Environmental Health Effects Research Series
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS
ON PESTICIDE UPTAKE
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U S Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
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The nine series are1
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This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS RE-
SEARCH series This series describes projects and studies relating to the toler-
ances of man for unhealthful substances or conditions This work is generally
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This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
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EPA-600/1-78-008
January 1978
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON PESTICIDE UPTAKE
by
Robert M. Devlin
Cranberry Experiment Station
Laboratory of Experimental Biology
University of Massachusetts
East Wareham, Massachusetts 02538
Grant No. R-800439
Project Officer
Larry L. Hall
Environmental Toxicology Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. 27711
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Health Effects
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
The many benefits of our modern, developing, industrial
society are accompanied by certain hazards. Careful assessment
of the relative risk of existing and new man-made environmental
hazards is necessary for the establishment of sound regulatory
policy. These regulations serve to enhance the quality of our
environment in order to promote the public health and welfare
and the productive capacity of our Nation's population.
The Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, conducts a coordinated environmental health research
program in toxicology, epidemiology, and clinical studies using
human volunteer subjects. These studies address problems in air
pollution, non-ionizing radiation, environmental carcinogenesis
and the toxicology of pesticides as well as other chemical
pollutants. The Laboratory develops and revises air quality
criteria documents on pollutants for which national ambient air
quality standards exist or are proposed, provides the data for
registration of new pesticides or proposed suspension of those
already in use, conducts research on hazardous and toxic mate-
rials, and is preparing the health basis for non-ionizing radia-
ation standards. Direct support to the regulatory function of
the Agency is provided in the form of expert testimony and
preparation of affidavits as well as expert advice to the Admin-
nistrator to assure the adequacy of health care and surveillance
of persons having suffered imminent and substantial endangerment
of their health.
The acceptance of an integrated pest management approach
for the control of undesirable species in the agricultural
environment is a major advance in our attempt to increase
agricultural productivity while decreasing untoward effect on
our environment. To this end increasing the effectiveness of
our pest control agents can reduce the hazards associated with
environmental contamination.
This study was conducted to evaluate the use of plant
hormones in reducing the amount of herbicide necessary to
control certain noxious weeks.
Lson, M.D.
Director,
Health Effects Research Laboratory
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to significantly reduce the
amounts of herbicides necessary to control certain noxious
weeds. In laboratory and field studies herbicides were applied
with certain plant hormones to accelerate their uptake and trans-
location in plants. Treatment of redtop grass with IAA or GA in-
creases its sensitivity to 2-chloro-4,6-bis (ethylamino)-s_-tria-
zine (simazine). It was also found that simultaneous applica-
tion of either IAA or GA with 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic
acid (silvex) enhanced the toxic efficiency of the herbicide on
poison ivy. Residue analyses of plants treated with only the
herbicide were compared. More silvex was found in the plants
treated with IAA or GA. In the laboratory the influence of GA,
2,4-D, and parachlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) on the uptake of
naptalam by bean plants was studied. Bean plants pretreated with
GA via a liquid medium (root absorbed) took up and accumulated
considerably more naptalam than untreated plants. The synthe-
tic growth regulators 2,4-D and PCPA were even more active in
this respect.
IV
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CONTENTS
Section Page
I. Conclusions 1
II. Recommendations 3
III. Introduction 3
IV. Methods and Materials 6
V. Results and Discussion 8
VI. References 17
VII. Publications 20
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FIGURES
1. Effect of GA on the uptake of naptalam by bean plants.
2. Effect of GA on the uptake of naptalam by different parts
of the bean plant.
3. Effect of 2,4-D and PCPA on the uptake of naptalam by the
bean plant.
4. Effect of 2,4-D on the uptake of naptalam by different parts
of the bean plant.
5. Effect of PCPA on the uptake of naptalam by different parts
of the bean plant.
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TABLES
1. Amount of radioactivity extracted from cranberry plants
treated with naptalam-C-14 and chlorpropham-C-14.
Vii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The support of the project by the Public Health Service and by
the Environmental Protection Agency is acknowledged with sincere
thanks.
