HAZARD
EVALUATION
HANDBOOK
A Guide to
Removal Actions
Prepared by
the Roy F. Weston
Technical Assistance Team
for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III, Superfund Removal Branch
Under Contract #68-01-7367
1990
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6-
Contents
Introduction 1
Safety 4
Sources of Information 6
Conducting a Removal Assessment 10
General Hazard Recognition Checklist 17
Fire/Explosion Scene Checklist 22
Drum Site Checklist 25
Lagoon Checklist 28
-3 Landfill Checklist 31
Chemical Storage Checklist 34
Laboratory Checklist 37
Industrial Facility Checklist 40
What's Wrong With This Picture? 42
Emergency Removal Guidelines 50
Appendices 67
1. Toxicology A69
2. Environmental Media A87
3. Sampling and Basic Data Interpretation A94
4. Container Silhouettes A105
5. Guide to DOT and NFPA Placards A109
6. Random Numbers Table All5
Index A116
Library
US EPA Region 3
1650 Arch St.
Philadelphia, PA 19103
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Introduction
This book is for EPA project managers, inspectors, and
others to help them view a project site from a multimedia
perspective and to recognize potential emergency or removal
conditions that may not be obvious. It is essential that the
project manager or inspector question everything at a project site
in terms of the imminent threat posed to human health and the
environment Such questioning at times involves thinking like a
detective in order to uncover hidden, yet serious threats. The
fictional character Sherlock Holmes was a masterful detective, and
an exploration of the differences between Holmes and his less
agile associate, Dr. Watson, may be instructive.
The obvious advantage that Sherlock Holmes has over Dr.
Watson is that Holmes is the consummate logician. But Holmes's
superior use of deductive reasoning is not the only difference
between the two characters. There is another, more subtle,
perhaps more compelling difference. Holmes has the superior
imagination. He looks at a set of clues, sees a wealth of related
possibilities, then logically deduces the most reasonable possibility
on the basis of the evidence at hand. Watson can see only the
clues; he cannot imagine them as part of any possible
encompassing whole.
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2 INTRODUCTION 2
This ability to look at a clue and to imagine a host of
possible ramifications-to ask "what ift"--is just as important to
EPA project managers as they explore a new site as it is to
Holmes as he explores a new case. One reason this ability is
valuable to project managers is that it allows them to assess risk
more fully and to determine more accurately whether there is
potential for a removal action.
According to the National Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Part
300.420 (b) and (c), among die goals of a remedial preliminary
assessment and of a site investigation is to determine if there is
any potential need for removal action, and, if the assessment or
investigation indicates that a removal action is warranted, to
initiate a removal site evaluation pursuant to 40 CFR Part
300.410. Removal actions are warranted in unstable or
potentially unstable situations that pose immediate threats to
public health and die environment Examples of such threats are
weathered, leaking drums; potentially explosive substances;
damaged buildings or other structures with a high potential for
causing hazardous substances to be released from containment;
and so forth. The purpose of this book is to help remedial
project managers understand the processes involved in a removal
site evaluation and recognize the potential sources of immediate
hazards at various types of sites. Such recognition is important
not only to fulfill the mandates of the NCP, but also to maintain
maximum site safety and security during remedial actions.
Many sites, such as those being evaluated for the National
Priorities List (NPL), are examined by the Pre-Remedial program
first, not the Removal Program, so it is important that these sites
be examined in light of their potential for causing imminent
threats. Other sites undergo emergency removal actions by the
Removal Branch first and then are transferred to other programs
for additional action. During the subsequent transition period,
conditions that were stable at the end of the Removal response
may have deteriorated so diat an imminent threat is posed to the
public or to the environment. Remedial sites are of concern
because the remedial process can take years, during which
weathering and wearing of storage and containment facilities can
occur. The NPL Site Certification process requires the periodic
evaluation of remedial sites. These evaluations should include an
assessment of the need for a removal action.
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3 INTRODUCTION 3
This book is meant only as a guide to the possible sources
of harm presented by various types of sites; it is not an
exhaustive study. Instead, the purpose of the book is to
encourage project managers and others to examine a site from
several different perspectives, in evaluating potential hazards.
Holmes had Dr. Watson with him to ask "who," "what," "when,"
"where," "why," and "how." But each person onsite must ask
these questions for himself or herself.
Acknowledgments
This book was prepared by the Roy F. Weston Technical
Assistance Team (TAT) under the coordination of Gregg Crystall,
Chief, Eastern Response Section, Superfund Removal Branch, U.S.
EPA Region III. The TAT members most closely associated with
this project are Jeff Lieberman, Susan Hardee Morris, Rosann
Park-Jones, and Christopher Zwiebel. Dr. Roy L. Smith, EPA
lexicologist in Region III, made a major contribution to the
project by collecting dosage data and calculating the reference
dose concentrations in Chapter 4, Emergency Removal Guidelines.
TAT member Susan Stockl executed the design of the guide and
managed the production of the finished book. Many other TAT
members and EPA personnel also made direct and indirect
contributions to this project. We could not have successfully
completed the project without their assistance and we are grateful
for their help.
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Safety
Certain safety precautions should be considered before
entering an area of any description that is suspected to be
contaminated with hazardous substances. These precautions are
necessary to prevent short-term exposure and injury and the long-
term effects of multiple short-term exposures.
Review background information about the facility prjor to
making a site visit. A background search may provide such
useful information as the names of any process chemicals
used at the facility, contact names, and site-specific hazards
and may assist field personnel conducting the assessment
Draft a site health and safety plan to address all chemical,
physical, biological, and radioactive hazards associated with
the site. Modifications to die safety plan can be made as
additional information is collected.
Conduct an initial survey of the site from a safe distance
away to determine if there are any visible hazards that
should be addressed or avoided. If the contaminants are
known, it is possible to gather information from the
numerous reference sources available.
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SAFETY 5
When making an entry into a site where the materials are
unknown, high levels of protection (Level B or higher) are
recommended until sufficient data has been collected to
determine that lower levels of protection are sufficient.
During the assessment, the entry team will use direct air
monitoring equipment to check for radiation, combustible
gases, and volatile organic and inorganic vapors. Multimedia
(air, water, and soil) samples should also be collected to
determine actual concentrations of die contaminants onsite.
Based on the initial survey, select the proper type of personal
protective equipment to safely perform tasks required for
further site assessment. Personal protection may include a
self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-purifying
respirator (APR), chemical protective coveralls, chemical-
resistant gloves and boots, a hard hat, and safety goggles.
The purpose of the protective equipment is to minimize the
risk of exposure to hazardous substances through inhalation,
ingestion, or skin contact
Personnel working onsite must have completed a minimum
level of OSHA-required training.
Ensure that all persons entering the site read and understand
the site health and safety plan in order to limit the number
of injuries.
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Sources of Information
Questions about the hazards posed by a site and whether
a Removal response is appropriate can be answered by the EPA
Region III Removal Branch. Call the following people for
information:
Gregg Crystall, Section Chief - (215) 597-9893
Eastern Response Section (3HW31)
Superfund Removal Branch
Charles Kleeman, Section Chief - (215) 597-4O18
Western Response and Oil Enforcement Section (3HW32)
Superfund Removal Branch
Regional Response Center - (215) 597-9898
An On-Scene Coordinator from the Superfund Removal Branch is
on duty outside of normal working hours and can be reached
through the Regional Response Center to answer questions.
Questions about the degree of toxicity posed by a substance
and its possible effects should be referred to the EPA Region III
Technical Support Section (3HW15). Call the following people
for information:
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Roy Smith, Toxicologist - (215) 597-6682
Richard Bmnker, Toxicologist - (215) 5974804
Dawn Iran, Toxicologist - (215) 597-1309
Nancy Rios, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-7858
Debra Ponnan, Toxicologist - (215) 597-6626
Reginald Harris, Environmental Sdentist - (215) 597-7858
Additional information can be obtained from:
American Association Of Raflnads - (202) 639-2100,
0202)629-2222
The association provides assistance at sites involving rail
shipments of hazardous materials.
Center for Disease Control - (404) 633-5313
(24 noun)
The CDC provides assistance in emergencies involving bacterial
agents or infectious diseases.
Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program - (800) 535-0202
This hodine provides information on reporting of hazardous
substances for community planning purposes.
CHEMTREC - (800) 424-9300 (24 hours)
CHEMTREC provides information concerning materials involved
in hazardous materials incidents. CHEMTREC can also contact
manufacturers, shippers, or other parties who may be able to
provide additional assistance. A supplement to CHEMTREC is the
HIT (Hazard Information Transmission) program, which provides
a hard copy of hazard data. Non-emergency service can be
obtained from CHEMTREC by calling (800) 262-8200, between 8
a.m. and 9 p.m. EST. CHEMTREC is operated by the Chemical
Manufacturers Association.
National Animal Poison Control Center - (217) 333-3611
(24 hours)
The center is operated by the University of Illinois and provides
assistance at sites involving suspected animal poisonings or
chemical contamination.
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8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 8
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network -
(800) 858-7378
The network provides information about spill handling, disposal
clean-up, and health effects of pesticides.
Safe Drinking Water - (800) 4264791
This hotline provides information about the public water supply
program, policy, and technical and regulatory items.
Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste (RCRA) and Superfund -
(800) 424-9346
This hotline provides information about the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act and Superfund. It is operated by
EPA.
Texas Tech University Pesticide Hotline - (800) 858-7378
The hotlines provides emergency information in pesticide-related
incidents.
TSCA and Asbestos Technical Information and Referral -
(202) 554-1404
This hotline provides information on the Toxic Substances Control
Act and on asbestos.
US Department of Transportation Hotline - (202) 426-2075
The hotline provides information and assistance concerning the
hazardous materials regulations found in the Code of Federal
Regulations Title 49.
Computer Resources
TOXNET
TOXNET, managed by the National Library of Medicine, provides
access to data bases on toxicology and related issues. Five
integrated data base modules are accessible: the Hazardous
Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Registry of Toxic Effects of
Chemical Substances (RTECS), Chemical Carcinogenesis Research
Information System (CCRIS), Directory of Biotechnology
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9 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 9
Information Resources (DBIR), and Environmental Teratology
Information Center Backfile (ETICBACK). Call (301) 496-6531 for
account information.
CHEMICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC
OS provides access to about nine different data bases. Among
die data bases are the Oil and Hazardous Material/Technical
Assistance Data System (OHMTADS), the Chemical Hazard
Response Info System (CHRIS), and the MERCK index. CIS also
provides access to the SPHERE family of components sponsored
by the Office of Toxic Substances of U.S. EPA, including DERMAL,
ENVIROFATE, and ISHOW. Call (800) OS-USER for account
information.
CAMEO
The Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operation
(CAMEO) program provides response information and
recommendations for over 2500 commonly transported chemicals,
an air dispersion model, and components for emergency response
planning. Call (206) 526-6317 for account information.
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Conducting a Removal
Assessment
NCP Criteria For a Removal Evaluation
The National Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Section 300.410, gives
the minimal procedures for conducting a removal site evaluation,
which "includes a removal preliminary assessment and, if
warranted, a removal site inspection." According to the NCP:
300.410(c)(l) The lead agency shall, as appropriate, base the
removal preliminary assessment on readily available information.
A removal preliminary assessment may include, but is not limited
to:
(i) Identification of the source and nature of the release or
threat of release;
This may be as easy as reading the DOT placard on a tank
truck. In the case of a hazardous waste site with hundreds
of possibly unlabeled drums of different chemicals,
recognition of the source and nature of the threat posed
requires use of all information available; e.g., historical
data, visual observation, monitoring data, sample data,
package labels, shipping manifests, and witnesses.
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tl REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 11^
(ii) Evaluation by ATSDR or by other sources, for example,
stale public health agencies* of the threat to public health;
In order to evaluate the level of threat that a site poses to
public health, ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry) requires a report that describes the site
and its history; lists die substances present onsite and the
quantity of contaminated material in different media (soil,
water, air); describes the relationship between the site and
such environmental pathways as ground water, surface
water, soil, sediment, and air; and provides documentation
of quality control/quality assurance for supporting sample
data. Similar reports can be prepared so EPA lexicologists
and other public health officials can evaluate the degree of
threat posed by a site.
(iii) Evaluation of the magnitude of the threat;
Evaluation is determining the actual or potential impact of
a threat to public health and welfare and to die
environment To evaluate die magnitude of a hazardous
materials site, all substances must be identified, their
concentrations determined, and their dispersion pathways
established. Then, risk can be assessed on the basis of
exposure or the threat of exposure to the public and the
environment.
(iv) Evaluation of factors necessary to make the determination
of whether a removal is necessary; and
The eight criteria for a removal are set forth in Section
300.415 of the NCP. These criteria are qualitative in
nature, and it is not necessary that all of them be satisfied
for a removal to be initiated. The criteria are discussed
below.
(v) Determination of whether a nonfederal party is undertaking
propes* response.
Have state and/or local agencies or the potentially
responsible party (PRP) taken action to mitigate conditions
at the site?
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REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
300.410(0(2) A removal preliminaiy assessment of releases from
hazardous waste management facilities may include collection or
review of data such as site management practices, information
from generators, photographs, literature searches, and personal
interviews conducted, as appropriate.
300.410(d) A removal site inspection may be performed if more
information is needed. Such inspection may include a perimeter
(Le., ofisite) or onsite inspection, taking into consideration
whether such inspection can be performed safely.
Initial entry personnel should determine the presence of any
hazards that may affect response personnel, the public, and
the environment; verify existing information and obtain
additional information about the site; evaluate the need for
prompt action to mitigate any situation onsite; and collect
information to establish safety requirements for additional
personnel entering the site.
NCR Criteria For Initiating A Removal Action
Section 300.415 of the NCR sets forth the criteria for
determining whether a removal action is warranted.
300.415(b)(2) The following factors shall be considered in
determining die appropriateness of a removal action pursuant to
this section:
(i) Actual or potential exposure to nearby human populations,
animal* or the food chain from hazardous substances or
pollutant* or contaminants;
Does the site present a direct exposure threat? Is there
evidence of children playing in or near the site? Do people
walk or ride through the area, possibly stirring up dust?
Are there schools, retirement communities, hospitals or
other institutions nearby with sensitive populations that
may be affected by site emissions? Does contaminanted
runoff from the site enter nearby streams or
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REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
impoundments? Are wells in the vicinity of the site affected
by ground water contaminants? Are die contaminants
likely to enter the food chain through biouptake?
(ii) Actual or potential contamination of drinking water supplies
or sensitive ecosystems;
Does the release affect, or have the potential to affect, a
ground water aquifer or surface waterway used for drinking
water? Are fragile natural areas (e.g., the habitat of an
endangered species) affected by contaminants from the site?
(iii) Hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants in
drums, barrels, tanks, or other bulk storage containers, that
may pose a threat of release;
How structurally secure are die containers; do they show
signs of weathering or structural instability? Is an
uncontrolled release an imminent threat?
(iv) Higjh levels of hazardous substances or pollutants or
contaminant* in soils largely at or near die surface, that
may migrate;
Is there visible discoloration of the soil or standing pools
of discolored liquid present? Is there dead or dying
vegetation that implies die presence of soil contamination
that may not be visible? Where does runoff go?
(v) Weather conditions that may cause hazardous substances
or pollutants or contaminants to mngrate or be released;
Could precipitation initiate a release (e.g., a lagoon
overflow) or cause contaminants already released to
migrate? Are containers exposed to the weather, facilitating
structural deterioration of the containers?
(vi) Threat of fire or explosion;
Are inflammable substances present? Have initially stable
substances deteriorated to the point of being explosively
unstable? Are strong oxidizers present? Are incompatible
substances stored together? Is there a history of accidental
fire or explosion incidents or of arson at the site?
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14 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT . 14
(vii) The availability of other appropriate federal or state
response mechanisms to respond to the release;
Are other federal or state agencies prepared to provide
resources to mitigate the release or threat of release?
(viii) Other situations or factors that may pose threats to public
health or welfare or. the environment.
Conducting a Removal Preliminary Assessment
and Site Inspection
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Before site entry, the investigation team should gather and
review information about site activities and the chemicals used
and/or generated so that hazards can be evaluated to the extent
possible and preliminary controls established to protect initial
entry personnel. This preliminary evaluation should provide the
following information:
The location and approximate size of the site.
The site history, especially waste disposal history.
A description of the topography of the site, the number and
types of structures present, and routes of accessibilty. Natural
wind barriers such as buildings, hills, and storage tanks
should also be identified, as well as how land surrounding
the site is used.
Descriptions of the hazardous substances known or suspected
to be onsite and their chemical and physical properties and
associated risks.
An estimation of the types of changes that may have occurred
onsite as the result of aging, weathering, fire/explosion, and
so forth. Changes include structural damage to buildings and
containers, as well as alteration of hazardous substances
present, and may increase the risks to personnel entering the
site.
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REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
Pathways for dispersion of hazardous substances from the
site. Potential pathways include the air, such biologic routes
as the food chain, ground water, surface water, and direct
contact. Adjacent properties and the sensitivity of the
surrounding environment should be considered.
A description of the response activities or other tasks to be
performed onsite and an estimate of their duration.
Information can be obtained through a search of state and
federal regulatory and enforcement records (including previously
gathered EPA Removal and Remedial data and information from
other EPA programs such as the National Pollutant Discharge
System for water), local government records, die potential
responsible party's records (logbooks, shipping manifests, ledgers,
etc.), Interviews with adjacent property owners and previous site
workers, and perimeter reconnaissance. If the preliminary ofisite
evaluation does not produce sufficient information to identify and
quantify the suspected hazards, an initial site entry and
characterization are performed.
SITE INVESTIGATION
During the site investigation, entry personnel should monitor
the air for conditions that are immediately dangerous to life and
health (IDLH) or that may cause serious harm. Such conditions
include combustible or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency,
and airborne toxic substances that pose a high threat through
skin absorption and/or inhalation. To supplement air monitoring,
personnel should look onsite for indicators of IDLH conditions.
