
99.52
Reference 148.
Propane/nitrogen mixture.
cFlare head diameter.
Flare head fabricated by Energy and Environmental Research Corp.
6Flare exit velocity up to 428 ft/sec.
Commercial flare heads supplied by three flare manufacturers = A, B, and C.
9Btu content as low as 270 Btu/scf.
57
-------
TABLE 5-13. APPLICATIONS OF BOILERS/PROCESS HEATERS AS CONTROL DEVICES
Compound
Composition
Data3
Comments
Reference
in
CO
Acetic anhydride
Acetone/Phenol
Adi pic acid
Butadiene
Caprolactam
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol/
Cyclohexanone
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethylbenzene/Styrene
Ethylene oxide
Reactor gases are burned in tne
pyrolysis furnace. Estimated control
efficiency is 100 percent.
Column vents are sent to boilers.
Off-gas from absorber is sent to
a steam boiler.
Methyl and vinyl acetylene are
burned in a steam boiler.
Dehydrogenation vent stream is
used as fuel.
Various vents are sent to the plant
fuel gas manifold.
Various waste streams are used as
fuel gas.
Scrubber off-gas is burned in a
boiler.
Recovery still vents are routed to
a boiler.
Off-gases are sent to a process
heater. Reactor off-gases are burned
in a boiler.
Waste gases with high hydrocarbon
concentration are sent to boilers.
11
8
7
11
7
8
7
7
8
7
10
-------
TABLE 5-13. APPLICATIONS OF BOILERS/PROCESS HEATERS AS
CONTROL DLVICES (CONCLUDED)
Compound
Composition
Data3
Comments
Reference
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
Methanol
Propylene oxide
Refining column vents are routed
to a process heater.
Waste gases are burned as fuel in
a boiler or reformer.
Waste stream containing t-butanol
and other hydrocarbons 1s used as
supplementary fuel.
10
8
10
11
01
CO
Y indicates that composition data are available and can be found In Appendix B.
-------
As the information in Table 5-13 and the composition data that are
available for some waste streams indicate, this method of controlling
emissions is employed for a variety of compounds. In general, waste streams
are burned in boilers or process heaters as supplemental fuel only if they
have sufficient heating value. ' For streams with high heating value
such as waste streams from formaldehyde or ethylbenzene/styrene
manufacturing, the process off-gas is the main fuel to the process heater or
boiler.
Data on type, operation, and cost of boilers and process heaters used
for controlling emissions are not available in the data base. However,
information on generalized cost estimates for process heaters and boilers
are available from studies on air oxidation, distillation, ethylbenzene/
styrene, and reactor processes.
5.1.2 Adsorption
5.1.2.1 Introduction—
Vapor-phase adsorption is currently used by many industries as an
emission control or solvent recovery technique. As a control technique, it
is used for waste streams of low VOC concentrations, when condensers or
scrubbers are ineffective or uneconomical.
Adsorption is a process whereby hydrocarbons and other compounds are
selectively adsorbed on the surface of such materials on silica gel and
activated carbon as well as natural and synthetic zeolites. Carbon has the
largest affinity for organic compounds and is widely used for pollution
control.28'147
Adsorption can be carried out in batches in fixed beds or continuously
in fluidized beds. Fixed bed adsorption is usually a batch operation
6 22 28 132
involving two main steps, adsorption and regeneration. ' ' ' When the
VOC-laden waste gas is passed through the carbon bed, adsorption of the
60
-------
organic vapor takes place. As the adsorptive capacity of the bed is
approached, traces of vapor appear in the exit gas indicating that the
breakthrough point of the carbon bed has been reached. At this point, the
waste gas is routed to a fresh carbon bed while the saturated bed is
regenerated by passing a hot inert gas, usually low-pressure steam, through
it to desorb the organics. The steam and organic vapors leaving the bed are
condensed, and the organic layer is separated from the water by decantation
or distillation.
In fluidized bed adsorption, the system consists of a multistage and
countercurrent fluidized bed adsorption section and a moving bed desorption
or regeneration section. In the adsorption section, the fresh carbon is
introduced at the type of the adsorption column and flows down a-series of
trays while the exhaust gases enter at the bottom of the column and flow
upward, exiting from the top tray. Since the carbon is continuously removed
from the bottom tray, no breakthrough occurs.
The carbon leaving the adsorption section falls into the regeneration
or desorption section which is a moving packed bed. The hydrocarbons are
desorbed from the bed by passing a hot inert gas through the bed or by
direct steaming of the bed. Regenerated carbon is drawn off at the bottom
and conveyed to the top of the adsorption section.
The quantities of organic vapors adsorbed on an adsorbent are a
function of the particular vapor in question, the adsorbent, the adsorbent
temperature, and the vapor concentration. Removal of organic vapors by
25 29
adsorption is practical for gases with molecular weights over 45. ' Low
molecular weight compounds do not adsorb well on carbon. For high molecular
weight compounds (>130), this method is not practical because these
125
compounds are difficult to desorb during regeneration. During adsorption
of multicomponent gas streams, the high-boiling components may displace the
28 29
low-boiling components. '
61
-------
At a given temperature, the amount of vapor adsorbed on an adsorbent
for a particular concentration in the gas stream is generally expressed as
an adsorption isotherm. The quantity of vapor adsorbed is a function of
temperature and vapor concentration. This quantity increases when the
adsorbent temperature decreases. It also increases when the vapor
pq
concentration increases.
Since adsorption is an exothermic reaction, heat is released during the
process. This may cause the bed temperature to rise and decrease the
125
efficiency of the control technique. It may even create a fire hazard.
Therefore, inlet concentrations may be limited to 25 percent of LEL.
Although some moisture is desirable in the waste gas to provide uniform
bed temperatures, excessive humidity can adversely affect the pollutant
removal efficiency of a carbon adsorption system. The water vapor in the
gas stream can rapidly saturate the bed, taking up adsorption sites.
Operating capacity decrease becomes important at relative humidities over 50
percent.125 Some reactions produce tar-like products that condense at the
operating temperatures of carbon adsorbers. These products can not be
easily desorbed, hence they can cause fouling of the bed.
5.1.2.2 Summary—
In Table 5-14, information on industrial applications of carbon
adsorption as a control technique is summarized. The data were gathered
from the five references indicated in the table. In addition, References 6,
22, 25, 28, 29, 132, and 143 containing general information on adsorption
were reviewed.
Table 5-14 summarizes the emission control information for SOCMI
emissions and for emissions resulting from solvent use in operations such as
graphic arts and surface coating. From the table, it appears that carbon
adsorption has been applied predominantly to chlorinated compounds,
alcohols, ketones, and aromatic compounds.
62
-------
TABLE 5-14. SUMMARY OF CARBON ADSORPTION DATA
Flowrate
Compound (cfm)
Acetone/Phenol
Acrylon1tr11e
Adlpic add
Aniline
Benzene
Carbon tetracMorlde
Chlorobenzene
Chi oroform
Cyclohexane
01ethanolam1ne
Dimethyl terephthalate* 10,000
Ethyl ene d1 chloride 16,020
Malelc anhydride 43,000
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methyl ene chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Naphthalene
Perch! oroethy 1 ene
Phosgene
Styrene
Terephthallc add
Toluene
Toluene DHsocyanate
Trlchloroethylene
Vinyl chloride (VCM)
V1nyl1dene chloride
Xylene
Control
Efficiency
(t) Comnents
92 Overall hydrocarbon removal efficiency.
83.4 Efficiency calculated from design data.
99 Efficiency Including condenser.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage and fugitive
emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
80 VOC removal efficiency
97 p-Xylene removal efficiency.
The waste stream also Includes acetylenes.
85 System control efficiency.
>90 . Reported efficiency for controlling
emissions from pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
96, 99, Perchloroethylene control efficiency.
97, 97 Test data from dry cleaning Industry.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
The source of emissions is PVC manufacturing.
The outlet gas concentration Is reduced
to S5 pom. Pilot test data Indicate
99. OS VCM reduction.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
References
8
117
117
117
60. 117
117
7. 117
117
117
117
8, 117
117
7, 117
117
117
60, 117
117
117
117
117
153
117
117
8, 117
117
117
117
60, 58
117
117
Cost data for two adsorption units:
Installed capital cost: S1.05/M Ib of product (1972 dollars).
Annual operating cost: S0.55/M Ib of product (1977 dollars).
63
-------
Cost data have been identified for carbon adsorption systems at a
dimethyl terephthalate manufacturing facility as shown in Table 5-14.
Generalized cost data based on design considerations are available in
References 6, 21, 22, 23, 28, 132, and 147.
5.1.3 Absorption
5.1.3.1 Introduction--
Absorption is a process in which one or more components of a gas
mixture are selectively transferred into a relatively nonvolatile
28 125
liquid. ' It is one of the primary methods of product and/or raw
material recovery. Absorption may be physical when the gaseous compound
simply dissolves in the absorbent. Chemical absorption occurs when there is
a reaction between the gaseous component and the absorbent. Common
absorbents are water, mineral oils, nonvolatile hydrocarbon oils, and
125
aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Water may be
used for absorption of organic compounds that are readily soluble in water
such as alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, amines and glycols.
Absorption is increased by lower temperatures, higher solubility and
higher gas concentrations, higher liquid-to-gas ratios, and a greater
28 132
contacting surface. ' Low concentrations require long contact times and
large quantities of absorbent for adequate emissions control. Therefore,
absorption is an efficient control technique only when the pollutant
132
concentrations are high. It is usually not considered effective when the
concentrations are below 200-300 ppmv. However, excessive concentrations
can raise the temperature of the absorption tower by increasing the amount
of heat released through dissolution and lower the removal efficiency of the
absorber.
When organic liquids are used as absorbents, stripping and recycling of
the liquid to the absorber are common practices. In such cases, the removal
125
efficiency is dependent on the solvent stripping efficiency.
Alternatively, the scrubbing liquid can be recycled to the process.
64
-------
As emission control devices, absorbers can be used separately or in
?? IOC
combination with other control devices such as incinerators. *
The types of equipment that are commonly used for gas-liquid contact
operations include packed towers, plate or tray towers, spray chambers,
venturi absorbers, and vessels with sparging equipment. The use of venturi
scrubbers, spray chambers, and sparging is generally limited to the control
fi 1 9C
of particulate matter and highly soluble gases.
5.1.3.2 Summary—
Table 5-15 summarizes information on the use of absorption as an
emission control technique. Much of the data is concentrated in the SOCMI
area. The information is based on review of the references indicated in the
table. In addition to these references, other references containing general
information on absorption were reviewed (References 6, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29,
and 132).
As Table 5-15 indicates, absorption as an emission control technique
has been applied to several types of compounds including aromatics,
chlorinated compounds, fluorinated compounds, alcohols, acids, substituted
aromatics, aldehydes, and esters.
Review of the references indicates that absorbers are often used as
product/raw material recovery units and hence are not considered to be
emission control devices. In some cases, absorbers are used as auxiliary
control devices in combination with condensers and thermal oxidizers. Water
appears to be the most commonly used absorbent. However, oils, dilute
acids, and other organic solvents also are used.
Cost information has been identified for absorption systems used in
chloroprene and terephthalic acid/dimethyl terephthalate manufacturing as
shown in Table 5-15. Generalized cost data for absorption systems based on
design considerations are available in References 6, 22, and 23.
65
-------
TABLE 5-15. SUMMARY OF ABSORPTION DATA
Compound
Aceta1dehydeb
Acetic add
Acetone/ Phenol
Acrylon1tr1lec
Acrylic add
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Benzene6
Butadl ene
Caprolactan
Carbon tetrachlorlde/
Perchloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Chloronethanes
Chloroprene
Chi oroprene/Neoprene
Cyclohexanol/Cyclohexanone^
Ep1chlorohydr1ne
Ethyl benzene/S tyrene
Ethyl ene dl chloride
Ethylene oxide1'
Flurocarbons
Formaldehyde
Malelc anhydride
Methanol1"
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene/
Trlchloroethylene
Accompanying
Scrubbing Liquid Control Device
Water
Chilled methanol
Water and acetic add
Water Condenser
Water
Dilute sulfurlc ac1dd
Water
Caustic
Water
Caustic
Caustic
on
Water Condenser
Caustic
01 1 Condenser
011 Condenser
on
Water
Hydrocarbon
CCl,
Water
Water
Water
Water
Nitrobenzene
Water
Water0
Thermal oxldlzer
Control „
Efficiency"
(*)
80
99
96, 93
70
99
99.9
iooS
96.59
909.h
97g.»
99 '
"
74
941
50
90
99.9
90
98
Reference
10
11
8
11
11
11
11
10
2
11. 125
7
9
7
9
11. 31. 62
31, 62
7, 125
11
7
9
10
9
10
7
10
9
11
8
9
66
-------
TABLE 5-15. SUMMARY OF ABSORPTION DATA (CONTINUED)
Compound
Phosgene
Phthallc anhydride
Propylene oxide
Terephthallc add/
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Toluene dlisocyanate
V1nyl1dene chloride
Scrubbing Liquid
Waterq
Water
Chilled solvent5
Xylene*
Methanol
Water"
Caustic"
Water**
Water
Control
Accompanying Efficiency
Control Device {%)
Thermal oxldlzer 96
Thermal oxldlzer 96P, 96. 5P
95.6r
99
97
60V
99v
98V
90
Reference
8
97. 131,
11
8
8
9
145
Thermal oxldlzer
97
Xylene
^Efficiency based on VOC concentration.
Scrubbers are used for product recovery.
jUsed for controlling acetonltnie and acrylonltrlle storage emissions.
Scrubbers are used for process and storage emissions.
.Absorbers are used for controlling emissions from processes other than production.
Scrubbers are used for product/raw material recovery.
^Efficiency for hydrocarbon removal.
Efficiency Including condensation 1s 99.5 percent. The absorber 1s a two-stage spray tower. Operating
^data: Flowrate • 36 Ib/hr; T » 65°F; Inlet concentration • 86 percent HC.
Efficiency Including condensation Is 98.4 percent. The absorber 1s a five-stage spray tower. Operating
data: Flowrate • 187 Ib/hr, T « 45°F; Inlet concentration » 39 percent HC. Installed capital cost based
.on 1974 dollars Is $30,000.
rAbsorbers are considered part of the process equipment.
.Scrubbers are used for controlling storage emissions.
The performance of the scrubber 1s hampered by the insoluble nature of dimethyl ether in the gas stream.
^Scrubbers are used for controlling methanol emissions from storage tanks.
Scrubbers are used for controlling benzene emissions.
"Scrubbers are used for controlling storage emissions.
rTotal organlcs removal.
^Packed column aoueous scrubbers are used.
.Efficiency 1s reported for acetic add removal.
The absorber 1s used for methanol recovery. The Installed capital cost based on 1972 dollars is 0.61
..S/M Ib of product. The annual operating cost based on 1977 dollars 1s 0.32 S/M Ib of product.
*The Installed capital cost 1s 0.21 S/M Ib of product based on 1972 dollars. The annual operating cost
is 0.11 $/M of product based on 1977 dollars.
"The scrubber is a spray tower.
/'Estimate efficiency based on data.
A packed scrubber is used for phosgene removal.
67
-------
5.1.4 Condensation
5.1.4.1 Introduction--
Condensation occurs when the partial pressure of a condensible
22 25 125
component is equal to its vapor pressure at that temperature. * ' Any
component of a vapor mixture can be condensed if it is brought to
6 28
equilibrium at a low enough temperature. This condition can be achieved
by increasing the system pressure at a given temperature or reducing the
temperature at constant pressure.
Condensation is one of the primary methods of product recovery. As
emission control devices, condensers are often used as auxiliary control
fi ?? I?R
devices before absorbers, incinerators or absorbers. ' ' Any existing
condenser can be modified for improved emission control by operating it at
125
lower temperatures. Condensation devices are usually either surface or
contact condensers. Most surface condensers are of the shell-tube type.
The coolant used in the condenser depends on the saturation temperature of
the volatile organic compound. Chilled water can be used down to 45°F,
125
brines to -30°F, and chlorofluorocarbons below -30°F. In contact
condensers, a cooled liquid such as water or a process feed stream is
sprayed directly into the gas stream. This type of condenser also acts as a
125
scrubber in removing noncondensible vapors.
Gas flowrates from 100 to 2,000 cfm are representative of the capacity
125
range for condensers as emission control devices. Vent streams
containing less than one-half percent organics are generally not considered
for control by condensation. For waste streams where concentrations are
typically below 25 percent of the LEL, condensation is very difficult. In
some applications, the concentration of the organic compound can be
increased by compressing the process gas stream. Then condensation can take
28
place at a higher temperature.
68
-------
5.1.4.2 Summary--
Information on use of condensation as a control technique is
summarized in Table 5-16. This summary is based on a review of the
references indicated in the table. In addition, References 6, 22, 23, 25,
28, and 132 were also reviewed. Much of the data is concentrated in the
SOCMI area.
A review of the literature indicates that condensation is widely
employed either as a product/raw material recovery technique or as an
emission control method. In some cases, condensers have been used as
auxiliary control devices in conjunction with scrubbers and carbon
adsorbers.8-9'11'125
Refrigerated condensers are commonly used for controlling process and
storage emissions. Coolants used in condensation processes are air, water,
and brine. In general, the applicability of condensation as an emission
control technique is limited by the available cooling source.
Control efficiencies observed for condensers, based on the literature
search, range from 25 to 99.8 percent. Most of the efficiency data lies in
the 60-99.8 percent range.
Generalized cost data for condenser systems based on general design
considerations are available in References 6, 22, 23, and 147.
5.2 PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROLS
Particulate emissions are generally controlled by ESP's, baghouses, wet
scrubbers, and cyclones. The operating principles of these devices are
quite different than those used in gaseous pollutant control. Therefore,
the former will be discussed separately in this section.
69
-------
TABLE 5-16. SUMMARY OF CONDENSATION DATA
-vl
o
Compound
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone/Phenol
Acrylic acid
Acrylonitrile
Ally! alcohol
Ally! chloride
Aniline
Benzene
Butadiene
Caprolactam
Carbon tetrachloride
Cunene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Flow Rate Accompanying Control tttlclency*
(lb/hr) Control Device (*)
68. 60
99°
Scrubber 96. 95. 93. 84, 95
90
Carbon adsorber 99
75C
96
90. 70
60-80d
66d
331 81e
542 Scrubber (oil) 95e> f
89C ' 9
28e' 9
95. 6e. 94e, 50*
8P
Comnents
Refrigerated condensers are used.
A water-cooled vent condenser is used.
Refrigerated condenser at 40° F and 8.5 psig Is
used.
Refrigerated condensers are used.
Refrigerated condensers are used.
Brine cooling at -2°F (shell and tube heat
exchanger). Inlet concentration is 48 wt
% hydrocarbon. Energy requirement for
condensation is 22,000 btu/hr.
Brine cooling at -2"F. (shell and tube heat
exchanger). Energy requirenent for
condensation is 93,000 btu/hr.
Water quench cooling.
Brine cooling at 0°F.
Brine cooling at 0°F.
Brine cooling.
References
10
11. 12b
8. 125
11, 125
11. 125
11
11
10
2. 14
11. 125
7
9
8
7
9
11. 31. 62
-------
TABLE 5-16. SUMMARY OF CONDENSATION DATA (CONTINUED)
Compound
Flow Rate Accompanying
(lb/hr) Control Device
Control Efficiency2
(*)
References
ChIoroprene/Neoprene
Chioromethanes
Dimethyl terephthalate
Ethylbenzene/Styrene
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene glycol
Flurocarbons
Formaldehyde
Linear alkylbenzenes
Methyl chloroform
Hethylene chloride
2.875
32,000
275 Scrubber (oil)
Scrubber(CCK)
99.8e
99.995'
e
,e,h
43'
95.6e. 99.9e
68*
50
91
86.31. 83.5, 99j
75k, 251
80", 76k
96.1
fiO
Carbon adsorber
Brine cooling at -2°F (shell and tube heat
exchanger). Inlet concentration • 40 wt
X hydrocarbon. Energy requirement
for condensation is 1,200.000 btu/hr.
Direct-contact cooling with Mater at
40-75°F. Inlet concentration > 48 wt X
hydrocarbon. Energy requirement for condensation
is 10.000 btu/hr for steady state and 3.000,000
btu/hr for heat sink/dump.
Direct-contact cooling with water at 36°F.
Inlet concentration * 46 wt S. Energy requirement
for condensation is 110,000 btu/hr.
Brine cooling at 0°F.
Brine cooling at 32°F.
Refrigerated and water cooled condensers are used.
Refrigerated condensers are used.
Contact and surface condensers are used. An
air-cooled condenser is also used.
A condenser with -5°F brine coolant is used.
Refrigerated condensers are used.
Refrigerated condensers are used.
Refrigerated condenser is used.
Refrigerated'condenser using water at 35°F
is used.
Surface condensers and refrigerated condensers
are used.
Water-cooled condenser Is used
31. 62
9
8
7
8. 125
125
10
10
9
60
-------
TABLE 5-16. SUMMARY OF CONDENSATION DATA (CONTINUED)
Compound
Flow Rate
(Ib/hr)
Accompanying
Control Device
Control ttficiency"
(X)
Contents
References
ro
Methyl nethacrylate
Nitrobenzene
Perch!oroethylene/
Trichloroethylene
96.7. 90
80
50-99. 85
flenzene-conta
condensers.
dnated strems are controlled by
11
8
A chilled water condenser Is used.
Storage emissions control efficiency.
Refrigerated condensers are used on storage
tank vents.
Toluene
Toluene dlisocyanate
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene
97. 97 Estimated efficiencies based on data.
Water cooled surface condensers are used.
93 Refrigerated condenser is used.
32
8
9
8
['Control efficiency is in terms of VOC concentration unless otherwise noted.
n-Propyl acetate removal efficiency.
'Removal of organic*.
"storage emission control efficiency.
^Hydrocarbon removal efficiency.
Efficiency Including absorption is 99.St.
^Combined efficiency for these two systems is 92%.
"System efficiency Including absorption is 98.42. Efficiency for absorption step is 97*.
JFluorocarbon removal efficiency.
rF-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) removal efficiency.
,F-22 (chlorodifluoromethane) removal efficiency.
'The low efficiency results from the fact that the refrigerated condenser is designed to recover F-22 from the F-22 distillation column.
"F-23 and VOC removal efficiency.
-------
The literature summarized in this section contains control information
pertaining to particulate emissions from combustion, metal processing, and
SOCMI source categories. For combustion and metal processing categories,
only Radian in-house information sources were reviewed. Metals emitted from
these categories that are included in this study are cadmium, chromium,
copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc.
Only five compounds from the SOCMI source category are identified as
being emitted as particulates. These include adipic acid, caprolactam,
dimethyl terephthalate, phthalic anhydride, and terephthalic acid.
Metal emissions are commonly controlled by ESP's, baghouses, cyclones,
and wet scrubbers. Cyclones are generally used as pre-cleaning devices for
removing larger particles. Available data show that control efficiencies
obtained with ESP's and baghouses generally are very high. For example,
reported fabric filter efficiencies for particulate emissions are greater
than 97 percent. Fabric filter removal efficiencies in excess of 99 percent
are reported for metals.
5.2.1 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP's)
5.2.1.1 Introduction—
The operation of an ESP for removing particulate matter from gas
streams involves three steps: (1) electrically charging the particles,
(2) establishing an electric field to drive the charged particles to a
collection electrode, and (3) removing the collected particles from the
73
collection electrode for disposal.
ESP's are normally used when the larger portion of the particulate
matter to be collected is smaller than 20 microns in diameter. When
73
-------
particles are large, cyclones may be employed as precleaners. Gas volumes
handled normally range from 50,000 to 2 million ft per minute; operating
50
temperatures range from ambient air temperatures to 750°F.
The efficiency of an ESP for removing participate matter from a gas
stream depends on several factors. The major particulate matter
characteristics affecting removal efficiency are electrical resistivity and
particle size. Other parameters include volume of gas to be treated, gas
velocity, and collection area.
5.2.1.2 Summary—
Table 5-17 summarizes information on use of ESP's as hazardous emission
control devices. This information is based on a review of the references
listed in the table. References 24 and 50 containing general information on
ESP's were also reviewed.
From the literature review, the pollutants that are controlled by ESP's
include the metals arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel,
and zinc. These pollutants are primarily emitted by fossil fuel combustion
and metal processing industries. ESP's are not applicable to organics due
to fire problems.
A large proportion of the control efficiency data summarized in the
table is from fossil fuel combustion source category because a significant
73
amount of data are available from tests conducted on boilers.
In some cases, ESP's are accompanied by other control devices such as
cyclones and spray chambers. In metal processing industries, ESP's are also
used as product recovery devices.
Generalized cost data for ESP's based on design considerations can be
found in References 21, 23, 49, 50, and 73. Similar information is also
reported in several of the EPA's Background Information Documents.
74
-------
TABLE 5-17. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION OF ESP's
compound
Metal
Cadmium
Accompanying
Control Device Control Efficiency8 (X) Source of Emissions
98 (Cd) 98.8 (Cd) Fossil fuel combustion
99.6 (Cd , 99.3 C
97.8 Cd . 99.3 C
d) Fossil fuel combustion
d) Fossil fuel combustion
Reference
77
95.5 (Cd), 91.2 (Cd) Fossil fuel combustion
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
96 (Cd)
96.7, 96.7
19, 96.5
96.2 Cr), 99.8 C
98.6 Cr), 99.8 C
98.7 Cr , 97.0 C
97.6 Cr ,99.1 C
85.6 Cr
19. 96.5
96.7, 96.7
96-98 (Mn)
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
r Fossil fuel combustion
r Fossil fuel combustion
r Fossil fuel combustion
r Fossil fuel combustion
Fossil fuel combustion
Steel manufacturing
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
Steel production
75
49, 73
94.2 (Mn), 99.2 (Mn) Fossil fuel combustion
100 (Hr»), 94.4 (Mn) Fossil fuel combustion
66.0 (Mn). 98.2 (Mn) Fossil fuel combustion
99.3 (Mn), 98.6 (Mn) Fossil fuel combustion
Nickel
*•
98.4 (Mn)
96.3 N1 , 99.4 1
99.7 N1 , 99.8 l>
98.0 N1 , 96.4 f
98.7 (N1 , 78.5 H
100 (N1)
95 (N1)
Cyclone 97.5 (N1)
Fossil fuel combustion
Primary nickel smelting
Secondary metals recovery
1 . Fossil fuel combustion
1 Fossil fuel combustion
1 Fossil fuel combustion
1 Fossil fuel combustion
Ferrous metals production
Cement production
Cement production .
73, 74
Z1nc
Primary zinc smelting
Primary copper smelting
77
Spray chamber
Primary copper smelting
aln terms of total partlculate emissions unless otherwise noted.
75
-------
5.2.2 Fabric Filters
5.2.2.1 Introduction-
Fabric filters are capable of a high collection efficiency for
particles as small as 0.1-0.5 microns. ' Particles entrained in the gas
stream adhere to the filter medium as the gas stream flows through the
filter. As the dust builds up, the deposit of collected particles (i.e.,
the filter cake) becomes the filter medium. There are two primary
mechanisms for particulate removal: inertia! impaction, in which large
particles are intercepted by the filter fibers, and diffusion, in which very
73
small particles move toward the filter fibers by Brownian motion. The
filter bags are cleaned by one or more of three basic methods: reverse air
73
cleaning, shaking, and pulse cleaning.
Fabric filters permit reuse of collected material and can collect
combustible or explosive dusts. They are not sensitive to electrical
properties of the particulate matter in the gas stream. However, they have
temperature limitations and are sensitive to process conditions. Sas dew
point, temperature, flow rate, particle size distribution, inlet gas
loading, fabric type, and air-to-cloth ratios are some of the parameters
that influence collection efficiencies of fabric filters.
5.2.2.2 Summary—
The information on fabric filter applications as emission control
devices is presented in Table 5-18. This information is based on the review
of the references indicated in the table. In addition, References 24, 50,
and 73 were reviewed. These references contain general information on
fabric filter operation, design, and applications.
From the literature review, fabric filters have been used for
controlling particulate matter emissions including metals and organic
compounds. The metals that are found to be controlled by fabric filters
include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, zinc,
76
-------
TABLE 5-18. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON FABRIC FILTERS
Compound Accompanying
or Metal Control Device
Ad1p1c add
Cadmium
Scrubber
Scrubber
Caprolactam
Chromium
Copper
Dimethyl c
terepnthalate
Manganese
Control Efficiency* (X)
99.0, 99.9, 99.0
99, 99, 99, 99
99. 99
99D h
99.95D(Cd)
99,94 (Cr), 99.7 (Cr)
99.8 (Cr)
99.9 (Cr)
99
98
99
97.2. 98.5
99.94 (Mn), 99.78 (Mn)
Source of tmlsslons
Primary zinc smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary lead smelting
Secondary lead smelting
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Steel manufacturing
Iron and steel foundries
Ferroalloy production
Dry cell battery production
Steel production
Fossil fuel combustion
Reference
7
73, 77
156
7
73, 77
77
8
49, 73
Nickel
Terephthallc add
Zinc
Thermal Incinerator
99.5, 97, 97, 99
99, 97, 99, 99.8
99.8
99.5 (N1), 100 (N1)
99.24°
Primary nickel smelting
Nickel matte refining
Nickel matte refining
Second metals recovery
Nickel alloy production
Ferrous metals production
Cement production
Coal and oil combustion
Secondary zinc smelting
Primary zinc smelting
73, 74
8
77,84
*In terms of total paniculate emissions unless otherwise noted.
"Combined efficiency.
Available cost data: Installed capital cost: 0.47 $/M Ib of product (1973 dollars)
Annual operating cost: 0.16 $/M Ib/ of product (year not known).
77
-------
and zinc oxide. Adipic acid, caprolactam, dimethyl terephthalate, and
terephthalic acid are the organic compounds whose parti oil ate emissions are
controlled by fabric filters.
In general, these devices are used for controlling emissions from
fossil fuel combustion, primary and secondary metals smelting, SOCMI, steel,
ferroalloy, and cement manufacturing. Fabric filters are also used for
product recovery in several industries. In some cases, fabric filters have
been used in combination with other control devices such as scrubbers and
after burners.
A large proportion of the control efficiency data for fabric filters is
reported in terms of total particulate emissions reduction. The average
based on 25 data points in the table is 98.8 percent. Compound-specific
control efficiencies are available for chromium, manganese, and nickel.
Actual cost data for fabric filters have been identified for dimethyl
terephthalate as indicated in the table. Design and cost of fabric filters
are not expected to vary significantly with the pollutants. Generalized
cost data for fabric filters based on design considerations are included in
References 21, 23, 49, 50, and 73. Similar information is also available in
several EPA Background Information Documents.
5.2.3 Wet Scrubbers
5.2.3.1 Introduction--
Wet scrubbers use a liquid, usually water, to remove particulate matter
directly from the gas stream by contact or to increase collection efficiency
by preventing re-entrainment.
Wet collectors can increase particle removal efficiency in two ways:
(1) fine particles are 'conditioned1 so that their effective size is
increased, and (2) reentrainment of the collected particles is reduced by
78
-------
trapping them in a liquid film. The effective size of the particles can
be increased by promoting condensation on fine particles. Trapping of dust
particles on liquid droplets is usually accomplished by impact using
mechanisms such as gravitational force, diffusion, impingement, or thermal
gradients.
In general, particle size distribution, gas temperature and humidity,
inlet dust loading, and operating conditions such as contact time and
liquid-to-gas ratio determine the collection efficiency.
Common wet scrubber designs include spray towers, venturi scrubbers,
and packed-bed scrubbers.
5.2.3.2 Summary—
In Table 5-19, the information on use of wet scrubbers as emission
control devices is presented. The data have been gathered from the review
of the references indicated in the table. In addition, References 24 and 50
were reviewed for general information on wet scrubbers.
The review of the literature indicates that wet scrubbers are used for
controlling particulate emissions of metals and organic compounds. The
major source categories emitting the metals cadmium, chromium, manganese,
nickel, and zinc are coal and oil combustion and metal processing. The
organic compounds adipic acid, chlorobenzene, dimethyl terephthalate,
phthalic anhydride, and toluene diisocyanate are primarily emitted from the
SOCMI category.
Much of the data are for metal emissions from coal and oil combustion
sources where compound-specific control efficiency information is available.
The control efficiency data from metal processing sources are reported in
terms of total particulate matter emissions.
79
-------
TABLE 5-19. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON WET SCRUBBERS
00
o
Compound or Accompanying
Metal Control Device
Adlpic Acid
Cadmium
Chlorobenzene
Chromium
Dimethyl
terephthalate
Manganese
Nickel Cyclone
ESP
Scrubber Control
Type Efficiency*!*)
98
99 (Cd),89(Cd)
77 (Cd)
98,98
Venturi
Venturt
Venturi 96.1(Cr)
Venturi 88.9(Cr).90(Cr)
97 (Cr),95(Cr)
90 (Cr)
Venturi 60 (Mn), 80 (Mn)
98 (Mn), 87 (Mn)
79 (Mn)
90*
99*
98.
Venturi 95(NI)
90.8-98(N1)
97(Nt). 95 (HI)
83 (Hi)
>97 (Hi)
Source of Emissions
SOCHI
Fossil fuel combustion
Fossil fuel combustion
Primary lead smelting
Primary zinc smelting
SOCNI
Coal and oil coBbustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil conbustlon
Oil combustion
SOCMI
Fossil fuel combustion
Ferroalloy production
Iron and steel foundries
Steel production
Primary nickel snelting
Secondary metals recovery
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Reference
7
73. 75
7
73. 75
8
49. 73
73. 74
Toluene
dtisocyanate"
Venturi
SOCMI
Phthalic
anhydride
Zinc
*ln terms of
In toluene (
Theraal c
incinerator
Haleic acid
recovery'
Thermal
incinerator*-
total particulate
liisocvanate urodu<
- 96. 5e SOCMI 97. 131. 145
Venturi^ 96. SP
Venturi
Venturi Primary zinc smelting 77
emissions unless otherwise noted.
:tion. a wet scrubber Is used to control emissions from the catalyst filtration unit. The
emissions contain toluene diamine.
Sine scrubber purge liquor is incinerated.
dThe wet scrubber is a co-current system that treats 120.000 scfm of condenser off-gas. The reclrculation rate of the
scrubbing liquid is 5000 gpm.
^Efficiency for destruction of organics.
Part of the scrubber purge liquor is treated further for maleic acid recovery.
9The water scrubbers consist of a venturl contactor followed by a packed column mist eliminator.
-------
In some applications, scrubbers are used in conjunction with other
control devices such as ESP's and cyclones.
