HAZARD
EVALUATION
HANDBOOK
A Guide to
Removal Actions
Prepared by
the Roy F. Weston
Technical Assistance Team
for the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III, Superfund Removal Branch
Under Contract 068-WO-0036
October 1991
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* ** ^ TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Safety 5
Sources of Information 7
Conducting a Removal Assessment 13
General Hazard Recognition 21
Fire/Explosion Checklist 24
Drum Site Checklist 27
:? Lagoon Checklist 30
«" Landfill Checklist 33
- Chemical Storage Checklist 36
y Laboratory Checklist 39
Industrial Facility Checklist 42
What's Wrong With This Picture? 45
Emergency Removal Guidelines 53
Emergency Removal Guideline Concentrations 56
Removal Numeric Action Levels for Drinking Water 83
Appendices A97
1. Toxicology A99
2. Environmental Media A117
3. Sampling and Basic Data Interpretation A125
4. Container Silhouettes A137
5. Guide to DOT and NFPA Placards A14I
6. Random Numbers Table A147
Index A149
Library
US EPA Region 3
1650 Arch SL
Philadelphia, PA 19103
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Introduction
This book is the second edition of a guidebook for U.S. EPA project
managers, inspectors, and others to help them view a project site from
a multimedia perspective and to recognize potential emergency or
removal conditions that may not be obvious. It is essential that the
project manager or inspector question everything at a project site in
terms of the imminent threat posed to human health and the
environment. Such questioning at times involves thinking like a
detective in order to uncover hidden, yet serious threats. The fictional
character Sherlock Holmes was a masterful detective, and an
exploration of the differences between Holmes and his less agile
associate, Dr. Watson, may be instructive.
The obvious advantage that Sherlock Holmes has over Dr. Watson is
that Holmes is the consummate logician. But Holmes's superior use of
deductive reasoning is not the only difference between the two
characters. There is another, more subtle, perhaps more compelling
difference. Holmes has the superior imagination. He looks at a set of
clues, sees a wealth of related possibilities, then logically deduces the
most reasonable possibility on the basis of the evidence at hand.
Watson can see only the clues; he cannot imagine them as part of any
possible encompassing whole.
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INTRODUCTION
This ability to look at a clue and to imagine a host of possible
ramificationsto ask "what if?"is just as important to EPA project
managers as they explore a new site as it is to Holmes as he explores
a new case. One reason this ability is valuable to project managers is
that it allows them to assess risk more fully and to determine more
accurately whether there is potential for a removal action.
According to the National Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Part
300.420 (b) and (c), among the goals of a Remedial preliminary
assessment and of a site investigation are to determine if there is any
potential need for Removal action, and, if the assessment or
investigation indicates that a Removal action is warranted, to initiate
a Removal site evaluation pursuant to 40 CFR Part 300.410. Removal
actions are warranted in unstable or potentially unstable situations that
pose immediate threats to public health and the environment. Examples
of such threats are weathered, leaking drums; potentially explosive
substances; damaged buildings or other structures with a high potential
for causing hazardous substances to be released from containment; and
so forth. The purpose of this book is to help Remedial Project
Managers understand the processes involved in a Removal site
evaluation and recognize the potential sources of immediate hazards at
various types of sites. Such recognition is important not only to fulfill
the mandates of the NCP, but also to maintain maximum site safety and
security during remedial actions.
Many sites, such as those being evaluated for the National
Priorities List (NPL), are examined by the Pre-Remedial Program first,
not the Removal Program, so it is important that these sites be
examined in light of their potential for causing imminent threats. Other
sites undergo emergency removal actions by the Removal Branch first
and then are transferred to other programs for additional action.
During the subsequent transition period, conditions that were stable at
the end of the Removal response may have deteriorated so that an
imminent threat is posed to the public or to the environment. Remedial
sites are of concern because the remedial process can take years, during
which weathering and wearing of storage and containment facilities can
occur. The NPL Site Certification process requires the periodic
evaluation of Remedial sites. These evaluations should include an
assessment of the need for a Removal action.
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INTRODUCTION
This book is meant only as a guide to the possible sources of harm
presented by various types of sites; it is not an exhaustive study.
Instead, the purpose of the book is to encourage project managers and
others to examine a site from several different perspectives in
evaluating potential hazards. Holmes had Dr. Watson with him to ask
"who/ "what," "when," "where," 'why," and "how." But each
person onsite must ask these questions for himself or herself.
Acknowledgments
This book was prepared by the Roy F. Weston Technical Assistance
Team (TAT) under the coordination of Gregg Crystall, Chief, Eastern
Response Section, Superfund Removal Branch, U.S. EPA Region III.
Dr. Roy L. Smith, U.S. EPA toxicologist in Region III, made a major
contribution to the project by collecting dosage data and calculating the
reference dose concentrations in Chapter 4, Emergency Removal
Guidelines. Many TAT members made direct and indirect
contributions to this project. The project could not have been
successfully completed without the assistance of the EPA and TAT
personnel involved.
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Safety
Certain safety precautions should be considered before entering an area
of any description that is suspected to be contaminated with hazardous
substances. These precautions are necessary to prevent short-term
exposure and injury and the long-term effects of multiple short-term
exposures.
Review background information about the facility prior to
making a site visit. A background search may provide such
useful information as the names of any process chemicals used
at the facility, contact names, and site-specific hazards and may
assist field personnel conducting the assessment.
Draft a site health and safety plan to address all chemical,
physical, biological, and radioactive hazards associated with the
site. Modifications to the safety plan can be made as additional
information is collected.
Conduct an initial survey of the site from a safe distance away
to determine if there are any visible hazards that should be
addressed or avoided when entering the site. If the
contaminants are known, it is possible to gather information
from the numerous reference sources available, prior to going
on the site.
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SAFETY
When making an entry into a site where the materials are
unknown, high levels of protection (Level B or higher) are
recommended until sufficient data has been collected to
determine that lower levels of protection are sufficient. During
the assessment, the entry team will use direct air monitoring
equipment to check for radiation, combustible gases, and
volatile organic and inorganic vapors. Multimedia (air, water,
and soil) samples should also be collected to determine actual
concentrations of the contaminants onsite.
Based on the initial survey, select the proper type of personal
protective equipment to safely perform tasks required for further
site assessment. Personal protection may include a self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-purifying respirator
(APR), chemical protective coveralls, chemical-resistant gloves
and boots, a hard hat, and safety goggles. The purpose of the
protective equipment is to minimize the risk of exposure to
hazardous substances through inhalation, ingestion, or skin
contact.
Personnel working onsite must have completed a minimum level
of OSHA-required training.
Ensure that all persons entering the site read and understand the
site health and safety plan in order to limit the number of
injuries.
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Sources of Information
Questions about the hazards posed by a site and whether a Removal
response is appropriate can be answered by the EPA Region III
Removal Branch. Call the following people for information:
Gregg Crystall, Section Chief - (215) 597-9893
Eastern Response Section (3HW31)
Superfund Removal Branch
Charles Kleeman, Section Chief - (215) 597-4018
Western Response Section (3HW32)
Superfund Removal Branch
Karen Wolper, Section Chief - (215) 597-8751
Enforcement Section (3HW33)
Superfund Removal Branch
David Wright, Section Chief - (215) 597-5998
Oil and Title HI Section (3HW34)
Superfund Removal Branch
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8 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 8
Regional Response Center - (215) 597-9898
An On-Scene Coordinator from the Superfund Removal Branch is on
duty outside of normal working hours and can be reached through the
Regional Response Center to answer questions.
Questions about the degree of toxicity posed by a substance and
its possible effects should be referred to the EPA Region III Technical
Support Section (3HW1S). Call the following people for information:
Eric Johnson, Section Chief - (215) 597-8907
Richard Bninker, Toxicologist - (215) 597-0804
Nancy Cichowicz, Geologist - (215) 597-8118
Kathryn Davies, Hydrologist - (215) 597-6488
Robert Davis, Biologist - (215) 597-3155
Debra Forman, Toxicologist - (215) 597-6626
Reginald Harris, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-1309
Dawn loven, Toxicologist - (215) 597-1309
David Kargbo, Geologist - (215) 597-8118
Paul Mlodzinski, Co-op - (215) 597-8185
Edward Newbaker, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-1268
Bernice Pasquini, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-2365
Nancy Rios, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-6682
Philip Rotstein, Hydrologist - (215) 597-6626
Bruce Rundell, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-1268
Roy L. Smith, Toxicologist - (215) 597-6682
Mindi Snoparsky, Geologist - (215) 597-2365
Toxicological information may also be obtained from:
Samuel Rotenberg, Toxicologist - (215) 597-2842
Integrated Management and Support Section (3HW53)
Kathleen Shelton, Environmental Scientist - (215) 597-9287
Corrective Action RCRA Enforcement Section (3HW61)
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SOURCES OF INFORMATION 9
Additional information can be obtained from:
American Association Of Railroads - (202) 639-2100,
(202) 629-2222
The association provides assistance at sites involving rail shipments of
hazardous materials.
Center for Disease Control - (404) 633-5313
(24 hours)
The CDC provides assistance in emergencies involving bacterial agents
or infectious diseases.
Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program - (800) 535-0202
This hotline provides information on reporting of hazardous substances
for community planning purposes.
CHEMTREC - (800) 424-9300 (24 hours)
CHEMTREC provides information concerning materials involved in
hazardous materials incidents. CHEMTREC can also contact
manufacturers, shippers, or other parties who may be able to provide
additional assistance. A supplement to CHEMTREC is the HIT
(Hazard Information Transmission) program, which provides a hard
copy of hazard data. Non-emergency service can be obtained from
CHEMTREC by calling (800) 262-8200, between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m.
EST. CHEMTREC is operated by the Chemical Manufacturers
Association.
National Animal Poison Control Center - (217) 333-3611
(24 hours)
The center is operated by the University of Illinois and provides
assistance at sites involving suspected animal poisonings or chemical
contamination.
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network -
(800) 858-7378
The network provides information about spill handling, disposal clean-
up, and health effects of pesticides.
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10 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 10
Safe Drinking Water - (800) 426-4791
This hotline provides information about the public water supply
program, policy, and technical and regulatory items.
Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste (RCRA) and Superfund -
(800) 424-9346
This hotline provides information about the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act and Superfund. It is operated by EPA.
Texas Tech University Pesticide Hotline - (800) 858-7378
The hotlines provides emergency information in pesticide-related
incidents.
TSCA and Asbestos Technical Information and Referral -
(202) 554-1404
This hotline provides information on the Toxic Substances Control Act
and on asbestos.
US Department of Transportation Hotline - (202) 426-2075
The hotline provides information and assistance concerning the
hazardous materials regulations found in the Code of Federal
Regulations Title 49.
Computer Resources
TOXNET
TOXNET, managed by the National Library of Medicine, provides
access to data bases on toxicology and related issues. Five integrated
data base modules are accessible: the Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB), Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS),
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System (CCRIS),
Directory of Biotechnology Information Resources (DBIR), and
Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile (ETICBACK).
Call (301) 496-6531 for account information.
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11 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 11
CHEMICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC
CIS provides access to about nine different data bases. Among the data
bases are the Oil and Hazardous Material/Technical Assistance Data
System (OHMTADS), the Chemical Hazard Response Info System
(CHRIS), and the MERCK index. CIS also provides access to the
SPHERE family of components sponsored by the Office of Toxic
Substances of U.S. EPA, including DERMAL, ENVIROFATE, and
ISHOW. Call (800) CIS-USER for account information.
CAMEO
The Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operation (CAMEO)
program provides response information and recommendations for over
2500 commonly transported chemicals, an air dispersion model, and
components for emergency response planning. Call (206) 526-6317 for
account information.
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Conducting a Removal
Assessment
Certain safety precautions should be considered before entering an area
of any description that is suspected to be contaminated with hazardous
substances. The National Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Section
300.410, gives the minimal procedures for conducting a removal site
evaluation, which "includes a removal preliminary assessment and, if
warranted, a removal site inspection." According to the NCP:
300.410(c)(l) The lead agency shall, as appropriate, base the
removal preliminary assessment on readily available information.
A removal preliminary assessment may include, but is not limited
to:
(i) Identification of the source and nature of the release or threat
of release;
This may be as easy as reading the U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) placard on a tank truck. In the case of a
hazardous waste site with hundreds of possibly unlabeled drums
of different chemicals, recognition of the source and nature of the
threat posed requires use of all information available; e.g.,
historical data, visual observation, monitoring data, sample data,
package labels, shipping manifests, and witnesses.
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14 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 14
(ii) Evaluation by ATSDR or by other sources, for example, state
public health agencies, of the threat to public health;
In order to evaluate the level of threat that a site poses to public
health, ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry) requires a report that describes the site and its history;
lists the substances present onsite and the quantity of
contaminated material in different media (soil, water, air);
describes the relationship between the site and such
environmental pathways as ground water, surface water, soil,
sediment, and air; and provides documentation of quality
control/quality assurance for supporting sample data. Similar
reports can be prepared for EPA toxicologists and other public
health officials so they can evaluate the degree of threat posed by
a site.
(iii) Evaluation of the magnitude of the threat;
Evaluation is determining the actual or potential impact of a
threat to public health and welfare and to the environment. To
evaluate the magnitude of a hazardous materials site, all
substances must be identified, their concentrations determined,
and their dispersion pathways established. Then, risk can be
assessed on the basis of exposure or the threat of exposure to the
public and the environment.
(iv) Evaluation of factors necessary to make the determination of
whether a removal is necessary; and
The eight criteria for a removal are set forth in Section 300.415
of the NCP. These criteria are qualitative in nature, and it is not
necessary that all of them be satisfied for a removal to be
initiated. The criteria are discussed below.
(v) Determination of whether a nonfederal party is undertaking
proper response.
Research whether state and/or local agencies or the potentially
responsible party (PRP) have taken action to mitigate conditions
at the site.
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IS REMOVAL ASSESSMENT IS
300.410(c)(2) A removal preliminary assessment of releases from
hazardous waste management facilities may include collection or
review of data such as site management practices, information from
generators, photographs, literature searches, and personal
interviews conducted, as appropriate.
300.410(d) A removal site inspection may be performed if more
information is needed. Such inspection may include a perimeter
(i.e., oflsite) or onsite inspection, taking into consideration whether
such inspection can be performed safely.
Initial entry personnel should determine the presence of any hazards
that may affect response personnel, the public, and the environment;
verify existing information and obtain additional information about
the site; evaluate the need for prompt action to mitigate any situation
onsite; and collect information to establish safety requirements for
additional personnel entering the site.
NCP Criteria For Initiating A Removal Action
Section 300.415 of the NCP sets forth the criteria for determining
whether a removal action is warranted. If the site meets one or more
of the criteria, a Removal action may be necessary.
300.415(b)(2) The following factors shall be considered in
determining the appropriateness of a removal action pursuant to
this section:
(i) Actual or potential exposure to nearby human populations,
animals, or the food chain from hazardous substances or
pollutants or contaminants;
Determine whether the site poses a direct exposure threat. Look
for evidence of children playing in or near the site. Look for
evidence of people walking or riding through the area, possibly
stirring up contaminated dust. Check for schools, retirement
communities, hospitals or other institutions nearby with sensitive
populations that may be affected by site emissions. Explore
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16 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 16
whether contaminated runoff from the site enters nearby streams
or impoundments. Look for wells in the vicinity of the site that
are affected by ground water contaminants. Determine whether
the contaminants are likely to enter the food chain through
biouptake.
(ii) Actual or potential contamination of drinking water supplies
or sensitive ecosystems;
Determine whether the release affects or has the potential to
affect a ground water aquifer or surface waterway used for
drinking water. Check for any fragile natural areas (e.g., the
habitat of an endangered species) that may be affected by
contaminants from the site.
(iii) Hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants in
drums, barrels, tanks, or other bulk storage containers, that
may pose a threat of release;
Determine how structurally secure containers are. Look for any
signs of weathering or structural instability. Based on the
condition of any containers and the quantity of material present,
determine whether an uncontrolled release is an imminent threat.
(iv) High levels of hazardous substances or pollutants or
contaminants in soils largely at or near the surface, that may
migrate;
Look for visible discoloration of the soil and for standing pools
of discolored liquid. Look for any dead or dying vegetation; it
may imply the presence of soil contamination that is not visible.
Determine where runoff goes.
(v) Weather conditions that may cause hazardous substances or
pollutants or contaminants to migrate or be released;
Determine whether precipitation can initiate a release (e.g., a
lagoon overflow) or cause contaminants already released to
migrate. Check for any containers that are exposed to the
weather, which facilitates structural deterioration.
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17 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 17
(vi) Threat of fire or explosion;
Check for any flammable/explosive substances that may be
present, including any initially stable substances that may have
deteriorated to the point of being explosively unstable. Check
for the presence of strong oxidizers. Determine whether any
incompatible substances are stored together. Examine the
history of the site for incidences of accidental fire, explosion, or
arson.
(vii) The availability of other appropriate federal or state
response mechanisms to respond to the release;
Ascertain whether other federal or state agencies are prepared
to provide resources to mitigate the release or threat of release.
(viii) Other situations or factors that may pose threats to public
health or welfare or the environment.
Be alert for any other condition, in addition to the ones
specifically given in the NCP criteria, that may pose an
imminent threat.
Conducting a Removal Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Before site entry, the investigation team should gather and review
information about site activities and the chemicals used and/or
generated so that hazards can be evaluated to the extent possible and
preliminary controls established to protect initial entry personnel. This
preliminary evaluation should provide the following information:
The location and approximate size of the site.
The site history, especially waste disposal history.
A description of the topography of the site, the number and types of
structures present, and routes of accessibilty. Natural wind barriers
such as buildings, hills, and storage tanks should also be identified,
as well as how land surrounding the site is used.
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18 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 18
Descriptions of the hazardous substances known or suspected to be
onsite and their chemical and physical properties and associated
risks.
An estimation of the types of changes that may have occurred
onsite as the result of aging, weathering, fire/explosion, and so
forth. Changes include structural damage to buildings and
containers, as well as chemical alteration of hazardous substances
present. Any such changes may increase the risk to personnel
entering the site.
Pathways for dispersion of hazardous substances from the site.
Potential pathways include the air, such biologic routes as the food
chain, ground water, surface water, and direct contact. Adjacent
properties and the sensitivity of the surrounding environment
should be considered.
A description of the response activities or other tasks to be
performed onsite and an estimate of their duration.
Information can be obtained through a search of state and federal
regulatory and enforcement records (includingpreviously gathered U.S.
EPA Removal and Remedial data and information from other EPA
programs such as the National Pollutant Discharge System for water),
local government records, the potential responsible party's records
(logbooks, shipping manifests, ledgers, etc.), interviews with adjacent
property owners and previous site workers, and perimeter
reconnaissance. If the preliminary offsite evaluation does not produce
sufficient information to identify and quantify the suspected hazards, an
initial site entry and characterization are performed.
SITE INVESTIGATION
During the site investigation, entry personnel should monitor the
air for conditions that are immediately dangerous to life and health
(IDLH) or that may cause serious harm. Such conditions include
combustible or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, and the
presence of airborne toxic substances that pose a high threat through
skin absorption and/or inhalation. To supplement air monitoring,
personnel should look onsite for indicators of IDLH conditions.
Indicators include dead animals; stressed vegetation; and bulging,
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19 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 19
fuming, hissing, or otherwise stressed containers. Be alert for the
presence of something onsite that may imply the presence of a hidden
hazard; for example, the edge of one rusty drum protruding through a
tangle of vines could indicate that the vines are covering a pile of
drums. Personnel should also monitor for ionizing radiation and note
any slip-trip-fall hazards. Once the hazards onsite have been evaluated
and the initial safety plan revised accordingly, periodic monitoring
should occur to ensure the safety of site workers during the remainder
of the investigation.