Indicators include dead animals; stressed vegetation; and bulging,
fuming, hissing, or otherwise stressed containers. Be alert for the
presence of something onsite that may imply die presence of a
hidden hazard; for example, the edge of one rusty drum
protruding through a tangle of vines could indicate that the vines
are covering a pile of drums. Personnel should also monitor for
ionizing radiation and note any slip-trip-fall hazards. Once the
hazards onsite have been evaluated and the initial safety plan
revised accordingly, periodic monitoring should occur to ensure
the safety of site workers during the remainder of the
investigation.
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REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
It is critical that the hazardous materials onsite be identified
exactly to assure safe and effective field operations. Several basic
clues to their identity include:
Container shape and size. Distinctive container shapes are
used for certain types of substances, so basic clues to the
identity of a hazardous material can be gathered from the
container in which it is stored. Refer to Appendix 4 for
silhouettes of some containers used in the transportation,
storage, and use of hazardous materials.
Markings, placards, and labels. Markings, placards, and labels,
along with container shape and size, are the safest and easiest
methods for determining the presence of hazardous materials.
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires
placards on containers used to transport 1000 pounds or more
of most hazardous substances across state lines; the DOT
requires placards for any amount of some particularly
hazardous substances. There is also a marking system
administered by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
for fixed facility storage tanks. The DOT Code of Federal
Regulation, 49 CFR, gives the requirements for labeling and
placarding hazardous materials within the United States.
NOTE: Remember that containers may be unlabeled or even
mislabeled, either intentionally or through error.
Exercise extreme caution until the presence or absence
of a hazardous substance has been confirmed.
Senses. The senses of sight, hearing, and smell can aid in the
identification of hazardous materials. Sight and hearing are the
safest senses to employ and are very valuable resources in
determining the presence of hazardous materials. The sense of
smell is potentially dangerous. Some materials are toxic at
concentrations too low to be detected by smell, and other
materials induce olefactory fatigue, so workers cannot
distinguish increased concentrations. Generally, standard
operating procedures state that if a worker is close enough to
smell a substance, the worker is too close.
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17 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 17
Qualitative Hazard Recognition
Qualitative hazard recognition, the realization that a hazard
actually exists onsite, is the most crucial part of a removal site
investigation. This section contains a general checklist of
questions, pertinent to every site, to provide guidance in
qualitative hazard recognition. Following die general checklist is
a series of drawings of specific conditions that may not occur at
every site. When they do occur, these conditions require a
thorough evaluation, so a detailed checklist follows each drawing.
This section concludes with a modified map of an actual site. A
checklist follows the site map.
Use of the general checklist should give each project manager
or inspector an idea of whether a removal may be warranted and
provide background information about the site. The checklists
associated with the drawings should be used in making a more
detailed assessment of specific hazards. The purpose of each
checklist is to direct the thinking of site investigators; the
checklists are guides, not all encompassing field lists that address
every condition that may be encountered.
General Hazard Recognition Checklist for Each
Site
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Note any indicators of potential exposure to hazardous
substances:
Dead fish, animals or vegetation.
Dust or spray in the air.
Fissures or cracks in solid surfaces that expose deep waste
layers.
Pools of liquid.
Foams or oils on liquid surfaces.
Gas generation or effervescence.
Deteriorating containers.
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18 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
Cleared land areas or possible landfilled areas. See detailed
checklist on page 31.
Anything that appears unusual, out of die ordinary, for
whatever reason.
2. Note the types of containers, impoundments, or other storage
systems:
Paper or wooden packages.
Metal (stainless steel, lead, etc.) or plastic barrels or drums;
concrete storage containers. The composition of the
container can be a clue to the contents.
Underground tanks.
Aboveground tanks.
Compressed gas cylinders.
Pits, ponds, or lagoons.
Other.
See detailed checklist on page 25, page 28, and page 34.
3. Note the condition of waste containers and storage sysi
Structural soundness.
Visibly rusted or corroded.
Leaking or bulging.
Types and quantities of materials in container(s).
Container labels indicating corrosive, explosive, flammable,
radioactive, toxic, or biologically pathogenic material.
Presence or absence of secondary containment, such as a
berm.
4. Note the physical condition of materials onsite:
Gas, liquid, or solid.
Color and turbidity.
Behavior, e.g., corroding, foaming, or vaporizing.
Conditions conducive to splash or contact
5. Identify features of the land and natural wind barriers:
Buildings, large aboveground storage tanks.
Hills.
Rows of trees.
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19 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 19
6. Determine the potential pathways of dispersion:
Air.
Surface water.
Ground water.
Land surface (direct contact).
Biologic routes such as plants and animals affecting the
food chain.
7. Note any safety hazards. Consider:
Condition of site structures.
Obstacles to entry and exit.
Homogeneity of die terrain.
Stability of the terrain.
Stability of stacked material.
& Identify any reactive, incompatible, flammable, or
rrosive wastes. How are they stored?
9. Note the presence of any naturally occurring potential skin
irritants or dermatitis-inducing agents or of any potentially
hazardous anhnah. For example:
Poison ivy, poison oak, and/or poison sumac.
Poisonous snakes.
Stray dogs.
10. Note any tags, labels, markmgu, or other identifying
indicators.
11. If warranted, use one or more of the following investigative
techniques to locate buried wastes or contaminant plumes:
Electromagnetic resistivity.
Seismic refraction.
Magnetomedy.
Metal detection.
Ground-penetrating radar.
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^0 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 20
12. Collect samples from:
Air.
Drainage ditches.
Soil (surface and subsurface).
Standing pools of liquids.
Storage containers.
Streams and ponds (upgradient, at suspected source, and
downgradient).
Ground water (upgradient, beneath site, downgradient).
13. Sample for or otherwise identify:
Biologic or pathologic hazards.
Radiologic hazards.
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HAZARD RECOGNITION - Fire/Explosion Scene
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22 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 22
Fire/Explosion Scene Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Damaged Structure
Unstable structures may pose physical hazards.
Debris increases the risk of slip, trip, fall hazards.
Fire often causes friable asbestos to become airborne.
Smoke from even simple structure fires may contain many
toxic chemicals.
2. Contaminated Runoff
Runoff of water used to treat a fire will often be
contaminated with chemicals released during the incident.
The water may cause adverse reactions with reactive or
unstable chemicals.
The water may also be contaminated with combustion
byproducts of chemicals stored or used at the facility.
3. Drum Storage
Were the drums impacted by either the fire, water, or
chemical foam?
Do the drums seem stable or stressed by heat or pressure?
Can any special hazards be noted from visible label
information?
Note any physical damage caused by heavy equipment.
What are the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals?
4. Bulk Storage
Were the containers affected by either the fire, water, or
chemical foam?
Do the containers seem stable or stressed by heat or
pressure?
Are the pressure relief systems intact and actively venting?
Are primary and secondary containment structures available
and stable?
What are the toxic and physical properties of chemicals?
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23 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 23
5. Drains
Are storm, sanitary sewer, or process water drains in the
area?
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other
sensitive area?
Are drains connected to sump pits or other potential
containment areas?
Can drains be utilized for containment or blocked for
protection if necessary?
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HAZARD RECOGNITION - Drum Site
8. Pซck*6 Drums
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J25 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 25
Drum Site Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Dnuns
Do not make assumptions regarding drum contents until
positive identification can be made; labels may not reflect
the actual drum contents.
Shaking drums to determine whether empty or not can
initiate adverse reaction.
Seemingly empty drums can still contain toxic residues.
Of what materials are die drums made; e.g., fiber, stainless
steel, aluminum, poly, lead?
If the contents are unknown, do the composition and
structure of each container give dues to the contents and
the associated hazards?
Drums containing incompatible substances may be found
together. If the drums are leaking, they may pose a
fire/explosion threat
2. Vapor Release
Not all vapors are visible. Look near bung holes for air
movement similar to heat waves.
Respiratory protection is critical to cover inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes.
Determine if surrounding area or structures can confine and
concentrate vapors.
3. Bulging Drum
Determine if bulging is caused by pressure build-up or
thermal expansion/contraction.
Bulging drums should never be opened by hand. A remote
drum punch can open the drum and relieve the pressure.
4. Leaking Drum
pH paper can indicate if the leaking material is corrosive.
Any visibly stressed vegetation may indicate toxicity.
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26 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 26
If a smoking, fuming, or bubbling reaction is evident, it may
indicate reactivity.
Can leakage be contained in place or must drains be blocked
off?
5. Drum Tiers
Uneven stacking or corroded pallets/drums can present a
physical hazard.
Leaking drums on an upper tier can present a chemical
hazard above the worker's head.
Wooden pallets do not constitute a chemical barrier to
prevent leaks from mixing and can pose a fire hazard in the
presence of oxidizers.
6. Tipped Drum
If a tipped drum is leaking from the bung, setting the drum
upright or rolling so bung is upright can eliminate the
problem.
A leak underneath the drum may not be visible; look for
clues such as discolored soil and stressed vegetation.
7. Buried Drums
An uneven or disturbed soil surface may indicate buried
objects.
Drum heads often rise and break through the soil surface
after burial.
Caution should be exercised when using heavy equipment
in areas that have or are suspected to have buried drums.
An excavated drum may not be structurally sound.
a Packed Drums
Do not assume that inner drums in a tightly packed area of
drums contain the same chemical as the accessible drums,
or that the contents are compatible.
Large amounts of chemicals can pool beneath and between
the packed drums.
It can be extremely difficult to identify and handle, or even
to reach, a leaking or fuming drum within the pack.
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Lagoon
7. AOOOM Control
4 Lomchoto ^f^f^
888888888888
\\\\\\\\\\\\\
BS
-------
2B REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 28
Lagoon Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Lagoon
Is the lagoon permitted or unpermitted?
What are the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present in the lagoon?
Note any stained soil or dead/dying vegetation in the area
of the lagoon.
Can any air emissions be detected in the vicinity of the
lagoon?
Have all layers of the lagoon - both liquid and solid layers
been characterized?
Is previous monitoring analysis of the lagoon contents
available?
What is the hydrogeology of the area and where does the
water table lie with respect to the lagoon?
2. Containment Structure
Note the stability of the berm construction.
Is secondary containment available in the event of failure?
Can any seepage through the berm be observed?
Is the containment structure adequately engineered to
withstand normal stresses and strains?
3. Liner
Is the lagoon lined?
Are the construction materials of the liner compatible with
the contents of the lagoon?
Was the liner installed by professionals?
4. Leachate
What types of chemicals can be expected to leach out of the
lagoon?
Can a pathway to a local aquifer be identified for leachate?
Is direct contact a threat with any surface leachate seeps?
Do surface seeps affect any surface waters?
-------
29 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 29
5. Drainage
Have all sources of drainage into die lagoon been identified?
Have all sources of drainage out of die lagoon been
identified?
Does die lagoon liquid level rise or fall at unexpected times?
Is sufficient freeboard available to prevent overflow of the
lagoon under heavy precipitation?
6. Access Control
Is a fence or other barrier available to restrict access?
Can any evidence of trespassers be found around die
lagoon?
Do children play in die vicinity of the lagoon?
-------
[HAZARD RECOGNITION - Landfill
2. scagiaa Area
ynnj
consumer Access
6. Ale ZnlasLona
-------
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
Landfill Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Landfill
Is the landfill permitted or unpennitted?
If permitted, what materials are allowed?
What is the past history of disposal practices?
Is the landfill lined or unlined?
Is there evidence of illegal dumping or of dumping that is
inconsistent with accepted practices?
What b the hydrogeology of the area and where does the
water table lie with respect to the landfill?
What are the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present?
2. Staging Area
Are hazardous, materials that are staged for disposal
present?
Can such surface contamination as stained soil or
dead/dying vegetation be seen in me staging area?
Is access restricted to the staging area?
3. Leachate
What types of chemicals can be expected to leach out of the
landfill?
Can a pathway to a local aquifer be identified for leachate?
Is direct contact a threat with any surface leachate seeps?
Do surface seeps affect any surface waters?
4. Wells
Are any monitoring wells in the area?
Are any drinking water wells in the area?
Is any sample information (both past and present) available
for nearby wells?
Does the state have more or less stringent water quality
criteria than does EPA?
-------
32 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 32
5.
Can evidence be found of trespassers onto die landfill?
Are children's play areas in the migration pathways of
contaminants?
Is the community aware of the actual or potential hazards
posed by the landfill?
Can access to the landfill be sufficiently restricted using
signs or barriers?
6. Air Emissions
Are emissions controlled at the landfill?
Can emissions be detected with monitoring instruments?
Do prevailing winds carry contaminants into sensitive
populations or environments?
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Chemical Storage
l. Timnsfcx Point*
(no aaoienfQ oa OPEH i.icaT3
-------
34 _ REMOVAL ASSESSMENT _ 34
Chemical Storage Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Transfer Points
Was bulk chemical transfer performed on a concrete pad or
over soil/gravel?
Can any stained soil or stressed vegetation be observed?
Was vehicle decontamination performed?
Note the condition of pipes/hoses, fittings, valves, and joints.
2. Containers
Are the containers filled or empty?
Is the container structure compatible with the stored
chemical, if the contents are known?
If the contents are unknown, do the composition and
structure of each container give dues to die contents and its
associated hazards?
Can such indicators of structural instability as weak welds,
bulging panels, missing rivets, and so forth, be seen?
Are access portals intact; can any leakage be observed?
Can the containers be expected to remain intact until
remedition is complete?
3.
What are the toxic and physical properties of the stored
chemicals?
Do signs or markings on the containers provide clues to
potential dangers?
Are incompatible chemicals stored adjacent to one another?
Do the stored chemicals have the potential to degrade into
a more hazardous form?
4. Secondary Containment
Is containment volume sufficient to hold the contents of the
largest primary container plus freeboard?
Is the containment structure compatible with the chemicals
present?
-------
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 35
Is the containment structure totally enclosing, with four
walls and a floor?
Are any breaches, either intentional or structural, present in
the secondary containment structure?
Are any drains present in the structure?
5. Spill History
Were spills frequent during past operations?
Do past spills have the continuing potential to migrate
offisite?
Have spills compromised the structures of either the primary
containers or the secondary containment structure?
6. Drainage
Is the secondary containment structure designed to allow for
drainage of rainwater?
Are drainage areas directed to sumps, to a treatment plant,
or to the environment?
Can the drains be blocked or otherwise closed?
-------
[HAZARD RECOGNITION - Laboratory
8 8aoek Saaeltlva
A & & & A
A A A
1. Unknovn Cbanicals
-------
JJ7 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 37
Laboratory Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Chemicals
Over time, chemicals can degrade into different, more
hazardous forms.
Older labs may have used obsolete nomenclature.
Often handwritten labels may be incorrect.
Packages may become unstable over time.
Incompatible chemicals may be stored in close proximity.
Instruments and tubing may still contain chemicals and
chemical residues.
2. Shock Sensitive Chemicals
Many chemicals, such as ethers, are peroxidizable and can
be explosively shock sensitive.
Shock sensitive chemicals can be detonated by falling off a
shelf or by the shear force generated by turning the cap.
Some chemicals can violently decompose spontaneously.
Many common lab chemicals such as picric acid can, over
time, become shock sensitive.
3. Cylinders
Cylinders can contain either liquids or gases.
They can be constructed for high pressure or low pressure
use.
Color coding is manufacturer specific and is not common to
die industry.
Cylinders can hold extremely toxic or corrosive materials.
They should only be examined and moved by experts.
Structural instability is not always visible from the exterior.
4. Unknown Packages
Chemicals can be present in a variety of packaging, apart
from the common flasks and glass bottles.
Acid carboys are sometimes shipped in cardboard boxes or
wooden crates.
-------
38 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 38
Radioactive materials can be shipped in metal flasks or small
boxes.
5. Drums
Laboratories occasionally maintain chemicals in larger
containers, such as 55-gallon drums.
Larger volume chemicals would typically be caustic cleaners
or solvents.
These drums commonly rest on their sides, incorporate
spigots, and have a high potential for leakage.
Note condition of floor under the drums.
6. Drains
Often chemicals are washed into floor drains.
Are drains connected to sump pits or other potential
containment areas?
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other
sensitive area?
Pools of chemicals may accumulate in sumps.
Incompatible chemicals may generate toxic gases in drains,
sumps, or drain lines.
Outfalls for these drains should be examined for signs of
contamination.
-------
(I
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-------
40 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 40
Industrial Facility Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Facility
Note the structural stability of the building(s).
Was asbestos or nonasbestos insulation used?
Were PCB or non-PCB transformers used?
Were process units filled or empty, pressurized or
nonpressurized?
Note presence of raw materials, byproducts, and wastes in
addition to chemical products.
Obtain the history of operations, past disposal practices, and
chemical spills.
2. Pipeline
Note the structural stability of interior piperacks and exterior
feed pipes.
Was asbestos or nonasbestos insulation used?
Note compatibility of chemicals and pipe construction
materials.
Are pipelines or other types of tubing filled or empty?
Note the condition of valves, fittings, joints, and so forth.
What are the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals?
3. Bulk Storage Tanks
Note structural stability of outer skin and any signs of
physical or chemical deterioration.
Are tanks connected or disconnected to feed pipes?
Are tanks pressurized or nonpressurized, insulated or
noninsulated?
Note the condition of valves and fittings.
Were additional heating or cooling systems necessary to
keep contents at a steady state?
What are the toxic and physical properties of stored
chemicals?
-------
41 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 41^
4. DnnD Storage
Note the age of drums.
Are drums sheltered or exposed to the elements?
Are there any signs of deterioration or stress?
Is any label or placard information visible?
Is any stencilled or handwritten information visible?
Does the drum shape indicate potential contents (i.e., acid
carboy for corrosives or fiber drum for solids)?
If bulging, is this due to built-up pressure or to thermal
expansion/contraction?
Do the drums contain pure chemicals or waste materials?
Is there any standing discolored water, stained soil, or
stressed vegetation, indicating spillage?
What are the toxic and physical properties of stored
chemicals?
5. Landfill
Is the landfill permitted or unpcrmitted?
If permitted, what materials are present?
What is the past history of disposal practices?