No actual cost data for wet scrubber systems have been identified in
the data base. However, References, 21, 23, 50, and 73 contain generalized
design and cost information for wet scrubbers.
5.2.4 Cyclones
5.2.4.1 Introduction-
Cyclones are gas cleaning devices that utilize the centrifugal force
created by a spinning gas stream to separate particulate matter from the
carrier gas. Cyclone collection efficiency decreases with dust particle
size, particle density, inlet gas velocity, cyclone body length, and number
of gas revolutions. It decreases with gas viscosity, cyclone diameter, gas
outlet duct diameter, and gas inlet area.
5.2.4.2 Summary-
Table 5-20 summarizes the information on cyclone applications
identified in the data base. The references on which this information is
based are indicated in the table. References 24, 49, and 50 were-used as
general references.
Compound-specific information is not available in the references
indicated in the table except in one case where the reported control
efficiency is based on nickel emissions.
Cyclones have been used in combination with other particulate control
devices. As indicated in the table, a wet scrubber and an ESP have been
used with cyclones in controlling particulate emissions from primary nickel
smelting and cement production.
81
-------
TABLE 5-20. SUMMARY OF INFORMATION ON CYCLONES
Compound
Cadmium
Copper
Nickel
Accompanying
Control
Device
Scrubber
Control
Efficiency3
(%) '
85
85
Source of
Emissions
Primary Copper
Smelting
Primary Copper
Smelting
Primary Nickel
Reference
77
77
74
97l
Smelting
Nickel Matte
Refining
Secondary Metals
Recovery
ESP
Zinc
80
97.5
Cement Production
Cement Production
Primary Zinc
Smelting
77
In terms of total particulate matter.
3A11 of the particulate emissions are assumed to be nickel.
82
-------
SECTION 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The bibliography contains two sections. The first section lists the
annotated bibliographic citations for the references obtained in the
literature search. The second section classifies the citations according to
the following six subject groups as shown in Table 3-2: physical/chemical
properties; manufacturing information; reaction/process/industry
descriptions; emission sources/rates/factors; emission controls; and
general. A brief description of the groups appears at the end of this
section.
83
-------
6.1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Post, B. K., R. C. Mead, and A. S. Pelland. Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse: Bibliography of EPA Reports. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment 41. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1984. 76p.
ABSTRACT; This bibliography contains a selected list of EPA reports which
have been identified as being useful to State and local agencies developing
and operating air toxics control programs. These reports include the
following types of documents: health assessments, exposure assessments,
source assessments, technical monitoring documents, methodologies for source
sampling and ambient monitoring, and New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
background information documents. All reports are indexed by document type,
pollutant name/class, and source. The compilation of citations was complete
as of January 1984.
2. White, R. E. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 1: Program
Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 92p.
ABSTRACT; The EPA is developing new source performance standards under
section 111 of the Clean Air Act and national emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants under Section 112 for volatile organic compound
emissions (VOC) from organic chemical manufacturing facilities. In support
of this effort, data were gathered on chemical processing routes, VOC
emissions, control techniques, control costs, and environmental impacts
resulting from control. These data have been analyzed and assimilated into
the ten volumes comprising this report (see References 2-11). This volume
contains a brief history of the four-year project and includes emission
ranking information for 140 manufactured organic chemicals.
3. Blackburn, J. W. and R. L. Standifer. Organic Chemical Manufacturing.
Volume 2: Process Sources. EPA-450/3-80-024. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 249p.
ABSTRACT; This volume covers the following process emission sources within
organic chemical plants: air oxidation reactions, reactions involving
carrier gases, vacuum producing systems, sulfuric acid recovery operations,
and process upsets. This volume contains a detailed discussion of the
carrier gas generic standard approach and explains its use for projecting
VOC emissions.
84
-------
4. Erikson, D. J., J. J. Cudahy, V. Kalcevic, and R. L. Standifer.
Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 3: Storage, Fugitive, and
Secondary Sources. EPA-450/3-80-025. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 344p.
ABSTRACT: This volume covers emissions from storage tanks, fugitive sources
(pump seals, valve seals, etc.), and secondary sources (emissions arising
from treatment or disposal of process wastes).
5. Blackburn, J. W., J. A. Key, H. S. Basdekis, and V. Kalcevic. Organic
Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 4: Combustion Control Devices.
EPA-450/3-80-026. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle, NC, December 1980. 354p.
ABSTRACT; This volume covers the following devices that can be used to
control VOC emissions: thermal incinerators, catalytic incinerators, and
flares. Data, tables, and curves and presented to enable preliminary cost
and energy impacts to be determined for a wide range of potential
applications.
6. Basdekis, H. S., D. G. Erikson, C. S. Parmele, and R. L. Standifer.
Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 5: Adsorption, Condensation,
and Absorption Devices. EPA-450/3-80-027. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 335p.
ABSTRACT: This volume covers the following devices that can be used to
control VOC emissions: carbon adsorbers, condensers, and absorbers. Data,
tables, and curves are presented to enable preliminary cost and energy
impacts to be determined for a wide range of potential applications.
7. Burce, W. D., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
ABSTRACT; This volume presents in-depth studies of the following major
organic chemical products: cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, chlorobenzene, maleic
anhydride, ethylbenzene, styrene, caprolactam, and adipic acid. Each
product report contains information on the plants producing a particular
chemical product or products, typical production routes, associated VOC
emissions, feasible emission controls, control costs (from a new-plant
perspective), and other impacts from application of the controls.
Information is included on emissions from process vents, storage tanks,
fugitive sources, and secondary sources, with emphasis on process vents.
85
-------
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
ABSTRACT: This volume presents in-depth studies of the following major
organic chemical products: nitrobenzene, aniline, cumene, toluene
ditsocyanate, terephthalic acid, dimethyl terephthalate, phenol/acetone, and
linear alkybenzenes. Each product report contains information on the plants
producing a particular chemical product or products, typical production
routes, associated VOC emissions, feasible emission controls, control costs
(from a new-plant perspective), and other impacts from application of the
controls. Information is included on emissions from process vents, storage
tanks, fugitive sources, and secondary sources, with emphasis on process
vents.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. L. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
ABSTRACT; This volume presents in-depth studies of the following major
organic chemical products: ethylene dichloride, carbon tetrachloride,
perch!oroethylene, fluorocarbons, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
vinylidene chloride, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, and
carbon tetrachloride. Each product report contains information on the
plants producing a particular chemical product or products, typical
production routes, associated VOC emissions, feasible emission controls,
control costs (from a new-plant perspective), and other impacts from
application of the controls. Information is included on emissions from
process vents, storage tanks, fugitive sources, and secondary sources, with
emphasis on process vents.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
ABSTRACT; This volume presents in-depth studies of the following major
organic chemical products: formaldehyde, methanol, ethylene, ethylene oxide,
venyl acetate, acetaldehyde, ethanolamine, ethylene gylcol, and glycol
ethers. Each product report contains information on the plants producing a
particular chemical product or products, typical production routes,
associated VOC emissions, feasible emission controls, control costs (from a
new plant perspective), and other impacts from application of the controls.
Information is included on emissions from process vents, storage tanks,
fugitive sources, and secondary sources, with emphasis on process vents.
86
-------
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. 0. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
ABSTRACT; This volume presents in-depth studies of the following major
organic chemical products: propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, glycerin and its
intermediates (ally! chloride, epichlorohydrin, acrolein, and ally!
alcohol), acrylic acid and esters, methyl methacrylate, chloroprene,
butadiene, acetic anhydride, acetic acid, formic acid, ethyl acetate, and
methyl ethyl ketone. Also included is a report on waste sulfuric acid
treatment for acid recovery. Each product report contains information on
the plants producing a particular chemical product or products, typical
production routes, associated VOC emissions, feasible emission controls,
control costs (from a new-plant perspective), and other impacts from
application of the controls. Information is included on emissions from
process vents, storage tanks, fugitive sources, and secondary sources, with
emphasis on process vents.
12. Hossain, S. M., P. F. Cilicone, A. B. Cherry, and W. J. Wasylenko, Jr.
Applicability of Coke Plant Control Technologies to Coal Conversion.
EPA-600/7-79-184. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC August 1979. 212p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of comparisons of process and waste
stream characteristics from the byproduct coke oven process with selected
gasification and liquefaction processes. It includes recommendations
regarding control technologies for air, water, and solid wastes. Coke oven
control technology was reviewed extensively. State and Federal regulations
for the disposal and treatment of coke oven wastes are presented, along with
a brief assessment of health effects attributed to coke oven emissions.
Study results indicate that a number of coke oven control technologies are
applicable to coal conversion systems, especially those dealing with
desulfurization, fugitive emissions, byproduct recovery/upgrading, and
wastewater treatment. Byproduct upgrading and fugitive emission control
technologies may be readily transferable to analogous coal conversion
applications. Desulfurization and wastewater treatment technologies,
however, cannot be transferred readily to applications where significant
differences exist in the composition, temperature, and pressure of the two
categories of process/waste streams. In these cases, laboratory or pilot
plant scale tests will be required with actual coal conversion wastes to
determine the design bases and the treatability variations between coal
conversion and comparable coke oven streams.
87
-------
13. Coke Oven Emissions from By-Product Coke Oven Charging, Door Leaks, and
Topside Leaks on Wet-Charged Batteries - Background Information for
Proposed Standards. Draft. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
ABSTRACT; Coke oven emissions consist of a yellow-brown gas which contains
over 10,000 compounds as gases, condensible vapors, and particulates. The
components of concern to public health include benzene and a class of
compounds termed polycyclic organic matter (POM). This report presents a
profile of the by-product coke industry and suggests three regulatory
alternatives for each of the following emissions sources: wet-coal charging,
door leaks, and topside leaks. For each alternative, environmental and
economic impacts are considered. Emission control techniques for each of
the sources are described. The appendices contain detailed information on
the evolution of the proposed standards, an index to environmental impact
considerations, emission source test data, a discussion of emission
measurements and continuous monitoring, and a summary of the background and
methodology used to determine the health-risk assessment.
14. Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Preliminary Draft. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
ABSTRACT; This report presents a profile of the coke oven gas by-product
industry and suggests three regulatory alternative for controlling benzene
emissions. The environmental and economic impacts of each of the
alternatives are summarized. Emission control technologies and process
modifications are described. Eleven emission sources are characterized.
Major emphasis is given to demonstrated emission controls for by-product
recovery sources, such as gas blanketing.
15. Metzger, D. J. Development of the Two-Step-Quench (TSQ) System. In:
A Specialty Conference on Air Pollution Control in the Iron and Steel
Industry, Chicago, IL, April 21-23, 1981. Air Pollution Control
Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981. pp. 108-113. (2 figures)
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the factors leading to the development of a
new method and new approach to control of coke pushing emissions. Early
developmental experiments are set forth and the new method for controlling
coke pushing and coke quenching emissions is described. Results of emission
tests and the conclusions drawn from the tests are discussed. Finally, the
rationale for virtually eliminating pushing emissions and reduction of
quench station emissions is explained.
-------
16. Jasinski, M. R. Status of Coke Pushing Emissions Control and Available
Emissions Data. In: A Specialty Conference on Air Pollution Control
in the Iron and Steel Industry, Chicago, IL, April 21-23, 1981. Air
Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981. pp. 114-120,
(4 references, 5 tables, 4 figures)
ABSTRACT; This paper lists existing and on-order push control devices by
individual batteries. Approximately 50 percent of all active coke batteries
in the United States were fitted with a pushing emissions control system as
of June 1980. Data are presented showing the number of controlled batteries
by year from 1970 and 1982 and a breakdown of each type of push control
system currently installed and in-order. Available emission data describing
visible emissions escaping capture and outlet mass concentration from gas
cleaning devices are also presented. (4 references)
17. Liepins, R., F. Mixon, C. Hudak, and T. B. Parsons. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 6: The Industrial Organic
Chemicals Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023f. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1977. 1014p.
ABSTRACT; The catalog of Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use
was developed as an aid in defining the environmental impacts of industrial
activity in the United States. Entries for each industry are in consistent
format and form separate chapters of the study. Industrial organic
chemicals are the product of at least one chemical reaction in this industry
and will undergo at least one additional treatment step in a downstream
processing industry. These compounds are intermediate materials in the
manufacture of such products as plastics, synthetic fibers, pharamaceuticals
and surfactants among others. The industry is discussed in terms of ten
feedstock groups: benzene, butylenes, sources of cresylic acids, ethylene,
methane, naphthalene, paraffins, propylene, toluene, and xylenes. Ten
chemical trees, ten process flow sheets, and 365 process descriptions have
been prepared to characterize the industry. Within each process description
available data have been presented on function, input materials, operating
parameters, utilities, waste streams, EPA Source Classification Code and
references. Data related to the subject matter, including company, product
and raw material data, are included as appendices.
18. Parsons, T. B., C. M. Thompson, and G. E. Wilkins. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 5: Basic Petrochemicals
Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1977. 154p.
ABSTRACT; The catalog was developed to aid in defining the environmental
impacts of U. S. industrial activity. Entries for each industry are in
consistent format and form separate chapters of the catalog. The basic
petrochemicals industry includes companies that treat hydrocarbon streams
from the petroleum refining industry, as well as natural gas liquids from
89
-------
the oil and gas production industry. From these raw materials, feedstocks
are produced for the organic chemicals industry. The products are pure or
mixed chemicals for use as solvents or chemical intermediates. This
industry is described by six operations composed of related processes. Four
chemical trees, six process flow sheets, and 28 process descriptions
characterize the industry. For each process description, available data is
presented on input materials, operating parameters, utility requirements,
and waste streams. Related information, provided as appendices, includes
company, raw material, and product data.
19. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry - Background for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. 230p.
ABSTRACT; Standards of Performance for the control of emissions from the
beverage can surface coating industry are being proposed under the authority
of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. These standards would apply to all
beverage can surface coating lines for which construction or modification
began on or after the date of proposal of the regulations. This document
contains background information and environmental and economic assessments
of the regulatory alternatives considered in developing the proposed
standards.
20. VOC Emissions from Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-81-003a. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981,
199p.
ABSTRACT; Standards of Performance for the control of VOC emissions from
the volatile organic liquid (VOL) storage tanks are being proposed under the
authority of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. These standards would apply
to all new and existing storage tanks having the capacity of 75 cubic meters
or larger, which are to be used for the storage of VOL. This document
contains background information and environmental and economic assessments
of the regulatory alternatives considered in developing the proposed
standards.
21. Hardison, L. C. Air Pollution Control Technology and Costs in Seven
Selected Areas. EPA-450/3-73-010. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1983. 724p.
ABSTRACT; The following seven industrial areas are discussed;
(1) Phosphate industry; (2) Feed and Grain Industry; (3) Paint and Varnish
Industry; (4) Graphic Arts Industry; (5) Soap and Detergent Industry;
(6) Lime Kilns; and (7) Gray Iron Foundries. The technical material
consists of a narrative description of each of the process areas,
specifications for air pollution abatement equipment for each, and a summary
of capital and operating costs for equipment.
90
-------
22. Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary
Sources. EPA-450/2-78-022. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978. 578p.
ABSTRACT: This document is a revised and updated version of a March 1970
EPA publication entitled Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic
Solvent Emissions from Stationary Sources (AP-68). The document is intended
primarily as a general reference for State and local air pollution control
engineers. It provides: (1) basic information on sources of photochemical
oxidant precursors and control of these sources; (2) estimates of control
costs; (3) estimates of control technique energy requirements; and
(4) estimates of emission reductions achievable through control application.
23. Neveril, R. B. Capital and Operating Costs of Selected Air Pollution
Control Systems. EPA-450/5-80-002. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 285p.
ABSTRACT; This manual provides capital and operating costs for air
pollution control systems. Capital costs are provided for component
equipments, such as ductwork, dampers, heat exchangers, mechanical
collectors, fans, motors, stacks, cooling towers, pumps, and dust removal
equipment. Eight types of control devices are included: (1) high voltage
electrostatic precipitators; (2) venturi scrubbers; (3) fabric filters;
(4) thermal and catalytic incinerators; (5) adsorbers; (6) absorbers;
(7) refrigeration; and (8) flares. Operating and maintenance costs are
provided for complete systems. A discussion of the control devices and
factors affecting costs is included, along with design parameters for 52
industries. In preparing this manual, the main objective was to "break-out"
the individual component costs so that realistic system cost estimates can
be determined for the design peculiarities of any specific application.
24. Modern Pollution Control Technology. Volume I: Air Pollution Control.
M. Fogiel, (ed). Research and Education Association, New York, NY,
1978. 1086p.
ABSTRACT; This volume reviews the state-of-the-art of air pollution control
technology. The technical and economic feasibility of processes, equipment,
and plants are analyzed. A large amount of information for this volume was
contributed by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Los Angeles
Air Pollution Control District. Twenty pages of references are included.
25. Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic Solvent Emissions from
Stationary Sources. AP-68. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Washington, DC, March 1970. 114p.
ABSTRACT; This report summarizes information on stationary sources of
hydrocarbon and organic solvent emissions, methods of control, and the costs
and cost effectiveness of controls. Methods used to control hydrocarbon
91
-------
and organic solvent emissions are: (1) operational or process charges;
(2) substitution of materials; and (3) installation of control equipment.
Four techniques used in control devices are discussed: incineration,
adsorption, absorption, and condensation. Control systems for the following
industrial processes are reviewed: petroleum refineries; gasoline
distribution systems; chemical plants; paint, lacquer and varnish
manufacture; rubber and plastic products manufacture; surface coating
applications; degreasing operations; dry cleaning; stationary fuel
combustion; metallurgical coke plants; sewage treatment; and waste
incineration and other burning. The economic considerations which are
discussed include: (1) definition of alternatives; (2) identification of
costs; (3) cost curves by equipment types; (4) value of recovered materials;
(5) selection of control systems, and (6) assessment of economic impact.
26. Engineering Control Technology Assessment for the Plastics and Resins
Industry. DHEW(NIOSH) Publication No. 78-159. U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, March 1978. 234p.
ABSTRACT; A control technology assessment for the plastics and resins
industry was made by conducting in-depth surveys of 15 polymerization and
compounding processes. The processes selected provided a representative
coverage of the industry relative to the number of exposed workers,
different control techniques, and commonality of operations. Each case
study addressed the following topics: major toxic chemicals and harmful
physical stresses; engineering controls and work practices; workplace .
monitoring systems and air sampling programs; personal protection equipment;
exposure data and conclusions; and planned or ongoing improvements. ' The
results of this study are useable as a reference resource by both industry
and government personnel. A number of problem areas in systems analysis,
mechanical engineering design, research and testing, and ventilation control
are identified as likely candidates for further research and development.
(60 references)
27. Formica, P. N. Control and Uncontrolled Emission Rates and Applicable
Limitations for Eighty Processes. EPA-450/3-77-016. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1976. 410p.
ABSTRACT: The report contains quantitative information for 80 source
categories which are considered common to many areas of the U. S. and would
potentially benefit most from application of control devices. The 80 source
categories are assessed according to (1) typical plant size and associated
particulate matter and/or hydrocarbon emissions; (2) applicable control
equipment efficiencies; and (3) potential for compliance with certain
emission limitations. The document presents data typical of current
emissions and control techniques. The document also lists selected emission
limitations.
92
-------
28. Taback, H. D., T. W. Sonnichsen, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler.
Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Stationary Sources in the
California South Coast Air Basin. California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento, CA, June 1978. 459p.
ABSTRACT; This study discusses an inventory of gaseous organic emissions
from stationary sources, which was conducted in the California South Coast
Air Basin. It includes the development of 140 unique emission profiles to
describe hydrocarbon emissions for 740 SCC/SIC categories. The various
profiles identified from one to 30 different species. The inventory
accounted for all known stationary source organic emissions including major
and minor point sources, and area sources (oil production fields,
architectural coatings, domestic solvent usage, etc.). The inventory was
prepared in the EPA's Emission Inventory Subsystem (EIS) format. All
sources were located by Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates.
Also, control technique descriptions, application considerations and
cost-effectiveness data were compiled. Finally, a prediction of emission
trends based on expected growth and control strategies was made.
29. Khan, Z. S. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Manufacture. EPA-600/2-79-019g. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979. 188p.
ABSTRACT; The report describes a study of air pollutants released during
the manufacture of chlorinated hydrocarbons by: (1) direct chlorination (a
hydrocarbon is reacted with chlorine); (2) hydrochlorination (hydrogen
chloride is reacted with a hydrocarbon); (3) oxyhydrochlorination (hydrogen
chloride is reacted with a hydrocarbon in the presence of oxygen or air); or
(4) chlorohydrination (the reaction between a hydrocarbon and hydrochloroous
acid is followed by a reaction of the products with lime slurry to obtain
the final report). A representative plant was defined for each
manufacturing process type, and environmental effects were determined on the
basis of plant capacity. The potential environmental effect was evaluated
using source severity, S, defined as the ratio of the maximum ground level
concentration of an emission to the ambient air quality standard for
criteria pollutants. Source severities for the four processes listed above
are 1.69, 1.94, 31.3, and 2.75 respectively.
30. Eimutis, E. C., R. P. Quill, and G. M. Rinaldi. Source Assessment:
Noncriteria Pollutant Emissions (1978 Update). EPA-600/2-78-004t.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1978. 148p.
ABSTRACT: This report provides a listing of stationary source types that
emit each of 389 noncriteria pollutants. Quantities of such emissions are
also indicated. A source type is defined as a group of emission sources
which have the same process and emission characteristics. The listing was
93
-------
prepared using a computerized data base established for emissions of air
pollutants from approximately 800 stationary source types in the combustion,
organic materials, inorganic materials, and open source categories.
Emissions included in the data base consist of criteria pollutants (i.e.,
particulates, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and carbon
monoxide) and noncriteria pollutants (such as trace metals and polycyclic
organic matter). The data base is updated continuously to incorporate
related new findings and covers a large number of source types; however, it
is not an exhaustive list of all stationary emission points in the United
States.
31. Horn, D. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. H. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
ABSTRACT: This document reviews the state of the art of air emissions from
polychloroprene manufacture. The composition, quality, and rate of
emissions and their environmental effects are described. Polychloroprene is
produced by the emulsion polymerization of 2-chloro-l,3-butadiene
(chloroprene). Emissions include hydrocarbons, particulates, hydrogen
chloride, and nitrogen oxides. To assess the severity of emissions from
this industry, a representative plant was defined based on mean values for
plant parameters. Source severity was defined as the ratio of the
time-averaged maximum ground level concentration of an emission to the
primary AAQS for criteria pollutants or to a reduced TLV for noncriteria
pollutants. For a representative plant, source severities for particulates,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, chloroprene, toluene, hydrogen chloride, and
talc are 0.03, 23, 0.1, 4.3, 0.4, 0.9, and 3.4, respectively. Hydrocarbon
emissions are controlled through a combination of process modifications.
Particulates are controlled by exhaust systems in conjunction with wet
scrubbers or fabric filters. Hydrogen chloride emissions are reduced by
falling film absorbers and packed scrubbers.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 427p.
ABSTRACT: Toluene is the most prevalent hydrocarbon in the atmosphere.
Levels generally range from 0.14-57 ppb. Levels in water generally are
below 10 ppb. Gasoline usage and automobile exhaust represent the largest
atmospheric source. Over 3 million metric tons of toluene are produced
annually in the United States. Available evidence associated with effects
upon humans and experimental animals indicates that the health effect of
primary concern is dysfunction of the central nervous system (CNS).
However, observed effects are associated with exposure levels greatly in
excess of those levels in the environment. Dysfunction of the CNS may occur
94
-------
during short-term (<8 hours) exposure to 100-300 ppm. Toluene has not
demonstrated any overt signs of kidney or liver damage upon animal
experimentation. It was noncarcinogenic in rats exposed to 300 ppm for 24
months. However, the full extent of toluene's carcinogenic potential is
currently being evaluated, at higher exposure levels, in a lifetime bioassay
of rodents in the National Toxicology Program. Toluene is classified as
provisionally nonmutagenic, and its teratogenic potential has not been fully
explored. The results of the available evidence indicate that exposure to
environmental levels of toluene is unlikely to constitute a significant
hazard to the general population.
33. Anderson, L. D., S. Bayard, I. W. F. Davidson, J. R. Fowle, III,
H. J. Gibb, M. Greenberg, and J. C. Parker. Health Assessment Document
for Trichloroethylene. External Review Draft. EPA-600/8-82-006b.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1983. 397p.
ABSTRACT; Trichloroethylene (TCI) is a solvent widely used in the
industrial degreasing of metals. It has been detected in the ambient air of
a variety of urban and non-urban areas of the United States and also in
natural and municipal waters. The weight of available evidence obtained
from both animal and human data suggest that long-term exposure to
environmental levels of TCI poses no serious health concern to the general
population. No teratogenic potential has been demonstrated for TCI in
studies conducted to date with experimental animals. With respect to the
mutagenic potential of TCI, the data on pure TCI do not allow a conclusion
to be drawn. If TCI is mutagenic, the available data suggest it would be a
very weak, indirect mutagen. Based on available animal cancer data, the
classification of TCI under the criteria of the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) could either be "sufficent" or "limited". Because
there are no adequate epidemiologic data, the overall ranking of ..TCI would
place it in a category in which it would be a probably human carcinogen or
one that cannot be classified as to its carcinogen!city.
34. Cleland, J. G., G. L. Kingsbury, R. C. Sims, and J. B. White.
Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment, Volumes
1 and 2. EPA-600/7-77-136a and EPA-600/7-77-136b. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1977. 366p,
451p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a study of the derivation of
Multimedia Environmental Goals (MEG's). MEG's are levels of significant
contaminants or degradents (in ambient air, water, or land, or in emissions
or effluents conveyed to the ambient media) that are judged to be either
appropriate for preventing certain negative effects in the surrounding
populations or ecosystems or representative of the control limits achievable
95
-------
through technology. In the context of deriving MEG's, Volume 1 offers
perspective on the broad range of contaminants whose control is vital to
both industry and the public; further develops and defines indicators
designating contaminants which must be given priority consideration for
immediate control, and for subsequent research; brings existing and emerging
data together for use in environmental assessment; and explores some basic
methodologies which provide the present MEG's, and which also suggest
directions for refined methodologies. MEG's are projected for more than 650
pollutants. Of these, 216 substances receive full attention in Volume 2.
MEG charts along with the Background Information Summaries for these
substances are presented in this volume which includes 162 organic and 54
inorganic substances.
35. Wehrum, B., S. Ahmed and B. Davis. Air Toxics Emission Patterns and
Trends* EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1984, 96p.
ABSTRACT: This study reviews the available literature (published and
unpublished documents which can be readily obtained) summarizing data on the
emission sources of a list of 87 toxic air pollutants. The report provides
a qualitative summary of the emission source characteristics of the 87
chemicals. Both traditional and nontraditional sources of toxic air
pollutants are examined. The traditional sources include industrial process
emissions, mobile source emissions, and emissions from combustion and
solvent use. Nontraditional sources include emissions from the treatment,
storage, and disposal of liquid and solid wastes. The purpose of the study
is to assist EPA to determine which compounds should be further evaluated as
candidates for controls under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, the National
Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPS).
36. Air Quality Data for Noncriteria Pollutants - 1957 through 1970.
EPA-450/2-77-020. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1977. 376p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents a comprehensive inventory of data produced
by analysis of hi-vol filters for trace metals and inorganic ions for the
years 1957-1970. This inventory is based on data acquired through extensive
monitoring activities conducted by Federal, State, and local pollution
control agencies and submitted to the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency's National Aerometric Data Bank.
37. Baines, T. M. Nitrosamines and Other Hazardous Emissions from Engine
Crankcases. EPA/AA/CTAB/PA/85-15. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, June 1981. 15p.
ABSTRACT: The emissions from heavy duty diesel crankcases contain a number
of hazardous compounds. Research has discovered some of them and it may be
possible that there are some that have not yet been quantified. Nitro-
96
-------
samines (a potent carcinogen in animals and probably also in humans) are
emitted from engines using fresh oil. These emissions seem to be a function
of the type of oil used and some engine parameters such as crankcase
flow rate of NO compounds. Used lubricating oil has been shown to contain
carcinogenic compounds such as benzo-a-pyrene. It has also been shown to be
mutagenic. Therefore, it can be concluded that the particulate portion of
the crankcase effluent stream may start out after an oil change at a level
containing few carcinogenic compounds but the level of these compounds
increases with time. In conclusion, crankcases emit a variety of hazardous
chemicals and evaluation of the costs and benefits of the control of these
emissions should be seriously considered.
38. PCB Disposal by Thermal Destruction. EPA-906/9-82-003. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Dallas, TX, June 1981. 610p.
ABSTRACT; A report on the sampling, analysis, and consideration of risks
and benefits associated with the incineration of polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) at two commercial facilities in Deer Park, Texas and El Dorado,
Arkansas. Included are a summary, PCB incineration test reports,
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran
report (PCDF) emission sampling reports, a PCDD and PCDF analytical
chemistry report, air dispersion modeling results, an analysis of risks and
benefits, and letters and conditions of approval.
39. Fuller, B., J. Hushon, M. Kornreich, R. Ouellette, and L. Thomas.
Preliminary Scoring of Selected Organic Air Pollutants.
EPA-450-/3-77-008a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1976. 114p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents a scheme for evaluating the relative hazard
to human resulting from air emissions of synthetic organic chemicals. Data
on production, fraction lost during production, volatility, and toxicity
have been compiled for 637 organic chemicals. Numerical, scores were then
assigned based on these data. Four appendices were published with this
report. The appendices are dossiers containing chemistry, production, and
toxicity data for the 637 synthetic organic chemicals. (See References 40
through 43.)
40. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix I: Chemistry, Production and
Toxicity of Chemicals A through C. EPA-450/3-77-008b. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October
1976. 330p.
ABSTRACT; This is the first of the series of four appendices to the report
Preliminary Scoring of Organic Air Pollutants. The entire appendix contains
a compilation of available data on chemical structure and properties,
environmental persistence, production, and toxicity for 637 synthetic
organic chemicals. This volume covers the chemicals acenaphthene through
cyprex.
97
-------
41. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix II: Chemistry, Production, and
Toxicity of Chemicals D through E. EPA-450/3-77-008c. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October
1976. 336p.
ABSTRACT; This is the second of the series of four appendices to the report
Preliminary Scoring of Organic Air Pollutants. The entire appendix contains
a compilation of available data on chemical structure and properties,
environmental persistence, production, and toxicity for 637 synthetic
organic chemicals. This volume covers the chemicals dacthal through ethyl
silicate.
42. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix III. Chemistry, Production, and
Toxicity of Chemicals F through N. EPA-450/3-77-008d. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, October 1976.
312p.
ABSTRACT: This is the third of the series of four appendices to the report
Preliminary Scoring of Organic Air Pollutants. The entire appendix contains
a compilation of available data on chemical structure and properties,
environmental persistence, production, and toxicity for 637 synthetic
organic chemicals. This third volume covers the chemicals ferbam through
nonyl phenol.
43. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix IV. Chemistry, Production, and
Toxicity of Chemicals F through N. EPA-450/3-77-008e. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, October 1976.
333p.
ABSTRACT: This is the fourth of the series of four appendices to the report
Preliminary Scoring of Organic Air Pollutants. The entire appendix contains
a compilation of available data on chemical structure and properties,
environmental persistence, production, and toxicity for 637 synthetic
organic chemicals. This fourth volume covers the chemicals octyl alcohol
through zinc stearate. Also, it contains a chemical name index.
44. Directory of Chemical Producers United States of America 1984.
S.R.I. International, Menlo Park, CA, 1984. 1088p.
ABSTRACT; The information in the directory is organized into three major
sections: Companies, Products, Regions. The Companies section is an
alphabetical list of 1500 companies and their products, listed by site of
manufacture. The Products section is an alphabetical listing of chemicals
and end-use grouping of chemicals. One important feature of the Products
section is the inclusion of plant production capacities for over 240 major
commodity chemicals, polymers, and fibers. The Regions section is an
alphabetical listing of all the states and is generated from the Companies
section.
98
-------
45. Chemical Hazard Information Files (CHIPs). EPA-560/11-80-011. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, April 1980. 296p.
ABSTRACT; This collection of 40 Chemical Hazard Information Profiles
(CHIPs; reports was prepared by the Office of Pesticides and Toxic
Substances (OPTS) between August 1, 1976, and November 20, 1979. Chemicals
are chosen for CHIP preparation on the basis of information indicating
potential for adverse health or environmental effects of significant
exposure. The CHIP itself is a brief summary of readily available
information concerning health and environmental effects and exposure
potential of a chemical. Information gathering for a CHIP is generally
limited to a search of secondary literature sources and is not intended to
be exhaustive; however, in depth searches on specific topics may be done on
a case-by-case basis. In general, no attempt is made to evaluate or
validate information at this stage of assessment. Preparation of a CHIP is
part of the first stage in the OPTS Chemical Risk Assessment Process. The
purpose of the CHIP is to enable OPTS to make a tentative decision on an
appropriate course of action for the subject chemical and to identify and
characterize problems that may require more thorough investigation and
evaluation.
46. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Environment. September 1980 -
February 1983 (Citations from the NTIS Data Base). PB83-804716.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, March 1983.
154p.
ABSTRACT: The environmental aspects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are
cited in this bibliography. Most of the studies are concerned with the
toxicity, ecology, and abundance of PCBs in water and air. (This updated
bibliography contains 145 citations, 75 of which are new entries to the
previous edition.)
47. Sableski, J., B. Hogarth, J. Pearson, and P. Mansfiel. Air Programs
Reports and Guidelines Index. EPA-450/2-82-016. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1982. 56p.
ABSTRACT; The Index represents a compilation of current technical and
guideline documents prepared by the Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards (OAQPS) over the past several years. It is intended for the use
by officials of State and local agencies as a companion document to the Air
Programs Policty and Guidance Notebook. It will provide information to
State and local air pollution control agencies in conducting air quality
programs.
99
-------
48. Merrick, E. T. Chemical Activities Status Report. Third Edition.
Volumes 1 and 2. EPA-560/TIIS-82-002a and EPA-560/TIIS-82-002b. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1982.
404p, 412p.
ABSTRACT; Volume I provides names and synonyms for chemicals included in
the data base, both alphabetically and by registry number. Volume II gives
brief descriptions of chemical-specific regulations, guidelines, and studies
of the EPA. Together, the reports permit users to identify chemical of
interest to the EPA, and describe the EPA activities related to those
chemicals.
49. Nelson, T. P., A. E. Schmidt, S. A. Smith. Study of Sources of
Chromium, Nickel, and Manganese Air Emissions. EPA Contract No.