It is critical that the hazardous materials onsite be identified exactly
to assure safe and effective field operations. Several basic clues to
their identity include:
Container shape and size. Distinctive container shapes are used for
certain types of substances, so basic clues to the identity of a
hazardous material can be gathered from the container in which it
is stored. Refer to Appendix 4 for silhouettes of some containers
used in the transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials.
Markings, placards, and labels. Markings, placards, and labels,
along with container shape and size, are the safest and easiest
methods for determining the presence of hazardous materials. The
DOT requires placards on containers used to transport 1000 pounds
or more of most hazardous substances across state lines; the DOT
requires placards for any amount of some particularly hazardous
substances. The DOT Code of Federal Regulation, 49 CFR, gives
the requirements for labeling and placarding hazardous materials
within the United States. There is also a marking system
administered by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
for fixed facility storage tanks. Refer to Appendix 5 for additional
information on U.S. DOT and NFPA placards and labels.
NOTE: Remember that containers may be unlabeled or even
mislabeled, either intentionally or through error.
Exercise extreme caution until the presence or absence
of a hazardous substance has been confirmed.
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20 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 20
Senses. The senses of sight, hearing, and smell can aid in the
identification of hazardous materials. Sight and hearing are the
safest senses to employ and are very valuable resources in
determining the presence of hazardous materials. The sense of smell
is potentially dangerous. Some materials are toxic at concentrations
too low to be detected by smell, and other materials induce
olefactory fatigue, so workers cannot distinguish increased
concentrations. Generally, standard operating procedures state that
if a worker is close enough to smell a substance, the worker is too
close.
Qualitative Hazard Recognition
Qualitative hazard recognition, the realization that a hazard actually
exists onsite, is the most crucial part of a removal site investigation.
This section contains a general checklist of questions, pertinent to every
site, to provide guidance in qualitative hazard recognition. Following
the general checklist is a series of drawings of specific conditions that
may not occur at every site. When they do occur, these conditions
require a thorough evaluation, so a detailed checklist follows each
drawing. This section concludes with a modified map of an actual site.
A checklist follows the site map.
Use of the general checklist should give each project manager or
inspector an idea of whether a removal may be warranted and provide
background information about the site. The checklists associated with
the drawings should be used in making a more detailed assessment of
specific hazards.
The purpose of each checklist is to direct the thinking of site
investigators; the checklists are guides, not all encompassing field
lists that address every condition that may be encountered.
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21 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 21
General Hazard Recognition Checklist for Each Site
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Note any indicators of potential exposure to hazardous
substances:
Dead fish, animals or vegetation.
Dust or spray in the air.
Fissures or cracks in solid surfaces that expose deep waste
layers.
Pools of liquid.
Foams or oils on liquid surfaces.
Gas generation or effervescence.
Deteriorating containers.
Cleared land areas or possible landfilled areas. See detailed
checklist on page 34.
Anything that appears unusual, out of the ordinary, for
whatever reason.
2. Note the types of containers, impoundments, or other storage
systems:
Paper or wooden packages.
Metal (stainless steel, lead, etc.) or plastic barrels or drums;
concrete storage containers. The composition of the container
can be a clue to the contents.
Underground tanks.
Aboveground tanks.
Compressed gas cylinders.
Pits, ponds, or lagoons.
Other.
See detailed checklist on page 28, page 31, and page 37.
3. Note the condition of waste containers and storage systems:
Structural soundness.
Visibly rusted or corroded.
Leaking or bulging.
Types and quantities of materials in containers).
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22 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 22
Container labels indicating corrosive, explosive, flammable,
radioactive, toxic, or biologically pathogenic material.
Presence or absence of secondary containment, such as a berm.
4. Note the physical condition of materials onsite:
Physical state: gas, liquid, or solid.
Color and turbidity.
Behavior, e.g., corroding, foaming, or vaporizing.
Conditions conducive to splash or contact.
5. Identify features of the land and natural wind barriers:
Buildings, large aboveground storage tanks.
Hills.
Rows of trees.
6. Determine the potential pathways of dispersion:
Air.
Surface water.
Ground water.
Land surface (direct contact).
Biologic routes such as plants and animals affecting the food
chain.
7. Note any safety hazards. Consider:
Condition of site structures.
Obstacles to entry and exit.
Homogeneity of the terrain.
Stability of the terrain.
Stability of stacked material.
8. Identify any reactive, incompatible, flammable, or highly
corrosive wastes. How are they stored?
9. Note the presence of any naturally occurring potential skin
irritants or dermatitis-inducing agents or of any potentially
hazardous animals. For example:
Poison ivy, poison oak, and/or poison sumac.
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23 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 23
Poisonous snakes.
Stray dogs.
10. Note any tags, labels, markings, or other identifying
indicators.
11. If warranted, use one or more of the following investigative
techniques to locate buried wastes or contaminant plumes:
Electromagnetic resistivity.
Seismic refraction.
Magnetometry.
Metal detection.
Ground-penetrating radar.
12. Collect samples from:
Air.
Drainage ditches.
Soil (surface and subsurface).
Standing pools of liquids.
Storage containers.
Streams and ponds (upgradient, at suspected source, and
downgradient).
Ground water (upgradient, beneath site, downgradient).
13. Sample for or otherwise identify:
Biologic or pathologic hazards.
Radiologic hazards.
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HAZARD RECOGNITION - Fire/Explosion Scene
1. Dana?ed Sxructure
2. Contaminated Bunolt
3. DI-UB Storago
5. Drains
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25 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 25
Fire/Explosion Scene Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards. -
1. Damaged Structure
Unstable structures may pose physical hazards.
Debris increases the risk of slip, trip, fall hazards.
Fire often causes friable asbestos to become airborne.
Smoke from even simple structure fires may contain many
toxic chemicals.
2. Contaminated Runoff
Runoff of water used to treat a fire will often be contaminated
with chemicals released during the incident.
The water may cause adverse reactions with reactive or
unstable chemicals.
The water may also be contaminated with combustion
byproducts of chemicals stored or used at the facility.
3. Drum Storage
Determine whether the drums have been impacted by either the
fire, water, or chemical foam.
Do the drums seem stable or stressed by heat or pressure?
Can any special hazards be noted from visible label
information?
Note any physical damage caused by heavy equipment.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
expected to be present.
4. Bulk Storage
Determine whether the containers have been affected by either
the fire, water, or chemical foam.
Do the containers seem stable or stressed by heat or pressure?
Are the pressure relief systems intact and actively venting?
Are primary and secondary containment structures available
and stable?
Research the toxic and physical properties of chemicals
expected to be present.
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26 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 26
5. Drains
Look for storm, sanitary sewer, and process water drains in the
area.
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other sensitive
area?
Are drains connected to sump pits or other potential containment
areas?
Can drains be utilized for containment or blocked for protection
if necessary?
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Drum Site
l UnKnovn Drum
4 Leaking Drum
2 Vapor Release
5 Drum Tiers
8 Packed Drums
-------
28 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 28
Drum Site Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Drums
Do not make assumptions regarding the safety of drum contents
until positive identification can be made; labels may not reflect
the actual drum contents.
Shaking drums to determine whether empty or not can initiate
adverse reaction.
Seemingly empty drums can still contain toxic residues.
Determine materials drums are made of; e.g., fiber, stainless
steel, aluminum, poly, lead. These materials may give clues to
the nature of the contents and the associated hazards.
Drums containing incompatible substances may be found
together. If the drums are leaking, they may pose a
fire/explosion threat.
2. Vapor Release
Not all vapors are visible. Look near bung holes for air
movement similar to heat waves.
Respiratory protection is critical to cover inhalation and ingestion
exposure routes.
Determine if vapors can be confined and concentrated due to the
nature of the surrounding area or structures.
3. Bulging Drum
Determine if bulging is caused by pressure build-up or thermal
expansion/ contraction.
Bulging drums should never be opened by hand. A remote drum
punch can open the drum and relieve the pressure.
4. Leaking Drum
Contain leakage in place or block off any drains.
Use pH paper to determine if the leaking material is corrosive.
Any visibly stressed vegetation may indicate toxicity.
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29 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 29
If a smoking, fuming, or bubbling reaction is evident, it may
indicate reactivity.
5. Drum Tiers
Uneven stacking or corroded pallets/drums can present a
physical hazard.
Leaking drums on an upper tier can present a chemical hazard
above the worker's head.
Wooden pallets do not constitute a chemical barrier to prevent
leaks from mixing and can pose a fire hazard in the presence
of oxidizers.
6. Tipped Drum
If a tipped drum is leaking from the bung, setting the drum
upright or rolling so bung is upright can eliminate the problem.
A leak underneath the drum may not be visible; look for clues
such as discolored soil and stressed vegetation.
7. Buried Drums
An uneven or disturbed soil surface may indicate buried
objects.
Drum heads often rise and break through the soil surface after
burial.
Caution should be exercised when using heavy equipment in
areas that have or are suspected to have buried drums.
An excavated drum may not be structurally sound due to
container deterioration.
Data obtained from soil gas testing, magnetometer surveys, and
x-ray fluorescence may indicate the presence of buried drums.
8. Packed Drums
Do not assume that inner drums in a tightly packed area of
drums contain the same chemical as the accessible drums, or
that the contents are compatible.
Large amounts of chemicals can pool beneath and between the
packed drums.
It can be extremely difficult to identify and handle, or even to
reach, a leaking or fuming drum within the pack.
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Lagoon
7. Accaas Control
6 rroaboard
capacity
3. Liner
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-------
31 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 31_
Lagoon Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Lagoon
Document whether the lagoon is permitted or unpermitted.
Determine the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present in the lagoon.
Note any stained soil or dead/dying vegetation in the area of
the lagoon.
Monitor for any air emissions in the vicinity of the lagoon.
Characterize all layers of the lagoon - both liquid and solid
layers.
Check records for previous monitoring analysis of the lagoon
contents.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and the location of the
water table with respect to the lagoon.
2. Containment Structure
Note the stability of the berm construction.
Document whether secondary containment is available in the
event of failure.
Document any seepage through the berm.
Check whether the containment structure is adequately
engineered to withstand normal stresses and strains.
3. Liner
Check for a lagoon liner.
Determine whether the construction materials of the liner are
compatible with the contents of the lagoon.
If possible, determine whether the liner was installed by
professionals.
4. Leachate
Determine what types of chemicals can be expected to leach
from the lagoon. Determine whether direct contact is a threat
with any surface leachate seeps.
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32 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 32
Determine whether surface seeps affect any surface waters, and
whether a leachate pathway to a local aquifer is available.
5. Drainage
Identify all sources of drainage into the lagoon.
Identify all sources of drainage out of the lagoon.
Determine whether the lagoon liquid level rises or falls at
unexpected times.
Determine whether sufficient freeboard is available to prevent
overflow of the lagoon under heavy precipitation.
6. Access Control
Access should be restricted by a fence or other barrier.
Look for any evidence of trespassers around the lagoon.
Look for evidence of children playing in the vicinity of the
lagoon.
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Landfill
2 Statin? Aroa
5 Comnunity Access
6 Air Emissions
-------
_34 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 34_
Landfill Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Landfill
Document whether the landfill is permitted or unpermitted.
If permitted, document materials that are allowed.
Document the history of disposal practices.
Determine whether die landfill is lined or unlined.
Look for evidence of illegal dumping or of dumping that is
inconsistent with accepted practices.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and the location of the
water table with respect to the landfill.
Research the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present.
2. Staging Area
Check for the presence of hazardous materials that are staged for
disposal.
Look for such surface contamination as stained soil or
dead/dying vegetation in the staging area.
Document whether access to the staging area is restricted by
fencing or other barriers.
3. Leachate
Determine the types of chemicals that can be expected to leach
out of the landfill.
Identify any pathways for leachate to local aquifers.
Determine whether any surface leachate seeps pose a direct
contact threat.
Look for surface seeps that may affect surface waters.
4. Wells
Document any monitoring wells in the area.
Note any drinking water wells in the area.
Research any sample information (both past and present) that
may be available for nearby wells.
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35 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 35
Determine whether the state has more or less stringent water
quality criteria than does EPA.
5. Community Access
Look for evidence of trespassers onto the landfill.
Look for children's play areas in the migration pathways of
leachate.
Find out if the community is aware of any actual or potential
hazards posed by the landfill.
Determine whether access to the landfill can be sufficiently
restricted using signs or barriers.
6. Air Emissions
Determine whether air emissions are controlled at the landfill.
Check for emissions that can be detected with monitoring
instruments.
Determine whether prevailing winds carry contaminants into
sensitive populations or environments.
-------
HAZARD RECOGNITION - Chemical storage
Transfar Points
O SHOEIMC OR OPEN LIGHTS
6 Drainage
3. Chemical Types
« Secondary Camainaeat
-------
_37 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 37_
Chemical Storage Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Transfer Points
Determine whether bulk chemical transfer was performed on a
concrete pad or over soil/gravel.
Look for any stained soil and stressed vegetation.
Was vehicle decontamination performed? How were
decontamination agents disposed of?
Note the condition of pipes/hoses, fittings, valves, and joints.
2. Containers
Determine whether containers are filled or empty.
Is the container structure compatible with the stored chemical,
if the contents are known?
If the contents are unknown, do the composition and structure
of each container give clues to the contents and its associated
hazards?
Look for such indicators of structural instability as weak welds,
bulging panels, missing rivets, and so forth.
Are access portals intact; can any leakage be observed?
Can the containers be expected to remain intact until remedition
is complete?
3. Chemical Types
Research the toxic and physical properties of the stored
chemicals.
Do signs or markings on the containers provide clues to
potential dangers?
Are incompatible chemicals stored adjacent to one another?
Do the stored chemicals have the potential to degrade into a
more hazardous form?
4. Secondary Containment
Calculate whether the containment volume is sufficient to hold
the contents of the largest primary container plus freeboard.
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38 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 38
Determine whether the containment structure is compatible with
the chemicals present.
Is the containment structure totally enclosing, with four walls
and a floor?
Look for any breaches, whether intentional or otherwise, present
in the secondary containment structure.
Look for any drains present in the structure.
5. Spill History
Determine whether spills were frequent during past operations.
Do past spills have the continuing potential to migrate offsite?
Have spills compromised the structures of either the primary
containers or the secondary containment structure?
6. Drainage
Determine whether the secondary containment structure is
designed to allow for drainage of rainwater.
Are drainage areas directed to sumps, to a treatment plant, or to
the environment?
Can the drains be blocked or otherwise closed?
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HAZARD RECOGNITION - Laboratory
2 Shock Sensitive Chenleals
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1 Unknown Chenlcals
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4 Unknown FacJca?es
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40 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 40
Laboratory Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Chemicals
Over time, chemicals can degrade into different, more hazardous
forms.
Older labs may have used obsolete nomenclature, so labels and
papers may be confusing.
Often, handwritten labels may be incorrect.
Packages may become unstable over time.
Incompatible chemicals may be stored in close proximity.
Instruments and tubing may still contain chemicals and chemical
residues.
2. Shock Sensitive Chemicals
Many chemicals, such as ethers, are peroxidizable and can be
explosively shock sensitive.
Shock sensitive chemicals can be detonated by falling off a shelf
or by the shear force generated by turning the cap. Some
chemicals can violently decompose spontaneously.
Many common lab chemicals such as picric acid can, over time,
become shock sensitive.
3. Cylinders
Cylinders can contain either liquids or gases.
They can be constructed for high pressure or low pressure use.
Color coding is manufacturer specific and is not common to the
industry.
Cylinders can hold extremely toxic or corrosive materials.
They should only be examined and moved by experts.
Structural instability is not always visible from the exterior.
4. Unknown Packages
Chemicals can be present in a variety of packaging, apart from
the common flasks and glass bottles.
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41 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 41
Acid carboys are sometimes shipped in cardboard boxes or
wooden crates.
Radioactive materials can be shipped in metal flasks or small
boxes.
5. Drums
Laboratories occasionally maintain chemicals in larger
containers, such as 55-gallon drums.
Larger volume chemicals would typically be caustic cleaners or
solvents.
These drums commonly rest on their sides, incorporate spigots,
and have a high potential for leakage.
Note the condition of the floor under any drums.
6. Drains
Often chemicals are washed into floor drains.
Determine whether drains are connected to sump pits or other
potential containment areas.
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other sensitive
area?
Pools of chemicals may accumulate in sumps.
Incompatible chemicals may generate toxic gases in drains,
sumps, or drain lines.
Outfalls for these drains should be examined for signs of
contamination.
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I HAZARD RECOGNITION - Industrial Facility
1. Faciiicy
3. Bulk Storage
Z Pipeline
0 D 0
S Landfill
(I I)
6.
4. DruB Storage
7. Lagoon
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43 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 43
Industrial Facility Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Facility
Evaluate the structural stability of the buildmg(s).
Document whether asbestos or nonasbestos insulation was used.
Document whether PCB or non-PCB transformers were used.
Document whether process units are filled or empty, pressurized
or nonpressurized.
Note the presence of raw materials, byproducts, and wastes in
addition to chemical products.
Obtain the history of operations, past disposal practices, and
chemical spills.
2. Pipelines
Note the structural stability of interior piperacks and exterior feed
pipes.
Document whether asbestos or nonasbestos insulation was used.
Note the compatibility of chemicals and pipe construction
materials.
Document whether pipelines or other types of tubing are filled or
empty.
Note the condition of valves, fittings, joints and so forth.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals known
to be used at the facility.
3. Bulk Storage Tanks
Evaluate the structural stability of the outer skin and document
any signs of physical or chemical deterioration.
Document whether tanks are connected or disconnected to feed
pipes.
Document whether tanks are pressurized or nonpressurized,
insulated or noninsulated.
Note the condition of valves and fittings.
Note the presence of additional heating or cooling systems to
keep contents at a steady state.
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44 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 44
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored chemicals.
4. Drum Storage
Note the age of drums.
Document whether drums are sheltered or exposed to the
elements.
Look foi ,'ny signs of deterioration or stress.
Look for any visible label or placard information.
Look for any visible stencilled or handwritten information.
The drum shape may potentially indicate the contents (i.e., acid
carboy for corrosives or fiber drum for solids).
If drum is bulging, determine whether bulging is due to built-up
pressure or to thermal expansion/contraction.
Document whether drums contain pure chemicals or waste
materials.
Look for any standing discolored water, stained soil, or stressed
vegetation, any own of which may indicate spillage.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored chemicals.
5. Landfill
Determine whether the landfill is permitted or unpermitted.
If permitted, document the materials known to be present.
Research the past history of disposal practices.
Determine whether the landfill is lined or unlined.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and where the water table
lies with respect to the landfill.
Are there any monitoring or drinking water wells in the area?
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
present.
6. Underground Storage Tank
Note the age of tank.
Obtain the maintenance history.
Research the hydrogeology of the area; note the location of the
water table.
Note the condition of exterior fittings.
Note any seepage in the surrounding area.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored chemicals.
-------
45 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 45
Document whether the tank is double lined or has cathodic
corrosion protection.
Look for evidence of frequent overflows.
7. Lagoon
Note the stability of benn construction.
Determine whether there is sufficient freeboard to avoid
overflow.
Is the lagoon lined or unlined?
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
present.
Research the hydrogeology of the area; where does the water
table lie with respect to the lagoon.
Is secondary containment available?
Note any standing discolored water, stained soil, or stressed
vegetation in the area.
Note any seepage through the benn.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
The map on page 47 is a modified version of a map of an actual
Removal site. Look at the map in terms of the hazard recognition
checklists, pick out the hazards, then rank them according to degree of
threat to the site investigation team. What immediate threats does the
site pose to the environment and to the health and welfare of any
residents nearby? What long-term hazards are at the site? What clues
to the level of threat should the investigation team look for onsite?
