United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Duluth MN 55804
EPA 60O 9 80-OO7
January 1980
Research and Development
&EPA Freshwater Findings
1976—1978
Research
Publications of the
Environmental
Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2, Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/9-80-007
January 1980
FRGSHUJflTER FlflWfKiS. 1976 -1978
Research Publications of the
environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth. mirmesota
compiled by
Chris Russom
Environmental Research Laboratory
62OI Congdon Boulevard
Duluth. Minnesota 558O4
enviRonrneniflL RESEARCH
OfflC€ OF RESEARCH MID DEYELOPfnEnT
us. EnviRonmenTflL pROTEcnon
DULUTH. minnesoTfl
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DISCLflimER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
11
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FOREWORD
Our nation's freshwaters are vital for all animals and plants, yet our
diverse uses of water—-for recreation, food, energy, transportation, and
industry—physically and chemically alter lakes, rivers, and streams. Such
alterations threaten terrestrial organisms, as well as those living in water.
The Environmental Research Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota develops methods,
conducts laboratory and field studies, and extrapolates research findings
—to determine how physical and chemical pollution affects aquatic
life
—to assess the effects of ecosystems on pollutants
—to predict effects of pollutants on large lakes through use
of models
—to measure bioaccumulation of pollutants in aquatic organisms
that are consumed by other animals, including man
Recognizing that the research findings of the Environmental Research
Laboratory-Duluth comprise a significant contribution to freshwater data,
this volume provides a compilation of the scientific publications documenting
those findings for the period from 1976 through 1978. this bibliography
lists all project reports prepared by universities, industries, and other
government researchers conducting studies under the funding and direction
of the Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth during this time period.
Furthermore, this list Includes all scientific materials journal articles,
research reports, and other publications authored by the laboratory's
own staff. In combination with the earlier publication, Freshwater Findings,
1967-1976, a complete record of research output during the existence of the
laboratory is provided.
J. David Yount, Ph.D.
Acting Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Duluth, Minnesota
iii
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PREFACE
Since 1967, staff scientists at the Environmental Research Laboratory-
Duluth (ERL-D) and at our field stations have made their research results
available to other scientists. By publishing In the technical literature,
government reports, and other scientific materials, ERL-D researchers
have shared their expertise.
Researchers in industry, universities, and other government agencies
throughout the country have received funding from ERL-D to conduct fresh-
water studies that complement the work of the ERL-D staff. To ensure that
a complete record of that work is available to the public, the Environmental
Protection Agency stipulates that each project must yield a comprehensive
final report published either in Its research report series or In the open
literature. Projects completed by ERL-D staff may also be reported in
that series.
These findings by ERL-D staff and the extramural scientists funded by
the laboratory comprise a significant portion of the data that regulatory
agencies use to set criteria Co protect aquatic life criteria that
ultimately protect humans and other animals that drink or consume food
from fresh water.
To ensure ready availability of this information to others who could
use it to maintain and improve fresh water quality a bibliography entitled
"Freshwater Findings, 1967-1976" was published. This publication is a
continuation of that bibliography, listing publications from 1976 through
1978.
The publications are grouped in two main sections—reports published
In the Environmental Protection Agency's (and precursor agencies') research
series, and journal articles from the scientific literature. Each of these
categories is subdivided Into years, and each publication is listed
alphabetically by the senior author's last name and is annotated to
give more complete Information. To help readers to get available copies
sources of reprints are Identified.
To make the publication even more usable to the reader, an author and
a key word Index for all entries is included.
Introductory materials Include a list of standard abbreviations for the
scientific journals cited in the bibliography and for sources listed after
each abstract and ordering Instructions.
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COflTEflTS
Foreword ill
Preface v
List of Abbreviations viii
How to Order ix
Research Reports
—1978 Reports 1
—1977 Reports 11
Journal Articles
—1978 Publications 23
—1977 Publications 34
—1976 Publications 46
Author Index 48
Key Work Index 51
vii
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LIST OF RBBREVIATIOnS
journals
Anal. Chem. Acta.
Anal. Chen.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
ASTM
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
Environ. Pollut.
Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
J. Am. Water Works Assoc.
J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
J. Fish Biology
J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
J. Great Lakes Res.
J. Minn. Acad. Sci.
J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
Nat. Hist.
Prog. Fish-Cult.
Toxicol. Appl. Pharroacol.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.
Water Res.
Analytical Chemica Acta
Analytical Chemistry
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Archives of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology
American Society for Testing and Methods
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology
Environmental Pollution
International Association of Great Lakes
Research
Journal of the American Water Works
Association
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of the Fisheries Research Board
of Canada
Journal of Great Lakes Research
Journal of the Minnesota Academy of
Sciences
Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation
Natural History
Progressive Fish-Culturist
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
Transactions of the American Fisheries
Society
Water Research
viii
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sources
EKL-D Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
U.S. EPA
6201 Congdon Blvd.
Duluth, MN 55804
LLRS Large Lakes Research Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, MI 48138
NTIS National Technical Information Service
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22151
HOW TO ORDER
WHEN ORDERING FROM EKL-D: Be sure to give the author, year and either
Reprint Number or EPA Report Number
WHEN ORDERING FROM LLRS: Be sure to give the author, year and either
Journal Citation or EPA Report number
WHEN ORDERING FROM NTIS: Give author, title and either EPA number or
Citation from the Journal. NTIS may charge
a fee for their services.
ix
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RESEARCH REPORTS
Reports in this section, published by the Agency in its own report series,
provide a complete public record of the research activities funded by the
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth. Consequently, the authors of these
reports include not only the laboratory staff members, but also those
scientists at universities, in industry, and at other facilities who receive
funding and perform research under the direction of the Environmental Research
Laboratory-Duluth.
1978
Annltage, Brian J., Thomas D. Forsythe, Elizabeth B. Rodgers, and William
B. Wrenn. 1978. Browns Ferry Biothermal Research Series I. Colonization
by periphyton, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates. Contract No. TV-35013A.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-
020. 54 p.
Colonization studies on a series of 12 outdoor experimental channels
supplied with water from Wheeler Reservoir (Tennessee River) were
completed at the Browns Ferry Biothermal Research Station in Alabama.
Species composition, dominance, seasonal patterns, colonization rates,
and biomass estimates were determined over a 24-month period for
periphyton, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates. The periphyton
assemblages were highly productive and diverse. Colonization of
bare surfaces was extremely rapid during summer months. Zooplankton
was abundant and was composed primarily of shallow-water forms.
Macroinvertebrates quickly colonized the biothermal channels by way
of inflowing reservoir water and by air. Macroinvertebrate diversity
was as great as or greater than that in Wheeler Reservoir and
represented taxa found in both littoral and open-water areas. In
general, the species composition and the relative densities of algal
and invertebrate organisms that colonized the channels indicated
that the channels successfully simulate reservoir ecosystems for
those trophic levels.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Baril, Steven F., Robert J. Leudtke, and George R. Roemhlld. 1978. Environ-
mental effects of western coal combustion Part II - The aquatic macro-
invertebrates of Rosebud Creek, Montana. Grant No. R803950. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-099. 85 p.
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The aquatic macroinvertebrates of Rosebud Creek, Montana, were sampled
between February 1976 and March 1977 to provide data on their abundance,
distribution, and diversity. The sampling program was initiated during
the first year of operation of the coal-fired power plants located at
Colstrip, Montana. The purpose of the study was to determine if any
immediate impacts of the power plant operation on the macroinvertebrate
communities of Rosebud Creek could be detected and to provide data for
comparisons with future studies.
Rosebud Creek supported a diverse bottom fauna with high population
numbers composed of species adapted to the turbid, silty conditions
which are common in the prairie streams of eastern Montana. Intact
riparian vegetation appeared to be important in maintaining stream
bank stability and provided an essential food source.
It was concluded that faunal varition among sampling stations during
the study period was attributable to physical factors including
turbidity, water temperature, current velocity, and substrate, and
not to potential impacts from coal mining and combustion.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Canton, Steven P., and James V. Ward. 1978. Environmental Effects of
Western Coal Surface Mining Part II - The aquatic macroinvertebrates of
Trout Creek, Colorado. Grant No. R803950. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-095. 73 p.
A study was conducted on Trout Creek in northwestern Colorado to assess
effects of coal mine drainage on stream macroinvertebrates. Density
and biomass exhibited a general increase in the downstream direction
throughout the study area and showed marked seasonal variation. Aquatic
insects comprised over 90Z of the fauna with caddisflies (Trichoptera)
predominating. Diversity did not vary significantly throughout the
study area. None of the parameters measured showed any definite
indication of stressed conditions in the macrolnvertebrate community
during the study period. Water quality was diminished primarily during
spring runoff and the invertebrates seemed able to withstand this short
period of water quality degradation. The buffer zone present between
the mine area and Trout Creek may decrease the effects of mine drainage
and should remain to insure the maintenance of a stable macroinvertebrate
community in Trout Creek.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Cole, Richard Allen. 1978. Larval fish distributions in southwestern Lake
Erie near the Monroe Power Plant. Grant No. R804517010. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MM. Publication EPA-600/3-78-069. 73 p.
This paper presents and discusses studies of larval fish distribution
near a large power plant on western Lake Erie using methods that attempt
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to account for the confounding effect of environmental variation on
technique effectiveness. Distributions in the coastal zone were sampled
with daytime and nighttime tows of 1-tn plankton nets. Density and
mortality were also sampled in the cooling system of the Monroe Power
Plant. It is concluded that prolarvae were concentrated in specific
areas near spawning sites, but larvae that reached the lake proper are
rapidly dispersed by currents. Although flooded tributaries may act as
important concentration points for certain species, no concentration
gradients persisted in the lake proper. Certain species of larvae seemed
to be more vulnerable to entrainment than others; gizzard shad were more
vulnerable than yellow perch, white bass, rainbow smelt, shiners
(Notropis) carp and goldfish.
SOURCE: LLRS
Cole, Richard Allen. 1978. Entrainment at a once-through cooling system
on western Lake Erie. Grant No, R801188. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-070. 154 p.
This study assessed entrainment rates and effects for important
components of the aquatic community in the once-through cooling
system of a steam^eleetrie power plant (the Monroe Power Plant), which
can draw up to 85 m/second of cooling water from Lake Erie (-802) and
the Raisin River (-20%). Phytoplankton, perlphyton, zooplankton,
ichthyoplankton, and community metabolism were sampled bimonthly from
November 1972 through September 1975. Sampling was conducted at fixed
locations in the intake region, discharge canal, thermal plume and
the lake-source waters. Concentrations of chloride, dissolved and
total solids were used to trace water masses and their associated
nutrient and plankton concentrations. At temperatures above 15"C in
the discharge canal, photosynthesis was depressed and community respira-
tion was accelerated. Algal abundance increased slightly as green and
bluegreen algae increased more than other taxa during passage, but
algal diversity remained basically unchanged.
Although zooplankton densities declined about 40% in the cooling system,
diversity remained unchanged and the impact was masked by mixing in the
receiving waters. Larval fish were concentrated near bottom at night
and moved up from bottom during the day. Geographical and temporal
variation in larval fish distribution were great, but certain species
seemed most abundant offshore while others were concentrated near shore.
SOURCE: LLRS
Cole, Richard Allen. 1978. Entrainment at a once-through cooling system on
Lake Erie, Volume II, Appendices. Grant No. R801188, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. NTIS Only Report - EPA-600/3-78-077. 256 p.
This is an appendix to a report entitled "Entrainment at a once-through
cooling system on Lake Erie". It presents tables and figures that
provide background material for that report.
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SOURCE: NTIS PB 287 934/AS
Elser, Allen A., and James C. Schreiber. 1978. Environmental effects of
western coal combustion Part I - The fishes of Rosebud Creek, Montana.
Grant No. R803950. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
Publication EPA-600/3-78-098. 42 p.
Fish populations have been studied during 1975 and 1976 in Rosebud
Creek, a prairie stream which flows through the Fort Union Coal Basin
in southeastern Montana. The objective of this study was to collect
fish population data to determine any inmediate effects, and to act
as a yardstick for assessing possible future effects of accelerated
activities of coal mining and coal combustion in this region.
Fishes were inventoried at nine stations and included 21 species
representing nine families. The species composition and fish
distribution were representative of other streams in this region. Game
fishes included northern pike found throughout the stream, brook trout
which occurred in the headwater areas, and sauger, walleye, channel
catfish, and burbot which were found near the confluence with the
Yellowstone River. The most abundant nongatne species were white
sucker and shorthead redhorse. Fish species diversity increased in
a downstream direction, and tributaries contained many of the same fish
species as in Rosebud Creek. The seasonal occurrence of reproductively
mature game fishes in the lower region of Rosebud Creek suggests that
it is used for spawning by fishes from the Yellowstone River.
During the study, there was no apparent effect of either coal mining
or coal combustion activities on the distribution of fishes in
Rosebud Creek.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Environmental Protection Agency - U.S.A., and Soviet Academy of Sciences -
U.S.S.R. 1978. Proceedings of the first and second USA-USSR symposia on
the effects of pollutants upon aquatic ecosystesm, Volume I - Duluth,
Minnesota, USA Symposium - October 21-23, 1975 (Donald I. Mount, ed.),
Volume II - Borok, Jaroslavl Oblast, USSR Symposium - June 22-26, 1976
(Wayland R. Swain and Nina K. Ivanikiw, eds). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-78-076. 412 p.
This publication represents the proceedings of two symposia conducted
jointly by the U.S. EPA and the Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R. The
first symposia (Volume I) was held in Duluth, Minnesota, USA on
October 21-23, 1975, and the second (Volume II) was held in Borok,
Jaroslavl Oblast, USSR during June 22-26, 1976. The published papers
from these symposia contain both broadly based'review papers, designed
to familiarize attendees with a wide cross-sectional representation
of ecologically related activities in each country, and narrowly
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specific state-of-the-art scientific discussions. The presentations
focus upon methodology, historical aspects, microbial and abiotic
degradation processes, trace metal problems, effects of toxicants,
proposed species indices, and studies of fate and transport of pollutants,
SOURCE: LLRS
Goettl, John P., Jr., and Jerry W. Edde. 1978. Environmental effects of
oil shale mining and processing Part I - Fishes of Piceance Creek, Colorado,
prior to oil shale processing. Grant No. R803950. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-096. 27 p.
The fish populations of Piceance Creek, Colorado, were surveyed to
establish preoperational conditions prior to extensive oil shale
processing in the region. Data collected in this study have been
compared to data reported by earlier researchers.
The mountain sucker (Catostomus platyrhunchus) and the speckled dace
(Rhinichthys osculus) are the most abundant and widespread fishes found
in Piceance Creek. Numbers of all species were not great; the largest
number of fish captured per 100 meters of stream was 76 individuals,
while the range for all other stations was 3-23 fish/100 m. Brook,
brown, and rainbow trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo trutta. and
Salrao gairdneri, respectively) were most conmon in the upper reaches
of Piceance Creek in its tributaries, Black Sulphur Creek and Stewart
Creek. Results of our survey indicate that brook and brown trout are
reproducing naturally in Piceance Creek but rainbow trout are doing
poorly.