68-02-3818, Task 34. Radian Corporation, Austin TX, February 24, 1984.
326p.
ABSTRACT; The report provides preliminary information on sources of air
emissions of chromium, nickel, and manganese. Releases of these metals to
water and soil are included when information is available. Fifteen source
categories are examined. The estimated uncontrolled, current controlled,
and estimated best control (EBC) controlled emission rates for each source
category are listed. These emissions estimates include both process and
fugitive emissions. Control costs are estimated for each category.
50. Control Techniques for Particulate Air Pollutants. AP-51. U. S.
Department of Health Education, and Welfare. Washington, DC,
January 1969. 215p.
ABSTRACT; The following sources of particulate air pollution are identified
and disoissed: internal combustion engines, stationary combustion sources,
industrial sources, construction and demolition, and solid waste disposal.
Gas cleaning devices, such as settling chambers, dry centrifugal collectors,
wet collectors and mist eliminators, high-voltage and low-voltage
electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, and afterburners, are
described. Emission factors for particulates are listed and the costs and
cost effectiveness of control are considered. The report contains an
extensive bibliography arranged by specific source categories.
51. Polcyn, A. J. PCB Waste Destruction Study: High Efficiency Boiler.
In: Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on the Measurement and
Monitoring of Noncriteria (Toxic) Contaminants in Air, Chicago, IL,
March 22-24, 1983. SP-50. Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, PA, 1983. pp. 361-373.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a test burn program conducted by Union
Electric of St. Louis, Missouri on its Labadie Unit #4 boiler. The purpose
was to demonstrate a PCB destruction efficiency equivalent to an Annex I
incinerator while burning pulverized coal on the primary fuel source and
100
-------
injecting a 5 percent PCs/mineral oil blend. Three conclusions are drawn
from the program: (1) PCB destruction efficiency of the Unit #4 boiler is
greater than that of an Annex I incinerator; (2) the Unit #4 boiler is a
high efficiency boiler capable of the safe and complete destruction of waste
oils containing a. 5 percent PCB/mineral oil blend; and (3) the use of a
modified EPA Method 5 high volume source sampling train provides for the
reasonably rapid collection of a large sample volume essential for
demonstrating high destruction efficiencies in the combustion of PCBs.
52. Hoff, M. C. Toluene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 23. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY, 1982. pp. 246-273.
ABSTRACT: This article discusses the chemical and physical properties of
toluene, its manufacture, and its major uses. U. S. production and sales
and plant capacities are given. The article describes specifications, test
methods and analysis, and lists procedures for safety and handling. In
addition, the manufacture of the following derivatives is described:
benzene, toluene diisocyanate, benzoic acid, benzyl chloride, vinyltoluene,
toluenesulfonic acid, benzaldehyde, toluenesulfonyl chloride. Potential
uses of toluene are discussed. (75 references, 21 tables, 7 figures.)
53. Johnson, P. R. Chloroprene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, NY, 1982. pp. 773-785. .
ABSTRACT; This article discusses the chemical and physical properties of
chloroprene, its manufacture, and its major uses. Because most chloroprene
is currently produced from butadiene, only this manufacturing route is
described. Other topics include storage, handling and shipment; waste
disposal; economic and energy factors; specifications, standards». and
Quality control; and health and safety factors (toxicology).
(101 references, 3 tables, 1 figure.)
54. Gelfand, S. Chlorocarbons, Chlorohydrocarbons (Benzyl): Benzyl
Chloride, Benzal Chloride, Benzotrichloride. In: Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 828-838.
ABSTRACT; This article describes the chemical and physical properties of
benzyl chloride [100-44-7], benzal chloride [98-87-3], and benzotrichloride
[98-07-7], their methods of manufacture, and their major uses. In addition,
the article discusses handling and shipment; economic aspects, such as total
production, sales, and unit value; identification and analysis; health and
safety factors (toxicology); and derivatives. (73 references, 3 tables)
101
-------
55. Hess, L. 6., A. N. Kurtz, and D. B. Stanton. Acrolein and Derivatives.
In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition.
Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 277-297.
ABSTRACT: This article discusses the chemical and physical properties of
acrolein and methacrolein, their manufacture, and their major uses. The
reactions and derivatives of acrolein are described. Other information
includes statistics on production and capacity, specifications and
analytical methods, and procedures for safe storage and handling. (183
references, 7 tables, 1 figure.)
56. Archer, S. R., W. R. McCurley, and G. D. Rawlings. Source Assessment:
Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions — Overview and Prioritization.
EPA-600-2/-78-004d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1978. 153p.
ABSTRACT; This report is an overview of the pesticide manufacturing
industry and prioritizes 80 major pesticides based on their potential
environmental burden from an air pollution standpoint. Production of
synthetic organic pesticides was about 640,000 metric tons in 1974.
Thirty-seven major synthetic organic pesticides, those with annual
production of 4,540 or more tons, accounted for 74 percent of the market.
Elemental chlorine is common to most pesticides, but other raw materials
include hydrogen cyanide, carbon disulfide, phosgene, phosphorus
pentasulfide, hexachloro-cyclopentadiene, various amines, and concentrated
acids and caustics. Air pollution aspects of the pesticide manufacturing
industry are essentially without quantitative data. For some plants, the
pollution caused by loss of active ingredients is less significant than that
caused by unreacted by-products. Evaporation from holding pond and
evaporation lagoons may also be an emission source, although few
quantitative data are available. Emissions emanate from various pieces of
equipment and enter the atmosphere as both the active ingredient and as raw
materials, intermediates, and by-products. Air emission control devices
include baghouses, cyclone separators, electrostatic precipitators,
incinerators, and gas scrubbers. Synthetic organic pesticide production in
1985 will be about 806,000 metric tons.
57. Meinhold, T. F. Fume Incinerators for Air Pollution Control. Plant
Engineering (Barrington, IL), 34(23): 108-115, 1980.
ABSTRACT; Fume incineration is one of the most effective and reliable
methods for destroying organic emissions from industrial plants. This
article discusses two basic combustion systems - thermal and catalytic
oxidation - along with heat recovery options, costs, installation,
operation, safety, and maintenance. Case studies are included. (3 tables,
11 figures.)
102
-------
58. Kenson, R. E., and R. 0. Hoffland. Control of Toxic Air Emissions in
Chemical Manufacture. Chemical Engineering Progress, 76(2): 80-83,
1980.
ABSTRACT; Controlling toxic air emissions in chemical manufacture requires
the use of engineered systems rather than off-the-shelf units. A cost
effective system for VCM emissions in a polyvinyl chloride plant must take
into account the variable emissions flow rate. Considering all the factors,
a carbon adsorption system in which large quantities of VCM can be recovered
will pay for itself in about three years. In addition, pilot and full-scale
tests showed that such a system could meet the EPA's 5 ppm emission
limitations. Although thermal incineration is lower in capital cost, it has
no such payback. (3 tables, 3 figures.)
59. Wilhelmi, A. R. and P. V. Knopp. Wet Air Oxidation: An Alternative to
Incineration. Chemical Engineering Progress, 75(8): 46-52, 1979.
ABSTRACT; As landfills, ocean dumping, and deep well injection become more
unacceptable as methods for hazardous waste disposal, alternative
technologies must be sought. One technology, incineration, is quite often
considered. Another technology, however, the Zimmermann Process of Wet Air
Oxidation (WAO), is often most cost-effective. This article describes WAO
and documents its performance in treating hazardous wastes. A cost
comparison with incineration is also presented with a special emphasis on
the total treatment costs and technical considerations for both
technologies. Cost comparisons indicate that WAO is greater in capital
costs but less expensive to operate. Total operating costs including
amortization favor WAO when the fuel value of the waste organics is low
(less than approximately 50 g/L Chemical Oxygen Demand. (6 references, 8
tables, 7 figures.)
60. Kenson, R. E. Carbon Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Emissions Using Vacuum
Stripping. Pollution Engineering, 11(7): 38-40, 1979.
ABSTRACT; Carbon adsorption with steam stripping has successfully
controlled a large variety of hydrocarbon emissions in numerous industrial
processes. Optimum system design can achieve greater than 90 percent
control of the emissions and can also pay back the system cost in one to
five years through recovery of reusable chemical solvents or reagents. This
article presents operating principles, application examples in both
Pharmaceuticals and PVC resin manufacture, and an economic evaluation of a
vacuum stripped carbon adsorption method. (2 figures.)
103
-------
61. Vincent, E. J. and W. M. Vatavuk. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 8: Graphic Arts:
Rotagravure and Flexography. EPA-450/2-78-033. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 52p.
ABSTRACT: This report provides guidance for development of regulations to
limit emissions of volatile organic compounds from rotogravure and
flexographic printing operations. This guidance includes recommended
control requirements for carbon adsorption and incineration systems.
Provisions for the potential compliance by use of water-borne and
high-solids inks are recommended. The industry is described, methods for
reducing organic emissions are reviewed, and monitoring and enforcement
aspects are discussed. (22 references.)
62. Pruessner, R. D. and L. D. Broz. Hydrocarbon Emission Reduction
Systems. Chemical Engineering Progress, 73(8): 69-73, 1977.
ABSTRACT; This article describes the design and operation of the different
types of equipment used to control hydrocarbon emissions in a petrochemical
plant. Three incineration, four condensation, and two adsorption systems
are discussed. (2 tables, 3 figures.)
63. Hardison, L. C. and E. J. Dowd. Emission Control Via Fluidized Bed
Oxidation. Chemical Engineering Progress, 73(8): 31-35, 1977.
ABSTRACT; This article discusses a catalytic incineration system for
treating organic emissions that permits lower temperatures and fuel costs
than either thermal or flame incineration techniques. The development and
the design of a fluidized bed unit are described. (6 references,. 6
figures.)
64. Franza, M. E. Controlling Fugitive VOC Emissions from the Metal
Finishing Industry. Metal Finishing, 80(12): 39-45, 1982.
ABSTRACT: A study of major industrial surface coating operations has
identified manufacturing operations where significant sources of fugitive
VOC emissions exist. Four commercially successful control devices are
described, which confine and capture the VOC emissions at the source. The
use of air curtains with a canopy hood has proved to be technically and
economically feasible. The flash-off tunnel is an integral part of the
coating and curing equipment in the automobile industry. The use of
ventilation and vapor recovery systems is recommended to control the sources
of fugitive VOC emissions associated with storage and handling of solvents.
Maintenance procedures, economic considerations, and potential energy
savings for control devices are discussed. (5 references, 3 tables, 5
figures.)
104
-------
65. Freidburg, H. R. Survey of VOC Control Methods. Products Finishing
(Cincinnati), 46(6): 50-57, 1982.
ABSTRACT: This article examines the materials and methods available for
reducing VOC emissions from coating operations. Substitution of coating
materials, changing application methods, condensation and incineration of
VOC, and carbon absorption are discussed and evaluated. (3 tables, 2
figures.)
66. Darvin, C. H. Emissions from Open Top Vapor Degreasing Systems. In:
Third Conference on Advanced Pollution Control for the Metal Finishing
Industry, Kissimmee, FL, April 14-16, 1980. EPA 600/2-81-028. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, February 1981.
pp. 98-101.
ABSTRACT: This paper summarizes a comprehensive testing program which
examined the operating conditions that cause VOC emissions from open top
vapor degreasers. It concludes that emissions from degreasers can be
reduced by employing such simple operating procedures as low hoist speeds,
closing of the system lid when in idle condition, and shielding the system
from high draft velocities. These changes, however, require a conscious and
continuous effort on the part of the operator. Passive control options such
as increased freeboard and refrigerated chillers are especially effective
and require only installation and maintenance. These operating procedures
and design modifications represent relatively inexpensive options and would
produce only minor changes in plant operations.
67. Meinke, J. H. American Can's Air Raid Program. In: Proceedings of
Paper Synth. Conference, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper
Industry, Cincinnati, OH, September 15-17, 1980. TAPPI Press,
Atlanta, GA, 1980, pp. 297-300.
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses American Can's program aimed at determining
the best technical methods of meeting the EPA solvent emissions requirements
for their tinplate coating plants. The program encompasses the following
areas: 1) investigation of add-on emission control options and
installations; (2) studies of operating parameters for emission control
equipment sizing; (3) evaluation of material for alternate technologies;
(4) final strategy decision on how to comply with emission standards on each
piece of equipment. Add-on control equipment being studied includes
incineration, utilizing a pebble bed or catalytic process. Solvent recovery
processes being evaluated include the fixed bed, or refrigeration types of
systems.
105
-------
68. Carnes, R. A. and F. C. Whitmore. Hazardous Waste Incineration and
Gaseous Waste Pollution Control. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution
Control Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH,
June 25-29, 1979. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA,
1979, Volume.1, Paper 79-5.2. 16p.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the results of an extensive series of
combustion experiments. The experiments involve incineration of
PCB-containing capacitor manufacturing waste materials using a prototype
incinerator system. Techniques for feed control, for high temperature duct
sampling, and for measurement of residence times are illustrated. The
relationship between intermediate product production and operating
conditions, and the correlation between the proposed C0/C02 definition of
combustion efficiency and the PCB mass balance, are discussed (6 references,
3 figures.)
69. Ivey, L. R. Evaluation of Air Pollution Control Systems for Volatile
Organic Chemicals. Presented at the 180th American Chemical Society
National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, August 24-29, 1980, 6p.
ABSTRACT: Four types of ventilation for vapors from surface coating
operations are examined. Then the following control systems are discussed:
absorption in water; absorption in organic liquids; carbon adsorption;
liquid surface adsorption with surfactants; condensation; electrostatic
precipitation; noncatalytic incineration; and catalytic incineration.
Conditions under which they perform satisfactorily are specified and
problems which hinder the effectiveness or practicability of each are
outlined.
70. Straitz, J. F. III. Flaring for Gaseous Control in the Petroleum
Industry. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
71st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, June 25-30, 1978. Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1978. Volume 4, Paper 78-58.8.
12p.
ABSTRACT: The paper illustrates the flaring process with its many
applications, types, designs, problems, and questions. Three general types
of flares are described and the performance of flares for various process
applications is considered. A literature review provides estimates and
design procedures for thermal radiation, liquid carry-over, noise and
smokeless operation. (13 references, 7 figures.)
106
-------
71. Teller, A. J. New Systems for Municipal Incinerator Emission Control.
In: Proceedings of the 8th Biennial National Waste Processing
Conference, Chicago, IL, May 7-10, 1978. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1978. pp. 179-187.
ABSTRACT; The operation and characteristics of two new processes for
emission control from municipal waste incineration - the chromatographic dry
process and ionizing wet scrubbing - are described. These processes have
exhibited the capability to simultaneously reduce the concentration of
particulates, acid gases, and opacity to less than regulatory limits over a
ten-fold variation in inlet conditions. (10 references.)
72. Cowherd, C., M. Marcus, C. Guenther, and J. L. Spigarelli. Hazardous
Emissions Characterization of Utility Boilers. EPA-650/2-75-066.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1975. 185p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a field sampling program aimed at
quantifying potentially hazardous pollutants in the waste streams of a
representative coal-fired utility boiler: a 125-MW boiler (fired with
pulverized coal and equipped with a mechanical fly ash collector) at TVA's
Widows Creek steam electric generating station. The combustion products
identified as potentially hazardous air pollutants included 22 trace
elements, nitrates, sulfates, polycyclic organic compounds, and
polychlorinated biphenyls. The waste streams sampled included pulverized
coal, furnace bottom ash, superheater ash, collection ash, and flue gases at
the fly ash collector inlet and outlet. Acceptable mass balance was
achieved for about half of the elemental pollutants. Trace metal enrichment
was measured. Study results include recommended modifications of sample
collection and preparation methods: larger and more frequent samples of coal
and bulk ash streams are expected to improve sample representativeness;
development of methodologies for estimating bulk ash flows will permit
internal checks on mass balances: and routine chemical analysis of NBS
standard coal and fly ash will improve quality assurance of the analytical
methods.
73. Baig, S., M. Haro, G. Richard, T. Sarro, S. Wolf, T. Hurley,
D. Morrison, and R. Parks. Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3138. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981. 464p.
ABSTRACT; This report describes a data base which was developed to provide
access to information relating to the environmental effects of stationary
conventional process (SCCP) sources. SCCP emission stream characteristics
which influence or affect the amount of noncriteria pollutants released to
107
-------
the environment are evaluated. The noncriteria pollutants investigated
include benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and the following trace elements: beryllium,
cadmium, chromium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and
vanadium. Nationwide emission totals of noncriteria pollutants from all
SCCP sources are presented. Available control systems are discussed and
assessed in relation to cost and control efficiency for noncriteria
pollutants. Existing methods for rating uncertainty in emission factors are
evaluated.
74. Radian Corporation. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Nickel. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment
No. 22. Durham, NC, November 1983. 166p.
ABSTRACT: The report serves as a primer to inform air pollution personnel
about (1) the types of sources that emit nickel; (2) process variations and
release points that may be expected within these sources; and (3) available
emissions information indicating the potential for nickel or nickel
compounds to be released into the air from each operation. The report
provides a brief summary of the physical and chemical characteristics of
nickel, its commonly occurring forms, and an overview of its production and
uses. Major industrial source categories discharging nickel and nickel
compounds are discussed. For each source category, example process
descriptions and flow diagrams are given, potential emission points are
identified, and available emission factor estimates are presented showing
potential nickel emissions before and after controls employed by industry.
Available procedures for source sampling and analysis of nickel are
summarized.
75. Radian Corporation. Estimates of Population Exposure to Ambient
Chromium Emissions. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, Work
Assignment No. 2. Durham, NC, August 1983. 184p.
ABSTRACT; The report summarizes the results of a study estimating the
potential levels of human exposure to average annual atmospheric
concentrations of chromium in the U. S. The major source categories
assessed in the report include steel manufacturing, ferrochromium
manufacturing, refractory manufacturing, chromium chemicals manufacturing,
coal and oil combustion, sewage sludge and municipal refuse incineration,
cement manufacturing, chromium ore refining, and cooling towers. The
potential national population exposure to chromium was determined using the
U. S. EPA Human Exposure Model (HEM). The appendices include a description
of the Human Exposure Model (HEM), an evaluation of the source category data
for the HEM analysis, and a listing of total chromium concentrations
measured in the ambient air of the U. S. during 1977-1980.
108
-------
76. Tiernan, T. 0., M. L. Taylor, J. H. Garrett, 6. F. Van Ness,
J. G. Solch, D. A. Deis, and D. J. Wage!. Chlorobenzodioxins,
Chlorodibenzofurans and Related Compounds in the Effluents from
Combustion Processes. Chemosphere, 12(4-5): 595-606, 1983.
ABSTRACT; This paper describes a study to determine the magnitude of
CDDs/CDFs emissions from refuse-fueled incinerators. This study involved
measuring the entire series of CDOs/CDFs, as well as determinations of
related compounds, including chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes, and
polychlorinated biphenyls, which may be involved in the formation of
CDDs/CDFs under pyrolysis conditions. This paper also reports the results
of determinations of CDDs/CDFs in the products from incineration of waste
products and compares these with the distribution observed in the waste
chemical formulations burned. Finally, initial results obtained in the
determination of CDDs/CDFs (and TCDDs in particular) formed in the
laboratory pyrolysis of pine wood, in the presence and absence of a chlorine
source, are described. (10 references, 11 tables, 4 figures.)
77. GCA Corporation. Survey of Cadmium Emission Sources.
EPA-450/3-81-013. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1981. 157p.
ABSTRACT; The report presents data describing the uses of cadmium,
potential sources of cadmium emissions, control techniques, estimated
controlled and uncontrolled cadmium emissions, estimated ambient air
quality, and compliance status. The results of special dispersion modeling
are presented for incineration, interaction of smelters, and for interaction
of sources in the New York City - New Jersey area.
78. Hardy, E. R. Phosgene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 17. John Wiley & Sons, N.ew York,
NY, 1982, pp. 416-425.
ABSTRACT; This article discusses the chemical and physical properties of
phosgene, its manufacture, and its major uses. It also describes analytical
and test methods, storage and handling procedures, and health and safety
factors, including waste disposal. (81 references, 2 tables.)
79. Byers, R. L. and T. L. Gage. Multicyclones for Control of Petroleum
Coke Emissions. Chemical Engineering Progress, 77(12): 45-51, 1981.
ABSTRACT; This paper presents the results of both a pilot plant study and
the performance of a full scale multicyclone unit. The pilot plant tests
show that overall mass collection efficiencies as high as 86 percent can be
achieved at particulate concentrations ranging from 0.15 to 0.27 gr/dscf
(0.35 to 0.62 g/m ) with mass median particle diameter ranging from 2.5 to
109
-------
1.7. Corresponding levels of efficiency were achieved by a full-scale unit
operating on similar participate emission characteristics. Plume opacities
from the full-scale multicyclone stack ranged from 0-15 percent.
(1 reference, 4 tables, 8 figures.)
80. Lebowitz, H. E., S. S. Tarn, G. R. Smithson, Jr., H. Nack, J. H. Oxley.
Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Extraction and Processing of
Coal and Oil. EPA-650/2-75-038. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1975. 162p.
ABSTRACT; The report lists potentially hazardous materials which may be
associated with the air, water, and solid waste from a refinery, a coke
plant, a Lurgi high-Btu gas process, and the solvent refined coal process.
Fugitive loss was identified as the major emissions source in the refinery,
although its composition 1s difficult to quantify. Coking is the most
offensive of the four processes assessed. Coal gasification may produce
materials as dangerous as those from the coke plant, but the former may
probably be more contained than coke oven emissions. The environmental
impact of coal liquefaction is not well defined; however, liquefaction
products will probably be more hazardous than crude oil products! and their
refining and utilization will be worse offenders than corresponding
petroleum operations.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes data on air emissions from the production
of acrylic acid. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide are
emitted from various operations. Hydrocarbon emissions consist of
acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, acrolein, acrylic acid, benzene, phenol,
propane, propylene and other materials. To assess the environmental impact
of this industry, source severity was defined as the ratio of the
time-averaged maximum ground level concentration of a pollutant from a
representative plant to the ambient air quality standard {for criteria
pollutants) or to a reduced threshold limit value (for noncriteria
pollutants). Source severities were not greater than 1.0 for any criteria
or noncriteria pollutant. Emissions from acrylic acid plants are not
expected to increase in the future as plants are installing incinerators on
new plants to control emissions. (68 references, 21 tables, 4 figures.)
82. Carotti, A. A. and E. R. Kaiser. Concentrations of Twenty Gaseous
Chemical Species in the Flue Gas of a Municipal Incinerator. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control Association, 22(4): 248-253, 1972.
ABSTRACT: Ten tests over a period of six months were conducted at the
incinerator plant of the Town of Babylon, Long Island, N.Y. Some of the
gaseous chemical species which were collected and analyzed were nitrogen
dioxide, acid gases and mists, aldehydes, ketones, sulfur dioxide,
hydrocarbons, and phosgene. Scrubber efficiencies were recorded via
chloride and hydrogen ion measurements of the collected samples. (5
references, 5 tables, 3 figures).
110
-------
83. Barrett, R. E., P. R. Webb, E. E. Riley, and A. R. Trenholm.
Effectiveness of a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Controlling POM
Emissions from Coke Oven Door Leakage. In: Proceedings of the Air
Pollution Control Association, 71st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, June
25-30, 1978. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1978.
Volume 1, Paper 78-9.3. 16p.
ABSTRACT; This paper describes results of a coke oven emission measurement
program which was conducted as part of the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency's overall program to develop emission factors and emission standards
for various industrial processes. The prime objective of this program was
the measurement of emissions arising from door leakage during the coking
cycle. POM concentrations were measured at the inlet and outlet of a wet
electrostatic precipitator (WESP) used to remove pollutants from a coke oven
shed exhaust stream, and control device efficiency was determined for total
POM, and for 17 specific POM species. (11 references, 5 tables, 2 figures.)
84. McElroy, A. D. and F. D. Shobe. Source Category Survey: Secondary
Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry. EPA-450/3-80-012. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
61p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes the results of a survey of the secondary
zinc smelting and refining industry to determine the probable impact of the
development of new source performance standards under Section 111 of the
Clean Air Act. This industry recovers zinc as metallic zinc, zinc dust,
zinc oxide, or zinc alloys from scrap by melting or distillation processes.
However, primary zinc smelters and refinerers, who process zinc from ore,
were excluded, even though they also process scrap to recover zinc.
Information was gathered by collecting process, emission, and economic data
from literature- searches; contacting air pollution control agencies, other
government agencies, industry representatives, and trade associations; and
visiting a secondary zinc plant. The report describes the industry,
projects production and capacity to 1989, and describes industry processes,
actual and allowable air emissions, and emission control systems. State and
local emission regulations are compared and the probable impact of a new
source performance standard is assessed.
85. Jenkins, R. A., S. K. White, W. H. Griest, and M. R. Guerin. Chemical
Characterization of the Smokes of Selected U. S. Commercial Cigarettes:
Tar, Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrogen Cyanide,
and Acrolein (32 Brands). ORNL/TM-8749. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, TN, May 1983. 44p.
ABSTRACT; Thirty-two brands of U. S. commercial cigarettes were analyzed for
their deliveries of tar, nicotine, CO, C02, HCN, NO , and acrolein under
standard smoking conditions. Per cigarette and per puff deliveries were
calculated. The sample suite contained filtered and nonfiltered cigarettes.
The range of deliveries of these constituents was considered. Statistical
111
-------
analysis indicated that the deliveries of nicotine, CO, NO , and HCN could
usually be estimated to within 50 percent of their actual aelivery if the
tar delivery was known. However, brand to brand variation in the
constituent ratios was sufficient so as to preclude the exact calculation of
the delivery of one component from that of another.
86. Menzies, K. T., K. J. Beltis, P. L. Levins, L. H. Sadowski, and
B. A. Workman. In-Mine Measurement of Reactive Diesel Exhaust
Contaminants. BUMINES-OFR-198-82. Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC,
September 1980. 151p.
ABSTRACT; This report documents laboratory and in-mine analyses of diesel
exhaust pollutants carried out to assess the fate of potentially reactive
species in a mine environment. Specifically, the concentration of stable
compounds including nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
aldehydes, formaldehyde, acrolein, formic acid, odorants, particulates,
soluble sulfates, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were determined.
The concentration and mass emission rates of these compounds were measured
in the laboratory under three engine speeds and load conditions and with
three exhaust control conditions.
87. Carey, P. M. Mobile Source Emissions of Formaldehyde-and Other
Aldehydes. EPA/AA/CTAB/PA/81-11. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, May 1981. 37p.
ABSTRACT; The available vehicular aldehyde studies were summarized in an
attempt to characterize aldehyde emissions from motor vehicles. Topics
covered in these studies include aldehyde emission factors for unmodified
and malfunction vehicle engine configurations, effects of fuel, mileage
accumulation and temperature variations, and aldehyde emissions from
diesel-equipped vehicles equipped with prototype light-duty diesel
oxidation catalysts. Thus, it was possible to obtain aldehyde data for
standard conditions and for a variety of operating conditions. The Federal
test procedure (FTP) was used for the light-duty vehicles and the 13-mode
test procedure for the heavy duty engines. The 2, 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine
(DNPH) procedure was used for the sampling and analysis of the aldehydes.
This procedure is discussed in the Appendix. In addition to aldehydes, the
DNPH procedure detects two ketones, methyl ethylketone and acetone.
Methyl ethylketone measurements are not included in this report. However,
acetone and two aldehydes, acrolein and propionaldehyde, are reported
together as acetone since they are not resolved from each other under normal
gas chromatographic operation conditions. The term "total aldehydes" as
used in this report includes the acetone measurements.
112
-------
88. Springer, K. J. Baseline Exhaust Emissions from U. S. Army M54A2 Lds
465 Powered Five-Ton Trucks. SWR1-AR-690. Southwest Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX, April 1969. 45p.
ABSTRACT; Baseline exhaust emissions data were obtained as part of a 20,000
mile test of lube oils in four M54A2 five-ton Army trucks powered by the LDS
465 turbocharged, four-cycle, compression ignition engine. These emissions
include odor, smoke and chemical/instrumental measurements of total nitric
oxide, total aliphatic aldehydes, formaldehyde, acrolein and sulfur dioxide
using the latest techniques available. Power checks as well as emissions
were obtained at the beginning, end, and at about 6,500 and 12,000 mile
duration. The effects of vehicle operating condition and test mileage are
presented as part of the analysis of the results. Typical data for two
widely used, commercial truck-tractors powered by four-cycle, naturally
aspirated and turbocharged engines are indicated to place the military truck
emissions in perspective. Limited back-to-back type operation of two
vehicles on a commercial barium smoke suppressant fuel additive was
conducted periodically and the constant and transient smoke results are
presented. In addition to summary and conclusions, recommendations are made
to learn more about exhaust emissions from vehicles in the current and
future Army inventory.
89. Pelizzari, E. D. Quantification of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in
Previously Collected Air Samples. EPA-450/3-78-112. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1978. 151p.
ABSTRACT; Selected "volatile" chlorinated hydrocarbons were quantified in
more than 250 ambient air samples from 28 U. S. cities representing 10
states. Examination of the data reveals that their occurrence in the
atmosphere may be regarded as either ubiquitous or site specific.- Some of
the representative ubiquitous halogenated compounds are methylene chloride,
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, 1,1-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane,
trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, tetrachloroethylene, dichlorobenzene
isomers, and methyl chloroform.
90. Wei land, J. H. Control of Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining.
In: Symposium on Fugitive Emissions Measurement and Control, Hartford,
CT, May 17-19, 1976. EPA-600/2-76-246. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1976. 8p.
ABSTRACT: In this paper, fugitive emissions are defined as any emissions
which are not released through a stack or duct. Under this definition,
volatile hydrocarbons are the primary fugitive emissions of concern in
petroleum refining. This paper reviews some of the emission sources,
discusses briefly the emission factors that are commonly used to attempt to
get some fix on these emissions, and then describes some of the control
methods that may be used.
113
-------
91. Krieve, W. F. and J. M. Bell. Charged Droplet Scrubber for Fine
Particle Control: Pilot Demonstration. EPA-600/2-76-249b, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1976. 88p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a successful Charged Droplet Scrubber
(CDS) pilot demonstration of coke oven emissions control. It also describes
the design, installation, and checkout of the demonstration system. The CDS
uses electrically sprayed water droplets, accelerated through an electric
field, to remove particulate material from a gas stream. The pilot
demonstration was a continuation of laboratory and bench scale studies for
application of the CDS to fine particle control. The pilot demonstration
included, in addition to the CDS, the ducting, flow transitions, and blower
necessary to circulate process gas through the CDS. The test was performed
at the Kaiser Steel Company coke oven facility, Fontana, California. A
large fraction of the coke oven emissions were submicron and composed of
carbon particles and hydrocarbon aerosol. After the system checkout was
completed, during which CDS operating parameters were established, the
demonstration test series was performed. Results of the demonstration test
indicate that the CDS is an effective pollution control device for
controlling coke oven stack emissions.
92. Bee, R. W., G. Erskine, R. B. Shaller, R. W. Spewak, and A. Wallo, III.
Coke Oven Charging Emission Control Test Program. Volume I.
EPA-650/2-74-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1974. 181p.
ABSTRACT: The report summarizes results of a coke oven charging emission
control test program conducted at the P4 Batter of the Jones and Laugh!in
Pittsburgh Works between April 1971 and May 1974; actual field testing was
between May and August 1973. Objectives of the test program were to
quantify atmospheric pollutants resulting from the coking process, charging
operation; to provide a comparative evaluation of a pollution abatement
system (an improved design larry car versus an existing larry car); and to
determine the feasibility of a compliance monitoring system concept based on
optical measurement. All program objectives were accomplished; emission
characteristics of the charging operation were defined in terms of both
gases and particulates released to the atmosphere. Emissions were also
defined from leaking seals on the pushed side doors of the oven. Several
pertinent conclusions were also developed relating to coke oven emission
measurement technology.
93. Coke Oven Air and Water Pollution. 1970 - July 1982 (Citations from
the Engineering Index Data Base). PB82-811076. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA, August 1982. 234p.
ABSTRACT: Monitoring, sampling, analyzing, transport properties, and
control of emissions and effluents are cited in this compilation from
worldwide journals. Pollutants described are sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, ammonia, phenols, benzopyrene, particulates and other trace
114
-------
elements and compounds. Process and equipment modifications, such as
pipeline charging, wet and dry quenching, retrofitting, and oven leakage
preventives are included. (This updated bibliography contains 227
citations, 17 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)
94. National Research Council. Kepone/Mirex/Hexachlorochloro-
cyclopentadiene: An Environmental Assessment. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1978. 84p.
ABSTRACT; This report's assessment of the scientific and technical
knowledge about the effects of Kepone, Mi rex, and Hex as environmental
pollutants is based primarily on two literature surveys prepared for the
EPA's Office of Research and Development by Battelle Columbus Laboratories
and the Stanford Research Institute. The principal findings and research
needs arising from the panel's assessment are summarized. Documentation for
the findings can be found in the body of the report as noted parenthetically
after each finding. The list of research needs identifies areas where more
knowledge is needed before a truly comprehensive assessment of the effects
of Kepone, Mi rex, and Hex can be made.
95. Roundbehler, D. P. and J. Fajen. Survey for N-Nitroso Compounds at
A. C. Lawrence Tannery, S. Paris, Maine. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 29p.
ABSTRACT: An industrial hygiene survey was conducted at A. C. Lawrence
Tannery (SIC-3111) in South Paris, Maine on April 11 and 13 and June 1, 1978
to determine work exposure to N-nitroso compounds. Nitrosodimethylamine
(62759) (NDMA) was found in all air samples taken inside the facility and
ranged from nondetectable outside the facility to 47 raicrograms per cubic
meter at the retanning area. The average atmospheric NDMA concentration was
13 micrograms/cu m. Several samples also contained unreported -
concentrations of N-nitrosomorpholine (59892). The author recommends that
this tannery be reexamined and other tanneries be surveyed to determine an
industry profile.
96. Timm, C. M. Sampling Survey Related to Possible Emission of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from the Incineration of Domestic
Refuse. PB-251 285. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago,
IL, November 1975. 53p.
ABSTRACT; During the three-week period October 20-November 7, 1975, ambient
and stack sampling for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were conducted at a
domestic incinerator in an effort to quantify the levels of PCB emissions
associated with the incineration of domestic refuse. The stack sampling was
performed at an incinerator equipped with an electrostatic precipitator
using a modified EPA Method 5 sampling train. Xylene was used as the
115
-------
solvent for any gaseous PCBs present in the effluent. Ambient sampling was
conducted, upwind and downwind of the incinerator, using hexane as the
solvent in duplicate sets of three impingers in series. The following
conclusions were drawn: the particulate emissions contained PCBs, but, the
amount emitted did not result in a measurable increase in existing ambient
levels of PCB; the presence of PCBs in the vapor state could not be
established because of contamination in the xylene used as the solvent; and
the use of hexane as the absorbing reagent was appropriate for ambient
sampling.