BACKGROUND
The All Cracked Up Battery Corp. smelted and refined lead
extruded from used batteries to produce lead ingots. The facility
operated for 10 years until it went bankrupt and was abandoned two
years ago.
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46 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 46
All Cracked Up received spent batteries of all sizes and had them
dumped on a concrete pad to drain the acid. Battery acid and
contaminated runoff from the pad were collected in a sump and then
directed into a hazardous waste lagoon. After the acid was drained, the
batteries were transported from the dumping area to a hammermill,
which crushed them for materials separation and cleaning. Wastewater
from the cleaning process was collected in a sump and directed to the
lagoon. After separation of plastics and other unrecyclable materials,
the metal component of the battery was smelted then refined.
Emissions from smelters were scrubbed using a lime slurry and liquid
from the lagoon. Residue from the scrubbing process was placed in a
landfill onsite. Emissions from the smelters and refinery were also fed
through a bag house. The flyash generated from this process was
stored in a building onsite. The flyash contained heavy metals in the
3 percent concentration range.
Crushed battery casings from the hammermill were left in piles
throughout the portion of the site north of the operations building and
in the hazardous waste landfill along the east boundary fence. Surface
runoff from the piles of battery casings was collected in a sump and
directed to the lagoon, resulting in the migration of small battery casing
chips into the sumps, drainage lines, and the lagoon itself.
The lagoon was treated with lime to neutralize its contents. Liquid
from the lagoon passed into the water treatment plant, where it was
treated with flocculants to remove heavy metals. The precipitates were
disposed of in the landfill. The treated water was discharged into a
nearby creek.
A site inspection by state officials revealed the presence of a trench
between the collection sump and a drainage ditch, which facilitated the
bypassing of the lagoon during periods of heavy surface runoff.
Battery casing chips were found throughout the course of the drainage
ditch and the creek downstream of the site.
-------
All Cracked Up Battery Corp Site
Abandoned
Tanker cars
Battery Casing Piles
IOiauaif*U
' P
Ondanrnom Dralnplp* y\
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Refinery
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Hazardous
waste
Landfill
Creek
-------
48 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 48
Files of battery casing chips
What types of residues can you expect to be on the chips?
Relate these residues to past industrial activities.
How hazardous are these residues?
Is there any evidence that residues on these chips are migrating
from the piles, into the sumps, or offsite?
How will extensive rainfall affect these piles?
Is there vegetation around the piles; if so, in what condition is it?
Is there any means by which persons could gain access to these
piles, especially children?
Drainage sumps and underground drainpipe
Runoff from the piles of battery casing chips flows to several
drainage sumps and then into an underground drainpipe system.
Is there standing water around the sumps?
If so, is the water discolored and/or cloudy? Perform a pH test
using pH paper.
Are the drainpipes clogged?
Where can surface runoff be expected to pool?
Do winds generate excessive dusts? Dusts are most likely
contaminated.
Liquid waste storage tank
This container holds unknown waste material.
Is there secondary containment around the tank? If so, is it
sufficient to hold the contents of the tank?
In what condition is the tank; is it corroded; does there appear to
be structural instability?
Is there evidence that the tank leaks?
Is there stressed vegetation or discolored soil around the tank?
If there is standing water near the tank, test it with a strip of litmus
paper.
Are there process lines to and from the tank? Perhaps they are
underground. The lines may contain chemicals and chemical
residues.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 37 to help determine the
hazards posed by the storage tank.
-------
49 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 49
Hazardous waste landfill
Is the landfill lined or unlined?
Is there evidence of leachate seepage?
If so, what color is the seepage; is it cloudy?
How does the seepage test with pH paper?
Is there access for liquids (precipitation) into the landfill?
Did the company dispose of hazardous liquids in the landfill?
Evaluate company records; remember that these may be
deliberately incorrect.
Is the landfill secure? Be sure that curious persons,
particularly children, can not gain access.
Use the checklist beginning on page 34 to help determine the
hazards posed by the landfill.
Drainage basin and hazardous waste lagoon
Are the drainage basin and lagoon each lined or unlined?
How much freeboard does each one have?
Are the process lines into each free of debris?
Is there evidence that one or both impoundments has overflowed in
the past?
Is there standing water in the overflow trench?
If so, what does the water look like; how does it test with pH paper?
Are there battery casings in the overflow trench?
Apply the checklist beginning on page 31 to the drainage basin and
lagoon.
Underground storage tank
Note the presence of seepage along banks of creek, which may
be indicative of release from the storage tanks.
Review company records. What type of fuel did the facility
use? Where and how was it stored, transported and burned?
Refer to the discussion on page 43 about chemical production
facilities for additional hazards posed by USTs.
-------
50 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT SO
Air scrubbers and flyash storage
Ensure that access to flyash storage is secure, particularly from
curious children.
Evaluate all piping, process lines and machinery for residual
materials.
Note the locations of drainage sumps and treatment tanks.
Do winds generate excessive dusts? Dusts are most likely
contaminated.
Abandoned tank cars
These should be treated like storage tanks containing unknown
chemicals.
Look for any markings or placards on the outside of the cars that
may indicate what they contain.
Refer to Appendix 1 for silhouettes of railcars in order to
determine what they may contain, e.g., pressurized gas, corrosive
materials, etc.
After identification, are incompatibles next to each other?
Are the cars structurally sound and uncorroded?
Do they appear to be leaking? Check ditches, puddles and culverts
adjacent to tanks. Do they contain free-standing liquid? Test with
pH paper.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 37 to the tank cars.
Warehouse
Locate drainage sumps, process lines, and utilities.
Be aware of contaminated surfaces.
Spent/old machinery poses additional hazards, e.g., laceration.
Is the building properly ventilated; be aware of confined
space entry hazards.
Are materials stored in the warehouse? Identify materials if
possible.
Are incompatibles stored next to each other?
Ensure that the building is structurally sound and that adequate
lighting is available.
Watch for slip, trip, and fall hazards.
-------
51 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 51
Refinery/Smelter
Ensure that the building and large equipment (kettles, cranes,
hammermill) are structurally sound.
Locate process lines and utilities.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
It is likely that the atmosphere in this area is also contaminated.
Watch for confined space entry hazards.
Watch for slip, trip and fall hazards.
Service Building/Maintenance Area
Look for chemical hazards, e.g., cleaning agents, degreasers and
associated solvents, stripping agents, lubricants, etc.
Check for storage of incompatible materials.
Old machinery is a potential source of injury.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
Note the presence of gas cyclinders.
There may be a Tire and explosion threat, particularly in areas with
low ceilings and confined spaces.
Facility
Thoroughly evaluate company records to be sure of industrial
processes and all materials involved.
Because this facility was involved in metals analysis and recycling,
it is possible that industrial radiography may have been used. Look
for radiation symbols; scan with rad meter if possible.
How structurally sound is the building?
What is the condition of the transformer room? Is there evidence of
spilled oil, which could contain PCBs?
What is the condition of the lab? Apply the checklist beginning on
page 40 to the lab.
How secure is the facility? Is there any evidence of entrance to the
facility, e.g., vandalism, children playing?
Topographies
Is the site upgradient or downgradient to established surface
water flow patterns?
Does surface water flow through the site?
Consult a hydologist for groundwater concerns.
-------
52 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 52
Are there waterways nearby which may be affected?
Demographics
What is the phnicipal use of the land immediately adjacent to the
site?
How close is the nearest residence?
Is there a possibility for offsite migration of contaminants to
residential property?
Are there any sensitive populations nearby, particularly children
and the elderly?
Does this site have the potential to affect the water supply of
nearby residents?
Are there any heavy use areas nearby, e.g., schools, industry,
hospitals, shopping centers, farming, recreational areas,
convalescent homes?
Is there any other local industry which may have contributed to
problems with this site?
After thoroughly evaluating all known aspects of the site, it is
necessary to make a preliminary judgment about the degree of
threat posed by this facility. At many sites, the conclusion will
often be that the facility does pose a threat, but the threat should
be thoroughly characterized to determine whether the site qualifies
as a candidate for an emergency Removal action, or if the site is
secure enough to wait for a Remedial action. Assistance in these
decisions can be provided by review of the NCP. If the All
Cracked Up Battery Site, or any other site, meets any of the
criteria in the NCP for a Removal action, then site conditions may
be considered an emergency situation. Emergency situations do not
always involve the classic fire and explosions, or oil spills.
Frequently, emergency actions involve the stabilization of a site
until the Remedial Branch can completely characterize all threats
associated with the site. Further assistance in emergency
determination for a facility such as the one pictured here can be
obtained through consultation with any of the Section Chiefs and
On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in the Removal Branch.
-------
Emergency Removal
Guidelines
To help resolve incongruities in the screening process for
determination of the necessity for removal actions, the EPA Region III
Technical Support Section, through the efforts of toxicologist Dr. Roy
L. Smith, has developed the following list of emergency removal
trigger guidelines. This list was designed for use only as a screening
tool to aid RPMs and OSCs in the characterization of emergency
threats associated with uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. This list is
by no means intended to be the sole foundation for cleanup decisions.
Rather, it is meant to function as just one of many sources of
information that the decision maker should rely upon. Users of the
first edition of this handbook will note that the guidelines have been
considerably revised, due to changes in the model used to generate the
numeric values.
Toxicological values are listed in this table as absolute
concentrations. That is, no calculations or manipulations of these
values are necessary to use this list. To use this list, simply compare
data from sampling analyses to concentrations on the list. If the results
of an analysis are slightly below, equal to, or above the values listed
in the table, then there is a possibility that an emergency health threat
may be present at that particular site. In any situation involving the
possibility of an emergency health threat, an EPA toxicologist should
be consulted.
-------
54 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES 54
The lexicological values on this list were obtained through
extensive research and evaluation of toxicological data bases, compiled
through toxicity testing of the compounds, epidemiological studies,
actual exposure incidences (i.e., workplace exposure, suicide attempts,
accidental poisonings), and past experiences of the agency. Values
derived from this broad range of investigative methods undergo review
and verification before they are permitted to be published. This list,
therefore, represents the most recent advances in toxicological
determination and risk assessment.
We must emphasize, however, that this list has not
undergone extensive peer review. It is intended for internal use
only and should not be considered as EPA policy. Field personnel
should use caution when referring to this list in any way that may
imply EPA's endorsement of these values.
Assumptions Used in Calculating the Reference Levels
As the toxicology section of this guide explains, there is
biological variation in all human populations, causing variation in the
individual response to a particular dose of a toxin. Therefore, even
though the response of the total population is predictable, the response
of any one person within the exposed population is unpredictable.
Certain assumptions about biological variation must be made to develop
response models to assess nsk and to predict response. The following
assumptions are the basis of the model used to develop the reference
values that begin on page 58:
Carcinogen levels correspond to an upper bound lifetime risk of 1 x
104. Noncarcinogen levels correspond to a hazard quotient of 10.
The hazard quotient for drinking water is 1.
Exposure conies from a single medium, except in the case of
drinking water. In this case, concentrations are based on both intake
of drinking water and inhalation of vapors, where appropriate.
Exposure to residents continues for 30 years, but toxic effects from
noncarcinogens may occur in as little as one year.
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55 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES 55
For calculation purposes, adults weigh 70 kilograms and children
weigh 15 kilograms; the life span is 70 years.
Soil levels include only ingestion exposure; they omit inhalation and
dermal contact.
The amount of drinking water ingested is 2 liters per day. Com-
pounds with Henry's Law constants greater than 10"* atm nrVmol are
substantially volatilized during household tap water use. Each ug/1
in water produces an indoor air concentration of 0.5 ug/m3.
Residential soil exposure for adults is based on consumption of 100
milligrams of soil per day, for 30 years. Consumption by children
is 200 milligrams per day for 6 years.
Industrial soil exposure is based on consumption of 100 milligrams
of soil per day, 250 days per year, for 25 years.
Adults inhale 20 cubic meters of air per day.
Fish ingestion is 54 grams per day.
Remember that these criteria are based on long-term exposure
periods. Exposure to higher doses of toxic materials may produce
adverse effects within a much shorter time frame, i.e., within days
or weeks.
Following the list of emergency removal trigger guidelines is
the list of removal numeric action levels for contaminated drinking
water sites. This list was prepared by the U.S. EPA Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Emergency Response Division and
released in April 1991. The list reflects recent EPA and oral toxicity
data and associated health criteria available for the listed chemicals.
The toxicity data has been obtained from EPA's Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS), current up to February 1991, and EPA's
Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST), 4th quarter,
1991. The list also reflects the latest proposed maximum contaminant
levels (MCLs) for 24 compounds (55 FR 30370, July 25, 1990).
-------
56
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
56
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Acephate
Acclildehydc
Acetone
Acetonitnle
Acelophenone
Acifluorofen
Acrolcin
Aciylamide
Acrylic acid
Acrylomtnle
Aflatoxin Bl
Alachlor
Alar
Aldicarfa
Aldicarb aulfone
Aldrin
Ally
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chlondc
Aluminum
Aluminum phosphide
Amdro
Drinking
Water
(ug/D
ISO
1100
3700
220
3700
470
2900
1 9
2900
16
00029
110
5500
26
11
05
9100
180
180
110000
IS
11
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
98
110
3700
370
018
470
2900
019
3 1
35
000029
11
5500
26
11
005
9100
180
10
110000
15
11
Fuh
Ingestion
(rag/kg)
36
41
1400
81
1400
180
1100
007
1100
OSS
000011
39
2000
095
4 1
0019
3400
68
68
39000
54
4 1
Worker
Soil
Ingution
dog/kg)
33000
37000
1000000
61000
1000000
130000
820000
64
820000
530
0099
3500
1500000
720
3100
17
2600000
51000
51000
30000000
4100
3100
Resident
Soil
digestion
(mg/lsg)
3100
22000
78000
4700
78000
10000
63000
38
63000
320
0059
2100
120000
55
230
10
200000
3900
3900
2300000
310
230
-------
57
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
57
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
AmeUyn
m-Aminophenol
4-Aimnopyndine
AmiliBZ
AnunoDti
Ammonium suITuiute
Aniline
Antimony mo compounds
Apollo
Aramiic
Arsenic md compounds
Asulam
Atnzine
Azobenzcne
Dfinum And compounds
Barium cyanide
Baygon
Bayklon
Baylhroid
Benelin
Beoomyl
Bcnlaxon
Drinking
Water
(ug/I)
330
2600
0.73
91
0
7300
37
IS
470
340
4.9
1800
38
77
2600
2600
150
1100
910
11000
1800
91
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
330
2600
0.73
91
1000
7300
10
15
470
34
0017
1800
3.8
7.7
5.1
2600
150
1100
910
11000
1800
91
Fish
Ingcstion
(rag/kg)
120
950
027
34
0
2700
14
54
180
13
0.18
680
14
29
950
950
54
410
340
4100
680
34
Worker
Sod
logcation
(nog/kg)
92000
720000
200
26000
0
2000000
10000
4100
130000
11000
160
510000
1300
2600
720000
720000
41000
310000
260000
3100000
510000
26000
Resident
Soil
Ingcstion
(mg/kg)
7000
55000
16
2000
0
160000
780
310
10000
6800
97
39000
770
1500
55000
55000
3100
23000
20000
230000
39000
2000
-------
58
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
58
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Bcnzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzene Kid
Benzotnchlondc
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium and compounds
Bidrin
Biphenlhnn (Tilstu)
1,1-Biphenyl
Bis(2-chloroelhyOcthcr
Bis(2-chloroisopropyDcuicr
Bu(chloromelhyl)ethcr
Bis(2-chloTO- 1 -melhy telhyl)
ether
Bu(2-ethylhexyOadipale
Bis(2-clhylhcxyl)phth*lale
(DEHP)
Bnphenol A
Boron
Bromodichloromeihane
Bromoeihene
Drinking
Water
("8/D
3700
49
0037
150000
066
11000
83
2
37
550
1800
13
240
00065
120
26000
610
1800
3300
11
0016
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
3700
29
00037
150000
000028
11000
5
01
37
550
1800
077
1500
0.0039
12
26000
61
1800
3300
66
77
Fuh
Ingestion
Cog/kg)
1400
11
00014
54000
0.024
4100
1 9
0073
14
200
680
029
540
00014
45
9500
23
680
1200
24
0
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
-------
59
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
59
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Bromofonn
(tribromomethane)
Bromomethane
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bramophos
Bromoxyml
Bramoxynil oclanoate
1 ,3-Butadiene
1-Butanol
Butylate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butyfphthalyl butylglycolate
Cacodylic acid
Cadmium and compounds
Caprolactam
Captafol
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbazote
Carbofuran
Carbon dimlfidc
Carbon letrachlonde
Drinking
Water
(ug/D
120
85
2100
180
730
730
0
3700
1800
7300
37000
110
18
18000
73
2400
3700
430
180
610
43
Air
Inhalation
(ugtotf)
220
SI
2100
180
730
730
047
3700
1800
7300
37000
110
0.14
18000
73
240
3700
43
180
3700
6.6
Fish
Ingcstioii
Crng/kg)
40
19
780
68
270
270
0
1400
680
2700
14000
41
6.8
6800
27
90
1400
16
68
1400
24
Worker
Soil
Ingulioo
(fflg/kg)
36000
14000
590000
51000
200000
200000
0
1000000
510000
2000000
10000000
31000
5100
5100000
20000
82000
1000000
14000
51000
1000000
2200
Resident
Soil
Ingcstion
(me/kg)
16000
1100
45000
3900
16000
16000
0
78000
39000
160000
780000
2300
390
390000
1600
49000
78000
8500
3900
78000
550
-------
60
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
60
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Carbomlfan
Carboxin
Chloral
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlonmuron-ethyl
Chlonne dioxide
ChJoraacelaldehyde
ChJoroacctic acid
3-Chloraaniline
4-Chloroanilmc
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobcnzilatc
p-Chlorobcnzoic acid
4-Chlorobcau>lrinuonde
2-Chloro-l ,3-buladicnc
l-Chlorabutane
Chlorodibromoniclhane
2-Chloroelhyl vinyl elhcr
Chloroform
4-Chloro-2-methylaniliRC
Drinking
Water
(ug/0
370
3700
73
550
22
730
0
2SO
73
ISO
ISO
39
730
7300
730
210
2400
17
ISO
21
IS
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
370
3700
73
SSO
066
730
2.1
250
73
150
150
210
730
7300
730
1500
15000
10
910
11
1.5
Fish
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
140
1400
27
200
024
270
0
93
27
54
54
270
270
2700
270
270
5400
38
340
52
054
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
(rag/kg)
100000
1000000
20000
150000
220
200000
0
71000
20000
41000
41000
200000
200000
2000000
200000
200000
4100000
3400
260000
47000
490
Resident
Soil
Ingestion
{mg/kg}
7800
78000
1600
12000
47
16000
0
5400
1600
3100
3100
16000
16000
160000
16000
16000
310000
2000
20000
7800
290
-------
61
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
61
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
4-Chloro-2,2-methylaniline
hydrochloride
beta-ChloroMphthalene
o-Chloronitrobcnzcnc
p-Chloranitrobcnzcnc
2-Chlorophcnol
2-Chloropropanc
Chlorothalonil
o-Chlorotoluene
Chlorpyrifos
Chloipyriibs-methyl
Chlorthiophos
Chlorprophun
Chlonulfiiroa
Chromium Fit and
compounds
Chromium Viand
compounds
Coal tars
Cobalt
Copper and compounds
m-Cruol
o-Cresol
Drinking
Water
(ug/0
19
2900
57
79
180
660
550
120
110
370
29
7300
1800
37000
180
0
037
1400
1800
1800
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3>
1.9
2900
34
47
180
3300
77
730
no
370
29
7300
1800
0021
0.021
039
10
370
1800
3700
Fish
Ingestion
(mgftg)
069
1100
13
18
68
0
29
270
41
140
11
2700
680
14000
68
0
014
500
680
680
Worker
Soil
Ingesuon
Gog/kg)
620
820000
11000
16000
51000
0
26000
200000
31000
100000
8200
2000000
510000
10000000
51000
0
100
380000
510000
510000
Resident
Sod
Ingcstion
tang/kg)
370
63000
6800
9500
3900
0
12000
16000
2300
7800
630
160000
39000
780000
3900
0
78
29000
39000
39000
-------
62
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
62
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
p-Cresol
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cyanazine
Cyanides
Copper cyanide
Calcium cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide
Nickel cyanide
Potauimn cyanide
Potassium silver cyanide
Silver cyanide
Zinc cyanide
Cyanogen
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexanonc
Cyclohexlamine
Cyhalodmn/Karate
Cyromazine
Daclhal
Dalapon
Danitol
Drinking
Water
(ug/D
1800
45
1500
73
730
2600
1500
730
730
1800
7300
3700
1800
1500
1800
30000
7300
180
270
18000
1100
IS
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
1800
045
1500
73
730
2600
1500
730
730
1800
7300
3700
1800
1500
1800
180000
7300
180
270
18000
1100
18
Fish
Ingestion
-------
63
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
63
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
2,4-DB
DDD
DDE
DDT
Decabromodtphenyl eihcr
Decabramodiphenyl oxide
Demelon
Diallate
Diazinon
1 ,4-DiDromobcnzene
1 ,2-Dibromo-3-chloropro-
panc
1 ,2-Dibromoethane
Di-n-bulyl phlhalate
DibutylnitroMmme
Dicamba
1,2-Dichlorobenzcne
1 ,3BDichlorobenzcn6
1 ,4-Dichlorobenienc
3.3*-Dichlorobenzidine
l.4-Dichloro-2-butene
Diehlorodirhioromelhane
Drinking
Water
(ug/0
290
35
25
18
61
370
15
23
33
61
0065
0096
3700
16
1100
550
540
59
19
0
1200
Air
Inhalation
(uK/m3>
290
35
25
25
370
370
15
14
33
370
0039
1 1
3700
016
1100
3300
3200
35
19
0092
7300
Fish
IflgCStlOCI
110
13
093
093
140
140
0.54
5.2
12
140
0014
00037
1400
0.058
410
1200
1200
13
07
0
2700
Worker
Soil
InBcation
(mg/kfi)
82000
1200
840
840
100000
100000
410
4700
9200
100000
13
3.4
1000000
53
310000
920000
910000
12000
640
0
2000000
Resident
Soil
Ingesbon
tmgftg)
6300
710
500
390
7800
7800
31
2800
700
7800
7.7
2
78000
32
23000
70000
70000
7100
380
0
160000
-------
64
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
64
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
1 CONTAMINANT
1,1-Dichlorocthanc
1,2-Dichloroelhane (EDQ
1,1-Dichlorocdiylene
1.2-Dichloroethylene (eta)
1,2-Dichloroethylene (tnna)
Diehloromclhanc
2,4-Dichlorophenol
4-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)
butyric acid (2,4-DB)
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic
acid (2,4-D)
1,2-Dtchloropropane
11 n.J*kljuwM««MM«A
,J-L}ICniOroprOpene
2.3-DichloFOprapanol
Dichlorvos
Dtcofol
Dicyclopentidiene
Dieldnn
Dicttuuiolnitrosamine
Dicthylene glycol,
monoethyl ether
II Dielhylforamide
|| Diethylnilraumine
Drmking
Water
(ug/D
610
16
13
61
120
370
110
290
61
21
87
110
29
19
044
053
3
73000
4000
0057
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
3700
94
071
370
730
520
110
290
370
13
66
110
29
19
22
0053
03
7iiH«
4000
00057
Fun
Ingestion
(rag/kg)
1400
35
053
140
270
42
41
110
140
46
1 8
41
1 1
072
410
002
Oil
27000
1500
00021
Waiter
Soil
Ingcslian
(mg/kg)
1000000
3100
480
100000
200000
38000
31000
82000
100000
4200
1600
31000
990
650
310000
18
100
20000000
1100000
19
Resident
Soil
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
78000
1900
280
7800
16000
23000
2300
6300
7800
2500
230
2300
590
390
23000
11
61
1600000
86000
1.1
-------
65
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
65
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Dicthyl phlhalale
Difenzoquat (Avenge)
Diflubenairon
Diuopropy!