The introduction of species from other drainages and the effects of
agricultural diversions and riparian alterations have produced recent
changes in the fish fauna of Piceance Creek. Possible impacts of oil
shale processing on the fish populations of Piceance Creek are
suggested.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Gray, Lawrence J., and James V. Ward. 1978. Environmental effects of oil
shale mining and processing Part II - The aquatic macroinvertebrates of the
Piceance Basin, Colorado, prior to oil shale processing. Grant No. R803950.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Publication EPA-600/3-78-097. 48 p.
A study was conducted at sampling sites on four streams in the Piceance
Basin of northwestern Colorado to acquire data on benthic macroinverte-
brate communities prior to commencement of oil shale mining and process-
ing activities. Piceance Creek, the major stream studied, exhibited
considerable longitudinal variation in environmental conditions. Sodium,
sulfate, chloride, and total dissolved solids increased greatly in the
downstream direction. The temperature range, turbidity, severity of
winter ice conditions, and effects of grazing and irrigation activities
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also increased downstream. Downstream reductions in density, biotnass
and diversity,'and altered macro invertebrate species composition were
associated with the longitudinal changes in environmental parameters.
The fauna of upstream areas of Piceance Creek and its tributaries was
composed of primarily winter species (those that complete their life
cycle from fall to spring), whereas the fauna of downstream reaches
of Piceance Creek was composed almost entirely of summer species. Effects
of oil shale mining and processing activities on aquatic biota will
depend upon the type of mining employed, the extent of surface and
subsurface disturbance, the success of pollution controls, points of
pollution entry, and extent of water depletion. Present environmental
conditions and macrinvertebrate communities of the lower reaches of
Piceance Creek may be indicative of the potential effect of future
impacts at upstream locations.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Holcombe, Gary W., and Robert W. Andrew. 1978. The acute toxicity of zinc
to rainbow and brook trout - Comparisons in hard and soft water. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-094.
25 p.
The means and ranges of the 96-hour LCSO's derived from three tests
were 0.55 (0.37 to 0.76) and 2.5 (1.9 to 3.0) mg Zn/liter for
rainbow and 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) and 6.0 (5.0 to 7.0) mg Zn/liter for
brook trout in soft and hard water, respectively. Based on overall
means, brook trout were approximately 2.7 times more resistant than
rainbow trout. Zinc toxicity to both species increased with increasing
pH, and decreased with increasing hardness and alkalinity.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Larson, Gary L., Charles E. Warren, Floyd E. Hutchins, Larry P. Lamperti,
David A. Schlesinger, and Wayne K. Seira. 1978. Toxicity of residual chlorine
compounds to aquatic organisms. Grant No. R802286. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-023. 117 p.
Laboratory studies on the acute and chronic toxicity of chlorine and
inorganic chloramines to trout, salmon, minnows, bullhead, largemouth
bass, and bluegill were conducted. Acute toxicity under continuous
and intermittent patterns of exposure as well as behavioral, reproduc-
tion, development, and growth responses to low level exposures to residual
chlorine compounds were determined. But not all patterns of toxicant
exposure or all responses of all fish species were studied. Acute
and chronic toxicities of chloramines to crayfish were investigated.
Algae, invertebrates, including insects, and juvenile salmon were
exposed continuously to relatively low levels of residual chloramine
compounds in laboratory stream communities. The acute toxicities of
inorganic chloramines, as measured by 96-hr LC50 values, were less
than 100 Mg/1 for salmonids and were a function of life history
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stage, body size and some water quality conditions. Whereas adult
trout may live indefinitely at concentrations near 50 pg/1, the
LC50 values for late developmental stages fry and very small juveniles
were not much above this concentration. Effects on growth of alevins
and juveniles had threshold concentration values between about 10 and
22 vg/1, effects being quite marked at 22 ug/1. In intermittent
exposure to relatively high concentrations of free residual chlorine,
mortality was found to be a rather consistent function of the area
under the time-concentration curves of exposure, for different forms,
durations, and frequencies of such patterns of exposure. Behavioral
responses of fish, such as avoidance of chlorinated water which could
be advantageous in nature and lethargic swimming, surfacing, and sinking
to the bottom which would probably be harmful were studied. Such
behaviors occur not only at acutely toxic concentrations but also at
lower ones. It was necessary to introduce concentrations ranging
from 100 to 800 pg/1 of chloramine into laboratory stream communities
to maintain nean residual concentrations of near 20 Mg/1. No marked
effects on algal or insect abundances or on survival and production
of juvenile salmon were observed at this and lower concentrations in
the laboratory streams. It is doubtful that the amperometrically
determined residual concentrations of chloramines in the streams
consisted predominantly of inorganic chloramines, organic chloramines,
perhaps being an important constituent under the stream conditions.
Little is known of the toxicity of organic chloramines. The amount
of inorganic chloramines introduced to maintain desired residual
concentrations appears to have been a function of the amount of
organic material in the stream communities.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Lemke, A.E., W.A. Brungs, and B.J. Halligan. 1978. Manual for construction
and operation of toxicity-testing proportional diluters. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-072. 78 p.
This paper presents a discussion of the testing procedures using
proportional diluters. The construction, calibration, and operation
of the equipment is explained, and trouble shooting techniques necessary
for successful use of such equipment are given.
A bibliography includes many related pubished materials that are not
discussed in the text but which should be useful to the reader. Included
are numerous citations on physical toxicity testing methods, but papers
on statistics or biological test procedures are not included.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Mount, Donald I. 1978. Measuring aquatic impact of toxic contaminants. In:
Proceedings of the Second Open Forum on Management of Petroleum Refinery
Wastewater, March 1978. Publication EPA-600/2-78-058. pp. 185-192.
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The increasing frequency of problems with toxic, often organic, chemicals
has focused attention on finding better and more rapid methods of
measuring impact. The accumulation of body burdens in edible fishes
to unacceptable concentrations is the nest significant effect in some
instances. Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity do not have special
or emotional significance or effect on aquatic systems as they do for
human populations. Care must be exercised to assure that toxicity is
not substituted for environmental hazard when effects of chemicals are
evaluated. Reliable, rapid tests are available for measuring toxicity
of aquatic organisms.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Murphy, Thomas J., and Charles P. Rzeszutko. 1978. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
in precipitation in the Lake Michigan basin. Grant No. 803915. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MM. Publication EPA-600/3-78-071.
39 p.
Rainfall samples were collected in Chicago, Illinois, and on Beaver
Island, Michigan, and analyzed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
The precipitation weighted mean concentration of 35 samples of rain
was 111 ng/1 (111 parts per trillion). This would result in the
deposition of 4800 kg/yr of PCBs to the lake from precipitation.
Presently available evidence on other sources of PCBs to the lake
indicates that precipitation is now the major source of PCBs to the
lake. The future PCB problems in the lakes will then be determined
mainly by the magnitude of atmospheric inputs to the lake.
The concentrations of PCBs in rainfall were found to be as high on
Beaver Island as in Chicago.
Results obtained from the simultaneous sampling of air and precipitation
indicate that PCBs are present in the atmosphere as vapor as well as
being present on particulates. This result raises doubts as to the
validity of results for the dry deposition of PCBs obtained from
the use of collectors covered with mineral oil or other non-polar
liquid.
PCB concentrations in the parts per billion range obtained from gas
samples from a vented sanitary landfill, indicate that PCB containing
minerals incorporated into landfills may be an important source of PCBs
to the atmosphere.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Phillips, Glenn R., and Roseraarie C. Russo. 1978. Metal Bioaccumulation
in fishes and aquatic invertebrates: A literature review. Grant No.
R803950. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication
EPA-600/3-78-103. 121 p.
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Literature concerning the bioaccumulation of metals by freshwater
and marine fishes and invertebrates has been reviewed; netal residue
levels are also reported for a few mammals and plants. Twenty-one
metals are considered in individual sections of the review and a
bibliography of over 300 literature citations is included.
The major sources of each metal to the environment are listed as are
the causes and symptoms of metal toxicity in humans. Some discussion
is included on the health implications of human consumption of metal-
contaminated aquatic organisms. Available information is presented
on: routes of accumulation, kinetics of accumulation and excretion,
distribution within organisms, physiological responses of organisms,
residue-toxicity thresholds, chemical speciation relative to biological
availability, and microbial and chemical interconversions in aqueous
systems. Major areas of insufficient knowledge are identified.
Few metals accumulate in the edible portions of aquatic organisms;
moreover, most metals when ingested orally have a relatively low
toxicity to humans. However, mercury, arsenic, and radioactive
cesium may reach hazardous concentrations in edible tissues of
fishes and shellfishes; additionally, in shellfishes, cadmium, lead,
and other metal isotopes may exceed levels safe for human consumption.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Swenson, William A. 1978. Influence of turbidity on fish abundance in
western Lake Superior. Grant No. R802455. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, MJ. Publication EPA-600/3-78-067. 92 p.
This research project was developed to improve understanding of the
influence of turbidity on fish populations and the mechanism through
which Its effects are induced.
Field and laboratory studies emphasized measurement of behavioral
response of fish and resulting changes in fish species interrelation-
ships in western Lake Superior, Direct effects of red clay turbidity
on survival and growth of larval lake herring (Coregonus artedii) were
also measured.
Field measurements demonstrated that light penetration in western Lake
Superior is reduced significantly even at very low levels of red clay
turbidity. Zooplankton abundance and distribution was highest near the
surface in red clay plumes. Smelt (Osmerus mordax) move into the
upper 12 m of water in response to turbidity where their predation
on larval fish Increases. Predation by smelt on larval lake herring
was identified as a factor contributing to the decline of the formerly
abundant western Lake Superior lake herring population and the
commercial fishery which depended upon it.
Walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) and lake trout (Salvelinus
namaycush) demonstrated opposite responses to turbidity. Walleye
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concentrated in turbid water where food availability was apparently
greater. Lake trout showed partial avoidance to turbidity in the
lake and in laboratory turbidity gradients.
SOURCE: ER1-D
Thomann, Robert V. 1978. Size dependent model of hazardous substances
in aquatic food chain. Contract No. R803680030. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-036. 47 p.
In order to incorporate both bioaccumulation of toxic substances
directly from the water and subsequent transfer up the food chain,
a mass balance model is constructed that introduces organism size
as an additional independent variable. The model represents an
ecological continuum through size dependency; classical compartment
analyses are therefore a special case of the continuous model. Size
dependence is viewed as a very approximate ordering of trophic position.
The analysis of some PCS data in Lake Ontario is used as an illustration
of the theory. A completely mixed water volume is used. Organism
size is considered from 100 ym to 10^ urn. PCB data were available
for 64 ym net hauls, alewife, smelt, sculpin and coho salmon. Labora-
tory data from the literature were used for preliminary estimates of the
model coefficients together with the field data. The analysis
indicated that about 302 of the observed 6.5 ug PCB/gra fish at the
coho salmon size range is due to transfer from lower levels in the
food chain and about 70% from direct water intake. The model shows
rapid accumulation of PCB with organism size due principally to
decreased biomass at higher trophic levels. The analysis indicates
that if a level of 5 wg PCB/gm at 10^ urn is sought, total (dissolved
and particulate) water concentration would have to be about 36 ng/1
or about 66% of the present 55 ng/1.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Tucker, James H., Philip M. Cook, Gary L. Phipps, Gertrude N. Stokes, and
Paul H. Lima. 1978. . Asbestos - A bibliography. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-066. 98 p.
This bibliography contains 1,425 references pertaining to the chemical,
physical, biological, and medical properties and effects of asbestos in
our environment. The bibliography was compiled by the asbestos research
group at the Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, Duluth, MN.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Veith, Gilman D,, and Richard T. Morris. 1978. A rapid method for
estimating log P for organic chemicals. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-78-049. 24 p.
10
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A rapid, inexpensive technique based on reverse-phase high pressure
liquid chromatography has been developed to estimate the n-octanol/
water partition coefficient of organic chemicals. The system consists
of a preparative Micro-Pak C-10 reverse-phase column eluted with
a 15 percent water/85 percent methanoZ solvent flowing at 2 ml/rain at
room temperature. The chemicals are detected in the eluant with a
standard ultraviolet detector or a fraction collector system followed
by appropriate analysis of the fractions to determine the retention
time of the chemical. A linear calibration of the logarithm of
retention time with the logarithm of the partition coefficient (Log P)
is attained by using a mixture of benzene, bromobenzene, biphenyl,
bibenzyl, pp'DDE, and 2,4,5,2',5' pentachlorobiphenyl as reference
standards of known Log P. Chemicals with Log P of approximately 3
elute in less than 10 minutes whereas those with Log P greater than
5 elute after 20 minutes.
SOURCE: ERL-D
1977
Allison, Donald T. 1977. Use of exposure units for estimating aquatic
toxicity of organophosphate pesticides. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-077. 33 p.
Environmental water concentrations of organophosphate pesticides can be
expected to fluctuate widely due to use patterns and rapid hydrolysis.
This study investigated some relationships of exposure concentration,
duration and periodicity to the chronic toxicity of diazinon to flagfish
(Jordanella floridae) . Effects were compared on the basis of exposure
units" (exposure concentration x exposure duration). Treatments at
equivalent exposure units caused similar overall effects on the test
populations regardless of the life stages exposed or exposure duration
£« £e. The hypothesis is proposed that exposure units could be used to
estimate the environmental impact of fluctuating water concentrations of
organophosphate pesticides over a wide range of concentration, duration
and periodicity.
SOURCE: NTIS PB 272 796/ABE
Allison, Donald T., and Roger 0. Hermanutz. 1977. Toxicity of diazinon to
brook trout and fathead minnows. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-060. 77 p.
Average 96-hr LCSO's for diazinon under flow-through conditions were
7*8, 1.6, 0.77, and 0,46 mg/1, respectively, for fathead minnows,
flagfish, brook trout, and bluegills.
11
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The chronic effects of diazinon on fathead minnows and brook trout were
determined in flow-through systems with constant toxicant concentrations.
Fathead minnows exposed to the lowest concentration tested (3.2 yg/1)
from 5 days after hatch through spawning had a significantly higher
incidence of scoliosis than the control (P - 0.05). Hatch of their
progeny was reduced by 30% at this concentration. Yearling brook trout
exposed to 4.8 ug/1 and above began developing scoliosis and lordosis
within a few weeks. Growth of brook trout was substantially inhibited
during the first 3 months at A.8 yg/1 and above. Neurological symptoms
were evident in brook trout at 2.4 ug/1 and above early in the tests, but
were rarely observed after 4 or 5 months of exposure. Exposure of mature
brook trout for 6-8 months to concentrations ranging from 9.6 vg/1 to the
lowest tested (0.55 yg/1) resulted in equally reduced growth rates for
their progeny. Transfer of progeny between concentrations indicated that
effects noted for progeny of both species at lower concentrations were the
result of parental exposure alone and not the exposure of progeny follow-
ing fertilization.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Brungs, William A., and Bernard R. Jones. 1977. Temperature Criteria for
Freshwater Fish: Protocol and procedures. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, UN. Publication EPA-600/3-77-061. 136 p.