Is the landfill lined or unlined?
What is the hydrogeology of the area and where does the
water table lie with respect to the landfill?
Are there any monitoring or drinking water wells in the
area?
What are the toxic and physical properties of chemicals
present?
6. Underground Storage Tank
Note the age of tank.
Obtain die maintenance history.
What is the hydrogeology of the area; where does the water
table lie?
Note the condition of exterior finings.
Note any seepage in the surrounding area.
What are the toxic and physical properties of stored
chemicals?
Is the tank double lined or does it have cathodic corrosion
protection?
-------
42 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 42
Is there any evidence of frequent overflows?
7. Lagoon
Note the stability of berm construction.
Is there sufficient freeboard to avoid overflow?
Is the lagoon lined or unlined?
What are the toxic and physical properties of chemicals
present?
What is the hydrogeology of the area; where does the water
table lie?
Is secondary containment available?
Note any standing discolored water, stained soil, or stressed
vegetation in the area.
Note any seepage through the berm.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
The map on page 44 is a modified version of a map of an
actual removal site. Look at the map in terms of the hazard
recognition checklists, pick out the hazards, then rank them
according to degree of threat to the site investigation team. What
immediate threats does the site pose to the environment and to
the health and welfare of any residents nearby? What long-term
hazards are at the site? What clues to the level of threat should
the investigation team look for onsite?
BACKGROUND
The All Cracked Up Battery Corp. smelted and refined lead
extruded from used batteries to produce lead ingots. The facility
operated for 10 years until it went bankrupt and was abandoned
two years ago.
All Cracked Up received spent batteries of all sizes and had
them dumped on a concrete pad to drain the acid. Battery acid
and contaminated runoff from the pad were collected in a sump
-------
43 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 43
and then directed into a hazardous waste lagoon. After the acid
was drained, the batteries were transported from the dumping
area to a hammermfll, which crushed them for materials
separation and cleaning. Wastewater from the cleaning process
was collected in a sump and directed to the lagoon. After
separation of plastics and other unrecydable materials, the metal
component of the batteries was smelted then refined. Emissions
from smelters were scrubbed using a lime slurry and liquid from
the lagoon. Residue from the scrubbing process was placed in a
landfill onsite. Emissions from the smelters and refinery were
also fed through a bag house. The flyash generated from this
process was stored in a building onsite. The flyash contained
heavy metals in the 3 percent concentration range.
Crushed battery casings from the hammennill were left in piles
throughout the portion of die site north of the operations
building and in die hazardous waste landfill along the east
boundary fence. Surface runoff from the piles of battery casings
was collected in a sump and directed to die lagoon, resulting in
die migration of small battery casing chips into the sumps,
drainage lines, and the lagoon itself.
The lagoon was treated with lime lo neutralize its contents.
Liquid from the lagoon passed into the water treatment plant,
where it was treated with flocculants to remove heavy metals.
The precipitates were disposed of in die landfill. The treated
water was discharged into a nearby creek.
A site inspection by state officials revealed the presence of a
trench between the collection sump and a drainage ditch, which
facilitated the bypassing of the lagoon during periods of heavy
surface runoff. Battery casing chips were found throughout the
course of the drainage ditch and the creek downstream of the
site.
-------
All Cracked Up Battery Corp. Site
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-------
45 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 45
Piles of battery casing chips
What types of residues can you expect to be on die chips?
Relate these residues to past industrial activities.
How hazardous are these residues?
Is there any evidence that residues on these chips are
migrating from die piles, into die sumps, or offsite?
How will extensive rainfall affect these piles?
Is there vegetation around the piles; if so, in what condition
is it?
Is there any means by which persons could gain access to
these piles, especially children?
Drainage sumps and underground drainpipe
Runoff from the piles of battery casing chips flows to several
drainage sumps and then into an underground drainpipe
system. Is there standing water around the sumps?
If so, is die water discolored and/or cloudy? Perform a pH
test
Are the drainpipes clogged?
Where can surface runoff be expected to pool?
Do winds generate excessive dusts? Dusts are most likely
contaminated.
Liquid waste storage tank
This container holds unknown waste material.
Is there secondary containment around the tank? If so, is it
sufficient to hold the contents of die tank?
In what condition is the tank; is it corroded; does there appear
to be structural instability?
Is there evidence that the tank leaks?
Is there stressed vegetation or discolored soil around die tank?
If there is standing water near the tank, test it with a strip of
litmus paper.
Are there process lines to and from the tank? Perhaps they
are underground. The lines may contain chemicals and
chemical residues.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 34 to help determine
the hazards posed by die storage tank.
-------
46 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 46
Hazardous waste landfill
Is the landfill lined or unlined?
Is there evidence of leachate seepage?
If so, what color is the seepage; is it cloudy?
How does the seepage test with a piece of litmus paper?
Is there access for liquids (precipitation) into the landfill?
Did the company dispose of hazardous liquids in the landfill?
Evaluate company records, remember that these may be
deliberately incorrect.
Is the landfill secure? Be sure that curious persons,
particularly children, can not gain access.
Use the checklist beginning on page 31 to help determine the
hazards posed by the landfill.
Drainage basin and hazardous waste lagoon
Are the drainage basin and lagoon each lined or unlined?
How much freeboard does each one have?
Are the process lines into each free of debris?
Is there evidence that one or both impoundments has
overflowed in the past?
Is there standing water in the overflow trench?
If so, what does the water look like; how does it test with
litmus paper?
Are there battery casings in the overflow trench?
Apply the checklist beginning on page 28 to the drainage
basin and lagoon.
Underground storage tank
Note the presence of seepage along banks of creek, which may
be indicative of release from the storage tanks.
Review company records. What type of fuel did the facility
use? Where and how was it stored, transported and burned?
Refer to the discussion on page 40 about a chemical
production facility for additional hazards posed by USTs.
-------
47 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 47
Air scrubbers and flyash storage
Ensure that access to flyash storage is secure, particularly from
curious children.
Evaluate all piping, process lines and machinery for residual
materials.
Note the locations of drainage sumps and treatment tanks.
Do winds generate excessive dusts? Dusts are most likely
contaminated.
Abandoned tank cars
These should be treated like storage tanks containing unknown
chemicals.
Look for any markings or placards on the outside of the cars
that may indicate what they contain.
Refer to Appendix 4 for silhouettes of railcars in order to
determine what they may contain, e.g., pressurized gas,
corrosive materials, etc.
After identification, are incompatibles next to each other?
Are die cars structurally sound and uncorroded?
Do they appear to be leaking? Check ditches, puddles and
culverts adjacent to tanks. Do they contain free-standing
liquid? Test with litmus paper.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 34 to the tank cars.
Warehou
Locate drainage sumps, process lines, and utilities.
Be aware of contaminated surfaces.
Spent/old machinery poses additional hazards, e.g., laceration.
Is the building properly ventilated; be aware of confined
space entry hazards.
Are materials stored in the warehouse? Identify materials if
possible.
Are incompatibles stored next to each other?
Ensure that the building is structurally sound and that
adequate lighting is available.
Watch for slip, trip, and fall hazards.
-------
48 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 48
Refinery/Smelter
Ensure that the building and large equipment (kettles, cranes,
hammermill) are structurally sound.
Locate process lines and utilities.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
It is likely that the atmosphere in this area is also
contaminated. Watch for confined space entry hazards.
Watch for slip, trip and fall hazards.
Service Building/Maintenance Area
Look for chemical hazards, e.g., cleaning agents, degreasers
and associated solvents, stripping agents, lubricants, etc.
Check for storage of incompatible materials.
Old machinery is a potential source of injury.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
Note the presence of gas cyclinders.
There may be a fire and explosion threat, particularly in areas
with low ceilings and confined spaces.
Facility
Thoroughly evaluate company records to be sure of industrial
processes and all materials involved.
Because this facility was involved in metals analysis and
recycling, it is possible that industrial radiography may have
been used. Look for radiation symbols; scan with rad meter
if possible.
How structurally sound is the building?
What is the condition of the transformer room? Is there
evidence of spilled oil, which could contain PCBs?
What is the condition of the lab? Apply the checklist
beginning on page 37 to the lab.
How secure is the facility? Is there any evidence of entrance
to the facility, e.g., vandalism, children playing?
Topographies
Is the site upgradient or downgradient to established surface
water flow patterns?
Does surface water flow through the site?
Consult a hydrogeologist about groundwater concerns.
-------
Emergency Removal
Guidelines
To help resolve incongruities in the screening process for
determination of the necessity for removal actions, die EPA
Region HI Technical Support Section, through the efforts of
lexicologist Dr. Roy L. Smith, has developed the following list of
emergency removal trigger guidelines. This list was designed for
use only as a screening tool to aid RPMs and OSCs in die
characterization of emergency threats associated with
uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. This list is by no means
intended to be the sole foundation for cleanup decisions. Rather,
it is meant to function as just one of many sources of information
that the decison maker should rely upon.
Toxicological values are listed in this table as absolute
concentrations. That is, no calculations or manipulations of these
values are necessary to use this list. To use this list, simply
compare data from sampling analyses to concentrations on the
list. If the results of an analysis are slightly below, equal to, or
above the values listed in the table, then there is a possibility that
an emergency health threat may be present at that particular site.
In any situation involving the possibility of an emergency health
threat, an EPA toxicologist should be consulted.
-------
51 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES 51
The toxicological values on this list were obtained through
extensive research and evaluation of toxicological data bases,
compiled through toxicity testing of the compounds,
epidemiological studies, actual exposure incidences (i.e.,
workplace exposure, suicide attempts, accidental poisonings), and
past experiences of the agency. Values derived from this broad
range of investigative methods undergo review and verification
before they are permitted to be published. This list, therefore,
represents the most recent advances in toxicological determination
and risk assessment.
We must emphasize, however, that this list has not undergone
extensive peer review. It is intended for internal use only and
should not be considered as EPA policy. Field personnel should
use caution when referring to this list in any way that may imply
EPA's endorsement of these values.
Assumptions Used In Calculating the Reference
Levels
As the toxicology section of this guide explains, mere is
biological variation in all human populations, causing variation
in the individual response to a particular dose of a toxin.
Therefore, even though the response of the total population is
predictable, the response of any one person within the exposed
population is unpredictable. Certain assumptions about biological
variation must be made to develop response models to assess risk
and to predict response. The following assumptions are the basis
of the model used to develop die reference values that begin on
page 53:
Carcinogen levels correspond to a lifetime risk of 1 x lO*.
Noncarcinogen levels correspond to a hazard index of 10.
The hazard index for drinking water is 1.
-------
52 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES 52
Exposure comes from a single medium; e.g., drinking water
concentrations are based on intake of drinking water only.
Obviously, if the route of exposure involves two mediums, the
potential hazard is greater.
Exposure to residents continues for 70 years, but toxic effects
from noncarcinogens may occur in as little as one year.
For calculation purposes, adults weigh 70 kilograms and
children weigh 29 kilograms.
Drinking water and soil levels include only ingestion exposure;
they omit inhalation and dermal contact.
The amount of drinking water ingested is 2 liters per day.
Residential soil exposure for adults is based on consumption
of 60 milligrams of soil per day, for 70 years. Consumption
by children is 200 milligrams per day for 6 years.
Industrial soil exposure is based on consumption of 100
milligrams of soil per day, 250 days per year, for 30 years.
Adults inhale 20 cubic meters of air per day.
Remember that these criteria are based on long-term exposure
periods. Exposure to higher doses of toxic materials may
produce adverse effects within a much shorter time frame, i.e.,
days and weeks.
-------
53 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Reference Concentrations:
Pollutant
Acephate
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Aoelonitrite
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylamide
Acrylic Add
Acrvlonitrile
Aflatoxin B1
Alachlor
Alar
Aldicarb
AMrin
Atlv
AUyl alcohol
Aluminum
Aluminum ohosohide
Amdro
Ametryn
m-AminoDhenol
4-Aminopyiidine
Amitraz
Ammonium sulfamate
Aniline
Andmony and compounds
Aoollo
Aramite
Arsenic and compounds
Asulam
Atrazine
Azobenzene
Barium and compounds
Barium cyanide
Baygon
Bavleton
RLSmith
Air
UftfllfltWHI
(ug/m3)
4.5SE+01
1.05E+05
3.50E+02
1.75E-01
7.78E-02
1.46E+00
2.06E-02
1.40E+01
7.00E-03
3.18E+00
4.90E+00
7/90
Water
f... ifi,.,
UDBEaMalDBM
(ug/D
1.40E+02
4.S5E+02
3.50E+03
2.10E+02
3.50E+03
2.80E+03
7.78E-01
2.80E+03
6.48E+00
1.21E-03
3^0E+02
S.25E+03
4.55E-f01
2.06E-01
8.75E403
1.75E4-02
1.02E405
1.40E401
1.0SE401
3.1SE+02
2.4SE403
7.00E-01
8.75E401
7.00E403
6.14E+Q2
1.40E401
4.55E+02
1.40E402
2.00E400
1.75E403
1.7SE+02
3.18E+01
1.75E+03
2.45E403
1.40E+02
1.05E403
Soil*
DflS^IOQ
(mgAg)
5.80E403
1.S2E+04
1.4SE+OS
8.70E+03
1.4SE40S
1.16E+05
2.59E401
1.16E+05
2.16E+02
4.02E-02
1.45E+04
2.18E-f05
1.89E+03
6.86E+00
3.63E+05
725E+03
421E+06
5.80E+02
4.3SB+02
1.31E+04
1.02E+05
2.90E+01
3.63E+03
2.90E+05
2.05E+04
5.80E402
1.89E+04
4.67E+03
6.67E4-01
725E+04
1.06E403
1.02E+OS
S.60E+03
4.35E+04
53
Sofl"
Ingestion
2.74E404
3.10E+04
1.02E406
6.13E404
1.02E+06
8.18E+OS
5.30E+01
8.18E+OS
4.42E+02
8J2E-02
1.02E+05
1.53E+06
1.33E+04
1.40E401
2.56E+06
5.11E+04
2.96E407
4.09E+03
3.07E403
7.15E+OS
2.04E+02
2.04E+06
4.18E+04
4.09E+03
1.33E405
9.54E+03
1.36E+02
5.11E40S
S.11E+04
2.17E403
S.11E+OS
7.1SE405
4.09E404
3.07E405
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
54 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Pollutant
Baythroid
Benefin
Benomvl
Bentazon
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzoic acid
Benzo trichloride
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium and compounds
Bidrin
Biphenthrin (Talstar)
l.l-Biphenvt
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2
-------
55 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Air
FoOutart (u*/m3)
Captafol
Captan
Carbarvl
Carbazole
Cartofuran
Carton disulfide
Carton taraditoride 2.69E+ 00
Cubosultan
Ca rtoxin
Chloral
Chloramben
Chlordane 2.69E-01
Chlorimuran-cthyl
Chloroaoetakiehyde
|-| 1 nrjrtr ...Jjl
uuoroaceac add
3-ChloioanIUne
4-ChloroanIliite
Chbrobenzene 2.00E+02
Chlorobcnzilate
p-ChtofobenxMc add
4-ChlorDbenzotrifluoride
2-Chlon>l,3-butadiene 1.40E+03
l-CMorobutane
Chlorodibnunornethane
2-Chkxoeihyl vinyl ether
Chloroform 4.32E-KX)
4-Chlon>2HnethvlaniUne hvdrachloride
4-Chloro-2,2-metfiyianDine
2-Chloraphenol
^ f^. lป -j. B. ^.^ A ICB-LjfcV
2-uuorDpropane 9.15ET03
Chlornvriros
Chlorpyrifos-methyl
Chlorothakmil
ChlorthioDhos
o-Chlorotoluene
Chlorprophain
ChlonmiTos
Water
(ซtVD
7.00E+01
4^SE+03
3.SOE+03
1.75E+02
1.75E+02
2.45B+01
3.50E+03
7.00E+01
2.10E+00
7.00E+02
2.42E-f02
7.00E+01
1.40E+02
1.40E+02
7.00E+02
7.00EH-02
7.00E+03
7.00E+02
7.00E+02
1.40E404
4.17E401
e.75E-l-02
6.03E+00
7.61E+00
1.40E+02
1.94E-f02
1.75E+02
1.0SE-HX2
2.80E+01
7.00E4-02
7.00E+03
l.OSE+02
Sofl*
OnftVkg)
2.90E+03
1.89E+05
1.45E+05
5.83E+03
7.25E+03
1.4SE-I-OS
8.97E+02
1.45E+04
1.45E-KW
2.90E+03
2.16E+04
8.70E+01
2.90E+04
l.OOE+04
2.90E+03
S.80E-I-03
5.80E+03
2.90E+04
2.90E4-04
2.90E+05
2.90E+04
2.90E+04
5.80E-I-05
1.39E+03
3.63E+04
1.45E+04
2.01E+02
2.54E+02
4.67E+03
6.48E+03
7.25E+03
4.35E+03
1.45E+04
2.18E-I-04
1.16E+03
2.90E+04
2.90E+05
4.35E+03
55
Sofl"
Iiijgaliua
On|/kg)
2.04E404
1.33B+06
1.02E+06
1.19E+04
5.11E+04
1.02E-t-06
1.83E+03
1.02B+05
1.02E-f06
2.04E+04
153E-KC
1.83E402
2.04E+05
7.05E+04
2.04E+04
4.09E-KM
4.09E+04
2.04E-I-05
2.04E+OS
2.04E+06
2.04E+05
2.04E+05
4.09E+06
2.84B-f03
2J6E-I-05
3.91E+04
4.11E-KJ2
5.18E+02
9.54E+03
1.32E+04
5.11E+04
3.07E+04
1.02E+05
8.22E+04
8.18E+03
2.04E405
2.04E4-06
3.07E+04
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
56 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES
Pffil^i^fBflT
Chlonulfuron
Chromium III and compounds
Chromium VI and compounds
Coal tare
Copper and compounds
CoDDer cyanide
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
D-Crcsol
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cvanazine
Calcium cyanide
Cyanides
Cyanogen
Cyanogen chloride
Cydohexanone
Cvdohexlamine
Cyhalothrin/Karate
Cyromazine
Dacthal
Dalapon
Danitol
2.4-DB
ODD
DOE
DDT
Decabromodiphenyl ether
Decabromodiphenyl oxide
pemeton
Diallate
Diazinon
1 .4-Dibromobenzene
1,2-Dibromoethane
Di-n-butyl phihalate
Dibutylnitrasamine
Dicamba
1 ,2-Didilorobenzene
1 .3-Dichlorobenzene
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
1.79E+02
8.54E-03
1.59E-01
3.SOE+02
3.50E+03
1.03E+00
4.61E-01
6.48E-02
Water
- -
(ซg/D
1.75E+03
3.50E+04
1.75E+02
1.30E+03
2.4SE+03
1.75E+03
1.7SE+03
1.75E+03
3.50E+02
1.40E+03
7.00E+01
1.40E+03
7.00E+02
1.40E+03
1.75E-I-03
1.75E-I-05
7.00E+03
1.75E+02
2.63E+02
1.75E-I-04
l.OSE+03
1.75E+01
2.80E+02
1.46E+01
1.03E+01
1.03E+01
3.50E+02
3.50E-I-02
1.40E+00
5.74E+01
3.1SE+01
3.SOE+02
4.12E-02
3.50E+03
6.48E-01
1.05E403
3.15E+03
3.12E+03
Sofl*
r .*
(mgAg)
7.25E+04
1.45E-f06
7JSE+03
5.37E+04
1.02E+OS
7.25E+04
72SE+M
7J2SE+Q4
1.45E+04
5.80E+04
2.90E+03
S.80E+04
2.90E+04
S.80E+04
72SE+04
7.25E+06
2.90E+OS
7^SE+03
1.09E+04
7JSE+OS
4.35E+04
7^5E+02
1.16E+04
4.86E+02
3.43E+02
3.43E+02
1.45E+04
1.45E+04
S.80E+01
1.91E+03
1.31E+03
1.45E+04
1.37E+00
1.45E+05
2.16E+01
4.35E+04
1.31E+05
1J9E+05
56
Sofl"
> n
(mgAg)
S.llE-fOS
1.02E-f07
S.11E+04
3.78E+05
7.15E+05
S.11E+05
S.llE-t-05
S.llE-t-05
1.02E+05
4.09E+05
2.04E+04
4.09E+05
2.04E+OS
4.09E+05
5.11E+05
S.11E+07
2.04E+06
5.11E+04
7.67E+04
S.11E-I-06
3.07E+05
5.11E+03
8.18E+04
9.94E-KJ2
7.01E+02
7.01 E+ 02
1.02E+05
1.02E+OS
4.09E+02
3.91E+03
920E+03
1.02E+OS
2.81E+00
1.02E+06
4.42E+01
3.07E+05
9J20E+05
9.10E+05
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
57 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES
**..*._ป
1,4-Dkhlorobenrene
3,3*-Dichlorobenxidine
1.4-Dfchkm>-2-butene
DidilonxUfluoromethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethane
1 4 OunKij-tgyi ซrli n n tt7IV"*l
i|Z*iJicnioroetnanc I.EIAJ
1,1-Dkhloroethytene
1,2-Dlchloroethyiene (ds)
1.2-Dfchtoroethvlene (nans)
DfcMoromethane
2,4-Dfchlorophenol
4-(Z4-DichlorDDhenoxvlbutvrk
Air
Inhalation
(uiVnti)
3.76E-02
3.50E-I-03
3.8SE+00
2.92E-01
2JOE+01
Add
2,4-Diditorophenoxyacedc (2,4-D)
1,2-Dkhloropropane
Dfchlocroj
Dtcofol
Dfcvdooenddiene
DWdrin
niซ*tซ *ป* _T_Tr__r_i_L___i .