Vlll
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
The discovery that plant growth regulators, both natural and
artificial, are capable of accelerating the uptake of a herbi-
cide by bean plants may have some practical significance. If
we assume that other herbicides and plants are so influenced
then more efficient herbicidal activity can be expected when
both herbicide and growth regulators are applied together.
Also, and perhaps more important, the amounts of different her-
bicides necessary to control certain noxious weeds could be re-
duced.
The spectrum of weeds controlled by certain herbicides
could also be broadened to a significant degree by their simul-
taneous application with growth regulators. Finally, it is
reasonable to assume that the uptake of systemic insecticides
could be accelerated by plant growth regulators. Chewing and
sucking pests could then be controlled in a much more efficient
manner.
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The feasibility of using growth regulators to enhance the
toxic efficiency of pesticides in commercial agriculture
should be given serious examination.
2. Where growth regulators are now used in agriculture, their
effect on the uptake of other compounds in the soil—pesti-
cides, mineral elements, water, etc.—should be examined.
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The availability of soil-applied pesticides is under the con-
trol of several factors, the most important of which are vola-
tilization, biological and chemical decomposition, and adsorp-
tion to soil particles. These factors make available to the
target plant only a small amount of the pesticide that is actu-
ally delivered to the soil. The available pesticide must be
absorbed then by the target plant and translocated to a site(s)
of activity. Presumably, the amount of pesticide absorbed and
its distribution in the plant determine its toxic efficiency.
A number of papers have been published in recent years
describing the influence of plant growth hormones on the up-
take, translocation, and accumulation of materials commonly
found in plants. Mothes and Engelbrecht (10,11,12) demonstrated
that kinetin-treated areas of tobacco leaves possess the ability
to attract amino acids and other metabolites from untreated areas
of the leaves. This they referred to as "kinetin-induced direct-
ed transport." The study with tobacco leaves was supported by
Gunning and Barkley (3) who showed that kinetin is capable of
directing, in a similar manner, the movement of amino acids in
barley leaves. Promotion by kinetin of the uptake of K+ and Rb+
into detached sunflower cotyledons and the accelerated transport
22
of Na in the direction of kinetin-treated parts of corn leaves
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have been demonstrated (5,6,7,13). In addition, Kriechmann
(9) has recently shown that the application of kinetin to a
young orange fruit (cv. Washington Navel) enhances its ability
to import photosynthetic assimilates.
The plant growth regulator indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has
also been found to be quite active in accelerating the trans-
port of materials in the plant. For example, application of
IAA to the tips of decapitated pea and bean plants considerably
32
accelerated the uptake and accumulation of P-phosphate and
C-sucrose in the decapitated internodes (1,2). In a similar
pair of studies, Seth and Wareing (15,16) demonstrated that
the stimulatory influence of auxin in this respect could be
greatly enhanced by applying gibberellie acid (GA) and kinetin
simultaneously with IAA to the decapitated internode. Work by
Osborne and Hallaway (14) showed that the synthetic auxin,
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) can direct the translo-
cation of organic materials to areas where it is applied on de-
tached leaves of Prunus.
Several investigators have studied the influence of GA on
the uptake and translocation of a number of compounds. If imma-
ture clusters of 'Black Corinth1 grapes are dipped in GA or
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA)—a synthetic auxin—there is
a significant increase in the movement of photosynthetic pro-
ducts into the young fruits (17,19). In another study, the
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application of GA to the tips of decapitated soybean plants
had a marked stimulatory effect on the translocation of C-
sucrose out of leaves previously exposed to C02 (4). Finally,
Kannan and Mathew (8) found that when bean roots were pretreated
with GA, the absorption of Fe applied to the primary leaf and
subsequent transport to the trifoliate leaves were increased.
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SECTION IV
METHODS AND MATERIALS
•t
Bean plants are planted in clay pots containing a nine-to-one
mixture of sand and peat and then germinated and grown in a
Percival growth chamber (Model F540) under a photoperiod of
16 hr light (800 ft.c.) and 8 hr dark. The temperature during
the light period is maintained at 27°C and during the dark period
at 21 C. Eleven to fourteen-day-old bean plants are matched into
pairs with four pairs of plants constituting an experiment. One
plant from each pair represents a control.