Temperature criteria for freshwater fish are expressed as mean and
maximum temperatures; means control functions such as embryo genesis,
growth,' maturation, and reproductivity, and maxima provide protection for
all life stages against lethal conditions. 'These criteria for 34 fish
species are based on numerous field and laboratory studies, and yet for
some important species the data are still insufficient to develop all the
necessary criteria. Fishery managers, power-plant designers, and
regulatory agencies will find these criteria useful in their efforts to
protect fishery resources.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Buikema, Arthur L., Jr., John Cairns, Jr., Paul C. Edmunds, and Thomas H.
Krakauer. 1977. Culturing and Ecology Studies of the Rotifer, Polyarthr£
vulgaris. Grant No. R800815. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-051. 64 p.
The results contained in this report represent research conducted to
identify variables which affect the survival and reproduction of the
rotifer, Polyarthra vulgaris. The following variables were studied:
handling stress, container size, frequency of changing the culture medium,
light quantity and quality, photoperiod, oxygen and vitamin requirements,
fungal parasites, food preference and concentration, antibiotic affects
of bluegreen algae, and temperature.
12
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Temperature had an effect on population dynamics, percent of females with
eggs, number of eggs per female, and sexual reproduction. Egg production
rates were estimated and observations on the duration of egg development
were made.
This report also includes a field study of the relation between Polyarthra
vulgaris and 19 selected chemical and physical parameters.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Cardwell, Rick D., Dallas G. Foreman, Thomas R. Payne, and Doris J. Wilbur.
1977. Acute and chronic toxicity of chlordane to fish and invertebrates.
Contract No. 68-01-0187. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN.
Publication EPA-600/3-77-019. 136 p.
The acute and chronic toxicity of technical chlordane to bluegill (Lepomis
macrochirus), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), brook trout (Salvelinus
fontinalis), Daphnia magna, Hyallela azteca and Chironomus No. 51 were
determined with flow-through conditions. The purpose was to estimate
concentrations producing acute mortality and those having no effect on
the long-term survival, growth and reproduction of the various species.
Whole body residues of technical chlordane components were measured in
the three invertebrates species at the end of the chronic exposure tests.
Concentrations of technical chlordane causing 50% mortality in 96-hr were
36.9 yg/1 for fathead minnow, 47 yg/1 for brook trout and 59 yg/1 for
bluegill, while that causing 50% immobilization in the cladoceran,
j). magna, was 28.4 yg/1. The anphipod, H. azteca, was only slightly
affected at 96-hr by the chlordane concentrations tested, and the 168-hr
EC50 was 97.1 yg/1. Acute mortality of midges, Chironomus No. 51, was
not successfully evaluated. With respect to the test conditions employed
and life cycle stages evaluated the lowest concentrations of technical
chlordane found to cause major chronic effects were 0.32 yg/1 for brook
trout, 1.22 yg/1 for bluegill, 1.7 ug/1 for midges, 11.5 yg/1 for
amphipods and 21.6 yg/1 for cladocerans.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Carlson, Robert M., and Ronald Caple. 1977. Chemical/biological implications
by using chlorine and ozone for disinfection. Grant No. R-800675. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-
066. 96 p.
Chlorine is readily incorporated into a variety of organic materials
known to be present in water subjected to chlorine-renovation procedures.
The observed products can be predicted on the basis of commonly used
mechanistic considerations. The aqueous ozonation studies confirm that
mechanistic considerations developed in non-aqueous cases can be applied
to the prediction of products from ozone addition to dilute solutions of
unsaturated organics in water.
13
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The dominant feature in the observed toxicity of phenols to _D_aphnia magna
was the lipophilic nature of the compound as represented by the partition
coefficient. The partition coefficient of a compound has been shown as
part of this overall study to be readily obtained from its retention
properties on a "reverse-phase" HPLC column.
The effects of chlorination on biological oxygen demand (BOD) were
examined by comparing the BOD requirements of a sample containing a
given parent system vs that of its chlorinated progeny. The results
indicate that the chlorinated material is generally degraded less than
the parent and that the lowered BOD values appear, at least for phenols,
to be associated with the increased toxicity of the chlorinated material
to the degrading organism.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Cowen, William F., Kannikar Sirisinha, and G. Fred Lee. 1977. Algal nutrient
availability and limitation in Lake Ontario during IFYGL. Part II. Nitrogen
available in Lake Ontario tributary water samples and urban runoff from
Madison, Wisconsin. Contract No. R-800537-02. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-045. 100 p.
Samples of water from the Niagara, Genesee, Oswego and Black Rivers were
collected from March to June 1973. The samples were analyzed for nitrogen
forms and were incubated in darkness under aerobic conditions to promote
mineralization of soluble inorganic nitrogen from the organic nitrogen
in the samples. The amounts of ammonia and nitrate were determined as a
function of the time of incubation. Generally over 50 percent of total
nitrogen present in these river samples was immediately available for
algal growth or potentially available after mineralization by bacteria.
The results were highly variable from each tributary, and no single
value could be selected from the data obtained to describe the availa-
bility of total nitrogen in a given river.
SOURCE: LLRS
Delumyea, Richard G., and Resy L. Petel. 1977. Atmospheric input of
phosphorus to southern Lake Huron, April-October 1975. Grant No. R803086.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-77-
038. 62 p.
The input of phosphorus has been demonstrated to be seasonally dependent.
Of the total input, approximately half is potentially available, and
one-fourth is immediately available. Inputs due to wet and dry deposi-
tion are roughly equal in magnitude. The major source appears to be
agriculture with at least 10% due to combustion sources. A model for
particulate deposition was used to determine the deposition velocity of
phosphorus containing particles. The value of 0.6 cm/sec is considered
applicable to other components whose mean diameter is 1 pm.
14
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SOURCE: LLRS
Drummond, Robert A. and Richard W. Carlson. 1977. Procedures for measuring
cough (gill Purge) rates of fish. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-77-133. 55 p.
The cough (gill purge) is an interruption in the normal ventilatory cycle
of fish that serves to clean the gills of accumulated particulate matter,
A review of the literature shows that the cough occurs in a variety of
freshwater and marine fish; that both mechanical and chemical stimulation
apparently can cause fish to increase their cough rates; and that an
increase in coughing is a rapid and sensitive endpoint for studying
chemicals and effluents. In reviewing the test methods and apparatus
for measuring cough rates of fish, we conclude the electrode chamber
method offers more potential as a bioassay tool for assessing the
respiratory responses of fish due to toxicant exposure. Recommended test
procedures, based on our experience, for using the electrode chamber
method are given,
SOURCE: ERL-D
Fromm, Paul 0. 1977. Toxic effect of water soluble pollutants on freshwater
fish. Grant No. R-801034. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth,
Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-057. 63 p.
Studies of the effect of inorganic and organic mercury on trout indicated
that uptake was primarily via the gills in non-feeding fish. Organic
mercury entered fish at a faster rate than inorganic mercury. Exposure
of trout to 10 ug Hg/1 (methyl forr'1 >--J — -«--- On the gill oxygen
consumption measured in vitrp or on tne piasma electrolytes. The
hematocrit index increased significantly. Studies of the metabolism of
iron by normal and iron deficient trout (made deficient by bleeding)
indicated that the liver, spleen, and head kidney are the major iron
storage organs. Liver iron was reduced by bleeding whereas splenic
iron was unaffected. In iron deficient fish more radio iron appeared
in eurythrocytes than in normal controls. Studies of isolated-perfused
gills revealed the presence of both a and 0 adrenergic receptors and
the data obtained indicate the functional surface area of trout gills
can be regulated by changes in perfusion pathway through the gills.
Use of perfused gills appears to be a very sensitive model to detect
deleterious action of pollutants on fish. Evaluation of heat exchange
in perfused gills indicates that the presence of epinephrine increased
administration of acetylcholine. Analysis of a simple model indicated
that the gills may account for as much as 60X of the total heat
exchanged by trout.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Jahoda, Joseph R. 1977. Instrumentation to monitor location of fish
continuously in experimental channels. Contract No. 68-01-0752. U.S.
15
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Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-
77-035. 128 p.
This study resulted in the development and construction of equipment to
continuously monitor the position and temperature of up to 20 fish in a
water channel 486 meters long, three meters wide and one meter deep. The
system utilized miniature sonic transmitters (tags) operating in the 51
kHz to 366 kHz frequency range which were implanted in 500 gram or
heavier fish. The battery operated tags were pulse modulated and
designed for over one year operational life. A*temperature sensitive
thermistor controlled the repetition rate of the tag providing the
temperature of the fish to an accuracy of one degree C. The nominal
range of the polyurethane encapsulated tag was several hundred feet.
Nominal tag size was 16 mm OD x 32 mm long (4.6 - 5.4 g in water).
Sixteen hydrophones were located at 30.5 meter intervals in the water
channel. A control console contained a manually-operated, frequency-
stepped receiver which could select any individual hydrophone, thus
locating the fish to within ± 5.25 meters. Up to 20 individual fish
could be monitored. Automatic operation and recording of the data was
considered in the design of the system for future equipment. Severe
radio frequence interference problems were encountered requiring
extensive precautions and modification of the channel equipment and
wiring. Also investigated were passive fish monitoring and tracking
of small fish fry. An experimental system was completed for limited
monitoring applications.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Mancy, K.H., and H.E. Allen. 1977. A controlled bioassay system for
measuring toxicity of heavy metals. Contract No. 14-12-591. U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-037.
121 p.
Biological availability of metal micronutrients and metal toxicity are
believed to be dependent on metal oxidation state, complexation and
solubility as well as physiocochemical characteristics of the aqueous
phase. Basic design criteria for fish bioassays which are capable of
elucidating the dependency of toxicity on the type and concentration of
various copper species were developed utilizing equilibrium chemical
concepts and appropriate analytical techniques. In order to maintain a
desired copper species In the bioassay medium, synthetic waters were
used under well defined physical and chemical conditions. These solu-
tions were synthesized in accordance with equilibrium models, which
define the distribution of various copper species as a function of the
solution physical and chemical characteristics. An experimental system
was developed which permitted large volumes of the bioassay waters to be
maintained at the desired chemical equilibria for the duration of the
experiment.
Monitoring of the bioassay system included measurements of (a) pH, (b)
temperature, (c) flow, (d) specific conductance, (e) calcium, (f) total
16
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alkalinity,
-------
temperatures suitable for spawning in spring and conducive to growth in
summer.
SOURCE: ERL-D
McCormick, J. Howard. 1977. Effects of temperature on hatching success and
survival of larvae in the white bass. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-075. 19 p.
To determine temperature effects on hatching success of white bass
(Horone chrysops) embryos, sample lots of fertilized eggs were exposed
to 10 constant temperatures, 6° through 30°C. Exposures were begun at
two stages of embryonic development, before gastrulation and after
closure of the blastopore. Embryos exposed before gastrulation were
more sensitive to extreme temperatures than those exposed after closure
of the blastopore. The percentage of normal larvae hatched from embryos
exposed before gastrulation was not significantly impaired over the
temperature range 18° - 26°C (P 0.05). When first exposed after blasto-
pore closure the range of temperatures allowing unimpaired hatching was
extended to 14° - 28"C (P 0.05), Normal larvae hatched at 14° - 28°C
from embryos exposed before gastrulation and at 10° - 28°C when exposed
after blastopore closure, but at the extreme in significantly reduced
numbers (P 0.05). Hatching took place 4.5 days after fertilization when
incubated at 14°C and 1 day after fertilization at 26°C.
The 24-hr TL50 for white bass larvae exposed within 24 hr of hatching
and acclimated at temperatures from 14° - 26° was between 30° and 32°C
and was not altered by acclimation.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Nebeker, Alan V., Frank A. Puglisi, and David L. DeFoe. 1977. Toxicity
of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) to fish and other aquatic life. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-
77-034. 84 p. NTIS No. PB264804/AS.
Aroclor 1248 was the most toxic of eight aroclors tested-with Daphnia
magna in static tests, resulting in a 3-week LC50 of 25 ug/liter.
Aroclor 1254 was most toxic under continuous-flow conditions with a
3-week LC50 of 1.3 ug/1. The Aroclors were much more toxic under
continuous-flow than static conditions, with 16% impairment of reproduc-
tion by Aroclor 1248 occurring at 1.0 yg/liter. Calculated 96-hour LC50
values for newly-hatched fathead minnows were 7.7 ug/1 for Aroclor 1254
and 15 ug/liter for 1242. Three-month-old fatheads had a 96-hour LC50
of about 300 ug/liter for Aroclor 1242. Reproduction occurred at and
below 1.8 ug/liter 1254 and at and below 5.4 ug/liter 1242. Poly-
chlorinated biphenyls were acutely toxic but exhibited much greater
chronic toxicity at very low levels due to their cumulative nature.
Newly hatched young were the most sensitive life stage. Young fathead
growth was also affected above 2.2 pg/liter 1248 and none survived above
18
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5.1 yg/liter after 30 days. Young flagfish, Jordanella^ floridae, did
not survive above 5.1 pg/liter 1248 and did not grow well above 2.2
Mg/liter. Ninety-six hour LC50 values for Aroclor 1242 and 1248 with
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus were 73 and 29 ug/liter. Survival after 30 days
was 53 percent at 8.7 ug/liter 1242 and 52 percent at 5.1 ug/liter 1248.
Good reproduction and survival of young occurred at 2.8 yg/liter 1242
and 2.2 Mg/liter 1248.
SOURCE: NTIS PB 264 804/AS
Smith, V.E., K.W. Lee, J.C. Filkins, K.W. Hatwell, K.R. Rygwelski, and J.M.
Townsend. 1977. Survey of chemical factors in Saginaw Bay (Lake Huron).
Grant No. R802685. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
Publication EPA-600/3-77-125. 159 p.
Water quality in Saginaw Bay, Michigan (western Lake Huron) was surveyed
during 32 cruises in 1974 and 1975, as part of the International Joint
Commission's Upper Lakes Reference Study co-sponsored by the United
States and Canada. Goals of the study were to establish a base of water
quality information and to provide data required to model biological and
hydrological processes in the bay. Sampling and in situ monitoring were
conducted at 18-day intervals during April-October (coinciding with
Landsat satellite passes) and approximately at monthly intervals during
November-March.
Samples were collected from several depth levels at 59 stations in 1974
and at a 37-station subset of these 59 stations in 1975. Measurements
included: temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, chloride, pH,
alkalinity, Secchi depth, chlorophylls, nitrate and phosphate, organic
nitrogen, total phosphorus, organic carbon, total solids and major metals.
Additional diurnal or daily sampling was conducted at selected stations.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Spehar, Robert L., Gilman D. Veith, David L. DeFoe, and Barbara A. Bergstedt.
1977. A rapid assessment of the toxicity of three chlorinated cyclodiene
insecticide intermediates to fathead minnows. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-099. 30 p.
A rapid assessment study to determine the toxicity and bioaccumulation of
three chlorinated cyclodiene insecticide intermediates; hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene, hexachloronorbornadiene, and heptachloronorbornene to
fathead minnow larvae and early juveniles was conducted for 30 days
under flow-through conditions.
A concentration of 7.3 ug/liter of hexachlorocyclopentadiene caused
significant decreases in survival after 4 days. Growth of fish exposed
for 30 days was not significantly decreased at any of the concentrations
tested. The highest concentration of hexachlorocyclopentadiene having
no adverse effect was 3.7 ug/liter.