Kethvi ohthalate
Diediylene glycol, monoethyl etl
Dteihylforamkle
Didhvlnltrasamine
Dtethyi phdialate
Difenzoquat (Avenge)
Diflubenzuron
EMisopropyl methylphosphonate
Wmethinin
Dimethoare
3,3'-Dimethoiyfaenzidine
N-N-DimethylaniUne
3.3'-Dimethvlbenzidine
1,2-Dimcihyihydraiinc
N,N-Dimethylforaraide
2,4-Dimethylphenol
2,6-Dfaneihylphenol
3.4-DimethvlDhenol
2.10E+00
2.19E-02
her
2.33E-03
6.86E-03
Water
n laluM
dnVD
1.4ซE-K)2
7.78E+00
7.00E+03
3.8SE-f01
3.85E+01
S.83E+00
3.502+02
7.00E+02
4.67E+02
1.05E+02
2.80E-f02
3.5013+02
5.15E+01
1 05E+01
121B+01
7.95E+00
1.05E+03
2,1911-01
1J5E+00
2.80E+04
7.00E+04
3.85E+03
2.33E-02
2.80E+04
2.80E+03
7.00E+02
2.80E+03
7XME+02
7.00E+00
2^0E+02
7.00E+01
3.60E-01
UOE-03
3JOE+03
6.86E-02
2.10E+02
2.10E+01
3 50E+01
Sofl*
ti^yarim
(n^kg)
4.86E+03
2.59E+02
2.90E+05
1.28E+03
1J8E+03
1.94E+02
1.4SE+04
2.90E+04
1.56E+04
4.3SE+03
1.16E+04
1.4SE+04
1.72E+03
4 35E+02
4.02E+02
2.65E+02
4.35E+04
7.29E+00
4.17E+01
1.16E+06
2.90E+06
1.60E+05
7.78E-01
1.16E+06
1.16E+05
2.90E+04
1.16E+05
2.90E+04
2.90E+02
8.33E+03
2.90E+03
1J7E+01
8.33E-02
1.45E+05
229E+00
8.70E+03
8.70E+02
1.45E+03
57
SoO"
-
IfUGHIOQ
to*fl*>
9.94E+03
5.30E+02
2.04E+06
2.62E+03
2.62E+03
3.97E+02
I.02E4-05
2.04E+OS
3.18E+04
3.07E+04
8.18E+04
1.02E+05
3^1E+03
1 32E+03
8.22E+02
5.42E+02
3.07E+05
1.49E+01
852E+01
8.18E+06
2.04E+07
1.12E+06
1.S9E+00
8-18E+06
8.18E+05
2.04E+05
8.18E+05
2.04E+05
2.04E+03
1.70E+04
2.04E+04
2.S9E+01
1.70E-01
1.02E+06
4.68E+00
6.13E+04
6.13E+03
102E+04
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
58 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES
Air
lnI^&^3t)Qn
Militant (m/ma)
Dimethyl terephthalate
1 ,3-Dinitrobenzene
1.2-Dinitrobenzene
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol
2.4-DiniiroDhenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Dinoseb
1,4-Dioxane
Diphenamid
N.N-Diphenvtamine
1,2-DiphenylhydrazIne 4.38E-01
Dipropylnitrosamine
Diquat
Direct blackSS
Direct blue 6
Direct brown 35
Disulfoton
Diuron
Dodine
Endosulfan
Endothall
Endrin
Epichlorohydrin 8.33E+01
EPTC.
Ethephon (2-diloroethvli>hosDhonic acid
Ethion
2-Ethoxyethanol 1.7SE+03
2-Ethoxvethanol acetate
Ethyl acetate
Ethyl acrylate
Ethvlbenzene
S-Ethyl dipropykhiocaibam
Ethylene cyanohydrin
Ethvlene diamine
Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
Eihylene glycol
Ethvlene alvcol. monobutv) ether 7.00E+ 02
Water
Ba*
Ol^^^TBirTl
(ug4)
7.00E+01
3.50E-t-00
l.OSE+01
1.05E+01
3.50E+00
7.00E+01
S.lSE-fOO
5.15E+00
3.50E+01
3.18E+02
1.05E+03
8.75E-I-02
4.38E-KW
5.00E-01
7.70E+01
4.02E-01
4.32E-01
3.76E-01
1.40E4-00
7.00E-I-01
1.40E+02
1.75E-KK)
7.00E+02
1.05E+01
7-OOE-t-Ol
8.75E+02
1.75E+02
1.75E+01
1.40E+04
1.05E+04
3.15E+04
7^9E+01
3.SOE+03
8.75E+02
1.05E+04
7.00E+02
8.54E-02
7.00E+04
Sofl*
I ii ii i>*
(mg^g)
2.90E+03
1.4SE+02
4.35E+02
4.35E+02
1.45E+02
2.90E+03
1.72E+02
1.72E+02
1.45E+03
1.06E+04
4.35E+04
3.63E+04
1.46E+02
1.67EH-01
3.19E+03
1.34E+01
1.44E+01
1.25E+01
5.60E+01
2.90E+03
5.80E+03
7-25E+01
2.90E+04
4.35E+02
2.90E+03
3.63E+04
7^5E-ป-03
72SE+02
5.80E+05
4.35E+05
1.31E+06
2.43E+03
1.45E+05
3.63E+04
4.35E+05
2.90E+04
2.85E+00
2.90E+06
58
SoQซ*
IngPiffinn
-------
59
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
59
Air
Water
Sofl*
Sofl"
FoOutant
Ethytene oxide
Ethytene ihiourea
Elhvt ether
Pak*J MB&lk.j*a^jHปM
Ethyl metnacryiate
Ediyl p-nitrophenyl
phenyiphosphorothioate
1 -Ethvi-nitrosourea
Ethylphthalyl ethyl glyoolate
Fenamiphos
Fluometuron
Fluorides
Fluoridone
Fluvalinate
Folpet
Fomesafen
Fonofbs
Formaldehyde
Formic Add
Furan
FuiazoUdonc
Furfural
Furium
Glufosinate-ammonliim
Gtvddaldehvde
Gtyphosate
Haloxyfop-methyl
Hemachlor
Heptadilor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
HOCH (alpha)
HCCH fbeta)
HGCH (gamma) Undane
HQCH-technical
HexachkmxvdoDentadiene
Hexadilorodibenzo-p-
dioxin mixture
l.OOE-KX)
3.50E+02
7.78E-02
3.B5E-02
4.49E+00
S.56E-02
1.94E-01
1.94E-01
700E-01
S.6SE-05
9.72E+01
1.75E+04
3.15E+03
3.50E-01
1.06E-01
1.05E-I-05
8.75E+00
4.5SE-t-02
2.10E-I-03
2.80E+03
3.50E-I-02
1.84E+01
7.00E+01
7.78E+01
7.00E+04
1.05E+OS
3.50E+01
921E-01
1.05E+02
7.00E-02
1.40E+01
1.40E+01
3.50E+03
1.7SEHOO
7.78E-01
1.05E400
3.85E-01
2.07E+00
4.49E+01
556E-01
1.94E+00
2.63E+00
1.94E+00
2.45E-f02
5.6SE-C4
^ME+M
1.31E+05
1.4SE4-01
3.S4E4-00
4.35E+06
3.63E-Ktt
1.89E+04
8.70E+04
1.16E-f05
1.45E+04
3.33E4-04
6.14E+02
2.90E+03
2J9E4-03
2.90E+06
4.35E+06
3.07E401
4.3SE-I-03
2.33E4-00
5.80E+02
5.80E4-02
1.45E+05
7^5E+01
2.59E+01
4.35E+01
6.90E+01
l.SOE+03
1.85E+01
6.48E+01
8.77E+01
6.48E+01
1.02E+04
1.88E-02
6.62E+03
5.11E+06
920E-I-05
1.02E+Q2
7JSE+00
3.07E-I-07
1.33E+05
6.13E4-05
8.18E+OS
1.02E-f05
6.81E+04
1J6E+03
2.04E404
S.30E+03
2.04E+07
3.07E+07
3.07E4-04
4.77E+00
4.09E+03
4.09E-KJ3
1.02E406
S.11E+02
S.30E+01
9.17E+01
2.62E-F01
1.41E+02
3.06E+03
3.79E+01
1.32E+02
1.79E+02
1.32E+02
7.1SE-f04
3.8SE-02
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
60 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES
PoOutant
Hexachloroethane
Hexachlorophene
n-Hexane
Hezazinone
Hydrazine, hydrazine sulfate
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
p-Hydroquinone
Imazalil
Imazaquin
Iprodione
Iron and compounds
bobutanol
Isophorone
IsoDrooalin
Lactofen
Lead (inorganic)
Lead felkvl)
Unuron
Uthium
Malaihion
Maldc anhydride
Maleic hydrazide
Malononitrile
Manoozeb
Maneb
Manganese and compounds
Mephosfolan
Mercury and compounds (alkyt)
Mercury and compounds
(moronic)
Mercury fulminate
Merphos
Merphos oxide
Metataxyi
Methaoylonitrile
MethamidoDhos
Methanol
Methidathion
Methomvl
Air
Inhablinn
(ug/m3)
2.50E+01
3.50E+02
2.05E-02
3.01E+02
1.S1E+01
1.05E+01
3.50E+00
1.79E+00
7.00E+00
Water
fa*/Q
3.SOE+01
1.05E+01
2.10E+03
1.16E+03
1.17E+00
7.00E+02
1.05E+02
1.40E+03
4.55E+02
8.75E+03
1.40E+03
1.05E+04
7.00E+03
S.25E+02
7.00E+01
4.90E+00
3.50E-03
7.00E+01
7.00E+02
7.00E+02
3.50E-I-03
1.75E-f04
7.00E-01
l.OSE-t-03
1.75E+02
7.00E+03
3.15E+00
1.05E+01
7.00E+01
1.05E+02
1.05E+00
1.05E+00
2.10E+03
3.50E400
1.75E+00
1.75E+04
3.50E+01
8.75E-*-02
SoQ*
(rnftAg)
1.45E+03
4.35E+02
8.70E+04
4.79E+04
3.89E+01
2.90E+04
4.35E+03
5.80E+04
1.89E-I-04
3.63E+05
5.80E+04
4.35E+05
2.90E+05
2.18E+04
2.90E-I-03
2.03E+02
1.45E-01
2.90E-t-03
2.90E+04
2.90E+04
1.4SE-t-05
7.25E+05
2.90E+01
4.35E+04
7^SE+03
2.90E+OS
1.31E+02
4.35E+02
2.90E+03
4.3SE+03
4.3SE-t-01
4.3SE+01
8.70E+04
1.45E+02
7^5E+01
7^5E+05
1.45E+03
3.63E+04
60
Soil**
(mg/kg)
1.02E+04
3.07E+03
6.13E+OS
3.37E+05
7.95E+01
2.04E+05
3.07E+04
4.09E+05
1.33E+05
2.56E+06
4.09E+OS
3.07E+06
2.04E+06
1.53E+05
2.04E+04
1.43E+03
1.02E+00
2.04E+04
2.04E+05
2.04E+05
1.02E+06
5.11E+06
2.04E+02
3.07E+05
5.11E+04
2.04E+06
9JOE+02
3.07E+03
2.04E+04
3.07E+04
3.07E+02
3.07E+02
6.13E+OS
1.02E+03
5.11E+02
5.11E+06
1.02E+04
2.S6E+05
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
61 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Air
FoDunnt (ug/m3)
Methoxydilor
2-Methoxyethanol 1.05E+02
2-Methonethanol acetate
2-Methoxy-S-nitroaniIine
Methyl acetate
Methvl acrvtate
2-MethylantUne
2-Methylanlline hydrodiloride
Methy) bromide
Methyl chloride 2.78E+01
Methyl ddorocarbonate
2-Methvl-4-chloroDhenoxvacetic add
mr l*"MCUI jl^-UUUI U|)l ICIHIJI J J
butyric add (MCPB)
2-(2-Methyl-l,4-chIon)phenoxy)
proptankadd (MCPP)
4.4'-Methvtenebbbenzvtamine
4.4'-Methytene bfa(N,NMimethyl)
anfline
Methytene bromide
Methvl ethvl ketone 7.70E+ 03
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
Methyl Isobutyl ketone
Mednrl methacrvlate
Methyl patathion
Methyl serene (mixture) 3.50E+02
Methvl stvrene (aloha)
4-Methylphenol (p-cresol) 7.00E-I-02
Metolador (Dual)
Metribuzin
Mlrex
Molinate
Monoddorobutanes
Naled
Nkkd and compound*. 2.94E-01
Nickel cyanide
Nickel refinery dust 4.17E-01
Water
B.*
3.50E+03
3JOE401
7.00E401
7.61E+01
3.50E+04
l.OSE+03
1.46E+01
1.94E401
4.90E+01
2.78E-I-02
1.75E-I-01
3.50E+02
3.50E+01
1.40E4-01
7.61 E+01
350E+02
1.75E+03
2.80E+02
1.75E403
2.80E+03
8.75E400
2.10E+02
245E4-04
1.17E-02
1.75E403
8.75E-KJ2
7.00E-02
7.00E+01
1.40E404
7.00E+01
350E-I-03
7.00E+02
7.00E+02
Sofl*
f_- _ _ - g
1.4SE405
2.90E4-03
2.S4E+03
1.45E406
4.35E404
4.86E+02
6.48E+02
2.03E-f03
9.26E+03
1.4SE+06
7J5E4-02
1.45E-f04
1.45E+03
4.67E+02
1.45E+04
7J5E+04
1.16E404
1.16E40S
3.63E+02
8.70E403
1 02E-f 06
3.89E-01
7J5E-I-04
1.45E405
3.63E-KM
2.90E+00
2.90E+03
S.80E-I-05
2.90E403
1.45E-fOS
2.90E+04
2.90E+04
61
Sofl**
OagAK)
1.02E406
1.02E+04
2.04E+04
5.18E+03
1.02E+07
3.07E+OS
9.94E+02
1.32E+03
1.43E+04
1.89E+04
1.02E407
S.HE+03
1.02E+05
1.02E-f04
954E-KQ
5.18E+03
1.02B+05
5.11E-I-05
8.18E404
5.11E40S
8.18E-KW
&56E+03
6.13E404
7 1SE+ 06
7.95E-01
5.11E405
1.02E+06
256E-I-05
2.04E401
2.04E+04
4.09E+06
2.04E+04
1.02E+06
2.04E+OS
2.04E-fOS
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
62 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Air
Inhalation
Nickel subsulfide 2.06E-01
Nitrapyrin
Nitrate
Nitric Oxide
Nitrite
2-Nitroaniline
3-Nitroaniline
4-Nitroaniline
Nitrobenzene 2.10E+01
Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurazone
Nitrogen Dioxide
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropane 3.74E-02
N-Nitrosodi-n-butvlamine 6.48E-02
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine 2.33E-03
N-Nltrosodimethvlamine 6.86E-03
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylatnine
N-Nitraso-N-methvledivlamine
N-Nitrosopyirolidine 1.67E41
Nimtoluenes (o-.m-.p-)
Norflurazon
Octabromodipheny) ether
Octahydro-1 357-tetranitro-l 357-
Tetrazocine(HMX)
OctamethvtDvroDhosDhoramine
Oryzalin
Osmium tetroxide
Oxadiazon
Oxamyl
Oxyfluorfen
Padobutrazol
Paraquat
Parathion
Pebulate
Pendimethalin
Pentabromodiphenvl ether
Water
- -
(ug/I)
5.2SE+01
3.50E+04
3.50E+03
3.50E+03
l.OSE+02
l.OSE+02
l.OSE+02
1.7SE+01
2.45E+03
2.33E+00
3.50E+04
2.17E+03
6.48E-01
1.25E+00
2.33E-02
6.86E-02
7.14E+02
5.00E-01
1.59E-01
1.67E+00
3.50E+02
1.40E+03
l.OSE+02
1.75E+03
7.00E+01
1.75E+03
3.50E-01
1.7SE+02
8.75E+02
l.OSE+02
4.55E+02
1.58E+02
2.10E+02
1.75E+03
1.40E+03
7.00E+01
Sofl
ImsW
2.18E+03
1.4SE+06
1.45E+05
1.45E+05
4.35E+03
4.35E+03
4.35E+03
1.02E+OS
7.78E+01
1.45E+06
8.99E+04
2.16E+01
4.17E+01
7.78E-01
2.29E+00
2.38E+04
1.67E+01
5.30E+00
1.45E+04
5.80E+04
4.35E+03
7.25E+04
2.90E+03
1.45E+01
725E+03
3.63E+04
4.35E+03
1.89E+04
6.53E+03
8.70E+03
7.2SE+04
5.80E+04
2.90E+03
62
Sofl"
(mg/k8>
1.S3E+04
1.02E+07
1.02E+06
1.02E+06
3.07E+04
3.07E+04
3.07E+04
5.11E+03
7.15E+OS
1.59E+02
1.02E+07
6.34E+05
4.42E+01
8.52E+01
1.59E+00
4.68E+00
4.87E+04
3.41E+01
1.08E+01
1.14E+02
1.02E+05
4.09E+OS
3.07E+04
S.11E+05
2.04E+04
S.11E+05
1.02E+02
5.11E+04
2.S6E+05
3.07E+04
1.33E+05
4.60E+04
6.13E+04
S.11E+05
4.09E+OS
2.04E+04
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
63 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDEUNES
PoDutant
Pentachtorobenzene
Pen tBchJoronitro benzene
PentachkHODheno)
Pcnnethrin
Phenmediphan
Phenol
Phenyl mercuric acetate
m-PhenylenedJamine
Phosmet
Phosphine
p-PhthaUc add
Phthaltc anhydride
Pfdoren
Pirimiphos-inethyl
Polvbromtnated triohenvb
Polychlorinaied Mphenyb (PCBs)
PoJydilorinated
teiphenyli (PCTk)
Polynudear aramadc
hvdrecartxNis
Acenapntnene
Anthanthrene
Anthracene
Benz[a]anthracene
Benzo[b]fluonnthene
Pfmx*nifluoranthene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzofetujpetylene
Benzofaloyrene
Benzo[e]pyrene
Cydopenladieno[od)pyrene
Chrvsene
Dibenz[ah]anihiacene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
lndeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyiene
Pyridlne
Potassium cyanide
Air
Inhalation
(us/u3)
7.00E+02
1.40E+01
1.40E+04
3JOE+02
1.79E-01
3.96E-01
4.10E-01
941E-01
8.69E-01
2.61E+00
S.74E-02
1.43E+01
2.49E+00
1.30E+01
5.17E-02
2.47E-01
7.08E-01
Water
11 !!