The selected plants are placed into wide-mouth, 250 ml erlen-
meyer flasks that hold 150 ml of aerated nutrient solution (Hoag-
land No. 1) and a known amount of pesticide. The growth regulator
to be tested is.- then added to one set of flasks (either to the
foliage or directly to the nutrient solution). Each flask will
contain two plants held in place with a cotton plug. The flasks
then are placed in a growth chamber under continuous light
(800 ft.c.) and a temperature of 24°C for 24 hr. After this per-
iod the plants are divided into the following sections: leaves
(aerial portion from and including the first true leaves up)
lower epicotyl (area of the stem between thecotyledonary node
and the first true leaves) hypocotyl, and the root system. The
plant tissues are cut into small pieces and dried at 45°C for
24 hr in preparation for extraction of the pesticide. Before
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being extracted the dried plant tissues are ground into fine
powder (20 mesh screen) by a Wiley Mill. Each experiment is
replicated at least three times.
Naptalam content of the plant tissue is determined with
only slight modification by the method of Smith and Stone (L8).
The method relies on the basic hydrolysis of naptalam in boil-
ing 30% sodium hydroxide and the steam distillation of 1-naph-
thylamine. Under the conditions of our study, steam distilla-
tion of the amine is complete when 15 ml of distillate have
been collected.
In preparation for color development, 5 ml of glacial
acetic acid and 5 ml of distilled water are added to the 15 ml
of distillate. Ten drops of freshly prepared diazonium reagent
then are added to the diluted distillate. The diazonium reagent
is composed of equal volumes of 1% sulfanilic acid and 0.12%
sodium nitrite that have been allowed to react for about 4 min.
The amine present in the distillate couples with diazotized
sulfanilic acid to give an azo dye. After 30 min the intensity
of the red color formed is read at 534 run with a Beckman DU
spectrophotometer. A linear relationship exists between the in-
tensity of color and the amount of 1-naphthylamine present.
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SECTION V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The stimulatory influence of plant growth hormones on the up-
take and accumulation of different compounds has been demon-
strated in a number of relatively recent studies. However, in
all of these studies the transport material has always been
something that is found as a natural compound. In our studies
we have shown that GA, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),
and 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (PCPA) can dramatically acceler-
ate the uptake and accumulation of the herbicide naptalam.
As shown in Figure 1 all concentration of GA from 2.9xlO~°
to 8.6xlO-4fi effectively stimulated naptalam uptake. Pretreat-
ment of bean plants with 2.9x10 and 2.9x10 M GA increases
their ability to absorb naptalam by approximately 24 and 26%,
respectively. This increase in naptalam uptake is further en-
hanced by raising the level of GA for pretreatment to 2.9xlO~4M.
With this concentration 55% more naptalam was absorbed. The peak
influence of GA, in this respect, was observed at 6xlO~^M, GA-
treated plants taking up approximately 58% more naptalam.
The data shown in Figure 1 describes the stimulatory in-
fluence of GA on the uptake of naptalam. To obtain this data
intact plants were analyzed for naptalam residue. However, this
information does not tell us to what extent the different areas
of the plant are involved in the uptake and accumulation of the
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herbicide. To obtain this information the root system, hypo-
cotyl, lower epicotyl (stem segment between the cotyledonary
node and the first true leaves), and the leaf area (aerial
portion from and including the first true leaves up) were
analyzed separately for naptalam residue.
On a per gram dry weight basis the root systems of plants
treated with the lower concentrations of GA used (2.9xlO~^ to
2.9xlO~^M) accumulated naptalam at a rate comparable to that of
control plants (Figure 2). However, as the concentration of GA
for pretreatment is raised above 2.9x10 M there is a notice-
able increase in the amount of naptalam accumulated by the root
system. For example, roots from plants treated with 8.6xlO~4GA
accumulated almost twice as much naptalam as control plants.
(Figure 2).