19
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Concentrations of 122 and 226 pg/liter of hexachloronorbornadiene caused
significant decreases in survival after 4 days. Growth of 30-day-old-
larvae was significantly decreased at 38.A ug/liter and was the most
sensitive indicator of toxicity. The highest concentration having no
adverse effect was 20.0 ug/liter. The average bioconcentration factor
for fish exposed to less than 38.4 ug/liter of this compound was 6400.
Survival of fathead minnows exposed to heptachloronorbornene was signif-
icantly decreased at 83.5 vg/liter after 4 days. Growth was signif-
icantly reduced at 40 pg/liter after 30 days and was the most sensitive
indicator of toxicity. The highest concentration having no adverse
effect was 25.9 ug/liter. The average bioconcentration factor for
fish exposed to less than 40 pg/liter of this compound in water was
11,200.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Sridharan, Nagalaxmi, and G. Fred Lee. 1977. Algal Nutrient Availability and
Limitation in Lake Ontario During IFYGL. Part III. Algal nutrient limitation
in Lake Ontario During IFYGL. Contract No. R-800537-02. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-046a. 58 p.
This study was conducted on the potential significance of nitrogen,
phosphorus and micronutrients in limiting planktonic algal growth in
Lake Ontatio and its major tributaries. Standard algal assay procedures
were used. Samples of the open waters of Lake Ontario and Niagara River
waters collected during the spring showed phosphorus limitation. By
late summer these waters showed both nitrogen and phosphorus limitation.
Genesee and Oswego Rivers showed, in general, nitrogen limitation.
Samples of the Black River Waters showed both nitrogen and phosphorus
limitation.
SOURCE: LLRS
Sridharan, Nagalaxmi, and G. Fred Lee. 1977. Algal nutrient availability
and limitation in Lake Ontario during IFYGL. Appendices to Part III. Algal
nutrient limitation in Lake Ontario during IFTGL. Contract No. R-800537-02.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/
3-77-046b. 86 p. NTIS No. PB265004.
This study was conducted on the potential significance of nitrogen,
phosphorus and micronutrients in limiting planktonic algal growth in
Lake Ontario and its major tributaries. Standard algal assay procedures
were used. Samples of the open waters of Lake Ontario and Niagara
River waters collected during the spring showed phosphorus limitation.
By late summer these waters showed both nitrogen and phosphorus limita-
tion. The Genesee and Oswego Rivers showed, in general nitrogen
limitation. Samples of Black River waters showed both nitrogen and
phosphorus limitation.
20
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This portion of the report includes the appendices for Part III of this
study published separately by the Environmental Protection Agency.
Appendices include '(1) algal bioassays for Lake Ontario water; (2)
algal bioassays for Niagara River waters; (3) aigal bioassays for Genesee
River waters; (4) algal bioassays for Oswego River waters; and (5) algal
bioassays for Black River waters.
SOURCE: NTIS PB 265 004
Walbridge, Charles T. 1977. A flow-through testing procedure with duckweed
(Leroia minor L.). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota.
Publication EPA-600/3-77-108. 26 p.
Lemna rainor is one of the smallest flowering plants. Because of its
floating habit, ease of culture, and small size it is well adapted for
laboratory investigations. Procedures for flow-through tests were
developed. Testing procedures were developed with this apparatus. By
using the techniques described here, the effects of nutrients or
toxicants, singly or in combination, can be determined in several
concentrations with several replicates of each. Responses which can be
measured include changes in growth rate, changes in death rate, changes
in timing of division of colonies, color changes, changes in variability,
and modification of the flowering response. Emphasis here is on changes
in growth rate determined either by daily frond counts or by final frond
numbers.
SOURCE: ERL-D
Warren, Charles E., and William J. Liss. 1977. Design and evaluation of
laboratory ecological system studies. Grant No. R802286. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Duluth, MN. Publication EPA-600/3-77-022. 126 p.
Design and evaluation of laboratory ecological system studies are
considered in relation to problems and objectives in environmental
toxicology. Ecological systems are defined to be organisraic systems
together with their level-specific, co-extensive environmental systems
and to occur at individual, population, and multispecies levels of
biological organization. So that the basis for judgements on the
relevance and adequacy of laboratory ecological system studies for
solution of problems in environmental toxicology will be clear, a
conceptual framework defining with abstract generalizations the nature
of biological systems is presented and employed. And a graphical
calculus is used to deduce isocline systems, so as to illustrate the
importance of empirical evaluation of the capacities, not simply the
performances, of laboratory ecological systems. Within the context of
apparent toxicological problems and this conceptual framework, the
relevance and adequacy of laboratory ecological system studies on
toxicant effects and behaviors are evaluated.
SOURCE: ERL-D
21
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Wezernak, C.T. and D.R. Lyzenga. 1977. Satellite remote sensing study of
the trans-boundary movement of pollutants. Grant No. R8033671. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota. Publication EPA-600/3-77-
056. 26 p.
A limited analysis of ERTS (LANDSAT) data of the western basin of Lake
Erie and the southern portion of Lake Huron was performed. The
objective of the program was to depict the large-scale movement of water
masses, and manifested in terms of suspended solids, and to demonstrate
the use of ERTS data in large lakes monitoring. ERTS (LANDSAT) data, as
recorded on computer compatible tapes, were processed to display surface
circulation features, surface suspended solids distribution, surface
chlorophyll distribution and secchi disc transparency. The results
demonstrate the potential of satellite remote sensing for monitoring of
large water bodies.
SOURCE: ERL-D
22
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JOURflRL flRTICI.es
All articles in this section have been authored and published in the open
scientific literature by staff members of the Duluth facility and its field
stations. Limited quantities of reprints are available for some articles,
and those publications identified as an ERL-D reprint can be requested by
that number from the Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth, 6201 Congdon
Boulevard, Duluth, MN 55804. All articles not identified as ERL-D reprints
can be seen in the professional journals held by most major libraries, parti-
cularly those at colleges and universities.
1978
Benoit, D.A., and G.W. Holcombe. 1978. Toxic effects of zinc on fathead
minnows Pimephales jromelas in soft water. J. Fish Biol. 13, 701-708.
(Reprint #204).
A fathead minnow life-cycle exposure to various zinc concentrations
demonstrated that thermostat sensitive indicators of zinc toxicity were
egg adhesiveness and fragility, which were significantly affected at
145 ug Zn I"1 and above, but were not affected at 78 ug Zn 1" and
below. These effects occurred shortly after the eggs were spawned
(during water hardening) and therefore were not related to effects on the
parental fish, Hatchability and survival of larvae were significantly
reduced, and deformities at hatching were significantly increased at
295 ug Zn"1 and above. Acclimated and unacclimated groups of larvae
exposed to identical zinc concentrations for 8 weeks after hatch showed
only slight differences in sensitivity.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Brungs, W.A., and D.I. Mount. 1978. Introduction to a discussion of the
use of aquatic toxicity tests for evaluation of the effects of toxic
substances, pp. 15-26. In: Estimating the Hazard of Chemical Substances to
Aquatic Life, ASTM STP 657, John Cairns, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and A.W. Maki,
Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials. (ERL-D Reprint //194).
A variety of classes of aquatic toxicity tests are presented and
discussed in relation to their ability to provide useful estimates
of the environmental effects of chemicals or discharges. These classes
of tests can be judged and compared numerically by several standards:
ability to permit extrapolation to meaningful effect; ease and cost of
conducting tests; applicability to response to a wide variety of
chemicals; availability of documented detailed procedures; ecological
23
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importance and persistence of effect; and acientific and legal defensi-
bility of the procedure. No single class of tests can be expected to
be clearly superior to all others, indicating the need for a variety
of testing at successive tiers of intensity of study.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Brungs, W.A., R.W. Carlson, W.B. Horning II, J.H. McCormick, R.L. Spehar,
and J.D. Yount. 1978. Effects of pollution on freshwater fish, J. Water
Pollut. Control. Fed. 50(6):1582-1637. (ERL-D Reprint #192).
An extensive review of 338 references on the effects of pollution on
freshwater fish covering 1976-1977 is presented. These references
cover: Reviews and Symposia, Dissolved Gases, pH, Insecticides, Her-
cides, Piscicides and Anesthetics, Inorganics, Organics, Chlorine and
Wastewater, Pulp and Paper, Radioactive and Physical Factors,
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Carlson, Anthony, R., and Lawrence J. Herman. 1978. Effect of long-term
reduction and diel fluctuation in dissolved oxygen on spawning of black
crappie, Porooxis nigromaculatus. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(5):742-746.
(ERL-D Reprint #198).
Mature black crappies were exposed over winter in the laboratory to
constant dissolved oxygen concentrations near 2.5, 4,0, 5,5, and 7.0
ing/liter. Starting on 26 April during a simulated spring-to-summer
rise in water temperature, some were continued at the original oxygen
concentrations while others were subjected to mean diel fluctuations
ranging from 0.8 to 1.9 mg 02/Hter above and below the original
concentrations. Controls were maintained at concentrations near air
saturation. No spawning occurred at the lowest fluctuating treatment
of 1.8 to 4.1 mg/liter. This treatment also caused behavioral aber-
rations as the water temperature reached 208C. Successful spawning
occurred during all other treatments.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Carlson, Richard W., and Robert A. Drummond. 1978. Fish cough responses -
A method for evaluating quality of treated complex effluents. Water Res.
12:1-6. (ERL-D Reprint #186).
Bluegill sunfish (Leporois macrochirus) showed increases in cough
frequency commensurate with effluent concentration when exposed for 24
hours to different industrial and municipal effluents. Effluents known
to be toxic caused steadily increasing cough rates in the fish as
effluent concentration approached acutely toxic levels. Bluegllls
exposed to three different samples of effluent, collected from the
same source over an 8-month period, showed decreased levels of cough
24
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rate as the effluent Improved in quality. Cough frequency is a rapid
and sensitive physiological characteristic for evaluating the quality
of industrial and municipal effluents and variation in quality of same-
source effluents before discharge into receiving waters.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Christensen, G.M,, James T. Fiandt, and Barbara A. Poeschl. 1978. Cells,
proteins, and certain physical-chemical properties of brook trout (Salvelimis
frontinalis) blood. J. Fish Biol. 12:51-60. (ERL-D Reprint #187).
Laboratory brook trout were used to evaluate, refine, or develop bio-
chemical procedures for the analysis of fish blood. Analytical values
were obtained for the following blood properties: total and differential
leucocytes and erythrocytes; erythrocyte and plasma proteins (by electro-
phoresls); plasma refractive index; erythrocyte sedimentation rate;
erythrocyte osmotic fragility; blood surface tension and density;
haemoglobin; and packed cell volume. These blood factors are discussed
with reference to fish health and disease and to changes caused by
deleterious quantities of water pollutants.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Cook, P.M., G.E. Glass, D.R. Marklund, and J.H. Tucker. 1978. Evaluation of
cartridge filters for removal of small fibers from drinking water. J. Am.
Water Works Assoc. 70(8):459-464. (EL-D Reprint //96).
Prior to completion of new water treatment facilities in Duluth, Minne-
sota, contamination of the community's water supply by amphibole fibers
led to widespread use of individual filtration systems in hones and
public buildings. Laboratory tests of several types of cartridge filters,
backed by extensive field monitoring of operating filter installations,
revealed a number of performance problems and shed light on how to
correct them.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Cook, P.M., P.L. Smith, and D.G. Wilson. 1978. Amphibole fiber concentration
determination for a series of community air samples: Use of x-ray diffraction
to supplement electron microscope analysis, pp 107-119. In: Electron
Microscopy and X-ray Applications to Environmental and Occupational Health
Analysis. P.A. Russel and A.E. Hutchings, Eds., Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. (ERL-D Reprint #197).
The accurate measurement of annual average mineral fiber concentrations
at various air sampling sites provides the best index on non-occupational
inhalation exposure to fibers in a community located near an industrial
source of airborne amphibole fibers. The transmission electron microscope
analysis of enough individual high volume air samples to provide annual
25
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avetage fiber concentrations la not feasible because of the great time
and expense required. X-ray diffraction analysis of air samples
collected on membrane filters over periods of several days offers a
reliable measurement of amphibole mineral mass concentration. An
excellent linear correlation (r - 0.94 for N - 12) exists between the
amphibole mass concentrations (x-ray diffraction) and amphibole fiber
concentrations (transmission electron microscope). The correlation
equation Is used to calculate amphibole fiber concentrations from over
300 x-ray diffraction analyses. The accuracy and precision of both
techniques are discussed as well as particle concentration variations
influenced by meterology, emission sources, and sampling location.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
DeFoe, D.L., G.D. Veith, and R.W. Carlson. 1978. Effects of AroclorR 1248
and 1260 on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelaa). J. Fish. Res. Board
Can. 35:997-1002. (ERL-D Reprint #195).
Fathead minnows were exposed to AroclorR 1248 and 1260 In flow-through
bioassays to determine the acute (30-d) and chronic (240-d life cycle)
effects on the larvae and adults, as well as the bioconcentration of
the mixtures of PCBs in the fish. Newly hatched larvae (<8 h old) were
the most sensitive; the calculated 30-d LC50 was 4.7 ug/1 for Aroclor
1248 and 3.3 yg/1 for Aroclor 1260. Reproduction In fathead minnows
occurred at concentrations as high as 3 yg/1 for Aroclor 1248 and 2.1
yg/1 for Aroclor 1260, concentrations that significantly affected
larval survival. The 20Z reduction in the standing crop in the
second-generation fish at concentrations as low as 0.4 yg/1 was due to
the death of the larvae soon after hatching. The bioconcentration
factor for PCBs was independent of the PCB concentration in the water;
in adult females at 25°C it was 1.2 X 105 for Aroclor 1248 and 2.7 X
105 for Aroclor 1260. Females accumulated about twice as much PCBs
as the males because of the greater amount of lipld in the female.
Exposed fish placed in untreated Lake Superior water eliminated <18% of
the body burden after 60 d.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Dolan, D.M., V.J. Bierman, Jr., H.H. Dipert, and R.D. Geist. 1978. Statis-
tical analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the ratio chloro-
phyll A to phytoplankton cell volume in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. J. Great
s Res., Internal. Assoc. Great Lakes Res. 4(l):75-83,
Chlorophyll £ has traditionally been used as an Indicator of phytoplankton
concentration in natural waters. This parameter has also been widely
used by phytoplankton modelers for the purpose of comparing model output
with field data. Examination of 1974 field data from Saginaw Bay indicated
that chlorophyll a. concentrations were inconsistent with phytoplankton
cell volume concentrations. Statistical procedures were employed to
determine the significance and source of the observed variability in
the ratio of chlorophyll a. to cell volume concentrations.
26
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The procedures employed included t-tests, analysis of variance and poly-
nomial regression. The hypothesis that the natural log of the ratio
of chlorophyll £ to^ cell volume was constant in time was tested on six
different sampling station groupings representing various spatial divi-
sions of Saginaw Bay. In all cases, this ratio was decreased when only
data from the outer portion of Saginaw Bay were used. Greater than 60%
of the variability of the. ratio can be removed by using a linear correl-
ation of the natural log chlorophyll a^ cell volume ratio with the
fraction of diatom cell volume.