97. Schwartz, W. A., F. B. Higgins, Jr., J. A. Lee, R. B. Morris, and R.
Newrith, Engineering and Cost Study of Air Pollution Control for the
Petrochemical Industry. Volume 7: Phthalic Anhydride Manufacture from
Ortho-xylene. EPA-450/3-73-006g. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 108p.
ABSTRACT; This document is one of a series prepared for the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to assist it in determining those petrochemical
processes for which standards should be promulgated. A total of nine
petrochemicals produced by twelve distinctly different processes has been
selected for this type of in-depth study. A combination of expert knowledge
and an industry survey was used to select these processes. This volume
covers the manufacture of phthalic anhydride from ortho-xylene. Included is
a process and industry description, an engineering description of available
emission control systems, the cost of these systems, and the financial
impact of emission control on the industry. Also presented are suggested
air episode procedures and plant inspection procedures.
98. Process Research, Inc. Air Pollution from Chlorination Processes.
APTD-1110. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
March 1972. 172p.
ABSTRACT; Industrial use of chlorine is growing at a rapid rate. About
3.0 percent of the total is used for water sanitation and 16.0 percent is
consumed in the pulp and paper industry. The balance of 81.0 percent is
used in the production of chlorinated hydrocarbon products. Because of the
apparent potential for atmospheric pollution with chlorine, hydrochloric
acid and various hydrocarbon compounds, a survey of the processes employed
for the production of 16 most important chlorinated hydrocarbon products was
undertaken. Past, present, and projected production figures for these
materials are shown and an analysis of processes is reported. The sixteen
major products studied include: carbon tetrachloride; chloroform;
epichlorohydrin; ethyl chloride; 1,2-dichloroethane; ally! chloride;
hydrogen chloride; methyl chloride; methylene chloride; monochlorobenzene;
phosgene; propylene oxide; tetrachloroethylene; 1,1,1-trichloroethane;
1,1,2-trichloroethylene; and vinyl chloride.
116
-------
99. Proceedings: First Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution Abatement
Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30-November 1, 1979.
EPA-600/9-80-012, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. 513p.
The symposium was organized into air, water, and SDlids sessions. Air
pollution topics included: emission standards, assessment of coke quench
tower and byproduct recovery plant emissions, sealing of coke-oven doors,
volatilization of hydrocarbons in steel rolling operations, development of a
coke-oven air pollution control cost-effectiveness model, control of sinter
plant emissions utilizing recirculation of windbox gases, estimating
fugitive contributions to ambient particulate levels near steel mills,
foreign technology for BOF fugitive emission control, and fugitive
particulate emission factors for BOF operations. Water topics included
emission standards, total recycle of water in integrated steel mills, use of
spent pickle liquor in municipal sewage treatment, physical/chemical
treatment of steel plant wastewaters using mobile pilot units, foreign
technology for controlling coke plant and blast furnace wastewaters, and
formation and structure of water-formed scales. Solid waste topics included
emissions standards, environmental and resource conservation considerations
of steel industry solid waste, and de-oiling and utilization of mill scale.
100. Hoffman, A. 0., A. T. Hopper, and R. L. Paul. Development and
Demonstration of Concepts for Improving Coke-Oven Door Seals.
EPA-600/2-82-066. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, April 1982. 112p.
ABSTRACT: The report discusses the design, laboratory scale tests,
construction, and field tests of an improved metal-to-metal seal for
coke-oven end doors. Basic features of the seal are: high-strength
temperature-resistant steel capable of three times the deflection of current
seals without permanent deformation; no backup springs and plungers and the
attendant requirement for manual inservice adjustments; seal installed to
conform to the jamb profile; seal lip height reduced to give eight times the
inplane flexibility; and compatibility with existing coke batteries and door
handling machines.
101. Mutchler, J. E., T. A. Loch, F. I. Cooper, and J. L. Vecchio. Source
Testing of a Stationary Coke-Side Enclosure. Great Lakes Carbon
Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri Plant. Volume I. EPA-340/l-77-014a.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, August 1977.
120p.
ABSTRACT; This report summarizes a study of coke-side emissions at three
coke-oven batteries producing foundry coke at Great Lakes Carbon Corporation
(GLC) in St. Louis, Missouri. Of the three batteries, the south battery "A"
is equipped with the coke-side shed. The center battery "B" and the north
battery "C" were not equipped with a functional shed at the time of the
117
-------
study. Objectives of this study were to develop: (1) basic engineering data
concerning process emissions, fugitive emissions from the shed, capture
efficiency of the shed, and quantity and characteristics of contaminants
present in the shed exhaust; (2) other basic engineering data for
specification of future retrofitted control devices for specification of
future retrofitted control devices for removal of air contaminants in the
shed exhaust; and (3) correlations to relate these measurements to process
conditions.
102. Mobley, C. E., A. 0. Hoffman, and H. W. Lownie. Sealing Coke-Oven
Charging Lids, Chuck Doors, and Standpipe Elbow Covers: Survey of
Current U. S. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-058. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1977. 21p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a survey of the current U. S.
state-of-the-art approach and methodology for sealing coke-oven charging
lids, chuck doors, and standpipe elbow covers. The study was part of the
program "Technical Support for U. S./U.S.S.R Task Force on Abatement of Air
Pollution from the Iron and Steel Industry." The survey concluded that:
(1) seals associated with coke-oven charging lids, chuck doors, and •
standpipe elbows covers are all metal-to-metal contact; (2) charging lids
and standpipe elbow covers are typically flat, tapered, or shouldered
surface contacts, but chuck-door seals are similar to end-closure door seals
(i.e., metal strips pressured against a flat metal surface); (3) oven
designers indicate that all three components should provide an
emission-proof seal, if properly cleaned and maintained; and (4) U. S. coke
plant operations augment the inherent seal of these components with luting
mud, slurries, and/or gaskets. The study did not develop data relating the
extent and type of emissions from these components.
103. Lownie, Jr., H. W. and A. 0. Hoffman. Study of Concepts for-Minimizing
Emissions from Coke-Oven Seals. EPA-650/2-75-064. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975.
235p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a study aimed at minimizing emissions
from coke-oven door seals. It identifies problems associated with the
sealing of slot-type coke oven and closures, and quantifies them to a
limited degree by test results presented in the report. It analyzes
coke-oven door sealing systems -- those which have been developed in the
past, as well as those currently in use — with respect to individual
strengths and weaknesses. It develops and critically analyzes concepts to
improve the seal design, and recommends the development of the two most
favorable concepts.
118
-------
104. McClelland, R. 0. Coke Oven Smokeless Pushing System Design Manual.
EPA-650/2-74-076. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 56p.
ABSTRACT: The report describes the design and operation of a system to
eliminate atmospheric emissions during the pushing of coke from the 45-oven
A-battery at Ford Motor Co.'s Rouge Plant in Dearborn, Michigan. The
10-year-old A-battery consists of 45 13-ft high ovens, each producing 12
tons of blast furnace coke at a gross coking time of 18 hours with a "push"
scheduled each 15 minutes. The Coke Guide Fume Hood, where the entire coke
guide is enclosed with a hood that extends out over the quench car, was used
to eliminate the pushing emissions. Prior to the push, the hood is
connected to a stationary fume main that is under partial vacuum; the hot
coke emissions generated during the push are conveyed to a high-energy
wet-type gas scrubber where the gas stream is cleaned before being emitted
to the atmosphere. Clearances between the hood and quench car are held to a
minimum to provide sufficient indraft velocities to overcome normal lateral
wind effects.
105. Bee, R. W. and R. W. Spewak. Coke Oven Charging Emission Control Test
Program. Supplemental Observations. EPA-650/2-74-062a. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1974. 120p.
ABSTRACT; The report compares operational information for two coke charging
cars operating to reduce charging emissions from the Brown's Island battery
of National Steel's Weirton Steel Division with that for a larry car
developed jointly by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. A direct comparison is made in areas
where similarities between the two designs is strong; in areas with
contrasting features or procedures, their success is reported relative to
design intent and the EPA objectives. Facts presented by the report
originated in three areas: a description of the Weirton coking system,
including oven configuration, larry car operation, and general coke oven
charging procedures; observation of the two Weirton larry cars during coal
charging operation; and interviews with coke plant personnel responsible for
operating the larry cars.
106. Stoltz, J. J. Coke Charging Pollution Control Demonstration.
EPA-650/2-74-022. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, March 1974. 327p.
ABSTRACT: The report gives results of demonstrating a coke oven charging
system designed to reduce emissions sufficiently to both meet future air
pollution control requirements and improve the environment on top of the
battery for operating personnel. The work included detailed engineering,
construction, and testing of a prototype system on an existing battery with
a single gas collecting main. The demonstration showed that, although
119
-------
emissions were reduced significantly, the system must be modified with a
double gas off-take to satisfy air pollution control requirements. The
system can be applied to new batteries or to existing batteries where a
double gas off-take exists or can be obtained by such means as a second
collecting main or jumper pipes.
107. Wittman, S., B. Arnold, W. Downs, and P. Smith. A Selected
Bibliography of Public Information Materials about Polychlorinated
Biphenyls (PCBs). NOAA-81041303. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Rockville, MD, February 1981. 16p.
ABSTRACT: This annotated bibliography of PCB-related publications was
compiled as a public information service by the communications staff of the
University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute. These materials are grouped by
agencies and organizations and are divided into two categories: brochures,
articles and pamphlets for the general public, and more technical
publications that provide in-depth background information on the subject.
Al the materials described in this booklet are currently available from the
organizations listed.
108. Collins, P. F., and G. F. Hunt. Evaluation of PCB Destruction
Efficiency in an Industrial Boiler: Audit Report. EPA-600/2-81-055B,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1981. 35p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of systems audits and an evaluation of
the quality of data obtained by GM and GCA in the analysis of a test burn
oil for PCB conducted by Research Triangle Institute. Audits included
inspection of documentation and records, discussion of analytical
methodology and data with personnel of the organization being audited, and
independent data reduction. The analytical data reported by GM and GCA were
subsequently confirmed by separate analyses by the EPA's Health Effects
Research Laboratory (RTP) and are reported in Appendix A.
109. Ackerman, D. G., L. L. Scinto, P. S. Bakshi, R. G. Delumyea, and R. J.
Johnson. Guidelines for the Disposal of PCBs (Polychlorinated
Biphenyls) and PCB Items by Thermal Destruction. EPA-600/2-81-022.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
February 1981. 319p.
ABSTRACT; The report is a resource and guidelines document to aid the EPA
Regional Offices in interpreting and applying polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)
regulations to the thermal destruction of PCBs. As background material, the
report describes fundamental processes of combustion, thermal destruction
systems, sampling and analysis methodology, and flame chemistry relative to
PCB incineration. Administrative considerations, including public
involvement, are discussed. Detailed guidelines on the evaluation of Annex
I incinerators, high efficiency boilers, and the several stages of the
approval process are presented and discussed.
120
-------
110. Flynn, N. W. *nd C. D. Wolbach. Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs) and PCB-Contaminated Materials. Volume 4: Test Incineration of
Electrical Capacitors Containing PCBs. EPRI-FP-1207(V.4). Electric
Power Institute, Palo Alto, CA, September 1980. 152p.
ABSTRACT: This report presents the results of a trial burn conducted at the
Energy Systems Company (ENSCO) located in El Dorado, Arkansas in order to
determine whether liquid PCBs and shredded electronic capacitors could be
incinerated in accordance with the recent the EPA rules and regulations
published in the Federal Register (40 CFR Part 761, Vol. 44, No. 106,
pp. 31513-31568, May 31, 1979). Based on the results of this trial burn,
PCBs were not detected in the stack effluent, the scrubber liquor effluent,
or the recycled scrubber liquor from the sludge lagoon. PCBs were detected
in the ash effluent from the rotary kiln and were less than 550 ppm, the
lower limit at which PCBs are regulated by the EPA. A discussion is given
of problems associated with the EPA perchlorination procedure for analyzing
PCBs.
111. Junk, G. A. and C. S. Ford. Review of Organic Emissions from Selected
Combustion Processes. IS-4727. U. S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, May 1980. 50p.
ABSTRACT; The 309 organic compounds reported in the literature as emissions
from selected combustion processes are tabulated, with 109 originating from
coal combustion, 213 from waste incineration, and 69 from coal/refuse
combustion. The largest percentage of components have been reported to be
present in the grate ash from coal combustion, in the stack emissions from
waste incineration, and in the fly ash from coal/refuse combustion.
Quantitative data for specific compounds are very incomplete, even for the
more common components such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and
polychlorinated biphenyls.
112. Ackerman, D., J. Clausen, A. Grant. R. Johnson, and C. Shih.
Destroying Chemical Wastes in Commercial Scale Incinerators.
EPA-530/SW-155c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, 1978. 130p.
ABSTRACT: The report summarizes the results of a Phase II test program
demonstrating the effectiveness of thermal destruction of industrial wastes
in commercial scale facilities. Phase I was a study effort to select and
match suitable wastes and destruction facilities, and to develop a set of
detailed facility test plans. Phase II evaluated the environmental,
technical, and economic feasibility of thermally destroying 14 selected
industrial wastes in seven different existing commercial scale processing
facilities. Results indicated that each of the wastes tested can be
thermally destroyed at high efficiencies. Separate detailed reports
published for each facility test series conducted and the two-volume Phase I
report are listed in the references.
121
-------
113. Ackerman, D.» J. Clausen, A. Grant, R. Tobias, and C. Zee. Destroying
Chemical Wastes in Commercial Scale Incinerators. Facility Report
No. 6. Rollins Environmental Service, Inc., Deer Park, TX.
EPA/SW-122C.5. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
1977. 173p.
ABSTRACT: Incineration tests were conducted at Rollins Environmental
Services, Inc., Deer Park, Texas, to determine the effectiveness of
thermally destroying two selected industrial wastes: PCB-containing
capacitors and nitrochlorobenzene waste (NCB). Analysis of combustion gas
samples indicated destruction efficiencies of over 99.999 percent for each
waste constituent. Some PCBs were detected in the ash when whole capacitors
were incinerated in the rotary kiln, but not when hammermilled capacitors
were burned. Standard EPA Method 5 tests were performed on stack emissions
to determine particulate loading and composition. Estimated costs to
hammermin and incinerate 5000 metric tons of waste capacitors per year is
$3.65 capital investment and an operating cost of $751/metric ton. Cost of
incinerating 4540 metric tons/year of NCB was estimated to be $2.82 million
capital and $283/metric ton operating costs.
114. Compliance Status of Major Air Pollution Facilities. EPA-340/1-76-010.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, December 1976.
586p.
ABSTRACT; The information listed in this report was produced by the U. S.
tnvironmental Protection Agency's Compliance Data System (CDS) which is
operated and maintained by the Agency's regional offices and the Office of
Enforcement in headquarters. The facilities listed do not represent a
complete listing of all facilities subject to federally-approved or
promulgated air pollution regulations but do represent a reasonably complete
listing of large sources identified to date by the States and the EPA.
There are three parts to this listing: major air pollution facil-ities
subject to state implementation plan (SIP) requirements; air pollution
facilities subject to Federal new source performance standards (NSPS); and
air pollution facilities subject to Federal hazardous pollutant emission
requirements (NESHAPS).
115. Goldberg, A. J. A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and
Other Pollutants. EPA-R4-73-021. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, February 1973. 185p.
ABSTRACT; A preliminary analysis was undertaken to prepare a control
technology development plant for air pollution problems facing industry. A
literature search was completed (with 144 references) to estimate toxicity
levels of 18 pollutants, and the magnitude of emissions from industrial
emitter types or classes of emitting processes. A review of control methods
organized by pollutants as well as industry, offensive trades (animal
processing), food industry (brewery and cannery), chemical industry (paint
122
-------
and rubber), metal" industry (foundry and metal coating), other (paper
textile, cement, etc.) is included. Minimum controls were often reported
where sites were remote to populated areas. Emission hazard data is
presented in 14 tables and appendices. Flow charts indicate emission
allocations in major areas of processing. Identification and emission
points are shown for principal emitting processes. The survey recommends
that new R and D should focus on control of nonferrous emitters, heat and
energy generating sources, open mining milling and materials handling as
well as several lesser industrial sources, particularly those emitting large
amounts of fine particulate material (less than 2 micron diameter
particles).
116. Chlorine and Air Pollution: An Annotated Bibliography. AP-99. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1971.
108p.
ABSTRACT; A compilation of approximately 162 abstracts of documents and
articles on chlorine is presented. These abstracts cover the following
categories of air pollution information: emission sources; atmospheric
interaction; measurement methods; control methods; effects-human health;
effects-plants and livestock; effects-materials; air quality measurement;
standards and criteria; basic science and technology.
117. Troxler, W. L., C. S. Parmele, D. A. Barton, and F. D. Hobbs. Survey
of Industrial Applications of Vapor-Phase Activated-Carbon Adsorption
for Control of Pollutant Compounds from Manufacture of Organic
Compounds. EPA-600/2-83-035. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, April 1983. 53p.
ABSTRACT: This study covers industrial use of activated carbon for
vapor-phase applications. A listing of over 700 applications of vapor-phase
carbon systems is made available for use in identifying sites where a given
compound is being removed.
118. Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Noyes Data
Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1981. 729p.
ABSTRACT: This handbook provides brief information on physical properties,
potential exposures, permissible exposure limits in air and water,
determination in air and water, routes of entry, harmful effects and
symptoms, and safety and handling procedures for a large number of
chemicals.
123
-------
119. Price J. H. and J. 0. Ledbetter. The Comparative Cost Effectiveness of
Reducing Public Exposure to Carcinogens by Abating Chemical Plant
Emissions. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
76th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, June 19-24, 1983. Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983. Paper 83-6.4. 15p. (10
references, 3 tables.)
ABSTRACT; This study examines the feasibility and cost effectiveness of
reducing public exposure to carcinogens by reducing carcinogenic emissions
from existing chemical plant vents. These costs are compared to those of
controls typically applied to new sources of VOC emissions and to those of
reducing public exposure to carcinogens through air, food, or drinking
water. This study was conducted in Harris County, Texas, which contains the
City of Houston, because: (1) it contained many synthetic organic chemical
plants with large production capacities; (2) emission inventory data were
available on chemical plant vents; (3) county population distribution data
were available. (10 references, 3 tables)
120. Nagda, N. L., D. J. Pelton, and J. L. Swift. Emission Factors and
Emission Inventories for Carcinogenic Substances. In: Proceedings of
the Air Pollution Control Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati,
OH, June 24-29, 1979. APCA, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper 79-3.1. 15p.
ABSTRACT; This study reports on the estimation of emissions from point and
area sources in the Detroit metropolitan area for certain carcinogens--
benzo-a-pyrene, nickel, and trichloroethylene. Emission-factor information
for such substances is scarce. This study combines information available
from several sources and converts such information into a standard format
consistent with Michigan Department of Natural Resources data system.
Emissions are estimated based on these emission factors, plant operating
data, and control efficiency considerations. An indirect validation of the
inventories based on these emission factors, plant operating data, and
control efficiency considerations. An indirect validation of the
inventories based on dispersion modeling studies and comparison with air
quality data shows good results. These first-generation estimates on
community exposure to carcinogens have been useful as input to a followup
epidemiologic study of the area. (11 references, 3 tables, 5 figures.)
121. Jonsson, J. Trends of Fume Control for Iron and Steel Industry -
Current and Future. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979.
Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper
79-32.2. 15p.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes several methods which are presently used for
fume capture - direct extraction, full roof hood, side draft hood, canopy
hood - none of which are universally satisfactory. The author contends that
a combination of canopy hood with direct extraction is probably the best
solution today. The author envisions that future fume control systems will
form an integral part of the furnace itself, without interference with
metallurgical performance. Two recent Swedish installations, which are good
examples of modern, integrated fume control systems, are described. (12
figures)
124
-------
122. Hendriks, R. V., A. H. Laube, and H. J. Griffin. Organic Air Emissions
from Coke Quench Towers. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979.
Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper
79-39.1. 16p.
ABSTRACT; This paper presents the results of a 1977 field study, which was
undertaken to define quench tower organic emissions. Sufficient stack
samples were taken under controlled conditions of coke and quench water
quality to provide a statistically confident basis for emission factor
determination. The collected samples were subjected to extensive organic
chemical analysis for identification and quantification of similar
functional groups and selected individual compounds known or expected to be
carcinogenic. Fifty-three different organic compounds were found in the
quench tower emissions; seven of these were found in sufficient quantity to
be considered potential health hazards. The use of wastewater from other
coke plant sources for quenching greatly increased the organic load when
compared to quenching with river water. Although the water itself was the
principal source of organic emissions, the coke also appeared to contribute.
Since the majority of organics detected were either gaseous or associated
with small particles, they contributed to ambient air contamination beyond
plant boundaries. This information provides a basis for developing a
control strategy and control technology for the quench tower source.
123. Gordon, R. J. Survey for Airborne Nitrosamines for Two California
Counties. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979. Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Volume 4, Paper 79-59.6.
15p.
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses a survey for airborne volatile nitrosamines,
which was conducted in Los Angeles and Contra Costa Counties, California. A
mobile sampling unit with ambient aqueous KOH bubblers was used, followed by
extraction, concentration, and analysis by gas chromatography with thermal
energy analysis detection. The detection was based on decomposition, of
nitrosamines to NO which gives chemiluminescence upon reacting with ozone.
Low levels of dimethyl and diethylnitrosamine were observed sporadically at
numerous locations but gave no clear indication of significant point
sources. Most samples were below 0.03 ug/m , while the highest reached 1.0
ug/m . Temporal patterns showed morning and evening maxima and suggested
photolysis in midday sun. No relationship between airborne nitrosamine
levels by area and incidence of several human cancers was apparent.
(12 reference, 1 table, 4 figures.)
125
-------
124. O'leary, D. T., K. M. Richter, P. A. Hillis, P. H. Wood, and S.
E. Campbell. Methodology for Estimating Environmental Loadings from
Manufacture of Synthetic Organic Chemicals. EPA-600/3-83-064. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA. August 1983. 592p.
ABSTRACT: A methodology is presented for estimating the multimedia
environmental loadings for a "new" chemical, in the absence of manufacturing
plant emission data. The methodology draws on an environmental release data
base that contains unit processes multimedia environmental loadings for
structurally similar compounds that undergo similar process (physical and
chemical) unit operations. The data base is integrated with other
pertinent available data on the manufacturing process of the new chemical
such as (1) physical and chemical properties and process feedstock, products
and byproducts; (2) reaction stoichiometry, thermodynamics and reaction
kinetics; (3) process flow diagram and process mass balance; (4) location
and composition of environmental releases and method of disposal;
(5) process environmental control technology (including performance);
(6) process storage and handling requirements; and (7) plant equipment
components (in numbers and classes). In practice, sufficient direct data
are rarely available for estimating the environmental loadings of the
compounds under review; the methodology has been designed with this reality
in mind. In every case, where data deficiencies are likely to occur,
alternative means are suggested for filling the data gaps. The methodology
integrates all pertinent data to enable the user to estimate multimedia
(controlled and uncontrolled) environmental loadings under the classi-
fications of storage and handling, process, and fugitive emissions,
respectively. An example is provided to demonstrate the applicability of
the methodology.
125. Air Oxidation Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-82-001a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1983. 547p. .
ABSTRACT; Standards of performance for the control of emissions from air
oxidation processes in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry
are being proposed under the authority of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act.
These standards would apply to new, modified, and reconstructed air '
oxidation facilities. This document contains background information and
environmental and economic impact assessments of the regulatory alternatives
considered in developing proposed standards.
126
-------
126. Schwinn, D. E., D. F. Storrier, R. J. Moore, and W. S. Carter. PCS
Removal by Carbon Adsorption. Pollution Engineering, 16(1): 20-21,
1984.
ABSTRACT; This paper describes PCB removal by carbon adsorption at a fire
training facility operated by an electric utility company. The paper
briefly reviews the results of laboratory testing, discusses design
constraints, describes the facilities, and offers operation and management
guidelines. (1 figure.)
127. Hughes, T. W., D. R. Tierney, and Z. S. Khan. Measuring Fugitive
Emissions from Petrochemical Plants. Chemical Engineering Progress,
75(8): 35-39, 1979.
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a study that identified and quantified
fugitive emissions from various petrochemical plant processes. Fugitive
emissions from petrochemical plants are generally lower when compared to EPA
data on fugitive emissions from petroleum refineries. Physical differences
in operating conditions and process materials show no relationship on
variations in emission rates from individual sources. (4 references,
5 tables, 3 figures.)
128. Compilation of A1r Pollutants Emission Factors. Third. Edition.
Supplement No. 14. AP-42-SUPPL-14. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1983. 172p.
ABSTRACT; In this supplement of AP-42, new or revised emissions data are
presented for Anthracite Coal Combustion, Wood Waste Combustion in Boilers;
Residential Fireplaces; Wood Stoves; Open Burning; Large Appliance Surface
Coating; Metal Furniture Surface Coating; Adipic Acid; Synthetic Ammonia;
Carbon Black; Charcoal; Explosives; Paint and Varnish; Phthalic Anhydride,
Printing Ink; Soap and Detergents; Terephthalic Acid; Maleic Anhydride;
Primary Aluminum Production; Iron and Steel Production; Gypsum
Manufacturing; Construction Aggregate Processing; Sand and Gravel
Processing; Taconite Ore Processing; Western Surface Coal Mining; Fugitive
Dust Sources; Unpaved Roads; Agricultural Tilling; Aggregate Handling and
Storage Piles; and Industrial Paved Roads.
129. Fine, D. H. and U. Goff. Nitrosamine Analysis of Diesel Crankcase
Emissions. EPA-460/3-81-008. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Ann Arbor, MI, March 1980. 220p.
ABSTRACT; The main objective of this work was to qualify and employ
artifact-free methods in the testing of crankcase emissions of heavy-duty
diesel engines for volatile N-nitrosamines. The following tasks were
performed to achieve this objective: (1) sampling and analysis method
development and qualification; (2) engine selection; (3) engine testing;
(4) oil analysis method development; (5) selection and survey of oil
samples; (6) oil nitrosation method development; (7) survey of the
nitrosability of the oils. Sources of the crankcase emission nitrosamines
were sought.
127
-------
130. Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, R. Stiles, and H. Shigeishi. Measurements of
Hazardous Organic Chemicals in the Ambient Atmosphere.
EPA-600/3-83-002. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC., March 1983. 99p.
ABSTRACT: Analytical methods were refined and applied to the ambient
analysis of 44 organic chemicals, many of which are bacterial mutagens or
suspected carcinogens. On-site field collection programs, based on single
site studies of 9 to 11 days duration each, were conducted in 10 U. S.
cities. Field studies were performed with an instrumented mobile
laboratory. A round-the-clock measurement schedule was followed at all
sites. The field measurements allowed a determination of atmospheric
concentrations, variabilities, and mean diurnal behaviors of the chemicals.
The data were analyzed relative to theoretically estimated removal rates.
Typical diurnal profiles show highest concentration of the primary
pollutants during nighttime or early morning hours, with minimum
concentration in the afternoon hours. Chemistry plays only a nominal role
in defining this diurnal behavior in most cases. Except for aromatic
hydrocarbons and aldehydes, average concentrations of the measured species
were in the 0- to 5-ppb range. The average concentration range observed for
aromatics and aldehydes was 0- to 20-ppb.
131. Chi, C. T. and T. W. Hughes. Phthalic Anhydride Plant Air Pollution
Control. EPA-600/2-77-188. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1977. 113p.
ABSTRACT; The report summarizes a technical and economic evaluation of
add-on control systems and process modifications for reducing, by 99%, the
emissions of phthalic and maleic anhydrides from the main process vent gas
in phthalic anhydride manufacturing plants. A survey was made to identify
present (1976) control practices and their control efficiencies in the
phthalic anhydride industry. Based on theoretical and practical
considerations, existing control technology alternatives were evaluated to
determine whether they could be improved to obtain the desired control
efficiency. Technical evaluation of these alternatives led to
identification of candidate alternatives which apply to the manufacturing
process, and which can achieve 99 percent overall removal efficiency for
phthalic and maleic anhydrides. Design and operating parameters for
achieving the desired control efficiency were also determined. Cost
estimates and an energy utilization study were performed for the candidate
alternatives. Demonstration programs are recommended for the most promising
alternatives.
128
-------
132. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources.
Volume 1: Control Methods for Surface-Coating Operations.
EPA-450/2-76-028. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1976. 166p.
ABSTRACT; Available methods which can be used to control the emissions of
organic vapors from surface coating operations are described. The methods
consist of two types: (1) add-on control equipment, and (2) process and
material changes. Available add-on equipment includes direct-flame
incinerators, catalytic incinerators, and activated carbon adsorbers.
Process and material changes which reduce or eliminate the use of organic
solvents include (a) water-borne coatings, (b) high solids coatings,
(c) powder coatings, (d) hot melt formulations, (e) electrostatic spraying,
(f) electron beam curing, (g) ultraviolet curing. Graphs are given to
determine the cost of incinerators at varying volumes and variation in inlet
temperature, vapor concentration, degree of heat recovery, fuel costs, and
hours of operation. Graphs are given to determine the cost of carbon
adsorbers under varying volumes and vapor concentration. The available
methods of measuring volatile organic emissions are discussed.
133. Allen, C. C., Jr. Environmental Assessment of Coke By-Product Recovery
Plants. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron and Steel
Pollution Abatement Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30-November 1,
1979. EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1980, pp. 75-88.
ABSTRACT; This paper identifies potential air pollution sources of
environmental concern in coke by-product recovery plants. Data concerning
the design and operation of existing plants and processes were collected.
Since many process variations exist, a survey of the industry was carried
out to determine the most common processes. Following this, the processes
at a representative plant were sampled, using EPA's Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory RTP Level 1 protocol. Air pollutants of concern
included benzene, cyanide, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The air
was sampled at suspected pollution sources, primarily storage tanks. The
largest emission source was the final cooler tower where concentrations of
aromatics at >50 g/Mg coke and cyanide at 278 g/Mg coke were found.
134. Kemner, W. F. and S. A. Tomes. Coke Battery Environmental Control
Cost- Effectiveness. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron
and Steel Pollution Abatement Technology, Chicago, Illinois, October 30
- November 1, 1979. EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. pp. 143-163.
ABSTRACT; A computerized optimization model has been developed to examine
the cost-effectiveness of alternative emission control strategies for coke
plants. The model calculates the lowest cost mix of controls to meet a
given overall level of emissions for a given air pollutant, and also
129
-------
calculates the lowest overall emissions that can be achieved for a given
cost. The data base is uncoupled from the model so that it can be updated
as new or improved data become available. The present emission data base
contains emissions factors for four air pollutants--particulate matter,
benzene soluble organics, benzene, and benzo-a-pyrene--for 14 coke plant
sources. The plant data base encompasses 216 batteries in 58 plants. The
cost data base contains capital and annualized cost functions for 41 control
techniques, but as many as eight control options can be accommodated for
each source. The data base can be subdivided to enable examination of other
factors, such as old versus new batteries or large versus small batteries.
The optimization can be focused on either capital cost or annualized cost.
135. Buonicore, A. J. Environmental Assessment of Coke Quench Towers. In:
Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
Abatement Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30 - November 1, 1979.
EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. pp. 112-125.
ABSTRACT; An environmental assessment of air emissions from both dry and
wet quench towers was made based on data collected at U. S. Steel's Lorain
plant, DOFASCO's No. 2 coke plant in Hamilton, Ontario, and at an Eschweiler
Bergwerks-Verein (EBV) plant in Erin, W. Germany. Estimates of particulate
emissions rates from the natural draft quench towers at Lorain and DOFASCO
and from the pressure quench system at Erin are presented. Organic emission
rates from the Lorain quench tower are reviewed and the environmental impact
of dry quench towers is discussed.
136. Burklin, C. E., E. C. Cavanaugh, J. C. Dickerman, S. R. Fernandes, and
G. C. Wilkins. Control of Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Liquids.
EPA-600/2-75-042. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1979. 231p.
ABSTRACT; The report is a state-of-the-art review of the availability and
application of technology for the control of hydrocarbon emissions to the
atmosphere from facilities for the production, refining, and marketing of
liquid petroleum fuels. The review includes (1) identification of major
hydrocarbon emission sources within the petroleum industry and the quantity
of such source emissions, (2) review of existing hydrocarbon emission
control technology and the extent of its application by the petroleum
industry, and (3) identification of hydrocarbon emission sources within the
petroleum industry for which control techniques are neither available nor
widely applied.
137. Air Pollution Control Technology Applicable to 26 Source of Volatile
Organic Compounds. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1977. 75p.
ABSTRACT; This report reviews control technology for 26 principal sources
of volatile organic compounds. Sources already investigated in control
techniques guidelines documents are not included in this investigation. For
130
-------
each of the 26 sources, this report briefly describes applicable control
technologies, costs, energy and environmental impacts, and factors which may
limit applicability of the technologies. References are cited for each
summary.
138. Kline, E. VI. VOC Control Efforts by a Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturer.
In: Third Conference on Advanced Pollution Control for the Metal
Finishing Industry, Kissimmee, FL, April 14-16, 1980.
EPA-600/2-81-028. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH, February 1981. pp. 102-103.
ABSTRACT; The author contends that there is no universal solution to VOC
control unless a breakthrough in coating technology occurs. This paper
concludes that a combination of improved transfer efficiency of coatings and
materials substitution, when practical, appears to be the most favorable
approach to VOC control. Incineration with heat recovery has application
when an energy balance can be obtained. The use of carbon absorption or
refrigeration principles have application when air volumes are low enough,
or when there is a desire to recover lost product.
139. Health Assessment Document for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Review
Draft. EPA-600/8-84-001A. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, February 1984. 166p.
ABSTRACT; A computerized optimization model has been developed to examine
the cost effectiveness of alternative emission control strategies for coke
plants. The model calculates the lowest cost mix of controls to meet a
given overall level of emissions for a given air pollutant, and also
calculates the lowest overall emissions that can be achieved for a given
cost. The data base is uncoupled from the model so that it can be updated
as new or improved data become available. The present emission data base
contains emission factors for four air pollutants—particulate matter,
benzene soluble organics, benzene, and benzo-a-pyrene—for 14 coke plant
sources. The plant data base encompasses 216 batteries in 58 plants. The
cost data base contains capital and annualized cost functions for 41 control
techniques, but as many as eight control options can be accommodated for
each source. The data base can be subdivided to enable examination of other
factors, such as old versus new batteries or large versus small batteries.