The accumulation of naptalam by the hypocotyl does not
appear to be affected by GA (Figure 2). In addition, no cor-
relation could be established between naptalam accumulation by
the lower epicotyl and the concentration of GA used for pre-
treatment (Figure 2). For example, at 2.9xlO"7M GA the amount
of naptalam found in the lower epicotyl was down about 30%,
while at 2.9xlO~^M accumultaion of the herbicide was up about
31%. This erratic response was also observed when the higher
concentrations of GA were used (Figure 2).
On a per gram dry weight basis the greatest differences
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in naptalam accumulation between treated and contzo 1 plants
were found in the leaf area. The leaf areas of all GA-treat-
ed plants contained more naptalam than control plants (Figure
2). This effect of GA increased with increase in concentrations
of 2.9xlO~7, 2.9xlO~6, and 2.9x~5M accelerating the uptake and
accumulation of naptalam in the leaf area by 31,61, and 73% res-
pectively. However, the most significant increase in herbicide
accumulation occurred at 2.9xlO~4M GA. The leaf area of plants
pretreated with GA at this concentration contained 212% more
naptalam than that found in the control plants (Figure 2).
Further increase in concentration of GA (6xlO~4 to 9.6x10 M)
for pretreatment only resulted in reducing its stimulatory in-
fluence on naptalam accumulation in the leaf area. Neverthe-
less, the stimulatory effect of these higher concentrations of
GA on the uptake of naptalam by the leaf area was considerable
(Figure 2).
The synthetic growth hormones, 2,4-D and PCPA, were tested
under the same conditions as described above for their influence
on the uptake of naptalam by bean plants. The only difference
from the GA study was that instead of pretreating the bean plants
with growth hormones, the phenoxy compounds were applied simul-
taneously with the herbicide.
Both 2,4-D and PCPA had stimulatory effects on the uptake
of naptalam over a wide concentration range, especially into
10
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the leaf area. As shown in Figure 3, naptalam uptake was
accelerated by all concentrations of 2,4-D from 5x10"^ to
—4 n
5x10 M. Peak stimulatory influence occurred at 3xlO~3M, accel-
erating uptake by 186%. A sharp drop in the acceleration of nap-
talam uptake was observed when the concentration of 2,4-D in the
root medium was increased from 3x10"^ to 5x10"%. At 5xlO~^M an
increase of 76% in uptake was noted. Adding higher levels of
2,4-D, up to 10~^M, only continued to lower the stimulatory in-
fluence of the growth hormones on naptalam uptake (Figure 3).
The bean plants were less sensitive to PCPA but, neverthe-
less, did respond to the growth regulator with an increased up-
take of naptalam (Figure 3). Very little influence was observed
at the lower concentrations (10 to 5xlO"6M). However, 10~5M
and 5xlO~ M PCPA caused increases of 36% and 71% respectively.
Further increases in the level of PCPA to 10 M served only to
decrease the enhancement of naptalam uptake.
The data shown in Figure 3 describe the stimulatory in-
fluence of 2,4-D and PCPA on the uptake of naptalam by the en-
tire plant. This type of information does not explain to what
extent the different areas of the plant are involved in the up-
take of the herbicide. To obtain such information the root sys-
tem, hypocotyl, lower epicotyl, and leaves were analyzed sepa-
rately for naptalam residue (Figures 4 and 5).
On a per gram dry weight basis the root system and hypo-
ll
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eotyl of plants treated with 2,4-D or PCPA accumulated naptalam
at a rate comparable to that of control plants (Figures 4 and
5). The epicotyl, on the other hand, did respond to the growth
regulators. Epicotyl tissue of plants treated with 10~^M and
3x10 M, 2,4-D contained substantially more naptalam than the
same tissue of control plants—233% more with 10 M and 543%
more with 3x10 M (Figure 4). This influence of 2,4-D diminish-
ed as the concentration of 2,4-D was increased. At the highest
concentration (10~3M) uptake of naptalam by the epicotyl tissue
was slightly inhibited. Similar to the 2,4-D experiments, nap-
talam uptake by the epicotyl was accelerated by PCPA, with peak
stimulatory influence (160% increase) occurring at 10~^M (Fig-
ure 5) .