SOURCE: LLRS
Dolan, David M., and Victor J. Bierman, Jr. 1978. Comment on "A model for
total phosphorus in Saginaw Bay". J. Great Lakes Res., Internat. Assoc.
Great Lakes Res. 4(1):110-113.
The subject paper (Canale and Squire 1976) presents the results of the
application of a steady-state mass balance model to chloride and total
phosphorus data for Saginaw Bay in 1974. Richardson (1974, 1976) has
modeled chloride in Saginaw Bay on both a steady-state and a time
variable basis. In this work, the steady-state model was shown to be
inadequate for this system, except during stable periods in summer and
fall. Since most of the loading of pollutants to the bay does not
occur at these times, the time variable model was developed. The purpose
of this comment is to compare similar aspects of these projects and to
contrast the steady-state and time variable approaches with respect to
their ability to simulate observed phenomena and the utility of their
results.
SOURCE: LLRS
Eaton, J.G., J.M. McKim and G.W. Holcombe. 1978. Metal toxicity to embryos
and larvae of seven freshwater fish species — 1. Cadmium. Bull. Environ.
Contain. Toxicol. 19(1): 95-103. (ERL-D Reprint //183).
The embryos and larvae of seven freshwater fish were exposed to low
concentrations of cadmium in soft water. All species were killed or
their growth retarded by concentrations ranging from about 4 to 12 Mg
Cd/liter. The larvae were consistently more sensitive than the embryos.
The agreement between these results and those from life-cycle chronic
toxicity studies indicates that embryo and larval exposures will give
reliable estimates of the chronic toxicity of cadmium to additional fish
species. A 60-day exposure period appears to be appropriate for
determining larval sensitivity to cadmium.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Halligan, Barbara J., and John G. Eaton. 1978. Survival and reproduction of
Gammarus lacustris and C|, pseudolimnaeus under two experimental conditions.
Prog. Fish-Cult. 40(2):59-62. (ERL-D Reprint #191).
27
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Life-cycle tests on the survival and reproduction of the amphipods
Ganmarus lacustris and (3. paeudolimnaeus were conducted under two
nontoxicant experimental conditions: with several atnphlpods per tank
and with individual pairs per tank. Juvenile and adult survival of the
two species was similar with several amphipods per tank, but was higher
for Q. lacustris among the reproducing individual pairs. In the multiple-
animal tanks (3. lacustris females had larger broods than did (±,
pseudolimnaeus females and both species produced more young per females
and more broods per female than in the tanks with individual pairs. Our
results indicate that these amphipods may be reared more successfully
with several animals per tank than with only two. Of the two species,
G. lacustris may be preferred for use in chronic toxicity testa because
of its greater fecundity, larger size and wider distribution.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Helmy, M.M., A.E. Lemke, P«G. Jacob, and B.L. Oostdam. 1978. Effects of some
trace elements on the blood of Kuwait mullets, Liza macrolepis (Smith). J.
Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 34:151-161.
Haenopathological changes attributed to heavy metal poisoning were
observed In blood smears of Liza macrolepis (Smith) taken after exposures
of 96 h to graded doses (mg/1) of copper <0.11-1.80), lead (1.15-18.36),
and mercury 0.04-0.59), in a flow-through marine bloassay system. In
general, changes in leucocytic profile appear to be correlated with
pathological changes caused by increasing copper and mercury concentra-
tions. By contrast, blood samples of mullets exposed to lead, showed
significant polychromasia and +1 anisocytosis regardless of concentrations.
The RBC count, haemoglobin content, and haematocrit percentages were less
valuable in diagnosis of copper and mercury effects.
These manifestations of poisoning by trace elements bear a resemblance
to the pathological changes that have been shown clinically and experi-
mentally in mammals. Consequently, blood measurements on marine
organisms may be diagnostic of undesirably high levels of copper and
mercury, and so may constitute useful Indicators of marine pollution.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Hermanutz, Roger 0. 1978. Endrin and malathion toxicity to flagfish
(Jordanella floridae). Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 7:159-168. (ERL-D
Reprint #188).
Endrin and malathion effects on survival, growth, and reproduction of
flagfish were determined in a flow-through system. Endrin chronic
effects on first-generation growth and reproduction occurred only at
0.3 ug/1, the highest concentration tested. The mean endrln residues
in the first-generation fish at 65 days were about 15,000 times the
water concentration In all concentrations tested. Malathion concentra-
tions of 31.5 ug/1 and 24.7 ug/1, the highest concentrations tested,
28
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had detrimental effects on first-generation survival. During the same
period malathion concentrations as low as 10.9 ug/1 significantly
affected growth. Neither insecticide, at the concentrations tested,
had any detectable effects on the second generation during a 30-day
exposure period.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Jarvinen, Alfred W., and Robert M. Tyo. 1978. Toxicity to fathead minnows
of endrin in food and water. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 7:409-421.
(ERL-D Reprint #202).
Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed during a partial
chronic toxicity study to endrin concentrations in the water or food,
or both, for 300 days encompassing reproduction. Tissue residues were
analysed at preset Intervals for first-generation fish, and were
also determined for embryos, larvae at hatch and 30-day progeny. Gas-
chroma to graphic and liquid-scintillation techniques were used to
monitor the contribution of endrin from each source. The food was
clams that had accumulated 14C-endrin when exposed to an endrin water
concentration similar to that to which the fish was exposed.
Higher endrin tissue residues were accumulated from the water than
from food. Maximum concentration factors were 0.8 from the food
and 13,000 from the water. Residues contributed by endrin in the
food were additive to those from the water at all life stages. Endrin
in the food (0.63 ppm) significantly reduced survival of the fathead
minnows, and fish exposed to both endrin sources had lower survival
than those exposed to either sources alone. Endrin residues in embryos
and larvae were highest and larval survival lowest for progeny of adults
exposed to endrin in both food and water. Survival of 30-day progeny
was significanly reduced at all test exposures (0.63 ppm in the food,
water exposures at 0.14 and 0.25 ppb, and all combinations of food and
water exposure).
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Kuehl, Douglas W., and Edward N, Leonard. 1978. Isolation of xenobiotic
chemicals from tissue samples by gel permeation chromatography. Anal.
Chem. 50:182-185. (ERL-D Reprint #181)
A gel permeation technique has been developed for tissue sample cleanup
for gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of low
molecular weight polar organic (LMWO) compounds. The technique involves
a two step procedure to first separate the bulk lipid material from
LMWOs and then fractionate LMWOs by both polarity and molecular size.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
29
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Kuehl, Douglas W., Gllmati D. Veith, and Edward H. Leonard. 1978. Brominated
compounds found in waste-treatment effluents and their capacity to bio-
accumulate. Pages 175-192. In: Water Chlorination, Environmental Impact
and Health Effects, Volume 2. R.L. Jolley (ed). Ann Arbor Science Publishers,
Inc., Ann Arbor, MI. (ERL-D Reprint #190)
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze residues in
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) which were exposed to nondis-
infected and bromine chloride disinfected wastewater effluent. A
series of brominated organic chemicals was identified in the fish exposed
to the bromine chloride disinfected effluent but were not detected in
fish exposed to the non-disinfected wastewater. Two mechanisms for the
presence of these residues include the aqueous bromination of precursors
followed by bioaccumulation of the products, and the bromination of
precursors by the fish.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Maier, Walter J., and Wayland R. Swain. 1978. Lake Superior organic carbon
budget. Water Res. 12:403-412.
The organic carbon concentration of Lake Superior is discussed in terms
of a simple mathematical model that treats the lake as a well mixed
basin. Major sources, outflows, and biochemically mediated removal
of organic carbon are analyzed in the time frame of yearly average values.
Data on organic carbon concentrations of watershed drainage, rainfall,
anthropogenic inflows and contributions from photosynthetic production
are analyzed as are the removal of organics by biochemical oxidation
and sedimentation. The long range projected effects of the major
sources and sinks on the yearly average organic carbon concentration of
the lake are described.
SOURCE: LLRS
Maier, W.J., and W.R. Swain. 1978. Organic carbon - A nonspecific water
quality indicator for Lake Superior. Water Res. 12:523-529.
Organic matter is ubiquitous in surface waters and its presence is generally
recognized as being detrimental to water quality. Historically, biochem-
ical oxygen demand (BOD) has been used to assess the effects, and indirect-
ly the concentration, of organic matter in water. However, BOD measurements
are not adequate for characterization of high quality natural waters.
Measurements of organic carbon by paper is the first part of a study of the
distribution of organic carbon in Lake Superior Basin waters. Temporal
and spatial distribution of organic carbon in open waters and in the vicin-
ity of pollution inflows are described. Base line concentration levels
have been established, and the use of organic carbon measurements as an
overall indicator of water quality is discussed.
SOURCE: LLRS
30
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McCormick, J. Howard. 1978. Effects of temperature on hatching success and
survival of larvae in the white bass. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40(4)-.133-137.
(ERL-D Reprint #203)
Temperature effects on the hatching success of eggs of the white bass
(Morone chrysops) were determined by exposing sample lots of recently
fertilized eggs to 10 constant temperatures, 6 through 30eC. Different
lots of eggs were exposed to test temperatures before gastrulation,
and after closure of the blastopore in the embryo. The percentages of
normal larvae hatched were not significantly (P > 0.05) impaired in
eggs exposed before gastrulation at temperatures from 18 through 26°C,
nor in those first exposed after closure of the blastopore at
temperatures from 14 through 268C» Eggs incubated at 14 °C hatched
4.5 days after fertilization, and those incubated at 26°C required only
1 day. The 24-h TL50 for white bass larvae exposed within 24-h of
hatching and acclimated to 14, IB, 20, and 26°C was between 30 and 32°C,
and was not altered by the acclimation temperatures tested.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
McKim, J.M., J.G. Eaton, and G.W. Holcombe. 1978. Metal toxicity to embryos
and larvae of eight species of freshwater fish — II: Copper. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 19:608-616. (ERL-D Reprint #189)
Fish larvae and early juveniles of all species tested (brook trout,
rainbow trout, brown trout, lake trout, northern pike, white sucker,
herring, and smallmouth bass) were more sensitive to copper than the
embryos. Embryo survival was affected only at the higher concentrations
tested, for all species except the rainbow trout. The concentrations
of copper that caused significant effects on the larval standing crop
were similar for all species (31.7-43.5 pg Cu/1) except the northern
pike, which seemed to be considerably more resistant (104.1 ug Cu/1).
Copper concentrations shown to have no significant effects on the early
developmental stages of these species are considered close estimates
of the copper concentrations that would have no measurable adverse
effects during a complete life cycle toxicity test under similar test
conditions.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Poldoskl, J.W., and G.E. Glass. 1978. Anodic stripping voltarometry at a
mercury film electrode: Baseline concentrations of calcium, lead, and
copper in selected natural waters. Anal. Chinu Acta 101(1978):79-88.
(ERL-D Reprint #199)
A simple, rapid and expensive anodic stripping voltamroetric method with
a mercury thin film electrode is reported for the establishment of
baseline concentrations of cadmium, lead, and copper in natural waters.
The procedure for routine surface preparation of wax-impregnated
graphite mercury film electrodes requires about 30 min. Concentrations
31
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in the 0.006-6 g 1-1 range are determined by linear d.c. voltage sweeps;
the total time for a plating and stripping cycle is 6 minutes or les.s.
The need for pressure-digesting samples for copper determinations is
demonstrated. The a.s.v. results correlate well with corresponding
analyses performed by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Poldoski, J.E., E.N. Leonard, J.T. Fiandt, L.E. Anderson, G.F. Olson, and
G.E. Glass. 1978. Factors in the determination of selected trace elements in
near-shore U.S. waters of Lakes Superior and Huron. Internat. Assoc.
Great Lakes Res. 4(2):206-215. (ERL-D Reprint #205)
Determination of total As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, -and Pb in acidified unfiltered
water samples from 48 stations representing the nearshore U.S. waters of
Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and selected incoming streams gave overall
mean concentrations and standard deviations (yg/1) of 1.0 + 0.7, 0.9 JT.1,8,
2.0 t 1.8, 236 ± 819, 14 ± 34, and 0.7 ± 0.8, respectively, using flameless
atomic absorption analytical methods. Total concentrations of Ni and Hg
were usually less than the Instrumental detection limits (pg/1) of 0.8
and 0.02, respectively. Small losses of Hg, As, and Cr from solutions are
possible in addition to a molecular spectral interference in the determina-
tion of As using the graphite furnace method. River waters usually were
only slightly higher in total element concentrations than lake waters,
except for Fe and Mn. Nearshore waters of both lakes were very similar
in elemental composition.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Salmela, Jack A., and Richard L. Anderson. 1978. Thermal shock effects on
larvae of caddis fly Brachycentrus americanus. J. Minn, Acad. Sci.
44(3):25-28. (ERL-D Reprint //200)
Wild-collected Brachycentrus americanus larvae were subjected to thermal
shocks of 30-minute and 60-minute duration in June, September, and
December of 1976. Temperatures at collection were 14.7, 10.4, and 1.2°C,
respectively. The TLSOs for both 30-minute and 60-minute shock durations
ranged from 33.3°C to 34.0°C for each month, except for a 30-minute
exposure in September, which had a TL50 of 34.6°C. Larvae from a
December exposure were held for 16 days to observe postexposure behavior.
Feeding was reduced 50 percent among specimens exposed to temperatures
1.2°C below the 30-minute TL50 and 3.6°C below the 60-minute TL50.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Spehar, Robert L., Richard L. Anderson, and James T. Fiandt. 1978. Toxicity
and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in aquatic invertebrates. Environ.
Pollut. 15:195-208. (ERL-D Reprint #185)
32
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Cadmium toxicity and lead toxicity to four species of insects
(Pteronarcys dorsata, Hydrgpsyche betteni, Brachyc entrus sp. and
Ephemeralla sp.), one snail (Physa Integra) and one amphipod (Gamaarus
pgeudolimnaeus) were determined during 28-day exposures. The 28-day
LC50 values for cadmium-exposed snails and lead-exposed amp hipods were
eleven and four times lower than the 7- and 4-day (96-hr) values for
these metals, respectively. Lowest effect concentrations obtained after
28-days for cadmium-exposed mayflies (Ephermerella sp.) and snails
and lead-exposed amphipods were similar to those affecting fish
exposed over their complete life cycle in water of similar quality.
Lethal threshold concentrations were not observed for species exposed
to either metal, indicating that possible effects could occur at lower
concentrations during longer exposure periods. Cadmium and lead
concentrations in the animals tested generally increased with increasing
water concentrations and were up to 30,000 and 9,000 times greater than
corresponding metal concentrations in the water.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Spehar, Robert L,, Edward N. Leonard, and David L. DeFoe. 1978. Chronic
effects of cadmium and zinc mixtures on flagfish (Jordanella flpridae).
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(2):354-360. (ERL-D Reprint #193)
Flagfish were exposed to cadmium and zinc as individual metals and as
mixtures (4.8-8.5 ug Cd/liter and 73.4-139 ug Zn/liter) though one
complete life cycle in Lake Superior water (45 mg/liter total hardness).