The optimization can be focused on either capital cost or annualized-cost.
140. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. Second Edition.
EPA-450/4-80-015. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1980. 465p.
ABSTRACT; This document contains tables of potential emissions of organic
compounds for selecting source categories. The species profile table format
has been organized to be particularly useful in preparation of emission
inventory inputs to photochemical modeling. Accompanying each VOC profile
131
-------
table is a brief narrative that describes process, emissions, controls, and
basis of source report and data quantification. The chemical
classifications include paraffin, olefin, aromatic, carbonyl (aldehydes and
ketones), methane, non-reactive other than methane, and miscellaneous. Data
confidence levels for each profile table has been assigned. Reports,
published data, and names and titles of personal contacts are referenced for
each source category.
141. Rolke, R. W., R. D. Hawthorne, C. R. Garbett, E. R. Slater,
T. T. Phillips, and G. D. Towel!. Afterburner Systems Study.
EPA-R2-72-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, August 1972. 512p.
ABSTRACT: The results are presented of a study of afterburner or fume
incinerator technology for control of gaseous combustible emissions from
stationary sources. The scope of the study included evaluation of current
engineering technology, evaluation of existing afterburner systems,
assessment of present practices and problems, determination of major sources
and potential applications, and development of research recommendations.
The main results of this study are presented as a handbook, allowing the
potential user to be able to decide if his particular emission is amenable
to afterburning and to obtain a rough estimate of cost and size of equipment
needed. The user will also be made aware of potential problems and
recommended design features. The user then would deal with the appropriate
equipment supplier for details of equipment selection.
142. Safe, S., A. Parkinson, L. Robertson, T. Sawyer, and S. Bandiera.
PCBs: Structure - Activity Relationships. EPA-600/D-83-096, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, August 1983. 25p.
ABSTRACT: This report summarizes research on the chemical and toxicological
characterization of PCBs. Results on the synthesis and characterization of
all 209 PCBs and subsequent identification of individual PCB components in
commercial mixtures and environmental samples are reported. This was
essential for research relating the toxicity and biologic effects of
commercial mixtures to chemical structure. The results of structure-
activity research with the various congeners on several biological systems
are also reported.
143. Kleeberg, C. F. and J. 6. Wright. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems.
EPA-450/2-78-050. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 68p.
ABSTRACT; This report provides the necessary guidance for development of
regulations limiting emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) from
perchloroethylene dry cleaning systems. Reasonably Available Control
Technology (RACT) is defined and a cost analysis of RACT is included in
order that cost effectiveness may be evaluated for these systems.
132
-------
144. Zobel, K. J. and N. Eflrd. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires. EPA-450/2-78-030. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1978. 59p.
ABSTRACT: This document provides the necessary guidance for development of
regulations to limit emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) for
manufacture of pneumatic rubber tire operations. Emissions are
characterized and reasonably available control technology (RACT) is defined
for each of four major sources: green tire spraying, undertread cementing,
tread-end cementing, and bead dipping. Information on cost of control and
environmental impact is also included.
145. Serth, R. W. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Phthalic Anhydride
(Air Emissions). EPA-600/2-76-032d. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976. 157p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of an analysis of atmospheric (air)
emissions from ortho-xylene- and napthalene-based phthalic anhydride "
manufacturing plants. Uncontrolled and controlled emission factors are
given for each species emitted to the atmosphere from each source within a
typical plant, based on the latest data available. Emissions data are used
to calculate three factors designed to quantify the hazard potential of the
emissions: (1) source severity (the ratio of the maximum mean ground-level
concentration of a pollutant to the concentration which constitutes an
incipient health hazard), (2) the industry contribution to total atmospheric
emissions of criteria pollutants, and (3) the pollution exposed to high
contaminant levels from a representative plant. Detailed process
descriptions and flow sheets are presented for the BASF fixed-bed
ortho-xylene process and the Badger-Sherwin-Williams fluid-bed naphthalene
process. Present and future aspects of pollution control technology in the
industry are discussed, including a number of possible process
modifications. Economic and production trends in the phthalic anhydride
industry and in each of the industries that are major consumers of phthalic
anhydride are analyzed. Water-related emissions are to be discussed in a
future, separate report.
146. Anderson, G. E. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals. Volumes I and II. PB84-102540 (Vol. I).
PB83-265249 (Vol. II). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1983. 219p, 737p.
ABSTRACT; The two volumes summarize the results of a study conducted by the
EPA's Office of Quality Planning and Standards to determine the human
exposure to atmospheric concentrations of 40 selected chemicals. For each
species, the following information was compiled: (1) emissions sources,
including number, identification, and location of sources of each type;
133
-------
(2) emission and rate modes; (3) physical and chemical data; and (4) concen-
tration, exposure, and dosage patterns for source and source type, and total
exposure and dosage.
147. Chandrasekhar, R. and E. Poulin. Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from
Cotton and Synthetic Textile Finishing Plants. EPA-600/2-83-041.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 151p.
ABSTRACT: This report describes the approach to, and conclusions resulting
from, an evaluation of the applicability and economics of emissions control
technologies for the abatement of volatile organic compounds emanating from
cotton and synthetic textile finishing plants. A survey of the
state-of-the-art and control technologies design and costing preceded the
evaluation. The economic feasibility was determined in two steps:
preliminary design, costing, and relative ranking of all identified
applicable technologies; followed by more detailed design, costing, and
evaluation of the most economically feasible technologies. A simple payback
period approach was taken in the preliminary economic evaluation. Rates of
return on capital investment were determined for the final detailed
evaluation. Capital and operating costs are provided to allow interested
parties to conduct in-house evaluations. Carbon bed adsorption with solvent
recovery has been identified as the most viable of all technologies, and
fluidized-bed carbon adsorption has the best potential to suit the variable
operating conditions encountered in textile manufacturing. The potential
cost benefits, even under far more stringent control requirements than
existing regulations for the industry, appear attractive.
148. Pohl, 0. H., R. Payne, and J. Lee. Evaluation of the Efficiency of
Industrial Flares: Test Results. EPA-600/2-84-095. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1984.
192p.
ABSTRACT; This report provides the results of Phases 3 and 4 of the
following four-phase research program to quantify the emissions and
efficiencies of industrial flares: Phase 1 - experimental design; Phase 2 -
design of test facilities; Phase 3 - development of test facilities; Phase 4
- data collection and analysis. Measurements were made of the combustion
efficiency of large pilot-scale flares. The flame structure and combustion
efficiencies were correlated with operating conditions of the flare, size of
the flare head, and properties of the flared gases. The combustion
efficiency was correlated with the ratio of heating value of the gas flared
to the heating value required to maintain a stable flame, and was
independent of the flame head size. In turn, the heating value required to
maintain a stable flame was correlated with the reciprocal of an estimated
flame temperature based on properties of the flared gas. Other correlations
for the length of the flame, entrainment into the flame, and liftoff
distances were developed using combinations of the Richardson Number, jet
theory, and the properties of the flared gas.
134
-------
149. Joseph, D., J. Lee, C. McKlnnon, R. Payne, and J. Pohl. Evaluation of
the Efficiency of Industrial Flares: Background—Experimental
Design—Facility. EPA-600/2-83-070. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1983. 284p.
ABSTRACT; This report provides the results of Phases 1 and 2 of the
following four-phase research program to quantify the emissions and
efficiencies of industrial flares: Phase 1 - experimental design; Phase 2 -
design of test facilities; Phase 3 - development of test facilities; Phase 4
- data collection and analyses. This report summarizes the technical
literature on the use of industrial flares and reviews available emission
estimates. Technical critiques of past flame efficiency studies are
provided. Mathematical models of flame behavior are explored and
recommendations for flare flame models are made. The parameters affecting
flare efficiency are evaluated and a detailed experimental test plan is
developed. The design of a flare test facility is provided, including.
details on the flare tips, fuel and steam supplies, flow control and
measurement, emissions sampling and analysis, and data acquisition and
processing.
150. McDaniel, M, Flare Efficiency Study. EPA-600/2-83-052. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1983.
142p.
ABSTRACT; The report gives results of a full-scale experimental study to
determine the efficiencies of flare burners for disposing of hydrocarbon
emissions from refinery and petrochemical processes. With the primary
objectives of determining the combustion efficiency and hydrocarbon
destruction efficiency for both air- and steam-assisted flares under a wide
range of operating conditions, it provides a data base for defining the air
quality impact of flaring. Test results indicate that flaring is generally
an efficient hydrocarbon disposal method for the conditions evaluated. Test
methodology involved a special 27-foot sample probe suspended by a crane
over the flare flame. The sample extracted by the probe was analyzed by
continuous emission monitors to determine concentrations of carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, and
oxygen. In addition, the probe tip temperature, ambient air temperature,
and wind speed and direction were measured. Integrated samples of the
relief gas were collected for hydrocarbon species analysis by gas
chromatograph. Particulate matter samples were collected during the smoking
flare tests. When flares were operated under conditions representing good
industrial operating practice, combustion efficiencies at the sampling probe
were greater than 98 percent. Combustion efficiencies declined under
conditions of excessive steam (steam quenching) and high exit velocities of
low-Btu content gases.
135
-------
151. Jennings, M. S., N. E. Krohn, and R. S. Berry. Control of Industrial
VOC Emissions by Catalytic Incineration. Volume 1: Assessment of
Catalytic Incineration and Competing Controls. EPA Contract
68-02-3171, Tasks 39 and 50. Radian Corporation, Research Triangle
Park, NC, April 26, 1984.
ABSTRACT: This report provides the results of Phase 1 of the following
two-phase study designed to assess the performance, suitability, and costs
of various VOC control technologies: Phase 1 - overview and assessment of
catalytic incineration and alternate VOC control technologies; Phase 2 -
testing program. This phase of the study summarizes the available
literature on the use and cost of using catalytic incineration for VOC
control. The report reviews current and developing technology, assesses the
overall performance of catalytic incinerators, and reviews current
applications. It compares catalytic incineration with other competing VOC
controls. The report also examines available methods for emission testing
of catalytic incinerators and evaluates the need for additional performance
test data.
152. Radian Corporation. Performance of Catalytic Incinerators at
Industrial Sites. EPA Contract 68-02-3171, Task 50. Durham, NC,
June 15, 1983. 83p.
ABSTRACT; This report provides the results of Phase 2 of the following
two-phase study designed to assess the performance, suitability, and costs
of various VOC control technologies: Phase 1 - overview and assessment of
catalytic incineration and alternative VOC control technologies; Phase 2 -
testing program. This phase of the study describes tests of eight catalytic
incinerators at six industrial sites between November 1982 and March 1983.
Incinerators at can coating, coil coating, magnet wire, and graphic arts
printing plants were tested. Incinerator performance was characterized in
terms of destruction efficiency, outlet solvent concentration, and energy
usage. Inlet and outlet solvent concentrations were monitored with
hydrocarbon analyzers during a nominal 1-week test period at each site.
Incinerator design and operating data, such as operating temperature,
solvent type, catalyst volume and catalyst age, were collected on each
incinerator to document the operating conditions during the test.
153. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perch!oroethylene Dry Cleaners
- Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-79-029a.
Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980. 165p.
ABSTRACT: Standards of Performance for the control of emissions from
perchloroethylene dry cleaning facilities are being proposed under the
authority of Section 111 of the Clean Air Act. Perchloroethylene dry
cleaners include the following categories: coin-operated, commercial, and
industrial. These standards apply to new, modified, or reconstructed
facilities, the construction or modification of which began on or after the
date of proposal. This draft document contains background information,
environmental and economic impact assessments, and the rationale for the
standards as proposed under 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart 00.
136
-------
154. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inorganic Arsenic Emissions
from Gloss Manufacturing Plants - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA 450/3-83-01la. Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1983.
183p.
ABSTRACT; A national emission standard for glass manufacturing plants is
being proposed under authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The
purpose of the proposed standard is to minimize glass manufacturing furnace
arsenic emissions to the level which, in the judgment of the Administrator
of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, provides an ample margin of
safety to protect the public health. The standard will have the effect of
reducing uncontrolled emissions of arsenic from these furnaces by about
90 percent. Environmental impact and economic impact statements quantifying
the impacts of the propsed standard and alternative control options are
included in the document.
155. Schwitzgebel, K., G. S. Gunn, and M. A. Capalongan. Fugitive Emissions
at a Secondary Lead Smelter. EPA Contact No. 68-02-3513. Radian
Corporation, Austin, TX, December 1981.
ABSTRACT; This report describes an EPA-funded project to provide support to
the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Environmental Resources, in
development of Pennsylvania's State Implementation Plan for lead. This
report describes the smelter in terms of the plant environment, process
description and emission sources; it provides the results of the sampling
and analysis, outlining the approach and the analytical procedures; and it
evaluates the data necessary to quantify fugitive lead emissions.
156. Hartman, M. and C. Stackhouse. Source Sampling Report for General
Battery Corporation: Measurement of Arsenic/Lead/Cadmium, Unit #1,
Secondary Lead Smelter Process, Reading, Pennsylvania. EMB
Report 83-SLD-2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research .
Triangle Park, NC, June 1983.
ABSTRACT; This report describes testing at the General Battery plant at
Reading,. Pennsylvania during the period June 19-June 23, 1983. Sampling was
conducted at the inlet and outlet location around the fabric filter baghouse
and the wet scrubber systems. The primary sampling method was EPA Draft
Method 108 with EPA Reference Methods 1, 2, 3, and 6 used for flow and gas
constituents. Special Method 108 runs were performed with the train
maintained at process temperatures.
137
-------
6.2 HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 1: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
7. Burce, W. 0., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. 1. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. D. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
31. Horn, D. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 427p.
33. Anderson, L. D., S. Bayard, I. W. F. Davidson, J. R. Fowle, III,
H. J. Gibb, M. Greenberg, and J. C. Parker. Health Assessment Document
for Trichloroethylene. External Review Draft. EPA-600/8-82-006b.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1983. 397p.
138
-------
34. Cleland, J. G., 6. L. Kingsbury, R. C. Sims, and J. B. White.
Multimedia Environmental Goals for Environmental Assessment, Volumes
1 and 2. EPA-600/7-77-136a and EPA-600/7-77-136b. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1977. 366p,
451p.
39. Fuller, B., J. Hushon, M. Kornreich, R. Ouellette, and L. Thomas.
Preliminary Scoring of Selected Organic Air Pollutants.
EPA-450-/3-77-008a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1976. 114p.
40. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix I: Chemistry, Production and
Toxicity of Chemicals A through C. EPA-450/3-77-008b. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, October
1976. 330p.
41. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix II: Chemistry, Production, and
Toxicity of Chemicals D through E. EPA-450/3-77-008c. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency,. Research Triangle Park, NC, October
1976. 336p.
42. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix III. Chemistry, Production, and
Toxicity of Chemicals F through N. EPA-450/3-77-008d. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, October 1976.
312p.
43. Dorigan, J., B. Fuller, and R. Duffy. Preliminary Scoring of Selected
Organic Air Pollutants. Appendix IV. Chemistry, Production", and
Toxicity of Chemicals F through N. EPA-450/3-77-008e. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle, NC, October 1976.
333p.
45. Chemical Hazard Information Files (CHIPs). EPA-560/11-80-011. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, April 1980. 296p.
52. Hoff, M. C. Toluene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 23. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY, 1982. pp. 246-273.
53. Johnson, P. R. Chloroprene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, NY, 1982. pp. 773-785,
54. Gelfand, S. Chlorocarbons, Chlorohydrocarbons (Benzyl): Benzyl
Chloride, Benzal Chloride, Benzotrichloride. In: Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 828-838.
139
-------
55. Hess, L. 6., A. N. Kurtz, and 0. B. Stanton. Acrolein and Derivatives.
In: K1rk-0thmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition.
Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 277-297.
74. Radian Corporation. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Nickel. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment
No. 22. Durham, NC, November 1983. 166p.
75. Radian Corporation. Estimates of Population Exposure to Ambient
Chromium Emissions. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, Work
Assignment No. 2. Durham, NC, August 1983. 184p.
77. 6CA Corporation. Survey of Cadmium Emission Sources.
EPA-450/3-81-013. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1981. 157p.
78. Hardy, E. R. Phosgene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 17. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY, 1982, pp. 416-425.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
118. Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Noyes Data
Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ, 1981. 729p.
139. Health Assessment Document for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Review
Draft. EPA-600/8-84-001A. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, February 1984. 166p.
142. Safe, S., A. Parkinson, L. Robertson, T. Sawyer, and S. Bandiera.
PCBs: Structure - Activity Relationships. EPA-600/D-83-096, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, August 1983. 25p.
146. Anderson, G. E. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals. Volumes I and II. PB84-102540 (Vol. I).
PB83-265249 (Vol. II). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1983. 219p, 737p.
140
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 2: MANUFACTURING INFORMATION3
2. White, R. E. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 1: Program
Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 92p.
3. Blackburn, J. W. and R. L. Standifer. Organic Chemical Manufacturing.
Volume 2: Process Sources. EPA-450/3-80-024. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 249p.
7. Burce, W. D., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. L. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28C. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. D. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
13. Coke Oven Emissions from By-Product Coke Oven Charging, Door Leaks, and
Topside Leaks on Wet-Charged Batteries - Background Information for
Proposed Standards. Draft. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
14. Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Preliminary Draft. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
141
-------
19. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry - Background for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. 230p.
26. Engineering Control Technology Assessment for the Plastics and Resins
Industry. DHEW(NIOSH) Publication No. 78-159. U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, March 1978. 234p.
28. Taback, H. D., T. W. Sonnichsen, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler.
Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Stationary Sources in the
California South Coast Air Basin. California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento, CA, June 1978. 459p.
29. Khan, Z. S. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Manufacture. EPA-600/2-79-019g. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979. 188p.
31. Horn, D. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 427p.
33. Anderson, L. D., S. Bayard, I. W. F. Davidson, J. R. Fowle, III,
H. J. Gibb, M. Greenberg, and J. C. Parker. Health Assessment Document
for Trichloroethylene. External Review Draft. EPA-600/8-82-006b.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1983. 397p.
36. Air Quality Data for Noncriteria Pollutants - 1957 through 1970.
EPA-450/2-77-020. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1977. 376p.
44. Directory of Chemical Producers United States of America 1984.
S.R.I. International, Menlo Park, CA, 1984. 1088p.
45. Chemical Hazard Information Files (CHIPs). EPA-560/11-80-011. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, April 1980. 296p.
52, Hoff, M. C. Toluene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 23. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY, 1982. pp. 246-273.
53. Johnson, P. R. Chloroprene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, NY, 1982. pp. 773-785.
142
-------
54. Gelfand, S. Chlorocarbons, Chlorohydrocarbons (Benzyl): Benzyl
Chloride, Benzal Chloride, Benzotrichloride. In: Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 828-838.
55. Hess, L. G., A. N. Kurtz, and D. B. Stanton. Acrolein and Derivatives.
In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition.
Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 277-297.
56. Archer, S. R., W. R. McCurley, and G. D. Rawlings. Source Assessment:
Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions ~ Overview and Prioritization,
EPA-600-2/-78-004d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1978. 153p.
78. Hardy, E. R. Phosgene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
lechnology. Third Edition. Volume 17. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY, 1982, pp. 416-425.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
84. McElroy, A. D. and F. D. Shobe. Source Category Survey: Secondary
Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry. EPA-450/3-80-012. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
61p.
89. Pelizzari, E. D. Quantification of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in
Previously Collected Air Samples. EPA-450/3-78-112. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
October 1978. 151p.
97. Schwartz, W. A., F. B. Higgins, Jr., J. A. Lee, R. B. Morris, and R.
Newrith, Engineering and Cost Study of Air Pollution Control for the
Petrochemical Industry. Volume 7: Phthalic Anhydride Manufacture from
Ortho-xylene. EPA-450/3-73-006g. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 108p.
98. Process Research, Inc. Air Pollution from Chlorination Processes.
APTD-1110. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
March 1972. 172p.
114. Compliance Status of Major Air Pollution Facilities. EPA-340/1-76-010.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, December 1976.
586p.
143
-------
125. Air Oxidation Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-82-001a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1983. 547p.
130. Singh, H. B., L. J. Salas, R. Stiles, and H. Shigeishi. Measurements of
Hazardous Organic Chemicals in the Ambient Atmosphere.
EPA-600/3-83-002. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC., March 1983. 99p.
139. Health Assessment Document for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Review
Draft. EPA-600/8-84-001A. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, February 1984. 166p.
146. Anderson, G. E. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals. Volumes I and II. PB84-102540 (Vol. I).
PB83-265249 (Vol. II). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1983. 219p, 737p.
144
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 3: REACTION/PROCESS/INDUSTRY DESCRIPTIONS5
2. White, R. E.. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 1: Program
Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 92p.
3. Blackburn, J. W. and R. L. Standifer. Organic Chemical Manufacturing.
Volume 2: Process Sources. EPA-450/3-80-024. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 249p.
7. Burce, W. D., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. L. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. D. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
13. Coke Oven Emissions from By-Product Coke Oven Charging, Door Leaks, and
Topside Leaks on Wet-Charged Batteries - Background Information 'for
Proposed Standards. Draft. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
14. Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Preliminary Draft. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
17. Liepins, R., F. Mixon, C. Hudak, and T. B. Parsons. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 6: The Industrial Organic
Chemicals Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023f. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1977. 1014p.
145
-------
18. Parsons, T. B., C. M. Thompson, and G. E. WHkins. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 5: Basic Petrochemicals
Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1977. 154p.
19. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry - Background for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. 230p.
20. VOC Emissions from Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-81-003a. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981,
199p.
26. Engineering Control Technology Assessment for the Plastics and Resins
Industry. DHEW(NIOSH) Publication No. 78-159. U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, March 1978. 234p.
27. Formica, P. N. Control and Uncontrolled Emission Rates and Applicable
Limitations for Eighty Processes. EPA-450/3-77-016. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1976. 410p.
29. Khan, Z. S. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Manufacture. EPA-600/2-79-019g. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979. 188pl
31. Horn, D. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 427p.
33. Anderson, L. D., S. Bayard, I. W. F. Davidson, J. R. Fowle, III,
H. J. Gibb, M. Greenberg, and J. C. Parker. Health Assessment Document
for Trichloroethylene. External Review Draft. EPA-600/8-82-006b.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1983. 397p.
45. Chemical Hazard Information Files (CHIPs). EPA-560/11-80-011. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, April 1980. 296p.
52. Hoff, M. C. Toluene. In: K1rk-0thmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 23. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, NY, 1982. pp. 246-273.
146
-------
53. Johnson, P. R. Chloroprene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, NY, 1982. ^pp. 773-785.
54. Gelfand, S. Chlorocarbons, Chlorohydrocarbons (Benzyl): Benzyl
Chloride, Benzal Chloride, Benzotrichloride. In: Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 5. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 828-838.
55. Hess, L. G., A. N. Kurtz, and D. B. Stanton. Acrolein and Derivatives.
In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition.
Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1982. pp. 277-297.
56. Archer, S. R., W. R. McCurley, and G. D. Rawlings. Source Assessment:
Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions — Overview and Prioritization.
EPA-600-2/-78-004d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1978. 153p.
61. Vincent, E. J. and W. M. Vatavuk. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 8: Graphic Arts:
Rotagravure and Flexography. EPA-450/2-78-033. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 52p.
74. Radian Corporation. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Nickel. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment
No. 22. Durham, NC, November 1983. 166p.
75. Radian Corporation. Estimates of Population Exposure to Ambient
Chromium Emissions. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, Work
Assignment No. 2. Durham, NC, August 1983. 184p.
77. GCA Corporation. Survey of Cadmium Emission Sources.
EPA-450/3-81-013. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1981. 157p.
78. Hardy, E. R. Phosgene. In: Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. Third Edition. Volume 17. John Wiley & Sons, New York,
NY, 1982, pp. 416-425.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
84. McElroy, A. D. and F. D. Shobe. Source Category Survey: Secondary
Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry. EPA-450/3-80-012. U. S.
Lnvironmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
61p.
147
-------
97. Schwartz, W. A.t F. B. Higgins, Jr., J. A. Lee, R. B. Morris, and R.
Newrlth, Engineering and Cost Study of Air Pollution Control for the
Petrochemical Industry. Volume 7: Phthallc Anhydride Manufacture from
Ortho-xylene. EPA-450/3-73-006g. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 108p.
98. Process Research, Inc. Air Pollution from Chlorination Processes.
APTD-1110. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
March 1972. 172p.
102. Mobley, C. E., A. 0. Hoffman, and H. W. Lownie. Sealing Coke-Oven
Charging Lids, Chuck Doors, and Standpipe Elbow Covers: Survey of
Current U. S. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-058. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1977. 21p.
124. O'Leary, D. T., K. M. Richter, P. A. Hillis, P. H. Wood, and S.
E. Campbell. Methodology for Estimating Environmental Loadings from
Manufacture of Synthetic Organic Chemicals. EPA-600/3-83-064. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, 6A. August 1983. 592p.
127. Hughes, T. W., D. R. Tierney, and Z. S. Khan. Measuring Fugitive
Emissions from Petrochemical Plants. Chemical Engineering Progress,
75(8): 35-39, 1979.
136. Burklin, C. E., E. C. Cavanaugh, J. C. Dicker-man, S. R. Fernandes, and
G. C. Wilkins. Control of Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Liquids.
EPA-600/2-75-042. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1979. 231p.
137. Air Pollution Control Technology Applicable to 26 Source of Volatile
Organic Compounds. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1977. 75p.
140. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. Second Edition.
EPA-450/4-80-015. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1980. 465p.
142. Safe, S., A. Parkinson, L. Robertson, T. Sawyer, and S. Bandiera.
PCBs: Structure - Activity Relationships. EPA-600/D-83-096, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN, August 1983. 25p.
145. Serth, R. W. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Phthalic Anhydride
(Air Emissions). EPA-600/2-76-032d. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976. 157p.
146. Anderson, 6. E. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals. Volumes I and II. PB84-102540 (Vol. I).
PB83-265249 (Vol. II). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1983. 219p, 737p.
148
-------
153. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perch!oroethylene Dry Cleaners
- Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-79-029a.
Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980, 165p.
154. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from
Glass Manufacturing Plants - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA 450/3-83-01la. Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1983.
183p.
149
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 4: EMISSION SOURCES/RATES/FACTORS0
2. White, R. E. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 1: Program
Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 92p.
3. Blackburn, J. W. and R. L. Standifer. Organic Chemical Manufacturing.
Volume 2: Process Sources. EPA-450/3-80-024. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 249p.
4. Erikson, D. J., J. J. Cudahy, V. Kalcevic, and R. L. Standifer.
Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 3: Storage, Fugitive, and
Secondary Sources. EPA-450/3-80-025. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 344p.
7. Burce, W. D., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. L. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. D. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
150
-------
13. Coke Oven Emissions from By-Product Coke Oven Charging, Door Leaks, and
Topside Leaks on Wet-Charged Batteries - Background Information for
Proposed Standards. Draft. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
14. Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Preliminary Draft. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
17. Liepins, R., F. Hixon, C. Hudak, and T. B. Parsons. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 6: The Industrial Organic
Chemicals Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023f. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1977. 1014p.
18. Parsons, T. B., C. M. Thompson, and G. E. Wilkins. Industrial Process
Profiles for Environmental Use. Chapter 5: Basic Petrochemicals
Industry. EPA-600/2-77-023e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, January 1977. 154p.
19. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry - Background for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. 230p.
20. VOC Emissions from Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-81-003a. U. S. .
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981,
199p.
22. Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary
Sources. EPA-450/2-78-022. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978. 578p.
25. Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic Solvent Emissions from
Stationary Sources. AP-68. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Washington, DC, March 1970. 114p.
26. Engineering Control Technology Assessment for the Plastics and Resins
Industry. DHEW(NIOSH) Publication No. 78-159. U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, March 1978. 234p.
27. Formica, P. N. Control and Uncontrolled Emission Rates and Applicable
Limitations for Eighty Processes. EPA-450/3-77-016. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1976. 410p.
151
-------
28. Taback, H. D., T. W. Sonnichsen, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler.
Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Stationary Sources in the
California South Coast Air Basin. California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento, CA, June 1978, 459p.
29. Khan, Z. S. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Manufacture. EPA-600/2-79-019g. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979. 188p.
30. Eimutis, E. C., R. P. Quill, and 6. M. Rinaldi. Source Assessment:
Noncriterla Pollutant Emissions (1978 Update). EPA-600/?-78-004t. U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July
1978. 148p.
31. Horn, 0. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 427p.
33. Anderson, L. D., S. Bayard, I. W. F. Davidson, J. R. Fowle, III,
H. J. Gibb, M. Greenberg, and J. C. Parker. Health Assessment Document
for Trichloroethylene. External Review Draft. EPA-600/8-82-006b.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1983. 397p.
35. Wehrum, B., S. Ahmed, and B. Davis. Air Toxics Emission Patterns and
Trends. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July-1984. 96pp.
49. Nelson, T. P., A. E. Schmidt, S. A. Smith. Study of Sources of
Chromium, Nickel, and Manganese Air Emissions. EPA Contract No.
68-02-3818, Task 34. Radian Corporation, Austin TX, February 24, 1984.
326p.
56. Archer, S. R., W. R. McCurley, and G. D. Rawlings. Source Assessment:
Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions ~ Overview and Prioritization.
EPA-600-2/-78-004d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1978. 153p.
61. Vincent, E. J. and W. M. Vatavuk. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 8: Graphic Arts:
Rotagravure and Flexography. EPA-450/2-78-033. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 52p.
152
-------
72. Cowherd, C., M. Marcus, C. Guenther, and J. L. Spigarelli. Hazardous
Emissions Characterization of Utility Boilers. EPA-650/2-75-066.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
July 1975. 185p.
73. Baig, S., M. Haro, 6. Richard, T. Sarro, S. Wolf, T. Hurley,
D. Morrison, and R. Parks. Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3138. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981. 464p.
74. Radian Corporation. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Nickel. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment
No. 22. Durham, NC, November 1983. 166p.
75. Radian Corporation. Estimates of Population Exposure to Ambient
Chromium Emissions. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, Work
Assignment No. 2. Durham, NC, August 1983. 184p.
76. Tiernan, T. 0., M. L. Taylor, J. H. Garrett, G. F. Van Ness,
J. G. Solch, D. A. Deis, and D. J. Wagel. Chlorobenzodioxins,
Chlorodibenzofurans and Related Compounds in the Effluents from
Combustion Processes. Chemosphere, 12(4-5): 595-606, 1983.
77. GCA Corporation. Survey of Cadmium Emission Sources.
EPA-450/3-81-013. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1981. 157p.
80. Lebowitz, H. E., S. S. Tarn, G. R. Smithson, Jr., H. Nack, J. H. Oxley.
Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Extraction and Processing of
Coal and Oil. EPA-650/2-75-038. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1975. 162p.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
82. Carotti, A. A. and E. R. Kaiser. Concentrations of Twenty Gaseous
Chemical Species in the Flue Gas of a Municipal Incinerator. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control Association, 22(4): 248-253, 1972.
83. Barrett, R. E., P. R. Webb, E. E. Riley, and A. R. Trenholm.
Effectiveness of a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Controlling POM
Emissions from Coke Oven Door Leakage. In: Proceedings of the Air
Pollution Control Association, 71st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, June
25-30, 1978. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1978.
Volume 1, Paper 78-9.3. 16p.
153
-------
84. McElroy, A. D. and F. 0. Shobe. Source Category Survey: Secondary
Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry. EPA-450/3-80-012. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
61p.
85. Jenkins, R. A., S. K. White, W. H. Griest, and M. R. Guerin. Chemical
Characterization of the Smokes of Selected U. S-. Commercial Cigarettes:
Tar, Nicotine, Carbon Monoxide, Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrogen Cyanide,
and Acrolein (32 Brands). ORNL/TM-8749. Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, TN, May 1983. 44p.
86. Menzies, K. T., K. J. Beltis, P. L. Levins, L. H. Sadowski, and
B. A. Workman. In-Mine Measurement of Reactive Diesel Exhaust
Contaminants. BUMINES-OFR-198-82. Bureau of Mines, Washington, DC,
September 1980. 15Ip.
87. Carey, P. M. Mobile Source Emissions of Formaldehyde and Other
Aldehydes. EPA/AA/CTAB/PA/81-11. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, May 1981. 37p.
88. Springer, K. J. Baseline Exhaust Emissions from U. S. Army M54A2 Lds
465 Powered Five-Ton Trucks. SWR1-AR-690. Southwest Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX, April 1969. 45p.
90. Wei land, J. H. Control of Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining.
In: Symposium on Fugitive Emissions Measurement and Control, Hartford,
CT, May 17-19, 1976. EPA-600/2-76-246. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1976. 8p.
92. Bee, R. W., G. Erskine, R. B. Shaller, R. W. Spewak, and A. Wallo, III.
Coke Oven Charging Emission Control Test Program. Volume I.
EPA-650/2-74-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1974. 181p.
95. Roundbehler, D. P. and J. Fajen. Survey for N-Nitroso Compounds at
A. C. Lawrence Tannery, S. Paris, Maine. National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 29p.
96. Timrn, C. M. Sampling Survey Related to Possible Emission of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) from the Incineration of Domestic
Refuse. PB-251 285. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago,
IL, November 1975. 53p.
101. Mutchler, J. E., T. A. Loch, F. I. Cooper, and J. L. Vecchio. Source
Testing of a Stationary Coke-Side Enclosure. Great Lakes Carbon
Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri Plant. Volume I. EPA-340/l-77-014a.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, August 1977.
120p.
154
-------
108. Collins, P. F., and G. F. Hunt. Evaluation of PCS Destruction
Efficiency in an Industrial Boiler: Audit Report. EPA-600/2-81-055B,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1981. 35p.
110. Flynn, N. W. and C. D. Wolbach. Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs) and PCB-Contaminated Materials. Volume 4: Test Incineration of
Electrical Capacitors Containing PCBs. EPRI-FP-1207(V.4). Electric
Power Institute, Palo Alto, CA, September 1980. 152p.
111. Junk, G. A. and C. S. Ford. Review of Organic Emissions from Selected
Combustion Processes. IS-4727. U. S. Department of Energy,
Washington, DC, May 1980. 50p.
113. Ackerman, D., J. Clausen, A. Grant, R. Tobias, and C. Zee. Destroying
Chemical Wastes in Commercial Scale Incinerators. Facility Report
No. 6. Rollins Environmental Service, Inc., Deer Park, TX.
EPA/SW-122C.5. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
1977. 173p.