(uซ/D
2.80Z+01
1.05E-I-02
1.05E+03
1.75E+03
8.75E+03
1.40E+03
2.80K+00
2.10E+02
7.00F.+02
I.05E+01
3.50E+04
7.00E+04
2.45E-f03
3.50E+02
2.45E-01
45SE-01
7.78E-01
7.35E+03
2.10E+03
9J1E<01
LOSE +04
2.10EfOO
UTEfOO
499E-fOO
4.61E+00
1.38E+01
3.04E-01
7.61E+01
1.32E+01
6.92E+01
2.74E-01
1.40E+03
1.40E-fr03
I.31E4-00
1.40E+02
1.02E+03
3.76E+00
3^0E+01
1.75E+03
Sofl*
I;....
imfBUHMI
(mซ^s)
1.16E+03
4.35E-f03
4.3SE+04
7J5E-I-04
3-63E+OS
S.SOE-t-04
1.16E-f02
8.70E+03
2.90E+04
4.3SE+02
1.45E+06
2.90E+06
1.02E+05
1.45E+04
1.02E+01
1.52E+01
2.S9E+01
3.05E+OS
8.70E+04
3.17E-I-01
4.35E+05
7.00E+01
7.25E-I-01
1 66E+02
1.54E+02
4-61E+02
1.0 IE +01
2.54E+03
4.41E+02
2.31E+03
9.14E+00
S.80E+04
S.80E+04
4.37E+01
S.80E+03
4.21E+04
l^SE+02
1.45E+03
7J25E+04
63
Sofl"
Im**^^mปt**^
OQkVks)
8.18E+03
3.07E+04
3.07E+OS
S.llE-f-05
2.56E+06
4.09E4-OS
8.18B+02
3.10E+04
2.04E-fOS
3.07E+03
1.02E-I-07
2.04E+07
7.1SE4-05
1.02E+OS
2.68E4-01
3.10E4-01
S.30E4-01
2.15E+06
6.13E+05
6.48E401
3.07E+06
1.43E+02
1.48E4-02
340E+02
3.14E+02
9.43E+02
2.07E+01
5.18E+03
9.02E+Q2
4 71E-f 03
1.87E+01
4-09E+OS
4.09E+05
8.94E+01
4.09E+04
2.96E+05
256E4-02
1.02E+04
S.HE-fOS
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
64 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Air
Pollutant (ug/m3)
Potassium silver cyanide
Prochtoraz
Profluralin
Prometon
P. ....,._.
nimciiyn
Pronamide
Propachlor
Propanil
ProDanrite
Propazine
Propham 3.85E+00
Prooiconazole
Propylene glyool
Propylene glyool, monoethyl ether
Propylene glyool,
monomethv! ether 1.75E+04
Propylene oxide 2.69E+01
Pursuit
Pvdrin
Quinalphos
Radium 226,228
Radon "'- 1 94E+05
RDX (Cydonite)
Ronnd
Selenious Acid
Selenium
Selenourea
Sethoxvdim
Silver and compounds
Silver cyanide
Simazine
Sodium atifluorfen
Sodium azide
Sodium cvanide
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
Sodium metavanadate
Strychnine
Sryrene
2,3,7,8-TCDD (dioxin)
Tebuthiuron
Water
(ug/0
7.00E+03
2.33E+01
2.10E+02
5.2SE+02
1.40E+02
2.63E+03
4.55E+02
1.75E+02
7.00E+02
7.00E+02
7.00E+02
4.55E+02
7.00E+05
2.45E+04
2.45E+04
1.46E+01
8.75E+03
8.75E+02
1.75E+01
9.72E+04
1.05E+02
1.75E+03
1.05E+02
1.05E+02
1.75E+02
3.15E+03
LOSE +02
3.SOE+03
7.00E+01
4.55E+02
1.40E+02
1.40E+03
1.05E+03
3.SOE+01
1.05E+01
1.17E+02
2.45E+03
Soil*
(onAg)
2.90E+05
7.78E+02
8.70E+03
2.18E+04
5.80E+03
1.09E+OS
1.89E+04
7J5E-I-03
2.90E+04
2.90E+04
2.90E+04
1.89E+04
2.90E407
1.02E+06
1.02E+06
4.86E+02
3.63E+OS
3.63E+04
7JSE1-02
4.35E+03
7i5E+04
4.35E+03
4.35E+03
1.31E+05
4.35E+03
1.45E+OS
2.90E+03
1.89E+04
5.80E+03
5.80E+04
4.35E+04
1.45E+03
4.35E+02
3.89E+03
7.48E-04
1.02E+05
64
soa**
(mg/kg)
2.04E+06
1.59E+03
6.13E+04
1.53E+OS
4.09E+04
7.67E+05
1.33E+05
5.11E+04
2.04E+05
2.04E+05
2.04E+05
1.33E+05
2.04E+08
7.15E+06
7.15E+06
9-94E+02
2.56E+06
2.56E+05
5.11E+03
6.62E+06
3.07E+04
5.11E+05
3.07E+04
3.07E+04
5.11E+04
9^0E+05
3.07E+04
1.02E+06
2.04E+04
1.33E+05
4.09E+04
4.09E+OS
3.07E+05
1.02E+04
3.07E+03
7.95E+03
1.53E-03
7.15E+05
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
65 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Air
Mhmnt (ug/m3)
Temephos
Tertedl
Terbufos
1 2 j r T>t| a i 'liL ii nhปii jftif
1,1,1,2-Teirachloraediane 1.3SE+01
1.1 .2.2-Tetrachloroe thane
Tetrachloroediyfene (PCE) 1.06E+02
2,3,4,6-Tetiachlorophenol
D.a.a.a-Tetrachlon>toluene
Tetracniorovinpnos
Tetraethyl lead
Tetrahvdrofunin
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloroterephthalate
ThalUc oxide
Thallium acetate
Thallium (soluble tails)
Thallium carbonate
Thallium chloride
Thallium nitrate
Thallium idenlte
Thallium tulrate
ThJobencarb
2-CnUocyanomeihyltnlo)-
Thiofanox
TTiiophiiiMtif^iiif thvi
Thiram
Tin and compounds
Toluene 5.25E+04
Toluene-2.4-diamine
To1uene>2.S-diamlne
Toluene-2,6-diamlne
o-Toluidene
p-ToluIdene
Toxaphene 3.18E-01
Triallate
1 .2.4-Tribromobenzene
Trilimm/un^lkun* fnmnwifnrtnl
Tributyldn oxide (TBTO)
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2A-tri-
fluoroethane
Water
InRwnVm
7.00E+02
4J5SE+02
3.50E+00
1.05E-f01
1.35E+02
1.7SE+01
6.B6E4-01
l.OSE+03
1.7SE-01
1.05E+03
3JOE-03
7.00E+01
1.7SE+04
1.40E+01
3.15E4-00
Z45H-KX)
2.80E4-00
2.80E+00
3.15E+00
3.15E+00
2.80E4-00
3^0E+02
l.OSE+03
1.05E+01
2.80E-f03
1.7SE+02
2.10E4-04
LOSE +04
1.09E4-00
2.10Ef04
7.00Ef03
1.46E+01
1.84E+01
3.18E+00
455E+01
1.75E+02
4.43E+02
1.05E+00
1.05E-I-06
SoQ*
2.90E4-04
1.89E+04
1.45B+02
4.3SE+02
4.49E+03
5.83E+02
2J9E-I-03
4.3SE+04
5.83E-ป-00
4.3SE+04
1.4SE-01
2.90E+03
5.80E+02
.31E+02
.01E+02
.16E4-02
.16E-I-02
.31E+02
.31E+02
.16E+02
1.45E4-04
4.35E+04
4.3SE+02
1.16E+05
8.70E+OS
4.35E-KK
3.65E+01
8.70E+OS
2.90E+05
4.86E+02
6.14E+02
1.06E+02
1.89E+03
7^SE+03
1.48E+04
4.35E-ซ-01
4.35E-f07
65
lugettioa
2.04E-KB
1.33E+05
1.02E+03
3.07E+03
9.17E-f03
1.19E4-03
4.68E+03
3.07E+05
1.19E+01
3.07E+OS
1.02E+00
2.04E-I-04
S.11E+06
4.09E+03
7.15E+02
8.18E+02
8.18E+02
9JOE+Q2
9.20E+02
8.18B+02
1.02B4-05
3.07E+OS
3.07E+03
8.18E+05
S.11E+04
6.13E-I-06
3.07E4-06
7.45E+01
6.13E+06
2.04E-f06
9.94E+02
2.17E-f02
1.33E+04
5.11E+04
3.02E+04
3.07E4-02
3.07E-f08
* Industrial exposure.
Residential exposure.
**
-------
66 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
Pollutant
1 ,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 . 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene (TCE)
Trichlorofluoromethane
Z4.5-TrichloroDhenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy-
acetic Acid
1 , 1 ,2-Trichloropropane
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1 .2,3-TrichloroDroDene
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-iri-
fluoroethane
Tridiphane
Trifluralin
Trimeihyl phosphate
1 ,3,5-Trinitrobenzene
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
Uranium (natural)
Uranium (soluble salts)
Vanadium
Vanadium pentoxide
Vanadyt sulfate
Vemam
Vemolate
Vindozolin
Vinvl chloride
Warfarin
m-Xylene
o-Xvlene
m-Xylene
Xylene (mixed)
Zinc
Zinc cyanide
Zinc phosphide
Zineb
Air
Inhalation
6.14E+00
2.06E+01
1.7SE+01
3.18E+01
1.19E+00
7.00E+03
7.00E+03
3.50E+03
1.40E+04
Water
1-,
nc^^^nwian
(Ug/0
7.00E+02
3.1SE+03
6.14E+01
3.18E+02
1.05E+04
1.75E+02
3.18E+02
3.50E+03
1.05E+03
1.75E+02
2.10E+02
1.75E+02
l.OSE+06
1.05E+02
2.63E+02
9.46E+01
1.7SE+00
7.00E+00
O.OOE+00
1.05E+02
2.45E+02
3.15E+02
7.00E+02
3.50E+01
3.50E+01
8.75E+02
1.52E+00
1.05E+01
7.00E+04
7.00E+04
O.OOE+00
7.00E-H04
7.00E+03
1.7SE+03
1.05E+01
1.75E-f03
Sofl*
(nig/kg)
2.90E-f04
1.31E+05
2.05E+03
1.06E+04
4.35E+05
5.83E+03
1.06E+04
1.45E+05
4.35E+04
7.25E+03
8.70E+03
7.25E+03
4.35E-I-07
4.35E+03
1.09E+04
3.15E+03
7JSE+01
2.90E+02
O.OOE+00
4.35E+03
1.02E+04
1.30E+04
2.90E+04
1.45E+03
1.4SE+03
3.63E+04
5.07E+01
4.3SE+02
2.90E+06 ,
2.90E+06
O.OOE+00
2.90E+06
2.90E+05
7.2SE+04
4.3SE+02
7.25E+04
66
Sri"
(ow/kg)
2.04E+05
4.18E+03
2.17E+04
3.07E+06
1.19E+04
2.17E+04
1.02E+06
3.07E+05
5.11E+04
6.13E+04
5.11E+04
3.07E+08
3.07E+04
3.10E+04
6.45E+03
S.11E+02
2.04E+03
O.OOE+00
3.07E+04
7.15E+04
2.04E+05
1.02E+04
1.02E+04
2.S6E+05
1.04E+02
3.07E+03
, 2.04E+07
2.04E+07
O.OOE+00
2.04E+07
2.04E+06
S.11E+05
3.07E+03
5.11E+OS
* Industrial exposure.
** Residential exposure.
-------
Appendices
-------
APPENDIX 1
Toxicology
Risk assessment and safety determination are essential to
ensure that Meld operations are as risk-free and safe as possible.
Risk is defined as the probability that a certain substance will
induce deleterious effects in exposed human populations. Safety
(1 - Risk = Safety) is the probability that deleterious effects will
not be induced under certain consistent exposure conditions. By
evaluating the relative toxicities of harmful substances and
applying the principles of toxicology, field personnel can
determine the degree of hazard associated with the chemicals at
a site and respond to them in a manner appropriate to their level
of risk.
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals
on living organisms. Toxicologists determine the risk associated
from exposure to a specific compound by performing a series of
detailed scientific experiments to define the relationship between
various doses of the compound administered and the range of
observable adverse effects. This dose vs. response relationship is
the fundamental concept in die discipline of toxicology.
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A70 TOXICOLOGY A70
NOTE: lexicological exposure constants, such as the LD50
referred to on the following pages, are concentrations
which represent a given level of risk of injury to the
exposed population. For example, the LD50 implies a risk
of 50 percent lethality to the population. The risks
associated with all exposure constants, including TLV, PEL,
and IDLH, involve a time frame for exposure. Generally,
LD50 and IDLH refer to short term or acute exposure
situations. Exposure constants involving "allowable"
exposure limits such as TLV or PEL are determined based
on longer term, or chronic exposures. The difference
between acute and chronic exposure is critical in this
discussion of toxicology. While neither exposure situation
can be considered less severe than the other, acute health
threats require more "real-time" response capability and
are thus the focus of this discussion. Concentrations of
contaminants which represent an emergency health threat
through daily or chronic exposure are the focus of die
chapter on "Emergency Removal Guidelines." Any
questions concerning acute vs. chronic exposures, and
emergency health threats associated with each, should be
referred to an EPA lexicologist.
Dose Vs. Response Relationship
The dose vs. response relationship states that the biological
response observed following exposure to a chemical is a function
of the administered dosage. The relationship implies that all
compounds have the potential to be toxic. The dose of the
compound administered determines the severity of the effect
observed.