Cadmium and zinc did not act additively at sublethal concentrations
when combined as mixtures; however, a joint action of the toxicants
was indicated. Effects on survival showed that the toxicity of
cadmium and zinc mixtures was little if any greater than the toxicity
of zinc alone. Mechanisms of zinc toxicity in this test was similar
to those in previous chronic tests of individual metals, indicating
that the presence of cadmium did not influence the mode of action
of zinc. Comparisons between metal residues in fish exposed to each
individual metal or to the metal mixtures showed that the uptake of
one metal was not influenced by the presence of the other.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Swain, Wayland R. 1978. The computerized ecosystem. Natural history,
August/September 1978:95-96.
A generalized discussion of mathematical simulation used on the Great
Lakes is presented for the layman. Illustrations of model utilization
are presented and the complexities of ecosystem simulation are noted.
SOURCE: LLRS
33
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1977
Andrew, R.W., K.E. Biesinger and G.E. Glass. 1977. Effects of inorganic
complexing on the toxicity of copper to Daphnia magna. Water Res. 11:
309-315. (ERL-D Reprint #153)
Effects of carbonate-bicarbonate, orthophosphate and pyrophosphate on
the toxicity of copper (II) to Daphnia magna were studied at constant
pB and total hardness. Mortality rates and reciprocal survival times
were directly correlated with cupric (Cu^+) and copper hydroxyl [Cu(OH)n]
ion activities as determined by equilibrium calculations. Toxicity was
negatively related to activities of soluble copper carbonate (CuC03) and
other complexes, and was found to be independent of dissolved copper or
total copper concentrations.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Benoit, Duane A., and Richard W. Carlson. 1977. Spawning success of
fathead minnows on selected artificial substrates. Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(2):
67-69. (ERL-D Reprint #158).
Spawning success of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) on six
different substrates vas tested and evaluated. Egg adhesiveness was
equally good on cement-asbestos tile and sand-coated stainless steel
substrates, but was poor on unaltered stainless steel, shot-peened
stainless steal, stainless steel screen, and glass substrates.
Viability and number of eggs spawned were not significantly different
for any of the substrates tested.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Brungs, William A. 1977. Uses of environmental maps in determining areas
of noncompliance. In: Workshop on Environmental Mapping of the Great Lakes,
Proceedings of a Symposium, Windsor, Ontario, Noveniber 8-10, 1976, (D.R,
Rosenberger, and A. Robertson, eds.). pp 9-13.
A procedure for determining acceptable areas of non-compliance (mixing
zones) around point source discharges is described that is based on the
assignment of relative ecological values to different areas using
environmen ta1 map s.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Brungs, William A. 1977. General considerations concerning the toxicity to
aquatic life of chlorinated condenser effluent. In: Biofouling Control
-------
Procedures; Technology and Ecological Effects, L.D. Jensen, editor, pp 109-
113, Marcel Dekker. Inc., NY, NY.
Most chlorine toxicity studies have been conducted under conditions of
constant exposure, rather than under intermittent chlorination condi-
tions. The recent emphasis to generate more appropriate data under
power plant operational modes will result in a more comprehensive and
appropriate basis for criteria development* In the Interim, several
considerations need to be discussed in detail: (1) toxicity is time,
concentration, water quality, and species related; (2) disequilibrium
usually results in mortality; (3) various physical, biological, and
chemical factors may influence observed effects at plants during
chlorination; and (4) a representative research program involves
variable exposure times, exposure concentrations, water quality, and
both fish and Invertebrate species.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Brungs, W.A., J.H. McCormick, T.W. Neiheiael, R.L. Spehar, C.E. Stephan, and
G.N. Stokes. 1977. Effects of pollution on freshwater fish. J. Water Pollut.
Control Fed. 49(6):1425-1439. (ERL-D Reprint #164)
This literature review covered 464 scientific papers with categories on
Reviews and Symposia, Dissolved Gases, Salinity, pH, Insecticides,
Herbicides, Piscicides, Inorganics, Organics, Domestic Pollutants,
Radioactive Pollutants, and Other Pollutants. The review includes a
tabulation of numerical results of toxicity testing.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Christensen, Glenn M., James T. Fiandt, and Duane A. Benoit. 1977.
Estimation of live fish weight by photography. Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(1):
41-42. (ERL-D Reprint #155).
Approximate weights of fish were calculated from length and width
measurements of their photographic images. In the calculations the
formula Wt * KLW2 was employed where Wt - weight (g); K - proportional-
ity factor, derived from a subsample of the population under study;
L - length (cm); and W - width (cm). When tested against true weights,
the derived weights had a mean error of ±8.62.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Christensen, G., E. Hunt, and J. Fiandt. 1977. The effect of methyl-
mercuric chloride, cadmium chloride and lead nitrate on six biochemical
factors of the brook trout (Salvelinua fontinalis). Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol,
42:523-530. (ERL-D Reprint #182)
35
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Brook trout were exposed to experimental water concentrations of methyl-
mercuric chloride from 0.01 to 2.98 yg of Hg/liter, to cadmium chloride
from 0.06 to 6.35 ug of Cd/liter, and of lead nitrate from 0.90 to
474 yg Pb/liter. Exposures for 2- and 8-week periods. Fish weight
and length, hemoglobin, and blood plasma sodium, chloride, glucose,
glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase were measured.
The following observed changes were statistically significant: Increases
in plasma sodium and chloride and decreases in hemoglobin and glutamic
oxalacetic transaminase activity caused by lead: increases in plasma
chloride and lactic dehydrogenase activity and a decrease in plasma
glucose caused by cadmium; and increases in hemoglobin and plasma
sodium and chloride caused by methylmercury. Comparisons were made
between these biochemical findings and published data from bloassay and
tissue-residue studies regarding the determination of threshold indices
of toxicity.
SOURCE: E1L-D Library
Collette, B.B., M.A. Ali, K.E.F. Hokanson, M. Nagiec, S.A, Smirnov, J.E.
Thorpe, A.H. Weatherley, and J. Willemsen. 1977. Biology of the percids.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1890-1899. (ERL-D Reprint #178)
The structure, origin and spread of the family Percidae are reviewed
briefly, and its characteristics compared with those of other families
of freshwater fishes. It is suggested that the percids, essentially
riverine, have bee_n restricted in their success in North America by
the presence of the Centrachidae. Percids are defined as temperate
mesothermal fish, and this physiological characteristic together with
osmoregulatory capacity and swimming performance is shown to limit the
ranges of the perches. The degree of development of the tapetum lucidum
in Stizostedion spp. and of the lateral line in all percids is related
to differences in pattern of development. Feeding behavior is also
reviewed.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
DeFoe, David L. 1977. Temperature safety device for aquatic laboratory
systems. Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(3):131. (ERL-D Reprint #167)
The temperature safety device described here will protect aquatic organ-
isms in experiments or in rearing and holding facilities by stopping
water flow when set temperatures are exceeded. The device consists of
switches constructed from aquarium heaters that are activated by
excessively high and low temperatures.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Drummond, R.A. 1977. Disposable electrode chamber for measuring opercular
movements of fathead minnows. Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(2):94. (ERL-D Reprint #159),
36
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A simple, disposable electrode chamber to measure the opercular
movements of fathead minnows is described.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Glass, Gary E. 1977. Identification and distribution of inorganic
components in water; What to measure? Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 298:31-46.
(ERL-D Reprint //175)
The chemical forms of inorganic components in water are widely varied
and range from simple aqua complexes in solution to complicated
silicate minerals in suspension. A variety of techniques are used to
determine the total quantities of components in a particular aqueous
environment by summation of the individual chemical species present.
The biological response of organisms is not in general related to the
total concentration of the components present but only to some fraction
of the total, i.e., those chemical forms which interact most strongly
with the biota and are absorbed. Chemical equilibria calculations are
used to provide an estimate of the distribution of metal and ligand
species in Lake Superior water and may be used to define important
parameters of the system for study and measurement. Conparisons of
calculated chemical species distribution with the direct toxic responses
of aquatic organisms show that only a small fraction of total copper
is toxic while much larger fractions of the total are toxic for cadmium
and mercury. When metals are bound in silicate minerals they do not
exhibit direct toxic effects of fish but their internal organs do show
metal uptake. Some inorganic components of Lake Superior have been
identified and show concentrations in drinking water for lead, 0.1-150
pg/1; suspended solids, 0.5-39 rog/1; inorganic fibers, up to one
billion cummingtonitegrunerite (amosite) and fiberglass, depending
upon the time and place of sampling.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Glass, G.E., W.M.I. Strachan, W.A. Willford, F.A.I. Armstrong, K.L.E.
and A. Lutz. 1977. Organic Contaminants. In: The Waters of Lake Huron
and Lake Superior, Volume III (Part B) , Chapter 6.4, pp 417-429; 499-502.
Report to the International Joint Commission by the Upper Lakes Reference
Group. Windsor, Ontario. (ERL-D Reprint //173)
6.4 Organic contaminants in Lake Superior. Review of potential problems.
Specific contaminants; Polychlorinated Biphenyls, DDT and its
metabolites; Aldrin plus Dieldrin; hexachlorobenzene, Lindane; chlordane,
methoxychlor; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; chlorobenzene compounds;
phenols; phthalate esters; chloronorbornene; octachlorostyrene; methyl -
benzothiopene; biphenyl; Endosulfan; cyanide; heptachlor epoxide ; other
organic constituents. Discussion: Persistent organic contaminants;
taste and odour compounds* Conclusions.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
37
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Glass, G.E., W.M.I. Strachan, U.A. Willford, F.A.I. Armstrong, K.L.E. Kaiser
and A. Lutz. 1977. Organic Contaminants. In: The Uaters of Lake Huron
and Lake Superior, Volume II (Fart B), Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, and the
North Channel, Chapter 6.4 pp. 577-590; 667-670. Report to the International
Joint Commission by the Upper Lakes Reference Group. (ERL-D Reprint #174)
6.4 Organic contaminants in Lake Huron. Review of potential problems.
Specific contaminants; Polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and its
metabolites; Aldrin plus Dieldrin; hexachlorobenzene, Lindane;
chlordane, methoxychlor polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons;
chlorobenzene compounds; phenols; phthalate esters; chloronorbornene;
octachlorostyrene; methylbenzothiopene; biphenyl; Endosulfan; cyanide;
heptachlor epoxide; other organic constituents. Discussion:
Persistent organic contaminants; taste and odour compounds. Conclusions.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Hokanson, Kenneth E.F. 1977. Temperature requirements of some percids and
adaptations to the seasonal temperature cycle. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
34(10): 1524-1550. (ERL-D Reprint //172).
Temperature requirements are reviewed for three North American percids
(walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vttreuin; sauger, j>, canadense; and yellow
perch, Perca flavescens), three Eurasian percids (perch, P_. jluviatilis;
Pikeperch, J5_. Lucioperc.a; and ruffle, Gymnocephalus cernua), and nine
cohabitant fish species for comparison. Whole-organism responses are
described for each species—primarily concerning reproduction, growth,
survival, and activity. The percids are classified as temperature
mesotherms and they are arranged in order of their thermal requirements
as follows; pikeperch perches and ruffle sauger walleye. Perca and
Stizostedion sp. are annual spawners with synchronous oocyte growth
during fall through winter, culminating in spring spawning. Maturation
occurs below 12°C. Spawning occurs from late February through early
July at 2-26°C over their geographic ranges. Oocyte growth of ruffe is
asynchronous, accelerated by warm temperatures; batch spawning occurs
over a prolonged period, from mid-April through July at ll-18eC.
Physiological optima range from 22°C for sauger and walleye to 25°C for
perch and 27°C for pikeperch. The ultimate upper incipient lethal
temperatures of percids range from 29 to 35°C, depending on species and
experimental conditions.
Percid life phases are uniquely adapted to the seasonal temperature
cycle of a temperate climate. Mechanisms of adaptation to the seasonal
temperature cycle are discussed. No uniform mechanism of population
regulation or resiliency is apparent for different acclimatization
conditions. Therefore, management regulations for a given species
should not be universally applied throughout its geographic range.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
38
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Hokanson, K.E.F., C.F. Kleiner, and T.W. Thorslund. 1977. Effects of
constant temperatures and jiiel temperature fluctuations on specific growth
and mortality rates and yield of Juvenile rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.
J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34(5) :639-648. (ERL-D Reprint //157)
Specific growth and mortality rates of juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri) were determined for 50 days at seven constant temperatures
between 8 and 22°C and six diel temperature fluctuations (sine curve
of amplitude +3.8°C about mean temperatures from 12 to 22°C). For
constant temperature treatments the maximum specific growth rate of
trout fed excess rations was 5.12%/day at 17.2"C. An average specific
mortality rate of 0.352/day was observed at the optimum temperature
and lower. At temperatures in excess of the growth optimum, mortality
rates were significantly higher during the first 20 days of this
experiment than the last 30 days. The highest constant temperature at
which specific growth and mortality rates became equal (initial biomass
remained constant over 40 days) was 23°C, The upper incipient lethal
temperature was 25.6°C for trout acclimated to 16°C. A yield model
was developed to describe the effects of temperature on the living
biomass over time and to facilitate comparison of treatment responses.
When yield was plotted against mean temperature, the curve of response
to fluctuating temperatures was shifted horizontally an average 1.5CC
towards colder temperatures than the curve of response to constant
temperature treatments. This response pattern to fluctuating treatments
indicates that rainbow trout do not respond to mean temperature, but they
acclimate to some value between the mean and maximum daily temperatures.
These data are discussed in relation to establishment of criteria for
summer maximum temperatures for fish.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Jarvinen, A.W., M.J. Hoffman, and T.W. Thorslund. 1977. Long-term effects
of DDT food and water exposure to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). J.
Fish, Res. Board Can. 34:2089-2103. (ERL-D Reprint #179)
Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed during a partial
chronic toxicity test to two DDT concentrations in the water, one in
the diet, and combinations of water and diet for 266 days through a
reproductive period of their life cycle. Tissue residue analyses were
performed at preset intervals throughout the exposure and also on
embryos, larvae at hatch, and 30- and 60-day progeny. The contribution
of DDT from each source was monitored with gas chromatography and
liquid-scintillation techniques. The fish were fed a diet of clams
that had accumulated ^C-DDT when exposed at a DDT water concentration
similar to that in the high fish exposure. Higher total DDT tissue
residues were accumulated from the water than diet. Residues
contributed by dietary DDT were additive to those from the water. Mean
concentration factors were 1.2 for diet and 100,000 for the water. Fish
exposed to DDT in both water and diet had higher mortality rates than
those exposed to only one or the other of these sources. DDT in the
diet significantly reduced the probability of survival of the test fish
39
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(P - 0.025). Estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentrations for
DDT are 0.9 ug/1 for fish exposed to DDT in the water only and 0.4 ug/1
for fish exposed to DDT in both water and diet. Embryo residue levels
and larval mortality rates were about twice as great for those from
parent fish that had been exposed to DDT in both the water and diet as
for those from parent fish exposed to only DDT In the water.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Jones, B.R., K.E.F. Hokanson, and J.H. McCormick. 1977. Winter temperature
requirements for maturation and spawning of yellow perch Perca flavescens
(Mitchill). In: Towards a Plan of Actions for Mankind, Volume 3, Biological
Balance and Thermal Modifications. Proceedings of the World Conference.