114. Compliance Status of Major Air Pollution Facilities. EPA-340/1-76-010.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, December 1976.
586p.
115. Goldberg, A. J. A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and
Other Pollutants. EPA-R4-73-021. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, February 1973. 185p.
117. Troxler, W. L., C. S. Parmele, D. A. Barton, and F. D. Hobbs. Survey
of Industrial Applications of Vapor-Phase Activated-Carbon Adsorption
for Control of Pollutant Compounds from Manufacture of Organic
Compounds. EPA-600/2-83-035. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, April 1983. 53p.
120. Nagda, N. L., D. J. Pelton, and J. L. Swift. Emission Factors and
Emission Inventories for Carcinogenic Substances. In: Proceedings of
the Air Pollution Control Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati,
OH, June 24-29, 1979. APCA, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper 79-3.1. 15p.
122. Hendriks, R. V., A. H. Laube, and H. J. Griffin. Organic Air Emissions
from Coke Quench Towers. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979.
Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper
79-39.1. 16p.
124. O'Leary, D. T., K. M. Richter, P. A. Hillis, P. H. Wood, and S.
E. Campbell. Methodology for Estimating Environmental Loadings from
Manufacture of Synthetic Organic Chemicals. EPA-600/3-83-064. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA. August 1983. 592p.
155
-------
127. Hughes, T. W., D. R. Tierney, and Z. S. Khan. Measuring Fugitive
Emissions from Petrochemical Plants. Chemical Engineering Progress,
75(8): 35-39, 1979.
128. Compilation of Air Pollutants Emission Factors. Third Edition.
Supplement No. 14. AP-42-SUPPL-14. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1983. 172p.
129. Fine, D. H. and U. Goff. Nitrosamine Analysis of Diesel Crankcase
Emissions. EPA-460/3-81-008. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Ann Arbor, MI, March 1980. 220p.
132. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources.
Volume 1: Control Methods for Surface-Coating Operations.
EPA-450/2-76-028. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1976. 166p.
133. Allen, C. C., Jr. Environmental Assessment of Coke By-Product Recovery
Plants. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron and Steel
Pollution Abatement Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30-November 1,
1979. EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1980, pp. 75-88.
134. Kemner, W. F. and S. A. Tomes. Coke Battery Environmental Control
Cost- Effectiveness. In: Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron
and Steel Pollution Abatement Technology, Chicago, Illinois, October 30
- November 1, 1979. EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. pp. 143-163.
135. Buonicore, A. J, Environmental Assessment of Coke Quench Towers. In:
Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
Abatement Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30 - November 1, "1979.
EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. pp. 112-125.
136. Burklin, C. E., E. C. Cavanaugh, J. C. Dickerman, S. R. Fernandes, and
G. C. Wilkins. Control of Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Liquids.
EPA-600/2-75-042. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1979. 231p.
139. Health Assessment Document for Hexachlorocyclopentadiene. Review
Draft. EPA-600/8-84-001A. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, February 1984. 166p.
140. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. Second Edition.
EPA-450/4-80-015. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1980. 465p.
156
-------
141. Rolke, R. W., R. D. Hawthorne, C. R. Garbett, E. R. Slater,
T. T. Phillips, and G. D. Towell. Afterburner Systems Study.
EPA-R2-72-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, August 1972. 512p.
143. Kleeberg, C. F. and J. G. Wright. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Perch!oroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems.
EPA-450/2-78-050. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 68p.
144. Zobel, K. J. and N. Efird. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires. EPA-450/2-78-030. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC,
December 1978. 59p.
146. Anderson, G. E. Human Exposure to Atmospheric Concentrations of
Selected Chemicals. Volumes I and II. PB84-102540 (Vol. I).
PB83-265249 (Vol. II). U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1983. 219p, 737p.
153. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perch!oroethylene Dry Cleaners
- Background Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-79-029a.
Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980, 165p.
154. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inorganic Arsenic Emissions
from Glass Manufacturing Plants - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA 450/3-83-Olla. Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1983.
183p.
155. Schwitzgebel, K., G. S. Gunn, and M. A. Capalongan. Fugitive Emissions
at a Secondary Lead Smelter. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513. Radian
Corporation, Austin, TX, December 1981.
156. Hartman, M. and C. Stackhouse. Source Sampling Report for General
Battery Corporation: Measurement of Arsenic/Lead/Cadmium, Unit #1,
Secondary Lead Smelter Process, Reading Pennsylvania. EMB Report
83-SLD-2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC, June 1983.
157
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 5: EMISSION CONTROLS*1
2. White, R. E. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 1: Program
Report. EPA-450/3-80-023. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 92p.
3. Blackburn, J. W. and R. L. Standifer. Organic Chemical Manufacturing.
Volume 2: Process Sources. EPA-450/3-80-024. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 249p.
4. Erikson, D. J., J. J. Cudahy, V. Kalcevic, and R. L. Standifer.
Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 3: Storage, Fugitive, and
Secondary Sources. EPA-450/3-80-025. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 344p.
5. Blackburn, J. W., J. A. Key, H. S. Basdekis, and V. Kalcevic. Organic
Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 4: Combustion Control Devices.
EPA-450/3-80-026. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle, NC, December 1980. 354p.
6. Basdekis, H. S., D. G. Erikson, C. S. Parmele, and R. L. Standifer.
Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 5: Adsorption, Condensation,
and Absorption Devices. EPA-450/3-80-027. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 335p.
7. Burce, W. D., J. W. Blackburn, V. Kalcevic, S. W. Dylewski, and R. E.
White. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 6: Selected Processes.
EPA-450/3-80-028a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 404p.
8. Hobbs, F. D., C. W. Stuewe, S. W. Dylewski, D. M. Pitts, and
C. A. Peterson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 7: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28b. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 398p.
9. Key, J. A., C. W. Stuewe, R. L. Standifer, F. D. Hobbs, and
D. M. Pitts. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 8: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28c, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 363p.
10. Lovell, R. J., J. A. Key, R. L. Standifer, V. Kalcevic, and
J. F. Lawson. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 9: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28d, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1980. 545p.
158
-------
11. Peterson, C. A., J. A. Key, F. D. Hobbs, J. W. Blackburn, and
H. S. Basdekis. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 10: Selected
Processes. EPA-450/3-80-28e. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1980. 578p.
12. Hossain, S. M., P. F. Cilicone, A. B. Cherry, and W. J. Wasylenko, Jr.
Applicability of Coke Plant Control Technologies to Coal Conversion.
EPA-600/7-79-184. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC August 1979. 212p.
13. Coke Oven Emissions from By-Product Coke Oven Charging, Door Leaks, and
Topside Leaks on Wet-Charged Batteries - Background Information for
Proposed Standards. Draft. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
14. Benzene Emissions from Coke By-Product Recovery Plants - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Preliminary Draft. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981.
15. Metzger, D. J. Development of the Two-Step-Quench (TSQ) System. In:
A Specialty Conference on Air Pollution Control in the Iron and Steel
Industry, Chicago, IL, April 21-23, 1981. Air Pollution Control
Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981. pp. 108-113. (2 figures)
16. Jasinski, M. R. Status of Coke Pushing Emissions Control and Available
Emissions Data. In: A Specialty Conference on Air Pollution Control
in the Iron and Steel Industry, Chicago, IL, April 21-23, 1981. Air
Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1981. pp. 114-120.
(4 references, 5 tables, 4 figures)
19. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry - Background for Proposed
Standards. EPA-450/3-80-036a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1980. 230p.
20. VOC Emissions from Volatile Organic Liquid Storage Tanks - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. EPA-450/3-81-003a. U. S. .
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1981,
199p.
21. Hardison, L. C. Air Pollution Control Technology and Costs in Seven
Selected Areas. EPA-450/3-73-010. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1983. 724p.
22. Control Techniques for Volatile Organic Emissions from Stationary
Sources. EPA-450/2-78-022. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1978. 578p.
159
-------
23. Neveril, R. B. Capital and Operating Costs of Selected Air Pollution
Control Systems. EPA-450/5-80-002. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978. 285p.
24. Modern Pollution Control Technology. Volume I: Air Pollution Control.
M. Fogiel, (ed). Research and Education Association, New York, NY,
1978. 1086p.
25. Control Techniques for Hydrocarbon and Organic Solvent Emissions from
Stationary Sources. AP-68. U. S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Washington, DC, March 1970. 114p.
26. Engineering Control Technology Assessment for the Plastics and Resins
Industry. DHEW(NIOSH) Publication No. 78-159. U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, OH, March 1978. 234p.
27. Formica, P. N. Control and Uncontrolled Emission Rates and Applicable
Limitations for Eighty Processes. EPA-450/3-77-016. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1976. 410p.
28. Taback, H. D., T. W. Sonnichsen, N. Brunetz, and J. L. Stredler.
Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Stationary Sources in the
California South Coast Air Basin. California Air Resources Board,
Sacramento, CA, June 1978. 459p.
29. Khan, Z. S. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Manufacture. EPA-600/2-79-019g. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1979. 188p.
31. Horn, D. A., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Polychloroprene. State of the Art. EPA-600/2-77-107o. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC., 1977,
97p.
32. Health Assessment Document for Toluene. EPA-600/8-82-008f. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August
1983. 427p.
38. PCB Disposal by Thermal Destruction. EPA-906/9-82-003. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Dallas, TX, June 1981, 610p.
49. Nelson, T. P., A. E. Schmidt and S. A. Smith. Study of Sources of
Chromium, Nickel, and Manganese Air Emissions. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3818, Task 34. Radian Corporation, Austin, TX, February 24,
1984. 326p.
160
-------
50. Control Techniques for Participate Air Pollutants. AP-51. U. S.
Department of Health Education, and Welfare. Washington, DC,
January 1969. 215p.
51. Polcyn, A. J. PCB Waste Destruction Study: High Efficiency Boiler.
In: Proceedings of a Specialty Conference on the Measurement and
Monitoring of Noncriteria (Toxic) Contaminants in Air, Chicago, IL,
March 22-24, 1983. SP-50. Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, PA, 1983. pp. 361-373.
56. Archer, S. R., W. R. McCurley, and G. D. Rawlings. Source Assessment:
Pesticide Manufacturing Air Emissions ~ Overview and Prioritization.
EPA-600-2/-78-004d. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, March 1978. 153p.
57. Meinhold, T. F. Fume Incinerators for Air Pollution Control. Plant
Engineering (Barrington, IL), 34(23): 108-115, 1980.
58. Kenson, R. E., and R. 0. Hoffland. Control of Toxic Air Emissions 1n
Chemical Manufacture. Chemical Engineering Progress, 76(2): 80-83,
1980.
59. Wilhelmi, A. R. and P. V. Knopp. Wet Air Oxidation: -An Alternative to
Incineration. Chemical Engineering Progress, 75(8): 46-52, 1979.
60. Kenson, R. E. Carbon Adsorption of Hydrocarbon Emissions Using Vacuum
Stripping. Pollution Engineering, 11(7): 38-40, 1979.
61. Vincent, E. J. and W. M. Vatavuk. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 8: Graphic Arts:
Rotagravure and Flexography. EPA-450/2-78-033. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1978: 52p.
62. Pruessner, R. D. and L. D. Broz. Hydrocarbon Emission Reduction
Systems. Chemical Engineering Progress, 73(8): 69-73, 1977.
63. Hardison, L. C. and E. J. Dowd. Emission Control Via Fluidized Bed
Oxidation. Chemical Engineering Progress, 73(8): 31-35, 1977.
64. Franza, M. E. Controlling Fugitive VOC Emissions from the Metal
Finishing Industry. Metal Finishing, 80(12): 39-45, 1982.
65. Freidburg, H. R. Survey of VOC Control Methods. Products Finishing
(Cincinnati), 46(6): 50-57, 1982.
66. Darvin, C. H. Emissions from Open Top Vapor Degreasing Systems. In:
Third Conference on Advanced Pollution Control for the Metal Finishing
Industry, Kissimmee, FL, April 14-16, 1980. EPA 600/2-81-028. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, February 1981.
pp. 98-101.
161
-------
67. Weinke, J. H.. American Can's Air Raid Program. In: Proceedings of
Paper Synth. Conference, Technical Association of Pulp and Paper
Industry, Cincinnati, OH, September 15-17, 1980. TAPPI Press,
Atlanta, GA, 1980, pp. 297-300.
68. Carnes, R. A. and F. C. Whitmore. Hazardous Waste Incineration and
Gaseous Waste Pollution Control. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution
Control Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH,
June 25-29, 1979. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA,
1979, Volume 1, Paper 79-5.2. 16p.
69. Ivey, L. R. Evaluation of Air Pollution Control Systems for Volatile
Organic Chemicals. Presented at the 180th American Chemical Society
National Meeting, San Francisco, CA, August 24-29, 1980, 6p.
70. Straitz, J. F. III. Flaring for Gaseous Control in the Petroleum
Industry. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
71st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, June 25-30, 1978. Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1978. Volume 4, Paper 78-58.8.
12p.
71. Teller, A. J. New Systems for Municipal Incinerator Emission Control.
In: Proceedings of the 8th Biennial National Waste Processing
Conference, Chicago, IL, May 7-10, 1978. American Society of
Mechanical Engineers, New York, NY, 1978. pp. 179-187.
73. Baig, S., M. Haro, G. Richard, T. Sarro, S. Wolf, T. Hurley,
D. Morrison, and R. Parks. Conventional Combustion Environmental
Assessment. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3138. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1981. 464p.
74. Radian Corporation. Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Nickel. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment
No. 22. Durham, NC, November 1983. 166p.
75. Radian Corporation. Estimates of Population Exposure to Ambient
Chromium Emissions. Draft. EPA Contract No. 68-02-3818, Work
Assignment No. 2. Durham, NC, August 1983. 184p.
81. Serth, R. W., D. R. Tierney, and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment:
Acrylic Acid Manufacture; State of the Art. EPA-600/2-78-004W. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, August 1978. 83p.
82. Carotti, A. A. and E. R. Kaiser. Concentrations of Twenty Gaseous
Chemical Species in the Flue Gas of a Municipal Incinerator. Journal
of the Air Pollution Control Association, 22(4): 248-253, 1972.
162
-------
83. Barrett, R. E., P. R. Webb, E. E. Riley, and A. R. Trenholm.
Effectiveness of a Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Controlling POM
Emissions from Coke Oven Door Leakage. In: Proceedings of the Air
Pollution Control Association, 71st Annual Meeting, Houston, TX, June
25-30, 1978. Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1978.
Volume 1, Paper 78-9-3. 16p.
84. McElroy, A. D. and F. D. Shobe. Source Category Survey: Secondary
Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry. EPA-450/3-80-012. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, May 1980.
61p.
90. Weiland, 0. H. Control of Fugitive Emissions in Petroleum Refining.
In: Symposium on Fugitive Emissions Measurement and Control, Hartford,
CT, May 17-19, 1976. EPA-600/2-76-246. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1976. 8p.
92. Bee, R. W., G. Erskine, R. B. Shaller, R. W. Spewak, and A. Wallo, III.
Coke Oven Charging Emission Control Test Program. Volume I.
EPA-650/2-74-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1974. 181p.
97. Schwartz, W. A., F. B. Higgins, Jr., J. A. Lee, R. B. Morris, and R.
Newrith, Engineering and Cost Study of Air Pollution Control for the
Petrochemical Industry. Volume 7: Phthalic Anhydride Manufacture from
Ortho-xylene. EPA-450/3-73-006g. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 108p.
100. Hoffman, A. 0., A. T. Hopper, and R. L. Paul. Development and
Demonstration of Concepts for Improving Coke-Oven Door Seals.
EPA-600/2-82-066. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, April 1982. 112p.
101. Mutchler, J. E., T. A. Loch, F. I. Cooper, and J. L. Vecchio. Source
Testing of a Stationary Coke-Side Enclosure. Great Lakes Carbon
Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri Plant. Volume I. EPA-340/l-77-014a.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, August 1977.
120p.
103. Lownie, Jr., H. W. and A. 0. Hoffman. Study of Concepts for Minimizing
Emissions from Coke-Oven Seals. EPA-65.0/2-75-064. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 235p.
104. McClelland, R. 0. Coke Oven Smokeless Pushing System Design Manual.
EPA-650/2-74-076. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1975. 56p.
163
-------
105. Bee, R. W. and R. W. Spewak. Coke Oven Charging Emission Control Test
Program. Supplemental Observations. EPA-650/2-74-062a. II. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September
1974. 120p.
106. Stoltz, J. J. Coke Charging Pollution Control Demonstration.
EPA-650/2-74-022. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, March 1974. 327p.
108. Collins, P. F., and 6. F. Hunt. Evaluation of PCS Destruction
Efficiency in an Industrial Boiler: Audit Report. EPA-600/2-81-055B,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1981. 35p.
109. Ackerman, D. G., L. L. Scinto, P. S. Bakshi, R. G. Delumyea, and R. J.
Johnson. Guidelines for the Disposal of PCBs (Polychlorinated
Biphenyls) and PCB Items by Thermal Destruction. EPA-600/2-81-022.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
February 1981. 319p.
110. Flynn, N. W. and C. D. Wolbach. Disposal of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs) and PCB-Contaminated Materials. Volume 4. Test Incineration of
Electrical Capacitors Containing PCBs. EPRI-FP-1207(V.4). Electric
Power Institute, Palo Alto, CA, September 1980. 152p.
112. Ackerman, D., J. Clausen, A. Grant. R. Johnson, and C. Shih.
Destroying Chemical Wastes in Commercial Scale Incinerators.
EPA-530/SW-155c. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, 1978. 130p.
113. Ackerman, D., J. Clausen, A. Grant, R. Tobias, and C. Zee. Destroying
Chemical Wastes in Commercial Scale Incinerators. Facility Report
No. 6. Rollins Environmental Service, Inc., Deer Park, TX.
EPA/SW-122C.5. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
1977. 173p.
115. Goldberg, A. J. A Survey of Emissions and Controls for Hazardous and
Other Pollutants. EPA-R4-73-021. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, February 1973. 185p.
117. Troxler, W. L., C. S. Parmele, D. A. Barton, and F. D. Hobbs. Survey
of Industrial Applications of Vapor-Phase Activated-Carbon Adsorption
for Control of Pollutant Compounds from Manufacture of Organic
Compounds. EPA-600/2-83-035. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH, April 1983. 53p.
164
-------
119. Price J. H. and J. 0. Ledbetter. The Comparative Cost Effectiveness of
Reducing Public Exposure to Carcinogens by Abating Chemical Plant
Emissions. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control Association,
76th Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, June 19-24, 1983. Air Pollution
Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983. Paper 83-6.4. 15p. (10
references, 3 tables.)
121. Jonsson, J. Trends of Fume Control for Iron and Steel Industry -
Current and Future. In: Proceedings of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 72nd Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH, June 24-29, 1979.
Air Pollution Control Association, Pittsburgh, PA, 1979. Paper
79-32.2. 15p.
125. Air Oxidation Processes in Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-82-001a. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, October 1983. 547p.
126. Schwinn, D. E., D. F. Storrier, R. J. Moore, and W. S. Carter. PCB
Removal by Carbon Adsorption. Pollution Engineering, 16(1): 20-21,
1984.
131. Chi, C. T. and T. W. Hughes. Phthalic Anhydride Plant Air Pollution
Control. EPA-600/2-77-188. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1977. 113p.
132. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from Existing Stationary Sources.
Volume 1: Control Methods for Surface-Coating Operations.
EPA-450/2-76-028. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1976. 166p.
135. Buonicore, A. J. Environmental Assessment of Coke Quench Towers. In:
Proceedings of the First Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution
Abatement Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30 - November 1, 1979.
EPA-600/9-80-012. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. pp. 112-125.
136. Burklin, C. E., E. C. Cavanaugh, J. C. Dickerman, S. R. Fernandes, and
G. C. Mil kins. Control of Hydrocarbons from Petroleum Liquids. •
EPA-600/2-75-042. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, September 1979. 231p.
137. Air Pollution Control Technology Applicable to 26 Source of Volatile
Organic Compounds. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, May 1977. 75p.
138. Kline, E. W. VOC Control Efforts by a Heavy Duty Truck Manufacturer.
In: Third Conference on Advanced Pollution Control for the Metal
Finishing Industry, Kissimmee, FL, April 14-16, 1980.
EPA-600/2-81-028. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH, February 1981. pp. 102-103.
165
-------
140. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Data Manual. Second Edition.
EPA-450/4-80-015. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, July 1980. 464p.
141. Rolke, R. W., R. D. Hawthorne, C. R. Garbett, E. R. Slater,
T. T. Phillips, and G. D. Towell. Afterburner Systems Study.
EPA-R2-72-062. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, August 1972, 512p.
143. Kleeberg, C. F. and J. G. Wright. Control of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning Systems.
EPA-450/2-78-050. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, December 1978, 68p.
144. Zobel, K. J. and N. Efird. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Manufacture of Pneumatic Rubber Tires. EPA-450/2-78-030. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC, December
1978. 59p.
145. Serth, R. W. and T. W. Hughes. Source Assessment: Phthalic Anhydride
(Air Emissions). EPA-600/2-76-032d. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1976. 157p.
147. Chandrasekhar, R. and E. Poulin. Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions from
Cotton and Synthetic Textile Finishing Plants. EPA-600/2-83-041.
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 1983. 151p.
148. Pohl, J. H., R. Payne, and J. Lee. Evaluation of the Efficiency of
Industrial Flares: Test Results. EPA-600/2-84-095. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,-May 1984.
192p.
149. Joseph, D., J. Lee, C. McKinnon, R. Payne, and J. Pohl. Evaluation of
the Efficiency of Industrial Flares: Background—Experimental
Design—Facility. EPA-600/2-83-070. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1983. 284p.
150. McDaniel, M. Flare Efficiency Study. EPA-600/2-83-052. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1983.
142p.
151. Jennings, M. S., N. E. Krohn, and R. S. Berry. Control of Industrial
VOC Emissions by Catalytic Incineration. Volume 1: Assessment of
Catalytic Incineration and Competing Controls. EPA Contract
68-02-3171, Tasks 39 and 50. Radian Corporation, Research Triangle
Park, NC, April 16, 1984.
166
-------
152. Radian Corporation. Performance of Catalytic Incinerators at
Industrial Sites. EPA Contract 68-02-3171, Task 50. Durham, NC,
June 15, 1983. 83p.
153. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Perch!oroethylene Dry
Cleaners-Background Information for Proposed Standards.
EPA-450/3-79-029a. Research Triangle Park, NC, August 1980. 165p.
154. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inorganic Arsenic Emissions
from Glass Manufacturing Plants - Background Information for Proposed
Standards. EPA 450/3-83-Olla. Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1983.
183p.
167
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
GROUP 6: GENERAL6
1. Post, B. K., R. C. Mead, and A. S. Pelland. Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse: Bibliography of EPA Reports. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3513, Work Assignment 41. U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1984. 76p.
46. Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Environment. September 1980 -
February 1983 (Citations from the NTIS Data Base). PB83-804716.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, March 1983.
154p.
47. Sableski, J., B. Hogarth, J. Pearson, and P. Mansfiel. Air Programs
Reports and Guidelines Index. EPA-450/2-82-016. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, September 1982, 56p.
48. Merrick, E. T. Chemical Activities Status Report. Third Edition.
Volumes 1 and 2. EPA-560/TIIS-82-002a and EPA-560/TIIS-82-002b. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1982.
404p. 412p.
93. Coke Oven Air and Water Pollution. 1970 - July 1982 (Citations from
the Engineering Index Data Base). PB82-811076. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA, August 1982. 234p.
99. Proceedings: First Symposium on Iron and Steel Pollution Abatement
Technology, Chicago, IL, October 30-November 1, 1979.
EPA-600/9-80-012, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, February 1980. 513p.
107. Wittman, S., B. Arnold, W. Downs, and P. Smith. A Selected
Bibliography of Public Information Materials about Polychlorinatetl
Bipheynls (PCBs). NOAA-81041303. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, Rockville, MD, February 1981. 16p.
116. Chlorine and Air Pollution. An Annotated Bibliography. AP-99. U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1971.
108p.
168
-------
HAP DATA BASE CLASSIFICATION
SUBJECT GROUP DESCRIPTIONS
Manufacturing Information — This group includes references containing
manufacturing data concerning producers, production rate, and plant
location. Also included are the references that report HAP monitoring data
at different locations.
Reaction/Process/Industry Descriptions — This group includes references
that contain information on reactions and/or processes employed in
production of HAPs. References that contain descriptions of industries
emitting HAPs are also included in this group.
cEmission Sources/Rates/Factors — This group contains references pertaining
to emissions from production and/or consumption, storage and handling, as
well as fugitive and secondary emissions. References with information on
actual and/or estimated emissions rates and factors are included in this
group.
Emission Controls — In this group, the references relating to actual
plant control practices and/or applicable control techniques for HAPs are
included. This group also contains the references that have general
information on control technology.
eGeneral — This group includes general references such as published
literature searches, Chemical Activities Status Report, etc.
169
-------
APPENDIX A
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTY DATA
A-i
-------
TABLE A-l. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES*
Nane
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone
Acroletn
Acrylic add
Acrylonitrile
Adipic acid
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Aniline
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzyl chloride
1.3 Butadiene
CadMiim Refer
Caprolacta*
Carbon
tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodl filler-o-
ne thane
Chlorofom
Chloroprene
ChromiuM Refer
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Molecular Molecular
Formula Weight
C2H40
C2H02
C4H6°3
C3HfiO
C3H40
C3H4°2
CjHjN
C6H10°4
D iu *
C3HfiO
C3H5C1
C6H7M
C6H6
C20H12
C7H7C1
C4H6
to Table A-2
C6HnHO
cci4
C6H5C1
CHC1F,
£•
CHC13
C|I |*|
Jl C
to Table A-2
CHO
/ O
C7HflO
C?H80
CgHjj
C6H12
C,H.20
44.05
60.05
102.09
58.08
56.06
72.06
53.00
146.14
58.08
76.58
93.12
78.11
252.30
126.50
54.09
113.16
153.82
112.56
86.48
119.39
88.54
108.1
108.1
108.1
120.21
54.16
100.17
Physical Vapor
State Pressure
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
L
G
S
L
L
G
L
L
L
S
S
L
L
L
923m at 25"C
11.4m at 20°C
5.09m at 25°C
400nm at 39.5'C
288. 2m at 25*C
4.61m at 25°C
113.8m at 25°C
1m at 159. 5°C .
25.6m at 25"C
359m at 25"C
0.67m at 25°C
95.9m at 25*C
10m at 310-312'C
1.4m at 25°C
1690m at 25°C
6m at 120°C
115.2m at 25°C
12.14m at 25°C
2210.6m at 25°C
200m at 25.9°C
215.4m at 25"C
1m at 52.0°C
1m at 38.2-C
1m at S3.°C
6.56mn at 25°C
98.14m at 25° C
1.7m at 25"C
Vapor Boiling
Specific Point
Gravity
1.52
2.07
3.50
2.00
1.94
2.45
1.83
5.04
2.00
2.64
3.22
2.77
4.36
1.87
5.32
3.88
4.12
3.72
3.72
3.72
4.10
2.90
3.45
20.8-C
117.9°C
139.55'C
56.2°C
52.5°C
14.1"C
77.5°C
337. 5°C
97°C
44.6°C
184-C
BO.l'C
«6-510°C
179°C
-4.5"C
139°C at 12m
76.54'C
131. 7°C
-40.8-C
61.26-C
59.4°C
202. 8°C
190. 8"C
201. 8°C
152'C
80.7°C
161. 5°C
Log
Melting Partition Liquid
Point Coefficient Specific
(Octanol/H20) Gravity
-121'C
16.6°C
-73. TC
-95.35°C
-86.95*C
13'C
-83 to -84"C
153*C
-129'C
-134. S'C
-6.3-C
5.5'C
179*C
-39*C
-109.91'C
69 to 71°C
-22.99*C
-45.6'C
-160"C
-63.5-C
12'C
30.9'C
35.26*C
-96°C
6.3"C
23°C
0.43
-0.31
0.55
0.43
-0.92
-0.14
0.13
1.24
2.28
2.64
2.84
1.17
2.37
3.40
2.35
0.7834 at 1B°C/4*C
1.0492 at 20*C/4*C
1.082 at 20-C/4-C
0.7972 at 15'C/4-C
0.841 at 20*C/4°C
1.0511 at 20"C/4eC
0.8060 at 20>C/4*C
1.360 at 25eC/4'C
0.8540 at 20°C/4°C
0.938 at 20°C/4*C
1.0217 at 20*C/4'C
0.8787 at 20*C/4*C
1.1026 at 18'C/4°C
0.621 at 20*C/4*C
1
1.5940 at 20*C/4"C
1.1058 at 20"C/4*C
1.194 at 25*C/4*C
1.4985 at 15'C
0.9583 at 20'C/4*C
1.034 at 20°C/4°C
1.047 at 20'C/4°C
1.0341 at 20-C/4-C
0.864 at 20"C/4'C
0.7786 at 20"C/4*C
0.9449 at 25
-------
TABLE A-l. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* (CONTINUED)
Molecular
Nane Formula
Cyclohexanone
Dichlorodifluro-
•e thane
Dichlorotetra-
fluoroethane
Dlethanolaaine
Dimethyl
nltrosanlne
Dimethyl
terephthalate
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl aery late
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
i> Ethylene
l bichloride
ro
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Hexachloro-
cyclopentadlene
Maleic anhydride
Manganese Refer
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ethyl
ketone
C6H10°
CC12F
£ £
C,C1.F4
£ * *
C4H11N02
C,H,N,0
£ D £
C10H10°4
1U 1U 4
C.HRC10
C
0.8054 at 20°C/4>C
Solubility
Soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Infinite
Soluble
Slightly
soluble
Slightly
soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Slightly
soluble
Infinite
Soluble
Soluble
Soluble
Slightly
soluble
Reacts with
H20, soluble
Infinite
Soluble
Insoluble
Very
soluble
-------
TABLE A-l. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* (CONTINUED)
u>
Molecular
Name Fornula
Methyl csHa°2
•ethacrylate
Methylene chloride CH.CI,
Nickel Refer to Table A- 2
Nitrobenzene C6H5h°2
Nitrosonorpholine'' C^HjWO
Perchloroethylene C^CI^
Phenol CgHgO
Phosgene CC1 .0
i
Phthalic anhydride CgH.O,
Polychlorinated C.-Cl/
biphenyls
Arachlor 1254
Propylene oxide C3H6°
Styrene CgHg
Terephthalic acid CgHgO^
Toluene C?Hg
Toluene CQM?°?
Oiisocyanate " ° f *
Trlchloroethylene C2HC13
Trichlorofluoro- CC1-F
nethane
Trichlorotrl- C2C13F3
fluoroethane
Vinyl acetate CA°?
HOC
Molecular Physical
Height State
100.13
64.93
123.06
87.12
165.82
94.11
98.92
148. 12
58.08
104.14
166. 14
92.15
174.16
131.39
137.38
187.38
86.09
L
L
S/olly L
L
L
S
G/
volatile L
S
L/S
L/S
L
L
S
L
L
L
L
L
L
Vapor
Pressure
40m at 25.5°C
435. Bmn at 25°C
0.284«M at 25°C
10m at 23°C
18.47MB at 25°C
0.53m at 25°C
1428m at 25°C
1m at 96.5"C
Inn at 25°C
596m at 25°C
6.05m at 25"C
negligible
28.4m at 25'C
<0.01m at 20°C
77.5m at 25°C
717. 5nm at 25"C
337.72am at 25°C
107.5nn at 25°C
•
Vapor
Specific
Gravity
3.45
2.93
4.25
3.00
5.83
3.24
3.40
5.10
2.00
Boiling
Point
100 to 101'C
40°C
210. 8"C
128. 3'C
121.20'C
181. 9"C
7.56°C
295. PC
278 to 475°C
365 to 390°C
33.9°C
146"C
Sublimes
Helttng
Point
-48-C
-95.1'C
5.7°C
-4.75'C
-19*C
4.25-43*C
-118*C
131.61'C
-104. 4"C
-30.63'C
Subllwes
Partition Liquid
Coefficient Specific
(Octano1/H20) Gravity
0.9440 at 20°C/4'C
1.3266 at 20*C/4°C •
1.88 1.2037 at 20°C/4''C
-1.08 1.00 at 20"C/40C
1.6227 at 20*C/4*C
1.0S76 at 20*C/4*C
1.392 at 19°C/4*C
1.527 at 4°C
1.495 to 1.505
at 6S'C/15.5*C
0.8394 at 20*C/4*C
0.904.5 at 25°C/25°C
1.51
Solubility
Slightly
soluble
Slightly
soluble
Slightly
soluble
Infinite
Insoluble
Soluble
Decomposes
In H20
Slightly
soluble
SI ightly
soluble
Soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
without nelting
3.14
6.00
4.53
24. TC
6.47
3.00
110.6-C
23B.3°C
87«C
47.7°C
72.2 to 72.3°C
-95-C
19.5 to 21
-73'C
-iii-c
-36.4°C
-93.2'C
0.8669 at 20°C/4*C
.5*C 1.22 at 20°C/4eC
1.4642 at 20°C/4*C
1.494 at 17.2*C/4*C
1.6635 at 25°C/4'C
0.9317 at 20°C/4«C
Insoluble
Reacts with
H2°
Slightly
soluble
Slightly
soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
(soluble In
hot H20)
-------
TABLE A-l. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES' (CONCLUDED)
Name
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl idene
chloride
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Zinc Refer
Molecular
Formula
C H C1
CpHpCln
C8H10
C8H10
C8"lO
to Table A- 2
Molecular
Weight
62.50
97.00
106.20
106.20
106.20
Physical
State
L/6
L
L
L
L
Vapor
Pressure
2660MD at 25°C
617.14 at 25°C
8.56mm at 25°C
10mm at 32.TC
10mm at 25°C
Vapor
Specific
Gravity
2.15
3.66
3.66
3.66
Boiling
Point
(°C)
-13.4'C
37°C
139°C
144. 4°C
138. 5°C
Melting
Point
(°C)
-153. 8°C
-122.53CC
-47.4°C
-25°C
13.2°C
Log
Partition
Coefficient
(Octano1/hy>)
0
1
0
0
0
Liquid
Specific
Gravity
.9195 at 15"C/4°C.
.213 at 200C/40C
.864 at 20°C/4°C
.880 at 20°C/4°C
.8611 at 20°C/4°C
.
Solubility
Slightly
soluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
References 40-43 unless otherwise noted
Benzo(a)pyrene is a major constituent of polycyclic organic matter (POM) emitted fro* combustion sources; Reference 34.
Reference 9.
Reference 1.
Reference 34.
fn •= 1 to 10; the density, boiling point, and melting point Increase with chlorine content.