mediylphosphonate
Dmicttiipin
Dimclhoate
3,3'-Donethoxybcnzidinc
Dimelhylamine
N-N-Dimcthylanilbie
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
1 ,2-DimcthyIhydrazinc
N,N-Dimcthy1fbrainide
Dunelhytnilnnamine
2 ,4- D unelhy fphcnol
2.6-Dunethylphenol
3 14 - Dunclliy iphcnol
Dimethyl tercphthalate
4,6-Dinitro-
-------
66
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
66
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
2,4-Dinilrophenol
Dinitrotolucnc mixture
2,6-Duiilrotolucnc
Dinoseb
1,4-Dioxanc
Diphenunid
N,N-Diphenylamme
1 ,2-DiphenyIbydrazine
Dipropylnitrosunine
Diqiut
Direct black 38
Direct blue 6
Direct brown 35
Duulfolon
Diuron
Dodmc
Endosulfan
Bndolhall
Endnn
Epichlorahydnn
EPTC
Dnidung
Wtter
(ug/0
73
13
13
37
770
1100
910
11
12
80
098
1 1
092
IS
73
ISO
1.8
730
11
73
910
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
73
13
13
37
71
1101)
910
1 1
012
80
0098
Oil
0092
IS
73
ISO
18
730
11
73
910
Fish
Ingestion
(rag/kg)
27
046
046
14
29
410
340
039
004S
30
0036
0039
0034
OS4
27
S4
068
270
4 1
27
340
Woiicer
Sod
Ingcstion
(mg/kg)
20000
420
420
10000
26000
310000
260000
360
41
22000
33
35
31
410
20000
41000
S10
200000
3100
20000
260000
Resident
Sod
Ingeslion
(ing/kg)
1600
2SO
2SO
780
15000
23000
20000
210
24
1700
20
21
18
31
1600
3100
39
16000
230
1600
20000
-------
67
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
67
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Elhephon
(2-chlorocihylphmphonic
cid)
Elhion
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Ethoxyclhanol aceiale
Ethyl acetate
Elhyl acrylate
Elhylbenzene
S- Elhyl
dipropylthiocarbanute
Ethylcnc cyanohydrin
Elhylene diamine
Elhylenc dibromidc (EDB)
Elhylene glycol
Elhylrne glycol, monobutyl
ether
Elhylene oxide
Elhylene Ihiourca (ETU)
Elhyl chloride
Elhyl ether
Elhyl melhaciylale
Elhyl p-nitrophenyl
phenylphoaphorothioate
Dnnking
Water
(ug/D
180
18
15000
11000
33000
180
610
910
11000
730
0035
73000
0
0
29
710
1200
3300
037
Air
Inhalation
(ug'm3)
180
IB
2100
11000
33000
18
3700
910
11000
730
0021
73000
210
24
29
100000
7300
3300
037
Fiih
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
68
68
5400
4100
12000
66
1400
340
4100
270
00077
27000
0
0
1 1
270
2700
1200
014
Worker
Sod
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
51000
5100
4100000
3100000
9200000
6000
1000000
260000
3100000
200000
7
20000000
0
0
820
200000
2000000
920000
too
Resident
Sod
Ingcation
Cmg/kg)
3900
390
310000
230000
700000
3500
78000
20000
230000
16000
42
1600000
0
0
63
16000
160000
70000
78
-------
68
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
68
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
l-EUhyl-mtrosourea
Blhylphlhalyl ethyl glycolalc
Fenamiphos
Fluomcturon
Fluorides
Fluondooe
Fluvaluute
Folpet
Fomeufen
Ponofos
Formaldehyde
Formic Acid
Fosefyl-al
Furan
Furazolidone
Furfural
Fununt
Olufosmalc-anunonium
Glyudalddiyde
Olyphosate
Haloxyfop-meihyl
Heptachlor
Drinking
Water
(ug/0
026
110000
91
470
2200
2900
370
2400
45
73
280
73000
110000
37
22
110
0.17
IS
IS
3700
1 8
032
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
0026
110000
91
470
220C
2900
370
240
45
73
19
73000
110000
37
022
370
0017
IS
IS
3700
18
019
Fish
Ingestion
(nag/kg)
00096
41000
3.4
180
810
1100
140
90
17
27
11
27000
41000
14
0083
41
00063
54
54
1400
068
007
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
87
31000000
2600
130000
610000
820000
100000
82000
1500
20000
9500
20000000
31000000
10000
7S
31000
57
4100
4100
1000000
510
64
Resident
Soil
lagestion
(mg/kg)
52
2300000
200
10000
47000
63000
7800
49000
900
1600
5700
1600000
2300000
780
45
2300
34
310
310
78000
39
38
-------
69
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
69
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Hcplachlor epoxidc
Heubranobenzene
Hcxftchlorobenzene
HCCH (alpha)
HCCH (beta)
HCCH (gamma) Lindane
HCCH-tcchnicil
HcxichlorocyclopenUdienc
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
mixture (HxCDD)
Hcxachlorocdune
Hexachlorophene
Hexameuiyl pnospnonmiae
(HMPA)
n-Hexane
Hcxazinonc
Hydrazine, hydrazine sulfate
Hydrogen chlonde
Hydrogen sulfide
p-Hydroquinone
bnazalil
Inuzaquin
Drinking
Water
(ug/D
018
0079
088
12
14
4.7
6.4
4.7
015
00014
61
11
0
350
1200
28
0
110
1500
470
9100
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
033
0.094
053
11
0.14
047
064
047
073
000014
37
II
12
2100
1200
005
73
94
1500
470
9100
Fish
IngMUott
(me/kg)
0.12
0.035
02
4
005
0.18
024
0.18
95
0.000051
14
41
0
810
450
0.11
0
41
540
180
3400
Worker
Soil
lageation
(mg/kg)
110
31
180
3700
45
160
220
160
72000
0046
10000
3100
0
610000
340000
95
0
31000
410000
130000
2600000
Resident
Soil
Ingcstion
(ms/kg)
23
10
110
1600
27
95
130
95
5500
0027
780
230
0
47000
26000
57
0
2300
31000
10000
200000
-------
70
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
70
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Iprodionc
Iran and compounds
Isobulanol
Isophorone
hoprapalin
Kepone
Lactofen
Lead (inorganic)
Lead (as carcinogen)
Lead (alkyl)
Linuron
Lithium
Malalhion
Maleic anhydnde
Maleic hydrazide
Malononitnlc
Mancozeb
Maneb
Manganese and compounds
Mcphosfolan
Mercury and compounds
(Ikyl)
Drinking
Water
(Vg'O
1500
0
11000
2100
550
25
73
51
210
00037
73
730
730
3700
18000
073
1100
180
3700
3.3
11
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
1500
310
1100C
210
550
025
73
16
21
00037
73
730
730
3700
18000
073
1100
180
42
33
37
Fun
Ingcstioo
(mgfltg)
540
0
4100
77
200
0093
27
19
79
00014
27
270
270
1400
6800
027
410
68
1400
1 2
4 1
Woiter
Soil
Ingtstion
(me/kg)
410000
0
3100000
70000
150000
84
20000
1400
7200
1
20000
200000
200000
1000000
5100000
200
310000
51000
1000000
920
3100
Resident
SoU
Ingcstion
(mg/kg)
31000
0
230000
42000
12000
50
1600
110
4300
0078
1600
16000
16000
78000
390000
16
23000
3900
78000
70
230
-------
71
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
71
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Mercury and compounds
(inorganic)
Mercury fulminate
Merphm
Merphos oxide
Metalaxyl
Methacrylonitnle
Melhamidophos
Mcthanol
Methidalhion
Mclhomyl
Melhoxychlor
2-Melhoxyethanol
2-Mcthoxyclhanol icelate
2-Medioxy-5-nitroaniline
Methyl acetate
Methyl icrylate
2-Methylaniline
2-Melhylaniline
hydrochloride
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl chlorocarbonate
Drinking
Water
(ug/1)
73
110
1 1
1 1
2200
3.7
18
18000
37
910
180
37
73
190
37000
1100
35
47
85
110
37000
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
1.9
110
1 1
1 1
2200
73
1 8
18000
37
910
180
210
73
19
37000
1100
35
4.7
51
68
37000
Fish
Ingestion
ting/kg)
27
41
041
0.41
810
14
068
6800
14
340
68
14
27
69
14000
410
13
1.8
19
25
14000
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
{ing/kg)
20000
31000
310
310
610000
1000
510
5100000
10000
260000
51000
10000
20000
6200
10000000
310000
1200
1600
14000
23000
10000000
Resident
Soil
Ingcstion
(mg/kg)
1600
2300
23
23
47000
78
39
390000
780
20000
3900
780
1600
3700
780000
23000
710
950
1100
14000
780000
-------
72
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
72
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
2-Meihyl-4-chlorophen-
oxyacctic acid
2-<2-Meihyl-4-chlorophen-
oxy)butync acid (MCPB)
2-(2-Meihyl-l ,4-chloropheo-
oxy)propionic acid (MCPP)
4,4'-Melhyldiphenyl
laocyanalc
4,4'-Mclhylcncbubcn9l-
ammc
4.4i-Mcthylene
bis(2-chloroaniline)
4,4i-Methylenc
bis(N,N*-dimdhyl)anilinc
Mcthylcnc bromide
Methyl ethyl ketooc
Methyl ethyl ketone
peroxide
Methyl uobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl paraihion
Methyl styrcnc (mixture)
Methyl styrenc (alpha)
Mclhylniirosourea
Methyl lerlbutyl ether
(MTBE)
Onnking
Water
(ug/D
18
370
37
01
34
26
190
61
1800
290
1800
2900
9.1
55
4300
0028
180
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
13
370
37
052
34
66
19
370
8000
290
1800
2900
9 1
370
26000
00028
180
Fiah
IflgCSUOn
(mg/kg)
68
140
14
0
1.3
24
69
140
680
110
680
1100
34
81
9500
00011
68
Worker
Soil
Ingcstion
(ing/kg)
5100
100000
10000
0
1100
2200
6200
100000
510000
82000
510000
820000
2600
61000
7200000
095
51000
Resident
Soil
Ingeslion
(mg/kg)
390
7800
780
0
680
550
3700
7800
39000
6300
39000
63000
200
4700
550000
0.57
3900
-------
73
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
73
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Mctolaclor (DuaO
Metnbuzin
Mirex
Mirex (as carcinogen)
Molmitc
Molybdenum
MonochlorobuUnes
Naled
Napropamide
Nickel and compound]
Nickel refinery dust
Nickel aubsulfide
Niirapyrin
Nitrate
Nitric oxide
Nilnte
2-Nilroaniltne
3-Nitroaniline
4-Nitroaniline
Nitrobenzene
Nitrofurantoin
Nitroftirazone
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
5500
910
0073
47
73
150
15000
73
3700
730
0
0
55
58000
3700
3700
110
110
110
18
2600
5.7
Air
Inhalation
(ug/nrf)
5500
910
0073
047
73
150
15000
73
3700
072
1
05
55
58000
3700
3700
110
110
110
22
2600
057
Fun
locution
(rag/kg)
2000
340
0027
018
27
54
5400
27
1400
270
0
0
20
22000
1400
1400
41
41
41
68
950
021
Worker
Scnl
logestion
(rag/kg)
1500000
260000
20
160
20000
41000
4100000
20000
1000000
200000
0
0
15000
16000000
1000000
1000000
31000
31000
31000
5100
720000
190
Resident
Soil
Ingestion
(mg/kg}
120000
20000
16
95
1600
3100
310000
1600
78000
16000
0
0
1200
1300000
78000
78000
2300
2300
2300
390
55000
110
-------
74
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
74
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitroguanidme
4-Nitrophenol
2-Nitropropanc
N-Nilrosodi-n-butylamine
N-NiirosodieUunoUminc
N-Nitro3odieihylaniifie
N-NitnnodimeUiyluninc
N-Nitrowdiphcnyluninc
N-Nilrosodi-n-propylunine
N-Nilroso-N-methylcthyl-
minc
N-NitrosopynoIidinc
Nitrololucncs (o-.m-.p-)
Norflurazon
Oclabromodiphenyl ether
Oclahydro- 1 357-lcIraiilro- 1
357-telnzocine (HMX)
Oclamelhylpyrophosphor-
unine
Oiyulm
Osnniun letroxide
Oxadiazon
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
37000
3700
2300
0
16
3
0057
017
1700
12
039
4 1
370
1500
110
1800
73
1800
037
ISO
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
37000
3700
2300
0091
016
03
00057
0017
170
012
0039
041
370
1500
110
1800
73
1800
037
180
Fuh
Ingestion
(nag/kg)
14000
1400
840
0
0058
Oil
00021
00062
64
0045
0014
015
140
540
41
680
27
680
014
68
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
10000000
1000000
630000
0
S3
100
1 9
56
58000
41
13
140
100000
410000
31000
510000
20000
510000
100
51000
Resident
Soil
Ingesuon
(mg/kg)
780000
78000
48000
0
32
61
1 1
33
35000
24
77
81
7800
31000
2300
39000
1600
39000
7.8
3900
-------
75
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
75
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Oxamyl
Oxyfluorfen
Paclobutrazol
Paraquat
Parathion
Pebulale
Pcnduncthalin
Pentabrornodipnenyl ether
Pentachlorobenzene
Penlachloronitrobenzene
PentAchlorophenol
Pcimcthnn
Phcniiicd iphun
Phenol
Phenyl mercuric acetate
m-Phenylenediamtne
Phosmel
Phosphinc
Phosphorus (while)
p-Phlhalic acid
Phthalic anhydnde
Picloram
i j 1*1 i»f j^n
Water
(ug/0
910
110
470
160
220
1800
1500
73
49
18
71
1800
9100
22000
29
220
730
11
073
37000
73000
2600
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
910
110
470
160
220
1800
1500
73
29
110
7.1
1800
9100
22000
2.9
220
730
1 1
073
37000
73000
2600
Fish
Ingcsiion
-------
76
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
76
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Pinmiphos-methyl
Polybronunaied biphenyls
Polychlonnated biphenyls
(PCBs)
Polychloruuted letphcnyls
(PCTs)
Polynuclur aromatic
hydrocarbons
Accnaphthene
Anlhanthrcne
Anthracene
Bcnz(B]inlhnccnc
Benzo[b]fluoraothene
Bcnzo[)]fluoranthenc
Benzolk]f1uoranthene
Benzofehifperylene
Benzo(a]pyrene
Beiuolelpyrcnc
CyclopentAdieno(cd|pyrene
Chrysene
Dibcnz(ah]anlhraccne
Fluoranlhene
Fluorcnc
Dnnking
Water
(ug/l)
370
026
1 1
19
0
2200
23
11000
SI
S3
12
11
34
074
190
32
170
067
1500
1500
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
370
0096
Oil
019
0
2200
044
11000
096
1
23
2 1
63
014
35
61
32
013
1500
1500
Fish
Ingcstioo
(nog/kg)
140
003S
0041
007
0
810
0086
4100
019
02
04S
0.42
1.2
0.027
69
12
62
002S
S40
540
Worker
Soil
IngcstioQ
(me/kg)
100000
32
37
64
0
610000
78
3100000
170
180
410
380
1100
25
6200
1100
5700
22
410000
410000
Resident
Soil
Ingestioa
fag/kg)
7800
SS
22
38
0
47000
46
230000
100
110
240
220
670
15
3700
640
3400
13
31000
31000
-------
77
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
77
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
bidenol 1 ,2,3-cd (pyretic
Naphihalrne
Phrnanlhrrnr
Pyrrnr
Pyridine
Prochloraz
Profluralm
Praneton
Prametiyn
Pronamide
Propachlor
Prapanil
Propargite
Propargyl alcohol
Propaztne
Propham
Propiconazole
Propylenc glycol
Propylenc glycol, monorlhyl
ether
Propylene glycol.