RELATIVE TOMCITY
Among chemicals, there is a wide range of doses required to
elicit specific levels of toxic responses. Some chemicals are toxic
in doses as low as microgram quantities and are thus considered
extremely toxic, while other chemicals may require a dose of
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ATI TOXICOLOGY A71
several grams to elicit toxic reactions. Through this range of
doses and associated effects, toxicologists employ the dose vs.
response relationship to determine the risk associated with
exposure to a known concentration of a chemical. The following
table gives some examples of relative toxicity.
TOMCANT LD50 (mg/kg) TOXKJIY RELATIVE
TO ETHANOL
(times more toxic)
Ethanol 10,000
Sodium chloride 4,000 2.5
Phenobarbital ISO 66.6
Nicotine 1.0 10,000.0
Dioxin (TCDD) 0.001 10,000,000.0
Botulinum toxin 0.000001 10,000,000,000.0
From this table, it is possible to interpret the degree of risk
associated with exposure to any one of these substances, relative
to the toxicity of ethanol. Similarly, these compounds can be
compared to each other or to any other compound. This concept
of relative toxicity can be very useful to the field investigator,
particularly when dealing with unknown concentrations of a
chemical.
DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE VS. RESPONSE RESULTS
Another practical benefit of the dose vs. response relationship
is that the effects observed during a particular lexicological
investigation can be predicted. The endpoints observed in an
experiment are distributed throughout the exposed population in
such a way as to be considered "normal," or predictable. Normal
distribution of effects implies that there will be a biological
variation of toxkological endpoints in a study.
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100%
80%
80%
70%
60%
60%
40%
30%
20%
10%
A72 TOXICOLOGY A72
BIOLOGICAL VARIATION
Biological variation is die term used for the occurrence of
differing susceptibilities in a population exposed to a toxic
chemical. Factors that contribute to biological variation include
sex, age, nutritional status, weight, metabolic type, and state of
health, to mention a few. Biological variation is accounted for in
all models of toxicological testing.
The following graph depicts the effects observed in a
population exposed to a range of doses of the fictional chemical,
methylethyldeath. Results of the experiment have been fit into
die normal statistical distribution of the dose vs. response
relationship. Note that the majority of deaths occurred within
proximity of the Lethal Dose 50 (LDSO), the dose required to kill
50 percent of the exposed population. The Lowest Observed
Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) is the lowest dose administered
that resulted in the death of one member of the exposed
population. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) is
the highest dose administered that did not result in the death of
a member of the population.
LDSO & Dose Response
% Mortality
ac.tii-1- . i -_i ..L-.I
i_i i
10 100 1000
Log Dose (mg/kg)
- - Methylethyldeath
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A73
TOXICOLOGY
A73
Classification of Toxicants
Toxic agents may be classified in many ways. Agents can be
classified based upon die target organ of toxicity, the intended
use of the compound, the physical state of the compound, the
DOT labeling requirements, the chemical type, or the poisoning
potential of the compound. Frequently, a chemical is classified
under numerous categories, as the following table depicts.
AGENT
NAME
DOT
CLASS
Aldrin Poison
PHYSICAL
STATE
Solid
USEAGE CHEMICAL TARGET
FORM ORGAN
Pesticide Organo-
chlorine
Solvent Aromatic
Benzene Flammable Liquid
Liquid Dye Base
CCL4 Nonflam. Liquid Propellant Chlor.
Liquid Degreaser Hydro-
carbon
Mercury Poison
Asbestos ORM*
Solid/ Consumer Heavy
Liquid Products Metal
Solid Insulator Fiber
Toluene Flammable Liquid Solvent Aromatic
CNS,
Liver
Blood,
Skin
CNS,
Lung,
Kidney
CNS,
Kidney,
Fetuses
Lung, GI
Tract
CNS,
Liver
* ORM refers to Other Regulated Materials, which
is essentially a miscellaneous DOT class
When checking the classification of a toxin, refer to multiple
sources, as no one text completely characterizes a compound. For
additional sources of information, refer to page 6.
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A74 TOXICOLOGY A74
Routes of Exposure
The principal routes of human exposure to environmental
toxins are inhalation, ingestion, and absorption via an
environmental medium such as air, soil, or water. To a lesser
degree, injection can also be considered a route of exposure. In
order for an agent to produce deleterious effects in humans, the
agent, or its metabolic products, must reach critical organs within
die body at sufficient concentrations for a given period of time.
To achieve this, die agent must be transported through its
environmental medium or matrix without undergoing any type of
physical or chemical change which would render the compound
inactive.
It is imperative in an emergency health threat determination
that the routes of exposure be firmly established. Without a
verified exposure route, a chemical is said to be only potentially
hazardous.
INHALATION
Inhalation, exposure through the respiratory system, is the
most common route of exposure of humans to hazardous
materials. The components of the respiratory system include the
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The lungs are the critical organs for the transfer of gases in
die body. Normal lungs function to exchange metabolic wastes
such as carbon dioxide from the bloodstream for oxygen and
nitrogen from the atmosphere. Once oxygen is inside die body,
it is transported by a blood protein called hemoglobin. The nose,
sinuses, pharnyx, larnyx, trachea, and bronchi all serve as
specialized ducts for die passage of air during inhalation and
exhalation. The trachea and bronchi are especially important in
the removal of paniculate matter inhaled with air. Both the
trachea and bronchi are lined with hair-like projections termed
cilia. Cilia act in a wave-like manner, forcing deposited particles
upward towards the esophagus, where they are swallowed.
Cigarette smoke greatly impairs the ability of cilia to remove
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A7S TOXICOLOGY A75
contaminants from the lung. For this reason, smoking can be
an aggravating factor in respiratory injury associated with
exposure to air-borne toxicants.
The lungs are the only major internal organs which come into
direct contact with the external environment, and are thus
particularly susceptible to the effects of toxicant exposure. The
lungs are affected by the inhalation of toxic gases, vapors, and/or
paniculate matter. The ability of a compound to produce adverse
effects depends upon:
The physical and chemical nature of the inhaled substance.
The health state of the exposed individual.
The metabolic processes that may affect the chemical.
The ability of the chemical to be transported to organs in
concentrations sufficient to elicit toxic reactions.
The uptake of gases and vapors occurs through all areas of
the respiratory system and can result in local or systemic effects.
Absorption of a gas or vapor by the body depends upon the
solubility of the compound. Generally, lipid (oil/fat) soluble
substances show greater absorption rates.
Chemical respiratory toxicants elicit deleterious reactions due
to their chemical properties and are classified according to their
effect on the respiratory system. Reactions can be local or
systemic. The classes of respiratory toxicants are:
Simple Asphyxiants. These substances are physiologically
inert gases that, at high concentrations, displace oxygen from
the air, thus preventing oxygen from being taken into the
lungs during inhalation. Examples of simple asphyxiants
include nitrogen, helium, argon, and methane.
Chemical Asphyxiants. These compounds bind with
hemoglobin in place of oxygen, preventing oxygen from being
absorbed by die body during inhalation. Examples of
chemical asphyxiants include carbon monoxide and cyanide.
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A76 TOXICOLOGY A76
Irritants. These are substances that irritate the passageways
of the respiratory tract and cause either a fluid buildup known
as edema or an infection such as pnuemonia. Irritants include
ammonia, hydrogen chloride, chorine, and hydrogen fluoride,
or any corrosive substance capable of being inhaled.
Necrosis Producers. Necrosis is the process of cell death.
Necrosis producers cause cell death and the accompanying
edema. Examples of substances that induce necrosis are
ozone and nitrogen dioxide.
Pibrosis Producers. Fibrosis is a body response in which scar
tissue is formed following an insult by a toxic substance.
Fibrosis in the lungs results in decreased surface area for gas
exchange, causing reduced oxygen delivery to the body. A
good example of flbrosis is the scaring that accompanies
severe burns due to inhalation of superheated gases; strong
acids and bases; or silicates, asbestos and beryllium.
Allergens. These substances induce an allergic response in die
exposed person. Typically, the allergic response is
characterized by constriction of die respiratory passages and
symptoms that mimic those of asthma. Examples of allergens
include sulphur dioxide and isocyanates.
Carcinogens. These compounds can cause the uncontrolled
proliferation of cells within the lungs or in remote body
locations of the exposed person. Compounds with proven
abilities to cause lung cancer in humans include cigarette
smoke, coke oven emissions, and arsenic.
Systemic Toxicants. Compounds capable of entering the body
through inhalation and causing toxic injury at locations other
than the lungs are called systemic toxicants. Examples include
many of the organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and
trichlorethane, which affect the liver, the metals mercury and
lead, which affect the central nervous system; and benzene,
which affects bone marrow.
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A77 TOXICOLOGY A77
The toxic effects of particulates depend not only on the
physical and chemical properties of the particles in question, but
also on the particle size. Larger particles settle in the upper
portions of die system to be removed by ciliary action. The
smaller the particle, however, the greater ability it has to travel
deep into the small spaces of the lung, thus potentially causing
greater harm. Once small particles are deposited in the lower
portions of the lungs, their fate includes:
Absorption into the bloodstream (particles of greater than 5.0
micrometers do not normally diffuse through cell walls).
Removal through phagocytosis, a process in which immune
cells attempt to remove the particles by incorporating them
into their cell structure.
Cell toxicity resulting in fibrotic (scar-like) tissue formation
and decreased gas exchange area.
Certain types of particulates, such as asbestos and silica, can
not be effectively eliminated by the body. Incomplete removal
results in irritation and death of the cell, causing further immune
response. Irritation may be severe enough to cause fibrosis of
portions of the lung or a cancerous growth.
An important aspect of asphyxia and respiratory toxicants is
the effect of oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Normal oxygen
content in air ranges from 19.5 percent to 21 percent Some
atmospheres, such as those generated during a fire or hazardous
material release, contain less oxygen. For this reason, it is
imperative that the oxygen content of any atmosphere be
determined before the selection of respiratory protective
equipment. Confined space entries represent an especially
hazardous exposure situation. Particular attention should be paid
to the presence of combustible or explosive atmospheres, as
volatile organic vapors can collect rapidly within a confined
space.
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A78
TOXICOLOGY
A78
EFFECTS OP OXYGEN CONCENTRATION
PERCENT OXYGEN
21-16
16-12
12-10
10-6
Less than 6
EFFECTS
Explosive atmosphere, keep outt
Nothing abnormal
Loss of peripheral vision
Rapid breathing and heart rate
Impaired coordination
Poor judgment and coordination
Excessive fatigue
Permanent heart damage
Sparse breathing
Nausea
Loss of movement
Unconsciousness followed by
death
Spasmodic breathing
Convulsive movements
Death
ABSORPTION
Absorption of toxic agents as a route of exposure refers to the
passage of toxicants through either the skin, eyes, or other
openings in the body. Absorption is the second most common
route of exposure to hazardous materials. The most common
route of exposure to toxicants via absorption is direct contact
between the chemical and the skin of the exposed person.
The skin serves as a barrier to prevent most foreign
substances from entering the body. It also functions to preserve
the components of the body. The "skin is composed of three
layers: the epidermis, the outermost layer, is composed of mostly
dead cells that adhere to the living tissue underneath and are
responsible for the skin's effectiveness as a barrier; the dermis, a
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A79 TOXICOLOGY A79
layer of loose connective tissue, contains the blood vessels closest
to the skin surface and is actively involved in wound repair; the
hypodermis, the innermost layer, contains connective and adipose
(fat) tissue.
The absorption of chemicals through the skin is called
percutaneous absorption. It depends upon:
The integrity of the skin.
The vehicle through which the toxicant is administered.
The type of toxicant.
Factors that facilitate percutaneous absorption include:
Reduced integrity of the outer skin layer.
Increased hydration of the skin.
Increased temperature of the skin.
Altered skin pH.
Increased blood flow to the skin.
Increased concentration of the toxicant.
Decreased particle size of the toxicant.
Electrically induced movement of the toxicant.
The addition of agents that react with the skin surface.
Toxins may produce the following topical skin reactions:
Irritation. Toxicants that are irritants cause an inflammatory
skin reaction called dermatitis that is characterized by itching,
redness and skin lesions in the exposed area. Examples of
chemical irritants include acids, bases, phenols, solvents,
metals and pesticides.
Corrosion. Corrosive chemicals cause the disintegration and
irreversible alteration of the skin at the site of contact Most
severe corrosive reactions are often designated as chemical
burns. Alkaline substances are considered more damaging
than acidic substances, due to latent effects of the chemical.
Examples of corrosives include acids, bases, flammable solids
and peroxides.
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A80 TOXICOLOGY A80
Allergic Sensitization. Sensitizers affect the immune system
of the exposed person, causing a delayed hypersensitivity.
There may be no obvious skin reaction during the initial
exposure but toxic manifestations are exhibited after
subsequent exposures. Examples of sensitizers include
peroxides, metals, and solvents.
Photosensitization. Photosensitizers cause increased sensitivity
of the skin to ultraviolet light. Physiological changes which
are observed include irritation and redness, sunburn,
darkening pigmentation, and alteration in normal skin cell
proliferation which can lead to skin cancer. Examples of
photosensitizers include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Absorption of a toxicant through the skin barrier may lead to
systemic effects at locations away from the site of exposure, as
well as to the topical reactions described above. Systemic effects
include liver dysfunction, cancer, brain damage or cardiac arrest,
as well as others. Compounds producing systemic reactions
include pesticides and solvents.
The same chemicals that can damage die skin can damage the
eye. The eyes are actually more sensitive to exposure than the
skin due to their high fluid content and lack of a barrier. The
primary concerns with exposure to ocular toxicants are:
Local effects - direct effects caused by the application of a
chemical to the cornea.
Systemic effects - effects to other organs or organ systems in
the body, caused by the application of a chemical to the eye.
Ocular side effects - effects which occur in the eye from
exposure to toxicants through other routes of exposure such
as inhalation and ingestion.
The types of chemicals noted for their ocular toriciry are
acids, bases, organic solvents, detergents, and lacrimators. Acids
affect the eye by reacting with protein in the tissues and by
dehydrating the tissues. Treatment involves flushing the eye with
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A81 TOXICOLOGY A81
large amounts of water. Generally, the greater the concentration
of the acid, the greater ability it has to induce harm.
Alkaline substances (bases) act on the eye in a very different
manner from acidic ones. Bases produce the same initial effects
as acids, due to the pH of the base and the heat produced during
reaction. However, contrary to acid bums, the effects observed
immediately after exposure to an alkaline substance are not a
good index of the total effects of exposure because latent effects
may continue to occur up to two weeks after exposure. An
example of the effect of an alkaline susbstance on die eye is
exposure to sodium hydroxide (NaOH); irrigation of the eye with
a concentrated solution of NaOH for more than three minutes
could cause catastrophic changes in the cornea leading to
complete ฉpacification (clouding) within a week to ten days after
exposure. Other alkaline substances that are potent ocular
toxicants include potassium hydroxide and ammonia.
Organic solvents react with the proteins and fats in the eye,
causing severe pain. Damage is usually not extensive and can be
reversed. In the case of heated solvents, there is die threat of
burning, resulting in damage that is often severe and
unpredictable. Examples of organic solvents include edianol,
toluene, and acetone.
Detergents react to lower the surface tension of the liquids in
the eye, causing pronounced irritation followed by extensive
tearing. Concentrated doses can cause severe burns with
permanent fogging of the cornea. Examples of detergents include
household cleaning agents, emulsifying agents, wetting agents,
and antifoaming agents.
Lacrimators are chemical compounds or mixtures which have
die ability to induce instant tearing at very low concentrations
without reacting with tissues of the eye. High concentrations can
cause tissue damage. Examples include mace (tear gas) and
smog.
INGESTION
The ingestion of hazardous substances is the third most
frequent route of exposure in humans. Ingestion of hazardous
substances occurs through the consumption of:
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A82 TOXICOLOGY A82
Contaminated waters.
Fish from contaminated waters.
Contaminated plants and animals.
Incidental ingestion of soils and dusts.
Exposure to toxicants through ingestion is of most concern
with young children, who can ingest large amounts of soil every
day in the course of normal play activities. Young children are
also particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of some
contaminants (lead, for example) that may be ingested.
Once a toxicant is ingested, it enters the gastrointestinal (GI)
tract. The Gl tract is essentially a long tube beginning at the lips
and ending at the anus, and includes the mouth, esophagus,
stomach, and the small and large intestine. Throughout the
course of the GI tract, ingested toxicants can be absorbed into the
bloodstream. Absorption primarily occurs in three main areas of
the GI tract: die stomach, the small intestine, and the large
intestine.
Humans have developed sophisticated mechanisms in the liver
for the detoxification of foreign substances. These mechanisms
include enzymatic reactions and excretion to the bile and urine.
Liver functions can, however, convert a substance into an even
more toxic form. Further, detoxification mechanisms are easily
overridden, particularly in cases of exposure to multiple agents or
to large doses of a single agent
Exposure to toxic chemicals through the GI tract can result in
both local and systemic effects. Local effects include the reaction
of the chemical with the exposed internal surface of the GI tract,
as in the case of acid ingestion. Systemic effects result from
absorption of the chemical into the bloodstream and transport to
critical organs. Serious systemic effects can include liver damage,
kidney damage, and cancer.
INJECTION
Injection refers to the combination of toxic exposure with a
physical trauma, such as a laceration. Injections should be
considered very dangerous, since the toxicant is being directly
injected into the bloodstream of the exposed person. Proper site
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A83 TOXICOLOGY A83
safety practices (e.g., the buddy system) can be effective in
preventing injection exposures.
Exposure to Chemical Mixtures
Emergency health threat determinations involving mixtures are
complex and difficult to make because little is known about the
toxic properties of a mixture of compounds. Toxins in a mixture
can interact with each other and with the body to produce any
one of the four following effects:
Additive Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=9). These effects are produced
when the combined effect of the chemicals is equal to the sum
of the individual effects of all the chemicals in the mixture.
Examples of a mixture that produces additive effects are
organophosphate pesticides such as parathion and malathion.
Synergistic Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=25). Effects that are greater
than the sum of the component chemicals in the mixture are
said to be synergistic effects. An example of a synergistic
effect is the combined effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos;
smokers show a strikingly higher cancer rate from asbestos
exposure than do nonsmokers.