(M. Marios (ed.)). pp 189-192. Permagon Press, New York, NY. (Reprint
#184)
Groups of sexually mature yellow perch were held during the winter at
constant temperatures of 4 and 6*C for 123, 143, 164, 185, and 213 days,
and of 8 and 10"C for 157, 201, and 241 days. The winter temperatures
were raised to 20°C at a rate of 2*C per week at the end of each dura-
tion. The greatest reproductive success occurred in the group exposed
to 4°C for 185 days at a median spawning temperature of 12°C. High
spawning temperatures were associated with shorter durations and lower
reproductive success. Reproductive success was lower at maturation
temperatures above 4*C and at durations departing from 185 days.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Koonce, J.F., T.B. Bagenal, R.F. Carline, K.E.F. Hokanson, and M. Niaglec.
1977. Factors influencing year-class strength of percids: A summary and
a model of temperature effects. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1900-1909.
(ERL-D Reprint #177)
Factors regulating year-class strength in the percid genera Stizostedion
and Perca are summarized. Some index of water temperature regime
correlates significantly with year-class strength of percids in many
water bodies. Moderate synchrony of year-class strength is noted for
walleye (Stizostedion vitreum vitreum) in several lakes in North America.
A probablistic model is proposed to explain the basis of temperature
dependence of year-class strength in percids, but tests of the model
using Lake Erie data indicated that observed correlations between
temperature and year-class strength of yellow perch (Perca flaveacens)
and walleye nay not be the result of direct effects of the temperature
regime on survivorship of early life-history phases.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
40
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Kuehl, D.W, 1977. Identification of trace contaminants In environmental
samples by selected ion sunmation analysis of gas chromatographic-mass
spectral data. Anal. Chem. 49(3):521-522. (ERL-D Reprint #154)
A data processing technique has been developed to rapidly and efficiently
examine gas chromatographlc mass spectral (GC/MS) data for specific
compounds In a sample. The technique has been termed "Selected Ion
Summation Analysis" (SIS Analysis) and is defined as an ion-intensity
profile generated at the termination of a repetitive scanning GC/MS
analysis by summing the Intensities of selected masses and reporting
the summation vs spectrum number if and only if all specified masses
are present. SIS has been shown to be an excellent technique for the
analysis of a wide variety of environmental pollutants.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Lemke, A.E. 1977, Optimum temperature for growth of juvenile bluegllls.
Prog. Fish-Cult. 39(2):55-57. (ERL-D Reprint #160).
Juvenile bluegllls, Lepomls macrochlrus (initial weight, 1.8-8.0 g),
were individually marked and fed to excess during a 30-day constant
temperature test; day length was 16 h. Fish were tested at temperature
intervals of 2° from 20 to 36°C. The highest specific growth rate
occurred at 30"C (2.35%/day); however, growth rates of only the groups
held at 20 and 36°C were statistically different from the rate for the
growth held at 30°C.
SOURCE; ERL-D Library
McCormick, J. Howard, Bernard R. Jones, and Kenneth E.F. Hokanson, 1977.
White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) embryo development, and early growth
and survival at different temperatures. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34(7):
1019-1025. (ERL-D Reprint #163)
White sucker (CatoBtomus commeraoni) were exposed from fertilization
through hatching to seven constant temperatures from 6.2 through 24.1°C.
High percentages of apparently normal larvae hatched at temperatures
from 9.0 through 17.2 °C. Maximum percent hatch occurred at 15.2°C,
while only a few normal larvae were produced at 6.2°C, and none at
24.1°C.
Growth rates increased from near zero at 10.0*C to a maximum at 26.9°C.
At 29.7°C growth fell below the maximum (P<0.05), and the incidence of
spinal deformities was high. Death rates were uniformly low from 15.7
to 26.9°C and were significantly higher at 10.0 and 29.7"C (P<0.05).
The rate of net biomass gain for test groups was maximum at 26.9°C. Net
rates of biomass gain declined progressively with temperatures below
26,9°C until by 10.0°C the rate of population growth became less than
the rate of weight loss through deaths within the population. The
-------
temperature producing maximum hatching success, 15°C, was nearly 12'C
lower than that providing for maximum growth and net biomass gain.
Upper thermal 1-, 2-, and 7-day TL50 values for both newly hatched and
swim-up larvae, when acclimated to 9 and 10°C, were between 28 and 29°C.
When acclimated to 15 and 21eC, they were between 30 and 32°C.
Lower 1-day TL50 temperature values for both groups of larvae acclimated
to 2l°C were near 3°C (<2.9), TL50 values were approximately 0.5°C
higher, and 7-day values were 4.8°C for newly hatched larvae and 6.1°C
for swim-up larvae.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
McKim, James M. 1977. Evaluation of tests with early life stages of fish
for predicting long-term toxicity. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34(8):1148-1154.
(ERL-D Reprint #166}
Partial and complete life-cycle toxicity tests with fish, involving all
developmental stages, have been used extensively in the establishment of
water-quality criteria for aquatic life. During extended chronic
exposures of fish to selected toxicants, certain developmental stages
have frequently shown a greater sensitivity than others. In 56 life-
cycle toxicity tests completed during the last decade with 34 organic
and inorganic chemicals and four species of fish, the embryo-larval
and early juvenile life stages were the most, or among the most,
sensitive. Tests with these stages can be used to estimate the maximum
acceptable toxicant concentration (MTC) within a factor of two in most
cases. Therefore, toxicity tests with these early life stages of fish
should be useful in establishing water-quality criteria and in screening
large numbers of chemicals.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Mount, D.I. 1977. Present approaches to toxicity testing — A perspective.
In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634. (F.L. Mayer and
J.L. Hamelink, eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials, pp
5-14. (ERL-D Reprint #169)
Interest in aquatic toxicity tests is increasing as more emphasis Is
placed on control of highly toxic pollutants. While this interest
offers an opportunity to Increase the use of aquatic toxicity tests,
there is a responsibility to recognize their limitations. Aquatic
toxicology may well be developed into a recognized professional field
along with medicine, pharmacology and others.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
42
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Paul, John F., and Richard L. Patterson. 1977. Hydrodynamic simulation of
movement of larval fishes in Western Lake Erie and their vulnerability to
power plant entrainment. pp 305-316. In: Proceedings of the 1977 Winter
Simulation Conference (Harold J. Highland, Robert G. Sargent, J. William
Schmidt, eds.)i December 5-7, 1977, National Bureau of Standards. Winter
Simulation Conference Board of Directors.
A three-diineasional, time-dependent transport model for yellow perch
larvae in western Lake Erie was developed. The model was used to predict
the vulnerability of larvae spawned in different sections of Michigan
waters to entrainment by the Detroit Edison electrical generating plant
at Monroe MI. Independent estimates of larval entrainment for 1975 and
1976 from Michigan waters were compared with the predicted results.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Pickering, Q., W. Brungs, and Marion Cast. 1977. Effects of exposure time
and copper concentration on reproduction of the fathead minnow (Pimephales
pjrotnelas). Water Res. 11:1079-1083. (ERL-D Reprint #180)
Three concurrent studies were conducted to determine the chronic effect
of prespawning exposure to various concentrations of copper on fathead
minnow reproduction. Copper was Introduced into the three exposure
systems to give 6-, 3-, and 0-months exposure prior to spawning.
Prespawning exposure time had no significant effect on reproduction.
Number of eggs produced per female decreased, however, with increase in
copper concentrations. Egg production at copper concentrations of
37 pg/1"1 and higher was significantly lower (p-0.05) than in the
control, but at concentrations of 24 yg 1~* and lower it was not
different. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was
estimated to be 32 yg Cu I"1, which Is 0.07 of the 96 hr LC50. This
application factor for copper is similar to those found in other studies.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Poldoski, J.E. 1977. Computer-assisted furnace atomic absorption spectro-
metrlc analysis. Anal. Chen. 49:891-893. (ERL-D Reprint #156)
The use of furnace atomic absorption Instrumentation with a turnkey
chromatography data system is described. A simple addition of relays
to the furnace power supply allows for automatic start-up of A/D con-
version and spectrophoto meter zeroing at the proper time. Manipulations
involving editing, sorting and averaging of up to 250 atomization signals
In an analysis run were accomplished by developing a procedure employing
BASIC language programing techniques. The same dedicated data system
was employed for all steps and post-run data processing, conveniently
accomplished in 5-15 minutes, gave a tabulation of sample name, mean
concentration, standard deviation, number of analyses, and percent
recovery.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
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Poldoski, J.E. 1977. Molecular spectral Interference in the determination
of arsenic by furnace atomic absorption. Atomic Absorption Newsletter.
16(3):70-73. (ERL-D Reprint #161).
A molecular spectral interference associated with a certain type of
suspended particulate matter in natural waters is reported for the
furnace atomic absorption determination of arsenic. In some water
samples, arsenic concentrations were erroneously high by more than a
factor of five above the actual concentration. Results of analyses
were confirmed by an alternate method. The degree of interference is
a function of spectral bandpass and the concentration of hydrofluoric
acid added to the sample. Use of 0.2 nm bandpass or 1% hydrofluoric acid
markedly reduced the interference for the natural water samples
investigated.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Poldoski, J.E., and G.E. Glass. 1977. Considerations of trace element
chemistry for streams in the Minnesota-Ontario border area. In: Proceedings
of the International Conference on Heavy Metals in the Environment, T.C.
Hutchinson e± al_., editors, Vol. II, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp 901-922.
(ERL-D Reprint #176)
Mean total concentrations (ug/1, unfiltered) of copper, nickel, cadmium,
lead and zinc in streams of Superior National Forest were found to be 1.8
+ 1.5, <2, 0.026 t 0.016, 0.38 ± 0.21 and 2.0 ± 0.8, respectively, during
a year's period (1974-75). Furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy was
found to provide suffie lent sensitivity and precision for the determina-
tion of these low baseline concentrations. Comparisons of river water
analyses by the furnace technique to analyses by anodic film stripping
voltammetry for copper, cadmium and lead and by flame atomic absorption
for nickel showed good agreement. Potentiometric ion selective electrode
measurements for "free" cadmium added to naturally colored river water
indicated less than 30 percent binding for concentrations in the 10-100
yg/1 range.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Siefert, Richard E., and Lawrence J. Herman. 1977. Spawning success of the
black crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, at reduced dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 106 (4): 376-379. {ERL-D Reprint C/170)
Mature black crappies (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) were exposed to constant
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations near or at 2.5, 3.5, 5.0, or 6.5
mg/1, and near air saturation (control) to determine the effects of
reduced DO on spawning success. The fish spawned successfully 39 times
in laboratory tanks under a simulated natural temperature and light
regime at all DO concentrations tested. Fish at 2.5 mg/1 DO started
and finished spawning at earlier dates than those at the higher oxygen
concentrations; fish at saturation started and finished spawning at
44
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later dates than those at the reduced concentrations. The nuniber of
embryos from a single spawning ranged from 14,600 to 155,300. Number of
spawnings, viability of embryos, hatching success, and survival through
swim-up were similar between control fish and those exposed to reduced
oxygen concentrations.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Spoor, W,A. 1977. Oxygen requirements of enbryos and larvae of the large-
mouth bass, Micropterus salmonldes (Lacepede). J. Fish Biology. 11:77-86.
(ERL-D Reprint #171).
Starting with the second day after fertilization, largemouth bass embryos
and larvae became increasingly sensitive to oxygen deficiency until
the sixth day of life. On this day few survived exposure to 1 mg 02/1
for 3 hr at 20°C; many were damaged at 2 mg/1, but not at 2.5. Death
was by asphyxiation or by starvation resulting from an apparent inability
to close the lower jaw. On the seventh day the larvae became more
resistant again, possibly because opercular movement began on that day.
At 25CC the effects of reduced oxygen concentration were intensified,
and even a concentration of 2.5 mg/1 became lethal in 3 hr. At 3 mg
02/1 arid 20° the normally quiescent yolk-sac larvae became very active
and swam vertically to at least 5 or 6 cm above the substrate; 4 and
5 mg/1 and this effect at 23-24°C. This behavior could result in
losses by predation and displacement from the nest.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Stephan, Charles E. 1977. Methods for calculating an LC50. In: Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation, ASTM STP 634. (F.L. Mayer and J.L. Hamelink
eds.). American Society for Testing and Materials, pp 65-84. (ERL-D
Reprint #168)
A variety of graphical and computational methods can be used to derive
a median lethal concentration (LC50) from concentration-mortality data
produced by an acute mortality test. In the selection of a method,
practical considerations should receive as much attention as the usual
theoretical and statistical considerations. No method should be used
that does not calculate both the LC50 and its 95 percent confidence
limits. Unfortunately, several computational methods will not calculate
an LC50 from some concentration-mortality data that are practically and
statistically useful to aquatic toxicolegists. Useful, statistically
sound information about the LC50 and its 95 percent confidence limits
can be calculated from the data produced by any acute mortality test
that meets published criteria of acceptability, by using an internally
consistent scheme based on the moving average method and the binomial
test.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
45
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Veith, G.D. and L.M. Kiwus. 1977. An exhaustive steam-distillation and
solvent-extraction unit for pesticides and industrial chemicals. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17(6):631-636. (ERL-D Reprint #162)
We have developed a modified Nielsen-Kryger steam-distillation apparatus
that provides exhaustive distillation of pesticides and industrial
chemicals from water, sediments, and tissue and the simultaneous
extraction of the distillate by a small volume of organic solvent. The
extract is generally suitable for direct gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)
analysis without the time-consuming concentration and cleanup procedures.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, F.A. Puglisi, G.E. Glass, and J.G. Eaton. 1977.
Residues of PCB's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 5:487-499. (ERL-D Reprint #165)
Pish from western Lake Superior (1972-73) contained DDT and PCB residues
at concentrations greater than 0.1 ppm. The most perdomlnant PCBs were
those containing 3 to 6 chlorine atoms per molecule, and GLC data
indicated that the mixtures were most like the couriercial product
AroclorR 12542. Other chlorinated contaminants identified by GC/MS
analyses and occurring at concentrations less than 0.1 ppm were
hexachlorobenzene (C^Clg), chlordane, nonaclor, and dieldrin. Lindane
which has been previously reported in Lake Superior, was below the
detection limit of approximately 0.01 ppm.
The relationship between the size of lake trout and the concentration
of total DDT in the fish was compared to measurements reported in
previous studies. The comparison suggests that DDT residues have
declined since 1968. The concentration of PCBs was estimated to be
0.8 ng/1 in Lake Superior water and 0.1 ppm in large zooplankton. The
apparent bioconcentration factor for PCBs in Lake Superior fish ranged
from Ifl5 to 106. The concentration of total DDT and PCBs in the larger
Lake Superior fish exceeded the 5 ppm tolerance level established by the
U.S. Food and Drug Adndnietration for these in fish to be used for human
consumption.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
1976
Andrew, R.W. 1976. Toxicity relationships to copper forms in natural waters.