The greatest differences in naptalam uptake were observed
when leaf areas of treated plants were compared with those of
control plants. Both growth regulators caused highly signifi-
cant increases in naptalam uptake by the leaf area. Over a
range of concentrations from 5xlO"8 to 10~3M 2,4-D large in-
creases in naplalam content were recorded (Figure 4). The
peak influence of 2,4-D occurred at 5xlO~^M, the leaves from
treated plants containing 575% more naptalam than control
leaves. In other words, the leaves of 2,4-D treated plants
took up more than five times as much naptalam as those of un-
treated plants.
12
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Although PCPA was not as effective as 2,4-0, it also caused
much greater quantities of naptalam to be taken up by the leaves.
Peak stimulation by PCPA occurred at 5xlO~^M, a 487%increase in
leaf naptalam content being recorded (Figure 5).
In a related piece of work the patterns of uptake and trans-
location of tagged naptalam and chloropropham were studied in the
cranberry plant. The patterns of C-14 label uptake were similar
for both herbicides with the greatest concentration of label
found in the roots followed by stems and leaves (Table 1).
Chlorpropham was taken up and moved more rapidly in the cran-
berry plant than did naptalam. As would be expected the uptake
of C-14 label increased with length of exposure of the two her-
bicides (Table 1).
Table 1. Amount of radioactivity extracted from cranberry plants
treated with naptalam-C-14 and chlorpropham-C-14
Radioactivity (dpm/g dry wt)a
Naptalam Chloropropham
Time after treatment (days)
Plant
Section 137137
Leaves 1,009 1,691 1,627 316 2,061 2,834
Stems 0 2,844 18,728 981 11,081 45,808
Root 14,609 35,775 38,011 335,526 505,329 739,602
a One plant was used for each treatment.
13
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The use of growth regulators in modern agriculture is
rapidly growing and the phenoxy compounds and GA are some of
the more extensively used compounds of this class. In this
study it was shown that bean plants treated with GA, 2,4-D, or
PCPA will take up considerably more naptalam than untreated
plants. If we assume that other pesticides and plants can be
affected in such a manner by these commonly used growth regu-
lators then some problems may be encountered. At the very least
a grower planning to use the above mentioned growth regulators
should consider what pesticides are present in the soil and
what compounds he intends to use immediately before or after
he applies the growth regulators.
14
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160
140
u
*
120
<
j
<
100
ao
_CONIROL
IO"7 I0'fl I0-5
HOLER CONCENTRATION OF GA
10
-3
figure /. Meet of GA preticatinent on the uptake and accumu-
lation of naptalam by bean plants. The data arc given as PCKOIIIM
of the conliol. 'llic stimulatory influence of GA on napialam up-
take and accumulation is significant at the 5% level.
340
300
260
220
X
* I BO
140
100
80
"10-7
IQ^iIO-9 10-
MOLER CONCENTRATION OF OA
To-s
figure 2. Effect of GA prcticatiucnt on the uptake and accumulation
of naptalam by different parts of the bean plant. The data are
given as iwrccnts of the contiol. The areas of the plant analyzed
for lupialain residue were the root system (<,)), hypocotyl (Q),
lower cpicol\l (^). and leaf area (Q). The control is the broken
hue. The slumilatoiy influence of GA on naptalam uptatc and
accumulation by the leaf area is significant at the 1% level.
15
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Figure 3 Influence of 2,4-D and PCPA on the uptake
accumulation of naptalam by bean plants Only the aerial
portion of the bean plant was analyzed for naptalam since
the amount of napialam taken up by the root system was too
great for accurate determination. The data arc given as per-
cents of the control. The stimulatory influence of 2,4-D and
PCPA on naptalam uptake and accumulation is significant
at the I "/o level
Figure 5 Influence of PCPA on the uptake and accumulation
of naptalam by different parts of the bean plant. Otherwise
sec Figure 2. Although naptalam taken up by the root
system is presented, accuracy in this case is questionable be-
cause of the muih greater amount of the pesticide taken up
by the roots. The actual amounts of naptalam found in one g
of dry tissue for the leaf area, lower cpicotyl, hypocotyl,
and root system of the control plant (average of 18 plants)
were 580, 1709, 3430, and 1483.8 ng, respectively. The
stimulatory influence of PCPA on napialam uptake by the
leaf area and lower epicotyl was significant at the 1 °/o level.