-------
TABLE A-2. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES3
I
in
Atomic
Number
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Zinc
48
24
29
25
28
30
Group
2B
6
IB
7B
8
2B
Atomic
Height
112.4
51.996
63.546
54.938
58.71
65.38
Melting
Point
320. 9°C
1890°C
108310. 1°C
1244±3°C
1453°C
419.5°C
Boiling
Point
765°C
2642°C
2336°C
1962°C
2732°C
908°C
Density
8.64 g/cm3
7.20 g/cm3
8.92 g/cm3
8.90 g/cm3
7.14 g/cm3
Solubility
Vapor In
Pressure Valency Water
1mm at 394 °C 2 Insoluble
3,2,6
limn at 1628°C 1,2 Insoluble
1mm at 1292°C 2.3.4.6.7 Decomposes
In water
1mm at 1810°C -1,0,1.2.3.4 Insoluble
1mm at 487°C 2 Insoluble
'Reference 34.
-------
APPENDIX B
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION SUMMARY
FOR HAP's
B-i
-------
ACETALDEHYDE10
Source of emissions: Manufacturing of acetaldehyde from ethylene by two-step air oxidation
Emissions: Acetaldehyde, ethyl chloride, methyl chloride, chloroform, ethylene, methylene chloride
Control Device/Practice Comments
Absorber Absorbers (water scrubbers) are used for product
recovery. They are considered as integral
components of process equipment.
Flare Flares are used to control emissions from the
absorbers. The composition of a waste stream fed
to a process flare is shown in Table B-l.
Recycle Emissions from process vents, product storage tanks,
and product tank car loading systems are controlled
by recycling to process.
-------
TABLE B-l. COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAM FED TO A FLARE3
Compound
C2H4
CH-C1
3
C2H5C1
CH2C12
CHC1,
3
N,
2
0,
2
CO,
2
CH.
4
C2H6
Composition (Wt. %)
0.9
1.9
2.1
0.3
0.7
37.5
0.9
41.9
11.9
2.9
aCelanese Chemical Plant, Reference 10.
B-2
-------
ACETIC ACID11' 125
Source of emissions: Manufacture of acetic acid by (a) methanol carbonylation, (b) n-butane
oxidation, and (c) acetaldehyde oxidation
Emissions: Acetic acid, methanol, formic acid, ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, acetaldehyde,
methyl acetate, ethanol, butanol, n-propyl acetate, acetone, methyl formate
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
oo
u>
Source (a)
Flare
Recycle
Scrubber
Source (b)
Condenser
Flare
The process emissions from the scrubber are sent
to a flare.
Reactor off-gas from the high-pressure absorber
is sent back to the process.
A series of scrubbers are used for recovery of
organics from the distillation column vents.
The final scrubber uses chilled methanol as the
scrubbing liquid and acts as an emission control
device.
A refrigerated condenser is used to control the
VOC in the vent gases from the separator condenser.
Composition data are reported in Table B-2.
Refrigerated condensers are also used on purification
vents.
A flare is used to control emissions from the
stripper condenser. Composition data are reported in
Table B-3.
98.5%a
80%
68%
60%
95%
CONTINUED
-------
ACETIC ACID11' 125 (CONTINUED)
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CO
Source (c)
Scrubber
Condenser
Gases from distillation column condensers and
accumulators are sent to a unit vent scrubber.
Composition data are given in Table B-4.
Scrubber on the reactor vent is used for recovering
product and raw materials.
A scrubber employs water and acetic acid to remove VOC
from the reactor off-gas.
A water-cooled vent condenser is used as a control
device on one column.
99%
99%c
Vendor estimate for acetic acid removal.
n-propyl acetate removal efficiency.
-------
TABLE B-2. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM TRANSFERRED
TO A REFRIGERATED CONDENSER5
Component
Butane
Ethane
Other organics
Total VOC
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen
Argon
Composition (Wt. %)
6.5
0.8
_1_
7.3
4.6
56
9
8.1
15
aUnion Carbide Corp., South Charleston, W. VA. Reference 11.
B-5
-------
TABLE B-3. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM
TRANSFERRED TO A FLAREa
Component
Butane
Ethane
Other organics
Total VOC
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen
Argon
Composition (Wt %)
11
1
_4
16
1
80
1
1
1
aUnion Carbide Corp., South Charleston, W. VA. Reference 11.
B-6
-------
TABLE B-4. COMPOSITION DATA FOB WASTE STREAM SENT TO
UNIT VENT SCRUBBERS3
Compound Composition (Wt,
N2 96.3
H20 3.2
CJi.O 0.5
Celanese, Clear Lake, Texas. Reference 11.
B-7
-------
ACETIC ANHYDRIDE11
Source of emissions: Manufacture of acetic anhydride by pyrolysis of acetic acid
Emissions: Ethylene, benzene , propadiene, acetic, acetic anhydride, acetone
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CO
00
Fuel gas
Thermal incinerator
Reactor byproduct gases are collected and
burned as supplemental fuel in the
pyrolysis furnaces.
A typical analysis of the gas sent to the
pyrolysis furnace is given in Table B-5.
The emissions from the vacuum ejector system
or gas scrubbers are controlled by
incinerating in off-gas burners. Heat is
recovered from the incinerator flue gases
by a waste heat boiler. Composition data
from one plant is shown in Table B-6.
lOOr (organics)
^Benzene emissions are present only if the pyrolysis process with benzene quench used.
Organic removal efficiency.
-------
TABLE B-5. COMPOSITION DATA FORaWASTE STREAM TRANSFERRED
TO PYROLYSIS FURNACE3
Compound
Methane
vocb
CO
co2
Benzene
so2
NOX
Others
Flowrate -
"Decomp Gas"
Feed to Furnace
Composition (Wt. %)
2.2
29.7
35.2
26.0
4.4
6.9
935 Ib/hr
Furnace
(ppm)
6.9
1.1
1.6
0.0
91.5
61.53
Stack
(Ib/hr)
0.053
0.007
0.021
•
2.009
uReference 11.
Volatile organic compounds other than methane.
B-9
-------
TABLE B-6. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM SENT
TO OFF-GAS BURNER3
Compound
Composition (Mol %)
Allene and/or methyl acetylene
Butadiene
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Ethane
Ethylene
Methane
Oxygen
Propylene
Water
Flowrate = 5,460 scfh
10.1
0.9
22.8
46.6
0.4
8.7
8.5
0.5
0.6
0.9
Reference 11.
B-10
-------
CO
I
ACETONE/PHENOL
Source of emissions:
Emissions: Acetone,
toluene
Control
Device/Practice
8, 63, 117, 125
Manufacture of acetone/phenol from cumene peroxldation
cumene, phenol, acetaldehyde, o-methyl styrene, formaldehyde, ethylbenzene,
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Carbon adsorption
Condenser
Cumene oxidation vent is controlled by carbon adsorption
followed by refrigerated condensation.
Cumene oxidation vent 1s controlled by a refrigerated
92%a, 99%b
83.4%c
90%
condenser at 4-5°C and 85 psia.
Oxidate wash/separation vent is controlled by condensation.
Chilled-brine condensation is used to control the cumene
hydroperoxide (CHP) vent.
CHP vent is controlled by condensation.
CHP cleavage vent is controlled by condensation.
CHP cleavage vent and CHP neutralization vent are controlled
by refrigerated condensation followed by water scrubbing.
Light-ends column vent and acetone finishing column vent are
controlled by refrigerated condensation followed by water
scrubbing.
Condensers are used to control emissions from several other
distillation column vents such as a-methyl styrene, phenol,
acetophenone, crude acetone/phenol, heavy ends, and phenol
purification columns.
Condensers are also used on acetone, light and heavy oil,
cumene/CHP, and on crude by-product tanks to control storage
emissions.
84%
95%
93%
"CONTINUED
-------
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CD
t-»
ro
Boiler
Floating roof tank
Process modifications
Scrubber CHP neutralization vent is controlled by a water scrubber. 93%
A water scrubber following a condenser is used to control %%
emissions from CHP cleavage vent.
Aqueous scrubbing is used to control light-ends column vent.
Aqueous scrubbing is used to control acetone finishing column
vent and cleavage product storage tanks.
The vent stream from light-ends columns is incinerated by
using it as fuel in existing boilers.
Distillation column vents (acetone, a-methyl styrene, etc.)
are incinerated in fire boxes of existing boilers.
Used for controlling storage emissions from acetone, cumene,
and crude a-methyl styrene storage tanks.
Excess oxygen in the spent air can be varied. This will
directly affect the quantity of spent air and thus the VOC
emission rate from the process vent.
Another variation that can greatly reduce the emissions from
the main process vent is the use of oxygen instead of air in
the oxidation step, thereby greatly reducing the inert-gas
venting.
Another process variation is the hydrogenation of the crude
a-methyl styrene stream to produce cumene for recycle rather
than to produce an a-methyl styrene product for sale.
This variation will reduce the emissions associated with
a-methyl styrene production distillation and storage.
Pilot studies at a phenol production facility were conducted 92-98%
at 675-825°F.
^Overall hydrocarbon removal efficiency.
Overall removal efficiency.
^Efficiency for the carbon adsorption step calculated from design data.
For scrubber only.
Catalytic incinerator
-------
ACROLEIN5' U> 125
Source of emissions: Production of acrolein by propylene oxidation
Emissions: Acrolein, propylene, acetaldehyde
Control Device/Practice Comments
Flare Flares are used to control emissions from various vents.
Thermal incinerator Acrolein absorber vent is controlled by thermal oxidation.
CD
I
-------
ACRYLIC ACID
5, 11, 81, 125
Source of emissions: Manufacture of acrylic acid from propylene oxidation
Emissions: Acrylic acid, acrolein, acetic acid, acetone
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
DO
i
Condenser
Scrubber
Flare
Catalytic incinerator
Thermal incinerator
Conservation vent
Floating-roof tank
Vapor recovery
Blanket gas
Flare3
Vapor scrubbers are used on some tetrahydrofuran
and acrylic acid tanks.
Acrolein and acrylic acid streams are routed to
a flare. Acrolein streams include acrolein
distillation column vents, acrolein unit tank vents, and
discharges from safety valves. Acrylic acid
streams vented to the flare include acrylic acid
extractor vent, the raffinate stripping column
vent, and field acrolein tank safety valve discharges.
Storage emissions are also controlled by flares.
This device is used to control acrylic acid
emissions during product handling.
Thermal oxidizers are used for controlling quench-
absorber off-gas, atmospheric and vacuum
equipment vents, storage, and handling emissions.
Table B-7 presents the results of tests conducted at
two plants.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
The absorber and reactor vent gas is fed to a
flare. The composition of this stream is given in
Table 8-8.
See Table B-7
99%
-------
TABLE B-7. THERMAL INCINERATION TEST DATA1
a,b,c
CD
Production Rate
During Test
Waste Gas Flow
(Inlet) scfm
Each 52,500
(12,500 tank
farm vent (TVF))
(40,000 oxidizer
vent (OXV))
20,600
Supplemental
Number Fuel
Of Tests & Amount
Or Sets Used (scfm)
Set
3
Set
4
Set
1
Set
6
Set
3
1 900 (gas)
2 900
3 900
1 Natural Gas
2
Residence
Time
(Seconds)
1.
1.
1.
0
0
0
2-3
2-
3
Incineration
Temperature
(°F)
1425
1510
1545
1160
1475
TVF
OXV
TVF
OXV
TVF
OXV
Inlet
VOC
(ppmv)
2
11
2
12
2
12
11
11
,580
,600
,600
,800
,410
,200
,900
,900
Outlet
VOC
(ppmv)
1,330
150
25
243
10
VOC
Destruction
Efficiency
(wt
82.
98.
99.
96.
99.
%)
6
3
7
1
9
Reference 125
bThe first set of data was taken at Rohm & Haas, Deer Park, TX.
cThe second set of data was taken at Union Carbide, Taft, LA.
-------
TABLE B-8. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM FED TO A FLARE3
Compound
CO
C2H2
C2H4
N2
co2
Flowrate =
Composition (Wt. %)
88.0
8.0
1.6
1.6
0.8
187 Ib/hr
aDow-Badische, Freeport, TX. Reference 11.
B-16
-------
ACRYLONITRILE
5, 11, 117, 125
Source of emissions:Manufacture of acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene
Emissions: Propylene, acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide, propane
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CO
Catalytic incinerator
Thermal incinerator
Scrubber Scrubbers (water) are used for controlling emissions
from column vents and storage tank vents. A control
efficiency of 99% is reported for the scrubbers serving
the storage tanks.
In one plant, the scrubber vent is sent to a flare.
Condenser Condensers are used for controlling column and storage
tank vents.
Refrigerated condensers are used for storage tank vents.
This device is used to control absorber vent emissions.
The destruction efficiency is only 24% with respect to
propane because this unit was not designed for propane.
Emissions from absorber vents are controlled by
thermal oxidizers. Test data obtained at Monsanto*s manu-
facturing facilities show >99% removal efficiency. The
waste gas flowrate during the tests was 75,000 lb/hr
(average). The outlet VOC concentrations were 25 and
47 ppmv for the two tests.
Flare Flares are used for destroying emissions from column vents
and storage tank vents. At one plant, emissions
from the column vents are collected by the flare header
system and controlled by a 16-inch flare designed for
emergency and shutdown use. A separate 6-inch flare is
used to control emissions from HCN storage tank.
At another plant, the flare serves the header that
collects vent gases from various vents. The stack consists
of a 24-inch pipe extending 200 ft above ground.
(CONTINUtU)
99%
24% (for propane)
-------
CD
»—•
00
ACRYLONITRILE5' U> 117> 125 (CONTINUED)
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Nitrogen blanket Used for controlling storage emissions from acrylonitrile
and acetonitrile storage tanks.
Carbon adsorber Used for controlling storage emissions.
Floating-roof tank Used for controlling emissions from storage tank vents.
-------
ADIPIC ACID7* 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of adipic acid by oxidation of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone with
nitric acid
Emissions: Adipic acid, acetic acid, formic acid
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Boiler Off-gas from the absorber is routed to 99%
the powerhouse boilers designed to produce steam.
Thermal incinerator Off-gas from the absorber is routed to 99+%
a thermal incinerator unit. This unit
has no provision for heat recovery.
Scrubber Wet scrubbers are used to control emissions
oo from dryer and cooler vents.
t~*
10 Fabric filter Filter bags are used to control emissions
from dryer and cooler vents.
Carbon adsorber
-------
ALLYL ALCOHOL11
Source of emissions: Production of allyl alcohol from acrolein and sec-butanol (in glycerine
manufacturing)
Emissions: Allyl alcohol, acrolein, acetone
Control Device/Practice Comments
Flare A flare is used to control emissions from lights stripper column
vent.
Scrubber Filtration system vent is controlled by a scrubber.
Condenser Condensers are used for controlling emissions from catalyst
preparation vent and distillation column vents.
co
ro
o
-------
ALLYL CHLORIDE11
Source of emissions: Production of allyl chloride by propylene chlorination (in glycerine
manufacturing)
Emissions: Propylene, allyl chloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, dichloropropane
Control Device/Practice Comments
Condenser A condenser is used to control emissions from light-ends
distillation column vent.
Flare Flares are used to control emissions from absorber and distillation
vents.
Scrubber A scrubber is used to control emissions from dichloropropane
distillation column vent.
CO
I
ro
-------
CD
ro
rvj
ANILINE8* 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of aniline by vapor-phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene
Emissions: Benzene
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Condenser
Scrubber
Thermal incinerator
Process variation
Condensers are used to control emissions from
distillation, catalyst filtration and recycle,
and from storage.
Water scrubbers are used to control process and storage
emissions.
Dilute sulfuric acid scrubber is used as a control device.
Thermal incinerators are used to control reactor vent
vent emissions and also for control of secondary
emissions.
A process variation that can significantly influence
process emissions is the manner in which the catalyst
is handled. One producer reports filtration of catalyst
fires from the reaction gases outside the reactor for
recycle.
96%
99.9%
>99%e
Carbon adsorber
Overall efficiency for process and secondary emission sources.
-------
BUTADIENE
5, 11, 62, 125
Source of emissions: Manufacture of butadiene by (a) dehydrogenation of n-butane, (b) oxidative
dehydrogenation of n-butene, and (c) extraction from ethylene plant by-product
streams
Emissions: Butadiene, isobutane, butene, isobutene, acetylenes
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
CD
•
ro
GJ
Catalytic incinerator
Thermal incinerator
Flare
Boiler
Recycle
Dehydrogenation reactor vent is controlled by
catalytic incineration (dehydrogenation of n-butene).
Data from one plant are presented in Table B-9.
Reactor vent emissions are controlled by thermal
incineration (n-butane dehydrogenation and
n-butene oxidative dehydrogenation). Test results
obtained at one plant are presented in Table B-10.
Additional data for the same system are given in
Table B-ll.
Purification column vents from all three
processes are sent to flares.
Methyl and vinyl acetylenes, after being
diluted with natural gas, are burned in a
steam boiler as auxiliary fuel.
Purification column vents are recycled to the
ethylene plant (ethylene by-product extraction).
92%a, 50«a
Hydrocarbon removal efficiency.
-------
TABLE B-9. DATA FOR CATALYTIC INCINERATOR*3
Houdry "Puff" Reactor
Waste Gas Flow, Ib/hr
Contaminants, wt. %
Hydrocarbon
Carbon Monoxide
Removal Efficiency, %
Hydrocarbon
Carbon Monoxide
Construction:
Year
Cost, $
Heat
Efficiency, %
Natural Gas Added, Std.
cu. ft./hr
Retention
Time, Sec.
900,000 (total)
13,000 (Puff reactor)
0.5
92
1975
725,000
80
0.3
Petro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 62.
B-24
-------
TABLE B-10. THERMAL INCINERATION TEST RESULTS*
ro
en
Production Rate
During Test
Waste Gas Flow
(Inlet) scfm
7,250
15,617
20,750
15,867
12,500
Avg. Combustion
Air: 49,333
Number
Of Tests
Or Sets
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
Set 4
Set 5
Supplemental
Fuel
& Amount
Used (scfm)
Natural Gas
1,400
1,467
900
1,175
1,176
Residence
Time
(Seconds)
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Incineration
Temperature
(°F)
1400
1400
1400
1400
1400
Inlet
VOC
(ppmv)
10,300
10,650
10,650
10,300
10,300
Outlet
VOC
(ppmv)
1,000
215
215
10
10
VOC
Destruction
Efficiency
(wt «)
70.3
94.1
94.1
99.6
99.6
Petro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 125.
-------
TABLE B-ll. DATA FOR 0X0-INCINERATOR SYSTEM3
Oxo-Incinerator
Waste Gas Flow, Ib/hr 235,000
Contaminants, wt. %
Hydrocarbon 0.4
Carbon Monoxide 0.7
Removal Efficiency, %
Hydrocarbon 93
Carbon Monoxide 95
Construction:
Year 1976
Cost, $ 2,500,000
Heat
Efficiency, % 82
Natural Gas Added, Std.
cu. ft./hr 130,000
Retention
Time, Sec. 0.5
aPetro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 62.
B-26
-------
CADMIUM
,73,77
Control Device/Practice
Source of Emissions
Control Efficiency
00
I
ESPL
Wet scrubbers .
Physical coal cleaning
Wet scrubber (venturi)
Baghouse
Hooding and enclosures
Baghouse
Wet scrubber
Baghouse/scrubber
Hooding and enclosures
ESP
Multicyclones
SCAP/DCAP9
Hooding and enclosures
Fossil fuel combustion
Fossil fuel combustion
Fossil fuel combustion
Primary zinc smelting
Primary zinc smelting
Primary zinc smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary lead smelting
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
Primary copper smelting
99.6, 98.8, 93, 97.8,
99.3, 95.5, 91.2
99, 77. 89 . ,
51.9^, 49.5°, 73.8e,
44. T
99, 99.9, 99.9
99, 99, 99, 99, 99,
99, 99
98, 98
99
19H 96.5, 96.7, 96.7,
96°
85
98.4, 99.3
PEmission reduction is reported as total emissions unless otherwise noted.
^Efficiency reported for Cd emissions.
.Average Mn removal efficiency for 20 different coals.
^Average Mn removal efficiency for Eastern coals.
^Average Mn removal efficiency for Midwestern coals.
^Average Mn removal efficiency for Western coals.
^Single and double contact acid plants; the waste stream is treated for S(L removal but
particulate emissions are also removed during this process.
-------
CAPROLACTAM
,5. 7
Source of emissions: Manufacture of caprolactam from cyclohexanone
Emissions: Benzene, caprolactam
Control
Device/Practice
Comment
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Condenser
CD
ro
oo
Scrubber and
Thermal incinerator
Fuel gas
Dust collector
Process modification
A condenser is used for controlling emissions
from cyclohexanone purification vents.
Condensers are used for controlling emissions
from neutralization reactor vent, phase
separation, solvent recovery and stripping
vents.
The vents controlled by condensers contain
benzene and other VOC.
Dehydrogenation reactor vent is controlled
by a scrubber and a thermal incinerator.
Oehydrogenation reactor vent is used as fuel
in one plant.
This device is used for controlling emissions
from caprolactam purification.
Using toluene as the solvent in place of
benzene with the OSM/HPO (Stamicarbon) process
results in elimination of benzene emissions.
90%
70%, 90%
Catalytic incinerator
-------
CARBONTETRACHLORIDE AND PERCHLOROETHYLENE9
Source of emisions: Manufacture of carbon tetrachlorlde and perchloroethylene by hydrocarbon
chlorinolysis
Emissions: Carbon tetrachlorlde, perchloroethylene
Control Device/Practice Comments
Condenser Refrigerated condensers are used to control emissions from
carbon tetrachlorlde storage emissions.
Recycle
Transfer to another process
Pressurized N~ padding Used to control storage emissions of carbon tetrachlorlde and
perchloroethylene.
OT
£ Scrubber Caustic scrubber is used for treatment of process emissions of
carbon tetrachlorlde and perchlorethylene (the emissions are not
from a chlorinolysis process). The VOC stripped from waste caustic
is recycled to the process.
Vapor balance
-------
CHLOROMETHANES (METHYL CHLORIDE, METHYLENE CHLORIDE. CHLOROFORM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE)
9, 60, 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of chloromethanes by (a) methanol hydrochlorination and methyl
chloride chlorination, and (b) methane chlorination processes
Emissions: Methanol, methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CO
I
Condenser
Scrubber
Flare
Carbon adsorber
Condensation is used to reduce inert-gas purge vent 50%
emissions.
River-water condensation system is used for control of
emissions from light-ends columns and from product and raw
material handling.
A similar system is used on storage tank vents,
separation and purification area process vents.
Refrigerated vent condensers are used for control of
storage emissions.
A caustic scrubber is used to control chlorine and hydrogen
chloride emissions.
Emergency releases from process safety valves are controlled
by a flare at a methyl chloride manufacturing facility.
Used for controlling storage emissions from methyl chloride,
methylene chloride, and chloroform storage tanks.
This technique is also used to control methylene chloride >90%£
emissions in combination with condensation from pharmaceutical
manufacturing.
'Efficiency reported for emissions from pharmaceutical manufacturing.
-------
CHLOROBENZENES7 * 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of chlorobenzenes by benzene chlorination
Emissions: Benzene, monochlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene
Control Device/Practice Comments
Scrubber Water and caustic scrubbers are used to control benzene and other
VOC emissions.
Venturi scrubbers are used for vents from distillation and vacuum
systems. The emissions contain benzene, VOC, hydrogen chloride, and
inerts.
Adsorber Carbon adsorption is used for controlling p-dichlorobenzene emissions
from crystallization and crystal processing.
CO
^ Condenser Vent condensers are used for distillations column vents and benzene
'-• storage vents.
-------
CHLOROPRENE
11, 31, 62
Source of emissions: Manufacture of chloroprene by butadiene chlorlnation and manufacture of
neoprene by polymerization
Emissions: Butadiene, chloroprene, dichlorobutene
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Scrubber
en
i
CO
ro
Condenser
A caustic scrubber Is used to control emissions
from the chlorlnation vent.
An oil absorber is used to control emissions
from chloroprene stripper and brine stripper
vent.
Table B-12 presents data for two absorption systems.
Refrigerated condensers are used for controlling
dichlorobutene, distillation, isomerization and
distillation, chloroprene stripper, and
storage tank vents.
Chloroprene fractionating column vents are controlled
by brine cooling at 0°F.
Brine cooling at 0°F is used for controlling
chloroprene fractionating columns, isomerizer, and
chlorprene condenser vent emissions.
Brine cooling at 32°F is used for controlling emissions
from batch polykettles.
Brine cooling;at 0°F is used for controlling emissions
from neoprene strippers.
Table B-13 presents data for five condensation
systems.
100%
93%, 94%
92%L
50%a 94%a
95.6%a
68%*
99.9%a, 99.9%a
CONTINUED
-------
CHLOROPRENE
11, 31, 62
(CONTINUED)
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Condenser/Scrubber
A refrigerated condenser and a water scrubber
are used in combination for controlling emissions
from dichlorobutene distillation vent.
96.5%
A refrigerated condenser and an oil scrubber are used
in combination for controlling emissions from
isomerization and distillation vents. Data for
condenser/oil scrubber systems are tabulated in
Tables B-12 and 13.
99.5%
en
CO
Flare
Emissions from the butadiene dryer vent are sent
to a flare.
100%
/"Hydrocarbon removal efficiency.
Combined removal efficiency (89% for water quenching and 28% for brine cooling),
-------
TABLE B-12. ABSORPTION SYSTEMS3'b
Spray Tower Stages
Waste Gas Flow to ABSC
Hydrocarbon, Ib/hr
Waste Gas Flow, Total,
Ib/hr
Absorber Efficiency, %
Heat Load, Btu/hr
Operating Temperature, °F
System Efficiency Including
Condensation, %
Construction;
Year
Cost, $
Neoprene
Monomer Absorber
2
31
36
90
13,000
65
99.5
1975
60,000
Neoprene Polymer
Vent Absorber
5
72
187
97
330,000d
45
98.4
1974
300,000
aPetro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 62.
Absorption fluid is oil.
cAbsorber.
Includes heat load for recovery of hydrocarbons.
B-34
-------
TABLE B-13. CONDENSATION SYSTEMS*
CD
I
co
en
Neoprene Neoprene
Monomer Monomer
Isomerization Topping.
Tower Column
Type of Heat Exchanger
Waste Gas Flow, Ib/hr
Hydrocarbon
Waste Gas Flow, Ib/hr Total
Hydrocarbon Removal
Efficiency, %
Heat Load, Btu/hr
Operating Temperature, °F
Construction:
Year
Cost, $
S&TC
159
331
81
22,000
-2
1973
20,000
S&TC
-
542
99
93,000
-2
1973
30,000
Neoprene Neoprene
Polymer Latex
Vesselh Stripper
Vents0 Vent
DCd
126
275
43
110,000
36
1974
. 40,000
S&TC
1,140
2,875
99.8
1.2 Million
-2
1969
120,000
Neoprene
Polymer
Emergency
Dump System
DC"
15,200 Hcb. Total
32,000 Total Dump
99.995
10,000 Steady State;
3 Million Heat Sink/
Dump
40 to 75
1974
250,000
aPetro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 62.
Waste gas exiting this system is further treated in absorption system.
cShell-and-Tube.
Direct contact with water.
-------
CHROMIUM
73,75
Control Device/Practice
Source of Emissions
Control Efficiency
(X)
co
OJ
ESP
Fabric filter
Met scrubber
Physical coal cleaning
Fabric filter
ESP
Met scrubber
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Steel manufacturing
Steel manufacturing
Steel manufacturing
In terms of Cr emissions.
Venturi scrubber.
C0il combustion.
The scrubber is preceeded by an ESP.
eAverage Mn removal efficiency for 20 different coals.
Average Mn removal efficiency for Eastern coals.
^Average Mn removal efficiency for Midwestern coals.
Average Mn removal efficiency for Western coals.
96.2, 99.8, 98.6,
99.8, 98.7, 97, 97.6,
99.2, 85.6
99.8, 99.70, 99.94
96.1b, B8.9b, 95,
90, 97d, 90
53.4?, 65.2f, 49.89,
27.3n
99.9
-------
COKE OVEN EMISSIONS
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 83, 92, 200, 103, 104, 105, 106
Source of emissions: Coke oven by-product recovery plants
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
co
co
ESP
Staged charging
Larry car mounted
scrubbers
Sequential charging
Modified larry car
design
Oven/battery sheds
Oven and door
maintenance
Improved operating
procedures
Coke side sheds
Spray systems
Enclosed/hooded
quench cars with
mobile scrubber cars
Bench mounted hood-
fixed duct
Traveling hood-
fixed duct
Dry quenching
Pressure quenching
Two-step quenching
A wet ESP has been used for controlling POM emissions
from coke oven door leakage during coking cycle.
Used for controlling emissions during charging.
Used for controlling emissions during charging.
Used for controlling emissions during charging.
Used for controlling emissions during charging.
Used for controlling emissions during coking.
Used for controlling emissions during coking.
Used for controlling emission during coking.
Used for controlling emissions during pushing.
Used for controlling emissions during pushing.
Used for controlling emissions during pushing.
Used for controlling emissions during pushing.
Used for controlling emissions during pushing.
Used for controlling emissions during quenching.
Used for controlling emissions during quenching.
Used for controlling emissions during quenching.
95.6*e
Average efficiency for total POM excluding naphthalene.
-------
COPPER77
Control Efficiency3
Control Device/Practice Source of Emissions (%)
ESP (hot) Primary copper smelting 19, 96.5, 96.7, 96.7
Spray chamber/ESP Primary copper smelting
Baghouse Primary copper smelting
CAP Primary copper smelting 98.4
Settling chamber Primary copper smelting
Cyclone Primary copper smelting 85
aEmission reduction is reported as total emissions unless otherwise noted.
03 Off-gases transferred to sulfuric acid contact plant where particulate matter emissions are
cj also controlled during S00 removal.
oo 2
-------
CUMENE
5, 8
Source of emissions: Manufacture of cumene by alkylation of benzene with propylene (solid phosphoric
acid or aluminum chloride catalyst)
Emissions: Benzene, cumene (catalyst: phosphoric acid),
Benzene, cumene, diisopropylbenzene (catalyst: aluminum chloride)
Control Device/Practice
Comments
CD
U3
Fuel gas
Flare
Condenser
Floating-roof tank
Catalytic incinerator
Vent streams are transferred to fuel gas manifold.
Benzene recovery system vent and cumene distillation column
vent are burned in plant flares.
Benzene recovery system vent is controlled by a condenser.
Used for benzene storage emissions.
-------
CYCLOHEXANE7' 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of cyclohcxane from benzene hydrogenation and petroleum separation
Emissions: Cyclohexane, benzene
Control Device/Practice Comments
Fuel gas The off-gas containing hydrogen, methane, and cyclohexane is sent
to a plant-wide fuel gas system.
Flare Flares are used to control process or fugitive emissions. In one
plant, smokeless flares are used for off-gases from column reboilers.
Floating-roof tanks Used for controlling benzene and cyclohexane storage emissions.
Carbon adsorber
00
I
-------
CYCLOHEXANOL/CYCLOHEXANONE7
Source of emissions: Manufacture of cyclohexanol/cyclohexanone by (a) cyclohexane oxidation or
(b) phenol hydrogenation
Emissions: Cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, benzene, phenol
Control Device/Practice Comments
Source (a)
Absorber The high and low pressure absorbers are not regarded as
control devices. They are considered as part of the process
equipment.
Boiler High-pressure scrubber off-gas is sent to a plant boiler.
Flare Absorber off-gas is sent to a flare.
CD
-p* Source (b)
H-" '
Boiler The off-gas from the process is sent to plant boilers.
-------
EPICHLOROHYDRIN11
Source of emissions: Production of epichlorohydrin (in glycerine manufacturing)
Emissions: Epichlorohydrin, chlorinated hydrocarbons
Control Device/Practice Comments
Scrubber Scrubbers are used to control column vent emissions.
Thermal incinerator Thermal oxidizers are used to control reactor and azeotrope column
vents.
Practice Use of sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide to neutralize the
hydrochloric acid and close the epoxide ring reduces VOC emissions
from the reactor vent.
CO
I
ro
-------
co
-fa.
CO
ETHANOLAMINES10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethanolamines from ethylene oxide and ammonia
Emissions: Emissions from this process are reported to be small.
Control Device/Practice Comments
-------
ETHYLBENZENE/STYRENE7
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethylbenzene from benzene and ethylene and styrene from
ethyl benzene
Emissions: Ethylene, benzene, styrene, toluene, ethylbenzene
Control Device/Practice Comments
Absorber3 Absorbers are used to control emissions from alkylation reactors.
Condenser3 Condensers are used to control emissions from column vents and
storage tank vents.
Flarea Flares are used to control emissions from alkylation reactor vent,
column vents, emergency vents, and storage tank vents.
Boiler Reactor off-gas is used as fuel in boilers.
CO J
I
£ Process heater3 Reactor off-gas and column vents are transferred to process heaters.
Conservation vent Used for controlling storage tank emissions.
Floating-roof tank Used for controlling storage tank emissions.
Reported uncontrolled emissions are summarized in Table B-14.
-------
TABLE B-14. COMPOSITION DATA FOR VARIOUS VENTS3
Component
Composition (Wt.
Control Device
Organics
Benzene
C^-Cjj hydrocarbons
Inerts
2
44
27
27
Condenser
Methane + Ethane
Benzene
CO,,
58
13
29
Absorber
Methane + Ethane
Benzene
Hydrogen chloride
81
19
Trace
Flare1
Hydrocarbons
Hydrogen chloride
45-50
45-55
Process heater6
Reference 7.
Monsanto Co.
GArco.
dGulf Oil Corp.
eDow Chemical, USA .
B-45
-------
ETHYLENE10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethylene by pyrolysls process
Emissions: Ethylene, benzene
Control Device/Practice
Comments
DO
Flare
High efficiency seals
Floating-roof tanks
Elevated and horizontal flares are used in
controlling intermittent and lube-oil vent
emissions. In some applications, steam-
assisted elevated flares are used. Flares
are also used to control storage emissions.
Used for reducing lube-oil vent emissions.
Used for reducing storage emissions.
-------
ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
5, 9, 117, 125
CO
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethylene dichlorlde by direct chlorination and oxychlorination
processes
Emissions: Ethylene dichlorlde, ethane, chlorinated hydrocarbons, ethylene
Comments
Control
Device/Practice
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Thermal incinerator
Post reactor
Recycle
Condenser
Scrubber
Catalytic oxidizer
Streams from oxychlorination and direct chlorination
vents are burned in thermal incinerators. Compositions
of waste streams controlled by incineration as reported
by industry are shown in Table B-15.