monomelhyl ether
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
32
150
1100
91
37
57
220
550
150
2700
470
180
730
73
730
730
470
730000
26000
26000
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
06
ISO
1100
17
37
5.7
220
550
150
2700
470
180
730
73
730
94
470
730000
26000
18000
Fish
Ingeation
(mg/kg}
012
54
390
034
14
21
81
200
54
1000
180
68
270
27
270
270
180
270000
9500
9500
Worker
Soil
logeatioa
-------
78
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
78
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Propylcnc oxide
Pursuit
Pydnn
Quinalphoa
Radium 226.228
Radon 222
RDX (Cyclcmte)
Round
Selenioui acid
Selenium
Selenourea
Sethoxydun
Silver and compounds
Sinuzinc
Sodium acifluorfen
Sodium azide
Sodium cyanide
Sodium
diethyldilhiocaibamalc
Sodium fluoroacclate
Sodium melavanadale
Strychnine
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
35
9100
910
18
240000
4000000
77
1800
110
110
180
3300
110
71
470
ISO
1500
1100
073
37
11
Air
Inhalation
(ug/mJJ
66
9100
910
18
24000
470030
77
1800
110
110
180
3300
110
7 1
470
150
1500
1100
073
37
11
Fub
Ingestion
-------
79
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
79
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Sryrene
2,3.7,8-TCDD (Dioxin)
Tcbuihiuron
Temephcn
Terhacil
Terbufos
1 ,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1.1,1 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
1 ,1 .2,2-TetrachloroethaiK
Telnchloroelhylene (PCE)
2,3.4,6-Tetrachloraphcnol
p,a,a,a-Telrachlorotoluene
Tetnchlorovinphos
Telraethyl lead
TetrahydroTuran
2,3 ,5 ,6-Telrachlorotercph-
Ihalate (DCPA)
Thallic oxide
Thallium acetate
Thallium (soluble salts)
Thallium carbonate
Thallium chloride
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
47
0000055
2600
730
470
37
18
55
7.1
61
1100
0071
1100
000061
73
18000
15
33
26
29
29
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
28
0000006
2600
730
470
37
11
33
43
370
1100
0043
1100
00037
73
18000
15
33
26
29
29
Fish
Ingesiion
(rag/kg)
11
0000002
950
270
180
14
41
12
16
6.2
410
0016
410
00014
27
6800
54
1 2
095
1.1
1.1
Worker
Soil
Ingestion
(mgftg)
9500
00018
720000
200000
130000
1000
3100
11000
1400
5600
310000
14
310000
t
20000
5100000
4100
920
720
820
820
Resident
Sod
Ingestion
(me/kg)
5700
00011
55000
16000
10000
78
230
6600
850
3300
23000
85
23000
0078
1600
390000
310
70
55
63
63
-------
80
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
80
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Thallium nitrate
Thallium selenile
Thallium sulfale
Thiobencorb
2-{Thiocyanomclhylthio)-
benzolhiozole (TCMTB)
Thiofonox
Thiophaiute-mclhyl
Thinun
Tin and compounds
Toluene
Toluene-2,4-diamme
Toluene-2,5-diaminc
Toluene-2,6-duuninc
o-Toluidene
p-Toluidcne
Toxaphene
Tnallale
Tnaaulftiron
1 ,2,4-Tnbromobenzene
Tnbutyllin oxide (TBTO)
1 ,2,4-Tnchlorobenzene
Dnnkmg
Water
(us/0
33
33
29
370
1100
II
2900
180
22000
2700
27
22000
7300
35
45
77
470
370
30
1 1
IS
Air
Inhalation
(ug/m3)
33
13
29
370
1:00
11
2900
180
22000
21000
027
22000
7300
35
45
077
470
370
180
1 1
110
Fun
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
12
12
1 1
140
410
4 1
1100
68
8100
2700
0099
8100
2700
13
17
029
180
140
68
041
18
Worker
Sod
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
920
920
820
100000
310000
3100
820000
51000
6100000
2000000
89
6100000
2000000
1200
1500
260
130000
100000
51000
310
13000
Resident
SoU
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
70
70
63
7800
23000
230
63000
3900
470000
160000
53
470000
160000
710
900
ISO
10000
7800
3900
23
1000
-------
81
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
81
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
I.l.l-Trichlorocthane
1,1,2-Trichloroeltune
Trichloroclhylene (TCE)
Tnchlorofluoromcthanc
2 .4 ,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy-
acetic Acid
1 . 1 ,2-Trichloropropane
1 ,2,3-Trichloropropane
1 ,2,3-TCP 19 carcinogen
iZtj~i ncnioroprapcnc
l.l,2-Tnchloro-1.2.2.
trifluoTocthane
Tridiphane
Trielhylamine
Trifluralin
Tnmethyl phosphate
1 .3,5-Trinitrobenzene
Tnnitraphcnybnclhyl-
nilnmine
Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
2.4.6-Trinitrotohicne
Drinking
Water
(ug/l)
550
25
89
1800
430
770
370
30
37
14
30
180000
110
0
270
230
1 8
370
73
18
Air
Inhalation
-------
82
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
82
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINE CONCENTRATION
CONTAMINANT
Uranium (natural)
Uranium (soluble salts)
Vanadium
Vanadium penloxide
Vanadyl sulfale
Vcroam
Variolate
Vinclozolin
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Warfarin
m-Xylcne
o-Xylene
Xylcnc (mixed)
Zinc
Zinc phosphide
Zineb
Drinking
Water
(ug/I)
0
no
260
330
730
37
37
910
37000
25
11
1400
1400
2800
7300
II
1800
Air
Inhalation
(«g/m3)
0
110
260
330
730
37
37
910
2100
29
11
7300
7300
[ 5000
7300
11
1800
Fish
Ingcsiion
(mg/kg)
0
41
95
120
270
14
14
340
14000
017
41
27000
27000
27000
2700
4 1
680
Worker
Sod
Ingestion
(mg/kg)
0
31000
72000
92000
200000
10000
10000
260000
10000000
ISO
3100
20000000
20000000
20000000
2000000
3100
510000
Resident
Soil
digestion
(mg/kg)
0
2300
5500
7000
16000
780
780
20000
780000
90
230
1600000
1600000
1600000
160000
230
39000
NOTE: When the numerical values were generated, no attempt was nude to stop a calculation greater than
Ihe total concentration This means, for example, that if a compound has a worker soil mgestion value over
1 million mg/kg, men from on emergency perspective Ihe compound does not pose a toxic threat to workers
via soil mgestion Values over Ihe total concentration are useful in comparing the relative loxicity of several
compounds
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
83
Chemical
ORGANICS
Acetone
Acifluorfen (Tackle)
Acrylamide (2-Propenamide)
Acrylomtrile
AriinntitQ fr)iethylheyyh
Alachlor
Aldicarb (Temik)
Aldicarb sulfone
Aldicarb sulfoxide
Aldnn
Ametyra
Ammonia
Ammonium sulfamate
Anthracene
Alrazine
Baygon
Bentazon
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzene
Benzo(a)pyrene
CAS*
67641
62476599
79061
107131
103231
15972608
116063
1646884
309002
834128
7664417
7773060
120127
1912249
114261
25057890
56553
71432
50328
Voli-
lile
(a)
Y
-
-
Y
.
.
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
Y
-
MCL
0»g/L)
_
-
t.tchnq.(b)
-
snnto
2(b)
I0(b)
40(b)
10(b)
-
.
-
-
-
3(b)
.
-
0.1(e;»)
5(c)
0.2(e)
DWEL
(ug/L)
00
3,500.00
45500
7.00
-
_
350.00
2.45
10.50
-
1.05
315.00
34,00000
7,000.00
10,500 00
175.00
14000
8750
-
-
-
WOE
Class
(0
D
-
B2
Bl
_
B2
D
-
-
B2
m
.
-
D
-
_
-
B2
A
B2
1&4RSC
(ug/L)
C)
_
-
0.78
6.48
_
43.00
-
-
-
0.21
m
.
-
.
-
_
.
-
120.69
-
10-DAY
HA
(ug/L)
(k)
2,000.00
30000
20.00
_
100.00
10.00
60.00
10.00
0.30
9,000.00
-
20,000.00
-
100.00
40.00
300.00
-
200.00
-
Removal
Action
Level
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
84
Chemical
ORGANICS
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)f1uoranthene
Bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Bromacil
Bromcxlichloro methane
Bromoform
Bromomelhane (Methyl bromide)
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butylate
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon lelrachloride
Carboxin
Chloral hydrate
Chloramben
Chlordane
Chlorobenzene (Monochlorobenzene)
ChlorodibromomeUune
Chloroform (Tnchloromethane)
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride)
CAS*
205992
207089
108601
314409
75274
75252
74839
85687
2008415
63252
1563662
56235
5234684
302170
133904
57749
108907
124481
67663
74873
Voli-
tilc
<«)
_
-
Y
-
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
.
Y
-
-
-
.
Y
Y
Y
Y
MCL
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
85
Chemical
ORGANICS
Chlorophenol (2-)
Chlorotoluenc, o-
Chlorotoluene. p-
Chloipynfos
Chlorthaloml
Chiysene
Cyanazine
2,4-D(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
Dacthal (DCPA)
Dalapon
DCE (cis-l,2-)(Dichlorocthylcnc)
DCE(tnns- 1 ,2)(Dichloroeihylenc)
Diazinon
Dibenzo(a,h)anthraccne
Dibromochloromethane(Chlorodi-
bromo methane
CAS0
9SS78
95498
106434
2921882
1897456
218019
21725462
94757
1861321
75990
156592
156605
333415
53703
124481
Voli-
tile
<<0
,
Y(l)
Y(l)
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
Y(a)
Y
-
-
Y
MCL
(ug/L)
»
-
-
-
-
0 2(e;s)
-
70Cb)
-
200(e)
70(b)
100(b)
-
0.3(e;s)
I00(c,d)
DWEL
(«g/L)
(h)
175.00
700.00
-
105.00
525.00
m
70.00
35000
17,500.00
1,050.00
.
700.00
31.50
-
70000
WOE
Clasi
CO
.
-
-
-
B2
B2
-
-
-
-
»
-
-
B2
C
1E-4RSC
(ug/L)
Q)
-
-
-
1206.90
_
-
-
.
-
_
-
-
.
41 67
10-DAY
HA
(ug/L)
(k)
50.00
2,000.00
2,000.00
-
200.00
_
too oo
300.00
80,000.00
3,000.00
1,000.00
2,00000
20.00
.
7.000.00
Removal
Action
Level
(ug/L)
180 (n)
350
-
110
530 (n)
_
70
350 (n)
18,000
1,100
_
350
32 (n)
.
42 (o)
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
86
Chemical
ORGANICS
Dibromochloroprapane
Dibromomethane (Methylene bromide)
Dibutyl phthalate (di-n-Butyl
phthalate)
Dicamba
Dichloroaceuc acid
Dichlorobenzene(l ,4)
Dichlorobenzene(l ,2-)
DichlorobenzeneO ,3-)
Dichlorodifluorome thane
Dichloroethane(l , 1 -)
Dichloroethane(l ,2-)(Ethylene
dichloride)
Dichloroethylene(l , 1 -)
Dichloromelhane(Melhylene
chlonde)
Dichlorophenol(2,4-)
Dichloropropane(l ,2-)
CAS*
96128
74953
84742
1918009
79436
106467
95501
541731
75718
75343
107062
75354
75092
120832
78875
Volt-
tile
00
.
Y
-
-
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
Y
MCL
(U£/L)
0.2(b)
-
-
-
-
75(c)
600(b)
600(b)
-
-
5(c)
7(c)
5(e)
-
5(b)
DWEL
(«£/L)
(h)
.
350.00
3,500.00
45.50
-
»
3,150.00
-
7,000.00
3,500.00
-
315.00
2,100.00
105.00
WOE
Clau
(0
.
-
D
-
-
C
-
D
.
C
B2
C
B2
-
B2
1E-4RSC
(US/L)
Q)
.
.
-
-
-
145.83
-
-
-
-
38.46
5.83
466.67
-
51 47
10-DAY
HA
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
87
Chemical
ORGANTCS
Dichloropropene(l ,3-)(cis and
trans)
Dieldnn
Diethyl phlhalate
Diethylhexyl phthalate
Diisopropyl methyl
phosphonale(DIMP)
Dimeihnn
Dimethyl phlhalate
Diniiroiolucnc
2,4-dimlrotoluene
Dinoseb
Dioxane p-(l ,4-)
Diphcnanud
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
CASff
542756
60571
84662
117817
1445756
70382
131113
25321146
121142
88857
123911
957517
85007
298044
330541
Voh-
lile
w
Y
-
-
-
"
.
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
MCL
(ug/L)
-
-
-
4(e)
*
.
-
-
-
7(e)
_
-
20(e)
-
-
DWEL
(ug/L)
(h)
10.50
1.75
28,000.00
-
2,800.00
.
35,00000
-
-
35.00
1,050.00
77.00
1.40
70.00
WOE
ClasB
C)
B2
B2
D
-
D
m
D
B2
B2(m)
D
B2
-
-
.
-
1E-4RSC
(ug/L)
0)
19.44
022
-
-
~
_
5.15
5.15
-
318.18
-
-
_
-
10-DAY
HA
0»g/L)
00
30.00
0.50
-
-
8,000.00
10,000.00
.
-
-
300.00
400.00
300.00
.
10.00
1,000.00
Removal
Action
Level
(ugfl.)
53
0.22
28,000
-
2,800
_
35,000
5.2
5.2
35
320
1,100 (n)
77
1.4
70
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
Chemical
ORGANICS
Endolhall
Endnn
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylbenzene
Elhylene dibromide (1,2-)(EDB)
Ethyiene glycol
Ethyl ether
Ethyiene Ihiourca (ETU)
Fenanuphos
Fluometuron
Fluorene
Fluorotrichlorome thane
Fonofos
Formaldehyde
Freon 113(l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-
tnfluoroethane)
Glyphosate
Heptachlor
Hepuchlor epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
CAS*
145733
72208
106898
100414
106934
107211
60297
96457
22224926
2164172
86737
75694
944229
50000
76131
1071836
76448
1024573
118741
87683
Voli-
tile
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
89
Chemical
ORGANICS
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexane(n-)
Hexazinonc
HMX(Octahydro- 1 ,3 ,5 ,7-tciraniiro-
1,3,5,7-tetrazocine)
Indeno(l ,2,3-C,D)pyrene
Isophorone
Isopropylbenzene(Cumene)
Lindane(Hexachlorocyclohexane,
gamma)
Malathion
Maleic hydraztde
MCPA(4-Chloro-2-Mclhylphcnoxy)-
aceUc acid
Methomyl
Mcthoxychlor
Methyl elhyl ketone(2-Buunone)
Methyl parathion
CAS;
77474
1 10543
51235042
2691410
193395
78591
88828
58899
121755
123331
94746
16752775
72435
78933
298000
Voli-
Ule
(")
.
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
Y
-
MCL
(ug/L)
50(e)
-
-
-
0.4(e;s)
.
-
-
-
-
-
10Q(c);40Q(b)
-
-
DWEL
(ug/L)
(h)
245.00
21,000.00
1.155.00
1,750.00
-
7,000.00
1,400.00
10.50
700.00
17,500.00
1750
87500
175.00
1,750.00
875
WOE
Class
CO
D
-
-
D
B2
C
-
B2-C
-
-
-
-
D
D
-
1E-4RSC
(ug/L)
0)
_
-
-
-
-
853.66
-
2.69
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10-DAY
HA
(ug/L)
(k)
_
4,000.00
3.000.00
5,000.00
-
15,000.00
-
1,000.00
.
10.000.00
100.00
300.00
2,000.00
8,000.00
300.00
Removal
Action
Level
(ug/L)
250
21,000 (n)
1,200
1.800
-
850
1,400
2.7
700
18,000 (n)
18
880 (n)
180
880
8.8
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
90
Chemical
ORGANICS
Methyl left butyl ether
Melolachlor
Melribuzin
Monochloroacetic acid
Monochlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Nitroguanidine
Oxyamyl
Paraquat
Peniachloroiuliobenzene(PCNB)
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Picloram
Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)
Prometon
Proiumide(Kerb)
Propachlor
Propazine
Propham
Pyrene
CAS#
1634044
51218452
21087649
79118
108907
91203
556887
23135220
1910425
82688
87865
108952
1918021
1336363
1610180
23950585
1918167
139402
122429
129000
Voli-
lile
(a)
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
MCL
(US/L)
.
-
-
.
100(b)
-
200(e)
-
-
200{b)
-
500(e)
0.5(b)
-
_
-
-
-
-
DWEL
(ufi/L)
00
»
5.250.00
875.00
70.00
700.00
140.00
3,500.00
875.00
157.50
105.00
1,050.00
21,000.00
2,450.00
-
525.00
2,625.00
455.00
700.00
700.00
1,050.00
WOE
Class
CO
.
c
-
-
-
D
D
-
C
C
B2
-
-
B2
-
_
-
-
-
D
1E-4RSC
Cug/L)
0)
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
13.50
29.17
-
-
0.45
-
_
-
-
-
-
10-DAY
HA
(ug/L)
03
3,000.00
2,000.00
5,000.00
-
2,000.00
500.00
-
200.00
100.00
-
300.00
6.000.00
20,000.00
-
200.00
800.00
500.00
1,000.00
5,000.00
-
Removal
Action
Level
(ug/L)
.
5,300 (n)
880
70
700
140
3,500
880 (n)
160 (n)
14
29 (o)
21,000 (n)
2,500
0.45 (p)
530 (n)
2,600 (n)
460
700
700
1.100
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
91
Chemical
ORGANICS
RDX (Hexahydro-l,3,5-iriiuiro-
1,3,5-tnazine)
Simazine
Slyrene
T(2,4,5-)
TCDD(2,3,7.8-)(v)
Tebulhiuron
Teibacil
Terbufos
Telrachloroelhane(l ,1,1 ,2-)
Tetnchloroethane(l , 1 ,2,2-)
Telrachloroelhylenc(PcrehJoro-
ethylene)
Toluene
Toxaphene(Octachlorocamphene)
TP(2,4,5-)(2(2,4,5-
trichlorophenoxypropiomc acid))
Trichloroacetaldehydc(Chloral)
CAS?
121824
122349
100425
93765
1746016
34014181
5902512
13071799
630206
79345
127184
108883
8001352
93721
75876
Voli-
tile
(a)
-
-
Y
-
-
_
-
-
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
MCL
(ug/L)
-
Ke)
5.100
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
92
Chemical
ORGANICS
Trichloroacetic acid
Trichlorobenzene(l ,2,4-)
Trichlorobenzene(l ,3,5-)
Trichloroelhane(l,lrl-)
Trichloroelhane(l , 1 ,2-)
Trichlorocthylene(Tichloroethene)
Trichlorophenol(2,4,6-)
Trichloroprapaned ,2,3-)
Trifluralio
Tnnitroglycerol
Trinitrotoluene(2,4,6-)
Vinyl cloride
Xylenes(mixed)
CAS#
76039
120821
108703
71556
79005
79016
88062
96184
1582098
55630
118967
75014
1330207
Voli-
tilc
W
.