Increased uptake by the hypocotyl was significant at the 5 "/«
level.
10 •
10'
Figure 4 Influence of 2,4-D on the uptake and accumulation
of naptalam by different parts of the hi an plant The data
are given as pcrccnts of the control Thi parts of the plant
analyzed for naptalam residue were the leaf area (aen.ti por-
tion from and including the first true leaves up) (I;, uu
lower cpicotyl (stem segment between the cotylcdniuiy nude
and the first true leaves) (2), the hypocotyl (3J, and du
root system (4) The broken line represents the control \l-
though naptnlam taken up by the root system is pruM." ted.
accuracy in this case is questionable because of the < mih
greater amount of the pisticidc taken up by the roots Thi
actual amounts of napialam found in one g of dry IISSIK fur
the leaf area, lower epicotyl, hypocotyl, and root system of
the control plant (average of 36 plants) were 73 8, 252 i,
356 3 and 1382 7 ug, respectively. The stimulatory mllueiici.
of 2,4-D on naptalam uptake by the leaf ana and lowir
cpicotyl was significant at the I "'» level Increased upuki
by the hypocotyl was significant at the 5 "in level
16
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SECTION VII
REFERENCES
1. Booth, A., J. Moorby, C.R. Davies, H. Jones, and P.F. Wareing.
1962. Effects of indolyl-3-acetic acid on the movement of
nutrients within plants. Nature 194:204-205.
2. Davies, C.R and P.F. Wareing. 1965. Auxin-induced transport
of radio-phosphorus in stems. Planta 65:139-156.
3. Gunning, B.E.S. and W.K. Barkley. 1963. Kinetin-induced trans-
port and senescence in detached oak leaves. Nature 199:262-265.
4. Hew, C.S., C.D. Nelson, and G. Krotkov. 1967. Hormonal control
of translocation of photosynthetically assimilated C in young
soybean plants. Amer. J. Bot. 54:252-256.
5. Ilan, I. 1962. A specific stimulatory action of indole-3-acetic
acid on potassium uptake by plant cells, with concomitant inhi-
bition of ammonium uptake. Nature 194:203-204.
6. Ilan, I., T. Gilad, and L. Reinhold. 1971. Specific effects of
kinetin on the uptake of monovalent cations by sunflower coty-
ledons. Physiol. Plant. 24:337-341.
7. Ilan, I. and L. Reinhold. 1963. Analysis of the effects of
indole-3-acetic acid on the uptake of monovalent cations.
Physiol. Plant. 16:596-603.
8. Kannan, S. and T. Mathew. 1970. Effects of growth substances
on the absorption and transport of iron in plants. Plant
Physiol. 45:206-209.
17
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9. Kriechmann, P.E. 1968. An effect of kinetin on the transloca-
14
tion of C-labeled photosynthate in citrus. Australian J.
Biol. Sci. 21:569-571.
10. Mothes, J. and L. Engelbrecht. 1961. Kinetin and its role on
nitrogen metabolism. In; International Botanical Congress,
9th Montreal, University of Toronto Press 2:996.
11. Mothes, K. and L. Engelbrecht. 1961. Kinetin-induced directed
transport of substances in excised leaves in the dark. Phyto-
chein. 1:58-62.
12. Mothes, K.L. Engelbrecht, and O. Kulajewa. 1959. Uber die
Wirkung des Kinetins auf Stickstoffverteilung und Eiweissyn-
these in isolierte Blathern. Flora (Jena). 147:445-464.
13. Muller, M. and A.C. Leopold. 1966. Correlative aging and
3o
transport of ^P in corn leaves under the influence of kine-
tin. Planta 68:167-185.
14. Osborne, D.J. and M Hallaway. 1964. The auxin, 2,4-dichlo-
rophenoxyacetic acid as a regulator of protein synthesis and
senescence in detached leaves of Prunus.