Potentiation Effects (e.g., 0+2=10). One of the chemicals in
a mixture may not itself be particularly toxic, but it reacts to
increase the toxicity of another chemical in the mixture,
producing potentiation effects. An example of a potentiation
effect is the increased toxicity observed with carbon
tetrachloride (CCL4) exposure accompanied by isopropanol.
Isopropanol is considered to be relatively nontoxic when
administered by itself. However, when administered with
CCL4, it exaberates the toxicity of CCL4 by preventing
detoxification mechanisms in die liver from reacting with
CCL4 molecules.
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A84 TOXICOLOGY A84
Antagonistic Effects (e.g., 4+(-4) ซ0). A mixture in which one
or more of the chemicals present inhibits the toxicity of other
compounds in the mixture is said to produce antagonistic
effects. Antagonistic actions between chemicals serve as the
basis for antidotal therapy.
NOTE: Exposure criteria for chemical mixtures do not exist and
other information can be very difficult to gather. In
situations involving exposure to a mixture of chemicals, it
is advisable to assemble a team of experts, including
chemists and lexicologists, to characterize the situation
most completely.
Determination of Toxic Potential
Regulatory guidelines have been established by federal
agencies in an attempt to define acceptable concentrations of
toxicants that humans can be exposed to without experiencing
adverse health effects. These guidelines are derived from the
results of dose vs. response studies, which are extrapolated to fit
human exposure situations. The extrapolation process involves
the incorporation of a series of safety factors to ensure that the
regulated doses are extremely conservative estimates of likely
harm.
In addition to LD50, the toxic potential of a compound can be
expressed by the following acronyms:
TLV (Threshold Limit Value). The threshold limit value refers
to' an allowable atmospheric concentration of a compound.
The value is designated as the level of exposure at which the
probability of the occurrence of adverse health effects is
deemed negligible. TLVs are determined by the American
Council of Governmental Industrial Hygenists (ACGIH).
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average).
This is the average concentration of a substance to which a
worker can be exposed for eight hours a day, 40 hours a
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A85 TOXICOLOGY ASS
week, 50 weeks a year for the lifetime of the worker without
experiencing any adverse health effects.
TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit).
This is the concentration of a substance to which a worker
can be exposed for a short period of time, usually less than 15
minutes, without experiencing any adverse health effects.
TLV-C (Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling). This is a ceiling
concentration to which the worker should never be exposed,
even briefly.
ป PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit). For many substances this
value may be similar to the TLV-TWA and is in some cases
identical. PELs are established by N1OSH and adapted by
OSHA to protect workers who may be exposed to hazardous
materials through their work functions. A PEL for a substance
is the average concentration in the atmosphere at or below
which workers may be exposed for eight hours a day, 40
hours a week, and 50 weeks a year for the lifetime of the
worker without experiencing any adverse health effects.
ป IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). This is an
airborne concentration of a hazardous substance to which an
individual may be exposed for one half hour, in the
occurrence of a failure of respiratory protective equipment.
These values are assigned by NIOSH to aid in the selection of
respiratory protection; they are not meant to be an acceptable
exposure limit. No worker should enter an IDLH atmosphere
without proper respiratory protection.
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level). MCLs are mandated by
the Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA) of 1972 and are
established by the National Academy of Sciences and EPA to
regulate contaminants in public drinking water supplies. MCL
values are changed regularly to reflect improvements in
treatment technologies.
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A86 TOXICOLOGY A86
Frequently, one chemical may have numerous exposure
criteria. The field investigator should select the criteria that
apply to perform a particular field operation safely. The most
conservative exposure value (e.g., the lowest value) should be
chosen to ensure site safety even further.
The exposure criteria for carcinogenic substances are not as
easily ascertained as those for noncarcinogenic substances.
Essentially, carcinogens are believed to be capable of producing
uncontrolled cell proliferation at doses below the detection
capability of analytical instrumentation. Field operations
involving carcinogens and other highly toxic compounds should
assume a zero exposure level. Zero exposure levels are the only
accepted safety practices for dealing with carcinogenic substances.
For further information regarding carcinogens, it is advisable to
consult an EPA lexicologist
Emergency Health Threat Determination
The critical process of emergency health threat determination
involves die characterization of the hazard, the verification of a
route of exposure, the establishment of the toxic potential of die
compound through the verified route of exposure, and the
selection of applicable regulatory criteria. Although details of the
process vary from site to site, situation to situation, the process
remains the same.
Emergency health threat determination represents an essential
component of any field operation. To prevent unnecessary risk
taking, field personnel should review all data about the site and
evaluate all possible considerations regarding the presence,
location, storage, use, and transport of hazardous materials.
Thorough training and the proper use of reference guides, field
personnel can become effective risk evaluators, rather than risk
takers.
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APPENDIX 2
Environmental Media
Air, soil, and water are the environmental media through
which exposure to topic substances occurs. Awareness of the
properties of each medium aids in evaluating routes of exposure
and in determining sample locations. In making these
determinations, it is also important to consider the impact the
prevailing weather conditions in an area have on the air, soil, and
water onsite.
Air
Air contaminants may pose an inhalation, ingestion, and
direct contact threat to the public over very large areas downwind
of the site. Sudden, unexpected shifts in wind direction are of
particular concern because they can cause exposure to site
workers and the public in areas previously considered to be safe.
Wind direction and speed are the primary factors governing
transport of air contaminants-both gases and particulates. Winds
arise from horizontal pressure gradients in the atmosphere and
can change rapidly in direction and speed in the vicinity of fronts.
Some locations, such as mountainous areas and areas along large
lakes, experience diurnal fluctuations in wind direction caused by
daily temperature changes. These daily changes also enhance
contaminant dispersion.
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A88 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A88
Air releases include volatilization from contaminated soils.
from covered landfills (with and without internal gas generation),
from spills and leaks from containment facilities, and from
lagoons. Contaminant releases into the atmosphere may also
consist of fugitive dust resulting from wind erosion of
contaminated soils and from traffic over contaminated, unpaved
roadways. A stable suspension of dust or other solid particles or
of liquid droplets in air is called an aerosol.
Temperature and atmospheric pressure influence the rate
of air releases. With increasing temperature, the rate of
volatilization of compounds tends to increase. Volatiles may be
released from liquids even on cold days because solar radiation
can increase the temperature of a liquid more rapidly than die
temperature of air. Temperature also governs atmospheric sta-
bility, which is the degree to which the atmosphere tends to
dampen out vertical motion. In an unstable atmosphere, the
temperature decreases rapidly with increasing elevation. In a
stable atmosphere, the temperature may remain constant through-
out the column of air or, in the case of an inversion, even
increase with elevation. Stable conditions typically occur in late
afternoon through early morning under clear skies with light
winds. Atmospheric pressure tends to affect the migration of
landfill gases, causing a landfill to offgas at a higher rate
following low atmospheric pressures. When the atmospheric
pressure is high, the landfill may cease offgassing entirely.
Humidity is not a factor in the generation and transport of
air contaminants. It can influence the hazards of a release,
however. In the case of a release of hydrogen chloride gas, for
example, the hazards posed by hydrochloric acid should be
considered, especially on an extremely humid day.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
The relative directional frequencies of wind over a site
determine the primary direction of movement of airborne
contaminants-both gases and particulates. Wind speed and
direction are influenced not only by meteorological conditions,
but also by the topography of an area. Even tall buildings and
other large structures can influence wind speed and direction in
small, localized areas.
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A89 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A89
Atmospheric stability and wind speeds determine the offsite
areas to be affected by ambient concentrations of gases. In
general, high stability and low wind speeds result in higher
atmospheric concentrations of contaminant gases close to the site.
High stability and moderate wind speeds result in moderate
concentrations over a large area downwind of the site. Low
stability or high wind speeds cause greater dispersion and
dilution of contaminants, resulting in lower concentrations over
larger areas.
Furthermore, wind speed is a critical factor in generating
airborne contaminated paniculate material. At higher speeds, die
turbulence of the air and its forward motion lift particles into the
windstream for transport. Under windy conditions, transport of
contaminated particulates, particularly metals, dioxin, and PCBs,
can pose significant health threats downwind of the site.
Ambient concentrations of paniculate contaminants are controlled
by particle size distribution as well as by windspeed and stability.
Large particles settle out rapidly, resulting in decreased
atmospheric concentrations with distance from the site. Smaller
particles remain airborne longer and approximate the behavior of
gaseous contaminants. Transport of contaminated particulates is
generally not a concern, however, when die soil is wet because
of the increased threshold wind speed required to make the
particles airborne.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Setdeout and rainout are mechanisms of contaminant
transfer from the atmosphere to surface soils and waters.
Contaminants dissolved in rainwater may percolate to ground
water, run off or fall directly into surface waters, and adsorb to
uncontaminated soils. Contaminants can enter the food chain
through direct intake of the atmosphere by plants and animals
and through intake of secondarily contaminated soils and water.
-------
A90 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A90
Soils
Soil represents a medium of direct contact and ingestion
threat and may be the main source of contaminants released into
other media (air, water). Direct soil contamination occurs from
leaks or spills from containers and containment facilities. The
spilled liquids and solids may be transported through soil or may
be partially or fully retained within the soil to provide a
continuous environmental and/or public health threat. At the site
of a release and along the release pathway, discolored soils,
stressed or dead vegetation, and uncharacteristic odors may be
preliminary indicators of soil contamination.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
To predict die fate and transport of a hazardous substance
released onto the soil surface, the properties of both the
substance spilled and the soil must be considered. The mobility
of a material in soil is influenced by many factors: soil type,
temperature, porosity, biological and chemical activity, along with
the water solubility, vapor pressure, and physical state of the
substance released. Liquid movement is the most significant
dispersion mechanism in soils. Liquid contaminants percolate
directly into soils, and contaminants of lower viscosity and/or
higher density than water can have percolation rates much
greater than that of water. Dry, soluble contaminants dissolved
in precipitation, run-on, or irrigation water can also migrate
through percolation into the soil and through runoff. The rate of
movement of solid contaminants through soil is a function of net
ground water recharge rates and of contaminant solubility.
To determine in detail how a release may behave, it is
necessary to establish the predominant nature of the soils onsite.
It is also important to establish whether such underground
features as clay layers, sink holes, and fractures are present
These and other subsurface features can gready facilitate or
retard the spread of contamination.
-------
A91 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A91
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Releases which occur on soils with low runoff potential,
such as well-drained sands or gravel, have a high infiltration rate.
Spills on these types of soils will migrate offsite rapidly and may
present a threat to ground water. Loamy and day soils with a
moderate to high runoff potential provide a low infiltration rate
and a surface conducive to overland flow. Releases occurring on
these types of soils may create a hazard at some distance to the
site as the spilled substance travels overland to surface waterways
or as vapors from the substance volatilize into the atmosphere or
collect in such confined spaces as culverts and sewers. Biouptake
by plants and soil organisms is another transfer mechanism of
soil contaminants and one which introduces the contaminants to
the food chain.
Contaminants with high soil adsorption coefficients (e.g.,
benzo-a-pyrene) may bind (adsorb) to the surface of soil particles
through ion exchange and become relatively immobile under
certain conditions. However, adsorbed contaminants may later be
desorbed by percolating waters, causing the contaminants to
become mobile again.
Water
Water contamination poses an ingestion and a direct
contact threat. Water also transports contaminants through soil
and acts as a vehicle for intermedia transfer of contaminants to
air and soil. Water has two important characteristics: its
strongly dipolar nature and the ability of water molecules to form
hydrogen bonds with the oxygen ends of adjacent water
molecules. The dipolar nature of water is the reason for its
solvent properties; the force of attraction between the dipole and
ions on the surface of a contaminant or other substance can
cause the contaminant to form a solution with water.
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds
with each other accounts for the high dynamic viscosity and high
surface tension of water, as well as its melting and boiling points.
Both the viscosity and surface tension of water affect transport of
-------
A92 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A92
paniculate material and the movement of ground water. Viscosity
and surface tension both decrease as temperature increases.
Properties of the contaminant are important to consider
when assessing the threat posed by water contamination. Such
characteristics as solubility, vapor pressure, specific gravity, and
dispersability affect the behavior of the contaminant in water and
influence cleanup techniques.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
Direct surface water contamination occurs from releases
into a body of water or from contaminated runoff. Dispersion of
contaminants through surface waterways is affected by currents
and eddies in rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries, and also by
thermal stratification, tidal pumping, and flushing. Contaminant
concentrations in rivers or streams can be estimated on die basis
of rate of contaminant introduction and dilution volumes.
Estimates of contaminant concentrations in estuaries and
impoundments are more difficult to make because of the variety
of transport mechanisms that may be involved, causing
contaminants to remain concentrated in local areas or to disperse
rapidly.
Direct ground water contamination can occur from liquids
and solids in lined or unlined landfills, from lined or unlined
lagoons, from underground storage tanks, from injection wells, or
from long-term surface dumping. Dispersion of contaminants
through ground water is influenced by a variety of factors such
as the hydraulic conductivity of soils; the hydraulic gradient; the
presence of impermeable subsurface barriers; the presence of
discharge areas (e.g., streams that intercept ground water flow),
and the presence of fissures, cavities, or large pores in the
bedrock.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
An important intermedia transfer mechanism in surface
water is contaminant transfer to bed sediments, especially in
cases where contaminants are in the form of suspended solids or
are dissolved, hydrophobic substances that can be adsorbed by
-------
A93 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A93
organic matter in bed sediments. Transfer between surface water
and bed sediments is reversible, and the sediments can act as
temporary respositories for contaminants, gradually releasing
contaminants to surface water. In addition, adsorbed or settled
contaminants can be transported through migration of bed
sediment
Surface water contamination can be transferred to ground
water in areas of significant surface water/ground water exchange
(e.g., swamps, marshes) and to the food chain through edible
plants and animals. Transfer to the atmosphere occurs where the
surface water is contaminated with volatile substances. Such
transfer can pose a threat of explosion as vapors collect in sewers
and other enclosed spaces. High temperatures, high surface-
area-to-volume ratios, high wind conditions, and turbulent stream
flow increase volatilization rates.
-------
APPENDIX 3
Sampling and Basic
Data Interpretation
Together, sampling, sample analysis, and basic interpretation
of analytical results form the most effective mechanism for
obtaining definitive information to characterize site conditions,
evaluate the threats to human health and the environment,
support compliance and enforcement activities, justify site clean-
up activities, and determine clean-up effectiveness.
The type and number of samples collected, the manner in
which the samples are collected, and the analyses chosen depend
on what the EPA investigator wants to prove. The sampling plan
is the vehicle for securing a set of quality-controlled samples that
reflect site conditions accurately and provide the information
desired. The sampling plan outlines all sample locations,
collection procedures, and analytical methods to be used in a
sampling episode.
Once the samples have been analyzed by a laboratory, basic
interpretation of the results can be confusing because of the
different formats used by various laboratories to report analytical
results. Nevertheless, there are a few standard terms used by
laboratories to report the concentrations of the analytes. In
addition, quality assurance parameters have been established
through common laboratory practices to provide a means of
measuring both the accuracy and precision of analysis and of
ensuring that no external contamination was introduced by
sample collection and analysis procedures.
-------
ASS SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A95
This appendix is divided into three sections. The first section
briefly covers the topics addressed by a sampling plan, the second
section covers basic data interpretation, including qualifier codes
used in sample analysis reports produced by laboratories in EPA's
Contract Laboratory Program (CLP), and the third section covers
data validation procedures.
Sampling Plans
Complete site sampling plans should address each of the
following topics to ensure that the appropriate protocols are
observed during the sample collection and analysis processes and
to enable the sampling procedures to be duplicated, if necessary.
Samples are not only used as a source of information for making
site decisions, they may also be used for legal purposes, so
complete documentation of the actual sampling event is
important
Representative Sample Locations. Representative sampling
locations depend on the purpose of the sampling activity.
The intended data use wfll guide determination of the
sampling locations and pattern and total number of samples.
Contamination verification requires fewer samples biased
toward suspected areas of contamination; such samples may
not give an accurate presentation of the overall site
characterization, however. A better overall characterization
may be achieved using a grid pattern to determine sample
locations. Use of a grid system generally increases the
number of samples collected, thus increasing analytical costs.
Analysis Selection. Specific parameters for analysis must be
established while assembling the sampling plan. The
laboratory should be notified and given the EPA-approved
method number and the desired QA/QC information. Hie
analysis selected influences the choice of sample equipment,
volume, preservation, and holding time. A summary of
sampling container type, preservatives, holding times, and
analytical methods is included at the end of this section.
-------
A96 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A96
Sampling Equipment Selection. The type of sampling
equipment is dictated by the analysis selection, required
sample volume, ability of decontamination, equipment
composition, and cost The sampling equipment should not
introduce contamination into the sampling procedure. To
avoid this, sampling equipment should be disposable or easily
decontaminated. Disposable equipment must be economical
or used when extensive decontamination would be required
for durable sampling -equipment The equipment must also
be functional, allowing a sampling team to collect samples
quickly and efficiently. The composition or construction
materials of sampling equipment must be considered so as
not to contaminate the sample.
Sampling Volumes. Sampling volumes are directly related to
the types of chemical analyses that are requested. The
laboratory requires a precise amount of a sample unique to
the specified EPA-approved analysis or method. Providing the
laboratory with an excess of sample volume increases die
eventual disposal costs to the laboratory and in turn to the
samplers. Providing the laboratory with insufficient volume
can lead to increased field sampling costs and to delays.
Sampling Containers. The type, size, and composition of
sampling containers are direcdy related to the chemical
analysis which is requested. The size of the container must
conform to volume requirements specified in die EPA-
approved method. The container must not release
contaminants into the sample or absorb material from die
sample. The container must ensure that ambient air cannot
enter into the sample, and conversely, that gas from the
sample cannot escape to the ambient air.