-
-
Y
Y
Y
-
Y
-
-
_
Y
Y
MCL
(ug/L)
9(e)
-
200(c)
5(e)
5(c)
-
-
-
-
_
2(c)
10,000(b)
DWEL
(ug/L)
(h)
_
45.85
-
3,150.00
140.00
_
-
210.00
262.50
-
17.50
-
70,000
WOE
Claw
CO
_
D
-
D
C
B2
B2
-
C
-
C
A
-
1E-4RSC
(ug/L)
0)
_
-
-
-
61.40
318.18
320.00
-
454.55
-
120.00
1.84
-
10-DAY
HA
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
93
Chemical
INORGANICS
Anlimony
Arsenic
Asbestos
Banum
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium III
Chromium VI
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrate
Nitrite
CAS#
7440360
7440382
1332214
7440393
7440417
7440428
7440439
16065831
18540299
7440508
57125
16984488
7439921
7439965
7439976
7439987
7440020
14797558
14797650
Voli-
lile
(a)
_
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.
-
-
-
-
MCL
(ug/L)
10;5(e,q)
50(c)
7,000,000(b)
(fibers/liter)
l,000(c);
5,000(b)
Kc)
-
10(c);5(b)
-
-
l,300(h)
200(e)
4,000(c)
50
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
(April 8, 1991)
94
Chemical
INORGANICS
Nuraie + Nitnie
Selenium
Silver
Strontium
Sulfale(volumeinc sid in water)
Thallium
Vanadium
While Phosphorus
Zinc
CAS#
7782492
7440224
7440246
7757826
7440280
7440622
772314
7440666
Voli-
tile
GO
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
MCL
(ug/L)
10,000(b)
10(c),50(b)
50(b)
-
4E+5,5E + 5(e,r)
2;l(e,q)
-
-
-
DWEL
(ug/L)
(h)
.
105.00
10500
-
-
2.45
245.00
0.70
7,00000
WOE
Class
0)
_
-
D
-
-
.
-
D
D
1E-4
use
(ug/L)
0)
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
10-DAY
HA
(ug/L)
00
_
-
200.00
25,000 00
-
7.00
-
-
-
Removal
Action
Level
(ug/L)
,
110
110
-
-
2.5
250
070
7,000
All Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) were determined using 40 CFR Part 264, Appendix IX with the following exceptions
I The following two chemicals were classified as VOCs based on the Superfund Contract Laboratory Program Statement of Work, October 1986 (Exhibit C)
1,1 -Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloropropene (cis and trans)
-------
REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES 95
(April 8, 1991)
2. The following six chemicals were classified as VOCs based on OSW's Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste. Volume IB, SW-846, 3rd ed , November 1986.
Bromobenzenc
Bromochloromeihane
Chloroaceialdehyde (2-)
Chlorotoluene, o-
Chlorotoluene, p-
Tnchloropropane (1,1,1-)
3 Trans-1,2-DCE is listed as a volatile organic compound (VOC) in 40 CFR Part 264, Appendix DC. For purposes of ihis table, cis-1,2-DCE is also considered volatile
because it has a Henry's Law Constant of 1 5E-2 atm-mVmole
(b) Proposed MCL, Proposed Rule, Federal Register Vol 54, No. 97, May 22, 1989, 22062-22160
(c) Final MCL; 40 CFR Pan 141 National Primary Dnnkmg Water Regulations. 526-533, 585-587
(d) The value of 100 ug/liter is for total tnhalomethanes (i e , sum of chloroform, bormodichloromethane, dibromochloromeihane and bormoform).
(e) Proposed MCL. Proposed Rule, Federal Register Vol 55, No 143, July 25, 1990, 30370-30448.
(0 EPA proposed MCLs of 100 ug/L based on a Group C carcinogen classification and 5 ug/L based on a B2 classification.
(g) Proposed MCL, Proposed Rule, Federal Register Vol 53, No 160, 31515-31578,Thursday, August 18, 1988.
(h) DWEL - Dnnkmg Waier Equivalent Level based on the reference dose from IRIS or HEAST Assumes 70 kg body weight and 2 L/day water intake.
(i) EPA's weight-of-evidence classification for carcmogemcity.
0) RSC (1E-4) - Risk-specific concentration based on the slope factor from IRIS or HEAST and a unit of IE-4. Assumes 70 kg body weight and 2 L/day water intake.
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REMOVAL NUMERIC ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES 96
(April 8, 1991)
(I) Although these specific compounds were not designated as volatile, the general group (e.g , chloroaceialdehydc, chloroioluene, tnchloropropane) was designated as
volatile in SW-846.
(m) These values were taken from EPA's Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) (Fourth Quarter, FY 1990).
(n) Removal Action Level, when based on the DWEL, is an interim value. OERR is examining whether it would be appropriate to use the lower 10-day HA (50 percent
of 10-day HA for volatiles) as the action level Until that time, if contaminant levels exceed action levels shown in the table, removal action may be taken. If
contaminant levels exceed 10-day HA, but not the DWEL, consult OERR.
(o) Removal Action Level is equal to or less than the MCL. Removal action may be initiated immediately if levels exceed the 10 -day HA (50 percent of the 10-day HA
for volatiles). In cases where contaminant levels exceed Removal Action Levels based on DWEL or 1E-4 RSC, but not the 10-day HA, consult OERR.
(p) Removal Action Level is equal to or less than the final MCL, but no 10-day HA is available
(q) EPA has proposed alternative MCLs for antimony and thallium See 55 FR 30409
(r) EPA has proposed alternative MCLs (to equal the two alternative proposed MCLGs, i e., 400 mg/L and 500 mg/L) for sulfale See 55 FR 30420
(s) EPA has proposed an option for selling the MCL equal 10 the practical quanutation levels (PQLs) for each of these PAHs in addition to benzo(a)pyrene Under this
option, individual MCLGs equal to zero would be set for each of these PAHs See 55 FR 30409
0) Pending review by IRIS or addition to IRIS These values were taken from EPA's Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) (Fourth quarter, FY 1990)
(u) Currently on IRIS, but under review
(v) 2.3,7.8-TCDD is a member of the Dioxin group
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Appendices
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APPENDIX 1
Toxicology
Risk assessment and safety determination are essential to ensure
that field operations are as risk-free and safe as possible. Risk is
defined as the probability that a certain substance will induce injurious
effects in exposed human populations. Safety (1 - Risk = Safety) is
the probability that injurious effects will not be induced under certain
consistent exposure conditions. By evaluating the relative toxicities of
harmful substances and applying the principles of toxicology, field
personnel can determine the degree of hazard associated with the
chemicals at a site and respond in a manner appropriate to the level of
risk.
Toxicology is the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on
living organisms, lexicologists determine the risk associated from
exposure to a specific compound by performing a series of detailed
scientific experiments to define the relationship between various doses
of the compound administered and the range of observable adverse
effects. This dose vs. response relationship is the fundamental concept
in the discipline of toxicology.
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A100 TOXICOLOGY A100
NOTE: Toxicological exposure constants, such as the LDSO
referred to on the following pages, are concentrations
which represent a given level of risk of injury to the
exposed population. For example, the LDSO implies a risk
of SO percent lethality to the population. The risks
associated with all exposure constants, including TLV,
PEL, and IDLH, involve a time frame for exposure.
Generally, LDSO and IDLH refer to short term or acute
exposure situations. Exposure constants involving
"allowable" exposure limits such as TLV or PEL are
determined based on longer term, or chronic exposures.
The difference between acute and chronic exposure is
critical in this discussion of toxicology. While neither
exposure situation can be considered less severe than the
other, acute health threats require more "real-time"
response capability and are thus the focus of this
discussion. Concentrations of contaminants which
represent an emergency health threat through daily or
chronic exposure are the focus of the chapter on
"Emergency Removal Guidelines." Any questions
concerning acute vs. chronic exposures, and emergency
health threats associated with each, should be referred to
an EPA lexicologist.
Dose Vs. Response Relationship
The dose vs. response relationship states that the biological
response observed following exposure to a chemical is a function of the
administered dosage. The relationship implies that all compounds have
the potential to be toxic. The dose of the compound administered
determines the severity of the effect observed.
RELATIVE TOXICITY
Among chemicals, there is a wide range of doses required to elicit
specific levels of toxic responses. Some chemicals are toxic in doses
as low as microgram quantities and are thus considered extremely
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A101
TOXICOLOGY
A101
toxic, while other chemicals may require a dose of several grams to
elicit toxic reactions. Through this range of doses and associated
effects, toxicologists employ the dose vs. response relationship to
determine the risk associated with exposure to a known concentration
of a chemical. The following table gives some examples of relative
toxicity.
TOXICANT
Ethanol
Sodium chloride
Phenobaibital
Nicotine
Dioxin (TCDD)
Botulinum toxin
U>SO(mg/kg)
10,000
4,000
150
1.0
0.001
0.000001
TOXICITY
RELATIVE TO
ETHANOL
(times more toxic)
-
2.5
66.6
10,000.0
10,000,000.0
10,000,000,000.0
From this table, it is possible to interpret the degree of risk
associated with exposure to any one of these substances, relative to the
toxicity of ethanol. Similarly, these compounds can be compared to
each other or to any other compound. This concept of relative toxicity
can be very useful to the field investigator, particularly when dealing
with unknown concentrations of a chemical.
DISTRIBUTION OF DOSE VS. RESPONSE RESULTS
Another practical benefit of the dose vs. response relationship is
that the effects observed during a particular lexicological investigation
can be predicted. The responses of the exposed population in an
experiment are distributed in such a way as to be considered "normal,"
or predictable. Normal distribution of effects implies that there will be
a biological variation in lexicological responses in a study.
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A102
TOXICOLOGY
A102
BIOLOGICAL VARIATION
Biological variation is the term used for the occurrence of differing
susceptibilities in a population exposed to a toxic chemical. Factors
that contribute to biological variation include sex, age, nutritional
status, weight, metabolic type, and state of health, to mention a few.
Biological variation is accounted for in all models of toxicological
testing.
The following graph depicts the effects hypothetically observed in
a population exposed to a range of doses of the fictional chemical,
methylethyldeath. Results of the experiment have been fit into the
normal statistical distribution of the dose vs. response relationship.
Note that the majority of deaths occurred within proximity of the Lethal
Dose SO (LDSO), the dose required to kill 50 percent of the exposed
population. The Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) is
the lowest dose administered that resulted in the death of one member
of the exposed population. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level
(NOAEL) is the highest dose administered that did not result in the
death of a member of the population.
LD50 & Dose Response
1QOX
90X I
eox
70X
X Mortality
100
1000
Log Dose Og/kg3
Mathylethy(death
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A103
TOXICOLOGY
A103
Classification of Toxicants
Toxic agents may be classified in many ways. Agents can be
classified based upon the target organ of toxicity, the intended use of
the compound, the physical state of the compound, the DOT labeling
requirements, the chemical type, or the poisoning potential of the
compound. Frequently, a chemical is classified under numerous
categories, as the following table depicts.
AGENT
NAME
Aldrin
Benzene
CCL4
Mercury
Asbestos
Toluene
DOT
CLASS
Poison
Flammable
Liquid
Nonflam.
Liquid
Poison
ORM*
Flammable
PHYSICAL
STATE
Solid
Liquid Dye
Base
Liquid
Solid/Liquid
Solid
Liquid
USBAOE
Pesticide
Solvent
Propellanl
Degreaser
Consumer
Products
Insulator
Solvent
CHEMI-
CAL
FORM
Organo-
chlorine
Aromatic
Chlor.
Hydro-
carbon
Heavy
Metal
Fiber
Aromatic
TARGET
ORGAN
CNS,
Liver
Blood,
skin
CNS.
Lung,
Kidney
CNS,
Kidney,
Fetuses
Lung, GI
Tract
CNS,
Liver
* ORM refers to Other Regulated Materials, which
is essentially a miscellaneous DOT class
When checking the classification of a toxin, refer to multiple sources,
as no one text completely characterizes a compound. For additional
sources of information, refer to page 7.
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A104 TOXICOLOGY A104
Routes of Exposure
The principal routes of human exposure to environmental toxins are
inhalation, ingestion, and absorption via an environmental medium such
as air, soil, or water. To a lesser degree, injection can also be
considered a route of exposure. In order for an agent to produce
injurious effects in humans, the agent, or its metabolic products, must
reach critical organs within the body at sufficient concentrations for a
given period of time. To achieve this, the agent must be transported
through its environmental medium or matrix without undergoing any
type of physical or chemical change which would render the compound
inactive.
It is imperative in an emergency health threat determination that the
routes of exposure be firmly established. Without a verified exposure
route, a chemical is said to be only potentially hazardous.
INHALATION
Inhalation, exposure through the respiratory system, is the most
common route of exposure of humans to hazardous materials. The
components of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
The lungs are the critical organs for the transfer of gases in the
body. Normal lungs function to exchange metabolic wastes such as
carbon dioxide from the bloodstream for oxygen and nitrogen from the
atmosphere. Once oxygen is inside the body, it is transported by a
blood protein called hemoglobin. The nose, sinuses, phamyx, larnyx,
trachea, and bronchi all serve as specialized ducts for the passage of air
during inhalation and exhalation. The trachea and bronchi are
especially important in the removal of particulate matter inhaled with
air. Both the trachea and bronchi are lined with hair-like projections
termed cilia. Cilia act in a wave-like manner, forcing deposited
particles upward towards the esophagus, where they are swallowed.
Cigarette smoke greatly impairs the ability of cilia to remove
contaminants from the lung. For this reason, smoking can be an
aggravating factor in respiratory injury associated with exposure to air-
borne toxicants.
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A105 TOXICOLOGY A105
The lungs are the only major internal organs which come into direct
contact with the external environment, and are thus particularly
susceptible to the effects of toxicant exposure. The lungs are affected
by the inhalation of toxic gases, vapors, and/or participate matter. The
ability of a compound to produce adverse effects depends upon:
The physical and chemical nature of the inhaled substance.
The health state of the exposed individual.
The metabolic processes that may affect the chemical.
The ability of the chemical to be transported to organs in
concentrations sufficient to elicit toxic reactions.
The uptake of gases and vapors occurs through all areas of the
respiratory system and can result in local or systemic effects.
Absorption of a gas or vapor by the body depends upon the solubility
of the compound. Generally, lipid (oil/fat) soluble substances show
greater absorption rates.
Chemical respiratory toxicants cause injury due to their chemical
properties and are classified according to their effect on the respiratory
system. Reactions can be local or systemic. The classes of respiratory
toxicants are:
Simple Asphyxiants. These substances are physiologically inert
gases that, at high concentrations, displace oxygen from the air, thus
preventing oxygen from being taken into the lungs during inhalation.
Examples of simple asphyxiants include nitrogen, helium, argon, and
methane.
Chemical Asphyxiants. These compounds bind with hemoglobin in
place of oxygen, preventing oxygen from being absorbed by the body
during inhalation. Examples of chemical asphyxiants include carbon
monoxide and cyanide.
Irritants. These are substances that irritate the passageways of the
respiratory tract and cause either a fluid buildup known as edema or
an infection such as pnuemonia. Irritants include ammonia,
hydrogen chloride, chorine, and hydrogen fluoride, or any corrosive
substance capable of being inhaled.
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A106 TOXICOLOGY A106
Necrosis Producers. Necrosis is the process of cell death.
Necrosis producers cause cell death and the accompanying edema.
Examples of substances that induce necrosis are ozone and nitrogen
dioxide.
Fibrosis Producers. Fibrosis is a body response in which scar
tissue is formed following exposure to by a toxic substance.
Fibrosis in the lungs results in decreased surface area for gas
exchange, causing reduced oxygen delivery to the body. A good
example of fibrosis is the scaring that accompanies severe bums
due to inhalation of superheated gases; strong acids and bases; or
silicates, asbestos and beryllium.
Allergens. These substances induce an allergic response in the
exposed person. Typically, the allergic response is characterized
by constriction of the respiratory passages and symptoms that
mimic those of asthma. Examples of allergens include sulphur
dioxide and isocyanates.
Carcinogens. These compounds can cause the uncontrolled
proliferation of cells within the lungs or in remote body locations
of the exposed person. Compounds with proven abilities to cause
lung cancer in humans include cigarette smoke, coke oven
emissions, and arsenic.
Systemic Toxicants. Compounds capable of entering the body
through inhalation and causing toxic injury at locations other than
the lungs are called systemic toxicants. Examples include many of
the organic solvents such as carbon tetrachloride and trichlorethane,
which affect the liver; the metals mercury and lead, which affect
the central nervous system; and benzene, which affects bone
marrow.
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A107 TOXICOLOGY A107
The toxic effects of participates depend not only on the physical and
chemical properties of the particles in question, but also on the particle
size. Larger particles settle in the upper portions of the system to be
removed by ciliary action. The smaller the particle, however, the
greater ability it has to travel deep into the small spaces of the lung,
thus potentially causing greater harm. Once small particles are
deposited in the lower portions of the lungs, their fate includes:
Absorption into the bloodstream (particles of greater than 5.0
micrometers do not normally diffuse through cell walls).
Removal through phagocytosis, a process in which immune cells
attempt to remove the particles by incorporating them into their cell
structure.
Cell toxicity resulting in fibrotic (scar-like) tissue formation and
decreased gas exchange area.
Certain types of particulates, such as asbestos and silica, can not be
effectively eliminated by the body. Incomplete removal results in
irritation and death of the cell, causing further immune response.
Irritation may be severe enough to cause fibrosis of portions of the lung
or a cancerous growth.
An important aspect of asphyxia and respiratory toxicants is the
effect of oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Normal oxygen content in air
ranges from 19.5 percent to 21 percent. Some atmospheres, such as
those generated during a fire or hazardous material release, contain less
oxygen. For this reason, it is imperative that the oxygen content of any
atmosphere be determined before the selection of respiratory protective
equipment. Confined space entries represent an especially hazardous
exposure situation. Particular attention should be paid to the presence
of combustible or explosive atmospheres, as volatile organic vapors
can collect rapidly within a confined space.
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A108
TOXICOLOGY
A108
EFFECTS OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON HUMANS
PERCENT
OXYGEN
>21
21-16
16-12
12-10
10-6
Less than 6
EFFECTS
Explosive atmosphere, keep out!
Nothing abnormal
Loss of peripheral vision
Rapid breathing and heart rate
Impaired coordination
Poor judgement and coordination
Excessive fatigue
Permanent heart damage
Sparse breathing
Nausea
Loss of movement
Unconsciousness followed by death
Spasmodic breathing
Convulsive movements
Death
ABSORPTION
Absorption of toxic agents as a route of exposure refers to the
passage of toxicants through either the skin, eyes, or other openings in
the body. Absorption is the second most common route of exposure to
hazardous materials, and frequency occurs through direct contact
between the chemical and the skin of the exposed person.
The skin serves as a barrier to prevent most foreign substances
from entering the body. It also functions to preserve the components
of the body. The skin has three layers: the epidermis, the outermost
layer, is composed of mostly dead cells that adhere to the living tissue
underneath and are responsible for the skin's effectiveness as a barrier;
the dennis, a layer of loose connective tissue, contains the blood
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A109 TOXICOLOGY A109
vessels closest to the skin surface and is actively involved in wound
repair; the hypodennis, the innermost layer, contains connective and
adipose (fat) tissue.
The absorption of chemicals through the skin is called percutaneous
absorption. It depends upon:
The integrity of the skin.
The vehicle through which the toxicant is administered.
The type of toxicant.
Factors that facilitate percutaneous absorption include:
Reduced integrity of the outer skin layer.
Increased hydration of the skin.
Increased temperature of the skin.
Altered skin pH.
Increased blood flow to the skin.
Increased concentration of the toxicant.
Decreased particle size of the toxicant.
Electrically induced movement of the toxicant.
The addition of agents that react with the skin surface.