15. Seth, A.K. and P.R. Wareing. 1964. Interactions between
auxins, gibberellins, and kinins in hormone-directed trans-
port. Life Sci. 3:1483-1486.
16. Seth, A.K. and P.P. Wareing. 1967. Hormone-directed trans-
port of metabolites and its possible role in plant senescence.
J. Exp. Bot. 18:65-77.
18
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17. Shiney, W. and R.J. Weaver. 1967. Plant regulators alter
translocation of photosynthetic products. Nature 214:1024-
1025.
18. Smith, A.E. and G.M. Stone. 1953. Microdetermination of
N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid residues in plant tissue. Anal.
Chem. 25:1397-1399.
19. Weaver, R.J., W. Shiney, and W.M. Kliever. 1969. Growth
regulator induced movement of photosynthetic products into
fruits of 'Black Corinth1 grapes. Physiol. 44:183-189.
19
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SECTION VIII
1. Devlin, R.M., K.H. Deubert, and I.E. Demoranville. 1969.
Poison ivy control on cranberry bogs. Proc. Northeastern
Weed Sci. Soc. 23:58-62.
2. Devlin, R.M. and R.W. Yaklich. 1971. Influence of GA on up-
take and accumulation of naptalam by bean plants. Weed Sci.
19:135-137.
3. Yaklich, R.W. and R.M. Devlin. 1971. The uptake and trans-
location of naptalam-C-14 and chlorpropham-C-14 in Vaccinium
macrocarpon, var Early Black. Proc. Northeastern Weed Sci.
Soc. 25:143-145.
4. Devlin, R.M and R.W. Yaklich. 1972. Influence of two phenoxy-
growth regulators on the uptake and accumulation of naptalam
by bean plants. Physiol. Plant. 27:317-320.
5. Devlin, R.M. and R.W. Yaklich. 1972. Influence of mineral de-
ficiencies in Potamoqeton pectinatus and their influence on
naptalam uptake and accumulation. Proc. Northeastern Weed
Sci. Soc. 26:176-179.
6. Yaklich, R.W., I.E. Demoranville, and R.M. Devlin. 1972.
Naptalam estimation in cranberry bog soil. Proc. Northeastern
Weed Sci. Soc. 26:293-296.
7. Devlin, R.M. 1973. Influence of phenoxy growth regulators on
the uptake of naptalam by Potamoqeton pectinatus. Proc. North-
eastern Weed Sci. Soc. 27:115-119.
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8. Devlin, R.M. 1974. Influence of plant growth regulators on
the uptake of naptalam by Potamoqeton. Proc. Northeastern
Weed Sci. Soc. 28:99-105.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/1-78-008
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON PESTICIDE UPTAKE
5. REPORT DATE
January 1978
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Robert M. Devlin
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Cranberry Experiment Station
Laboratory of Experimental Biology
University of Massachusetts
East UlarPham. Mass OPMfl
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11.
'/GRANT NO.
R-800439
12. SPONSORING AGENCV NAME AND ADDRESS
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Triangle Park N.f.. ?7711
OT
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
RTP.NC
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-600/11
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to significantly reduce the amounts of
herbicides necessary to control certain noxious weeds. In laboratory and field
studies herbicides were applied with certain plant hormones to accelerate their
uptake and translocation in plants. Treatment of redtop grass with IAA or GA
increases its sensitivity to 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine).
It was also found that simultaneous application of either IAA or GA with 2-
(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (silvex) enhanced the toxic efficiency
of the herbicide on poison ivy. Residue analyses of plants treated with only
the herbicide were compared. More silvex was found in the plants treated with
IAA or GA. In the laboratory the influence of GA, 2,4-D, and parachlorophenoxy-
acetic acid (PCPA) on the uptake of naptalam by bean plants was studied. Bean
plants pretreated with GA via a liquid medium (root absorbed) took up and
accumulated considerably more naptalam than untreated plants. The synthetic
growth regulators 2,4-D and PCPA were even more active in this respect.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
herbicides
plant hormones
plant growth
02 A
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES"
30
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220'! (9-73)
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