A device that reduces ethylene in the oxychlorination
vent gases is a post reactor where chlorine is added to
chlorinate the residual ethylene to ethylene dichlorlde.
Reported uncontrolled emissions from plants using this
technique are listed in Table B-16.
Purification vents are returned to process.
Direct-chlorination vents are controlled by refrigerated
condensers. Composition of such a stream is given in
Table B-17. Vent condensers are used also for purification
vents.
Water scrubbers are used for purification vents.
Chilled water scrubbers are used for oxychlorination vents.
Composition data from one plant are shown in Table B-18.
Solvent absorption is used for oxychlorination vents.
Composition data from one plant are shown in Table B-18.
A catalytic oxidizer is used for controlling oxychlorination
vent emissions. Composition data are reported in Table B-19.
99.75T f
<755T, <60%c
h
Efficiency reported for (C9H.+CO).
Efficiency reported for ^"y^"?'
Efficiency reported for vinyl chloride monomer.
-------
TABLE B-15. REPORTED UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS FROM OXYCHLORINATION
AND DIRECT CHLORINATION VENTS3
Oxychlori nation Vent
Compound
C2H4
Other VOC
co2
CO
N2
°2
VOC Flowrate =
Composition
(Wt. %)
26
3
44
4
15
3
570 Ib/hr
Direct Chi ori nation Vent
Compound
C2H2C12
C2H3C1
C2H4
C2H6
co2
N2
VOC Flowrate =
Composition
(Wt. %}
5
5
44
2
' 19
17
700 Ib/hr
PPG, Lake Charles, LA. Reference 9
B-48
-------
TABLE B-16. REPORTED UNCONTROLLED EMISSIONS
(CONTROLLED BY POST-REACTOR)5
Compound
C2H2C12
C2H3C1
C2H4
Other VOC
CO
C2H6
CH4
co2
N2
Composition
(Wt. %)
4.6
2.1
0.8
2.6
1.2
Composition
(Wt. %)
0.75
1.00
0.02
0.23
1.00
VOC Flowrate =
1,040 Ib/hr
Composition0
(Wt. X)
0.93
1.09
0.26
0.13
0.97
0.01
0.09
2.00
94.5
VOC Flowrate =
1,085 Ib/hr
^Reference 9.
°Shell, Deer Park, Texas.
Conoco, Westlake, LA.
B-49
-------
TABLE B-17. COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAM FED TO A
REFRIGERATED CONDENSER3
Compound
C2H2C12
C2H3C1
C2H4
Other VOC
C2H6
CH.
4
CO,
2
CO
N,
2
°2
H2
Composition
(Mole %)
1.7
0.01
3.3
0.02
0.8
15.1
1.63
1.1
42.8
14.5
4.4
aConoco, Westlake, LA. Reference 9.
B-50
-------
TABLE B-18. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAMS FED TO
A WATER (CHILLED) SCRUBBER AND SOLVENT ABSORBER*
Compound
p H n
UollpU 1 r\
C2H3C1
C2H4
Other VOC
C2H6
CH4
co2
CO
N2
°2
VOC Flowrate s
Composition
(Wt. %)
20.89
0.09
19.09
0.12
40.75
19.09
504.3 Ib/hr
Composition0
(Wt. %}
0.28
0.44
0.09
0.15
0.90
2.85
0.67
87.52
7.09
VOC Flowrate = 1,880 Ib/hr
Reference 9.
Water scrubber; Vulcan, Geismer, LA.
cSo!vent absorber; B. F. Goodrich, Calvert City, KY.
B-51
-------
TABLE B-19. COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAM CONTROLLED BY
CATALYTIC INCINERATION3
Composition
Compound (Wt. %)
C2H2C12 0.39
C2H4 0.97
Other VOC 0.01
CO 1.29
VOC Flowrate = 260 Ib/hr
aD1amend Shamrock, Deer Park, TX. Reference 9.
B-52
-------
ETHYLENE GLYCOL10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethylene glycol by addition of water to ethylene oxide.
Emissions: Ethylene oxide, acetaldehyde
Control Device/Practice Comments
Condenser Contact condensers are used to condense the vapors from the
evaporator purge vents.
Surface condensers are used for the same purpose as above.
In some plants, heat is recovered from the surface condensers.
An air-cooled condenser is also used for controlling evaporator
vents.
Thermal oxidizer Uncondensed gases from vent condensers are routed to a thermal
-------
oa
en
ETHYLENE OXIDE5' 10' 125
Source of emissions: Manufacture of ethylene oxide by (a) air-oxidation or (b) oxygen-oxidation
of ethylene
Emissions: Ethylene, ethylene oxide, ethane
Control Device/Practice
Source (a)
Catalytic oxidation
Recycle
Scrubber
Flare
Source (b)
Alternate process
Utility boiler
Flare
Scrubber
Recycle
Comments
Used for controlling storage emissions
Waste stream is transferred to another process.
Since the waste stream is high in ethylene, it is used as fuel in
utility boilers. Table B-20 shows typical composition of
a waste stream used as fuel. Table B-21 gives similar
information for a stream which is burned in a utility boiler with
flare alternate.
Used for controlling storage and process emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
-------
TABLE B-20. COMPOSITION OF WASTE GAS STREAMS USED
AS UTILITY BOILER FUEL3
Component
°2
C2H4
CH4
co2
C2H6
N2
Ar
H20
Composition
Unit 1
4.1
23.0
47.0
9.0
0.1
9.0
7.0
0.9
Flow rate = 1,800 Ib/hr
(Volume %)
Unit 2
5.5
23.0
51.0
11.0
0.1
3.7
4.8
0.9
Flow rate = 650 Ib/hr
aBASF Wyandotte Corporation, Geismar, LA. Reference 10.
B-55
-------
TABLE B-21. COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAM USED AS FUEL
IN BOILER WITH FLARE ALTERNATE*
Component
C09
Z
C2H6
C2H4
CH4
N,
2
0,
2
Ar
Composition
(Wt. X)
11.7
0.3
29.4
24. U
8.4
5.7
20.4
aCelanese Chemical Company, Pasadena, Texas. Reference 10.
B-56
-------
FLUROCARBONS9
Trichlorofluoromethane F-ll
Dichlorodifluoromethane F-12
Trichlorotrlfluroethane F-113
Dlchlorotetrafluoroethane F-114
Chlorodifluoromethane F-22
Source of emissions: Manufacture of fluorocarbons by catalytic reaction of anhydrous hydrogen
fluoride and chlorinated hydrocarbons (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
perchloroethy1ene)
Emissions: F-12, F-13, F-23, F-22, F-114, F-124, F-115
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Condenser A small purge condenser with -5°F brine coolant 85.5%, 86.3a,
ro and a carbon tetrachloride scrubber is used to remove 99% , 83.5
^ F-12 and F-13 from distillation vent. Composition
*•* data are given in Table B-22.
A refrigerated condenser is used to recover F-22 from 75% , 25%
inerts and F-23 vented from the distillation column.
Composition data are given in Table B-22.
A refrigerated condenser is used to recover F-23. 80%e
A refrigerated condenser is used to recover F-22 76%
Recycle A refrigerated condenser using 1°F brine removes 66%^
chloroform emissions from a chloroform storage tank.
{^Efficiency in terms of fluorocarbon emissions.
DEfficiency based on F-12 only.
*jFor condenser at 0°F.
Efficiency based on F-22 only.
^Efficiency based on F-23 and VOC.
Efficiency based on F-22 and VOC.
Efficiency in terms of chloroform emissions.
-------
TABLE B-22. COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAMS CONTROLLED BY
REFRIGERATED CONDENSATION5
Compound
F-12
F-13
Inerts
Composition
(Wt. %)
95.05
0.94
4.01
Compound
F-23
F-22
Inerts
Composition
(Wt. 55)
62.6
31.3
6.1
aEst1mated from measured composition data on controlled emissions.
Reference 9.
B-58
-------
FORMALDEHYDE5'10'125
Source of emissions: Manufacture of formaldehyde from methanol by (a) silver and (b) metal oxide
catalyst processes
Emissions: Formaldehyde, methanol, dimethyl ether, methylal, methyl formate
Control Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
01
to
Source (a)
Thermal oxidizer
Steam boiler
Flare
Demister
Condenser
Scrubber
Conservation vent
Heat recovery from the incinerator flue gases is
reported for one plant where a control efficiency
of 100% is achieved. The temperature is 2000 F
and the inlet concentration is 0.87 wt % VOC.
Typical composition for the process emissions for
this plant is given in Table B-23.
The emissions controlled by the steam boiler
include VOC species such as methyl formate,
methylal, and methanol.
Refrigerated water at 35 F is used to condense
the emissions recovering methanol.
Refrigerated condenser
Condensers are also used to control methanol and
formaldehyde emissions from storage tanks.
Used for controlling storage tank emissions.
1002, 100%, 99.8%
100%, 100%
80%
96.1%
-------
FORMALDEHYDE (continued)
Control Efficiency
Control Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Source (b)
Demister
Scrubber The performance of the water scrubber is hampered 94%
by the insoluble nature of the dimethyl ether
contained in the vent stream from the absorber.
Scrubbers are also used to control emissions from
storage tanks for methanol and formaldehyde.
Conservation vent Used for controlling storage tank emissions.
co
i
at
O
-------
fable B-23. COMPOSITION OF PROCESS VENT EMISSIONS
FED TO THE INCINERATORS3
-Component
H2
N2 + air
CH4
Methylal
Methyl formate
CH3OH
co2
CO
Composition
20.57
74.03
0.02
0.19
0.62
0.06
3.87
0.64
aCelanese Chemical Plant, Bishop, Texas, Reference 10.
B-61
-------
DO
ro
GLYCOL ETHERS10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of glycol ethers from ethylene oxide with primary alcohols
Emissions: Primary alcohols (Emissions from this process are estimated to be small.)
Control Device/Practice Comments
Due to the low volatility of the products, the process emissions
are small. Therefore, no emission control devices have been
identified.
-------
CO
O>
CO
HEXACHLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE (HCCPD)59
Source of emissions: Waste water from manufacturing plants
Control Device/Practice Comments
Wet air oxidation This method is used to destroy HCCPO in waste water. Pilot test
results showed greater than 90 percent reduction In HCCPD.
-------
LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE (LAB)8
Source of emissions: Manufacture of LAB using paraffin chlorination or paraffin dehydrogenation
process
Emissions: Benzene
Control Device/Practice
Comments
Process heater
Condenser
Flare
Oil/Water separator
Absorber
Process vents are sent to heater for oxidation. Residual
exhaust from column refining vents are also burned in process
heaters.
Surface condensers are used to condense jet exhaust.
Refrigerated vent condensers are used to control benzene
emissions from storage tanks.
Vent condensers are used to minimize VOC to vacuum jets.
A surface aftercondenser is proposed for controlling emissions
from column vents.
Vent gases are sent to flare for combustion.
Benzene in the aqueous acid stream from the HC1 absorber is
removed from the acid by an oil-water separator and activated
carbon.
A paraffin absorber is proposed for controlling process vents.
A spray tower is proposed for controlling emissions from HC1
absorber.
-------
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
5, 7, 62, 117 125,
Source of emissions: Manufacture of maleic anhydride from benzene oxidation
Emissions: Benzene, maleic anhydride, xylene, formaldehyde, formic acid
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
03
o>
01
Adsorber
Scrubber
Catalytic incineration
Thermal incineration
Floating-roof tanks
Conservation vents
Return vent
Process modification
A carbon adsorption system is used to recover
benzene from the secondary-product recovery
absorber. The vapor flow rate is 43,000 cfm
at 100°F.
Scrubbers are used for emissions from product
recovery absorber, vacuum system vents,
storage tank vents, and fTaking-palletizing
processes.
Test data at two different manufacturing locations
are presented in Table B-24. Typical composition
data provided by one plant are shown in Table B-25.
Data for thermal incinerator at another plant are
presented in Table B-26.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
Used for controlling storage emissions
Used for controlling storage emissions
The manufacture of maleic anhydride by butane
oxidation process will result in no benzene
emissions.
85% (range 65-95%)
-------
TABLE B-24. THERMAL INCINERATION TEST RESULTS3»b'c
00
I
Production Rate
During Test
Waste Gas Flow
(Inlet) scfm
33,000
(70% total
capacity)
33,200
Air: 8,000
24,200
Air: 2,000
Supplemental
Number Fuel
Of Tests & Amount
Or Sets Used (scfm)
1,060 (gas)
3
1,060
1,060
Set 1 Natural Gas
Set 2
Residence
Time
(Seconds)
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
Incineration
Temperature
(°F)
1400
1400
1400
"Below 2000"
Inlet
VOC
(ppmv)
950
950
950
834
834
Outlet
VOC
(ppmv)
13
13
13
7
8
VOC
Destruction
Efficiency
By Weight
98.5
98.5
98.5
98.96
98.96
Reference 125.
3The first set of data was obtained at Denka, Houston, TX.
"The second set of data was obtained at Koppers Co. Inc., Bridgeville, PA.
-------
TABLE B-25. TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE GAS FED TO THE INCINERATOR3
Compound
C6H6
CO
°2
HjO
N2
Flowrate =
Composition (Wt. %)
0.26
2.08
16.15
4.70
76.81
136,838 Ib/hr
aKoppers Co., Inc., Bridgeville, Pennsylvania. Reference 7.
B-67
-------
TABLE B-26. DATA FOR MALEIC INCINERATOR3
Maleic Incinerator
Waste Gas Flow, Ib/hr 220,000
Contaminants, wt. %:
Hydrocarbon 0.25
Carbon Monoxide 1.8
Removal Efficiency, %
Hydrocarbon 93
Carbon Monoxide 95
Construction:
Year 1975
Cost, $ 1,750,000
Heat
Efficiency, % 85
Natural Gas Added, Std.
cu. ft./hr 80,000
Retention
Time, Sec. 0.7
aPetro-Tex Chemical Corp., Houston, TX. Reference 62.
B-68
-------
MANGANESE49'73
Control Device/Practice
Source of Emissions
Control Efficiency*
CO
I
-------
METHANOL
10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of methanol from natural gas by steam reforming
Emissions: Methanol, methyl formate, methylal, dimethyl ether
Control Device/Practice
Comments
Supplementary fuel
Flare
Scrubber
Alternate process
Since the purge gas vent contains a large proportion of
methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, it is burned as fuel
in the reformer or boiler. Typical compositions are given
in Tables B-27 and 28.
A flare is used when the purge gas cannot be used as fuel.
Aqueous scrubbers are used for controlling methanol emissions
from storage tanks. The scrubber effluent is sent to crude
methanol tanks recovering the methanol scrubbed from the vent
gases.
Purge gas is transferred to another process, thus, eliminating
the emissions.
Floating-roof tanks
Used for controlling storage tank emissions.
-------
Table B-27. COMPOSITION OF WASTESTREAM BURNED AS
FUEL IN THE REFORMER3
Component
H2
CO
co2
CH.
4
N2
CH-OH, H90, dime
Composition
(Wt *)
36.0
35.0
15.0
10.5
3.0
thyl ether 0.5
Flowrate = 15,000 Ib/hr
Temperature = 100 - 120°F
aDu Pont, Beaumont, Texas, Reference 10.
B-71
-------
Table B-28. COMPOSITION OF WASTE,STREAM BURNED AS
FUEL IN THE REFORMER3
Composition
Component (Wt %)
Dimethyl ether 62
Methanol 37
Methylal, acetone, methyl formate 1
Flowrate * 5,850 Ib/hr
aDuPont, Beaumont, Texas, Reference 10.
B-72
-------
CO
CO
METHYL ETHYL KETONE (MEK)11' 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of MEK by butanol denydrogenation
Emissions: Sec-butyl alcohol (SBA)
Control Device/Practice Comments
Flare
Scrubber
Carbon adsorber
A smokeless flare 1s used as an emission control device.
Vent gases from SBA recovery column and MEK dehydration column
are routed to smokeless flares.
A water scrubber consisting of two parallel, vertical blowdown
drums with internal horizontal baffles and countercurrent water flow
is used to control VOC emissions from condenser vents and
other sources.
Used for controlling storage emissions.
-------
METHYL METHACRYLATE11' 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of methyl methacrylate using acetone cyanohydrin
Emissions: Methanol, acetone, hydrogen cyanide, methyl methacrylate, acetone, methyl formate
Control Device/Practice Comments
Condenser Emissions of acetone and hydrogen cyanide from the acetone
cyanohydrin reactor are controlled by a condenser.
Condensers are used to reduce acetone loss from the product
distillation and recovery columns.
Distillation columns in methyl methacrylate process are controlled
by condensers.
Flare Emissions from acetone cyanohydrin and hydrolysis reactors are
controlled by flares.
Thermal incinerator Purification and recovery column vents are sent to an incinerator
' after the condensers.
Carbon adsorber Used for controlling storage emissions.
-------
NICKEL73*74
Control Device/Practice
Source of Emissions
Control Efficiency
00
I
-J
en
Cyclone/scrubber
Fabric filter
ESP
Fabric filter
Cyclone/magnetic filter
Fabric filter
Wet scrubber
ESP
Cyclone
Vacuum smelting
Fabric filter
ESP
Multicyclones
ESP
ESP/cyclone
Fabric filter
ESPb
Fabric filter5
Wet scrubber
Physical coal cleaning
Primary nickel smelting
Primary nickel smelting
Primary nickel smelting
Nickel matte refining
Nickel matte refining
Secondary metals recovery
Secondary metals recovery
Secondary metals recovery
Secondary metals recovery
Secondary metals recovery
Ferrous metals production
Ferrous metals production
Cement production
Cement production
Cement production
Cement production
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
Coal and oil combustion
99.5, 97, 99, 97, 97,
99, 99.8, 99
97
100
100
95
97.5
99.8
96.3, 99.4, 99.7, 98,
96.4, 98.7, 78.5. 99.8
99.5, 100 .
C 90.8-98°, 95, 83,
95
>97% 97
40.6'
49,79,
50.7h,
12.51
Pin terms of total emission reduction unless otherwise noted.
In terms of Ni emission reduction.
JjVenturi scrubber.
Horizontal scrubber.
fine Scrubber is preceded by an ESP.
Average Ni removal efficiency for 20 different coals.
^Average Ni removal for Eastern coals.
vAverage Ni removal efficiency for Midwestern Coals.
Average Ni removal efficiency for Western coals.
-------
NITROBENZENE
8
Source of emissions: Manufacture of nitrobenzene by nitration of benzene
Emissions: Benzene, nitrobenzene
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
Scrubber
Absorber
Condenser
Incinerator
Floating-roof tank
A water scrubber is used to control benzene contaminated
vent emission.
An absorption column where nitrobenzene is used as the
scrubbing liquor is used to control all process emissions.
An absorption column that removes benzene by nitration
in a circulation mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid
has been reported. However, because of operating
difficulties, the system has been converted to one
using nitrobenzene.
Streams of oxides of nitrogen contaminated with benzene
are controlled by condensation.
A refrigerated vapor condenser is used for control of
benzene emissions from waste-acid tanks.
Streams of oxides of nitrogen contaminated with benzene
are incinerated.
Benzene storage emissions are controlled by using
floating roof tanks.
>99%
(design efficiency
for benzene
removal)
-------
PERCHLOROETHYLENE/TRICHLOROETHYLENE"
Source of Emissions: Manufacture of perch!oroethylene/trichloroethylene by (a) chlorination and
(b) oxychloHnation processes using ethylene dichloride
'i
Emissions: Ethylene dichloride, chlorinated hydrocarbons, perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
CD
I
Source (a)
Condenser
Scrubber
Source (b)
Thermal oxidizer
Scrubber
A chilled water condenser is used to control emissions
from a drying column. Composition data from this plant
are given in Table B-29.
A refrigerated condenser on distillation columns is
used to control emissions. Vent gases from the condenser
are sent to another process.
Refrigerated vent condensers are used to control emissions
from storage tanks.
Water scrubbers are used to control emissions from process
vents. Composition data are shown in Table B-30.
A thermal oxidizer is used to burn emissions from vents.
The incinerator temperature Is 1425°F and the residence time
is 0.4 seconds in the combustion chamber. Composition data
for one plant are given in Table B-3J..
Mater scrubbers are used to control emissions from
distillation column vents and product neutralizer vents.
80%
80%
50-9.9%, 85%
>99%
-------
TABLE B-29. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM
CONTROLLED BY CHILLED-WATER CONDENSER3
Component Composition (Wt %)
Ethylene dichloride 30.5
Vinylidene chloride 25.1
trans-Pi chloroethy1ene 10.9
c[s-Dichloroethylene 2.91
Carbon tetrachloride 0.64
Trichloroethylene 1.08
Perchloroethylene 4.99
Total VOC 76
Water 0.02
Air 24
Total 100
aDiamond Shamrock, Deer Park, Texas. Reference 9.
B-78
-------
TABLE B-30. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION DATA FOR WASTE STREAM
CONTROLLED BY SCRUBBING3
Component
trans -Dlchloroethylene
cis-Dlchloroethylene
Vinylldene chloride
Perch loroethylene
Tri ch 1 oroethy 1 ene
Other chlorinated C2's
Total VOC
Nitrogen
Total
Composition (Wt %)
39
11
17
13
13
_2
95
5-
100
aPPG Industries, Lake Charles, LA. Reference 9.
B-79
-------
TABLE B-31. ESTIMATED COMPOSITION DATA FORaWASTE STREAM
CONTROLLED BY THERMAL OXIDATION3
Component
trans-DI chl oroethy 1 ene
Vinyl chloride
Vinylidene chloride
Perchl oroethy 1 ene/tri -
chl oroethy 1 ene
Other chlorinated C2's
Total VOC
Nitrogen
Total
Composition (Wt. %)
26.0
21. U
16.0
0.3
24.7
88.0
12.0
100
aPP6 Industries, Lake Charles, LA. Reference 9.
B-80
-------
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE97* 131» 145
Source of emissions: Manufacture of phthalic anhydride by (a) o-xylene, or (b) napthalene process
Emissions: Phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride, naphthaquinone, benzoic acid
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
CO
I
CD
Source (a)
Thermal incinerator
Source (b)
Catalytic incinerator
Main process vent gas is controlled by thermal
incineration at 1400°F. A waste heat boiler
recovers heat from the flue gases.
Incineration of waste gas at 1200°F with heat
recovery is practiced at another plant.
An oil-fired thermal incinerator is used to
incinerate the effluent from the scrubber and
the light and heavy ends from the product
purification columns. Temperature in the
incinerator is 1700°F.
A catalytic incinerator is used to control
emissions from phthalic anhydride manufacturing
process using naphthalene feedstock. The
temperature of the incinerator is 800-1000°F.
97%af 99.5*b
90%c
96%e
42-60T
Destruction of organics.
Efficiency reported for CO.
-------
PQLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCB'S)38' 51f 68' 108' 109»
Source of emissions: Waste incineration
126
Control Device/Practice
Comments
Carbon adsorber
Thermal incinerator
CO
00
During pilot studies, carbon adsorption was used to remove PCB's
from transformer oil.
Thermal incineration has been used widely for destroying PCB's
in wastes. All materials with PCB concentrations greater than
500 ppm must be incinerated under EPA prescribed conditions.
For lower PCB concentrations (50-500 ppm), incineration in a
high-efficiency boiler is also acceptable. During test runs on
PCB contaminated waste oil, burned with pulverized coal in a boiler,
an efficiency of 99.99999 percent is reported. In another
commercial facility, during trial runs, PCB destruction efficiencies
of 99.9998 and 99.99999 percent were obtained.
Landfill ing
Landfill ing is an acceptable method for disposal of wastes
containing low PCB concentrations.
-------
PROPYLENE OXIDE
11
Source of emissions: Manufacture of propylene oxide by (a) chlorohydrination, (b) isobutane
hydroperoxide, and (c) ethyl benzene hydroperoxide route
Emissions: Propylene oxide, t-butyl alchol (TBA), acetone, isobutane, methanol, aldehydes,
isobutylene, propylene glycol, dichloroproane, dichloroisopropyl ether
Control Device/Practice
Comments
CO
CO
Source (a)
Scrubber
Source (b)
Scrubber
Flare
Source (c)
Scrubber
Flare
Fuel gas
Aqueous scrubbers (packed column) are used to control emissions
from various columns and storage tanks.
A caustic scrubber is used to remove carbonyl compounds from the
reactor vent.
Another scrubber using cool TBA is used to absorb the organic
vapors from this stream.
Oxidation reaction vent containing TBA and butane are controlled
by a flare.
Flares are also used to control emissions from several column vents.
The pollutants controlled include TBA, propylene oxide, acetone,
isobutane, and isobutylene.
Oil and water scrubbers are used to control emissions of
ethylbenzene and other VOC and also to recover products from the
oxidation reactor vent.
Waste stream containing ethylbenzene and styrene are burned in a
flare.
Waste stream containing TBA and other hydrocarbons are sent to plant
fuel-gas mainfold.
-------
TEREPHTHALIC ACID (TPA) AND DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE (DMT)8> 117
Source of emissions: a) Manufacture of crude TPA by air oxidation of p-xylene,
b) Manufacture of crude DMT by methanol esterfication,
c) Manufacture of purified TPA by hydrogenation and crystallization,
d) TPA/DMT manufacture using Hercules-Imhauser-Witten process.
Emissions: a) P-xylene, acetic acid, methyl acetate, TPA (particulate),
b) Methanol, DMT (particulate),
-}
c) TPA (emitted as vapor but sublimes on contact with atmosphere).
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
Source (a)
Scrubber
CO
I
00
Fabric filter
Conservation vent
Floating roof tank
Carbon adsorber
Thermal incineration
Source (b) and (c)
Scrubber
Aqueous absorbers are used to control crystallization,
separation, drying, distillation and recovery vents.
Acetic acid storage vents are also controlled by
water scrubbers. Pollutants controlled by scrubbers
include methyl acetate, p-xylene, methanol,
acetaldehyde, and acetic acid.
Particulate removal device is used to control TPA
emissions.
Used for controlling p-xylene storage tank emissions.
A small side stream from the reactor vent is passed
through an adsorber for organic removal.
Inorganic portions of the catalyst, byproducts and
residues from the reaction and distillation columns and
the unrecoverable portions of the product are disposed
of in a rotary kiln incinerator. This stream contains
acetic acid.
Water and hydrocarbon scrubbers are used to control
reactor sludge transfer vents. Particulate pollutants
are controlled by water scrubbers at two plants.
A xylene absorber and hydrocarbon scrubbers are used to
control crude DMT tank vents. A xylene absorber is used to
control DMT and methanol emissions.
-------
TEREPHTHALIC ACID (TPA) AND DIMETHYL TEREPHTHALATE (DMT) (CONTINUED)
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)
00
00
en
Supplementary fuel
Conservation vent
Floating-roof tank
Fabric filter
Source (d)
Carbon adsorber
Absorber
Thermal oxidizer
Condenser
Scrubber
Fabric filter
Water absorbers are used for controlling methanol storage
emissions.
Methanol absorbers and hydrocarbon scrubbers are used for
controlling DMT storage emissions.
Hydrocarbon scrubbers and vent condensers are used for
controlling slurry mix tank vent emissions.
Methanol recovery still and low-boiler still vents are
burned as fuel in a boiler.
Used for methanol, p-xylene, methyl p-toluate and benzoate
(MPTB), and methyl p-formyl benzoate (MFB) storage emissions.
Also used for slurry mix tank vent emissions.
Used for controlling methanol storage emissions.
Used for controlling MPTB and MFB emissions.
Used for controlling p-xylene and light VOC from the off-gas.
Chilled solvent scrubber is used for methanol recovery.
Acetic acid, formic acid, formaldehyde, and methanol
emissions are controlled by burning the liquid wastes
in an incinerator. Heat is recovered from the flue gases.
Used to control p-xylene emissions from xylene-water decanter.
Xylene vent scrubber is used to control aromatic methyl ester
and xylene emissions.
Used to control DMT particulate emissions
97%d, 80%
99%
-100%
97%
99%c
^Efficiency for xylene removal.
Efficiency for DMT rpmoval.
-------
TOLUENE DIISOCYANATE (TDI)8' 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of toluene dlisocyanate by phosgenation of primary amines
Emissions: Phosgene, dichlorobenzene, nitroaromatic compounds, organic amines, chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Control
Device/Practice
Comments
Control Efficiency
(VOC)a
CD
I
oo
Scrubber
Condenser
Incinerator
Process modification
Carbon adsorber
also
Water scrubbers (spray tower) designed to remove HpSO.
remove VOC because of the nature of the nitro-aromati?
compounds being scrubbed. The composition of a typical
uncontrolled stream as determined from controlled
composition and efficiency data are tabulated in Table B-32.
A wet venturi scrubber is used to remove
including nitro-aromatic compounds.
and VOC
A dilute caustic scrubber or hydrolysis column is used
for phosgene removal. Dichlorobenzene is also present in
the waste stream.
Packed water scrubber (hydrolysis column) is used for
phosgene removal .
A wet venturi scrubber is used for particulate removal
from the catalyst filtration unit (crude toluene diamine).
Water-cooled surface condensers are used for removal of
organic amines or chlorinated hydrocarbons.
A liquid incinerator is used to burn the lights from
toluene diamine vacuum distillation columns.
A TOI process developed in Japan is based on dinitrotoluene
carbonylation. The phosgenation step is absent in this
process.
60%
60%
99%
98%
80%
Estimated control efficiencies based on plant data.
-------
TABLE B-32, TYPICAL COMPOSITION FORaA VENT STREAM
FED TO A WATER SCRUBBER3
Compound
Combustion products + H«0
so2
NOX
H2S04
Nltroaromatics
Composition
(Wt. *)
99.68
0.005
0.06
0.18
0.075
Reference 8 .
B-87
-------
CO
1,1.1-TRICHLOROETHANE (METHYL CHLOROFORM)9
Source of emissions: Manufacture of 1,1,1-trichloroethane from vinyl chloride and ethane
Emissions: Vinyl chloride, ethylene dichloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Scrubber Water scrubbing is employed to control process emissions 90%
Refrigerated absorption systems are used to control
storage emissions.
Recycle Emissions are recycled to ethylene dichloride process.
Glycol pots
Condenser Refrigerated condensers are used for controlling storage
emissions.
Thermal incinerator
-------
VINYL ACETATE10
Source of emissions: Manufacture of vinyl acetate from ethylene vapor-phase process
Emissions: Ethylene, vinyl acetate, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethane
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Thermal oxidizer Emissions from the C02 purge vent are controlled by
thermal oxidizers. Composition data from one plant
are shown in Table 8-33.
Catalytic oxidizer Ethylene and ethane emissions from the C0« purge vent 97.5%
are controlled by a catalytic oxidizer.
Flare Inert-gas purge vent, emergency vent, and light ends 100%, 100%
vent are controlled by flares. The emissions consist
7* of ethylene, ethane, vinyl acetate, acetic acid, ethane,
us and acetaldehyde. Composition data from one plant are
shown in Table B-33.
-------
TABLE B-33. COMPOSITION OF WASTE STREAMSaCONTROLLED BY
A FLARE AND THERMAL OXIDIZER3
Flare
Compound
Ethyl ene
Vinyl acetate
Acetic acid
Other VOC
Inerts
Flowrate = 1,100
Composition
(Wt. %)
45
10
2.5
2.5
40
Ib/hr
Thermal Oxidizer
Composition
Compound (Wt. %}
Ethyl ene 0.3
ffi QQ 7
v>un yy . /
Flowrate = 600 Ib/hr
aDu Pont, Inc., La Port, Texas. Reference 10.
B-90
-------
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE9' 117
Source of emissions: Manufacture of vinylidene chloride by dehydrochlorination of
1,1,2-trichloroethane
Emissions: Vinylidene chloride, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, monochloroacetylene
Control Control Efficiency
Device/Practice Comments (VOC)
Thermal incinerator Emissions from the reactor vent are controlled by 98%
incineration.
Condenser Reactor vent emissions are controlled by a refrigerated 93%
condenser.
Storage emissions are controlled by refrigerated .
condensers .
CO
•
J£ Scrubber Distillation vent emissions are controlled by a water 90%
scrubber.
Recycle At one plant, it is planned to use recycle for
distillation vent control (will be eventually incinerated).
-------
ZINC77'84
Control Efficiency3
Control Device/Practice Source of Emissions (%)
Cyclone Primary zinc smelting
hSP Primary zinc smelting
Wet scrubber (venturi) Primary zinc smelting
Fabric filter Primary zinc smelting
Baghouse Secondary zinc smelting
Afterburner/baghouse Secondary zinc smelting 99.24
Hooding system Secondary zinc smelting
ESP (hot) Primary copper smelting
Spray chamber/ESP Primary copper smelting
f aEmission reduction is reported as total emissions.
<£>
M
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inttmctions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-84-194
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
A. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Hazardous/Toxic Air Pollutant Control Technology:
A Literature Review
5. REPORT DATE
December 1984
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Gunseli Sagun Shareef, Andrew J. Miles, and
Barbara K. Post
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
Radian Corporation
P. O. Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
11. CONTRACT/GRANTNO.
68-02-3171, Task 87
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OP REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Task Final; 10/83 - 7/84
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/13
is. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES J.ERL-RTP project officer is Bruce A. Tichenor, Mail Drop 54,
919/541-2991.
16. ABSTRACT
report summarizes literature on hazardous /toxic air pollutant (HAP)
sources and control techniques employed in their reduction and/or destruction. The
information was abstracted from an extensive computerized and manual literature
search and data base development study. The primary emphasis of the report is on
HAP control technology. However, a brief summary of major source categories that
emit HAPs is also included. About 70 hazardous /toxic compounds or groups of com-
pounds are covered in this study; most are volatile organic compounds. In the HAP
control technology data base, most of the information is for the Synthetic Organic
Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) source category. However, data are also
available for the combustion, solvent use, and metal processing industries. The
major add-on control techniques for volatile organic HAPs discussed in this report
are combustion, absorption, adsorption, and condensation. Combustion techniques
include thermal and catalytic incineration, flaring, and disposal of waste streams in
boilers and process heaters. The add-on control devices identified in the literature
for control of particulate HAP emissions are electrostatic precipitators, baghouses,
wet scrubbers, and cyclones. A list of references identified during this study, along
with abstracts of those references, is included.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lOENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
'. COSATI Field/Group
Pollution
Toxicity
Reviews
Organic Compounds
Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Hazardous Air Pollu-
tants
13B
06T
05B
07 C
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
273
20..SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (»-73)
B-93
------- |