Toxins may produce the following topical skin reactions:
Irritation. Toxicants that are irritants cause an inflammatory skin
reaction called dermatitis that is characterized by itching, redness and
skin lesions in the exposed area. Examples of chemical irritants
include acids, bases, phenols, solvents, metals and pesticides.
Corrosion. Corrosive chemicals cause the disintegration and
irreversible alteration of the skin at the site of contact. Most severe
corrosive reactions are often designated as chemical burns. Alkaline
substances are considered more damaging than acidic substances, due
to latent effects of the chemical. Examples of corrosives include
acids, bases, flammable solids and peroxides.
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A110 TOXICOLOGY A110
Allergic Sensitization. Sensitizers affect the immune system of the
exposed person, causing a delayed hypersensitivity. There may be
no obvious skin reaction during the initial exposure but toxic
manifestations are exhibited after subsequent exposures. Examples
of sensitizers include peroxides, metals, and solvents.
Photosensitization. Photosensitizers cause increased sensitivity of
the akin to ultraviolet light. Physiological changes which are
observed include irritation and redness, sunburn, darkening pigmen-
tation, and alteration in normal skin cell proliferation which can
lead to skin cancer. Examples of photosensitizers include
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Absorption of a toxicant through the skin barrier may lead to
systemic effects at locations away from the site of exposure, as well as
to the topical reactions described above. Systemic effects include liver
dysfunction, cancer, brain damage or cardiac arrest, as well as others.
Compounds producing systemic reactions include pesticides and
solvents.
The same chemicals that can damage the skin can damage the eye.
The eyes are actually more sensitive to exposure than the skin due to
their high fluid content and lack of a barrier. The primary concerns
with exposure to ocular toxicants are:
Local effects - direct effects caused by the application of a chemical
to the cornea.
Systemic effects - effects to other organs or organ systems in the
body, caused by the application of a chemical to the eye.
Ocular side effects - effects which occur in the eye from exposure
to toxicants through other routes of exposure such as inhalation and
ingestion.
The types of chemicals noted for their ocular toxicity are acids,
bases, organic solvents, detergents, and lacrimators. Acids affect the
eye by reacting with protein in the tissues and by dehydrating the
tissues. Treatment involves flushing the eye with large amounts of
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Alll TOXICOLOGY Alll
water. Generally, the greater the concentration of the acid, the greater
ability it has to induce harm.
Alkaline substances (bases) act on the eye in a very different manner
from acidic ones. Bases produce the same initial effects as acids, due
to the pH of the base and the heat produced during reaction. However,
contrary to acid burns, the effects observed immediately after exposure
to an alkaline substance are not a good index of the total effects of
exposure because latent effects may continue to occur up to two weeks
after exposure. An example of the effect of an alkaline susbstance on
the eye is exposure to sodium hydroxide (NaOH); irrigation of the eye
with a concentrated solution of NaOH for more than three minutes
could cause catastrophic changes in the cornea leading to complete
opacification (clouding) within a week to ten days after exposure.
Other alkaline substances that are potent ocular toxicants include
potassium hydroxide and ammonia.
Organic solvents react with the proteins and fats in the eye, causing
severe pain. Damage is usually not extensive and can be reversed. In
the case of heated solvents, there is the threat of burning, resulting in
damage that is often severe and unpredictable. Examples of organic
solvents include ethanol, toluene, and acetone.
Detergents react to lower the surface tension of the liquids in the
eye, causing pronounced irritation followed by extensive tearing.
Concentrated doses can cause severe burns with permanent fogging of
the cornea. Examples of detergents include household cleaning agents,
emulsifying agents, wetting agents, and antifoaming agents.
Lacrimators are chemical compounds or mixtures which have the
ability to induce instant tearing at very low concentrations without
reacting with tissues of the eye. High concentrations can cause tissue
damage. Examples include mace (tear gas) and smog.
INGESTION
The ingestion of hazardous substances is the third most frequent
route of exposure in humans. Ingestion of hazardous substances occurs
through the consumption of:
Contaminated waters.
Fish from contaminated waters.
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A112 TOXICOLOGY A112
Contaminated plants and animals.
Incidental ingestion of soils and dusts.
Exposure to toxicants through ingestion is of most concern with
young children, who can ingest large amounts of soil every day in the
course of normal play activities. Young children are also particularly
susceptible to the adverse effects of some contaminants (lead, for
example) that may be ingested.
Once a toxicant is ingested, it enters the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The GI tract is essentially a long tube beginning at the lips and ending
at the anus, and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and the small
and large intestine. Throughout the course of the GI tract, ingested
toxicants can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption primarily
occurs in three main areas of the GI tract: the stomach, the small
intestine, and the large intestine.
Humans have developed sophisticated mechanisms in the liver for
the detoxification of foreign substances. These mechanisms include
enzymatic reactions and excretion to the bile and urine. Liver functions
can, however, convert a substance into an even more toxic form.
Further, detoxification mechanisms are easily overridden, particularly
in cases of exposure to multiple agents or to large doses of a single
agent.
Exposure to toxic chemicals through the GI tract can result in both
local and systemic effects. Local effects include the reaction of the
chemical with the exposed internal surface of the GI tract, as in the
case of acid ingestion. Systemic effects result from absorption of the
chemical into the bloodstream and transport to critical organs. Serious
systemic effects can include liver damage, kidney damage, and cancer.
INJECTION
Injection refers to the combination of toxic exposure with a physical
trauma, such as a laceration. Injections should be considered very
dangerous, since the toxicant is being directly injected into the
bloodstream of the exposed person. Proper site safety practices (e.g.,
the buddy system) can be effective in preventing injection exposures.
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A113 TOXICOLOGY A113
Exposure to Chemical Mixtures
Emergency health threat determinations involving mixtures are
complex and difficult to make because little is known about the toxic
properties of a mixture of compounds. Toxins in a mixture can interact
with each other and with the body to produce any one of the four
following effects:
Additive Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=9). These effects are produced
when the combined effect of the chemicals is equal to the sum of the
individual effects of all the chemicals in the mixture. Examples of
a mixture that produces additive effects are organophosphate
pesticides such as parathion and malathion.
Synergistic Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=25). Effects that are greater than
the sum of the component chemicals in the mixture are said to be
synergistic effects. An example of a synergistic effect is the
combined effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos; smokers show a
strikingly higher cancer rate from asbestos exposure than do
nonsmokers.
Potentiation Effects (e.g., 0+2=10). One of the chemicals in a
mixture may not itself be particularly toxic, but it reacts to increase
the toxicity of another chemical in the mixture, producing
potentiation effects. An example of a potentiation effect is the
increased toxicity observed with carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)
exposure accompanied by isopropanol. Isopropanol is considered to
be relatively nontoxic when administered by itself. However, when
administered with CCI4, it exaberates the toxicity of CC14 by
preventing detoxification mechanisms in the liver from reacting with
CC14 molecules.
Antagonistic Effects (e.g., 4+(-4)=0). A mixture in which one or
more of the chemicals present inhibits the toxicity of other
compounds in the mixture is said to produce antagonistic effects.
Antagonistic actions between chemicals serve as the basis for
antidotal therapy.
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A114 TOXICOLOGY A114
NOTE: Exposure criteria for chemical mixtures do not exist and
other information can be very difficult to gather. In
situations involving exposure to a mixture of chemicals, it
is advisable to assemble a team of experts, including
chemists and lexicologists, to characterize the situation
most completely.
Determination of Toxic Potential
Regulatory guidelines have been established by federal agencies in
an attempt to define acceptable concentrations of toxicants that humans
can be exposed to without experiencing adverse health effects. These
guidelines are derived from the results of dose vs. response studies,
which are extrapolated to fit human exposure situations. The
extrapolation process involves the incorporation of a series of safety
factors to ensure that the regulated doses are extremely conservative
estimates of likely harm.
In addition to LD50, the toxic potential of a compound can be
expressed by the following acronyms:
TLV (Threshold Limit Value). The threshold limit value refers to
an allowable atmospheric concentration of a compound. The value
is designated as the level of exposure at which the probability of the
occurrence of adverse health effects is deemed negligible. TLVs
are determined by the American Council of Governmental Industrial
Hygenists (ACGIH).
TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average). This
is the average concentration of a substance to which a worker can
be exposed for eight hours a day, 40 hours a week, SO weeks a
year for the lifetime of the worker without experiencing any
adverse health effects.
TLV-STEL (Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit).
This is the concentration of a substance to which a worker can be
exposed for a short period of time, usually less than IS minutes,
without experiencing any adverse health effects.
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A115 TOXICOLOGY A115
TLV-C (Threshold Limit Value-Ceiling). This is a ceiling
concentration to which the worker should never be exposed, even
briefly.
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limit). For many substances this value
may be similar to the TLV-TWA and is in some cases identical.
PELs are established by NIOSH and adapted by OSHA to protect
workers who may be exposed to hazardous materials through their
work functions. A PEL for a substance is the average concentration
in the atmosphere at or below which workers may be exposed for
eight hours a day, 40 hours a week, and SO weeks a year for the
lifetime of the worker without experiencing any adverse health
effects.
IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). This is an
airborne concentration of a hazardous substance to which an
individual may be exposed for one half hour, in the occurrence of a
failure of respiratory protective equipment. These values are
assigned by NIOSH to aid in the selection of respiratory protection;
they are not meant to be an acceptable exposure limit. No worker
should enter an IDLH atmosphere without proper respiratory
protection.
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level). MCLs are mandated by the
Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA) of 1972 and are established by the
National Academy of Sciences and EPA to regulate contaminants in
public drinking water supplies. MCL values are changed regularly
to reflect improvements in treatment technologies.
Frequently, one chemical may have numerous exposure criteria. The
field investigator should select the criteria that apply to perform a
particular field operation safely. The most conservative exposure value
(e.g., the lowest value) should be chosen to ensure site safety even
further.
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A116 TOXICOLOGY A116
The exposure criteria for carcinogenic substances are not as easily
ascertained as those for noncarcinogenic substances. Essentially,
carcinogens are believed to be capable of producing uncontrolled cell
proliferation at doses below the detection capability of analytical
instrumentation. Field operations involving carcinogens and other
highly toxic compounds should assume a zero exposure level. Zero
exposure levels are the only accepted safety practices for dealing with
carcinogenic substances. For further information regarding
carcinogens, it is advisable to consult an EPA toxicologist.
Emergency Health Threat Determination
The critical process of emergency health threat determination
involves the characterization of the hazard, the verification of a route
of exposure, the establishment of the toxic potential of the compound
through the verified route of exposure, and the selection of applicable
regulatory criteria. Although details of the process vary from site to
site, situation to situation, the process remains the same.
Emergency health threat determination represents an essential
component of any field operation. To prevent unneccessary risk taking,
field personnel should review all data about the site and evaluate all
possible considerations regarding the presence, location, storage, use,
and transport of hazardous materials. Thorough training and the proper
use of reference guides, field personnel can become effective risk
evaluators, rather than risk takers.
-------
APPENDIX 2
Environmental Media
Air, soil, and water are the environmental media through which
exposure to toxic substances occurs. Awareness of the properties of
each medium aids in evaluating routes of exposure and in determining
sample locations. In making these determinations, it is also important
to consider the impact the prevailing weather conditions in an area have
on the air, soil, and water onsite.
Air
Air contaminants may pose an inhalation, ingestion, and direct
contact threat to the public over very large areas downwind of the site.
Sudden, unexpected shifts in wind direction are of particular concern
because they can cause exposure to site workers and the public in areas
previously considered to be safe. Wind direction and speed are the
primary factors governing transport of air contaminants - both gases
and particulates. Winds arise from horizontal pressure gradients in the
atmosphere and can change rapidly in direction and speed in the
vicinity of fronts. Some locations, such as mountainous areas and areas
along large lakes, experience diurnal fluctuations in wind direction
caused by daily temperature changes. These daily changes also
enhance contaminant dispersion.
-------
A118 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A118
Air releases include volatilization from contaminated soils, from
covered landfills (with and without internal gas generation), from spills
and leaks from containment facilities, and from lagoons. Contaminant
releases into the atmosphere may also consist of fugitive dusts resulting
from wind erosion of contaminated soils and from traffic over
contaminated, unpaved roadways. When a stable suspension of dust or
other solid particles or of liquid droplets in air occurs, it is called an
aerosol.
Temperature and atmospheric pressure influence the rate of air
releases. With increasing temperature, the rate of volatilization of
compounds tends to increase. Volatiles may be released from liquids
even on cold days because solar radiation can increase the temperature
of a liquid more rapidly than the temperature of air. Temperature also
governs atmospheric stability, which is the degree to which the
atmosphere tends to dampen out vertical motion. In an unstable
atmosphere, the temperature decreases rapidly with increasing
elevation, resulting in turbulence (wind). In a stable atmosphere, the
temperature may remain constant throughout the column of air or, in
the case of an inversion, even increase with elevation. Stable
conditions typically occur in late afternoon through early morning under
clear skies with light winds. Atmospheric pressure tends to affect the
migration of landfill gases, causing a landfill to offgas at a higher rate
following low atmospheric pressures. When the atmospheric pressure
is high, the landfill may cease offgassing entirely.
Humidity is not a factor in the generation and transport of air
contaminants. It can influence the hazards of a release, however. In
the case of a release of hydrogen chloride gas, for example, the hazards
posed by hydrochloric acid should be considered, especially on an
extremely humid day.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
The relative directional frequencies of wind over a site determine
the primary direction of movement of airborne contaminants - both
gases and particulars. Wind speed and direction are influenced not
only by meteorological conditions, but also by the topography of an
area. Even tall buildings and other large structures can influence wind
speed and direction in small, localized areas.
-------
A119 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A119
Atmospheric stability and wind speeds determine the offsite
areas to be affected by ambient concentrations of gases. In general,
high stability and low wind speeds result in higher atmospheric
concentrations of contaminant gases close to the site. High stability and
moderate wind speeds result in moderate concentrations over a large
area downwind of the site. Low stability or high wind speeds cause
greater dispersion and dilution of contaminants, resulting in lower
concentrations over larger areas.
Furthermore, wind speed is a critical factor in generating
airborne contaminated particulate material. At higher speeds, the
turbulence of the air and its forward motion lift particles into the
windstream for transport. Under windy conditions, transport of
contaminated particulates, particularly metals, dioxin, and PCBs, can
pose significant health threats downwind of the site. Transport of
contaminated particulates is generally not a concern, however, when the
soil is wet because of the increased threshold wind speed required to
make the particles airborne.
Ambient concentrations of particulate contaminants are
controlled by particle size distribution as well as by windspeed and
stability. Large particles settle out rapidly, resulting in decreased
atmospheric concentrations with distance from the site. Smaller
particles remain airborne longer and approximate the behavior of
gaseous contaminants.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Settleout and rainout are mechanisms of contaminant transfer
from the atmosphere to surface soils and waters. Contaminants
dissolved in rainwater may percolate to ground water, run off or fall
directly into surface waters, and adsorb to uncontaminated soils.
Contaminants can enter the food chain through direct intake of the
atmosphere by plants and animals and through intake of secondarily
contaminated soils and water.
-------
A120 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A120
Soils
Soil represents a medium of direct contact and ingestion threat and
may be the main source of contaminants released into other media (air,
water). Direct soil contamination occurs from leaks or spills from
containers and containment facilities. The spilled liquids and solids
may be transported through soil or may be partially or fully retained
within the soil to provide a continuous environmental and/or public
health threat. At the site of a release and along the release pathway,
discolored soils, stressed or dead vegetation, and uncharacteristic odors
may be preliminary indicators of soil contamination.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
To predict the fate and transport of a hazardous substance released
onto the soil surface, the properties of both the substance spilled and
the soil must be considered. The mobility of a material in soil is
influenced by many factors: soil type, temperature, porosity, and
biological and chemical activity, along with the water solubility, vapor
pressure, and physical state of the substance released. Liquid
movement is the most significant dispersion mechanism in soils.
Liquid contaminants percolate directly into soils, and contaminants of
lower viscosity and/or higher density than water can have percolation
rates much greater than that of water. Dry, soluble contaminants
dissolved in precipitation, run-on, or irrigation water can also migrate
through percolation into the soil and through runoff. The rate of
movement of solid contaminants through soil is a function of net
ground water recharge rates and of contaminant solubility.
To determine in detail how a release may behave, it is necessary
to establish the predominant nature of the soils onsite. It is also
important to establish whether such underground features as clay layers,
sink holes, and fractures are present. These and other subsurface
features can greatly facilitate or retard the spread of contamination.
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A121 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A121
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Releases which occur on soils with low runoff potential, such as
well-drained sands or gravel, have a high infiltration rate. Spills on
these types of soils will migrate offsite rapidly and may present a threat
to ground water. Loamy and clay soils with a moderate to high runoff
potential provide a low infiltration rate and a surface conducive to
overland flow. Releases occurring on these types of soils may create
a hazard at some distance to the site as the spilled substance travels
overland to surface waterways, or as vapors from the substance
volatilize into the atmosphere or collect in such confined spaces as
culverts and sewers. Biouptake by plants and soil organisms is another
transfer mechanism of soil contaminants and one which introduces the
contaminants to the food chain.
Contaminants with high soil adsorption coefficients (e.g., benzo-
a-pyrene) may bind (adsorb) to the surface of soil particles through ion
exchange and become relatively immobile under certain conditions.
However, adsorbed contaminants may later be desorbed by percolating
waters, causing the contaminants to become mobile again.
Water
Water contamination poses an ingestion and a direct contact
threat. Water also transports contaminants through soil and acts as a
vehicle for intermedia transfer of contaminants to air and soil. Water
has two important characteristics: its strongly dipolar nature and the
ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen
ends of adjacent water molecules. The dipolar nature of water is the
reason for its solvent properties; the force of attraction between the
dipole and ions on the surface of a contaminant or other substance can
cause the contaminant to form a solution with water.
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with
each other accounts for the high dynamic viscosity and high surface
tension of water, as well as its melting and boiling points. Both the
viscosity and surface tension of water affect transport of participate
material and the movement of ground water. Viscosity and surface
tension both decrease as temperature increases.
-------
A122 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A122
The properties of the contaminant are important to consider when
assessing the threat posed by water contamination. Such characteristics
as solubility, vapor pressure, specific gravity, and dispersability affect
the behavior of the contaminant in water and influence cleanup
techniques.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
Direct surface water contamination occurs from releases into a
body of water or from contaminated runoff. Dispersion of
contaminants through surface waterways is affected by currents and
eddies in rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries, and also by thermal
stratification, tidal pumping, and flushing. Contaminant concentrations
in rivers or streams can be estimated on the basis of rate of
contaminant introduction and dilution volumes. Estimates of
contaminant concentrations in estuaries and impoundments are more
difficult to make because of the variety of transport mechanisms that
may be involved, causing contaminants to remain concentrated in local
areas or to disperse rapidly.
Direct ground water contamination can occur from liquids and
solids in lined or unlined landfills, from lined or unlined lagoons, from
underground storage tanks, from injection wells, or from long-term
surface dumping. Dispersion of contaminants through ground water is
influenced by a variety of factors such as the hydraulic conductivity of
soils; the hydraulic gradient; the presence of impermeable subsurface
barriers; the presence of discharge areas (e.g., streams that intercept
ground water flow), and the presence of fissures, cavities, or large
pores in the bedrock.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
An important intermedia transfer mechanism in surface water is
contaminant transfer to bed sediments, especially in cases where
contaminants are in the form of suspended solids or are dissolved,
hydrophobic substances that can be adsorbed by organic matter in bed
sediments. Transfer between surface water and bed sediments is
reversible, and the sediments can act as temporary repositories for
contaminants, gradually releasing contaminants to surface water. In
-------
A123 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A123
addition, adsorbed or settled contaminants can be transported through
migration of bed sediments.