Sample Preservation. Samples are preserved by means of
environmental controls (e.g., cold storage) or chemical
additives (e.g. nitric acid). The preservation method is
direcdy related to the chemical analysis requested. The
purpose of preservation is to keep the chemical constituents
-------
A97 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A97
of the samples static during handling, packing, and shipment
to the laboratory. Highly concentrated samples do not
usually require preservation.
Sample Holding Times. The elapsed time between sample
collection and laboratory analysis must be within a
predetermined time frame known as the sample holding time.
Each sample parameter has a prescribed holding time.
Samples analyzed beyond the holding time are not truly
representative of the sampling material.
Sample Identification. Each sample must be identified and
documented to ensure sample tracking is performed. A label
is made for each sample, reflecting the site name, site
location, sample number, date and time of sampling, sampler
identification, preservative used, required analysis, and
sampling location description.
Sample Custody. Chain-of-custody forms are used to track
the handling of samples once the samples are collected. The
samples are documented as they are transferred from each
handler or to the laboratory. The procedure is used to
prevent sample tampering and to trace the path of a sample
in the event of contamination offsite. Chain-of-custody seals
are applied as directed by protocol.
Sample Transportation. Samples may be hand delivered to
the laboratory using government vehicles or they may be
shipped by a common carrier. Packaging and shipment is
regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation in Tide
49 CFR. Hazardous waste site samples should not be
transported in personal vehicles.
-------
A98 SAMPUNG AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A98
OMC
BOTTLE
PER
MEDIUM
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PRE8ERV*
ATMs
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pH<2
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TIMES
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IF RESIDUAL CHLORINE IS PRESENT. PRESERVE VWTH 0.008% NA^O,
ONLY REQUIRED IF DEDICATED SAMPLING TOOLS ARE NOT USED
" EXCEPTIONS -MERCURY (28 DAYS) AND HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM (24 HOURS -WATER)
NOTE: NITRIC ACID (HNOj)
SODIUM THIOSULFATEiNa^Gl,)
-------
A99 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A99
Basic Data Interpretation
CONCENTRATION UNITS FOR ANALYSIS
Water (Aqueous) ppm = ug/ml or mg/1
ppb = ng/ml or ug/l
ppt = ng/I
Soil or Sediment ' ppm = ujj/g or rag/kg
ppb = ng/g or ug/kg
ppt = ng/kg
Air mg/m3, ng/m3 (Temperature and
pressure dependent)
ppm or ppb (Unitless measurement)
Oils or Organics The concentrations of oils or organic*
should be expressed using the soil
units listed above. Laboratory results
that report concentrations for oils or
organics using water units should be
questioned.
GLOSSARY OF SOME COMMON DATA QUALIFIER CODES AND
TERMINOLOGY USED IN THE EPA CONTRACT LABORATORY
PROGRAM (CLP)
CODES RELATING TO IDENTIFICATION
(indicate confidence concerning presence or absence of
compounds)
U = Not detected. The associated number indicates die
approximate sample concentration necessary to be
detected.
(NO CODE) = Confirmed identification
-------
A100 SAMPUNG AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A100
B = Not detected substantially above the level reported in
laboratory or field blanks.
R = Unreliable result. Analyte may or may not be present
in the sample. Supporting data necessary to confirm
result.
N = Tentative identification. Consider analyte present.
Special methods may be needed to confirm its
presence or absence in future sampling efforts.
CODES RELATED TO OUANTITATION
(indicate positive results and sample quantitation limits):
J = Analyte present. Reported value may not be accurate
or precise.
K = Analyte present. Reported value may be biased high.
Actual value is expected to be lower.
L = Analyte present. Reported value may be biased low.
Actual value is expected to be higher.
UJ = Not detected, quantitation limit may be inaccurate or
imprecise.
UL = Not detected, quantitation limit is probably higher.
OTHER CODES
Q = No analytical result.
-------
A101 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A101
TERMS
Precision. Precision may be defined as the agreement
between die numerical values of two or more measurements
made in an identical fashion.
Accuracy. Accuracy may be defined as the measure of the
closeness to a true or accepted value.
Holding Times. Holding times are the time frame within
which the sample must be analyzed in order to ensure
accurate measurement of the analytes. Holding times vary
depending on the type of analysis to be performed.
Trip Blank. A trip blank is a sample which is prepared prior
to die sampling trip using distilled water. This sample travels
to the assessment and is kept with the other samples but is
not opened in die field. Analysis of die trip blank will ensure
that the sample containers were not contaminated prior to
the assessment.
Field Blank. A field blank is a sample which is taken in the
field prior to any sampling activities. Analysis of the sample
will indicate whether contamination was introduced into the
samples during the collection process.
Field Duplicate. A field duplicate is a second sample (or set
of samples) collected from one sample location and labeled
for the laboratory as if it were a unique sample. Field
duplicates are primarily used to check the precision and
consistency of the sampling procedures used. The field
duplicate can also act as a check on the analytical
procedures.
Method Blank. A method blank is a sample which is
prepared by the laboratory to determine if any contamination
is being introduced during the extraction or analysis
procedures.
-------
A102 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A102
Method Detection Limit. The method detection limit (MDL)
is die lowest concentration that can be measured if a sample
is analyzed according to the method procedures.
Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate. A matrix spike
describes a procedure in which a target compound at a
known concentration is added to the sample during
laboratory preparation to measure the accuracy of the analysis
procedure. A matrix spike duplicate is a second run to
determine the precision of analysis.
Relative Percent Difference. The relative percent difference
(RPD) is used to assess the variability of a measurement
process. Typically, the value represents the difference
between the matrix spike and die matrix spike duplicate. It
can also represent the difference between two analysis runs.
Rinsate Blank. A rinsate blank is a sample of rinsate-usually
distilled water-from decontamination of sampling equipment.
Rinsate blanks are used to qualify data.
Split Samples. After it is collected, a sample to be split is
thoroughly mixed, then divided into portions (splits) and the
portions are sent to different labs for analysis. Samples can
be split two or more ways, and the total sample volume
depends on the number of splits and the analytic method to
be used. Split samples are usually collected when a
responsible party and EPA Enforcement or several government
agencies are involved. Split samples act as a check on the
laboratory.
Surrogate Spike. A surrogate spike refers to a procedure in
which a non-target compound is added to the sample during
laboratory preparation to determine the extraction efficiency.
Surrogate spikes are usually used only with organics.
Performance Evaluation Samples. Performance evaluation
samples are samples of known concentrations that are
available from either the EPA or the U.S. Bureau of Standards
for submission with the field samples to the laboratory.
-------
A103 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A103
Data Validation Procedures
Data validation is the process by which a qualified data
reviewer ensures the quality of the laboratory analysis and the
reported results. The procedures used to validate a data package
vary slightly according to the type of analysis performed and the
instrumentation used. Many times, data validation requires the
reviewer to draw upon his or her analytical experience and
expertise to make subjective decisions about the quality of a set
of results. For this reason, data validation should be completed
only by qualified persons.
Data validation procedures vary, depending on die type of
instrumentation and methods used for analysis. For the sake of
simplicity, the example below outlines the validation procedures
analytical results from a Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer
(GC/MS). While validation of analyses performed on other types
of instruments would not be an identical process, it would be
similar.
EXAMPLE DATA VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR GC/MS
1. Did the laboratory meet the holding times outlined by the
sampling protocol?
If yes, accept data.
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
2. Was the GC/MS properly tuned?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, reject all GC/MS data because compounds may be
misidentified.
3. Was the instrument properly calibrated?
If yes, accept the data,
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
4. Were method blanks free of contamination?
If yes, accept the data; no further action is required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three
times the contaminant concentration in the blank.
-------
A104 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION AIM
5. Were field blanks free of Contamination?
If yes, accept the data; no further action is required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three
times the contaminant concentration in the blank.
6. Were the surrogate spike recoveries for all organics
acceptable?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, evaluate each sample on an individual basis and
accept or reject the data as necessary.
7. Were the matrix spike recoveries and the relative percent
differences values acceptable?
If yes, the laboratory has demonstrated good precision and
accuracy; accept the data.
If no, evaluate on per compound basis.
-------
1
Hurt
HIGH PRESSURE HORIZONTAL TANK
STORES LP GASES,
ANHYDROUS AMMONIA,
HIGH VAPOR PRESSURE
FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS.
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK
PRIMARILY STORES
PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
HIGH PRESSURE SPHERICAL
STORAGE TANKS
. STORES LIQUID PROPANE GASES.
O
O
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CD
CO
0
CO
-------
CRYOGENIC LIQUID
STORES LIQUID OXYGEN
(LOX), LIQUID NITROGEN.
LIQUID CARBON DDKMDE
ETC
DOME ROOF TANK
STORE FLAMMABLE AND
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS,
CHEMICAL SOLVENTS, ETC
8
8
I
i
CO
E
CO
-------
CONE ROOF TANK
. STORES FLAMMABLE,
COMBUSTIBLE AND
CORROSIVE LIQUIDS.
OPEN FLOATING ROOF TANK
STORES FLAMMABLE
AND COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS.
OPEN FLOATING ROOF TANK
WITH GEODESIC DOME
STORES FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS.
O
o
CO
i
CO
-------
COVERED FLOATING ROOF TANK
STORES FLAMMBLE AND COMBUSTIBLE
LIQUIDS.
HORIZONTAL TANKS
STORES FLAMMABLE AND
COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS,
CORROSIVES, POISONS, ETC
I
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CO
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>
i
-------
APPENDIX 5
Guide to DOT
and NFPA Placards
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires
transporters of hazardous materials to display diamond-shaped
placards on the outside of their vehicles to indicate the type of
material being transported and the nature of its hazard. A DOT
placard contains the following elements:
HAZARD CLASS XV HAZARD CLASS
SYMBOL S^ Xy^v DESIGNATION OR
FOUR-DIGIT
.IDENTIFICATION
.NUMBER
COLORED S N^^PV^* UNITED NATIONS
BACKGROUND \^^^ HAZARD CLASS
NUMBER
-------
A110 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A110
PLACARD RECOGNITION INFORMATION
?ฎsK^^*y5S^SSflu^^^s^^S35 ' '
EXPLOSIVES
OASES
LIQUIFIED OR
DISSOLVED UNDER
PRESSURE)
FLAMMABLE
LIQUIDS
FLAMMABLE
SCUDS
OR
SUBSTANCES
OXIDIZIMQ
SUBSTANCES
POISONOUS
AND
INFECTIOUS
SUBSTANCES
RADIOACTIVE
MATERIALS
CORROSME8
MISCELLANEOUS
DANGEROUS
SUBSTANCES
|13^,5JW'^
IWfe i <$ฃ >;
BURSTING BALL
ORANGE
FLAMMABLE
FLAME
RED
-
NON-FLAMMABLE
CYLINDER
QUEEN
FLAMMABLE
FLAME
RED
COMBUSTIBLE
FLAME
RED
FLAMMABLE SOUD
FLAME
RED AND WHITE
VERTICAL STRPEB
WATER REACTIVE MATENAlS
SLASHED W
(W)
CIRCLE WITH FLAME
SKULL AND
CROSSBONE8
PROPELLER
TEST TUBE OVER HANOI
TEST TUBE OVER METAL
RED AND WHITE
VERTICAL STRPES WITH
BLUE TOP QUADRANT
YELLOW
WHITE
YELLOW OVER WHITE
WHITE OVER BLACK
1
2
3
4
a
DIVISION 6-1
OXtDtZINQ SUBSTANCE
OR AGENTS
DIVISION 6-2
vtMMNK* raiuMum
6
7
8
-------
A111 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A111
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has a
standardized marking system (704M) to indicate the properties
and potential dangers of hazardous materials contained in Axed
storage facilities. The marking system may also be used on
drums and other moveable containers, as well. NFPA placards
consist of four diamond-shaped quadrants that together make a
large diamond. Health, flammability, and reactivity are identified
and rated on a scale of 0 to 4, depending on the degree of hazard
presented. The placards contain the following elements:
-------
A112 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A112
HEALTH (blue)
4 = Materials that on very short exposure could cause death
or major residual injury even though prompt medical
treatment is given. Examples of such materials are
acylonitrile, bromine, and parathion.
3 = Materials that on short exposure could cause serious
injury on a temporary or residual basis though prompt
medical treatment is given. Examples include aniline,
sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric acid.
2 - Materials that on intense or continued exposure could
cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury
unless prompt medical treatment is given. Examples
include bromobenzene, pyridine, and styrene.
1 ป Materials that on exposure could cause irritation but only
minor residual injury even if no treatment is given.
Examples include acetone and methanol.
0 = Materials that on exposure under fire conditions would
offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible
material.
FLAMMABILTY (red)
4 = Materials (1) mat vaporize rapidly or completely at
atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures
and bum readily or (2) that are readily dispersed in air
and bum rapidly. Examples include 1,3-butadine,
propane, and ethylene oxide.
3 = Liquids and solids mat can be ignited under almost all
ambient temperature conditions. Examples include
phosphorus, and acrylonitrile.
2 = Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to
relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can
-------
A113 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A113
occur. Examples include 2-butanone and kerosene.
1 = Materials that must be preheated before ignition can
occur. Examples include sodium and red phosphorus.
0 = Materials that will not burn.
REACTIVITY (yellow)
4 = Materials that in themselves are readily capable of
detonation or of explosive decomposition or explosive
reaction at normal temperatures and pressures. Examples
include benzoyl peroxide, trinitrotoluene (TNT), and
picric acid.
3 = Materials that in themselves (1) are capable of detonation
or explosive reaction but require a strong initiating
source, or (2) must be heated under confinement before
initiation, or (3) react explosively with water. Examples
include diborane, ethylene oxide, or 2-nitropropadene.
2 = Materials that in themselves (1) are normally unstable
and readily undergo violent chemical change but do not
detonate, or (2) may react violently with water, or (3)
may form potentially explosive mixtures with water.
Examples include acetaldehyde and potassium.
1 = Materials that in themselves are normally stable but
which can (1) become unstable at elevated temperatures
or (2) react with water with some release of energy but
not a violent release. Examples include ethyl ether and
sulruric acid.
0 = Materials which in themselves are normally stable even
under fire exposure conditions and that do not react with
water.
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A114 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A114
SPECIAL INFORMATION (white)
The white quadrant at the bottom of the NFPA label is for special
information about die chemical. The quadrant may contain die
letter "W with a horizontal line through die center to indicate
a material that is unusually water reactive; it may contain the
letters "OX" to indicate a material with oxidizing properties, or
it may contain die standard radioactivity symbol to indicate a
material with radioactive hazards.
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APPENDIX 6
Random Numbers Table
There are times onsite, particularly when using a sampling
grid, that it is necessary to choose random numbers. The
following table has been included to make the selection of
random numbers easier.
To use the table, select a random way to enter the table. For
example, if it is 0815 hours, begin 8 digits down and 15 digits
across. To maintain randomness, the table must be entered in a
random way each time it is used. Once the beginning point is
chosen, the user can move up or down, right or left to obtain
numbers within the desired range, until the appropriate set of
numbers has been reached. For example, to select 20 random
numbers from 1 to 50, the user moves through the table in an
arbitrary direction, copying each number encountered that falls
between 1 and 50, until the user has a set of 20 numbers.
Numbers that are outside the range are discarded.
460256 990550 724070 737802
491224 534609 431005 849665
707636 479367 064746 794388
585627 958920 535513 903818
942152 084899 820904 307654
200613 149604 356527 761574
906482 079119 676625 725354
492923 136445 304694 691000
296424 874623 894116 760868
822418 339855 618781 475789
260906 524634 813711 893198
252087 070868 865684 915256
901978 223001 353865 866974
048043 031144 440422 324343
774815 804195 511160 192451
179524 812968 066140 033615
387719 243315 860305 645506
818895 399252 294107 889266
702116 156083 054130 767643
841642 663529 003717 753110
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Index
Abandoned tank cars, 46
Absorption, A78-A80
Additive effects, A83
Air, A87-A89
American Association of Railroads, 7
Analytical terminology, A101-A102
Antagonistic effects, A84
APR, 5
ATSDR, 10
Basic data interpretation, A94-A103
Biological variation, A71
CAMEO, 8
Center for Disease Control, 7
Chemical storage, 32-34
Chemical mixtures, A83-A84
Additive effects, A83
Antagonistic effects, A84
Potentiation effects, A83
Synergistic effects, A83
CHEMTREC, 7
QS, 8
Classification of toxicants, A73
Concentration units, A99
Criteria for removal action, 11-13
Data validation procedures, A102-A103
Dose vs response, A69, A70-A72
Drum site, 23-25
Environmental media, A87-A93
Air, A87-A89
Soils, A90-A91
Water, A91-A93
Fire/explosion scene, 20-22
IDLH, A85
Industrial facility, 38-41
Inhalation, A74-A78
Injection, A82-A83
Injestion, A81-A82
Laboratory site, 35-37
Lagoon site, 26-28
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Landfill site, 29-31
MCL, A85
National Animal Poison Control Center, 7
National Contingency Plan, 9-13
PEL, ASS
Potentiation effects, A83
Preliminary assessment, 9, 11, 14-15
Qualitative hazard recognition, 16-47
Abandoned tank cars, 46
Chemical storage, 32-34
Drum site, 23-25
Fire/explosion scene, 20-22
Industrial facility, 38-41 .
Laboratory, 35-37
Lagoon, 26-28
Landfill, 29-31
Service building/maintenance, 47
Underground storage tank, 40
Warehouse, 46
Routes of exposure, A74-A83
Absorption, A78-A81
Inhalation, A74-A78
Injection, A82-A83
Injestion, A81-A82
Safety, 4
Sampling, A94-A103
Sampling plan, A95-A97
SCBA.5
Service building/maintenance site, 47
Site inspection, 9, 11, 15-16
Soils, A90-A91
Synergistic effect, A83
Texas Tech University Pesticide Hotline, 7
TLV.A84
TLV-C, A85
TLV-STEL, A85
TLV-TWA, A84
Toxicology, A69-A86
TOXNET, 8
Underground storage tank, 40
US Department of Transportation Hotline, 7
Warehouse, 46
Water, A91-A93
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