In: Toxicity to biota of metal forms in natural water, Proceedings of a
Workshop Held in Duluth, MN, October 7-8, 1975. (Andrew, R.W., P.V. Hodson,
and D.E, Konasewich, eds.). International Joint Commission, Windsor,
Ontario. pp. 127-144.
46
-------
For several years EKL-B has studied the acute toxlcity of cupric salts Co
aquatic organisms, principally fathead minnows and Daphnia magna, as a
function of water chemistry. In general copper complexes, e.g. soluble
CuC03 or Cu NXA~ proved much less toxic than cupric ion (CU++).
Similarly, copper precipitates are not biologically active and do not
result in toxicity. Recent work correlates well with cupric ion
activities measured using an ion specific electrode, indicating
cuprlc-ion (Cu"1"'") as the major toxic form of copper. This suggests
that increased cupric ion toxicity at high pH may result from
interactions with sulfhydryl-containing proteins or enzymes.
SOURCE: ERL-D Library
Nalepa, T.F. and N.A. Thomas. 1976, Distribution of macrobenthic species in
Lake Ontario in relation to sources of pollution and sediment parameters. J.
Great Lakes Res. 2(1):150-163.
Bottom samples were collected in Lake Ontario during the International
Field Year for the Great Lakes (IFYGL) in November 1972. Samples were
collected In triplicate at 55 stations located throughout- the lake.
Sand prevailed at the shallow areas but silt dominated the intermediate
and deep-water areas. Total carbon and total Kjeldahl nitrogen content
of the sediment increased with increased depth, but no trend was
evident in the total phosphorus content. Oligochaetes and the amphipod
Pontoporela afflnis accounted for 92% of all organisms collected. The
former group dominated the shallow areas while the latter dominated the
intermediate and deep-water zones. Stylodrilus heringianus and
Lirmodrilus hoffmeisteri were the most widely distributed species, being
collected at 51 of the 55 stations. Several approaches were used to
evaluate trophic conditions in the lake the indicator species approach,
the oligochaete-density index, a modified "Goodnight-Whitley" index, and
the Brlnkhurst % L^. hoffmeisteri index. The indicator species approach
proved to be the most sensitive index because inconsistencies arose when
the other indices were applied. The most obviously eutrophic areas were
near the mouth of the Niagara River and off Toronto. These areas were
characterized by high oligochaete densities dominated by either
L. hoffmeisteri or T. tubifex. Mesotrophic conditions were evident along
the southern shoreline from the mouth of the Niagara River to Rochester,
NY. Stylodrilus heringianus, L_« hoffmeisteri, _T. tubifex and J?. affinis
were significantly related to some of the measured sediment parameters in
either the intermediate or deep-water areas.
SOURCE: LLRS
47
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flUTHOR IODEX
Allison, D.T. 11
Andrew, R.W. 34, 46
Jirmitage, B.J. 1
6L
Baril, S.F. 1
Benoit, O.A. 23, 34
Brungs, W.A. 12, 23, 24, 34, 35
Buiketna, A.L. 12
c
Canton, S.P. 2
Cardwell, R.D. 13
Carlson, A.R. 24
Carlson, R.M. 13
Carlson, R.W. 24
Christensen, G.M. 25, 35
Cole, R.A. 2, 3
toilette, B.B. 36
Cook, P.M. 25
Cowen, W.F. 14
DeFoe, D.L. 26, 36
Delumyea, R.G. 14
Dolan, D.M. 26, 27
Drununond, R.A. 15, 36
e
Eaton, J.G. 27
Elser, A.A. 4
ivironmental Protection Agency
1
•ran, P.O. 15
Glass, G.E. 37, 38
Goettl, J.P. 5
Gray, L. J. 5
48
-------
h
Halligan, B.J. 27
Helnry, M.M. 28
Herraanutz, R.O. 28
Hokanson, K.E.F. 38, 39
Iconbe, G.W. 6
I
Jahoda, J.R. 15
Jarvinen, A.tf. 29, 39
Jones, B,R. 40
Koonce, J.F. 40
Kuehl, D.W. 29, 30, 41
I
Larson, G.L. 6
Lenke, A.E. 7, 41
m
Maier, U.J. 30
Mancy, K.H. 16
Mayer, F.L. 17
McCauley, R.W. 17
McCormlck, J.H. 18, 31, 41
McKira, J.M. 31, 42
Mount, D.I. 7, 42
Murphy, T.J. 8
n
Nalepa, T.F. 47
Nebeker, A.V. 18
Paul, J.F. 43
Phillips, G.R. 8
Pickering, Q.H. 43
Poldoaki, J.E. 31, 32, 43, 44
Salnela, J".A. 32
Siefert, R.B. 44
Smith, V.E. 19
Spehar, R.L. 19, 32, 33
Spoor, W.A. 45
Sridharan, N. 20
Stephan, C.E. 45
Swain, W.R. 33
Swenson, W.A. 9
49
-------
Thomann, R.V. 10
Tucker, J.H. IQ
V
Veith, G.D, 45
w
Walbridge, C.T. 21
Warren, C.E. 21
Wezernak, C.T. 22
50
-------
KEY WORD IDDEX
Acoustic receivers 15^ 16
Adaptation 38
Adults 40
Air 8
Air pollution 25
Algae 3, 4
Amnonia 14
Arophiboles 10, 25
Animal behavior 17, 18, 24
Animal migrations 17, 18
Aquatic 24, 36
Aquatic animals 6, 7, 29, 34, 39
Aquatic biology 25, 27
Aquatic Insects 32
Aquatic life 43
Aquatic plants 21
Aroclor 26
Arsenic analysis 44
Asbestos 10, 25, 37
Atmosphere 8
Atomic absorption 44
Atomic absorption analysis 43
Avoidance 41
b
Bacteria 14
Bass 18, 27, 31
Behavior 38, 45
Benthos 2, 5, 6
Bibliographies 10
Bioaccumulation 32, 33
Bioassay 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31,
32, 34, 36, 37, 39, 43, 45
Biochemical oxygen demand 13, 14
Biochemistry 25
Biological impact 37
Biological survey 1, 2, 4
Biology 26, 36
Biotelemetry 15, 16
Blood analyses 15
51
-------
Bluegills 41
Botany 21
Breeding 34
Caddisfly 32
Cadmium 27, 30, 37
Carbon 14 39
Central nervous system 36
Chelation 34
Chemical analysis 13, 14, 37, 38
Chemical complexes 37
Chemical composition 13, 14
Chemical detection 10, 11
Chemical equilibrium 16, 17
Chemical properties 10
Chemical reaction 13, U
Chemical speciation 37
Chemistry 27
Chlordane 13, 46
Chlorinated organic compounds 37, 38
Chlorination 6, 7, 13, 14, 30, 34
Chlorine 37, 42
Chlorine toxicity 6, 7
Chlorophylls 19
Chromatography 10, 11, 29
Clams 29, 39
Clean-up 46
Coal 2
Coal mining 2
Collagen 17
Communities 4, 5
Computer assisted analysis 43
Computer models 30, 33
Conceptual models 21
Condenser tubes 6, 7
Constant temperature 39
Construction 7
Contaminants 13, 14, 37, 38
Contamination 10
Cooling towers 6, 7
Cooling waters 6, 7
Copper 28, 31, 37
Copper (0702) 34
Cough 15, 24
Crustacea 27
Cultures 12, 13
Cyanide 37, 38
52
-------
d
Daphnia 13
DDT 39, 46
Diazinon 11, 12
Dilution 7
Disinfection 6, 7, 13, 14
Dissolved oxygen 44
Drinking water 37
Dryfall 14, 15
e
Early life stages 42
Ecology 12, 13, 21
EDTA 37
Effluents 15, 24
Eggs 41
Electric power generation 2, 3, 4, 34
Electric power plants 34
Electrode 30
Electromagnetic noise 15, 16
Electron microscopy 10, 25
Embryo 18, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 40, 41, 42, 45
Endrin 29
Environmental requirements 38
Environmental simulation 21
Environmental survey 34
Enzymes 35
Epidemiology 10
Equilibria calculations 37
Eutrophication 30, 33
Evolution 36
Experimental design 16, 17, 21
fathead minnows 4 3
fecundity 24
feeding habits 36
Fiber 25
Fiber glass 37
Filtration 25
Fish 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 16, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42
Fisheries 3, 4
Fishes chamber 36
Flagfish 28
Fluctuating temperatures 39
Food chain 29, 39
Fouling prevention 6, 7
Freshwater 4, 5, 36, 40
Freshwater biology 6, 17, 18, 24
Freshwater fishes 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34,
35, 38, 39, 43, 44, 45
Freshwater invertebrates 31
53
-------
Gas chromatography 41
Graphical distribution 36
Great Lakes 30
Growth 12, 17, 19, 20, 23, 27, 35, 38, 41, 42, 43
Growth regulators 21
Haemocrit 28
Haemoglobin 28
Hatching 41
Hazardous chemical 29
Hazardous materials 10
Heavy metals 28, 31, 33, 43
Hexachlorobenzene 46
Hydrocarbons 37, 38
Hydrophones 15, 16
Hypoxla 45
I
Identifying 10
Imagery 22
Impedence 15, 16
Inductive reactance 15, 16
Inorganic components 37
Insecticide 13, 29, 39
Invertebrates 2, 5, 6, 13, 27
Iron 15
Juvenile 30, 47
•
Laboratory 36
Laboratory animals 10, 34
Laboratory tests 21
Lake Superior 30, 37, 46
Lakes 10
Larvae 18, 23, 27, 30, 31, 40, 41, 42, 45
Lead 27, 30, 37
Lethal doses 18, 19
Lethal temperature 39
Leucocyte 28
Life span 27
Limnology 27
Literature survey 38, 40
Locomotion 36
54
-------
m
Macroinvertebrates 23
Maiathion 28
Mapping 34
Mass spectroscopy 41
Mathematical models 10, 30, 32, 40
Mercury 15, 28, 37
Metabolism 15
Metal complexes 16, 17
Metals 8, 9, 27, 30, 33, 35, 42
Method 36, 46
Methodology 15, 24
Migration 36
Miniaturization 15, 16
Minnows 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 20, 23, 26, 29, 34, 39
Monitoring 24, 25
Monitors 15, 16
Morphology 36
Mortality 12, 17
Moving average biostatistics 45
n
Nitrogen 4, 5, 14, 20, 21
NTA 37
Nutrients 4, 5, 14, 19, 20, 21
o
Oil shale 5, 6
Organic carbon 30
Organic compounds 30, 37, 38
Organic phosphate 11, 12
Organics 42
Ozonization 13, 14
Particles 25
PCB analysis 46
PCBs 26, 42, 46
Perch 36, 38, 40
Pesticide analysis 46
Pesticides 4, 5, 11, 12, 29, 37, 38, 39, 42, 46
Phosphorus 4, 5, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 28
Physical properties 10
Physiology 25, 29
Phytoplankton 4, 5
Plankton 20, 21
Plant nutrition 21
Plant regulation 21
Pollution 8, 9, 21, 24, 34, 34
Population 12, 13, 27
55
-------
Preamplifler8 15j 16
Precipitation 8
precipitation (chemistry) 14, 15
Pulse modulation 15, 16
Rain 8
Rainbow trout 39
Rearing 36
Remote sensing 22
Reproduction 24, 26, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44
Reproduction (biology) 12, 17, 23
Reproduction survival 38
Residues 8, 9, 13, 19, 20, 29, 30, 35
Respiration 15, 24
Respirator 45
Safety 36
Salmon 27
Satellite 22
Seasonal activity 38
Seasonal migration 38
Seasonal variation 38, 40
Sediment 37, 38
Serpentine 10
Sewage 6, 7, 42
Sewage treatment 6, 7
Simulation analysis 30, 32
Sonar 15, 16
Spatial distribution 17, 18
Specific growth rate 39
Specific mortality rate 39
Spectral interference 44
Standing crop 29
Statistics 26
Steam distillation 46
Stream flow 4, 5
Sucker 41
Survival 18, 19, 20, 23, 31, 40, 42, 43
Suspended sediment 25
Suspended solids 22
t
Taxonomy 36
Temperature 12, 18, 31, 36, 38, 40, 41
Temperature bioassay 31
Temperature gradients 17, 18, 38
Temperature measuring instruments 15, 16
Temperature shock 31
Tests 23
Thermal criteria 39
56
-------
Tolerance 31, 41
Tolerance (physiology) 18
Toxic substance 32
Toxicity 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 23, 23, 27, 29, 31,
32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42
Toxicology 6, 10, 21, 23, 28, 45
Trace analyses 31, 43
Trout 6, 11, 12, 13, 15, 27
Trout blood 35
Turbidity 9, 10, 25
u
Ultrasonic frequencies 15, 16
Uptake 37
V
Values 34
Ventilation 15, 24, 36
Visual acuity 36
Voltarametry 31
w
Water 30, 37, 38
Water analysis 44
Water chemistry 19
Water pollution 2, 5, 6, 10, 12, 21, 23, 32, 34, 42, 45
Water quality 4, 5, 23, 30, 33
Water supply 25
Water treatment 4, 5, 13, 14, 30
Waste water 30
Weight indicators 35
Wet fall 14, 15
White sucker 41
X
X-ray diffraction 10, 25
feild 39
Zero net biomass 39
Zinc 23
Zinc sulfates 6
Zooplankton 1, 3, '+, 9, 10, 12, 13
57
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please reed Instructions on rht reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/9-80-OU7
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
" TITLE AND SUBTITLE
FRESHWATER FINDINGS, 1976-1978. Research Publications
of the Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth,
Minnesota
S. HBPOHT DATE
January 1980 issuing date_
B, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COO6
7. AUTHORS)
Chris Rusaom
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
A32BIA
'. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
6201 Congdon Blvd
Duluth, MN 55804
ll.CONfRACt/GRANTNO.
In-house
17. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory - Duluth, MN
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth^jfll 55804
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
14. SPONSORING AQENCV CODE
EPA/600/03
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
IS. ABSTRACT ~~ ——
This bibliography, inclusive from 1976 through 1978 lists all publications authored
>y personnel of the Environmental Research Laboratory-Duluth. Not only does the
ibliography list all scientific materials (Journal articles, research reports, and
ither) published by the laboratory staff, but also those project reports prepared
y universities, industries, and other government researchers conducting studies
under the funding and direction of this laboratory.
Fhe publications are grouped In two sections reports published by the EPA's (and
precursor agencies') research series and journal articles from the scientific
iterature. Each category is subdivided by year and are annotated. Within
each year, publications are listed alphabetically by the senior author's last
lame, and sources of reprints are identified. Introductory materials include a
1st of standard abbreviations for scientific journals cited and pertinent components
of the EPA and the laboratory. The bibliography concludes with an author and key
tord index for all entries.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI FteM/Cfoup
Research projects
Technical reports
Abstracting
Freshwater biology
Publications summary
Bibliography
Environmental Research
Laboratory-Duluth
05B
06A,C,F,S,T
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19- -SECURITY CUA3S {Fhtt ttfportj
UNCLASSIFIED
31, NO. Or PAGES
68
2O. SECURITY
UNCLASSIFIED
(••"• 1210-1 (*•«. 4-77) PKIVIOUl EDITION II OB9OLCTE
58
-tt U.S GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1980—657-146/5581
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