Surface water contamination can be transferred to ground water
in areas of significant surface water/ground water exchange (e.g.,
swamps, marshes) and to the food chain through edible plants and
animals. Transfer to the atmosphere occurs where the surface water is
contaminated with volatile substances. Such transfer can pose a threat
of explosion as vapors collect in sewers and other enclosed spaces.
High temperatures, high smface-area-to-volume ratios, high wind
conditions, and turbulent stream flow increase volatilization rates.
-------
APPENDIX 3
Sampling and Basic
Data Interpretation
Together, sampling, sample analysis, and basic interpretation of
analytical results form the most effective mechanism for obtaining
definitive information to characterize site conditions, evaluate the
threats to human health and the environment, support compliance and
enforcement activities, justify site clean-up activities, and determine
clean-up effectiveness.
The type and number of samples collected, the manner in which the
samples are collected, and the analyses chosen depend on what the EPA
investigator wants to prove. The sampling plan is the vehicle for
securing a set of quality-controlled samples that reflect site conditions
accurately and provide the information desired. The sampling plan
outlines all sample locations, collection procedures, and analytical
methods to be used in a sampling episode.
Once the samples have been analyzed by a laboratory, basic
interpretation of the results can be confusing because of the different
formats used by various laboratories to report analytical results.
Nevertheless, there are a few standard terms used by laboratories to
report the concentrations of the analytes. In addition, quality assurance
parameters have been established through common laboratory practices
to provide a means of measuring both the accuracy and precision of
analysis and of ensuring that no external contamination was introduced
by sample collection and analysis procedures.
-------
A126 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A126
This appendix is divided into three sections. The first section
briefly covers the topics addressed in a sampling plan, the second
section covers basic data interpretation, including qualifier codes used
in sample analysis reports produced by laboratories in EPA's Contract
Laboratory Program (CLP), and the third section covers data validation
procedures.
Sampling Plans
Complete site sampling plans should address each of the following
topics to ensure that the appropriate protocols are observed during the
sample collection and analysis processes and to enable the sampling
procedures to be duplicated, if necessary. Samples are not only used
as a source of information for making site decisions, they may also be
used for legal purposes, so complete documentation of the actual
sampling event is important.
Representative Sample Locations. Representative sampling
locations depend on the purpose of the sampling activity. The
intended data use will guide determination of the sampling
locations and pattern and total number of samples. Contamination
verification requires fewer samples biased toward suspected areas
of contamination; such samples may not give an accurate
presentation of the overall site characterization, however. A better
overall characterization may be achieved using a grid pattern to
determine sample locations. Use of a grid system generally
increases the number of samples collected, thus increasing
analytical costs.
Analysis Selection. Specific parameters for analysis must be
established while assembling the sampling plan. The laboratory
should be notified and given the EPA-approved method number
and the desired QA/QC information. The analysis selected
influences the choice of sample equipment, volume, preservation,
and holding time. A summary of sampling container type,
preservatives, holding times, and analytical methods is included at
the end of this section.
-------
A127 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A127
Sampling Equipment Selection. The type of sampling equipment
is dictated by the analysis selection, required sample volume,
ability of decontamination, equipment composition, and cost. The
sampling equipment should not introduce contamination into the
sampling procedure. To avoid this, sampling equipment should be
disposable or easily decontaminated. Disposable equipment must
be economical or used when extensive decontamination would be
required for durable sampling equipment. The equipment must
also be functional, allowing a sampling team to collect samples
quickly and efficiently. The composition or construction materials
of sampling equipment must be considered so as not to contaminate
the sample.
Sampling Volumes. Sampling volumes are directly related to the
types of chemical analyses that are requested. The laboratory
requires a precise amount of a sample unique to the specified EPA-
approved analysis or method. Providing the laboratory with an
excess of sample volume increases the eventual disposal costs to
the laboratory and in turn to the samplers. Providing the
laboratory with insufficient volume can lead to increased field
sampling costs and to delays.
Sampling Containers. The type, size, and composition of sampling
containers are directly related to the chemical analysis which is
requested. The size of the container must conform to volume
requirements specified in the EPA-approved method. The
container must not release contaminants into the sample or absorb
material from the sample. The container must ensure that ambient
air cannot enter into the sample, and conversely, that gas from the
sample cannot escape to the ambient air.
Sample Preservation. Samples are preserved by means of
environmental controls (e.g., cold storage) or chemical additives
(e.g. nitric acid). The preservation method is directly related to
the chemical analysis requested. The purpose of preservation is to
keep the chemical constituents of the samples static during
handling, packing, and shipment to the laboratory. Highly
concentrated samples do not usually require preservation.
-------
A128 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A128
Sample Holding Times. The elapsed time between sample
collection and laboratory analysis must be within a predetermined
time frame known as the sample holding time. Each sample
parameter has a prescribed holding time. Samples analyzed
beyond the holding time are not truly representative of the
sampling material.
Sample Identification. Each sample must be identified and
documented to ensure sample tracking is performed. A label is
made for each sample, reflecting the site name, site location,
sample number, date and time of sampling, sampler identification,
preservative used, required analysis, and sampling location
description.
Sample Custody. Chain-of-custody forms are used to track the
handling of samples once the samples are collected. The samples
are documented as they are transferred from each handler or to the
laboratory. The procedure is used to prevent sample tampering
and to trace the path of a sample in the event of contamination
offsite. Chain-of-custody seals are applied as directed by protocol.
Sample Transportation. Samples may be hand delivered to the
laboratory using government vehicles or they may be shipped by
a common carrier. Packaging and shipment is regulated by the
U.S. Department of Transportation in Title 49 CFR. Hazardous
waste site samples should not be transported in personal vehicles.
-------
A129 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A129
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-------
A130 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A130
Basic Data Interpretation
CONCENTRATION UNITS FOR ANALYSIS
Water (Aqueous) ppm = ug/ml or mg/1
ppb = ng/ml or ug/1
ppt = ng/1
Soil or Sediment ppm = ug/g or mg/kg
ppb = ng/g or ug/kg
ppt = ng/kg
Air rag/in1, ng/m3 (Temperature and
pressure dependent)
ppm or ppb (Unitless measurement)
Oils or Organics The concentrations of oils or organics
should be expressed using the soil units
listed above. Laboratory results that
report concentrations for oils or
organics using water units should be
questioned.
GLOSSARY OF SOME COMMON DATA QUALIFIER CODES
AND TERMINOLOGY USED IN THE EPA CONTRACT
LABORATORY PROGRAM (CLP)
CODES RELATING TO IDENTIFICATION
(indicate confidence concerning presence or absence of compounds)
U = Not detected. The associated number indicates the
approximate sample concentration necessary to be
detected.
(NO CODE) = Confirmed identification
-------
A13I SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION AI31
B = Not detected substantially above the level reported in
laboratory or field blanks.
R = Unreliable result. Analyte may or may not be present in
the sample. Supporting data necessary to confirm result.
N = Tentative identification. Consider analyte present.
Special methods may be needed to confirm its presence or
absence in future sampling efforts.
CODES RELATED TO OUANTTTATION
(indicate positive results and sample quantitation limits):
J = Analyte present. Reported value may not be accurate or
precise.
K = Analyte present. Reported value may be biased high.
Actual value is expected to be lower.
L = Analyte present. Reported value may be biased low.
Actual value is expected to be higher.
UJ = Not detected, quantitation limit may be inaccurate or
imprecise.
UL = Not detected, quantitation limit is probably higher.
OTHER CODES
Q = No analytical result.
-------
A132 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A132
TERMS
Accuracy. Accuracy may be defined as the measure of the
closeness to a true or accepted value.
Field Blank. A field blank is a sample which is taken in the field
prior to any sampling activities. Analysis of the sample will
indicate whether contamination was introduced into the samples
during the collection process.
Field Duplicate. A field duplicate is a second sample (or set of
samples) collected from one sample location and labeled for the
laboratory as if it were a unique sample. Field duplicates are
primarily used to check the precision and consistency of the
sampling procedures used. The field duplicate can also act as a
check on the analytical procedures.
Holding Times. Holding times are the time frame within which
the sample must be analyzed in order to ensure accurate
measurement of the analy tes. Holding times vary depending on the
type of analysis to be performed.
Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate. A matrix spike describes
a procedure in which a target compound at a known concentration
is added to the sample during laboratory preparation to measure the
accuracy of the analysis procedure. A matrix spike duplicate is a
second run to determine the precision of analysis.
Method Blank. A method blank is a sample which is prepared by
the laboratory to determine if any contamination is being
introduced during the extraction or analysis procedures.
Method Detection Limit. The method detection limit (MDL) is
the lowest concentration that can be measured if a sample is
analyzed according to the method procedures.
-------
A133 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A133
Performance Evaluation Samples. Performance evaluation
samples are samples of known concentrations that are available
from either the EPA or the U.S. Bureau of Standards for
submission with the field samples to the laboratory.
Precision. Precision may be defined as the agreement between the
numerical values of two or more measurements made in an
identical fashion.
Relative Percent Difference. The relative percent difference
(RPD) is used to assess the variability of a measurement process.
Typically, the value represents the difference between the matrix
spike and the matrix spike duplicate. It can also represent the
difference between two analysis runs.
Rinsate Blank. A rinsate blank is a sample of rinsate-usually
distilled waterfrom decontamination of sampling equipment.
Rinsate blanks are used to qualify data.
Split Samples. After it is collected, a sample to be split is
thoroughly mixed, then divided into portions (splits) and the
portions are sent to different labs for analysis. Samples can be
split two or more ways, and the total sample volume depends on
the number of splits and the analytic method to be used. Split
samples are usually collected when a responsible party and EPA
Enforcement or several government agencies are involved. Split
samples act as a check on the laboratory.
Surrogate Spike. A surrogate spike refers to a procedure in which
a non-target compound is added to the sample during laboratory
preparation to determine the extraction efficiency. Surrogate
spikes are usually used only with organics.
Trip Blank. A trip blank is a sample which is prepared prior to
the sampling trip using distilled water. This sample travels to the
assessment and is kept with the other samples but is not opened in
the field. Analysts of the trip blank will ensure that the sample
containers were not contaminated prior to the assessment.
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A134 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A134
Data Validation Procedures
Data validation is the process by which a qualified data reviewer
ensures the quality of the laboratory analysis and the reported results.
The procedures used to validate a data package vary slightly according
to the type of analysis performed and the instrumentation used. Many
times, data validation requires the reviewer to draw upon his or her
analytical experience and expertise to make subjective decisions about
the quality of a set of results. For this reason, data validation should
be completed only by qualified persons.
Data validation procedures vary, depending on the type of
instrumentation and methods used for analysis. For the sake of
simplicity, the example below outlines the validation procedures for
analytical results from a Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer
(GC/MS). While validation of analyses performed on other types of
instruments would not be an identical process, it would be similar.
EXAMPLE DATA VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR GC/MS
1. Did the laboratory meet the holding times outlined by the
sampling protocol?
If yes, accept data.
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
2. Was the GC/MS properly tuned?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, reject all GC/MS data because compounds may be
misidentified.
3. Was the instrument properly calibrated?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
4. Were method blanks free of contamination?
If yes, accept the data; no further action is required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three times the
contaminant concentration in the blank.
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A135 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION AI35
5. Were field blanks free of contamination?
If yes, accept the data; no further action is required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three times the
contaminant concentration in the blank.
6. Were the surrogate spike recoveries for all organics acceptable?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, evaluate each sample on an individual basis and accept
or reject the data as necessary.
7. Were the matrix spike recoveries and the relative percent
differences values acceptable?
If yes, the laboratory has demonstrated good precision and
accuracy; accept the data.
If no, evaluate on per compound basis.
-------
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-------
APPENDIX 5
Guide to DOT
and NFPA PLACARDS
The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) requires
transporters of hazardous materials to display diamond-shaped placards
on the outside of their vehicles to indicate the type of material being
transported and the nature of its hazard. A DOT placard contains the
following elements:
HAZARD CLASS yOv HAZARD CLASS
SYMBOL v. Xyk\ DESIGNATION OR
FOUR-DIGIT
.IDENTIFICATION
^NUMBER
COLORED' N^H^UNITED NATIONS
BACKGROUND ^^^ HAZARD CLASS
NUMBER
-------
A142
GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS
A142
PLACARD RECOGNITION INFORMATION
Hazard Class
Explosives
Gases
(compressed,
liquified or
dissolved un-
der pressure)
Flammable
liquids
Flammable solids
or
substances
Oxidizing
Poisonous and
infectious
substances
Radioactive
materials
Corrosives
Miscellaneous
dangerous
substances
Symbol
Bursting ball
Colored Background
Orange
Flammable
Flame
Red
Non-flammable
Cylinder
Green
Flammable
Flame
Red
Combustible
Flame
Red
Flammable olid
Flame
Red and white
vertical strip
Water reactive materials
Slashed W
(W)
Circle with Flame
Skull and crossbones
Propeller
Test tube over
hand/test tube over
metal
Red and white
vertical stripes wilh
blue top quadrant
Yellow
White
Yellow over white
White over black
United Nations
Hazard Class t
1
2
3
4
5
Division 5-1
Oxidizing substance
or agents division 5-2
organic peroxides
6
7
8
9
-------
A143
GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS
A143
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has a standardized
marking system (704M) to indicate the properties and potential dangers of
hazardous materials contained in fixed storage facilities. The marking
system may also be used on drums and other moveable containers, as well.
NFPA placards consist of four diamond-shaped quadrants that together
make a large diamond. Health, flammability, and reactivity are identified
and rated on a scale of 0 to 4, depending on the degree of hazard
presented. The placards contain the following elements:
RED
YELLOW
BLUE
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A144 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A144
HEALTH (blue)
4 = Materials that on very short exposure could cause death or major
residual injury even though prompt medical treatment is given.
Examples of such materials are acylonitrile, bromine, and
parathion.
3 = Materials that on short exposure could cause serious injury on a
temporary or residual basis though prompt medical treatment is
given. Examples include aniline, sodium hydroxide, and sulfuric
acid.
2 = Materials that on intense or continued exposure could cause
temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury unless prompt
medical treatment is given. Examples include bromobenzene,
pyridine, and styrene.
1 = Materials that on exposure could cause irritation but only minor
residual injury even if no treatment is given. Examples include
acetone and methanol.
0 = Materials that on exposure under fire conditions would offer no
hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.
FLAMMABILTY (red)
4 = Materials (1) that vaporize rapidly or completely at atmospheric
pressure and normal ambient temperatures and burn readily or (2)
that are readily dispersed in air and bum rapidly. Examples
include 1,3-butadine, propane, and ethylene oxide.
3 = Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient
temperature conditions. Examples include phosphorus and
acrylonitrile.
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A145 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A145
2 = Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively
high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Examples
include 2-butanone and kerosene.
1 = Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur.
Examples include sodium and red phosphorus.
0 = Materials that will not burn.
REACTIVITY (yellow)
4 = Materials that in themselves are readily capable of detonation or of
explosive decomposition or explosive reaction at normal
temperatures and pressures. Examples include benzoyl peroxide,
trinitrotoluene (TNT), and picric acid.
3 = Materials that in themselves (1) are capable of detonation or
explosive reaction but require a strong initiating source, or (2) must
be heated under confinement before initiation, or (3) react
explosively with water. Examples include diborane, ethylene oxide,
or 2-nitropropadene.
2 = Materials that in themselves (1) are normally unstable and readily
undergo violent chemical change but do not detonate, or (2) may
react violently with water, or (3) may form potentially explosive
mixtures with water. Examples include acetaldehyde and potassium.
1 = Materials that in themselves are normally stable but which can (1)
become unstable at elevated temperatures or (2) react with water
with some release of energy but not a violent release. Examples
include ethyl ether and sulfuric acid.
0 = Materials which in themselves are normally stable even under fire
exposure conditions and that do not react with water.
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A146 GUIDE TO DOT AND NFPA PLACARDS A146
SPECIAL INFORMATION (white)
The white quadrant at the bottom of the NFPA label is for special
information about the chemical. The quadrant may contain the letter "W"
with a horizontal line through the center to indicate a material that is
unusually water reactive; it may contain the letters "OX" to indicate a
material with oxidizing properties, or it may contain the standard
radioactivity symbol to indicate a material with radioactive hazards.
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APPENDIX 6
Random Numbers Table
There are times onsite, particularly when using a sampling grid, that
it is necessary to choose random numbers. The following table has been
included to make the selection of random numbers easier.
To use the table, select a random way to enter the table. For
example, if it is 0815 hours, begin 8 digits down and IS digits across.
To maintain randomness, the table must be entered in a random way
each time it is used. Once the beginning point is chosen, the user can
move up or down, right or left to obtain numbers within the desired
range, until the appropriate set of numbers has been reached. For
example, to select 20 random numbers from 1 to SO, the user moves
through the table in an arbitrary direction, copying each number
encountered that falls between 1 and SO, until the user has a set of 20
numbers. Numbers that are outside the range are discarded.
460256 990550 724070 737802
491224 534609 431005 849665
707636 479367 064746 794388
585627 958920 535513 903818
942152 084899 820904 307654
200613 149604 356527 761574
906482 079119 676625 725354
492923 136445 304694 691000
296424 874623 894116 760868
822418 339855 618781 475789
260906 524634 813711 893198
252087 070868 865684 915256
901978 223001 353865 866974
048043 031144 440422 324343
774815 804195 511160 192451
179524 812968 066140 033615
387719 243315 860305 645506
818895 399252 294107 889266
702116 156083 054130 767643
841642 663529 003717 753110
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Index
Abandoned tank cars, SO
Absorption, A108-A111
Additive effects, A113
Air, AM7-A119
American Association of Railroads, 9
Analytical terminology, A132-A133
Antagonistic effects, All3
APR, 6
ATSDR, 13
Basic data interpretation, A125-A135
Biological variation, A101
CAMEO, 11
Center for Disease Control, 9
Chemical storage, 37-38
Chemical mixtures, A113-A114
Additive effects, All 3
Antagonistic effects, Al 13
Potentiationeffects, All3
Synergistic effects, All3
CHEMTREC, 9
CIS, 11
Classification of toxicants, A103
Concentration units, A130
Criteria for removal action, 15-17
Data validation procedures, A134-A135
Dose vs response, A99, A100-A102
Drum site, 28-29
Environmental media, Al 17-A123
Air, A117-A119
Soils, AI20-A121
Water, A121-A123
Fire/explosion scene, 25-26
IDLH, AI15
Industrial facility, 43-45
Inhalation, A104-A108
Injection, A112
Injestion, A1I1-A1I2
Laboratory site, 40-41
Lagoon site, 31-32
Landfill site, 34-35
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MCL, A115
National Animal Poison Control Center, 9
National Contingency Plan, 13-17
PEL, A115
Potentiation effects, Al 13
Preliminary assessment, 13, IS, 17-18
Qualitative hazard recognition, 21-51
Abandoned tank cars, 50
Chemical storage, 37-38
Drum site, 28-29
Fire/explosion scene, 25-26
Industrial facility, 43-45
Laboratory, 40-41
Lagoon, 31-32
Landfill, 34-35
Service building/maintenance, 51
Underground storage tank, 44
Warehouse, 50
Routes of exposure, A104-A113
Absorption, A108-A111
Inhalation, A104-A108
Injection, A112
Injestion, A111-A112
Safety, 5-6
Sampling, A125-A133
Sampling plan, A125, A126-A128
SCBA, 6
Service building/maintenance site, 51
Site investigation, 13, 15, 18-20
Soils, A120-A121
Synergistic effect, A113
Texas Tech University Pesticide Hotline, 10
TLV, A114
TLV-C, A115
TLV-STEL, A114
TLV-TWA, A114
Toxicology, A99-A116
TOXNET, 10
Underground storage tank, 44
US Department of Transportation Hotline, 10
Warehouse, 50
Water, A121-A123
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